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Annual Report 2013

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ENSTAR GROUP LTD FORM 10-K (Annual Report) Filed 03/03/14 for the Period Ending 12/31/13 Telephone CIK Symbol SIC Code 441-292-3645 0001363829 ESGR 6799 - Investors, Not Elsewhere Classified Industry Misc. Financial Services Sector Fiscal Year Financial 12/31 http://www.edgar-online.com © Copyright 2014, EDGAR Online, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Distribution and use of this document restricted under EDGAR Online, Inc. Terms of Use. Table of Contents UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 Form 10-K FOR ANNUAL AND TRANSITION REPORTS PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 or Commission File Number 001-33289 ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) P.O. Box HM 2267 Windsor Place, 3rd Floor, 22 Queen Street Hamilton HM JX Bermuda (Address of principal executive offices, including zip code) Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (441) 292-3645 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes  No (cid:3) Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes (cid:3) No  Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes  No (cid:3) Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes  No (cid:3) Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K.  Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one): Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes (cid:3) No  The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates, computed by reference to the closing price as of the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, June 28, 2013, was approximately $1.17 billion. As of March 2, 2014, the registrant had outstanding 13,903,380 voting ordinary shares and 2,725,637 non-voting convertible ordinary shares, each par value $1.00 per share. DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE Portions of the registrant’s definitive proxy statement to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to Regulation 14A relating to its 2014 annual general meeting of shareholders are incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K.  ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2013 (cid:3) TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the transition period from to BERMUDA N/A (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) Title of Each Class Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered Ordinary shares, par value $1.00 per share The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC Large accelerated filer  Accelerated filer (cid:3) Non-accelerated filer (cid:3) Smaller reporting company (cid:3) (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) Table of Contents Table of Contents 2 Page Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements 3 PART I Item 1. Business 5 Item 1A. Risk Factors 32 Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments 49 Item 2. Properties 49 Item 3. Legal Proceedings 50 Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures 50 PART II Item 5. Market for the Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities 51 Item 6. Selected Financial Data 53 Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations 55 Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Information About Market Risk 116 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data 119 Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure 206 Item 9A. Controls and Procedures 206 Item 9B. Other Information 207 PART III Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance 210 Item 11. Executive Compensation 210 Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters 210 Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence 210 Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services 210 PART IV Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules 211 Table of Contents CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS This annual report and the documents incorporated by reference contain statements that constitute “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 21E of the Exchange Act, with respect to our financial condition, results of operations, business strategies, operating efficiencies, competitive positions, growth opportunities, plans and objectives of our management, as well as the markets for our ordinary shares and the insurance and reinsurance sectors in general. Statements that include words such as “estimate,” “project,” “plan,” “intend,” “expect,”“anticipate,” “believe,” “would,” “should,” “could,” “seek,” “may” and similar statements of a future or forward-looking nature identify forward-looking statements for purposes of the federal securities laws or otherwise. All forward-looking statements are necessarily estimates or expectations, and not statements of historical fact, reflecting the best judgment of our management and involve a number of risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those suggested by the forward-looking statements. These forward looking statements should, therefore, be considered in light of various important factors, including those set forth in this annual report and the documents incorporated by reference. Factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those suggested by the forward looking statements include: 3 • risks associated with implementing our business strategies and initiatives; • risks that we may require additional capital in the future, which may not be available or may be available only on unfavorable terms; • the adequacy of our loss reserves and the need to adjust such reserves as claims develop over time; • risks relating to the availability and collectability of our reinsurance; • changes and uncertainty in economic conditions, including interest rates, inflation, currency exchange rates, equity markets and credit conditions, which could affect our investment portfolio, our ability to finance future acquisitions and our profitability; • losses due to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations; • increased competitive pressures, including the consolidation and increased globalization of reinsurance providers; • emerging claim and coverage issues; • lengthy and unpredictable litigation affecting assessment of losses and/or coverage issues; • continued availability of exit and finality opportunities provided by solvent schemes of arrangement; • loss of key personnel; • the ability of our subsidiaries to distribute funds to us and the resulting impact on our liquidity; • changes in our plans, strategies, objectives, expectations or intentions, which may happen at any time at management’s discretion; • operational risks, including system or human failures and external hazards; • the risk that ongoing or future industry regulatory developments will disrupt our business, or mandate changes in industry practices in ways that increase our costs, decrease our revenues or require us to alter aspects of the way we do business; • risks relating to our acquisitions, including our ability to successfully price acquisitions, evaluate opportunities, address operational challenges and support our planned growth; • risks relating to our ability to obtain regulatory approvals, including the timing, terms and conditions of any such approvals, and to satisfy other closing conditions in connection with our acquisition agreements, which could affect our ability to complete acquisitions; Table of Contents The factors listed above should be not construed as exhaustive and should be read in conjunction with the Risk Factors that are included in Item 1A below. We undertake no obligation to publicly update or review any forward looking statement, whether to reflect any change in our expectations with regard thereto, or as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise, except as required by law. 4 • risks relating to our life and annuities business, including mortality and morbidity rates, lapse rates, the performance of assets to support the insured liabilities, and the risk of catastrophic events; • risks relating to the active underwriting businesses we have recently acquired or agreed to acquire, including unpredictability and severity of catastrophic events, failure of risk management and loss limitation methods, the risk of a ratings downgrade, cyclicality of demand and pricing in the insurance and reinsurance markets; • our ability to implement our strategies relating to the active underwriting market; • risks relating to our ability to structure our investments in a manner that recognizes our liquidity needs; • tax, regulatory or legal restrictions or limitations applicable to us or the insurance and reinsurance business generally; • changes in tax laws or regulations applicable to us or our subsidiaries, or the risk that we or one of our non-U.S. subsidiaries become subject to significant, or significantly increased, income taxes in the United States or elsewhere; • changes in Bermuda law or regulation or the political stability of Bermuda; and • changes in accounting policies or practices. Table of Contents PART I ITEM 1. BUSINESS Company Overview Enstar Group Limited, or Enstar, is a Bermuda-based holding company that was formed in 2001 and became publicly traded in 2007. We are listed on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the ticker symbol “ESGR.” Our primary operating subsidiaries are located in Bermuda, the United Kingdom, the United States, Australia, and western Europe. Our primary corporate objective is growing our net book value per share. We believe this is driven primarily by growth in our net earnings, which is in turn driven in large part by successfully completing new acquisitions, effectively managing companies and portfolios of business that we have acquired, and executing on our active underwriting strategies. Our core focus is acquiring and managing insurance and reinsurance companies in run-off and portfolios of insurance and reinsurance business in run-off, and providing management, consulting and other services to the insurance and reinsurance industry. Since our formation, we have completed the acquisition of over 60 insurance and reinsurance companies and portfolios of insurance and reinsurance business and are now administering those businesses in run-off. This includes 13 Reinsurance to Close, or “RITC” transactions, with Lloyd’s of London insurance and reinsurance syndicates in run-off, whereby the portfolio of run-off liabilities is transferred from one Lloyd’s syndicate to another. In February 2013, we completed the acquisition of SeaBright Holdings, Inc., demonstrating our ability to acquire an underperforming live publicly quoted insurance company and place it into run-off. Until 2013, all but one of our acquisitions had been in the non-life run-off business, which for us generally includes property and casualty, workers’ compensation, asbestos and environmental, construction defect, marine, aviation and transit, and other closed business. While our core focus remains the acquisition and management of non-life run-off business, we have recently diversified our business profile in two distinct ways: first, by significantly increasing our closed life and annuities business, and second, by entering into the active underwriting business. Following our March 2011 acquisition of a small Irish-based closed life company, which was our first life acquisition, we continued to review the closed life business, and during the second half of 2012, we determined we would expand our global run-off strategy to include considering acquisitions of other closed-life insurance companies. In September 2012, we agreed to acquire the closed U.S. life and annuities operations of HSBC Holdings plc (which we now refer to as Pavonia), a transaction we completed on March 31, 2013. We view the acquisition of these closed-life and annuities businesses as a natural extension of our run-off business, which has the potential to provide us with a more regular earnings and cash flow stream, which may, to a degree, counter some of the volatility inherent in our core non-life run-off business over the long term. Given the different economic, operating and management dynamics of closed life business from our other businesses, our strategy is to consider future life run-off acquisition opportunities in conjunction with a strategic partner or partners on a joint venture basis. During 2013, we also expanded Enstar’s operations into the active underwriting business with the acquisition of Atrium Underwriting Group Limited (or Atrium) on November 25, 2013, and the acquisition of Arden Reinsurance Company Ltd (or Arden) on September 9, 2013. In July 2013, we announced the acquisition of Torus Insurance Holdings Limited (or Torus), which we expect to close during the first quarter of 2014. Atrium’s wholly-owned subsidiary, Atrium Underwriters Ltd, manages and underwrites specialist insurance and reinsurance business for Lloyd’s Syndicate 609. Atrium’s wholly-owned subsidiary, Atrium 5 Ltd, provides approximately 25% of the underwriting capacity and capital to Syndicate 609, with the balance provided by traditional Lloyd’s Names. Arden provides reinsurance to Atrium 5 Ltd. through an approximately 65% quota share reinsurance arrangement, and is currently in the process of running off certain other discontinued businesses. 5 Table of Contents Torus is an A- rated global specialty insurer with six wholly-owned insurance vehicles, including Lloyd’s Syndicate 1301. We have entered the active underwriting business not only to provide an additional earnings stream, but also to enhance our ability to compete for non-life run-off and other acquisition targets by providing opportunities for us to offer renewal rights or loss portfolio reinsurance transactions in connection with these transactions, which may be attractive to certain vendors or may present alternative ways in which proposed transactions can be structured. Atrium was an attractive opportunity to us primarily because of its skilled underwriting and management teams and strong historical performance at Lloyd’s. Torus is a young company, formed in 2008, which has grown significantly but generally at the expense of its profitability. We believe Torus can be a successful global business following acquisition with a shift in its strategy to concentrate on profitable lines, reduce costs and enhance management. While we believe the management of claims and control of expenses are Enstar’s core competencies, active underwriting is a new exposure for us. Accordingly, we have partnered with the Trident V funds (managed by Stone Point Capital LLC) in the acquisitions of Atrium, Arden and Torus, with Enstar taking 60% equity interests and Trident V taking 40% equity interests in each transaction. Stone Point Capital is a financial services-focused private equity firm that has significant experience investing in insurance and reinsurance companies and other insurance-related businesses, which we believe will be valuable in these active underwriting joint ventures. Following our expansion into closed life run-off and active underwriting, we now have the following three segments of business that are each managed, operated and reported on differently: (i) non-life run-off; (ii) life and annuities; and (iii) active underwriting. Strategy We aim to maximize our growth in net book value per share by using the following strategies: 6 • Solidify Our Leadership Position in the Run-Off Market by Leveraging Management’s Experience and Relationships. We continue to utilize the extensive experience and significant relationships of our senior management team to solidify our position as a leading run-off acquirer, which we expect will generate future growth opportunities for us. • Professionally Manage Claims. We manage claims made against companies and portfolios we own or manage in a professional and disciplined manner, relying on our in-house expertise as we seek to dispose of risks expeditiously and cost-effectively. We pay valid claims on a timely basis, while relying on well-documented policy terms and exclusions where applicable and litigation when necessary to defend against paying invalid claims under existing policies and reinsurance agreements. • Commute Assumed Liabilities and Ceded Reinsurance Assets. Using detailed claims analysis and actuarial projections, we negotiate with the policyholders of the insurance and reinsurance companies or portfolios we own or manage with a goal of commuting insurance and reinsurance liabilities for one or more agreed upon payments at a discount to the ultimate liability. • Engage in Highly Disciplined Acquisition, Management and Reinsurance Practices across our Diverse Portfolio of Loss Reserves. We utilize a disciplined approach designed to minimize risk and increase the probability of positive operating results from companies and portfolios we acquire or manage, being highly selective in reviewing potential acquisition targets and management engagements and focusing our investigation on risk exposures, claims practices and reserve requirements. • Profitably Underwrite Selected Specialty Lines and Utilize our Active Underwriting Platforms to Enhance Future Opportunities. We selectively underwrite in chosen specialty lines where we believe we can operate with competitive advantages, focusing on balancing risk exposures and selectively growing organically. Where strategically beneficial, we will seek to utilize our active underwriting platforms in ways that will help us achieve future growth opportunities in our run-off business. Table of Contents Recent Transactions Our transactions take the form of either acquisitions of companies or portfolio transfers, where a reinsurance contract transfers risk from the insurance or reinsurance company to one of our companies. Acquisitions and portfolio transfers (also referred to as “significant new business”) completed since the beginning of 2011 are outlined below. Acquisitions The table below sets forth a summary of acquisitions that we have completed in the last three years or are in the process of completing. For a more detailed explanation of these acquisitions, refer to “Note 3 — Acquisitions” in the notes to our consolidated financial statements included within Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. 7 • Prudently Manage Investments and Capital. In managing our investments and deploying our capital, we strive to achieve superior risk-adjusted returns with the objective of maximizing profitability and long-term growth in shareholder value, while recognizing our liquidity needs for future liabilities. We manage our investments in a manner that attempts to correlate the maturity and duration of our investment portfolio to our general liability profile. We manage our capital by aiming to deploy capital efficiently to acquisitions and to establish adequate loss reserves that we believe will protect against future adverse developments. Acquisitions (2011 - Present) Company Name Date of Completion Purchase Price Fair Value of Net Assets Acquired Goodwill/(Gain on Bargain Purchase) Segment Primary Nature of Business Signed but not yet completed: Torus Insurance Holdings Limited expected first quarter 2014 $692.0 million valuation pending N/A Active Underwriting Global specialty insurer and Lloyd’s Syndicate 1301 Completed: Atrium Underwriting Group Limited November 25, 2013 $158.0 million $119.2 million $38.8 million Active Underwriting Managing agent for Lloyd’s Syndicate 609, a global specialty insurer; provides 25% of syndicate’s capital Arden Reinsurance Company Limited September 9, 2013 $79.6 million $79.6 million Nil Active Underwriting U.S. casualty, credit and surety insurance; quota share provider to Atrium The Pavonia Companies March 31, 2013 $155.6 million $155.6 million Nil Life and Annuities U.S. and Canadian closed life insurance, reinsurance and annuities SeaBright Holdings, Inc. February 7, 2013 $252.1 million $252.1 million Nil Non-life Run-off U.S. workers’ compensation insurance Clarendon Holdings, Inc. July 12, 2011 $219.1 million $219.1 million Nil Non-life Run-off U.S. general liability and workers’ compensation insurance Laguna Life Limited March 25, 2011 $21.2 million $34.3 million $(13.1) million Life and Annuities Irish closed life insurance (1) Enstar has a 60% interest in the acquired companies, with the Trident V funds (or Trident) owning a 40% interest. Trident is a holder of approximately 9.7% of our voting ordinary shares outstanding. James D. Carey, a senior principal of Stone Point Capital LLC (the manager of Trident), serves as a member of our Board of Directors. (2) Enstar has agreed to fund its share of the purchase price through the issuance of 2,612,346 shares (which will consist of a combination of voting and non-voting shares) and the payment of $69.2 million in cash. (3) Arden is considered part of our active underwriting segment with respect to its quota share reinsurance provided to Atrium, and is considered part of our non-life run-off segment with respect to its discontinued insurance business. (1) (2) (1) (1) (3) Table of Contents Significant New Business The table below sets forth a summary of significant new business transactions that we have signed or completed in the last three years. For a more detailed explanation of these transactions, refer to “Note 4 — Significant New Business” in the notes to our consolidated financial statements included within Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Operating Segments We have three business segments: (i) non-life run-off, (ii) life and annuities, and (iii) active underwriting. These segments are described below. For additional information and financial data relating to our segments, see “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Segment Reporting” beginning on page 83 and “Note 22 — Segment Information” in the notes to our consolidated financial statements included within Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. 8 Significant New Business (2011 - Present) Portfolio Name Date of Completion Liabilities Assumed / Assets Acquired Segment Primary Nature of Business Signed but not yet completed: Reciprocal of America (in Receivership) expected second quarter 2014 $169.0 million Non-life Run-off U.S. workers’ compensation insurance Completed: Lloyd’s RITC — Shelbourne January 1, 2014 $25.3 million Non-life Run-off Worldwide property and U.K. liability insurance Lloyd’s RITC — Shelbourne January 1, 2013 $51.4 million Non-life Run-off U.K. motor insurance American Physicians Assurance Corporation/APSpecialty Insurance Company April 23, 2013 $35.3 million Non-life Run-off U.S. workers’ compensation insurance Claremont Liability Insurance Company August 6, 2012 / December 17, 2012 $38.0 million Non-life Run-off U.S. construction defect reinsurance Zurich Insurance Company — Danish Branch June 30, 2012 $60.0 million Non-life Run-off Danish disability insurance and commercial reinsurance Lloyd’s RITC — Shelbourne January 1, 2012 $116.5 million Non-life Run-off Worldwide property and liability reinsurance Lloyd’s RITC — Shelbourne December 31, 2012 $313.3 million Non-life Run-off U.K. property and liability insurance Insurance Australia Group September 20, 2011 $10.0 million Non-life Run-off International reinsurance Claremont Liability Insurance Company September 1, 2011 $22.5 million Non-life Run-off U.S. construction defect reinsurance Lloyd’s RITC — Shelbourne February 28, 2011 $129.6 million Non-life Run-off Worldwide marine and non-marine property and casualty insurance (1) Enstar has a 70% economic interest in the acquired companies, with J.C. Flowers Fund II, L.P owning a 30% non-voting economic interest. (1) Table of Contents The below chart highlights the percentage of the aggregate total of our gross losses and loss adjustment expense liabilities and policy benefits for life and annuity contracts accounted for by each of our segments: Non-life Run-off Our non-life run-off segment comprises the operations of our subsidiaries that are running off their property and casualty and other non-life lines of business. It also includes our smaller management business, in which we manage the run-off portfolios of third parties through our service companies. In the primary (or direct) insurance business, the insurer assumes risk of loss from persons or organizations that are directly subject to the given risks. In the reinsurance business, the reinsurer agrees to indemnify an insurance or reinsurance company, referred to as the ceding company, against all or a portion of the insurance risks arising under the policies the ceding company has written or reinsured. When an insurer or reinsurer stops writing new insurance business, either entirely or with respect to a particular line of business, the insurer, reinsurer, or the line of discontinued business is in run-off. The insurance industry continues to experience significant consolidation. As a result of this consolidation and other factors, the remaining participants in the industry often have portfolios of business that are either inconsistent with their core competency or provide excessive exposure to a particular risk or segment of the market (i.e., workers compensation, property/casualty, asbestos, environmental, director and officer liability, etc.). These non-core and/or discontinued portfolios are often associated with potentially large exposures and lengthy time periods before resolution of the last remaining insured claims, resulting in significant uncertainty to the insurer or reinsurer covering those risks. These factors can distract management, drive up the cost of capital and surplus for the insurer or reinsurer, and negatively impact the insurer’s or reinsurer’s credit rating, which makes the disposal of the unwanted company or portfolio an attractive option. Alternatively, the insurer may wish to maintain the business on its balance sheet, yet not divert significant management attention to the run-off of the portfolio. The insurer or reinsurer, in either case, is likely to engage a third party that specializes in run-off management, such as us, to purchase or manage the company or portfolio in run-off. In the sale of a company in run-off, a purchaser, such as us, may pay a discount to the book value of the company based on the risks assumed and the relative value to the seller of no longer having to manage the company in run-off. Such a transaction can be beneficial to the seller because it receives an up-front payment for the company, eliminates the need for its management to devote any attention to the disposed company and 9 * Enstar has a 60% interest in the companies within the active underwriting segment, with Trident owning the remaining 40%. Table of Contents removes the risk that the established reserves related to the run-off business may prove to be inadequate. The seller is also able to redeploy its management and financial resources to its core businesses. In some situations, an insurer or reinsurer may wish to divest itself of a portfolio of non-core legacy business that may have been underwritten alongside other ongoing core business that the insurer or reinsurer does not want to dispose of. In such instances, we are able to provide economic finality for the insurer or reinsurer by providing a loss portfolio reinsurance contract to protect the insurer or reinsurer against deterioration of the non-core portfolio of loss reserves. Alternatively, if the insurer or reinsurer hires a third party, such as us, to manage its run-off business, the insurer or reinsurer will, unlike in a sale of the business, receive little or no cash up front. Instead, the management arrangement may provide that the insurer or reinsurer will retain the profits, if any, derived from the run-off with certain incentive payments allocated to the run-off manager. By hiring a run-off manager, the insurer or reinsurer can outsource the management of the run-off business to experienced and capable individuals, while allowing its own management team to focus on the insurer’s or reinsurer’s core businesses. Overall, the focus of our non-life run-off segment is to acquire new companies or portfolios in run-off and to effectively manage the business previously acquired, in each case in ways that further our primary corporate objective. Acquisition Process We evaluate each acquisition opportunity presented by carefully reviewing the portfolio’s risk exposures, claim practices, reserve requirements and outstanding claims, and may seek an appropriate discount and/or seller indemnification to reflect the uncertainty contained in the portfolio’s reserves. Based on this initial analysis, we can determine if a company or portfolio of business would add value to our current portfolio of run-off business. If we determine to pursue the purchase of a company in run-off, we then proceed to price the acquisition in a manner we believe will result in positive operating results based on certain assumptions including, without limitation, our ability to favorably resolve claims, negotiate with direct insureds and reinsurers, and otherwise manage the nature of the risks posed by the business. At the time we acquire a company in run-off, we estimate the fair value of liabilities acquired based on external actuarial advice, as well as our own views of the exposures assumed. While we earn a larger share of our total return on an acquisition from disciplined claims management and/or commuting the liabilities that we have assumed, we also try to maximize reinsurance recoveries on the assumed portfolio of business. Run-off Management Following the purchase of a company in run-off, or acquisition of a portfolio of business in run-off, or a new consulting engagement to manage a company in run-off or portfolio of business, we strive to conduct the run-off in a disciplined and professional manner in order to efficiently discharge the liabilities associated with the business while preserving and maximizing its assets. Our approach to managing our acquired companies and portfolios of business in run-off, as well as run-off companies or portfolios of businesses we manage on behalf of third-party clients, includes, where possible, negotiating with third-party insureds and reinsureds to commute their insurance or reinsurance agreement (sometimes called policy buy-backs) for an agreed upon up-front payment by us, or the third-party client, and to more efficiently manage payment of insurance and reinsurance claims. We attempt to commute policies with direct insureds or reinsureds in order to eliminate uncertainty over the amount of future claims. Commutations and policy buy-backs provide an opportunity for the company to exit exposures to certain policies and insureds generally at a discount to the ultimate liability and provide the ability to eliminate exposure to further losses. Such a strategy also contributes to the reduction in the length of time and future cost of the run-off. In certain lines of business, such as direct workers’ compensation insurance, commutations and policy buy-back opportunities are not typically available and our strategy with respect to these businesses is to derive value through efficient and effective management of claims. 10 Table of Contents An integral factor to our success is our ability to analyze, administer, manage and settle claims and related expenses, such as loss adjustment expenses. Our claims teams are located in different offices within our organization and provide global claims support. We have implemented effective claims handling guidelines along with claims reporting and control procedures in all of our claims units. All claims matters are reviewed regularly, with all material claims matters being circulated to and authorized by management prior to any action being taken in furtherance of our goal of appropriately handling claims and reporting them in accordance with our guidelines. Our claims management processes also include utilizing our extensive relationships and developed protocols to more efficiently manage outside counsel and other third parties, thereby reducing expenses. With respect to certain lines of business, we have arrangements with third-party administrators to manage and pay claims on our subsidiaries’ behalf and advise with respect to case reserves. These agreements generally set forth the duties of the third party administrators, limits of authority, indemnification language designed for our protection and various procedures relating to compliance with laws and regulations. These arrangements are also subject to review by our relevant claims departments, and we monitor these administrators on an ongoing basis. Following the acquisition of a company in run-off, or acquisition of a portfolio of business in run-off, or new consulting engagement, we will spend time analyzing the acquired exposures and reinsurance receivables on a policyholder-by-policyholder basis in order to identify those we wish to approach to discuss commutation or policy buy-back. In addition, we will often be approached by policyholders or reinsurers requesting commutation or policy buy-back. We then carry out a full analysis of the underlying exposures in order to determine the viability of a proposed commutation or policy buy-back. From the initial analysis of the underlying exposures it may take several months, or even years, before a commutation or policy buy-back is completed. In a number of cases, if we and the policyholder or reinsurer are unable to reach a commercially acceptable settlement, the commutation or policy buy-back may not be achievable, in which case we will continue to settle valid claims from the policyholder, or collect reinsurance receivables from the reinsurer, as they become due. Certain insureds and reinsureds are often willing to commute with us, subject to receiving an acceptable settlement, as this provides certainty of recovery of what otherwise may be claims that are disputed in the future, and often provides a meaningful up-front cash receipt that, with the associated investment income, can provide funds to meet future claim payments or even commutation of their underlying exposure. Therefore, subject to negotiating an acceptable settlement, our insurance and reinsurance liabilities and reinsurance receivables are able to be either commuted or settled by way of policy buy-back over time. With regard to reinsurance recoverables, we manage cash flow by working with reinsurers, brokers and professional advisors to achieve fair and prompt payment of reinsured claims, taking appropriate legal action to secure receivables where necessary. We also attempt where appropriate to negotiate favorable commutations with our reinsurers by securing a lump sum settlement from reinsurers in complete satisfaction of the reinsurer’s past, present and future liability in respect of such claims. Properly priced commutations reduce the expense of adjusting direct claims and pursuing collection of reinsurance, realize savings, remove the potential future volatility of claims and reduce required regulatory capital. Consulting Services We provide consultancy services to third parties in the insurance and reinsurance industry primarily through our subsidiaries, the Cranmore companies, Enstar Limited, Enstar (US), Inc., Kinsale Brokers Limited and Shelbourne Syndicate Services Limited. The services we provide range from full-service incentive-based or fixed fee run-off management to bespoke solutions such as claims inspection, claims validation, reinsurance asset collection and IT consulting services. Paladin Managed Care Services, Inc., acquired in the SeaBright transaction, provides medical bill review, utilization review, physician case management and related services in the workers’ compensation area. In addition to third-party engagements, our consultancy companies also perform these services in-house for our Enstar companies, using their expertise to assist in managing our run-off portfolios and performing certain due diligence matters relating to new acquisitions. 11 Table of Contents Reserves for Unpaid Losses and Loss Adjustment Expense Applicable insurance laws and regulations and generally accepted accounting practices require us to maintain reserves to cover our estimated losses under insurance policies that we have assumed and for loss adjustment expenses, or LAE, relating to the investigation, administration and settlement of policy claims. Our LAE reserves consist of both reserves for allocated loss adjustment expenses, or ALAE, and for unallocated loss adjustment expenses, or ULAE. ALAE are linked to the settlement of an individual claim or loss, whereas ULAE reserve is based on our estimates of future costs to administer the claims. We and our subsidiaries establish losses and LAE reserves for individual claims by evaluating reported claims on the basis of: Because a significant amount of time can lapse between the assumption of risk, the occurrence of a loss event, the reporting of the event to an insurance or reinsurance company and the ultimate payment of the claim on the loss event, the liability for unpaid losses and LAE is based largely upon estimates. Our management must use considerable judgment in the process of developing these estimates. The liability for unpaid losses and LAE for property and casualty business includes amounts determined from loss reports on individual cases and amounts for losses incurred but not reported, or IBNR. Such reserves, including IBNR reserves, are estimated by management based upon loss reports received from ceding companies, supplemented by our own estimates of losses for which no ceding company loss reports have yet been received. In establishing reserves, management also considers actuarial estimates of ultimate losses. Our independent actuaries employ generally accepted actuarial methodologies and procedures to estimate ultimate losses and loss adjustment expenses. Our loss reserves are largely related to casualty exposures and include latent exposures primarily relating to asbestos and environmental, as discussed below. In establishing the reserves for unpaid claims, management considers facts currently known and the current state of the law and coverage litigation. Liabilities are recognized for known claims (including the cost of related litigation) when sufficient information has been developed to indicate the involvement of a specific insurance policy, and management can reasonably estimate its liability. In addition, reserves are established to cover loss development related to both known and unasserted claims. The estimation of unpaid claim liabilities is subject to a high degree of uncertainty for a number of reasons. Unpaid claim liabilities for property and casualty exposures in general are impacted by changes in the legal environment, jury awards, medical cost trends and general inflation. Moreover, for latent exposures in particular, developed case law and adequate claims history do not exist. There is significant coverage litigation involved with these exposures which creates further uncertainty in the estimation of the liabilities. Therefore, for these types of exposures, it is especially unclear whether past claim experience will be representative of future claim experience. Ultimate values for such claims cannot be estimated using reserving techniques that extrapolate losses to an ultimate basis using loss development factors, and the uncertainties surrounding the estimation of unpaid claim liabilities are not likely to be resolved in the near future. There can be no assurance that the reserves established by us will be adequate or will not be adversely affected by the development of other latent exposures. The actuarial methods used to estimate ultimate loss and ALAE for our latent exposures are discussed below. For the non-latent loss exposures, a range of traditional loss development extrapolation techniques is applied. Incremental paid and incurred loss development methodologies are the most commonly used methods. Traditional 12 • our knowledge of the circumstances surrounding the claim; • the severity of the injury or damage; • the jurisdiction of the occurrence; • the potential for ultimate exposure; • the type of loss; and • our experience with the line of business and policy provisions relating to the particular type of claim. Table of Contents cumulative paid and incurred loss development methods are used where inception-to-date, cumulative paid and reported incurred loss development history is available. These methods assume that groups of losses from similar exposures will increase over time in a predictable manner. Historical paid and incurred loss development experience is examined for earlier underwriting years to make inferences about how later underwriting years’ losses will develop. Where company-specific loss information is not available or not reliable, industry loss development information published by reliable industry sources such as the Reinsurance Association of America is considered. The reserving process is intended to reflect the impact of inflation and other factors affecting loss payments by taking into account changes in historical payment patterns and perceived trends. However, there is no precise method for the subsequent evaluation of the adequacy of the consideration given to inflation, or to any other specific factor, or to the way one factor may affect another. The loss development tables below show changes, for our non-life run-off segment, in our gross and net loss reserves in subsequent years from the prior loss estimates based on experience as of the end of each succeeding year. The estimate is increased or decreased as more information becomes known about the frequency and severity of losses for individual years. A redundancy means the original estimate was higher than the current estimate; a deficiency means that the current estimate is higher than the original estimate. The “Reserve redundancy” line represents, as of the date indicated, the difference between the latest re-estimated liability and the reserves as originally estimated. 13 Table of Contents 14 Gross Losses and Loss Adjustment Expense Reserves December 31, 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 (in thousands of U.S. dollars) Reserves assumed $ 381,531 $ 1,047,313 $ 806,559 $ 1,214,419 $ 1,591,449 $ 2,798,287 $ 2,479,136 $ 3,291,275 $ 4,272,082 $ 3,650,127 $ 4,004,513 1 year later 365,913 900,274 909,984 1,227,427 1,436,051 2,661,011 2,237,124 3,057,032 3,980,811 3,447,375 2 years later 284,583 1,002,773 916,480 1,084,852 1,358,900 2,422,291 2,039,141 2,907,956 3,760,339 3 years later 272,537 1,012,483 853,139 1,020,755 1,284,304 2,245,557 1,943,121 2,748,708 4 years later 243,692 953,834 778,216 949,595 1,235,982 2,160,144 1,878,606 5 years later 216,875 879,504 733,151 905,043 1,216,989 2,110,715 6 years later 204,875 835,488 717,413 889,681 1,206,093 7 years later 195,795 820,168 715,574 881,416 8 years later 190,281 819,018 719,867 9 years later 188,831 823,429 10 years later 186,425 Reserve redundancy $ 195,106 $ 223,884 $ 86,692 $ 333,003 $ 385,356 $ 687,572 $ 600,530 $ 542,567 $ 511,682 $ 202,752 $ — December 31, Gross Paid Losses 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 (in thousands of U.S. dollars) 1 year later $ 19,260 $ 110,193 $ 117,666 $ 90,185 $ 407,692 $ 364,440 $ 377,159 $ 430,284 $ 699,487 $ 463,052 $ — 2 years later 43,082 226,225 198,407 197,751 575,522 727,205 575,814 808,213 1,091,516 3 years later 61,715 305,913 268,541 353,032 688,946 912,401 768,828 1,050,863 4 years later 75,609 375,762 402,134 423,731 726,332 1,095,603 898,643 5 years later 87,274 509,319 442,624 455,414 772,070 1,216,762 6 years later 101,958 549,033 458,532 481,114 822,094 7 years later 108,901 564,900 477,456 527,804 8 years later 111,350 583,225 515,762 9 years later 113,636 621,418 10 years later 117,430 Net Losses and Loss Adjustment Expense Reserves December 31, 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 (in thousands of U.S. dollars) Reserves assumed $ 230,155 $ 736,660 $ 593,160 $ 872,259 $ 1,163,485 $ 2,403,712 $ 2,131,408 $ 2,765,835 $ 2,889,079 $ 2,773,907 $ 2,882,980 1 year later 220,712 653,039 590,153 875,636 1,034,588 2,216,928 1,851,268 2,533,710 2,731,215 2,524,247 2 years later 164,319 652,195 586,059 753,551 950,739 1,940,472 1,673,922 2,422,811 2,486,405 3 years later 149,980 649,355 532,804 684,999 874,961 1,783,372 1,596,536 2,274,204 4 years later 136,611 600,939 454,933 611,182 816,039 1,719,195 1,527,355 5 years later 108,666 531,666 408,270 557,109 797,815 1,664,375 6 years later 104,127 485,392 388,471 543,052 782,676 7 years later 92,972 466,303 385,410 531,279 8 years later 87,451 464,060 386,128 9 years later 85,428 464,899 10 years later 82,673 Reserve redundancy $ 147,482 $ 271,761 $ 207,032 $ 340,980 $ 380,809 $ 739,337 $ 604,053 $ 491,631 $ 402,674 $ 249,660 $ — Year Ended December 31, Net Paid Losses 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 (in thousands of U.S. dollars) 1 year later $ 11,354 $ 78,488 $ 79,398 $ 43,896 $ 112,321 $ 247,823 $ 250,635 $ 313,642 $ 326,110 $ 209,221 2 years later 6,312 161,178 125,272 (70,430 ) 243,146 480,102 381,820 601,029 471,195 3 years later 9,161 206,351 (14,150 ) 58,228 324,735 603,875 530,845 805,020 4 years later (1,803 ) 67,191 102,776 108,109 347,215 752,318 640,974 5 years later 2,515 184,150 132,405 128,567 376,674 857,605 6 years later 11,348 212,822 143,252 150,412 419,383 7 years later 11,808 223,944 158,503 191,829 8 years later 13,463 238,658 191,589 9 years later 14,122 271,647 10 years later 17,430 Table of Contents The following table provides a reconciliation of the liability for losses and LAE, net of reinsurance ceded for our non-life run-off segment: In the table above, net reduction in ultimate losses and loss adjustment expense liabilities represents changes in estimates of prior period net losses and loss adjustment expense liabilities comprising net incurred loss movements during the period and changes in estimates of net IBNR liabilities. Net incurred loss movements during the period comprise increases or reductions in specific case reserves advised during the period to us by our policyholders and attorneys, or by us to our reinsurers, less claims settlements made during the period by us to our policyholders, plus claim receipts made to us by our reinsurers. Prior period estimates of net IBNR liabilities may change as our management considers the combined impact of commutations, policy buy-backs, settlement of losses on carried reserves and the trend of incurred loss development compared to prior forecasts. Commutations provide an opportunity for us to exit exposures to entire policies with insureds and reinsureds, often at a discount to the previously estimated ultimate liability. Commutations are beneficial to us as they extinguish liabilities and reduce the potential for future adverse loss development. All prior historical loss development that relates to commuted exposures is eliminated to produce revised historical loss development for the remaining non-commuted exposures. Our independent actuaries apply their actuarial methodologies to the remaining aggregate exposures and revised historical loss development information to reassess their estimates of ultimate liabilities, and, after management’s review of and, if necessary, adjustments to those estimates, we reassess our estimate of IBNR reserves. 15 Years Ended December 31, 2013 2013 2012 2011 (in thousands of U.S. dollars) Balance as at January 1 $ 3,650,127 $ 4,272,082 $ 3,291,275 Less: total reinsurance reserves recoverable 876,220 1,383,003 525,440 2,773,907 2,889,079 2,765,835 Net increase (reduction) in ultimate losses and loss adjustment expense liabilities: Current period 74,139 — — Prior periods (257,114 ) (237,953 ) (293,461 ) Total net reduction in ultimate losses and loss adjustment expense liabilities (182,975 ) (237,953 ) (293,461 ) Net losses paid: Current period (10,656 ) — — Prior periods (360,214 ) (314,528 ) (288,175 ) Total net losses paid (370,870 ) (314,528 ) (288,175 ) Effect of exchange rate movement 4,936 14,833 (7,987 ) Acquired on purchase of subsidiaries 557,476 — 600,046 Assumed business 100,506 422,476 112,821 Net balance as at December 31 2,882,980 2,773,907 2,889,079 Plus: total reinsurance reserves recoverable 1,121,533 876,220 1,383,003 Balance as at December 31 $ 4,004,513 $ 3,650,127 $ 4,272,082 (1) We reclassified $11.0 million of reserves acquired on purchase of subsidiaries previously recorded in 2011 to policy benfits for life and annuity contracts. In addition, we have reclassified outstanding losses and loss adjustment expenses of $11.0 million and $10.8 million to policy benefits for life and annuity contracts as at January 1, 2013 and 2012, respectively, to conform to the current period presentation. These amounts are associated with Laguna, which now forms part of our life and annuities segment that was established following the acquisition of the Pavonia companies. (1) Table of Contents Policy buy-backs provide an opportunity for us to settle individual policies and losses usually at a discount to carried advised loss reserves. As part of our routine claims settlement operations, claims will settle at either below or above the carried advised loss reserve. The impact of policy buy-backs and the routine settlement of claims updates historical loss development information to which actuarial methodologies are applied often resulting in revised estimates of ultimate liabilities. Our actuarial methodologies include industry benchmarking which, under certain methodologies compares the trend of our loss development to that of the industry. To the extent that the trend of our loss development compared to the industry changes in any period, it is likely to have an impact on the estimate of ultimate liabilities. The following table provides a reconciliation between net reserve redundancy per the loss development triangle on page 14 and total net reduction in ultimate losses and loss adjustment expense liabilities in our non-life run-off segment for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011: Information regarding net reduction in ultimate losses and loss adjustment expense liabilities for our non-life run-off segment is discussed further in “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Results of Operations by Segment – Non-Life Run-Off Segment.” General A&E Exposures A number of our subsidiaries wrote general liability policies and reinsurance (prior to their acquisition by us) under which policyholders continue to present asbestos-related injury claims and claims alleging injury, damage or clean-up costs arising from environmental pollution. These policies, and the associated claims, are referred to as A&E exposures. The vast majority of these claims are presented under policies written many years ago. There is a great deal of uncertainty surrounding A&E claims. This uncertainty impacts the ability of insurers and reinsurers to estimate the ultimate amount of unpaid claims and related LAE. The majority of these claims differ from any other type of claim because there is inadequate loss development and there is significant uncertainty regarding what, if any, coverage exists, to which, if any, policy years claims are attributable and which, if any, insurers/reinsurers may be liable. These uncertainties are exacerbated by lack of clear judicial precedent and legislative interpretations of coverage that may be inconsistent with the intent of the parties to the insurance contracts and expand theories of liability. The insurance and reinsurance industry as a whole is engaged in extensive litigation over these coverage and liability issues and is, thus, confronted with continuing uncertainty in its efforts to quantify A&E exposures. Our A&E exposure is administered out of our offices in the United Kingdom and Rhode Island and centrally administered from the United Kingdom. In light of the intensive claim settlement process for these claims, which involves comprehensive fact gathering and subject matter expertise, our management believes that it is prudent to have a centrally administered claim facility to handle A&E claims on behalf of all of our subsidiaries. Our A&E claims staff, working in conjunction with our in-house attorneys experienced in A&E liabilities, proactively administers, on a cost-effective basis, the A&E claims submitted to our insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries. 16 Years Ended December 31, 2013 2012 2011 (in millions of U.S. dollars) Net reserve redundancy $ 249.7 $ 157.9 $ 232.1 Foreign exchange movement (0.2 ) 14.8 (8.0 ) Net reduction in ultimate losses and loss adjustment expense liabilities relating to companies and portfolios acquired during the year 13.4 (2.1 ) 18.0 Premium and commission adjustments triggered by incurred losses (5.8 ) 22.6 28.9 Claremont novation settlement — 44.8 22.5 Net reduction in ultimate losses and loss adjustment expense liabilities $ 257.1 $ 238.0 $ 293.5 Table of Contents Our independent, external actuaries use industry benchmarking methodologies to estimate appropriate IBNR reserves for our A&E exposures. These methods are discussed in detail in “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Critical Accounting Policies – Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses”. The liability for unpaid losses and LAE, inclusive of A&E reserves, reflects our best estimate for future amounts needed to pay losses and related LAE as of each of the balance sheet dates reflected in the financial statements herein in accordance with U.S. GAAP. As of December 31, 2013, we had net loss reserves of $405.3 million for asbestos-related claims and $75.5 million for environmental pollution-related claims. The following table provides a reconciliation of our gross and net loss and ALAE reserves from A&E exposures and the movement in gross and net reserves: During 2013, 2012 and 2011, excluding the impact of loss reserves acquired during the year, our reserves for A&E liabilities decreased by $89.2 million, $74.2 million and $122.4 million on a gross basis, respectively, and by $76.7 million, $63.9 million and $114.7 million on a net basis, respectively. The reductions in gross reserves arose from paid claims, successful commutations, policy buy-backs, generally favorable claim settlements during the year and reductions in IBNR resulting from actuarial analysis of remaining liabilities. Asbestos continues to be the most significant and difficult mass tort for the insurance industry in terms of claims volume and expense. We believe that the insurance industry has been adversely affected by judicial interpretations that have had the effect of maximizing insurance recoveries for asbestos claims, from both a coverage and liability perspective. Generally, only policies underwritten prior to 1986 have potential asbestos exposure, since most policies underwritten after this date contain an absolute asbestos exclusion. From 2001 through 2003 the industry experienced increasing numbers of asbestos claims, including claims from individuals who did not appear to be impaired by asbestos exposure. Since 2003, however, new claim filings have been fairly stable. It is possible that the increases observed in the early part of the decade were triggered by various state tort reforms (discussed immediately below). We cannot predict whether claim filings will return to pre-2004 levels, remain stable, or begin to decrease. Since 2001, several U.S. states have proposed, and in many cases enacted, tort reform statutes that impact asbestos litigation by, for example, making it more difficult for a diverse group of plaintiffs to jointly file a single case, reducing “forum-shopping” by requiring that a potential plaintiff must have been exposed to asbestos in the state in which he/she files a lawsuit, or permitting consolidation of discovery. These statutes typically apply to suits filed after a stated date. When a statute is proposed or enacted, asbestos defendants often experience a marked increase in new lawsuits, as plaintiffs’ attorneys seek to file suit before the effective date of the legislation. Some of this increased claim volume likely represents an acceleration of valid claims that would have been brought in the 17 Year Ended December 31, 2013 2012 2011 Gross Net Gross Net Gross Net (in thousands of U.S. dollars) Provisions for A&E claims and ALAE at January 1 $ 628,643 557,551 $ 702,801 621,487 $ 825,212 $ 736,172 A&E losses and ALAE incurred during the year (15,512 ) (15,594 ) (308 ) (5,882 ) (61,120 ) (81,286 ) A&E losses and ALAE paid during the year (88,984 ) (74,208 ) (73,850 ) (58,054 ) (61,291 ) (33,399 ) Provision for A&E claims and ALAE acquired during the year 15,347 13,116 — — — — Provision for A&E claims and ALAE at December 31 $ 539,494 $ 480,865 $ 628,643 $ 557,551 $ 702,801 $ 621,487 Table of Contents future, while some claims will likely prove to have little or no merit. As many of these claims are still pending, we cannot predict what portion of the increased number of claims represent valid claims. Also, the acceleration of claims increases the uncertainty surrounding projections of future claims in the affected jurisdictions. During the same timeframe as tort reform, the U.S. federal and various U.S. state governments sought comprehensive asbestos reform to manage the growing court docket and costs surrounding asbestos litigation, in addition to the increasing number of corporate bankruptcies resulting from overwhelming asbestos liabilities. Whereas the federal government has failed to establish a national asbestos trust fund to address the asbestos problem, several states, including Texas and Florida, have implemented a medical criteria reform approach that only permits litigation to proceed when a plaintiff can establish and demonstrate actual physical impairment. Much like tort reform, asbestos litigation reform has also spurred a significant increase in the number of lawsuits filed in advance of the law’s enactment. We cannot predict whether the drop off in the number of filed claims is due to the accelerated number of filings or an actual trend in the decline of alleged asbestos injuries. Environmental Pollution Exposures Environmental pollution claims represent another significant exposure for us. However, environmental pollution claims have been developing as expected over the past few years as a result of stable claim trends. Claims against Fortune 500 companies are generally declining, and while insureds with single-site exposures are still active, in many cases claims are being settled for less than initially anticipated due to improved site remediation technology and effective policy buy-backs. Despite the stability of recent trends, there remains significant uncertainty involved in estimating liabilities related to these exposures. Unlike asbestos claims which are generated primarily from allegedly injured private individuals, environmental claims generally result from governmentally initiated activities. First, the number of waste sites subject to cleanup is unknown. Approximately 1,313 sites are included on the National Priorities List (NPL) of the United States Environmental Protection Agency. State authorities have separately identified many additional sites and, at times, aggressively implement site cleanups. Second, the liabilities of the insureds themselves are difficult to estimate. At any given site, the allocation of remediation cost among the potentially responsible parties varies greatly depending upon a variety of factors. Third, as with asbestos liability and coverage issues, judicial precedent regarding liability and coverage issues regarding pollution claims does not provide clear guidance. There is also uncertainty as to the U.S. federal “Superfund” law itself and, at this time, we cannot predict what, if any, reforms to this law might be enacted by the U.S. federal government, or the effect of any such changes on the insurance industry. Other Latent Exposures While we do not view health hazard exposures such as silica and tobacco as becoming a material concern, recent developments in lead litigation have caused us to watch these matters closely. Recently, municipal and state governments have had success, using a public nuisance theory, pursuing the former makers of lead pigment for the abatement of lead paint in certain home dwellings. As lead paint was used almost exclusively into the early 1970’s, large numbers of old housing stock contain lead paint that can prove hazardous to people and, particularly, children. Although governmental success has been limited thus far, we continue to monitor developments carefully due to the size of the potential awards sought by plaintiffs. Life and Annuities Our life and annuities segment consists of the operations of our subsidiaries managing our closed-block of life and annuity business, which primarily consists of the companies we acquired in the Pavonia acquisition on March 31, 2013. The Pavonia business operates out of our New Jersey office. The segment also includes Laguna Life Limited, a small Irish-based closed-life company formerly known as CitiLife Financial Limited, which we acquired from Citigroup Insurance Holding Corporation in 2011. 18 Table of Contents Similar to our non-life run-off segment, our life and annuities companies are no longer writing new policies, however, unlike that segment, these companies continue to generate premiums with respect to their in-force policies. Our life and annuities companies primarily include credit life and disability insurance, term life insurance, corporate owned life insurance, assumed reinsurance of term and ordinary life and accidental death and dismemberment products, and periodic payment annuities such as structured settlement, lottery, and other immediate annuities. Our strategy in the life and annuities segment differs from our non-life business, in particular because we are unable to shorten the duration of the liabilities of these businesses through commutations or policy buy-backs. Instead, we hold the policies to their natural maturity, while aiming to efficiently manage our invested assets in those businesses to match the duration and cash flows of the liability profile. The segment brings diversification to our loss reserve base, and we believe it has the potential to provide us with a long-term earnings and cash flow stream that may counter some of the volatility in our core non-life run-off segment. We expect the market for discontinued life and annuity businesses will continue to increase, and we, along with any potential strategic partners, will continue to selectively evaluate opportunities to acquire well performing closed blocks of business. Life and Annuity Benefits and Claims Reserves We estimate our life and annuity benefit and claim reserves on a present value basis using standard actuarial techniques and cash flow models. We establish and maintain our life and annuity reserves at a level that we estimate will, when taken together with future premium payments and investment income expected to be earned on associated premiums, be sufficient to support all future cash flow benefit obligations and third party servicing obligations as they become payable. The table below summarizes our policy benefits for life and annuity contracts as at December 31, 2013 and 2012: See the “Life and Annuity Policy Benefits” discussion on pages 83 and 94 of “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operation” for discussion of our reserves in this segment. Active Underwriting Our active underwriting segment is comprised of Atrium and its subsidiaries and Arden. Generally speaking, Atrium will continue to operate in accordance with the underwriting and other business strategies established pre-acquisition, although we and Trident will continually review these strategies and business goals and expect to develop synergies with our existing business operations over time. Following the closing of the Torus Amalgamation, this segment will also include substantially all of the activities of Torus Insurance Holdings Limited and its subsidiaries (some of Torus’ lines of business are in run-off and will accordingly be accounted for within our non-life run-off segment). Once we acquire Torus, we intend to evaluate its underwriting and other business strategies in order to determine which lines we can competitively and profitably underwrite. We expect to actively manage the run-off of discontinued lines, and we will seek to optimize expenses and enhance management. 19 2013 2012 (In thousands of U.S. dollars) Life $ 380,874 $ 11,027 Annuities 963,323 — 1,344,197 11,027 Fair value adjustments (71,097 ) — $ 1,273,100 $ 11,027 Table of Contents The acquisitions of these active underwriting platforms provide further diversification to our overall portfolio and bring an additional stream of revenue and earnings. They also provide future growth opportunities, including by allowing us to potentially capture profitable books of business that are contained in run-off targets and to provide alternatives to companies pursuing divestitures that have previously been unavailable to us. We have a 60% equity interest in Atrium and Arden, and will have a 60% equity interest in Torus following closing. We have partnered with Trident on each of these transactions, with Trident and its affiliates making 40% co-investments in each case. We believe that the Enstar-Trident partnership will combine our respective expertise to create operational synergies across the acquired companies, and will also reduce some of our risk exposure in the active underwriting segment. Lines Written Atrium and its subsidiaries are an underwriting business at Lloyd’s of London, which manages Syndicate 609 and provides approximately 25% of the syndicate’s underwriting capacity and capital (with the balance provided by traditional Lloyd’s Names). Syndicate 609 provides insurance and reinsurance on a worldwide basis for a wide range of industry classes, including the United States, Europe, and the Far East. Atrium specializes in accident and health, aviation, marine property, non-marine property, professional liability, property and casualty binding authorities, reinsurance, upstream energy, war and terrorism insurance, cargo and fine art. Arden is a Bermuda-based reinsurance company that provides reinsurance to Atrium (through an approximately 65% quota share reinsurance arrangement with Atrium 5 Ltd, an Atrium subsidiary) and is currently in the process of running off certain other discontinued businesses. Results related to Arden’s discontinued business are included within our non-life run-off segment. Torus is a global specialty insurer and holding company of six wholly-owned insurance vehicles, including Lloyd’s Syndicate 1301. (Torus also owns Lloyd’s Syndicate 2243, which was placed into run-off effective January 1, 2013; business written by Torus through Syndicate 2243 is renewed through Syndicate 1301.) Torus conducts its business primarily as a direct insurer, underwriting general property, casualty, marine, energy, construction, power and utility, aviation, and space risks, as well as professional liability and management liability. Torus also writes a reinsurance account (both treaty and facultative reinsurance depending on the line of business) in personal accident, property and certain classes of marine liabilities to insurance companies on a worldwide basis. Managing Agency Services Atrium receives a 20% profit commission based on the net earnings of syndicate 609, pursuant to its management contract. This profit commission is included within fees and commission income in our consolidated statement of earnings. Distribution Most of our business in this segment is placed (or, in the case of Torus, will be placed) through insurance and reinsurance brokers, although some of our insurance business is also placed through managing general agents. We seek to develop relationships with insurance and reinsurance brokers, insurance and reinsurance companies, large global corporations and financial intermediaries to develop and underwrite business. We had an ownership interest in Atrium for only a portion of the fourth quarter of 2013, but for the full year ended December 31, 2013, independent brokers Marsh Inc., Willis Group Holdings Ltd. and Aon Benfield Group Ltd. accounted for in excess of 28% of Atrium’s gross premiums written. Claims Management Claims in respect of business written by Syndicate 609 are primarily notified by various central market bureaus. Where a syndicate is a “leading” syndicate on a Lloyd’s policy, its underwriters and claims adjusters 20 Table of Contents will work directly with the broker or insured on behalf of itself and the following market for any particular claim. This may involve appointing attorneys or loss adjusters. The claims bureaus and the leading syndicate advise movement in loss reserves to all syndicates participating on the risk. Our claims department may adjust the case reserves it records from those advised by the bureaus as deemed necessary. Ratings In our active underwriting segment, financial strength ratings are an important factor in establishing competitive position and in product marketing. Financial strength ratings by third party organizations provide an opinion of an insurer’s or reinsurer’s financial strength and ability to meet ongoing obligations to its policyholders. Lloyd’s ratings apply to business written through Syndicate 609 (and to business written through Torus’ Syndicate 1301). Lloyd’s is rated “A” (Excellent) by A.M. Best and “A+” (Strong) by Fitch Ratings and Standard and Poor’s. Torus’ operating insurance entities have been assigned a financial strength rating of “A-” (Excellent) by A.M. Best. Following the announcement of the agreement to acquire Torus, its ratings were placed under review by A.M. Best with negative implication. A.M. Best stated it expects to resolve the under review status at a point after the completion of the transaction, following discussions with Enstar, Stone Point Capital, and Torus’ management. Refer to “Item 1A. Risk Factors,” “— Downgrades of financial strength ratings at Torus or Lloyd’s could materially and negatively impact our active underwriting business and our company ” for more information regarding the importance of financial strength ratings. Reserves for Unpaid Losses and Loss Adjustment Expense The reserves for unpaid reported losses and loss expenses are established by management based on reports from brokers, ceding companies and insureds and represent the estimated ultimate cost of events or conditions that have been reported to, or specifically identified by us. The reserve for incurred but not reported losses and loss expenses is established by management based on actuarially determined estimates of ultimate losses and loss expenses. Inherent in the estimate of ultimate losses and loss expenses are expected trends in claim severity and frequency and other factors which may vary significantly as claims are settled. Accordingly, ultimate losses and loss expenses may differ materially from the amounts recorded in the consolidated financial statements. These estimates are reviewed regularly and, as experience develops and new information becomes known, the reserves are adjusted as necessary. Such adjustments, if any, will be recorded in earnings in the period in which they become known. Prior period development arises from changes to loss estimates recognized in the current year that relate to loss reserves established in previous calendar years. The following table provides a reconciliation of the liability for losses and LAE, net of reinsurance ceded in our active underwriting segment: 21 Year Ended December 31, 2013 (in thousands of U.S. dollars) Balance as of January 1 $ — Less: total reinsurance reserves recoverable — — Acquired on purchase of subsidiaries 200,374 Net increase in ultimate losses and loss adjustment expense liabilities: Current period 19,303 Net losses paid: Current period (30,626 ) Effect of exchange rate movement 1,286 Net balance as of December 31 190,337 Plus: total reinsurance reserves recoverable 25,055 Balance as at December 31 $ 215,392 Table of Contents Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) Effective risk oversight is an important priority for our Boards of Directors (both at the Company level and at a subsidiary level), and we place strong emphasis on ensuring we have a robust risk management framework to identify, measure, manage, report and monitor risks that affect the achievement of our strategic, operational and financial objectives. The overall objective of our Risk Management Framework is to support good risk governance, support the achievement of business objectives and provide overall benefits to us by adding value to the control environment, and contributing to an effective business strategy, efficiency in operations and processes, strong financial performance, accurate financial reporting, regulatory compliance, a good reputation with key stakeholders, business continuity planning, and capital planning. Our enterprise risk management, or ERM, consists of numerous processes and controls that have been designed by our senior management (including our risk management team), with oversight by our Board of Directors and its committees, and implemented by employees across our organization. Risk assumption is inherent in our business and appropriately setting risk appetite and executing our business strategies in accordance therewith is key to our performance. We manage our ERM process based on the following major categories of risk within our business: Strategic Risk — The risk of unintended adverse impact on the business plan objectives arising from business decisions, improper implementation of those decisions, or circumstances that are beyond our control. Insurance Risk — Risks spanning many aspects of our insurance-related operations, including risk assumed upon acquisitions/portfolio transfers, risk associated with our reserving assumptions, underwriting risk (see “Underwriting Risk Management” below), life and annuities portfolio risk, and natural or man-made catastrophe risk. Market Risk — The risk of loss resulting from underperforming investment returns, dilution of invested capital, or adverse financial market movements (such as interest rates or exchange rates). Liquidity Risk — The risk that we are unable to realize investments and other assets in order to settle financial obligations when they fall due or that we would have to incur excessive cost to do so. Credit / Counterparty Risk — The risk of a change in the value of investments or receivables due to the failure or inability of counterparties to meet contractual obligations. Operational Risk — The risk of a loss arising from inadequate or failed internal processes, or from external events or from personnel and systems. Reputational Risk — The risk that an act or omission by us or any of our employees could result in damage to our reputation or loss of trust among our stakeholders. Further details on these and other risks impacting our business are discussed in detail in “Item 1A. Risk Factors.” The Board of Directors and its committees have risk oversight responsibility and play an active role in overseeing management of the risks we face. Our Audit Committee, comprised entirely of independent directors, reviews our overall risk appetite with input from management, reviews our risk management methodologies and oversees management’s execution of our risk management objectives. In addition to this director oversight, our ERM governance structure is directed by our ERM steering committee, whose mandate is to provide oversight and governance of our ERM initiatives, to oversee that our internal controls are operating effectively, to attempt to mitigate identified risks within appetite, and to provide analysis to management in order to appropriately manage and govern the business and the associated risks on a day-to-day basis. 22 Table of Contents Our Risk Management department focuses primarily on implementing and overseeing the administration of the ERM steering committee’s directives and facilitating an efficient, effective and consistent approach to risk management across our company. Our internal audit department independently reviews the effectiveness of our risk management framework. Our centralized risk and control monitoring and reporting system facilitates feedback and improvement on an ongoing basis. Our ERM is a dynamic process, with updates continually being made as a result of changes in our business, industry and the economic environment. This process and our controls cannot provide absolute assurance that our risk management objectives will be met or that all risks will be appropriately identified and managed, and accordingly, the possibility of material adverse effects on our company remains. See “Item 1A. Risk Factors” for further information on the risks we face. Active Underwriting Risk Management With our acquisitions of Atrium and Arden during 2013, we have entered the active underwriting business, which now constitutes a new operating segment for us. Risk strategies of these businesses are to underwrite risks in a number of classes of business where management believes that the risks and expected margins can be evaluated, and that the underwriting teams (supported by our other group functions) can operate with competitive advantages. Overall insurance risks include the risk that a policy might be written for too low a premium or provide inappropriate cover (underwriting risk). As part of the annual business planning process, risk appetite is set and the basis on which these risk levels are monitored and the actions to be taken in the event of deviations from the planned levels are determined. Factors that go into the effective management of underwriting risk may differ depending on the line of business involved and the type of account being insured or reinsured. We strive to mitigate underwriting risk through numerous controls, including underwriter peer review, authority limits, independent review of risks written, and a reinsurance purchasing program. We recognize the importance of information technology and management of data in supporting our business, and we utilize a number of technology platforms to assist in our underwriting, risk management, financial and regulatory reporting processes and procedures across our organization. We review and seek to enhance our technological systems on an ongoing basis. Investments We derive a significant portion of our income from our invested assets. As a result, our operating results depend in part on the performance of our investment portfolio. Because of the unpredictable nature of losses that may arise under our insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries’insurance or reinsurance policies and as a result of our opportunistic commutation strategy in our non-life run-off business, our liquidity needs can be substantial and may arise at any time. Except for that portion of our portfolio that is invested in non-investment grade securities, we generally follow a conservative investment strategy designed to emphasize the preservation of our invested assets and provide sufficient liquidity for the prompt payment of claims and contract liabilities, as well as for settlement of commutation payments. As of December 31, 2013, we had cash and cash equivalents, inclusive of restricted amounts, of $1.04 billion. Our cash and cash equivalent portfolio is comprised mainly of cash, high-grade fixed deposits, commercial paper with maturities of less than three months and money market funds. As of December 31, 2013, we held investments on our balance sheet of $5.52 billion. Our investment portfolio consists primarily of investment grade, liquid, fixed maturity securities of short-to-medium duration, equities and other investments. Across all of our segments, we strive to structure our investments in a manner that recognizes our liquidity needs for future liabilities. In that regard, we attempt to correlate the maturity and duration of our investment 23 Table of Contents portfolio to our general liability profile. If our liquidity needs or general liability profile unexpectedly change, we may adjust the structure of our investment portfolio to meet new business needs. We utilize various companies to provide investment advisory and/or management services. We have agreed to pay investment management fees to the managers. These fees, which vary depending on the amount of assets under management, are included in net investment income. The total fees we paid to our investment managers for the year ended December 31, 2013 were $5.43 million, including approximately $0.9 million to our largest single investment manager. Our investment performance is subject to a variety of risks, including risks related to general economic conditions, market volatility, interest rate fluctuations, foreign exchange risk, liquidity risk and credit and default risk. Interest rates are highly sensitive to many factors, including governmental monetary policies, domestic and international economic and political conditions and other factors beyond our control. A significant increase in interest rates could result in significant losses, realized or unrealized, in the value of our investment portfolio. A portion of our non-investment grade securities consists of alternative investments that subject us to restrictions on redemption, which may limit our ability to withdraw funds for some period of time after the initial investment. The values of, and returns on, such investments may also be more volatile. For more information on these risks, refer to “Item 1A. Risk Factors — Risks Relating to Our Investments,” beginning on page 39. As of December 31, 2013 and 2012, the fair value of our aggregate invested assets was approximately $6.56 billion and $4.31 billion, respectively. Aggregate invested assets included: For additional information regarding our investment portfolio, refer to “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, Results of Operations — Liquidity and Capital Resources — Investments”. Regulation General The business of insurance and reinsurance is regulated in most countries, although the degree and type of regulation varies significantly from one jurisdiction to another. We have a significant presence in Bermuda, the United Kingdom, Australia and the United States, as well as several European countries, and are subject to extensive regulation under the applicable statutes in these countries. A summary of the material regulations governing us in these countries is set forth below. Bermuda As a holding company, Enstar Group Limited is not subject to Bermuda insurance regulations. However, the Insurance Act 1978 of Bermuda and related regulations, as amended, or, together, the Insurance Act, regulate the insurance and reinsurance business of our operating subsidiaries in Bermuda. The Insurance Act imposes certain solvency and liquidity standards and auditing and reporting requirements and grants the Bermuda Monetary 24 • cash and cash equivalents, inclusive of restricted amounts; • a trading portfolio of fixed maturity securities, short-term investments and equities as well as an available-for-sale portfolio of fixed maturity securities and short-term investments, all of which are recorded at fair value on our balance sheet; • a held-to-maturity portfolio of fixed maturity securities, supporting our annuity business within Pavonia, which are recorded at amortized cost on our balance sheet; and • investments in various private equity, fixed income, fixed income hedge, equity, real estate debt and other funds, all of which are recorded at fair value on our balance sheet. Table of Contents Authority, or BMA, powers to supervise, investigate, require information and the production of documents and intervene in the affairs of insurance companies. Significant requirements pertaining to our regulated Bermuda subsidiaries vary depending on the class in which our company is registered, but generally include the appointment of a principal representative in Bermuda, the appointment of an independent auditor, the appointment of an approved loss reserve specialist, the filing of annual statutory financial statements, the filing of statutory financial returns, compliance with group solvency and supervision rules (if applicable), and compliance with the Insurance Code of Conduct (relating to corporate governance, risk management and internal controls). Our regulated Bermuda subsidiaries must also comply with a minimum liquidity ratio and minimum solvency margin. The minimum liquidity ratio requires that the value of relevant assets must not be less than 75% of the amount of relevant liabilities. The minimum solvency margin, which varies depending on the class of the insurer, is determined as a percentage of either net reserves for losses and loss expenses or premiums or pursuant to a risk-based capital measure. With our pending acquisition of the Torus companies, Torus Insurance (Bermuda) Limited, a Class 4 insurer domiciled in Bermuda, is subject to an enhanced capital requirement (or ECR) determined pursuant to a risk-based capital measure, and the Torus group of companies may be subject to enhanced BMA supervision and ECR reporting requirements. Each of our regulated Bermuda subsidiaries would be prohibited from declaring or paying any dividends if it were in breach of its minimum solvency margin or liquidity ratio or if the declaration or payment of such dividends would cause it to fail to meet such margin or ratio. In addition, each of our regulated Bermuda subsidiaries is prohibited, without the prior approval of the Bermuda regulator, from reducing by 15% or more its total statutory capital as set out in its previous year’s statutory financial statements. In addition, our Bermuda insurance companies that are in run-off are required to seek BMA approval for any dividends or distributions. The BMA maintains supervision over the controllers of all Bermuda registered insurers, and accordingly, any person who, directly or indirectly, becomes a holder of at least 10%, 20%, 33% or 50% of our ordinary shares must notify the BMA in writing within 45 days of becoming such a holder (or ceasing to be such a holder). The BMA may object to such a person and require the holder to reduce its holding of ordinary shares and direct, among other things, that voting rights attaching to the ordinary shares shall not be exercisable. United Kingdom and Lloyd’s United Kingdom Our U.K.-based insurance subsidiaries consist primarily of run-off companies, but, following the Torus closing, will also include Torus Insurance (UK) Limited, which is continuing to underwrite new business. These subsidiaries are regulated by the U.K. Prudential Regulatory Authority, or the PRA, and the Financial Conduct Authority, or the FCA, which together replaced the Financial Services Authority effective April 1, 2013 (we collectively refer to the PRA and FCA in this section as the “U.K. Regulator”). Our U.K. run-off subsidiaries may not underwrite new business. E.U. directives also allow certain of our regulated U.K. subsidiaries to conduct business in E.U. states other than the U.K. within the scope of permission granted by the U.K. Regulator without the necessity of additional licensing or authorization in E.U. countries. Our U.K.-based insurance subsidiaries are required to maintain adequate financial resources in accordance with the requirements of the U.K. Regulator. The calculation of the minimum capital resources requirements in any particular case depends on, among other things, the type and amount of insurance business written and claims paid by the insurance company. In addition, the U.K. Regulator’s Individual Capital Adequacy Standards framework, or ICAS framework, requires insurance companies to carry out various capital modeling and risk management exercises in order to 25 Table of Contents calculate a company-specific Individual Capital Assessment amount, or ICA amount, which is the company’s internal calculation of its capital requirements under the ICAS framework. This is intended to ensure a company holds sufficient capital such that there is no material risk that its liabilities cannot be met as they fall due. In 2009, the European Parliament approved the Solvency II framework directive. Solvency II is expected to take effect in January 2016. Solvency II will set out new, strengthened E.U.-wide requirements on capital adequacy and risk management for insurers with the aim of increasing policyholder protection, instilling greater risk awareness and improving the international competitiveness of E.U. insurers. The U.K. Regulator’s rules require our U.K. insurance subsidiaries to obtain regulatory approval for any proposed or actual payment of a dividend. The U.K. Regulator uses the ICA and the estimated capital requirement for Solvency II purposes when assessing requests to make distributions and therefore dividends approved by the U.K. Regulator will often significantly differ from any surplus capital above the entity’s minimum capital resources requirements. Under the Financial Services and Markets Act of 2000 (or FSMA), any company or individual (together with its or his concert parties) proposing to directly or indirectly acquire “control” over a U.K. authorized insurance company (which is generally defined as acquiring 10% or more of the shares or voting power in a U.K. authorized insurance company or its parent company) must seek prior approval of the U.K. Regulator of his intention to do so. A person who is already deemed to have “control” will require prior regulatory approval of if the person increases the level of “control” beyond 20%, 30% and 50%. Lloyd’s We participate in the Lloyd’s market through our interests in: (i) Atrium Underwriting Group, which manages Syndicate 609 and provides approximately one quarter of the syndicate’s capital; and (ii) Shelbourne, which consists of an approved Lloyd’s managing agent, a corporate member and S2008, a wholly aligned syndicate that has permission to underwrite RITC and other legacy or discontinued business type transactions with other Lloyd’s syndicates. In the Torus amalgamation, we will acquire Lloyd’s Syndicates 1301 and 2243 and Torus Underwriting Management Limited. Our Lloyd’s operations are subject to regulation by the U.K. Regulator and compliance with the Lloyd’s Act(s) and Byelaws and regulations, as well as the applicable provisions of the FSMA. The Council of Lloyd’s has wide discretionary powers to regulate members’underwriting, and its exercise of these powers might affect the return on an investment of the corporate member in a given underwriting year. This discretion includes the ability to assess up to 3% of a member’s underwriting capacity in any one year as a Central Fund contribution. The underwriting capacity of a member of Lloyd’s must be supported by providing a deposit (referred to as “Funds at Lloyd’s”) in the form of cash, securities or letters of credit in an amount determined under the ICA. The amount of the Funds at Lloyd’s is assessed annually and is determined by Lloyd’s in accordance with the capital adequacy rules established by the U.K. Regulator. Business plans, including maximum underwriting capacity, for Lloyd’s syndicates requires annual approval by the Lloyd’s Franchise Board, which may require changes to any business plan or additional capital to support underwriting plans. In order to achieve finality and to release their capital, Lloyd’s members are usually required to have transferred their liabilities through an approved RITC, such as offered by S2008. RITC is generally put in place after the third year of operations of a syndicate year of account. On successful conclusion of RITC, any profit from the syndicate’s operations for that year of account can be remitted by the managing agent to the syndicate’s members. 26 Table of Contents The Lloyd’s market is currently in the Solvency II internal model application process under Lloyd’s supervision. Our Lloyd’s operations will therefore be required to meet Solvency II standards when they come into effect. Lloyd’s approval is required before any person can acquire control of a Lloyd’s managing agent or Lloyd’s corporate member. United States Our insurance and reinsurance companies domiciled in the U.S. consist primarily of property and casualty companies and life and annuities companies in run-off, but, following the Torus closing, will also include Torus Specialty Insurance Company (a U.S. excess and surplus lines insurer) and Torus National Insurance Company (a U.S. admitted insurer that is licensed in all 50 states and the District of Columbia), both of which continue to issue new policies. Our U.S. insurers are subject to extensive governmental regulation and supervision by the states in which they are domiciled, licensed and/or eligible to conduct business. The insurance laws and regulations of the state of domicile have the most significant impact on operations. Generally, regulatory authorities have broad regulatory powers over such matters as licenses, standards of solvency, premium rates, policy forms, marketing practices, claims practices, investments, security deposits, restrictions on size of risks that may be insured under a single policy, methods of accounting, form and content of financial statements, reserves and provisions for unearned premiums, unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, reinsurance, minimum capital and surplus requirements, dividends and other distributions to shareholders, periodic examinations, annual and other report filings, and transactions among affiliates. The Insurance Regulatory Information System, or IRIS, of the National Association of Insurance Commissioners, or NAIC, assists state insurance departments in executing their statutory mandates to oversee the financial condition of insurance companies operating in their respective states. IRIS identifies certain industry ratios and specifies “usual values” for each ratio. Departure from the usual values of the ratios can lead to inquiries from individual state insurance commissioners and regulatory review. For 2013, certain of our U.S. insurers generated IRIS ratios that were outside of the usual ranges. Only one of our U.S. insurers (which was acquired while under regulatory supervision) has been subject to any increased regulatory review, but there is no assurance that our other U.S. insurers will not be subject to increased scrutiny in the future. U.S. insurers are also required to maintain minimum levels of solvency and liquidity as determined by law, and to comply with risk-based capital requirements and licensing rules. Insurers having less statutory surplus than required by the risk-based capital calculation will be subject to varying degrees of regulatory action. Some of our U.S. insurers, from time to time, may have risk-based capital levels that are below required levels and be subject to increased regulatory scrutiny and control by their domestic and possibly other insurance regulators. As of December 31, 2013 and 2012, all of our U.S. insurers exceeded their required levels of risk-based capital, with the exception of one subsidiary that was acquired while under supervision. As a consequence of being under regulatory supervision, the subsidiary’s regulator must approve any and all dividends and disbursements, new contracts or agreements. We do not believe this subsidiary’s non-compliance presents material risk to our operations or financial condition. Applicable insurance laws also limit the amount of dividends or other distributions our U.S. insurers can pay to us. The insurance regulatory limitations are generally based on statutory net income and/or certain levels of statutory surplus as determined by the insurer’s state or states of domicile. Generally, prior regulatory approval must be obtained before an insurer may pay a dividend or make a distribution above a specified level. All states have enacted legislation regulating insurance holding company systems that requires each insurance company in the system to register with the insurance department of its state of domicile and furnish information concerning the operations of companies within the holding company system that may materially 27 Table of Contents affect the operations, management or financial condition of the insurers within the system. In 2010, the NAIC adopted amendments to the Insurance Holding Company System Regulatory Act and Regulation, which have taken effect in some states in which our U.S. insurers are domiciled and may be adopted in other states in the future. The amendments impose more extensive informational requirements on parents and other affiliates of licensed insurers with the purpose of protecting them from enterprise risk, including requiring an annual enterprise risk report by the ultimate controlling person of the insurers identifying the material risks within the insurance holding company system that could pose enterprise risk to the insurers and requiring a person divesting its controlling interest to make a confidential advance notice filing. The NAIC has also adopted the Risk Management and Own Risk and Solvency Assessment Model Act, which requires insurers to maintain a risk management framework and establishes a legal requirement for insurers or their insurance group to conduct an Own Risk and Solvency Assessment (ORSA) in accordance with the NAIC’s ORSA Guidance Manual. The ORSA Model Act has been adopted in states in which certain of our U.S. insurers are domiciled with a January 1, 2014 effective date. Nevertheless, we currently anticipate that these insurers will meet the exemption from the requirements of the ORSA Model Act for insurers and insurance groups with less than the requisite amount of annual direct written and unaffiliated assumed premium. The Dodd Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, or the Dodd-Frank Act, represents a comprehensive overhaul of the financial services industry within the U.S. and, among other things, established the Financial Services Oversight Council and created within the United States Department of the Treasury a new Federal Insurance Office. These bodies are authorized to study, monitor and report to Congress on the U.S. insurance industry and the significance of global reinsurance to the U.S. insurance market. The Dodd-Frank Act also authorizes the federal preemption of certain state insurance laws and streamlines the regulation of reinsurance and surplus lines/non-admitted insurance. Many provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act will become effective over time, and certain provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act require the implementation of regulations that have not yet been adopted. These regulations, when adopted, may affect our industry and our business. Before a person can acquire control of a domestic insurer (including a reinsurer) or any person controlling such insurer (including acquiring control of Enstar Group Limited), prior written approval must be obtained from the insurance commissioner of the state in which the domestic insurer is domiciled and, under certain circumstances, from insurance commissioners in other jurisdictions. Generally, state statutes and regulations provide that “control” over a domestic insurer or person controlling a domestic insurer is presumed to exist if any person, directly or indirectly, owns, controls, holds with the power to vote, or holds proxies representing, 10% or more of the voting securities or securities convertible into voting securities of the domestic insurer or of a person who controls the domestic insurer (although Florida statutes presently presume control to exist at a 5% threshold). One of the Pavonia companies that we acquired on March 31, 2013 has a Canadian branch operation, which is subject to regulation by the Office of Superintendent of Financial Institutions in Canada. Canadian regulations require compliance with risk-based capital measures and also place certain restrictions on dividends. Australia Our Australian regulated insurance entities (which include our insurance subsidiary and our non-operating holding company) are subject to prudential supervision by the Australian Prudential Regulation Authority, or APRA. APRA is the primary regulatory body responsible for regulating compliance with the Insurance Act 1973. APRA has issued prudential standards that apply to general insurers in relation to capital adequacy, the holding of assets in Australia, risk management, business continuity management, reinsurance management, outsourcing, audit and actuarial reporting and valuation, the transfer and amalgamation of insurance businesses, governance, and the fit and proper assessment of the insurer’s responsible persons. APRA’s prudential standards require that all insurers maintain and meet prescribed capital adequacy requirements to enable their insurance obligations to be met under a wide range of circumstances. As of 28 Table of Contents January 1, 2013, APRA introduced capital reforms that have modified how Australian insurers meet their capital requirements and have introduced additional regulatory obligations with respect to capital oversight and capital reporting, which apply to our subsidiary. The new capital requirements were brought in to enhance and strengthen capital adequacy in the market and increase the level of internal oversight and review for insurers. Our Australian insurance subsidiary meets the new capital requirements. An insurer must obtain APRA’s written consent prior to making any capital releases, including any payment of dividends. Our insurance subsidiary must provide APRA a valuation prepared by an appointed actuary that demonstrates that the tangible assets of the insurer, after the proposed capital reduction, are sufficient to cover its insurance liabilities to a 99.5% level of sufficiency of capital before APRA will consent to a capital release or dividend. Under the Financial Sector (Shareholdings) Act 1998, the interest of an individual shareholder or a group of associated shareholders in an insurer is generally limited to a 15% “stake” of the insurer. A person’s stake is the aggregate of the person’s voting power and the voting power of the person’s associates. A higher percentage limit may be approved by the Treasurer of the Commonwealth of Australia on national interest grounds. Any shareholder of Enstar Group Limited with a “stake” greater than 15% has received approval to hold that stake from the Treasurer of the Commonwealth of Australia. Europe In addition to Bermuda, the United Kingdom, Australia and the United States, we have subsidiaries in various other countries, including Switzerland and Ireland, and, following the Torus closing, we will also own Torus Insurance Europe, a Liechtenstein-based company that continues to underwrite new business. We may, in the future, acquire new subsidiaries in other countries. Our Swiss insurance subsidiary is regulated by the Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority, or FINMA, pursuant to the Insurance Supervisory Act 2004. This subsidiary is obligated to maintain a minimum solvency margin based on the Solvency I and Swiss Solvency Test regulations as stipulated by the Insurance Supervisory Act. The amount of dividends that this subsidiary is permitted to distribute is restricted to freely distributable reserves, which consist of retained earnings, the current year profit and free reserves. Any dividend exceeding the current year profit requires FINMA’s approval. The solvency and capital requirements must continue to be met following any distribution. Our subsidiaries in other European jurisdictions are also regulated. Typically, such regulation is for the protection of policyholders and ceding insurance companies rather than shareholders. While the degree and type of regulation to which we are subject in each country may differ, regulatory authorities generally have broad supervisory and administrative powers over such matters as licenses, standards of solvency, investments, reporting requirements relating to capital structure, ownership, financial condition and general business operations, special reporting and prior approval requirements with respect to certain transactions among affiliates, methods of accounting, form and content of the consolidated financial statements, reserves for unpaid losses and LAE, reinsurance, minimum capital and surplus requirements, dividends and other distributions to shareholders, periodic examinations and annual and other report filings. Competition Our non-life run-off and life and annuities business segments compete in international markets with domestic and international reinsurance companies to acquire and manage insurance and reinsurance companies in run-off and portfolios of insurance and reinsurance business in run-off. The acquisition and management of companies and portfolios in run-off is highly competitive, and driven by a number of factors, including proposed acquisition price, reputation, and financial resources. Some of these competitors have greater financial resources than we do, have been operating for longer than we have and have established long-term and continuing business relationships 29 Table of Contents throughout the insurance and reinsurance industries, which can be a significant competitive advantage. As a result, we may not be able to compete successfully in the future for suitable acquisition candidates or run-off portfolio management engagements. Our active underwriting business segment operates in the highly competitive insurance and reinsurance markets, where companies compete on the basis of many factors, including premium rates, reputation and perceived financial strength, the terms and conditions of the products offered, ratings assigned by independent rating agencies, speed of claims payments and quality of administrative services, relationships with insurance and reinsurance companies and insurance intermediaries, capacity and coverage offered, experience in the particular risk to be underwritten, and various other factors. We compete in the international insurance and reinsurance markets directly with numerous other parties, including established global insurance and reinsurance companies, start-up insurance and reinsurance entities, as well as capital markets and securitization structures aimed at managing risk. Many of these competitors have significant operating histories, underwriting expertise and capacity, extensive capital resources, and longstanding customer relationships. Any of these factors can be a significant competitive advantage and may make it difficult for us to write business effectively and profitably. Employees As of December 31, 2013, we had 739 employees, 4 of whom were executive officers. All non-Bermudian employees who operate out of our Bermuda office are subject to governmental approval of Bermuda work permits. None of our employees are covered by collective bargaining agreements, and our management believes that our relationship with our employees is excellent. Following the closing of our acquisition of Torus, we expect to add approximately 600 employees. Financial Information About Geographic Areas For the year ended December 31, 2013, revenues from external customers in all of our operating segments included premiums written. The following table summarizes our gross premiums written by each of our operating segments by geographic area: In our active underwriting segment, we only had an ownership in Atrium for a portion of the fourth quarter of 2013. Geographic distribution in subsequent years is subject to vary based upon market conditions and business strategies. In our non-life run-off segment, excluding premiums written, our revenues from external customers included fees from management, consulting and other services through our subsidiaries located in Bermuda, the United States, the United Kingdom and Australia. Given the global nature of the clients and the risks, extracting and quantifying the consulting revenues attributable to certain geographic locations would be impracticable. Available Information We maintain a website with the address http://www.enstargroup.com . The information contained on our website is not included as a part of, or incorporated by reference into, this filing. We make available free of 30 Non-life Run-off % Life and Annuities % Active Underwriting % (In thousands of U.S. dollars) United States $ 112,611 100.0 $ 77,027 81.1 $ 15,784 49.0 United Kingdom — — — — 2,255 7.0 Europe — — 2,790 2.9 2,577 8.0 Asia — — — — 1,933 6.0 Rest of world — — 15,167 16.0 9,664 30.0 Total $ 112,611 100.0 $ 94,984 100.0 $ 32,213 100.0 Table of Contents charge (other than an investor’s own Internet access charges) on or through our website our annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and all amendments to these reports, as soon as reasonably practicable after the material is electronically filed with or otherwise furnished to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC. Our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports are also available on the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov . In addition, copies of our code of conduct and the governing charters for the audit, investment, nominating and governance and compensation committees of our board of directors are available free of charge on our website. The public may read and copy any materials we file with the SEC at the SEC’s Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, NE, Washington, DC 20549. The public may obtain information on the operation of the Public Reference Room by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. 31 Table of Contents ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS Any of the following risk factors could cause our actual results to differ materially from historical or anticipated results. These risks and uncertainties are not the only ones we face. There may be additional risks that we currently consider not to be material or of which we are not currently aware, and any of these risks could cause our actual results to differ materially from historical or anticipated results. You should carefully consider these risks along with the other information included in this document, including the matters addressed above under “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements,” as well as risks included elsewhere in our documents filed with the SEC, before investing in any of our securities. We may amend, supplement or add to the risk factors described below from time to time in future reports filed with the SEC. Risks Relating to our Insurance Businesses If we are unable to implement our business strategies successfully, including with respect to our newer active underwriting and life and annuities segments, our business, results of operations and financial condition may be materially and adversely affected. Our future results of operations will depend in significant part on the extent to which we can implement our business strategies successfully. We significantly expanded our portfolio of closed-life run-off business in 2013 with our acquisition of the Pavonia companies. We also entered the active underwriting business with our acquisitions of Atrium and Arden (in late 2013), and our agreement to acquire Torus (a transaction expected to close in the first quarter of 2014). We have limited experience with these businesses. Our ability to develop and execute our business strategies with respect to these new businesses and our core non-life run-off business is essential to our success, future growth opportunities, expanded market visibility and increased access to capital. Our business strategies include: generating future acquisition opportunities that are carefully reviewed and priced effectively, including by utilizing our active underwriting platform; professionally and efficiently managing claims; successfully commuting assumed liabilities and ceded reinsurance assets; profitably underwriting selected specialty lines; and prudently managing our investments in a manner that recognizes our liquidity needs. We may not be able to implement our strategies fully or realize the anticipated results of our strategies as a result of significant business, economic and competitive uncertainties, many of which are beyond our control. If we are unable to successfully implement our business strategies, we may not be able to achieve future growth in our earnings and our financial condition may suffer and, as a result, holders of our ordinary shares may receive lower returns. If our insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries’ loss reserves are inadequate to cover their actual losses, our insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries’ net earnings and capital and surplus would be reduced, which could have a materially adverse impact on our results of operations and financial condition. Our insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries are required to maintain reserves to cover their estimated ultimate liability for losses and loss adjustment expenses for both reported and unreported incurred claims. These reserves are only estimates of what our subsidiaries consider the settlement and administration of claims will cost based on facts and circumstances known to the subsidiaries, as well as actuarial methodologies and procedures. Our commutation activity and claims settlement and development in recent years in our non-life run-off segment has resulted in net reductions in provisions for prior period losses and loss adjustment expenses of $257.1 million, $238.0 million and $293.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively. Although past experience indicates that our loss reserves have been more than adequate to meet our liabilities, because of the uncertainties that surround estimating losses and loss adjustment expenses, we cannot be certain that ultimate losses will not exceed these estimates of losses and loss adjustment expenses in the future. If our subsidiaries’ reserves are insufficient to cover their actual losses and loss adjustment expenses, our subsidiaries would have to augment their reserves and incur a charge to their earnings. These charges could be material and would reduce our net earnings and capital and surplus. 32 Table of Contents The difficulty in estimating our non-life subsidiaries’ reserves is increased because these loss reserves include reserves for potential asbestos and environmental, or A&E, liabilities (at December 31, 2013, A&E gross and net loss reserves were approximately 12.4% and 15.3%, respectively, of total gross and net loss reserves). A&E liabilities are especially hard to estimate (for many reasons, including long waiting periods and reporting delays and difficulties identifying contamination sources and allocating damage liability), developed case law and adequate claim history do not always exist for such claims, and changes in the legal and tort environment affect the development of such claims. Ultimate values for such claims cannot be estimated using traditional reserving techniques and there are significant uncertainties in estimating the amount of our subsidiaries’ potential losses for these claims. Our subsidiaries have not made any changes in reserve estimates that might arise as a result of any proposed U.S. federal legislation related to asbestos. To further understand this risk, see “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Critical Accounting Policies — Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses — Latent Claims.” In our active underwriting business, U.S. GAAP does not permit insurers and reinsurers to reserve for catastrophes until they occur, which means that claims from these events could cause substantial volatility in our financial results for any fiscal quarter or year and could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations, as well as our financial strength ratings. For a discussion of reserving risk in our life and annuities business, see “ Our life and annuities business is subject to the risk that actual experience relating to mortality, morbidity, policy persistency, and investment yield may be different than our assumptions and could cause our reserves to be inadequate, or our results of operations in this business to suffer materially.” Our expansion into the active underwriting business presents certain new risks and uncertainties described below, as well as others that we may encounter, which could cause a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Underwriting is inherently a matter of judgment, involving important assumptions about matters that are unpredictable and beyond our control, and for which historical experience and probability analysis may not provide sufficient guidance. In addition to the risks and uncertainties that impact all of our business segments, our active underwriting business exposes us to risks that include, but are not limited to, those set forth below. Any of these risks could result in underperformance of the active underwriting businesses compared to our expectations, and could also have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations: 33 • Exposure to claims arising out of unpredictable natural and man-made catastrophic events (including hurricanes, windstorms, tsunamis, severe weather, earthquakes, floods, fires, droughts, explosions, environmental contamination, acts of terrorism, war or political unrest) and changing climate patterns and ocean temperature conditions, which could adversely affect our earnings and financial condition and cause substantial volatility in our results of operations for any fiscal quarter or year; • Failure of our risk management and loss limitation methods, or our catastrophe risk modeling processes, to adequately manage our exposure to losses or provide sufficient protection against losses from catastrophes; • The intense competition for business in this industry, including from major global insurance and reinsurance companies and underwriting syndicates with greater experience and resources than us, or as a result of industry consolidation; • Dependence on a limited number of brokers, managing general agents and other third parties to support our business, both in terms of the volume of business we will rely on them to place and the credit risk we will assume from them; • Susceptibility to the effects of inflation due to premiums being established before the ultimate amounts of losses and loss adjustment expense are known; Table of Contents Downgrades of financial strength ratings at Torus or Lloyd’s could materially and negatively impact our active underwriting business and our company. The Torus operating insurance entities we have agreed to acquire have been assigned a financial strength rating of “A-” (Excellent) by A.M. Best. Following the announcement of the agreement to acquire Torus, its ratings were placed under review by A.M. Best with negative implication. A.M. Best stated it expects to resolve the under review status at a point after the completion of the transaction, following discussions with Enstar, Stone Point Capital, and Torus’ management. A ratings downgrade, withdrawal or negative watch or outlook could negatively impact Torus’ competitive position in the industry, severely limit or prevent Torus from writing new insurance and reinsurance contracts, and permit certain ceding companies to cancel reinsurance contracts Torus has issued. Such a change could also inhibit our ability to implement our business and growth strategies successfully following the acquisition. In addition, Lloyd’s ratings apply to business written through Syndicate 609 and Torus’ Syndicate 1301. Lloyd’s is rated “A” (Excellent) by A.M. Best and “A+” (Strong) by Fitch Ratings and Standard and Poor’s. Financial strength ratings downgrades at Lloyd’s could adversely affect our Lloyd’s syndicates’ ability to trade in certain classes of business at current levels. Emerging claim and coverage issues could adversely affect our business. As industry practices and legal, judicial, social and other environmental conditions change, unexpected and unintended issues related to claims and coverage may emerge. These issues may adversely affect the adequacy of our provision for losses and loss adjustment expenses by either extending coverage beyond the intent of insurance policies and reinsurance contracts envisioned at the time they were written, or by increasing the number or size of claims. Our exposure to these uncertainties could be exacerbated by an increase in insurance and reinsurance contract disputes, arbitration and litigation. The full effects of these and other unforeseen emerging claim and coverage issues are extremely hard to predict. In some instances, these changes may not become apparent until some time after we have acquired or issued the contracts that are affected by the changes. As a result, the full extent of liability under these insurance or reinsurance contracts may not be known for many years after a contract has been issued. Exit and finality opportunities provided by solvent schemes of arrangement may not continue to be available, which may result in the diversion of our resources to settle policyholder claims for a substantially longer run-off period and increase the associated costs of run-off of our insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries. With respect to our U.K., Bermudian and Australian insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries, we are able to pursue strategies to achieve complete finality and conclude the run-off of a company by promoting solvent schemes of arrangement. Solvent schemes of arrangement have been a popular means of achieving financial certainty and finality for insurance and reinsurance companies incorporated or managed in the U.K., Bermuda and Australia, by making a one-time full and final settlement of an insurance and reinsurance company’s liabilities to policyholders. A solvent scheme of arrangement is an arrangement between a company and its creditors or any class of them. For a solvent scheme of arrangement to become binding on the creditors, a meeting of each class of creditors must be called, with the permission of the local court, to consider and, if thought fit, approve the solvent scheme of arrangement. The requisite statutory majority of creditors of not less 34 • Susceptibility of the reinsurance we underwrite to the quality of the original underwriting decisions made by the ceding companies, which may lead us to inaccurately assess the risks we assume; and • The cyclical nature of the insurance and reinsurance business, which could negatively impact premium rates and policy terms, as well as our ability to purchase reinsurance, and could cause our results of operations to fluctuate significantly from period to period. Table of Contents than 75% in value and 50% in number of those creditors actually attending the meeting, either in person or by proxy, must vote in favor of a solvent scheme of arrangement. Once the solvent scheme of arrangement has been approved by the statutory majority of voting creditors of the company, it requires the sanction of the local court at a hearing at which creditors may appear. The court must be satisfied that the scheme is fair, following a full consideration of the relevant evidence and of the scheme’s individual merits. Should a solvent scheme of arrangement promoted by any of our insurance or reinsurance subsidiaries fail to receive the requisite approval by creditors or sanction by the court, or should solvent schemes no longer be available to the same extent, we will have to run off these liabilities until expiry, which may result in the diversion of our resources to settle policyholder claims for a substantially longer run-off period and increase the associated costs of run-off, resulting potentially in a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Our life and annuities business is subject to the risk that actual experience relating to mortality, morbidity, policy persistency, and investment yield may be different than our assumptions and could cause our reserves to be inadequate, or our results of operations in this business to suffer materially. On March 31, 2013, we acquired the Pavonia companies from HSBC, thus substantially increasing our closed-life insurance portfolio. The performance of our life and annuities business is highly dependent on our ability to manage the run-off successfully and operate the business effectively and efficiently. Our reserves for life and annuity policy benefits are based on certain assumptions, including mortality, morbidity, policy persistency/lapse rates, expenses, and discount rates, which are impacted by expected investment yields on the assets that support these liabilities. The adequacy of our reserves is contingent on actual experience related to these key assumptions, which were generally established at the time of issue and reviewed and adjusted upon our acquisition. Under GAAP, these assumptions are locked in throughout the life of the contract unless a premium deficiency develops, which means the impact of difference between assumptions and actual experience is reflected in results of operations each period. In addition, if actual experience differs from these assumptions, our reserves may not be adequate, which would require us to add to reserves, or the cost of claims could increase. This could materially and adversely impact our results of operations and financial condition. Our life subsidiaries are exposed to the risk of catastrophic mortality, such as a pandemic or other event that causes a large number of deaths. In an economic downturn, our life insurance subsidiaries may experience an elevated incidence of lapses of life insurance policies because there is a greater risk that policyholders may choose to defer paying insurance premiums or stop paying insurance premiums altogether (or that the policyholders who remain may consist of a non-diversified selection of holders). Any of these events could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. Fluctuations in the reinsurance industry may cause our operating results to fluctuate significantly. The reinsurance industry historically has been subject to significant fluctuations and uncertainties. Factors that affect the industry in general may also cause our operating results to fluctuate, or may adversely impact our ability to purchase reinsurance in our active underwriting business. As a result, the industry’s and our profitability may be affected significantly by: 35 • fluctuations in interest rates, inflationary pressures and other changes in the investment environment, which affect returns on invested capital and may affect the ultimate payout of loss amounts and the costs of administering books of reinsurance business; • volatile and unpredictable developments, such as those that have occurred since 2008 in the world-wide financial and credit markets, which may adversely affect the recoverability of reinsurance from our reinsurers; • changes in reserves resulting from different types of claims that may arise and the development of judicial interpretations relating to the scope of insurers’ liability; and • the overall level of economic activity and the competitive environment in the industry. Table of Contents Risks Relating to Our Acquisitions Our inability to successfully price acquisitions and manage our portfolio of insurance and reinsurance companies may adversely impact our ability to grow our business and may result in material losses. Our run-off business entails acquiring and managing closed insurance and reinsurance companies and portfolios of insurance and reinsurance. This business differs from the business of traditional insurance and reinsurance underwriting in that our companies and portfolios in run-off no longer underwrite new policies and are subject to the risk that their stated provisions for losses and loss adjustment expense, or LAE, will not be sufficient to cover future losses and the cost of run-off. Because our non-life companies and portfolios in run-off generally no longer collect underwriting premiums, our sources of capital to cover losses are limited to our stated reserves, reinsurance coverage and retained earnings. Although our life and annuities businesses do collect premiums on in-force policies, they are subject to the risk that the premiums they receive and their stated policy benefits for life and annuity contracts will not be sufficient to cover future obligations and costs. Our active underwriting business, although it produces new premium revenue, also remains subject to many of these risks. In order for us to achieve positive operating results, we must first price acquisitions on favorable terms relative to the risks posed by the acquired businesses and then successfully manage the acquired businesses by efficiently managing claims, collecting from reinsurers and controlling expenses. Failure to do these things successfully could result in us having to cover losses sustained with retained earnings, which would materially and adversely impact our ability to grow our business and may result in material losses. We have made, and expect to continue to make, acquisitions of insurance and reinsurance companies, and these activities may not be financially beneficial to us or our shareholders. We have pursued and, as part of our strategy, we will continue to pursue growth through acquisitions. Since our formation in August 2001, we have acquired over 60 insurance and reinsurance companies and portfolios of insurance and reinsurance business, and we expect to continue to make such acquisitions in the future. Since the beginning of 2013, we have expanded our acquisitions from primarily property and casualty run-off business to several life and annuities companies in run-off, as well as active underwriting companies. We cannot assure you that the performance of the companies acquired will meet our expectations, and we cannot be certain that any of these acquisitions will be financially advantageous for us or our shareholders. The evaluation and negotiation of potential acquisitions, as well as the integration of an acquired business or portfolio, could result in a substantial diversion of management resources. Acquisitions could involve numerous additional risks such as potential losses from unanticipated litigation, levels of claims or other liabilities and exposures, an inability to generate sufficient revenue to offset acquisition costs and financial exposures in the event that the sellers of the entities we acquire are unable or unwilling to meet their indemnification, reinsurance and other obligations to us (if any such obligations are in place). Our ability to manage our growth through acquisitions will depend, in part, on our success in addressing these risks. Any failure by us to effectively implement our acquisition strategies could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. We face challenges to realizing the expected benefits of acquisitions, which may cause underperformance relative to our expectations, unforeseen liabilities and expenses, integration difficulties and other challenges, any or all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. The acquisitions we have made and expect to make in the future may pose operational challenges, expose us to risks and divert management’s time and energy, including relating to: 36 • funding cash flow shortages that may occur if anticipated revenues are not realized or are delayed, or if expenses are greater than anticipated; Table of Contents In particular, our ability to integrate and successfully operate the Torus companies will be a key component to our continued success. Torus will add approximately 600 new employees (as compared to the approximately 739 employees we had as of December 31, 2013) and a number of new offices in various countries. Along with the Atrium and Arden companies, the Torus group will form a significant part of our new active underwriting segment. In addition to the risks discussed above, the potential challenges of integrating Torus and achieving the anticipated benefits include implementing business and underwriting plans for Torus, establishing operating efficiencies, managing expenses, retaining key employees, improving systems, working effectively with Trident, (our joint venture partner), and assimilating the Torus companies into our internal control system. Our failure to manage successfully these operational challenges and risks could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. We may not complete future acquisitions within the time frame we anticipate or at all, which could have a negative effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. A key part of our business strategy is completing acquisitions. Once we have signed a definitive agreement to acquire a business or portfolio, conditions to closing, such as obtaining regulatory approvals or shareholder approvals, must be met before the acquisition can be consummated. These and other closing conditions may not be satisfied at all, or may cause a material delay in the anticipated timing of closing. In addition, our ability to complete the acquisition on the originally anticipated terms, or at all, could be jeopardized if a seller receives competing proposals, if litigation is brought challenging the transaction or certain of its terms, or if regulators impose unexpected terms and conditions on the transaction. Failure to consummate an acquisition on the originally anticipated terms, or a significant delay in the closing, could result in significant expense, diversion of time and resources, reputational damage, litigation and a failure to realize the anticipated benefits of the acquisition, all of which could materially adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations. Risks Relating to Liquidity and Capital Resources We may require additional capital and credit in the future that may not be available or may only be available on unfavorable terms. Our future capital requirements depend on many factors, including acquisition activity, our ability to manage the run-off of our assumed policies, our ability to establish reserves at levels sufficient to cover losses, 37 • the value of assets being lower than expected or diminishing because of credit defaults or changes in interest rates, or liabilities assumed being greater than expected; • integrating financial and operational reporting systems and internal controls, including assurance of compliance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and our reporting requirements under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (or the Exchange Act); • establishing satisfactory budgetary and other financial controls; • leveraging our existing capabilities and expertise into the business acquired and establishing synergies within our organization; • funding increased capital needs and overhead expenses; • integrating technology platforms; • obtaining and retaining management personnel required for expanded operations; • fluctuating foreign currency exchange rates relating to the assets and liabilities we may acquire; • goodwill and intangible asset impairment charges; and • complying with applicable laws and regulations. Table of Contents and our underwriting plans. We may need to raise additional funds through equity or debt financings in the future. Our ability to secure this financing may be affected by a number of factors, including volatility in the worldwide financial markets and the strength of our capital position and operating results. Any equity or debt financing, if available at all, may be on terms that are not favorable to us. In the case of equity financings, dilution to our existing shareholders could result, and any securities that are part of such equity financing may have rights, preferences and privileges that are senior to those of our already outstanding securities. If we cannot obtain adequate capital or credit, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected by, among other things, our inability to finance future acquisitions. Uncertain conditions in the economy generally may materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. In the event of financial turmoil affecting the global banking system and financial markets (including the sovereign debt markets), additional consolidation of the financial services industry, or significant financial service institution failures, there could be a new or incremental tightening in the credit markets, low liquidity, and extreme volatility in fixed maturity, credit, currency, and equity markets. This could have a number of effects on our business, including our ability to obtain financing for future acquisitions. Even if financing is available, it may only be available at an unattractive cost of capital, which would decrease our profitability. Economic conditions could also affect demand for and claims made under our products, our counter-party credit risk, and the ability of our customers to establish or maintain their relationships with us. Net investment income and net realized and unrealized gains or losses also could vary materially from expectations depending on gains or losses realized on the sale or exchange of financial instruments; impairment charges resulting from revaluations of debt and equity securities and other investments; interest rates; cash balances; and changes in the fair value of derivative instruments. Increased volatility in the financial markets and overall economic uncertainty would increase the risk that the actual amounts realized in the future on our financial instruments could differ significantly from the fair values currently assigned to them. In addition, rating agency downgrades of the U.S. and U.K. government’s credit rating and the credit ratings of certain European countries reflect a concern of the potential default of government issuers and have created broader financial turmoil and uncertainty, which has weighed heavily on the global banking system. These downgrades and any future downgrades of the U.S. and U.K. government’s credit rating and the credit ratings of one or more European countries may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations, including the return on and value of our investments. Reinsurers may not satisfy their obligations to our insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries, which could result in significant losses or liquidity issues for us. Our insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries are subject to credit risk with respect to their reinsurers because the transfer of risk to a reinsurer does not relieve our subsidiaries of their liability to the insured. Many reinsurance companies have been negatively impacted by the difficult financial and economic conditions since 2008, including unprecedented financial market disruption. A number of these companies, including some of those with which we conduct business, have been downgraded and/or have been placed on negative outlook by various rating agencies. In addition, reinsurers may be unwilling to pay our subsidiaries even though they are able to do so, or disputes may arise regarding payment obligations. The failure of one or more of our subsidiaries’ reinsurers to honor their obligations in a timely fashion may affect our cash flows, reduce our net earnings or cause us to incur a significant loss. Disputes with our reinsurers may also result in unforeseen expenses relating to litigation or arbitration proceedings. As of December 31, 2013, the balances recoverable from reinsurers amounted to $1.36 billion, of which $256.2 million was associated with one reinsurer, which represented 10% or more of total reinsurance balances recoverable. Of the $256.2 million recoverable from the reinsurer at December 31, 2013, all of it was secured in a trust account held for the benefit of our insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries. Although our exposure to this 38 Table of Contents reinsurer is mitigated by the trust fund, exposure to this and any other reinsurers who from time to time represent meaningful percentages of our total reinsurance balances recoverable may increase the risks described above. We are a holding company, and we are dependent on the ability of our subsidiaries to distribute funds to us. We are a holding company and conduct substantially all of our operations through subsidiaries. Our only significant assets are the capital stock of our subsidiaries. As a holding company, we are dependent on distributions of funds from our subsidiaries to fund acquisitions, fulfill financial obligations in the normal course of our business, and pay dividends (in the event we sought to do so). Our subsidiaries may not generate sufficient cash from operations to enable us to make future acquisitions, fulfill other financial obligations or pay dividends. In addition, the ability of our insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries to make distributions to us is limited by applicable insurance laws and regulations (which are described in “Business — Regulation” beginning on page 24). These laws and regulations and the determinations by the regulators implementing them may significantly restrict distributions, and, as a result, our overall liquidity. The ability of all of our subsidiaries to make distributions to us may also be restricted by, among other things, other applicable laws and regulations and the terms of our bank loans and our subsidiaries’ bank loans. Fluctuations in currency exchange rates may cause us to experience losses. We maintain a portion of our investments, insurance liabilities and insurance assets denominated in currencies other than U.S. dollars. Consequently, we and our subsidiaries may experience foreign exchange losses, which could adversely affect our results of operations. We publish our consolidated financial statements in U.S. dollars. Therefore, fluctuations in exchange rates used to convert other currencies, particularly Australian dollars, British pounds and Euros, into U.S. dollars will impact our reported financial condition, results of operations and cash flows from year to year. Our failure to comply with covenants contained in our credit facilities could trigger prepayment obligations, which could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. We and our subsidiaries currently have three outstanding credit facilities: our Revolving Credit Facility, the Clarendon Facility and the SeaBright Facility. These credit facilities contain various business and financial covenants that impose restrictions on us and certain of our subsidiaries with respect to, among other things, limitations on mergers and consolidations, acquisitions, indebtedness and guarantees, restrictions as to certain dispositions of stock and dividends and stock repurchases, investment constraints and limitations on liens on stock. We may also enter into future credit facilities or other debt arrangements containing similar or different restrictive covenants. Our failure to comply with these covenants could result in an event of default under the credit facilities, which could result in us being required to repay the amounts outstanding under these facilities prior to maturity. These prepayment obligations could have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. In addition, complying with these covenants could limit our financial and operational flexibility. Our credit facilities are described in more detail in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Loans Payable” on page 111. Risks Relating to Our Investments The value of our insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries’ investment portfolios and the investment income that our insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries receive from these portfolios may decline materially as a result of market fluctuations and economic conditions. We derive a significant portion of our income from our invested assets, which consist primarily of investments in fixed maturity securities. The net investment income that our subsidiaries realize from investments in fixed maturity securities will generally increase or decrease with changes in interest rates. The fair 39 Table of Contents market value of our subsidiaries’ fixed maturity securities generally increases or decreases in an inverse relationship with fluctuations in interest rates, which are highly sensitive to many factors, including governmental monetary policies, domestic and international economic and political conditions and other factors beyond our control. The fair market value can also decrease as a result of any downturn in the business cycle that causes the credit quality of those securities to deteriorate. Any such deterioration of credit ratings on our fixed maturity security investments may result in the need to liquidate these securities in the financial markets. If we are required to liquidate these securities during a period of tightening credit, we may realize a significant loss. In addition, some of our fixed maturity securities, such as mortgage-backed and other asset-backed securities, carry prepayment risk, or the risk that principal will be returned more rapidly or slowly than expected, as a result of interest rate fluctuations. When interest rates decline, consumers will generally make prepayments on their mortgages, causing us to be repaid more quickly than we might have originally anticipated, meaning that our opportunities to reinvest these proceeds back into the investment markets may be at reduced interest rates (with the converse being true in a rising interest rate environment). Mortgage-backed and other asset-backed securities are also subject to default risk on the underlying securitized mortgages, which would decrease the value of our investments. The fair market value of our subsidiaries’ fixed maturity securities and short-term investments classified as trading and/or available-for-sale in our subsidiaries’ investment portfolios amounted to $3.9 billion at December 31, 2013. The changes in the market value of our subsidiaries’ securities that are classified as trading or available-for-sale are reflected in our financial statements. Other-than-temporary impairments in the value of our subsidiaries’ fixed maturity securities are also reflected in our financial statements. As a result, a decline in the value of the securities in our subsidiaries’ investment portfolios may materially reduce our net income and shareholders’ equity, and may cause us to incur a significant loss. For more information on our subsidiaries’ investment portfolios, see “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Liquidity and Capital Resources — Investments” on page 102. Our investments in alternative investments may be illiquid and volatile in terms of value and returns, which could negatively affect our investment income and liquidity. In addition to fixed maturity securities, we have invested, and may from time to time continue to invest, in alternative investments such as private equity, fixed income, fixed income hedge, equity and real estate debt funds. These and other similar investments may be illiquid due to restrictions on sales, transfers and redemptions, may have different, more significant risk characteristics than our investments in fixed maturity securities and may also have more volatile values and returns, all of which could negatively affect our investment income and liquidity. Alternative or “other” investments held by our insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries may not meet regulatory admissibility requirements, which may limit our subsidiaries’ ability to make capital distributions to us and, consequently, negatively impact our liquidity. As of December 31, 2013, we had an aggregate fair market value of $569.3 million of such investments, which comprised 10.3% of our total investments, and during the first quarter of 2014, have made commitments with respect to additional alternative investments. For more information on our alternative investments, see “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Liquidity and Capital Resources — Investments” on page 102. The valuation of our investments may include methodologies, estimations and assumptions that are subject to differing interpretations and could result in changes to investment valuations that may materially adversely affect our financial condition or results of operations. Fixed maturity and alternative investments, such as private equity, fixed income, fixed income hedge, equity and real estate debt funds, represent the majority of our total cash and invested assets. Other than fixed maturity securities classified as held-to-maturity and carried at amortized cost, these investments are reported at fair value on our consolidated balance sheet. Fair value prices for all trading and available-for-sale securities in the fixed 40 Table of Contents maturities portfolio are independently provided by our investment custodians, investment accounting service providers and investment managers, each of which utilize internationally recognized independent pricing services. We record the unadjusted price provided by our custodians, accounting service providers or managers, after we perform an internal validation process. Fair value for our alternative investments is estimated based primarily on the most recently reported net asset values reported by the fund manager, which we may adjust in our judgment following our internal review. These valuation procedures for our alternative investments involve estimates and judgments, and during periods of market disruptions (such as periods of significantly rising or high interest rates, rapidly widening credit spreads or illiquidity), it may be difficult to value certain of our securities if trading becomes less frequent or market data becomes less observable. In addition, there may be certain asset classes that are now in active markets with significant observable data that become illiquid due to changes in the financial environment. In these cases, the valuation of a greater number of securities in our investment portfolio may require more subjectivity and management judgment. As a result, valuations may include inputs and assumptions that are less observable or require greater estimation as well as valuation methods that are more sophisticated or require greater estimation, which may result in values that could be less than the value at which the investments could ultimately be sold. Further, rapidly changing and unpredictable credit and equity market conditions could materially affect the valuation of securities carried at fair value as reported within our consolidated financial statements and the period-to-period changes in value could vary significantly. Decreases in value could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. The nature of our business liquidity demands and the structure of our entities’ investment portfolios may adversely affect the performance of our investment portfolio and financial results and our investing flexibility. We strive to structure our investments in a manner that recognizes our liquidity needs for future liabilities. Because of the unpredictable nature of losses that may arise under our insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries’ insurance or reinsurance policies and as a result of our opportunistic commutation strategy, our liquidity needs can be substantial and may arise at any time. In that regard, we attempt to correlate the maturity and duration of our investment portfolio to our general liability profile. If we are unsuccessful in managing our investment portfolio within the context of this strategy, we may be forced to liquidate our investments at times and at prices that are not optimal, and we may have difficulty in liquidating some of our alternative investments due to restrictions on sales, transfers and redemptions. This could have a material adverse effect on our business and the performance of our investment portfolio. We maintain each company within our organization and each acquired portfolio of insurance and reinsurance business in separate stand-alone entities, and therefore, we have many individual portfolios of cash and investments. Each investment portfolio has its own regulatory admissibility requirements, and each run-off entity is likely to have negative cash flows due to commutation activity, claims settlements and capital distributions. These factors reduce our overall investing flexibility. Risks Relating to Laws and Regulation Insurance laws and regulations restrict our ability to operate, and any failure to comply with these laws and regulations, or any investigations by government authorities, may have a material adverse effect on our business. We are subject to extensive regulation under insurance laws and regulations of a number of jurisdictions. Existing laws and regulations limit the amount of dividends that can be paid to us by our insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries, prescribe solvency and capital adequacy standards that they must meet and maintain, impose restrictions on the amount and type of investments that they can hold to meet solvency and capital adequacy requirements and require them to maintain reserve liabilities. Failure to comply with these laws and 41 Table of Contents regulations may subject our insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries to fines and penalties, restrict them from conducting business or result in commencement of insurance company delinquency proceedings against a non-compliant insurance or reinsurance subsidiary. The application of these laws and regulations may affect our liquidity and restrict our ability to expand our business operations through acquisitions or to pay dividends on our ordinary shares. Furthermore, compliance with legal and regulatory requirements may result in significant expenses, which could have a negative impact on our profitability. To further understand these risks, see “Business — Regulation” beginning on page 24. In addition to legal and regulatory requirements, the insurance and reinsurance industry has experienced substantial volatility as a result of current investigations, litigation and regulatory activity by various insurance, governmental and enforcement authorities, including the SEC, concerning certain practices within the insurance and reinsurance industry. Our life insurance subsidiaries may be subject to life industry-specific investigations, including ongoing industry-wide investigations by state attorney generals and other regulators into compliance with unclaimed property laws and practices relating to forced-placed insurance. Insurance and reinsurance companies that we have acquired, or may acquire in the future, may have been or may become involved in these or other investigations and may have lawsuits filed against them. Our involvement in any investigations and related lawsuits would cause us to incur legal costs and, if we or any of our insurance or reinsurance subsidiaries were found to have violated any laws, we could be required to pay fines and damages, perhaps in material amounts. If we fail to comply with applicable insurance laws and regulations, we may be subject to disciplinary action, damages, penalties or restrictions that may have a material adverse effect on our business. Our subsidiaries may not have maintained or be able to maintain all required licenses and approvals or maintained or be able to maintain their businesses in full compliance with the laws and regulations to which they are subject, or the relevant insurance regulatory authority’s interpretation of those laws and regulations. In addition, some regulatory authorities have relatively broad discretion to grant, renew or revoke licenses and approvals. If our subsidiaries do not have the requisite licenses and approvals or do not comply with applicable regulatory requirements, the insurance regulatory authorities may preclude or suspend our subsidiaries from carrying on some or all of their activities, place one or more of them into rehabilitation or liquidation proceedings, or impose monetary penalties on them. These types of actions may have a material adverse effect on our business and may preclude us from making future acquisitions or obtaining future management engagements. Political, regulatory and industry initiatives could adversely affect our business. Increasingly, governmental authorities seem to be interested in the potential systemic risks posed by the insurance and reinsurance industry as a whole. The insurance regulatory environment has become subject to increased scrutiny across a number of jurisdictions, and authorities regularly consider enhanced or new regulatory requirements and seek to exercise their supervisory authority in new and more extensive ways. Regulators are generally concerned with the protection of policyholders above other constituencies, including our shareholders. Additional laws and regulations have been and may continue to be enacted in the wake of the recent or future financial and credit crises that may have adverse effects on our operations, financial condition and liquidity. We cannot predict the exact nature, timing or scope of these initiatives; however, we believe it is likely there will be increased regulatory intervention in our industry in the future and these initiatives could adversely affect our business. Changes in current accounting practices and future pronouncements may materially impact our reported financial results. Unanticipated developments in accounting practices may require us to incur considerable additional expenses to comply with such developments, particularly if we are required to prepare information relating to prior periods for comparative purposes or to apply the new requirements retroactively. The impact of changes in 42 Table of Contents current accounting practices and future pronouncements cannot be predicted but may affect the calculation of net income, shareholders’ equity and other relevant financial statement line items. In particular, recent guidance and ongoing projects put in place by standard setters globally have indicated a possible move away from the current insurance accounting models toward more “fair value” based models, which could introduce significant volatility in the earnings of insurance industry participants. Furthermore, rules relating to certain accounting practices in the insurance and reinsurance industry are currently being reviewed by applicable regulatory bodies and any changes required by that review could have a material effect on the reported results of operations and financial condition of the industry or particular market participants. Risks Relating to our Operations We are dependent on our executive officers, directors and other key personnel and the loss of any of these individuals could adversely affect our business. Our success substantially depends on our ability to attract and retain qualified employees and upon the ability of our senior management and other key employees to implement our business strategy. We believe that there are only a limited number of available qualified personnel in the business in which we compete. We rely substantially upon the services of Dominic F. Silvester, our Chief Executive Officer, Paul J. O’Shea and Nicholas A. Packer, our Executive Vice Presidents and Joint Chief Operating Officers, Richard J. Harris, our Chief Financial Officer, and our subsidiaries’ executive officers and directors, as well as our local management teams, to implement our business strategies. The loss of the services of any of our management or other key personnel, or the loss of the services of or our relationships with any of our directors, could have a material adverse effect on our business. Under Bermuda law, non-Bermudians (other than spouses of Bermudians, holders of a permanent resident’s certificate or holders of a working resident’s certificate) may not engage in any gainful occupation in Bermuda without an appropriate governmental work permit. As a result, if we were to lose any of our key Bermuda-based employees, the work permit laws and policies may hinder our ability to replace them. Our directors and executive officers may have ownership interests or other involvement with entities that could compete against us, and conflicts of interest might prevent us from pursuing desirable acquisition, investment and other business opportunities. Our directors and executive officers may have ownership interests or other involvement with entities that could compete against us, either in the pursuit of acquisition targets or in our business operations. On occasion, we have also participated in transactions in which one or more of our directors or executive officers or their affiliates had an interest, and we may do so in the future. The interests of our directors and executive officers in such transactions or such entities may result in a conflict of interest for those directors and officers. The audit committee of our board of directors, which is comprised entirely of independent directors, reviews any material transactions involving a conflict of interest and may take actions as it deems appropriate in the particular circumstances. We may not be able to pursue all advantageous transactions that we would otherwise pursue in the absence of a conflict, in particular if our audit committee is unable to determine that any such transaction is on terms as favorable as we could otherwise obtain in the absence of a conflict. If third-party administrators were to breach obligations owed to us, our business and results of operations could be adversely affected. Certain of our subsidiaries rely on relationships with a number of third-party administrators, under contracts pursuant to which these third-party administrators manage and pay claims on our subsidiaries’ behalf and advise with respect to case reserves. In these relationships, we rely on controls incorporated in the provisions of the administration agreement, as well as on the administrator’s internal controls, to manage the claims process within our prescribed parameters. Although we monitor these administrators on an ongoing basis, our monitoring efforts may not be adequate or our administrators could exceed their authorities or otherwise breach obligations owed to us, which, if material, could adversely affect our business and results of operations. 43 Table of Contents With respect to certain of our subsidiaries’ life insurance products, our subsidiaries depend upon the counterparty to an administrative services agreement in order to collect policy premiums and maintain necessary customer data. There is a risk that the counterparty may fail to perform its obligations under the agreement to provide accurate and timely premiums and data, or that we or the counterparty could experience difficulties with the operation of the supporting technology systems. Any of these risks could result in underperformance of our life and annuities business compared to our expectations, and could also have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. If we experience difficulties with our information technology assets or cyber security, our business could be adversely affected. We rely heavily on the successful, uninterrupted functioning of our information technology assets and telecommunications systems, as well as those of any third-party service providers we use. Our business is dependent upon our ability to perform, in an efficient and uninterrupted fashion, necessary business functions, such as paying claims, performing actuarial and other modeling functions, pricing, quoting and processing policies, acquisition work and other necessary legal, financial and business functions. A failure of our information technology assets or telecommunications systems could materially impact our ability to perform these functions, affect the confidentiality, availability or integrity of information or information systems, expose us to litigation and increase our administrative expenses. Computer viruses, hackers and other external hazards, as well any internal process or employee failures, could expose our information technology assets to security breaches that may cause critical data to be corrupted or confidential or proprietary information to be exposed. The potential consequences of a cyber-security incident could include liability, reputational damage to our company, and dissatisfied customers, policyholders and business partners. Such an incident could cause us to lose business and commit resources, management time and money to remediate these breaches, any of which in turn could have an adverse impact on our business. Risks Relating to Ownership of Our Ordinary Shares Our stock price may experience volatility, thereby causing a potential loss of value to our investors. The market price for our ordinary shares may fluctuate substantially and could cause investment losses due to, among other things, the following factors: A few significant shareholders may influence or control the direction of our business. If the ownership of our ordinary shares continues to be highly concentrated, it may limit your ability and the ability of other shareholders to influence significant corporate decisions. We have a number of shareholders with large interests, including several that may be affiliated with members of our Board of Directors. The interests of Messrs. Silvester, O’Shea and Packer, Trident V, L.P. and its affiliates (or Trident), Beck Mack & Oliver and Goldman, Sachs & Co. and its affiliates (or Goldman Sachs) may not be fully aligned with your interests, and this may lead to a strategy that is not in your best interest. As of December 31, 2013, Messrs. Silvester, O’Shea and Packer, Trident, Beck Mack and Goldman Sachs beneficially 44 • announcements with respect to an acquisition or investment; • changes in the value of our assets; • our quarterly and annual operating results; • sales, or the possibility or perception of future sales, by our existing shareholders; • changes in general conditions in the economy and the insurance industry; • the financial markets; and • adverse press or news announcements. Table of Contents owned approximately 8.8%, 1.9%, 2.5%, 9.7%, 8.6% and 4.8%, respectively, of our outstanding voting ordinary shares. Goldman Sachs owns additional non-voting ordinary shares that, together with its voting shares, represented an economic interest of slightly over 20% as of December 31, 2013. In connection with the Amalgamation Agreement to acquire Torus, we will issue voting ordinary shares to affiliates of First Reserve Management, L.P. (or First Reserve) and Corsair Specialty Investors, L.P. (or Corsair) at the closing of the Amalgamation constituting 9.5% and 2.5%, respectively, of our outstanding voting ordinary shares. Although they do not act as a group, Trident, Beck Mack, Goldman Sachs and each of Messrs. Silvester, O’Shea and Packer (and, following closing of the Amalgamation, First Reserve and Corsair) may exercise significant influence over matters requiring shareholder approval, and their concentrated holdings may delay or deter possible changes in control of Enstar, which may reduce the market price of our ordinary shares. Some aspects of our corporate structure may discourage third-party takeovers and other transactions, limit voting rights of certain shareholders to 9.5% or prevent the removal of our board of directors and management. Some provisions of our bye-laws have the effect of making more difficult or discouraging unsolicited takeover bids from third parties or preventing the removal of our current board of directors and management. In particular, our bye-laws make it difficult for any U.S. shareholder or Direct Foreign Shareholder Group (a shareholder or group of commonly controlled shareholders of Enstar that are not U.S. persons) to own or control ordinary shares that constitute 9.5% or more of the voting power of all of our ordinary shares. The votes conferred by such shares will be reduced by whatever amount is necessary so that after any such reduction the votes conferred by such shares will constitute 9.5% of the total voting power of all ordinary shares entitled to vote generally. The primary purpose of this restriction is to reduce the likelihood that we will be deemed a “controlled foreign corporation” within the meaning of Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code, for U.S. federal tax purposes. However, this limit may also have the effect of deterring purchases of large blocks of our ordinary shares or proposals to acquire us, even if some or a majority of our shareholders might deem these purchases or acquisition proposals to be in their best interests. In addition, our bye-laws provide for a classified board, whose members may be removed by our shareholders only for cause by a majority vote, and contain restrictions on the ability of shareholders to nominate persons to serve as directors, submit resolutions to a shareholder vote and request special general meetings. These bye-law provisions make it more difficult to acquire control of us by means of a tender offer, open market purchase, proxy contest or otherwise. These provisions may encourage persons seeking to acquire control of us to negotiate with our directors, which we believe would generally best serve the interests of our shareholders. However, these provisions may have the effect of discouraging a prospective acquirer from making a tender offer or otherwise attempting to obtain control of us. In addition, these bye-law provisions may prevent the removal of our current board of directors and management. To the extent these provisions discourage takeover attempts, they may deprive shareholders of opportunities to realize takeover premiums for their shares or may depress the market price of the shares. There are regulatory limitations on the ownership and transfer of our ordinary shares. Insurance laws and regulations in the jurisdictions in which our insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries operate require prior notices or regulatory approval of changes in control of an insurer or its holding company. Different jurisdictions define changes in control differently, and generally any purchaser of 10% or more of our ordinary shares could become subject to regulation and required to file certain notices and reports with the applicable insurance authorities (although in certain jurisdictions these obligations apply to a purchaser of 5% or more of our ordinary shares). These laws may discourage potential acquisition proposals and may delay, deter or prevent a change in control of us, including transactions that some shareholders might consider to be desirable. 45 Table of Contents The market value of our ordinary shares may decline if large numbers of shares are sold, including pursuant to existing registration rights. We have a registration rights agreement with Mr. Silvester, Trident and certain other of our shareholders. This agreement provides that Mr. Silvester and Trident may request that we effect a registration under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (or the Securities Act) of certain of their ordinary shares. We have also entered into a registration rights agreement with Goldman Sachs in connection with our private placement in 2011, which provides that it may make two requests that we effect a registration under the Securities Act of the voting ordinary shares and non-voting ordinary shares issued to them in the private placement. In connection with the Amalgamation Agreement to acquire Torus, we will enter into a registration rights agreement with First Reserve and Corsair at the closing of the Amalgamation. The agreement will require us to file a resale shelf registration statement for their Registrable Securities within 20 business days after the closing, and will provide that, at any time after the six month anniversary of the closing, First Reserve may make three requests that we effect a registration under the Securities Act of its voting ordinary shares (including any voting ordinary shares into which First Reserve’s non-voting preferred shares may convert) and that Corsair may make one such request. All of these investors also have (or, in the case of First Reserve and Corsair, will have) “piggyback” registration rights with respect to our registration of voting ordinary shares for our own account or for the account of one or more of our shareholders. As of December 31, 2013, the following shares are subject to these registration rights agreements: (i) an aggregate of approximately 2.3 million voting ordinary shares held by Mr. Silvester and Trident and (ii) 665,529 voting ordinary shares and 2,725,637 non-voting ordinary shares held by Goldman Sachs. By exercising their registration rights, these holders could cause a large number of ordinary shares to be registered and generally become freely tradable without restrictions under the Securities Act immediately upon the effectiveness of the registration. Our ordinary shares have in the past been, and may from time to time continue to be, thinly traded, and significant sales, pursuant to the existing registration rights or otherwise, could adversely affect the market price for our ordinary shares and impair our ability to raise capital through offerings of our equity securities. Because we are incorporated in Bermuda, it may be difficult for shareholders to serve process or enforce judgments against us or our directors and officers. We are a Bermuda company. In addition, certain of our officers and directors reside in countries outside the United States. All or a substantial portion of our assets and the assets of these officers and directors are or may be located outside the United States. Investors may have difficulty effecting service of process within the United States on our directors and officers who reside outside the United States or recovering against us or these directors and officers on judgments of U.S. courts based on civil liabilities provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws even though we have appointed an agent in the United States to receive service of process. Further, no claim may be brought in Bermuda against us or our directors and officers for violation of U.S. federal securities laws, as such laws do not have force of law in Bermuda. A Bermuda court may, however, impose civil liability, including the possibility of monetary damages, on us or our directors and officers if the facts alleged in a complaint constitute or give rise to a cause of action under Bermuda law. We believe that there is doubt as to whether the courts of Bermuda would enforce judgments of U.S. courts obtained in actions against us or our directors and officers, as well as our independent auditors, predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws or original actions brought in Bermuda against us or these persons predicated solely upon U.S. federal securities laws. Further, there is no treaty in effect between the United States and Bermuda providing for the enforcement of judgments of U.S. courts, and there are grounds upon which Bermuda courts may not enforce judgments of U.S. courts. Some remedies available under the laws of U.S. jurisdictions, including some remedies available under the U.S. federal securities laws, may not be allowed in Bermuda courts as contrary to that jurisdiction’s public policy. Because judgments of U.S. courts are 46 Table of Contents not automatically enforceable in Bermuda, it may be difficult for you to recover against us based upon such judgments. Shareholders who own our ordinary shares may have more difficulty in protecting their interests than shareholders of a U.S. corporation. The Bermuda Companies Act, or the Companies Act, which applies to us, differs in certain material respects from laws generally applicable to U.S. corporations and their shareholders. As a result of these differences, shareholders who own our shares may have more difficulty protecting their interests than shareholders who own shares of a U.S. corporation. For example, class actions and derivative actions are generally not available to shareholders under Bermuda law. Under Bermuda law, only shareholders holding collectively 5% or more of our outstanding ordinary shares or numbering 100 or more are entitled to propose a resolution at our general meeting. We do not intend to pay cash dividends on our ordinary shares. We do not intend to pay a cash dividend on our ordinary shares. Rather, we intend to use any retained earnings to fund the development and growth of our business. From time to time, our board of directors will review our alternatives with respect to our earnings and seek to maximize value for our shareholders. In the future, we may decide to commence a dividend program for the benefit of our shareholders. Any future determination to pay dividends will be at the discretion of our board of directors and will be limited by our position as a holding company that lacks direct operations, the results of operations of our subsidiaries, our financial condition, cash requirements and prospects and other factors that our board of directors deems relevant. In addition, there are significant regulatory and other constraints that could prevent us from paying dividends in any event. As a result, capital appreciation, if any, on our ordinary shares may be your sole source of gain for the foreseeable future. Our board of directors may decline to register a transfer of our ordinary shares under certain circumstances. Our board of directors may decline to register a transfer of ordinary shares under certain circumstances, including if it has reason to believe that any non-de minimis adverse tax, regulatory or legal consequences to us, any of our subsidiaries or any of our shareholders may occur as a result of such transfer. Further, our bye-laws provide us with the option to repurchase, or to assign to a third party the right to purchase, the minimum number of shares necessary to eliminate any such non-de minimis adverse tax, regulatory or legal consequence. In addition, our board of directors may decline to approve or register a transfer of shares unless all applicable consents, authorizations, permissions or approvals of any governmental body or agency in Bermuda, the United States or any other applicable jurisdiction required to be obtained prior to such transfer shall have been obtained. The proposed transferor of any shares will be deemed to own those shares for dividend, voting and reporting purposes until a transfer of such shares has been registered on our shareholders register. It is our understanding that while the precise form of the restrictions on transfer contained in our bye-laws is untested, as a matter of general principle, restrictions on transfers are enforceable under Bermuda law and are not uncommon. These restrictions on transfer may also have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control. Risks Relating to Taxation We might incur unexpected U.S., U.K. or Australia tax liabilities if companies in our group that are incorporated outside those jurisdictions are determined to be carrying on a trade or business there. We and a number of our subsidiaries are companies formed under the laws of Bermuda or other jurisdictions that do not impose income taxes; it is our contemplation that these companies will not incur substantial income tax liabilities from their operations. Because the operations of these companies generally involve, or relate to, the insurance 47 Table of Contents or reinsurance of risks that arise in higher tax jurisdictions, such as the United States, United Kingdom and Australia, it is possible that the taxing authorities in those jurisdictions may assert that the activities of one or more of these companies creates a sufficient nexus in that jurisdiction to subject the company to income tax there. There are uncertainties in how the relevant rules apply to insurance businesses, and in our eligibility for favorable treatment under applicable tax treaties. Accordingly, it is possible that we could incur substantial unexpected tax liabilities. U.S. persons who own our ordinary shares might become subject to adverse U.S. tax consequences as a result of “related person insurance income,” or RPII, if any, of our non-U.S. insurance company subsidiaries. If the RPII rules of the Code were to apply to us, a U.S. person who owns our ordinary shares directly or indirectly through foreign entities on the last day of the taxable year would be required to include in income for U.S. federal income tax purposes the shareholder’s pro rata share of our non-U.S. subsidiaries’ RPII for the entire taxable year, determined as if that RPII were distributed proportionately to the U.S. shareholders at that date regardless whether any actual distribution is made. In addition, any RPII that is includible in the income of a U.S. tax-exempt organization would generally be treated as unrelated business taxable income. Although we and our subsidiaries intend to generally operate in a manner so as to qualify for certain exceptions to the RPII rules, there can be no assurance that these exceptions will be available. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that U.S. persons who own our ordinary shares will not be required to recognize gross income inclusions attributable to RPII. In addition, the RPII rules provide that if a shareholder who is a U.S. person disposes of shares in a foreign insurance company that has RPII and in which U.S. persons collectively own 25% or more of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock entitled to vote, or the total value of the stock, any gain from the disposition will generally be treated as dividend income to the extent of the shareholder’s share of the corporation’s undistributed earnings and profits that were accumulated during the period that the shareholder owned the shares (whether or not those earnings and profits are attributable to RPII). Such a shareholder would also be required to comply with certain reporting requirements, regardless of the amount of shares owned by the shareholder. These rules should not apply to dispositions of our ordinary shares because we will not be directly engaged in the insurance business. The RPII rules, however, have not been interpreted by the courts or the U.S. Internal Revenue Service, or the IRS, and regulations interpreting the RPII rules exist only in proposed form. Accordingly, there is no assurance that our views as to the inapplicability of these rules to a disposition of our ordinary shares will be accepted by the IRS or a court. U.S. persons who own our ordinary shares would be subject to adverse tax consequences if we or one or more of our non-U.S. subsidiaries were considered a “passive foreign investment company,” or PFIC, for U.S. federal income tax purposes. We believe that we and our non-U.S. subsidiaries will not be PFICs for U.S. federal income purposes for the current year. Moreover, we do not expect to conduct our activities in a manner that will cause us or any of our non-U.S. subsidiaries to become a PFIC in the future. However, there can be no assurance that the IRS will not challenge this position or that a court will not sustain such challenge. Accordingly, it is possible that we or one or more of our non-U.S. subsidiaries might be deemed a PFIC by the IRS or a court for the current year or any future year. If we or one or more of our non-U.S. subsidiaries were a PFIC, it could have material adverse tax consequences for an investor that is subject to U.S. federal income taxation, including subjecting the investor to a substantial acceleration and/or increase in tax liability. There are currently no regulations regarding the application of the PFIC provisions of the Code to an insurance company, so the application of those provisions to insurance companies remains unclear in certain respects. U.S. persons who own 10 percent or more of our shares may be subject to taxation under the “controlled foreign corporation,” or CFC, rules. A U.S. person that is a “10% U.S. Shareholder” of a non-U.S. corporation (i.e., a U.S. person who owns or is treated as owning at least 10% of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock entitled to vote of the 48 Table of Contents non-U.S. corporation) that is a CFC for an uninterrupted period of 30 days or more during a taxable year, that owns shares in the CFC directly or indirectly through non-U.S. entities on the last day of the CFC’s taxable year, must include in its gross income for U.S. federal income tax purposes its pro rata share of the CFC’s “subpart F income,” even if the subpart F income is not distributed. “Subpart F income” of a non-U.S. insurance corporation typically includes foreign personal holding company income (such as interest, dividends and other types of passive income), as well as insurance and reinsurance income (including underwriting and investment income). A non-U.S. corporation is considered a CFC if “10% U.S. Shareholders” own (directly, indirectly through non-U.S. entities or by attribution by application of the constructive ownership rules of section 958(b) of the Code (i.e., “constructively”)) more than 50% of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock of that foreign corporation, or the total value of all stock of that foreign corporation. For purposes of taking into account insurance income, a CFC also includes a non-U.S. insurance company in which more than 25% of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock (or more than 25% of the total value of the stock) is owned directly, indirectly through non-U.S. entities or constructively by 10% U.S. Shareholders on any day during the taxable year of such corporation, if the gross amount of premiums or other consideration for the reinsurance or the issuing of insurance exceeds 75% of the gross amount of all premiums or other consideration in respect of all risks. We believe that because of the dispersion of our share ownership, and provisions in our organizational documents that limit voting power, no U.S. person (including our subsidiary Enstar USA, Inc., which owns certain of our non-voting shares) should be treated as owning (directly, indirectly through non-U.S. entities or constructively) 10% or more of the total combined voting power of all classes of our shares. However, the IRS could successfully challenge the effectiveness of these provisions in our organizational documents. Accordingly, no assurance can be given that a U.S. person who owns our shares will not be characterized as a 10% U.S. Shareholder. Changes in U.S. federal income tax law could materially affect us or our shareholders. Legislation has been proposed on various occasions to eliminate perceived tax advantages of insurance companies that have legal domiciles outside the United States but have certain U.S. connections. For example, legislation has been proposed to disallow the deduction of reinsurance premiums paid by U.S. companies to certain non-U.S. affiliates, although no such provision has been enacted to date. It is possible that such legislation could be enacted or similar legislation could be introduced in and enacted by the current Congress or future Congresses and enactment of some version of such legislation, or other changes in U.S. tax laws, regulations or interpretations thereof, could have an adverse impact on us or our shareholders. Not applicable We lease office space in Hamilton, Bermuda, where our principal executive office is located. We also lease office space in a number of U.S. states, the United Kingdom, Australia and Ireland. Upon closing of the Torus amalgamation, we will acquire additional leased offices in Bermuda, India, the United Kingdom, several U.S. states and several European countries. We renew and enter into new leases in the ordinary course of our business. We believe that this office space is sufficient for us to conduct our current operations for the foreseeable future, although in connection with future acquisitions from time to time, we may expand to different locations or increase space to support any such growth. 49 ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS ITEM 2. PROPERTIES. Table of Contents We are, from time to time, involved in various legal proceedings in the ordinary course of business, including litigation regarding claims. We do not believe that the resolution of any currently pending legal proceedings, either individually or taken as a whole, will have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations or financial condition. Nevertheless, we cannot assure you that lawsuits, arbitrations or other litigation will not have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. We anticipate that, similar to the rest of the insurance and reinsurance industry, we will continue to be subject to litigation and arbitration proceedings in the ordinary course of business, including litigation generally related to the scope of coverage with respect to asbestos and environmental claims. There can be no assurance that any such future litigation will not have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. Not applicable 50 ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES Table of Contents PART II Our ordinary shares trade on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the ticker symbol ESGR. Price Range of Ordinary Shares The price range per ordinary share presented below represents the highest and lowest sales prices for our common stock on the NASDAQ Global Select Market during each quarter of the two most recent years. Holders On March 2, 2014, there were 2,025 shareholders of record of our voting ordinary shares and 5 shareholders of record of our non-voting ordinary shares. The number of shareholders of record of our voting ordinary shares does not represent the actual number of beneficial owners of our voting ordinary shares because shares are frequently held in “street name” by securities dealers and others for the benefit of beneficial owners who may vote the shares. Dividends We are a holding company and have no direct operations. Our ability to pay dividends or distributions depends almost exclusively on the ability of our subsidiaries to pay dividends to us. Under applicable law, our subsidiaries may not declare or pay a dividend if there are reasonable grounds for believing that they are, or would after the payment be, unable to pay their liabilities as they become due, or the realizable value of their assets would thereby be less than the aggregate of their liabilities and their issued share capital and share premium accounts. Additional restrictions apply to the ability of our insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries to distribute capital and pay dividends, as described in “Business —Regulation” beginning on page 24, “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations —Liquidity and Capital Resources” beginning on page 98, and “Note 20 — Retained Earnings and Statutory Restrictions” in the notes to our consolidated financial statements included within Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. In addition, our outstanding credit facilities contain restrictions on our ability and certain of our subsidiaries’ ability to pay dividends. We do not intend to pay a dividend on our ordinary shares, and we did not pay any dividends on our ordinary shares in 2013 or 2012. Rather, we intend to reinvest distributions from our subsidiaries back into the company. For a further description, see “Risk Factors — Risks Relating to Ownership of Our Ordinary Shares — We do not intend to pay cash dividends on our ordinary shares” beginning on page 47. 51 ITEM 5. MARKET FOR THE REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES 2013 2012 High Low High Low First Quarter $ 129.83 $ 112.72 $ 101.70 $ 94.94 Second Quarter $ 138.99 $ 118.56 $ 101.00 $ 89.00 Third Quarter $ 147.85 $ 131.17 $ 105.44 $ 90.51 Fourth Quarter $ 142.67 $ 131.46 $ 112.06 $ 97.00 Table of Contents Company Stock Performance A graph reflecting our stock performance is included below. The graph reflects the investment of $100.00 on December 31, 2008 (assuming the reinvestment of dividends) in our ordinary shares, the NASDAQ Composite Index, and the NASDAQ Insurance Index. Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities None. 52 12/08 12/09 12/10 12/11 12/12 12/13 Enstar Group Limited $ 100.00 $ 123.47 $ 143.02 $ 166.05 $ 189.35 $ 234.88 NASDAQ Composite $ 100.00 $ 144.88 $ 170.58 $ 171.30 $ 199.99 $ 283.39 NASDAQ Insurance $ 100.00 $ 104.47 $ 122.01 $ 125.30 $ 144.02 $ 187.60 Table of Contents The following selected historical financial information for each of the past five fiscal years has been derived from our audited historical financial statements. This information is only a summary and should be read in conjunction with “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in Item 8 of this report. The results of operations for past accounting periods are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for any future accounting period. Since our inception, we have made numerous acquisitions of companies and portfolios of business that impact the comparability between periods of the information reflected below. In particular, our 2013 acquisitions of SeaBright, Pavonia, Arden and Atrium impact comparability to other periods, including with respect to net premiums earned. Our acquisitions are described in “Item 1. Business — Recent Transactions” and Notes 3 and 4 to our audited consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of this report. 53 ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA Years Ended December 31, 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 (in thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data) Summary Consolidated Statements of Earnings Data: Net premiums earned $ 239,807 $ 3,511 $ 3,543 $ — $ — Fees and commission income 12,817 8,570 17,858 23,015 16,104 Net investment income and net realized and unrealized gains (losses) 163,946 151,372 77,890 113,043 85,608 Gain on bargain purchase — — 13,105 — — Net reduction in ultimate losses and loss adjustment expense liabilities 163,672 237,953 293,461 311,834 259,627 Life and annuity policy benefits (78,354 ) 300 (1,557 ) — — Acquisition costs (23,199 ) — — — — Total other expenses (254,867 ) (210,187 ) (195,842 ) (242,865 ) (184,331 ) Share of earnings of partly owned company — — — 10,704 — Net earnings 223,822 191,519 208,458 215,731 177,008 Less: Net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interests (15,218 ) (23,502 ) (54,765 ) (41,645 ) (41,798 ) Net earnings attributable to Enstar Group Limited $ 208,604 $ 168,017 $ 153,693 $ 174,086 $ 135,210 Per Share Data(1): Net earnings per share attributable to Enstar Group Limited ordinary shareholders — basic $ 12.62 $ 10.22 $ 11.03 $ 12.91 $ 10.01 Net earnings per share attributable to Enstar Group Limited ordinary shareholders — diluted $ 12.49 $ 10.10 $ 10.81 $ 12.66 $ 9.84 Weighted average ordinary shares outstanding — basic 16,523,369 16,441,461 13,930,221 13,489,221 13,514,207 Weighted average ordinary shares outstanding — diluted 16,703,442 16,638,021 14,212,440 13,751,256 13,744,661 Table of Contents 54 December 31, 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 (in thousands of U.S. dollars, except per share data) Summary Balance Sheet Data: Total investments $ 5,519,798 $ 3,352,875 $ 3,335,199 $ 2,429,106 $ 1,620,992 Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash and cash equivalents 1,041,498 954,855 1,223,665 1,455,354 1,700,105 Reinsurance balances recoverable 1,363,819 1,122,919 1,789,582 961,442 638,262 Total assets 8,620,155 5,878,261 6,606,138 5,235,904 4,170,842 Losses and loss adjustment expense liabilities 4,219,905 3,650,127 4,272,082 3,291,275 2,479,136 Policy benefits for life and annuity contracts 1,273,100 11,027 10,835 — — Loans payable 452,446 107,430 242,710 245,278 254,961 Total Enstar Group Limited shareholders’ equity 1,755,523 1,553,755 1,386,066 948,421 801,881 Book Value per Share(2): Basic $ 106.21 $ 94.29 $ 84.56 $ 73.29 $ 59.05 Diluted $ 105.20 $ 93.30 $ 82.97 $ 71.68 $ 58.06 Shares Outstanding: Basic 16,528,343 16,477,809 16,391,076 12,940,660 13,579,695 Diluted 16,707,115 16,653,120 16,705,767 13,231,320 13,811,247 (1) Earnings per share is a measure based on net earnings divided by weighted average ordinary shares outstanding. Basic earnings per share is defined as net earnings available to ordinary shareholders divided by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding for the period, giving no effect to dilutive securities. Diluted earnings per share is defined as net earnings available to ordinary shareholders divided by the weighted average number of shares and share equivalents outstanding calculated using the treasury stock method for all potentially dilutive securities. When the effect of dilutive securities would be anti-dilutive, these securities are excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share. (2) Basic book value per share is defined as total Enstar Group Limited shareholders’ equity available to ordinary shareholders divided by the number of ordinary shares outstanding as at the end of the period, giving no effect to dilutive securities. Diluted book value per share is defined as total shareholders’ equity available to ordinary shareholders divided by the number of ordinary shares and ordinary share equivalents outstanding at the end of the period, calculated using the treasury stock method for all potentially dilutive securities. Table of Contents The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this annual report. Some of the information contained in this discussion and analysis or included elsewhere in this annual report, including information with respect to our plans and strategy for our business, includes forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. Our actual results and the timing of events could differ materially from those anticipated by these forward-looking statements as a result of many factors, including those discussed under “Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements,” “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this annual report. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Table of Contents Business Overview We are a Bermuda-based holding company with a core focus of acquiring and managing insurance and reinsurance companies in run-off and portfolios of insurance and reinsurance business in run-off, and providing management, consulting and other services to the insurance and reinsurance industry. Until 2013, all but one of our acquisitions had been in the non-life run-off business, which for us generally includes property and casualty, workers’ compensation, asbestos and environmental, construction defect, marine, aviation and transit, and other closed business. 55 ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS Section Page Business Overview 55 Key Performance Indicators 56 Drivers of Book Value Growth 57 Critical Accounting Policies 58 Accounting for Acquisitions — Fair Value Measurement — Non-life Run-off 59 Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses — Non-life Run-off 60 Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses — Active Underwriting 73 Net Reduction in Ultimate Losses and Loss Adjustment Expense Liabilities 74 Policy Benefits for Life and Annuity Contracts 74 Reinsurance Balances Recoverable 75 Premium Revenue Recognition 75 Investments 76 Goodwill 79 Intangible Assets 79 Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest 79 Consolidated Results of Operations — for the Years Ended December 31, 2013, 2012, and 2011 80 Segment Reporting 83 Results of Operations by Segment — for the Years Ended December 31, 2013, 2012, and 2011 84 Non-life Run-off Segment 84 Life and Annuities Segment 94 Active Underwriting Segment 97 Liquidity and Capital Resources 98 Reinsurance Balances Recoverable 99 Cash Flows 100 Investments 102 Loans Payable 111 Aggregate Contractual Obligations 114 Commitments and Contingencies 114 Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements 115 Table of Contents While our core focus remains the same, we have recently diversified our business profile in two distinct ways: first, by significantly increasing our closed life and annuities business through our acquisition of Pavonia, and second, by entering into the active underwriting business through our acquisitions of Atrium and Arden. Our active underwriting business will expand in 2014 following the closing of our acquisition of Torus, a transaction that we agreed to in July 2013 and that we expect to close in the first quarter of 2014. We are partnering with the Trident V funds in each of these active underwriting acquisitions, with Enstar taking 60% equity interests and Trident taking 40% equity interests. Our strategies with respect to these new lines of business and our core non-life run-off business are discussed in “Item 1. Business —Company Overview” and “—Strategy,” beginning on page 5. We operate our business internationally through our insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries and our consulting subsidiaries in Bermuda, the United Kingdom, the United States, Europe and Australia. The table below summarizes the total number of employees we had as at December 31, 2013 by operating segment: Upon completion of the Torus acquisition, we expect our total number of employees to increase by approximately 600 to 1,339. All of these new employees will be included as part of our active underwriting segment. Key Performance Indicators Our primary corporate objective is growing our net book value per share. We believe this is driven primarily by growth in our net earnings, which is in turn driven in large part by successfully completing new acquisitions, effectively managing companies and portfolios of business that we have acquired, and executing on our active underwriting strategies. Our growth in book value per share on a fully diluted basis since becoming a public company on January 31, 2007 is set forth in the table below. We have achieved a compounded annual growth rate on our fully diluted book value per share of approximately 18.6% during this time. 56 2013 2012 Non-life run-off 529 379 Life and annuities 49 4 Active underwriting 161 — Total 739 383 Table of Contents Drivers of Book Value Growth During the year ended December 31, 2013, we increased our book value per share on a fully diluted basis by 12.8% to $105.20 per share. We grow our book value primarily in the following ways: The following description summarizes these and other financial statement measures that largely drive the amount of book value per share that we attain. Net Reduction in Ultimate Losses and Loss Adjustment Expense Liabilities Our non-life run-off segment earnings comprise primarily reductions, or potential increases, of net ultimate losses and loss adjustment expense liabilities. These liabilities are comprised of outstanding loss or case reserves (or OLR), losses incurred but not reported (or IBNR) and unallocated loss adjustment expenses (or ULAE) reserves. Net ultimate losses and loss adjustment expense liabilities established by management utilizing analysis performed by independent actuaries prepared on an annual basis are reviewed by our management each quarter. Reserves reflect management’s best estimate of the remaining unpaid portion of these liabilities. Prior period estimates of net ultimate losses and loss adjustment expense liabilities may change as our management considers the combined impact of commutations, policy buy-backs, settlement of losses on carried reserves and the trend of incurred loss development compared to prior forecasts. Net reductions in ultimate losses and loss adjustment expense liabilities are reported as negative expenses by us. For more information on how the reserves are calculated, see “— Critical Accounting Policies — Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses” on page 60. Net Premiums Earned We derive income from premiums from our insurance and reinsurance businesses. Insurance and reinsurance premiums are a function of the amount and type of contracts written as well as prevailing market prices and conditions. Property and casualty premiums are earned over the terms of the underlying coverage. Life and annuity premiums are generally earned when the premium is due from policyholders. Each of our insurance and reinsurance contracts contain different pricing, terms and conditions and expected profit margins. Therefore, the amount of premiums is not necessarily an accurate indicator of our anticipated profitability. Premium estimates are based upon information in underlying contracts and data received from clients, cedants and brokers. Changes in premium estimates are expected and may result in significant adjustments in any period. These estimates change over time as additional information regarding the underlying business volume or insured values of our clients is obtained. There is often a delay in the receipt of updated premium information from clients due to the time lag in preparing and reporting the data to us. After review by our underwriters and finance staff, we increase or decrease premium estimates as updated information from our clients is received. 57 • settling our non-life run-off net loss reserves from acquired businesses below their acquired fair value ( net reduction in ultimate losses and loss adjustment expense liabilities ); • earning premiums in excess of related losses for our life and annuities and active underwriting segments (although during 2013 we also earned premiums in our non-life run-off segment as we implemented the run-off process at SeaBright) ( net premiums earned ); • generating investment income on our cash and investment portfolios ( net investment income and net realized and unrealized gains ); • earning fees and commission income by providing expert run-off management services for a fixed and/or incentive based fee in our non-life run-off segment, and by providing managing general agency services through Atrium in our active underwriting segment ( fees and commission income ); and • managing our expenses as we continue to grow our operations ( expenses ). Table of Contents Net Investment Income and Net Realized and Unrealized Gains Our net investment income is a function of the average invested assets and the average yield that we earn on those invested assets. The investment yield on our fixed maturities investments is a function of market interest rates as well as the credit quality and duration of our fixed maturities portfolio. Our net realized and unrealized gains or losses on investments includes realized gains and losses on our fixed maturity securities and changes in fair value of our trading and available-for-sale securities and other investments. We recognize realized gains and losses at the time of sale, and they, along with the changes in fair value of our trading and available-for-sale securities reflect the results of changing market conditions, including changes in market interest rates and changes in the market’s perception of the credit quality of our fixed maturities holdings. The change in fair value of other investments is principally a function of the success of the funds in which we are invested, which depends on, among other things, the underlying strategies of the funds, the ability of the fund managers to execute the fund strategies and general economic and investment market conditions. Fees and Commission Income Our non-life run-off segment generates fee income for run-off and claims services based on a combination of fixed and success-based fee arrangements. Fee income will vary from period to period depending on the timing of completion of success-based fee arrangements. Success-based fees are recorded when targets related to overall project completion or profitability goals are achieved. Our active underwriting segment earns profit commission income related to the provision of managing general agency services to the syndicate 609 and its third-party members. Expenses Salaries and Benefits We are a service-based company and, as such, employee salaries and benefits are our largest expense. We have experienced significant increases in our salaries and benefits expenses as we have grown our operations, and we expect that trend to continue if we are able to expand our operations successfully. We provide for the annual grant of bonus compensation to our officers and employees, including our senior executive officers. Bonus awards are based on a percentage of our consolidated net after-tax profits. The percentage is 15% unless our Compensation Committee exercises its discretion to change the percentage no later than 30 days after our year end. Bonus awards are payable in cash, ordinary shares or a combination of both. General and Administrative Expenses General and administrative expenses include rent and rent-related costs, professional fees (legal, investment, audit and actuarial) and travel expenses. We have operations in multiple jurisdictions and our employees travel frequently in connection with the search for acquisition opportunities and in the general management of the business. Net Earnings Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest Net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interest relates to the share of earnings of our subsidiaries in which there is either a noncontrolling interest or a redeemable noncontrolling interest. Critical Accounting Policies We believe the following accounting policies affect the more significant judgment and estimates used in the preparation of our financial statements. 58 Table of Contents Accounting for Acquisitions — Fair Value Measurement Non-Life Run-off The most significant liability and asset of an acquired company are typically the liability for losses and loss adjustment expenses and the asset related to any reinsurance balances recoverable on these liabilities that may be contractually due to the acquired entity. The market for acquisition of run-off companies is not sufficiently active and transparent to enable us to identify reliable, market exit values for acquired assets and liabilities. Accordingly, consistent with provisions of U.S. GAAP, we have developed internal models that we believe allow us to determine fair values that are reasonable proxies for market exit values. We are familiar with the major participants in the acquisition run-off market and believe that the key assumptions we make in valuing acquired assets and liabilities are consistent with the kinds of assumptions made by such market participants. Furthermore, in our negotiation of purchase prices with sellers, it is frequently clear to us that other bidders in the market are using models and assumptions similar in nature to ours during the competitive bid process. The majority of acquisitions are completed following a public tender process whereby the seller invites market participants to provide bids for the target acquisition. We account for acquisitions using the purchase method of accounting, which requires that the acquirer record the assets and liabilities acquired at their estimated fair value. The fair values of each of the insurance and reinsurance assets and liabilities acquired are derived from probability-weighted ranges of the associated projected cash flows, based on actuarially prepared information and management’s run-off strategy. Our run-off strategy, as well as that of other run-off market participants, is expected to be different from the seller’s as generally sellers are not specialized in running off insurance and reinsurance liabilities whereas we and other market participants do specialize in such run-offs. The key assumptions used by us and, we believe, by other run-off market participants in the fair valuation of acquired companies are (i) the projected payout, timing and amounts of claims liabilities; (ii) the related projected timing and amount of reinsurance collections; (iii) a risk-free discount rate, which is applied to determine the present value of the future cash flows; (iv) the estimated unallocated loss adjustment expenses to be incurred over the life of the run-off; (v) the impact that any accelerated run-off strategy may have on the adequacy of acquired bad debt provisions; and (vi) an appropriate risk margin. The probability-weighted projected cash flows of the acquired company are based on projected claims payouts provided by the seller predominantly in the form of the seller’s most recent independent actuarial reserve report. In the absence of the seller’s actuarial reserve report, our independent actuaries will determine the estimated claims payout. With respect to our U.K., Bermudian and Australian insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries, we are able to pursue strategies to achieve complete finality and conclude the run-off of a company by promoting solvent schemes of arrangement. Solvent schemes of arrangement are a popular means of achieving financial certainty and finality for insurance and reinsurance companies incorporated or managed in the U.K., Bermuda and Australia by making a one-time full and final settlement of an insurance and reinsurance company’s liabilities to policyholders. On acquisition of a U.K., Bermudian or Australian company, the claims payout projection is weighted according to management’s estimated probability of being able to complete a solvent scheme of arrangement. To the extent that solvent schemes of arrangement are not available to an acquired company, no weighting is applied to the projected claims payout. On acquisition, we make a provision for unallocated loss adjustment expense liabilities. This provision considers the adequacy of the provision maintained and recorded by the seller in light of our run-off strategy and estimated unallocated loss adjustment expenses to be incurred over the life of the acquired run-off as projected by the seller’s actuaries or, in their absence, our actuaries. To the extent that our estimate of the total unallocated loss adjustment expense provision is different from the seller’s, an adjustment will be made. While our objective is to accelerate the run-off by completing commutations of assumed and ceded business (which would have the 59 Table of Contents effect of shortening the life, and therefore the cost, of the run-off), the success of this strategy is far from certain. Therefore, the estimates of unallocated loss adjustment expenses are based on running off the liabilities and assets over the actuarially projected life of the run-off. In those domiciles where solvent schemes of arrangement are available, management’s estimates of the total unallocated loss adjustment expenses are probability-weighted in accordance with the estimated time that a solvent scheme of arrangement could be completed, which has the effect of reducing the period of the run-off and the related unallocated loss adjustment expenses. For those acquisitions in domiciles where solvent schemes of arrangement are not available, the unallocated loss adjustment expenses are estimated over the projected life of the run-off. We believe that providing for unallocated loss adjustment expenses based on our run-off strategy is appropriate in determining the fair value of the assets and liabilities acquired in an acquisition of a run-off company. We believe that other participants in the run-off acquisition marketplace factor into the price to pay for an acquisition the estimated cost of running off the acquired company based on how that participant expects to manage the assets and liabilities. The difference between the carrying value of reserves acquired at the date of acquisition and the fair value is the Fair Value Adjustment, or FVA. The FVA is amortized over the estimated payout period and adjusted for accelerations on commutation settlements or any other new information or subsequent change in circumstances after the date of acquisition. To the extent the actual payout experience after the acquisition is materially faster or slower than anticipated at the time of the acquisition, there is an adjustment to the estimated ultimate loss reserves, or there are changes in bad debt provisions or in estimates of future run-off costs following accelerated payouts, then the amortization of the FVA is accelerated or decelerated, as the case may be, to reflect such changes. Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses Non-life Run-off The following table provides a breakdown of gross losses and loss adjustment expense reserves by type of exposure as of December 31, 2013 and 2012. Our primary objective in running off the operations of acquired companies and portfolios of insurance and reinsurance business in run-off is to increase book value by settling loss reserves below their acquired fair value. The earnings created in each acquired company or portfolio of insurance and reinsurance business, together with the related decrease in loss reserves, lead to a reduction in the capital required for each company, thereby providing the ability to distribute both earnings and excess capital to the parent company. 60 2013 2012 OLR IBNR Total OLR IBNR Total (in thousands of U.S. dollars) Asbestos $ 152,478 $ 298,612 $ 451,090 $ 179,917 $ 355,006 $ 534,923 Environmental 47,518 40,886 88,404 51,632 42,088 93,720 General casualty 383,609 261,911 645,520 565,250 384,640 949,890 Workers compensation/personal accident 944,077 383,287 1,327,364 652,034 135,966 788,000 Marine, aviation and transit 137,054 45,597 182,651 163,367 26,898 190,265 Construction defect 74,275 89,365 163,640 92,279 150,520 242,799 Other 664,419 233,784 898,203 489,445 127,896 617,341 Total $ 2,403,430 $ 1,353,442 $ 3,756,872 $ 2,193,924 $ 1,223,014 $ 3,416,938 Unallocated loss adjustment expenses 247,641 233,189 Total $ 4,004,513 $ 3,650,127 Table of Contents To the extent that the nature of the acquired loss reserves are conducive to commutation, our aim is to settle the majority of the acquired loss reserves within a timeframe of approximately five to seven years from the date of acquisition. To the extent that acquired reserves are not conducive to commutation, we will instead adopt a disciplined claims management approach to pay only valid claims on a timely basis and endeavor to reduce the level of acquired loss adjustment expense provisions by withdrawing, where appropriate, from existing litigation and otherwise streamlining claims handling procedures. By adopting either of the above run-off strategies, we would expect that over the targeted life of the run-off, acquired ultimate loss reserves would settle below their recorded fair value, resulting in reductions in ultimate losses and loss adjustment expense liabilities. There can be no assurance, however, that we will successfully implement our strategy. Commutations of blocks of policies, along with disciplined claims management, have the potential to produce favorable claims development compared to established reserves. For each newly-acquired company, we determine a commutation strategy that broadly identifies commutation targets using the following criteria: Once commutation targets are identified, they are prioritized into target years of completion. At the beginning of each year, the approach to commutation negotiations is determined by the commutation team, including claims and exposure analysis and broker account reconciliations. On completion of this analysis, settlement parameters are set around incurred liabilities. Commutation discussions can take many months or even years to come to fruition. Commutation targets not completed in a particular year are re-prioritized for the following year. Every commutation, irrespective of value, requires the approval of our Chief Financial Officer or one of our two Joint Chief Operating Officers. The impact of the commutation activity on the IBNR reserve is reflected as part of our annual actuarial reviews of reserves. However, if a significant commutation is completed during the year, loss reserves will be adjusted in the corresponding quarter to reflect management’s then best estimate of the impact on remaining IBNR reserves. The following table provides a breakdown of losses and loss adjustment expense reserves (net of reinsurance balances recoverable) by type of exposure as of December 31, 2013 and 2012: 61 • Previous commutations completed by existing portfolio companies with policyholders of the newly-acquired company; • Nature of liabilities; • Size of incurred loss reserves; • Recent loss development history; and • Targets for claims audits. 2013 2012 Total % of Total Total % of Total (in thousands of U.S. dollars) Asbestos $ 405,323 14.1 % $ 478,154 17.2 % Environmental 75,542 2.6 % 79,397 2.9 % General casualty 431,362 15.0 % 728,976 26.3 % Workers compensation/personal accident 903,756 31.3 % 451,980 16.3 % Marine, aviation and transit 101,547 3.5 % 140,412 5.1 % Construction defect 100,576 3.5 % 145,700 5.3 % Other 617,233 21.4 % 516,100 18.5 % Unallocated loss adjustment expenses 247,641 8.6 % 233,189 8.4 % Total $ 2,882,980 100.0 % $ 2,773,908 100.0 % Table of Contents As of December 31, 2013, the IBNR reserves (net of reinsurance balances receivable) accounted for $962.6 million, or 33.4%, of our total net losses and loss adjustment expenses. The reserve for IBNR (net of reinsurance balance receivable) accounted for $939.7 million, or 33.7%, of our total net loss reserves at December 31, 2012. Annual Losses and Loss Adjustment Reviews Because a significant amount of time can lapse between the assumption of risk, the occurrence of a loss event, the reporting of the event to an insurance or reinsurance company and the ultimate payment of the claim on the loss event, the liability for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses is based largely upon estimates. Our management must use considerable judgment in the process of developing these estimates. The liability for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses for property and casualty business includes amounts determined from loss reports on individual cases and amounts for IBNR reserves. Such reserves, including IBNR reserves, are estimated by management based upon loss reports received from ceding companies, supplemented by our own estimates of losses for which no ceding company loss reports have yet been received and the results of annual independent actuarial studies. Loss advices or reports from ceding companies are generally provided via the placing broker and comprise treaty statements, individual claims files, electronic messages and large loss advices or cash calls. Large loss advices and cash calls are provided to us as soon as practicable after an individual loss or claim is made or settled by the insured. The remaining broker advices are issued monthly, quarterly or annually depending on the provisions of the individual policies or the ceding company’s practice. For certain direct insurance policies where the claims are managed by Third Party Administrators (TPAs) and Managing General Agents (MGAs), loss bordereaux are received either monthly or quarterly depending on the arrangement with the TPA and MGA. Where we provide reinsurance or retrocession reinsurance protection, the process of claims advice from the direct insurer to the reinsurers and/or retrocessionaires naturally involves more levels of communication, which inevitably creates delays or lags in the receipt of loss advice by the reinsurers/retrocessionaires relative to the date of first advice to the direct insurer. Certain types of exposure, typically latent health exposures such as asbestos-related claims, have inherently long reporting delays, in some cases many years, from the date a loss occurred to the manifestation and reporting of a claim and ultimately until the final settlement of the claim. For asbestos and environmental exposures, our actuaries apply explicit time lag assumptions in their reserving methodologies. This time lag varies by portfolio from one to five years depending on the relative mix of domicile, percentages of product mix of insurance, reinsurance and retrocessional reinsurance, primary insurance, excess reinsurance, reinsurance of direct and reinsurance of reinsurance within any given exposure category. Exposure portfolios written from a non-U.S. domicile are assumed to have a greater time lag than portfolios written from a U.S.-domicile. Portfolios with a larger proportion of reinsurance exposures are assumed to have a greater time-lag than portfolios with a larger proportion of insurance exposures. An industry-wide weakness in cedant reporting affects the adequacy and accuracy of reserving for advised claims. We attempt to mitigate this inherent weakness as follows: 62 1. We closely monitor cedant loss reporting and, for those cedants identified as providing inadequate, untimely or unusual reporting of losses, we conduct, in accordance with the provisions of the insurance and reinsurance contracts, detailed claims audits at the insured’s or reinsured’s premises. Such claims audits have the benefit of validating advised claims, determining whether the cedant’s loss reserving practices and reporting are adequate and identifying potential loss reserving issues of which our actuaries need to be made aware. Any required adjustments to advised claims reserves reported by cedants identified during the claims audits will be recorded as an adjustment to the advised case reserve. 2. Onsite claims audits are often supplemented by further reviews by our internal and external legal advisors to determine the reasonableness of advised case reserves and, if considered necessary, an adjustment to the reported case reserve will be recorded. Table of Contents Our actuaries consider the quality of ceding company data as part of their ongoing evaluation of the liability for ultimate losses and loss adjustment expenses, and the methodologies they select for estimating ultimate losses inherently compensate for potential weaknesses in this data, including weaknesses in loss reports provided by cedants. We strive to apply the highest standards of discipline and professionalism to our claims adjusting, processing and settlement and disputes with cedants are rare. However, we are from time to time involved in various disputes and legal proceedings in the ordinary course of our claims adjusting process. The majority of the losses ceded to us are from the subscription insurance market (where there are often many insurers and reinsurers underwriting each policy), and we often are involved in disputes commenced by other co-insurers who act in unison with any litigation or dispute resolution controlled by the lead underwriter. Coverage disputes arise when the insured/reinsured and insurer/reinsurer cannot reach agreement as to the interpretation of the policy and/or application of the policy to a claim. Most insurance and reinsurance policies contain dispute resolution clauses requiring arbitration or mediation. In the absence of a contractual dispute resolution process, civil litigation would be commenced. We aim to reach a commercially acceptable resolution to any dispute, using arbitration or litigation as a last resort. We regularly monitor and provide internal reports on disputes involving arbitration and litigation and engage external legal counsel to provide professional advice and assist with case management. In establishing reserves, management includes amounts for IBNR reserves using information from independent actuarial estimates of ultimate losses. Our independent actuaries use generally accepted actuarial methodologies to estimate ultimate losses and loss adjustment expenses and those estimates are reviewed by our management. Nearly all of our unpaid claims liabilities are considered to have a long claims payout tail. Gross loss reserves for our non-life run-off subsidiaries relate primarily to casualty exposures, including latent claims, of which approximately 13.5% relate to asbestos and environmental, or A&E, exposures. Within the annual loss reserve studies produced by our independent actuaries, exposures for each subsidiary are separated into homogeneous reserving categories for the purpose of estimating IBNR. Each reserving category contains either direct insurance or assumed reinsurance reserves and groups relatively similar types of risks and exposures (for example, asbestos, environmental, casualty, property) and lines of business written (for example, marine, aviation, non-marine). Based on the exposure characteristics and the nature of available data for each individual reserving category, a number of methodologies are applied. Recorded reserves for each category are selected from the indications produced by the various methodologies after consideration of exposure characteristics, data limitations and strengths and weaknesses of each method applied. This approach to estimating IBNR has been consistently adopted in the annual loss reserve studies for each period presented. We review the external actuaries’ reports for consistency and appropriateness of methodology and assumptions, including assumptions of industry benchmarks, and discuss any concerns or changes with them. Our Chief Actuary and Chief Financial Officer then consider the reasonableness of loss reserves recommended by our external actuaries, in light of actual loss development during the year, using the following reports produced internally on a quarterly basis for each of our insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries: 63 3. Our actuaries project expected paid and incurred loss development for each class of business, which is monitored on a quarterly basis. Should actual paid and incurred development differ significantly from the expected paid and incurred development, we will investigate the cause and, in conjunction with our actuaries, consider whether any adjustment to ultimate loss reserves is required. 1. Gross, ceded and net incurred loss report — This report provides, for each reporting period, the total (including commuted policies) gross, ceded and net incurred loss development for each company and a commentary on each company’s loss development prepared by our Chief Actuary. The report highlights the causes of any unusual or significant loss development activity (including commutations) and includes commentary on quality and reliability of underlying data. Table of Contents The above reports provide our Chief Actuary and Chief Financial Officer with the relevant information to determine whether loss development (including commutations) during the year has, for each company, been sufficiently meaningful so as to warrant an adjustment to the reserves recommended by our external actuaries in the most recent actuarial study. It is not possible to quantify how much of any reserve release specifically relates to commutations or favorable development of non-commuted claims as the revised historical loss development used by the actuaries to estimate required reserves is a combination of both the elimination of historical loss development relating to commuted policies and non-commuted loss development. When establishing loss reserves we have an expectation that, in the absence of commutations and significant favorable or unfavorable non-commuted loss development compared to expectations, loss reserves will not exceed the high, or be less than the low, end of the following ranges of gross losses and loss adjustment expense reserves implied by the various methodologies used by each of our insurance subsidiaries as of December 31, 2013. The ranges of gross losses and loss adjustment expense reserves implied by the various methodologies used by each of our non-life insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries as of December 31, 2013 were: Latent Claims Our loss reserves are related largely to casualty exposures including latent exposures relating primarily to A&E. In establishing the reserves for unpaid claims, management considers facts currently known and the current state of the law and coverage litigation. Liabilities are recognized for known claims (including the cost of related litigation) when sufficient information has been developed to indicate the involvement of a specific 64 2. Actual versus expected gross incurred loss development report — This report provides a summary, and commentary thereon, of each company’s (excluding companies or portfolios of business acquired in the current year) non-commuted incurred gross losses compared to the estimate of the development of non-commuted incurred gross losses provided by our external actuaries at the beginning of the year as part of the prior year’s reserving process. 3. Commutations summary schedule — This schedule summarizes all commutations completed during the year for all companies, and identifies the policyholder with which we commuted, the incurred losses settled by the commutation (comprising outstanding unpaid losses and case reserves) and the amount of the commutation settlement. 4. Analysis of paid, incurred and ultimate losses — This analysis for each company, and in the aggregate, provides a summary of the gross, ceded and net paid and incurred losses and the impact of applying our external actuaries’ recommended loss reserves. This report, reviewed in conjunction with the previous reports, provides an analytical tool to review each company’s incurred loss or gain and reduction in IBNR reserves to assess whether the ultimate reduction in loss reserves appears reasonable in light of known developments within each company. Low Selected High (in thousands of U.S. dollars) Asbestos $ 395,249 $ 451,090 $ 508,958 Environmental 78,571 88,404 100,400 General casualty 569,453 645,520 719,116 Workers compensation/personal accident 1,169,931 1,327,365 1,444,348 Marine, aviation and transit 164,083 182,651 204,638 Construction defect 140,931 163,640 177,060 Other 803,692 898,203 1,012,138 Unallocated loss adjustment expenses 247,641 247,641 247,641 Total $ 3,569,551 $ 4,004,513 $ 4,414,299 Table of Contents insurance policy and management can reasonably estimate its liability. In addition, reserves are established to cover loss development related to both known and unasserted claims. The estimation of unpaid claim liabilities is subject to a high degree of uncertainty for a number of reasons. First, unpaid claim liabilities for property and casualty exposures in general are impacted by changes in the legal environment, jury awards, medical cost trends and general inflation. Moreover, for latent exposures in particular, developed case law and adequate claim history do not exist. There is significant coverage litigation related to these exposures, which creates further uncertainty in the estimation of the liabilities. As a result, for these types of exposures, it is especially unclear whether past claim experience will be representative of future claim experience. Ultimate values for such claims cannot be estimated using reserving techniques that extrapolate losses to an ultimate basis using loss development factors, and the uncertainties surrounding the estimation of unpaid claim liabilities are not likely to be resolved in the near future. There can be no assurance that the reserves we establish will be adequate or will not be adversely affected by the development of other latent exposures. Our asbestos claims are primarily products liability claims submitted by a variety of insureds who operated in different parts of the asbestos distribution chain. While most such claims arise from asbestos mining and primary asbestos manufacturers, we have also been receiving claims from tertiary defendants such as smaller manufacturers, and the industry has seen an emerging trend of non-products claims arising from premises exposures. Unlike products claims, primary policies generally do not contain aggregate policy limits for premises claims, which, accordingly, remain at the primary layer and, thus, rarely impact excess insurance policies. As the vast majority of our policies are excess policies, this trend has had only a marginal effect on our asbestos exposures thus far. Asbestos reform efforts have been underway at both the federal and state level to address the cost and scope of asbestos claims to the American economy. While congressional efforts to create a federal trust fund that would replace the tort system for asbestos claims failed, several states, including Texas and Florida, have passed reforms based on “medical criteria” requiring certain levels of medically documented injury before a lawsuit can be filed, generally resulting in a drop of case filings in those states adopting this reform measure. Asbestos claims primarily fall into two general categories: impaired and unimpaired bodily injury claims. Property damage claims represent only a small fraction of asbestos claims. Impaired claims primarily include individuals suffering from mesothelioma or a cancer such as lung cancer. Unimpaired claims include asbestosis and those whose lung regions contain pleural plaques. Unlike traditional property and casualty insurers that either have large numbers of individual claims arising from personal lines such as auto, or small numbers of high value claims as in medical malpractice insurance lines, our primary exposures arise from A&E claims that do not follow a consistent pattern. For instance, we may encounter a small insured with one large environmental claim due to significant groundwater contamination, while a Fortune 500 company may submit numerous claims for relatively small values. Moreover, there is no set pattern for the life of an environmental or asbestos claim. Some of these claims may resolve within two years whereas others have remained unresolved for nearly two decades. Therefore, our open and closed claims data do not follow any identifiable or discernible pattern. Furthermore, because of the reinsurance nature of the claims we manage, we focus on the activities at the reinsured level rather than at the individual claims level. The counterparties with whom we typically interact are generally insurers or large industrial concerns and not individual claimants. Claims do not follow any consistent pattern. They arise from many insureds or locations and in a broad range of circumstances. An insured may present one large claim or hundreds or thousands of small claims. Plaintiffs’ counsel frequently aggregate thousands of claims within one lawsuit. The deductibles to which claims are subject vary from policy to policy and year to year. Often claims data is only available to reinsurers, such as us, on an aggregated basis. Accordingly, we have not found claim count information or average reserve amounts to be reliable indicators of exposure for our reserve estimation process or for management of our liabilities. We have found data 65 Table of Contents accumulation and claims management more effective and meaningful at the reinsured level rather than at the underlying claim level. As a result, we have designed our reserving methodologies to be independent of claim count information. As the level of exposures to a reinsured can vary substantially, we focus on the aggregate exposures and pursue commutations and policy buy-backs with the larger reinsureds. Our future environmental loss development may be influenced by other factors including: The influence of each of these factors is not easily quantifiable and, as with asbestos-related exposures, our historical environmental loss development is of limited value in determining future environmental loss development using traditional actuarial reserving techniques. There have been recent positive developments concerning lead paint liability, an area previously viewed as an emerging trend in latent claim activity with the potential to adversely affect reserves. After a series of successful defense efforts by defendant lead pigment manufacturers in lead paint litigation, in 2005, a Rhode Island trial court ruled in favor of the government in a nuisance claim against the defendant manufacturers. Since the Rhode Island decision, other government entities have employed the same theory for recovery against these manufacturers. In 2008, the Rhode Island Supreme Court reversed the sole legal liability loss experienced by lead pigment manufacturers in lead paint litigation. The court rejected public nuisance as a viable theory of liability for use by the government against the defendants and thus invalidated the entire claim against the lead pigment manufacturers. Subsequent to the Rhode Island Supreme Court decision at least one other government entity, an Ohio municipality, voluntarily dropped its lead paint suit. Thereafter, the State of Ohio, voluntarily dismissed its pending action against lead pigment manufacturers. Other state supreme courts equally rejected the public nuisance theory of liability, whereas no highest state court has ever adopted this theory as an acceptable cause of action. We believe that lead paint claims now pose a lower risk to adverse reserve adjustment than previously thought, as the only trial court decision against lead pigment manufacturers to date was reversed on the basis that public nuisance is an improper liability theory by which a plaintiff may seek recovery against the lead pigment manufacturers. Even if adverse rulings under alternative theories succeed or if other states ultimately permit recovery under a public nuisance theory, it is questionable whether insureds have coverage under their policies under which they seek indemnity. Insureds have yet to meet policy terms and conditions to establish coverage for lead paint public nuisance claims, as opposed to traditional bodily injury and property damage claims. Still, there is the potential for significant impact to excess insurers should plaintiffs prevail in successive nuisance claims pending in other jurisdictions and coverage is established. Our independent, external actuaries use industry benchmarking methodologies to estimate appropriate IBNR reserves for our A&E exposures. These methods are based on comparisons of our loss experience on A&E exposures relative to industry loss experience on A&E exposures. Estimates of IBNR are derived separately for each of our relevant subsidiaries and, for some subsidiaries, separately for distinct portfolios of exposure. The discussion that follows describes, in greater detail, the primary actuarial methodologies used by our independent actuaries to estimate IBNR for A&E exposures. 66 • Existence of currently undiscovered polluted sites eligible for clean-up under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (or CERCLA) and related legislation. • Costs imposed due to joint and several liability if not all potentially responsible parties (or PRPs) are capable of paying their share. • Success of legal challenges to certain policy terms such as the “absolute” pollution exclusion. • Potential future reforms and amendments to CERCLA, particularly as the resources of Superfund — the funding vehicle, established as part of CERCLA, to provide financing for cleanup of polluted sites where no PRP can be identified — become exhausted. Table of Contents In addition to the specific considerations for each method described below, many general factors are considered in the application of the methods and the interpretation of results for each portfolio of exposures. These factors include the mix of product types (e.g., primary insurance versus reinsurance of primary versus reinsurance of reinsurance), the average attachment point of coverages (e.g., first-dollar primary versus umbrella over primary versus high-excess), payment and reporting lags related to the international domicile of our subsidiaries, payment and reporting pattern acceleration due to large “wholesale” settlements (e.g., policy buy-backs and commutations) pursued by us, and lists of individual risks remaining and general trends within the legal and tort environments. 1. Paid Survival Ratio Method . In this method, our expected annual average payment amount is multiplied by an expected future number of payment years to get an indicated reserve. Our historical calendar year payments are examined to determine an expected future annual average payment amount. This amount is multiplied by an expected number of future payment years to estimate a reserve. Trends in calendar year payment activity are considered when selecting an expected future annual average payment amount. Accepted industry benchmarks are used in determining an expected number of future payment years. Each year, annual payments data is updated, trends in payments are re-evaluated and changes to benchmark future payment years are reviewed. Advantages of this method are of ease of application and simplicity of assumptions. A potential disadvantage of the method is that results could be misleading for portfolios of high excess exposures where significant payment activity has not yet begun. 2. Paid Market Share Method. In this method, our estimated market share is applied to the industry estimated unpaid losses or estimate of industry ultimate. The ratio of our historical calendar year payments to industry historical calendar year payments is examined to estimate our market share. This ratio is then applied to the estimate of industry unpaid losses or estimate of industry ultimate. Each year, calendar year payment data is updated (for both us and industry), estimates of industry unpaid losses are reviewed and the selection of our estimated market share is revisited. This method has the advantage that trends in calendar year market share can be incorporated into the selection of company share of remaining market payments. A potential disadvantage of this method is that it is particularly sensitive to assumptions regarding the time-lag between industry payments and our payments. 3. Reserve-to-Paid Method. In this method, the ratio of estimated industry reserves to industry paid-to-date losses is multiplied by our paid-to-date losses to estimate our reserves. Specific considerations in the application of this method include the completeness of our paid-to-date loss information, the potential acceleration or deceleration in our payments (relative to the industry) due to our claims handling practices, and the impact of large individual settlements. Each year, paid-to-date loss information is updated (for both us and the industry) and updates to industry estimated reserves are reviewed. This method has the advantage of relying purely on paid loss data and so is not influenced by subjectivity of case reserve loss estimates. A potential disadvantage is that the application to our portfolios that do not have complete inception-to-date paid loss history could produce misleading results. To address this potential disadvantage, a variation of the method is also considered by multiplying the ratio of estimated industry reserves to industry losses paid during a recent period of time (e.g., 5 years) times our paid losses during that period. 4. IBNR:Case Ratio Method. In this method, the ratio of estimated industry IBNR reserves to industry case reserves is multiplied by our case reserves to estimate our IBNR reserves. Specific considerations in the application of this method include the presence of policies reserved at policy limits, changes in overall industry case reserve adequacy and recent loss reporting history. Each year, our case reserves are updated, the estimate of industry reserves is updated and the applicability of the industry IBNR:Case Ratio is reviewed. This method has the advantage that it incorporates the most recent estimates of amounts needed to settle open cases included in current case reserves. A potential disadvantage is that results could be misleading where our case reserve adequacy differs significantly from overall industry case reserve adequacy. In these instances, the industry IBNR:Case Ratios were adjusted to reflect our portfolio case reserve adequacy. 67 Table of Contents 5. Ultimate-to-Incurred Method. In this method, the ratio of estimated industry ultimate losses to industry incurred-to-date losses is applied to our incurred-to-date losses to estimate our IBNR reserves. Specific considerations in the application of this method include the completeness of our incurred-to-date loss information, the potential acceleration or deceleration in our incurred losses (relative to the industry) due to our claims handling practices and the impact of large individual settlements. Each year incurred-to-date loss information is updated (for both us and the industry) and updates to industry estimated ultimate losses are reviewed. This method has the advantage that it incorporates both paid and case reserve information in projecting ultimate losses. A potential disadvantage is that results could be misleading where cumulative paid loss data is incomplete or where our case reserve adequacy differs significantly from overall industry case reserve adequacy. In these instances, the industry IBNR:Case Ratios were adjusted to reflect our portfolio case reserve adequacy. 6. Decay Factor Method. In this method, a decay factor is directly applied to our payment data to estimate future payments. The decay factors were selected based on a review of the Company and industry decays. This method is most useful where our data shows a decreasing pattern and is credible enough to be reliable. This method was introduced in 2013. Under the Paid Survival Ratio Method, the Paid Market Share Method and the Reserve-to-Paid Method, we first determine the estimated total reserve and then deduct the reported outstanding case reserves to arrive at an estimated IBNR reserve. The IBNR:Case Ratio Method first determines an estimated IBNR reserve which is then added to the advised outstanding case reserves to arrive at an estimated total loss reserve. The Ultimate-to-Incurred Method first determines an estimate of the ultimate losses to be paid and then deducts paid-to-date losses to arrive at an estimated total loss reserve and then deducts outstanding case reserves to arrive at the estimated IBNR reserve. In the decay factor method, an initial payment is selected and reserves are estimated directly from the projection of future payments. As of December 31, 2013, we had 30 separate insurance and/or reinsurance subsidiaries whose reserves are categorized into approximately 259 reserve categories in total, including 33 distinct asbestos reserving categories and 23 distinct environmental reserving categories. To the extent that data availability allows, the six methodologies described above are applied for each of the 33 asbestos reserving categories and each of the 23 environmental reserving categories. As is common in actuarial practice, no one methodology is exclusively or consistently relied upon when selecting a recorded reserve. Consistent reliance on a single methodology to select a recorded reserve would be inappropriate in light of the dynamic nature of both the A&E liabilities in general, and our actual exposure portfolios in particular. In selecting a recorded reserve, management considers the range of results produced by the methods, and the strengths and weaknesses of the methods in relation to the data available and the specific characteristics of the portfolio under consideration. Trends in both our data and industry data are also considered in the reserve selection process. Recent trends or changes in the relevant tort and legal environments are also considered when assessing methodology results and selecting an appropriate recorded reserve amount for each portfolio. The following key assumptions were used to estimate A&E reserves at December 31, 2013: 1. $74 Billion Ultimate Industry Asbestos Losses — This level of industry-wide losses and its comparison to industry-wide paid, incurred and outstanding case reserves is the base benchmarking assumption applied to Paid Market Share, Reserve-to-Paid, IBNR:Case Ratio and the Ultimate-to-Incurred asbestos reserving methodologies. 2. $40 Billion Ultimate Industry Environmental Losses — This level of industry-wide losses and its comparison to industry-wide paid, incurred and outstanding case reserves is the base benchmarking assumption applied to Paid Market Share, Reserve-to-Paid, IBNR:Case Ratio and the Ultimate-to-Incurred environmental reserving methodologies. 68 Table of Contents 3. Loss Reporting Lag — Our subsidiaries assumed a mix of insurance and reinsurance exposures generally through the London market. As the available industry benchmark loss information, as supplied by our independent consulting actuaries, is compiled largely from U.S. direct insurance company experience, our loss reporting is expected to lag relative to available industry benchmark information. This time-lag used by each of our insurance subsidiaries varies from 1 to 5 years depending on the relative mix of domicile, percentages of product mix of insurance, reinsurance and retrocessional reinsurance, primary insurance, excess insurance, reinsurance of direct, and reinsurance of reinsurance within any given exposure category. Exposure portfolios written from a non-U.S. domicile are assumed to have a greater time-lag than portfolios written from a U.S. domicile. Portfolios with a larger proportion of reinsurance exposures are assumed to have a greater time-lag than portfolios with a larger proportion of insurance exposures. The following tables provide a summary of the impact of changes in industry ultimate losses, from the selected $74 billion for asbestos and $40 billion for environmental, and changes in the time-lag, from the selected averages of 2.8 years for asbestos and 2.2 years for environmental, for us behind industry development that it is assumed relates to our insurance and reinsurance companies. Please note that the table below demonstrates sensitivity to changes to key assumptions using methodologies selected for determining loss and allocated loss adjustment expenses, or ALAE, at December 31, 2013 and differs from the table on page 64, which demonstrates the range of outcomes produced by the various methodologies. As with all assumptions, these assumptions are revisited each year. Historically, asbestos and environmental ultimates, as advised by industry publications, were used as the proxy for our industry ultimate. As such, $65.0 billion and $38.5 billion were used in 2012 as the proxy for the industry asbestos and environmental ultimates. Due to the inability of our external actuaries to review the data, methodologies and calculations supporting those industry published estimates, our external actuaries themselves have estimated ultimate industry losses using the techniques described starting on page 67. These techniques allow our external actuaries to better monitor the impact on us of the selected asbestos and environmental ultimate loss assumptions on an annual basis and also allow them to monitor industry payments against expectations. The change in assumptions had no material impact on the estimate of our A&E reserves. The assumption regarding loss reporting lag described on this page has not changed. 69 Sensitivity to Industry Asbestos Ultimate Loss Assumption Gross Asbestos Loss Reserves (in thousands of U.S. dollars) Asbestos — $79 billion $ 514,728 Asbestos — $74 billion (selected) 451,090 Asbestos — $69 billion 386,562 Sensitivity to Industry Environmental Ultimate Loss Assumption Gross Environmental Loss Reserves (in thousands of U.S. dollars) Environmental — $42.5 billion $ 107,167 Environmental — $40 billion (selected) 88,404 Environmental — $37.5 billion 69,783 Sensitivity to Time-Lag Assumption* Gross Asbestos Loss Reserves Gross Environmental Loss Reserves (in thousands of U.S. dollars) Selected average of 2.8 years asbestos, 2.2 years environmental $ 451,090 $ 88,404 Increase all portfolio lags by one year 493,029 95,541 Decrease all portfolio lags by one year 414,820 82,096 * Using $74 billion/$40 billion Asbestos/Environmental Industry Ultimate Loss assumptions. Table of Contents All Other (Non-latent) Reserves For our “All Other” (non-latent) loss exposure, a range of traditional loss development extrapolation techniques is applied by our independent actuaries and us. These methods assume that cohorts, or groups, of losses from similar exposures will increase over time in a predictable manner. Historical paid, incurred, and outstanding loss development experience is examined for earlier years to make inferences about how later years’ losses will develop. The application and consideration of multiple methods is consistent with the Actuarial Standards of Practice. When determining which loss development extrapolation methods to apply to each company and each class of exposure within each company, we and our independent actuaries consider the nature of the exposure for each specific subsidiary and reserving segment and the available loss development data, as well as the limitations of that data. In cases where company-specific loss development information is not available or reliable, we and our independent actuaries select methods that do not rely on historical data (such as incremental or run-off methods) and consider industry loss development information published by industry sources such as the Reinsurance Association of America. In determining which methods to apply, we and our independent actuaries also consider cause of loss coding information when available. A brief summary of the methods that are considered most frequently in analyzing non-latent exposures is provided below. This summary discusses the strengths and weaknesses of each method, as well as the data requirements for each method, all of which are considered when selecting which methods to apply for each reserve segment. 1. Cumulative Reported and Paid Loss Development Methods. The Cumulative Reported (Case Incurred) Loss Development method relies on the assumption that, at any given state of maturity, ultimate losses can be predicted by multiplying cumulative reported losses (paid losses plus case reserves) by a cumulative development factor. The validity of the results of this method depends on the stability of claim reporting and settlement rates, as well as the consistency of case reserve levels. Case reserves do not have to be adequately stated for this method to be effective; they only need to have a fairly consistent level of adequacy at all stages of maturity. Historical “age-to-age” loss development factors (or LDFs) are calculated to measure the relative development of an accident year from one maturity point to the next. Age-to-age LDFs are then selected based on these historical factors. The selected age-to-age LDFs are used to project the ultimate losses. The Cumulative Paid Loss Development Method is mechanically identical to the Cumulative Reported Loss Development Method described above, but the paid method does not rely on case reserves or claim reporting patterns in making projections. The validity of the results from using a cumulative loss development approach can be affected by many conditions, such as internal claim department processing changes, a shift between single and multiple payments per claim, legal changes, or variations in a company’s mix of business from year to year. Typically, the most appropriate circumstances in which to apply a cumulative loss development method are those in which the exposure is mature, full loss development data is available, and the historical observed loss development is relatively stable. 2. Incremental Reported and Paid Loss Development Methods. Incremental incurred and paid analyses are performed in cases where cumulative data is not available. The concept of the incremental loss development methods is similar to the cumulative loss development methods described above, in that the pattern of historical paid or incurred losses is used to project the remaining future development. The difference between the cumulative and incremental methods is that the incremental methods rely on only incremental incurred or paid loss data from a given point in time forward, and do not require full loss history. These incremental loss development methods are therefore helpful when data limitations apply. While this versatility in the incremental methods is a strength, the methods are sensitive to fluctuations in loss development, so care must be taken in applying them. 70 Table of Contents 3. IBNR-to-Case Outstanding Method. This method requires the estimation of consistent cumulative paid and reported (case) incurred loss development patterns and age-to-ultimate LDFs, either from data that is specific to the segment being analyzed or from applicable benchmark or industry data. These patterns imply a specific expected relationship between IBNR, including both development on known claims (bulk reserve) and losses on true late reported claims, and reported case incurred losses. The IBNR-to-Case Outstanding method can be used in a variety of situations. It is appropriate for loss development experience that is mature and possesses a very high ratio of paid losses to reported case incurred losses. The method also permits an evaluation of the difference in maturity between the business being reviewed and benchmark development patterns. Depending on the relationship of paid to incurred losses, an estimate of the relative maturity of the business being reviewed can be made and a subsequent estimate of ultimate losses driven by the implied IBNR to case outstanding ratio at the appropriate maturity can be made. This method is also useful where loss development data is incomplete and only the case outstanding amounts are determined to be reliable. This method is less reliable in situations where relative case reserve adequacy has been changing over time. 4. Bornhuetter-Ferguson Expected Loss Projection Reported and Paid Methods. The Bornhuetter-Ferguson Expected Loss Projection Method based on reported loss data relies on the assumption that remaining unreported losses are a function of the total expected losses rather than a function of currently reported losses. The expected losses used in this analysis are based on initial selected ultimate loss ratios by year. The expected losses are multiplied by the unreported percentage to produce expected unreported losses. The unreported percentage is calculated as one minus the reciprocal of the selected cumulative incurred LDFs. Finally, the expected unreported losses are added to the current reported losses to produce ultimate losses. The calculations underlying the Bornhuetter-Ferguson Expected Loss Projection Method based on paid loss data are similar to the Bornhuetter-Ferguson calculations based on reported losses, with the exception that paid losses and unpaid percentages replace reported losses and unreported percentages. The Bornhuetter-Ferguson method is most useful as an alternative to other models for immature years. For these immature years, the amounts reported or paid may be small and unstable and therefore not predictive of future development. Therefore, future development is assumed to follow an expected pattern that is supported by more stable historical data or by emerging trends. This method is also useful when changing reporting patterns or payment patterns distort historical development of losses. Similar to the loss development methods, the Bornhuetter-Ferguson method may be applied to loss and ALAE on a combined or separate basis. The Bornhuetter-Ferguson method may not be appropriate in circumstances where the liabilities being analyzed are very mature, as it is not sensitive to the remaining amount of case reserves outstanding, or the actual development to date. 5. Reserve Run-off Method. This method first projects the future values of case reserves for all underwriting years to future ages of development. This is done by selecting a run-off pattern of case reserves. The selected case run-off ratios are chosen based on the observed run-off ratios at each age of development. Once the ratios have been selected, they are used to project the future values of case reserves. A paid on reserve factor is selected in a similar way. The ratios of the observed amounts paid during each development period to the respective case reserves at the beginning of the periods are used to estimate how much will be paid on the case reserves during each development period. These paid on reserve factors are then applied to the case reserve amounts that were projected during the first phase of this method. A summation of the resulting paid amounts yields an estimate of the liability. The Reserve Run-off Method works well when the historical run-off patterns are reasonably stable and when case reserves ultimately show a decreasing trend. Another strength of this method is that it only requires case reserves at a given point in time and incremental paid and incurred losses after that point, meaning that it can be applied in cases where full loss history is not available. In cases of volatile data where there is a persistent increasing trend in case reserves, this method will fail to produce a reasonable estimate. In several cases, reliance upon this method was limited due to this weakness. Our independent actuaries select the appropriate loss development extrapolation methods to apply to each company and each class of exposure, and then apply these methods to calculate an estimate of ultimate losses. Our management, which is responsible for the final estimate of ultimate losses, reviews the calculations of our independent actuaries, considers whether the appropriate method was applied, and adjusts the estimate of 71 Table of Contents ultimate losses as it deems necessary. Historically, we have not deviated from the recommendations of our independent actuaries. Paid-to-date losses are then deducted from the estimate of ultimate losses to arrive at an estimated total loss reserve, and reported outstanding case reserves are then deducted from estimated total loss reserves to calculate the estimated IBNR reserve. Quarterly Reserve Reviews In addition to an in-depth annual review, we also perform quarterly reserve reviews. This is done by examining quarterly paid and incurred loss development to determine whether it is consistent with reserves established during the preceding annual reserve review and with expected development. Loss development is reviewed separately for each major exposure type (e.g., asbestos, environmental, etc.), for each of our relevant subsidiaries, and for large “wholesale” commutation settlements versus “routine” paid and advised losses. This process is undertaken to determine whether loss development experience during a quarter warrants any change to held reserves. Loss development is examined separately by exposure type because different exposures develop differently over time. For example, the expected reporting and payout of losses for a given amount of asbestos reserves can be expected to take place over a different time frame and in a different quarterly pattern from the same amount of environmental reserves. In addition, loss development is examined separately for each of our relevant subsidiaries. Companies can differ in their exposure profile due to the mix of insurance versus reinsurance, the mix of primary versus excess insurance, the underwriting years of participation and other criteria. These differing profiles lead to different expectations for quarterly and annual loss development by company. Our quarterly paid and incurred loss development is often driven by large, “wholesale” settlements — such as commutations and policy buy-backs — which settle many individual claims in a single transaction. This allows for monitoring of the potential profitability of large settlements, which, in turn, can provide information about the adequacy of reserves on remaining exposures that have not yet been settled. For example, if it were found that large settlements were consistently leading to large negative, or favorable, incurred losses upon settlement, it might be an indication that reserves on remaining exposures are redundant. Conversely, if it were found that large settlements were consistently leading to large positive, or adverse, incurred losses upon settlement, it might be an indication — particularly if the size of the losses were increasing — that certain loss reserves on remaining exposures are deficient. Moreover, removing the loss development resulting from large settlements allows for a review of loss development related only to those contracts that remain exposed to losses. Were this not done, it is possible that savings on large wholesale settlements could mask significant underlying development on remaining exposures. Once the data has been analyzed as described above, an in-depth review is performed on classes of exposure with significant loss development. Discussions are held with appropriate personnel, including individual company managers, claims handlers and attorneys, to better understand the causes. If it were determined that development differs significantly from expectations, reserves would be adjusted. Quarterly loss development is expected to be fairly erratic for the types of exposure insured and reinsured by us. Several quarters of low incurred loss development can be followed by spikes of relatively large incurred losses. This is characteristic of latent claims and other insurance losses that are reported and settled many years after the inception of the policy. Given the high degree of statistical uncertainty, and potential volatility, it would be unusual to adjust reserves on the basis of one, or even several, quarters of loss development activity. As a result, unless the incurred loss activity in any one quarter is of such significance that management is able to quantify the impact on the ultimate liability for losses and loss adjustment expenses, reductions or increases in losses and loss adjustment expense liabilities are carried out in the fourth quarter based on the annual reserve review described above. 72 Table of Contents As described above, our management regularly reviews and updates reserve estimates using the most current information available and employing various actuarial methods. Adjustments resulting from changes in our estimates are recorded in the period when such adjustments are determined. The ultimate liability for losses and loss adjustment expenses is likely to differ from the original estimate due to a number of factors, primarily consisting of the overall claims activity occurring during any period, including the completion of commutations of assumed liabilities and ceded reinsurance receivables, policy buy-backs and general incurred claims activity. Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses Active Underwriting The following table provides a breakdown of the total liability for losses and loss adjustment expenses by type of exposure for the year ended December 31, 2013 (for the year ended December 31, 2012 we did not have an active underwriting segment). The reserve for losses and loss expenses includes reserves for unpaid reported losses and for IBNR reserves. The reserves for unpaid reported losses and loss expenses are established by management based on reports from brokers, ceding companies and insureds and represents the estimated ultimate cost of events or conditions that have been reported to, or specifically identified by us. The reserve for incurred but not reported losses and loss expenses is established by management based on actuarially determined estimates of ultimate losses and loss expenses. Inherent in the estimate of ultimate losses and loss expenses are expected trends in claim severity and frequency and other factors which may vary significantly as claims are settled. Accordingly, ultimate losses and loss expenses may differ materially from the amounts recorded in the consolidated financial statements. These estimates are reviewed regularly and, as experience develops and new information becomes known, the reserves are adjusted as necessary. Such adjustments, if any, will be recorded in earnings in the period in which they become known. Prior period development arises from changes to loss estimates recognized in the current year that relate to loss reserves established in previous calendar years. Quarterly Reserve Reviews The reserve for losses and loss expenses is reviewed on a quarterly basis. Each quarter, paid and incurred loss development is reviewed to determine whether it is consistent with expected development. Loss development is examined separately by class of business, and large individual losses or loss events are examined separately from regular attritional development. Discussions are held with appropriate personnel including underwriters, claims adjusters, actuaries, accountants and attorneys to fully understand quarterly loss development and implications for the quarter-end reserve balances. Based on analysis of the loss development data and the associated discussions, management determines whether any adjustment is necessary to quarter-end reserve balances. 73 2013 OLR IBNR Total (in thousands of U.S. dollars) General casualty $ 10,670 $ 12,887 $ 23,557 Workers compensation/personal accident 8,414 10,162 18,576 Marine, aviation and transit 23,743 28,678 52,421 Construction defect 4,489 5,422 9,911 Other 49,262 59,501 108,763 Total $ 96,577 $ 116,651 213,228 Unallocated loss adjustment expenses 2,164 Total $ 215,392 Table of Contents Net Reduction in Ultimate Losses and Loss Adjustment Expense Liabilities Non-life Run-off and Active Underwriting The change in our estimated total loss reserves for both latent and all other exposures compared to that of the previous period, less net losses paid during the period, is recorded as a reduction in net ultimate losses on our statement of earnings for the period. Our estimated total loss reserve at December 31, 2013 was determined by estimating the ultimate losses and deducting paid-to-date losses. The estimated ultimate losses, for both latent and all other (non-latent) liabilities, were determined by the amount of advised case reserves and the application of the actuarial methodologies described above to estimate IBNR reserves. Future changes in our estimates of ultimate losses are likely to have a significant impact on future operating results. Our operating objective is to commute our loss exposures and manage non-commuted loss development in a disciplined manner such that future incurred loss development will be less than expected. A combination of future commutations and better-than-expected incurred loss development of non-commuted exposures could improve the trend of loss development and, after the application of actuarial methodologies to the improved trend, reduce the December 31, 2013 estimates of ultimate losses with a positive impact on our future results. However, it is not possible to project future commutation settlements or whether incurred loss development will be better than expected, and it is possible that ultimate loss reserves could increase based on the factors discussed herein. Policy Benefits for Life and Annuity Contracts The following table provides a breakdown by type of the total policy benefits for life and annuity contracts for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012. Our policy benefits for life and annuity contracts (or policy benefits) are estimated using standard actuarial techniques and cash flow models in accordance with the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 944, Financial Services — Insurance. We establish and maintain our policy benefits at a level that we estimate will, when taken together with future premium payments and investment income expected to be earned on associated premiums, be sufficient to support all future cash flow benefit obligations and third party servicing obligations as they become payable. We review our policy benefits regularly and perform loss recognition testing based upon cash flow projections. Since the development of the policy benefits is based upon cash flow projection models, we must make estimates and assumptions based on experience and industry mortality tables, longevity and morbidity rates, lapse rates, expenses and investment experience, including a provision for adverse deviation. The assumptions used to determine policy benefits are determined at the inception of the contracts, reviewed and adjusted at the point of acquisition as required, and are locked-in throughout the life of the contract unless a premium deficiency develops. The assumptions are reviewed no less than annually and are unlocked if they would result in a material adverse reserve change. We establish these estimates based upon transaction-specific historical experience, information provided by the ceding company for the assumed business and industry experience. Actual results could differ materially from these estimates. As the experience on the contracts emerges, the assumptions are reviewed by management. We determine whether actual and anticipated experience indicates that existing policy benefits, together with the present value of future gross premiums, are sufficient to cover the present value of future benefits, settlement and maintenance costs and to recover unamortized acquisition costs. If such a review 74 2013 2012 (in thousands of U.S. dollars) Life $ 380,874 $ 11,027 Annuities 963,323 — 1,344,197 11,027 Fair value adjustments (71,097 ) — $ 1,273,100 $ 11,027 Table of Contents indicates that policy benefits should be greater than those currently held, then the locked-in assumptions are revised and a charge for policy benefits is recognized at that time. Reinsurance Balances Recoverable Non-life Run-off, Active Underwriting and Life and Annuities Our acquired insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries in all three of our business segments, prior to acquisition by us, used retrocessional agreements to reduce their exposure to the risk of insurance and reinsurance they assumed. Loss reserves represent total gross losses, and reinsurance receivables represent anticipated recoveries of a portion of those unpaid losses as well as amounts receivable from reinsurers with respect to claims that have already been paid. While reinsurance arrangements are designed to limit losses and to permit recovery of a portion of direct unpaid losses, reinsurance does not relieve us of our liabilities to our insureds or reinsureds. Therefore, we evaluate and monitor concentration of credit risk among our reinsurers, including companies that are insolvent, in run-off or facing financial difficulties. Provisions are made for amounts considered potentially uncollectible. In addition to the acquired retrocessional agreements, on an annual basis, Atrium purchases a tailored outwards reinsurance program designed to manage its risk profile. The majority of Atrium’s total third party reinsurance cover is with Lloyd’s Syndicates or other reinsurers rated A- or better. To estimate the provision for uncollectible reinsurance recoverable, the reinsurance recoverable is first allocated to applicable reinsurers. As part of this process, ceded IBNR is allocated by reinsurer. We use a detailed analysis to estimate uncollectible reinsurance. The primary components of the analysis are reinsurance recoverable balances by reinsurer and bad debt provisions applied to these balances to determine the portion of a reinsurer’s balance deemed to be uncollectible. These provisions require considerable judgment and are determined using the current rating, or rating equivalent, of each reinsurer (in order to determine its ability to settle the reinsurance balances) as well as other key considerations and assumptions, such as claims and coverage issues. Premium Revenue Recognition Non-life Run-off and Active Underwriting Our premiums written are earned on a pro-rata basis over the coverage period. Our reinsurance premiums are recorded at the inception of the policy, unless policy language stipulates otherwise, and are estimated based upon information in underlying contracts and information provided by clients and/or brokers. A change in reinsurance premium estimates is made when additional information regarding changes in underlying exposures is obtained. Such changes in estimates are expected and may result in significant adjustments in future periods. We record any adjustments as premiums written in the period they are determined. With respect to retrospectively rated contracts (where additional premium would be due should losses exceed pre-determined, contractual thresholds), any additional premiums are based upon contractual terms and management judgment is involved in estimating the amount of losses that we expect to be ceded. Additional premiums would be recognized at the time loss thresholds specified in the contract are exceeded and are earned over the coverage period, or are earned immediately if the period of risk coverage has passed. Changes in estimates of losses recorded on contracts with additional premium features would result in changes in additional premiums recognized. Life and Annuities We generally recognize premiums from term life insurance, credit life and disability insurance and assumed life reinsurance as revenue when due from policyholders. Term life insurance, assumed life reinsurance and 75 Table of Contents credit life and disability insurance policies include those contracts with fixed and guaranteed premiums and benefits. We match benefits and expenses with revenue to result in the recognition of profit over the life of the contracts. Investments Valuation of Investments Our non-life run-off, active underwriting and life and annuity businesses invest in trading portfolios of fixed maturity and short-term investments and equities, a held-to-maturity portfolio of fixed maturity investments and an available-for-sale portfolio of fixed maturity and short-term investments. We record both the trading and available-for-sale portfolios at fair value on our balance sheet. For our trading portfolios, the unrealized gain or loss associated with the difference between the fair value and the amortized cost of the investments is recorded in net earnings. For our available-for-sale portfolios, the unrealized gain or loss (other than credit losses) is excluded from net earnings and reported as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income. Fixed maturity investments classified as held-to-maturity, which are securities that we have the positive intent and ability to hold to maturity, are carried at amortized cost. The cost of short-term investments and fixed maturities are adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts. Our other investments comprise investments in various private equity, fixed income, fixed income hedge, equity and real estate debt funds, all of which are recorded at fair value. We measure fair value in accordance with ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements. The guidance dictates a framework for measuring fair value and a fair value hierarchy based on the quality of inputs used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurements) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3 measurements). The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are described below: When the inputs used to measure fair value fall within different levels of the hierarchy, the level within which the fair value measurement is categorized is based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. Thus, a Level 3 fair value measurement may include inputs that are observable (Level 1 and 2) and unobservable (Level 3). The use of valuation techniques may require a significant amount of judgment. During periods of market disruption, including periods of rapidly widening credit spreads or illiquidity, it may be difficult to value certain of our securities if trading becomes less frequent or market data becomes less observable. Fixed Maturity Investments Fixed maturity investments are subject to fluctuations in fair value due to changes in interest rates, changes in issuer specific circumstances such as credit rating and changes in industry-specific circumstances such as movements in credit spreads based on the market’s perception of industry risks. As a result of these potential fluctuations, it is possible to have significant unrealized gains or losses on a security. At maturity, absent any credit loss, fixed maturity investments’ amortized cost will equal their fair value and no realized gain or loss will be recognized in income. If, due to an unforeseen change in loss payment patterns, we need to sell any available- 76 • Level 1 — Quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets. • Level 2 — Quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; and model-derived valuations in which all significant inputs and significant value drivers are observable in active markets. • Level 3 — Model-derived valuations in which one or more significant inputs or significant value drivers are unobservable. Table of Contents for-sale investments before maturity, we could realize significant gains or losses in any period, which could result in a meaningful effect on reported net income for such period. We perform regular reviews of our available-for-sale and held-to-maturity fixed maturities portfolios and utilize a process that considers numerous indicators in order to identify investments that are showing signs of potential other-than-temporary impairment losses. These indicators include the length of time and extent of the unrealized loss, any specific adverse conditions, historic and implied volatility of the security, failure of the issuer of the security to make scheduled interest payments, significant rating changes and recoveries or additional declines in fair value subsequent to the balance sheet date. The consideration of these indicators and the estimation of credit losses involve significant management judgment. Any other-than-temporary impairment loss, or OTTI, related to a credit loss would be recognized in earnings, and the amount of the OTTI related to other factors (e.g. interest rates, market conditions, etc.) is recorded as a component of other comprehensive income. If no credit loss exists but either we have the intent to sell the fixed maturity investment or it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the fixed maturity investment before its anticipated recovery, then the entire unrealized loss is recognized in earnings. For the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, we did not recognize any other-than-temporary impairment charges through earnings. Our fixed maturity portfolio is managed by our Chief Investment Officer and outside investment advisors with oversight from our Investment Committee. Fair value prices for all investments in the fixed maturity portfolios are independently provided by the investment custodian, investment accounting service provider and investment managers, each of which utilize internationally-recognized independent pricing services. Interactive Data Corporation is, however, the main pricing service utilized to estimate the fair value measurements for our fixed maturity investments. We record the unadjusted price provided by the investment custodians, investment accounting service providers or the investment managers and validate this price through a process that includes, but is not limited to: (i) comparison of prices against alternative pricing sources; (ii) quantitative analysis (e.g. comparing the quarterly return for each managed portfolio to its target benchmark); (iii) evaluation of methodologies used by external parties to estimate fair value, including a review of the inputs used for pricing; and (iv) comparing the price to our knowledge of the current investment market. Our internal price validation procedures and review of fair value methodology documentation provided by independent pricing services have not historically resulted in adjustment in the prices obtained from the pricing service. The independent pricing services used by the investment custodians, investment accounting service providers and investment managers obtain actual transaction prices for investments that have quoted prices in active markets. For determining the fair value of investments that are not actively traded, in general, pricing services use “matrix pricing” in which the independent pricing service uses observable market inputs including, but not limited to, reported trades, benchmark yields, broker-dealer quotes, interest rates, prepayment speeds, default rates and such other inputs as are available from market sources to determine a reasonable fair value. In addition, pricing services use valuation models, using observable data, such as an Option Adjusted Spread model, to develop prepayment and interest rate scenarios. The Option Adjusted Spread model is commonly used to estimate fair value for investments such as mortgage-backed and asset-backed investments. Other Investments Our other investments are comprised of private equity, fixed income, fixed income hedge, equity and real estate debt funds. Investments in the funds are carried at their net asset values, which approximate fair value. We believe the reported net asset value represents the fair value market participants would apply to an interest in the fund. The fund managers value their underlying investments at fair value in accordance with policies established by each fund, as described in each of their financial statements and offering memoranda. The change in fair value is included in net realized and unrealized gains on investments and recognized in net earnings. These investments 77 Table of Contents are stated at fair value, which ordinarily will be the most recently reported net asset value as advised by the fund manager or administrator. We have ongoing due diligence processes with respect to funds in which we invest and their managers. These processes are designed to assist us in assessing the quality of information provided by, or on behalf of, each fund and in determining whether such information continues to be reliable or whether further review is warranted. Certain funds do not provide full transparency of their underlying holdings; however, we obtain the audited financial statements for funds annually, and regularly review and discuss the fund performance with the fund managers to corroborate the reasonableness of the reported net asset values. The use of net asset value as an estimate of the fair value for investments in certain entities that calculate net asset value is a permitted practical expedient. While reported net asset value is the primary input to the review, when the net asset value is deemed not to be indicative of fair value, we may incorporate adjustments to the reported net asset value (and not use the permitted practical expedient) on an investment by investment basis. These adjustments may involve significant management judgment. For our investments in private equity funds, we measure fair value by obtaining the most recently provided capital statement from the external fund manager or third-party administrator. The funds calculate net asset value on a fair value basis. Due to a lag in the valuations reported by the managers, we record changes in the investment value with up to a three-month lag. For all publicly-traded companies within these funds, we adjust the reported net asset value based on the latest share price as of our reporting date. We have classified our investments in private equity funds as Level 3 investments because they reflect our own judgment about the assumptions that market participants might use. The fixed income funds and equity funds in which we invest have been classified as Level 2 investments because their fair value is estimated using the net asset value provided regularly and because the fixed income funds and equity funds are highly liquid. For our investments in fixed income hedge funds, we measure fair value by obtaining the most recently published net asset value as advised by the external fund manager or third-party administrator. The investments in the funds are classified as Level 3. The real estate debt fund in which we invest has been classified as a Level 3 investment because its fair value is estimated using the most recent published net asset value. Our remaining other investments are valued based on the latest available capital statements and have been classified as Level 3. Certain funds included in other investments are subject to a lock-up period. A lock-up period refers to the initial amount of time an investor is contractually required to invest before having the ability to redeem the investment. Funds that do provide for periodic redemptions may, depending on the funds’ governing documents, have the ability to deny or delay a redemption request, which is called a “gate.” The fund may restrict redemptions because the aggregate amount of redemption requests as of a particular date exceeds a specified level. The gate is a method for executing an orderly redemption process that allows for redemption requests to be executed in a timely manner to reduce the possibility of adversely affecting the remaining investors in the fund. Typically, the imposition of a gate delays a portion of the requested redemption, with the remaining portion to be settled in cash sometime after the redemption date. Certain funds included in other investments may be allowed to invest a portion of their assets in illiquid securities, such as private equity or convertible debt. In such cases, a common mechanism used is a “side-pocket”, whereby the illiquid security is assigned to a separate memorandum capital account or designated account. Typically, the investor loses its redemption rights in the designated account. Only when the illiquid security is sold, or is otherwise deemed liquid by the fund, may investors redeem their interest in the side-pocket. As at December 31, 2013, five of our funds with a market value of $3.2 million included in other investments were subject to gates or had side-pockets. These investments are all subject to liquidation. There is, however, no significant uncertainty in relation to the valuation of these investments. 78 Table of Contents A review of fair value hierarchy classifications is conducted on a quarterly basis. Changes in the observability of valuation inputs may result in a reclassification for certain financial assets and liabilities. Reclassifications impacting Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy are reported as transfers in/out of the Level 3 category as of the beginning of the quarter in which the reclassifications occur. Goodwill Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net assets acquired. We perform an initial valuation of our goodwill assets and assess goodwill for impairment on an annual basis. If, as a result of the assessment, we determine the value of our goodwill asset is impaired, goodwill is written down in the period in which the determination is made. As at December 31, 2013, no impairment has been recorded as a result of our assessment. Intangible Assets Intangible assets represent the fair value adjustments related to unpaid losses and loss expenses, reinsurance balances recoverable and policy benefits for life and annuity contracts along with the fair values of Lloyd’s syndicate capacity, customer relationships, management contract and brand arising from the acquisition of Atrium. Definite-lived intangible assets are amortized over their estimated useful lives. We recognize the amortization of all intangible assets in our consolidated statement of earnings. Indefinite-lived intangible assets are not subject to amortization. The carrying values of intangible assets are reviewed for indicators of impairment on at least an annual basis. Impairment is recognized if the carrying values of the intangible assets are not recoverable from their undiscounted cash flows and are measured as the difference between the carrying value and the fair value. Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest In connection with the Trident co-investments in our acquisitions of Arden and Atrium, certain subsidiaries have issued shares to a noncontrolling interest (and will issue shares to a noncontrolling interest in connection with the Torus acquisition). These shares are subject to agreements that provide the holder with certain redemption rights. The interests are presented on the balance sheet outside of equity under the caption “redeemable noncontrolling interests” and are carried at fair value. Noncontrolling interests that do not contain such redemption features are presented in equity. We recognize changes in the fair value that exceed the carrying value of redeemable noncontrolling interest through retained earnings as if the balance sheet date were also the redemption date. 79 Table of Contents Consolidated Results of Operations — For the Years Ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 The following table sets forth our consolidated statements of earnings data for each of the periods indicated: The below table provides a split by operating segment of the net earnings attributable to Enstar Group Limited: The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this annual report. Some of the information contained in this discussion and analysis or included elsewhere in this annual report, including information with respect to our plans and strategy for our business, includes forward-looking 80 Years Ended December 31, 2013 2012 2011 (in thousands of U.S. dollars) INCOME Net premiums earned — non-life run-off $ 112,611 $ — $ — Net premiums earned — life and annuities 94,984 3,511 3,543 Net premiums earned — active underwriting 32,212 — — Fees and commission income 12,817 8,570 17,858 Net investment income 93,295 77,760 68,676 Net realized and unrealized gains 70,651 73,612 9,214 Gain on bargain purchase — — 13,105 416,570 163,453 112,396 EXPENSES Net reduction in ultimate losses and loss adjustment expense liabilities: Losses incurred on current period premiums earned — non-life run-off 74,139 — — Losses incurred —active underwriting 19,352 — — Reduction in estimates of net ultimate losses (215,480 ) (218,116 ) (248,230 ) Increase (reduction) in provisions for bad debt 1,999 (3,111 ) (42,822 ) Reduction in provisions for unallocated loss adjustment expense liabilities (49,629 ) (39,298 ) (45,102 ) Amortization of fair value adjustments 5,947 22,572 42,693 (163,672 ) (237,953 ) (293,461 ) Life and annuity policy benefits 78,354 (300 ) 1,557 Acquisition costs 23,199 — — Salaries and benefits 124,616 100,473 89,846 General and administrative expenses 86,612 56,592 71,810 Interest expense 12,389 8,426 8,529 Net foreign exchange (gains) losses (4,369 ) 406 373 157,129 (72,356 ) (121,346 ) EARNINGS BEFORE INCOME TAXES 259,441 235,809 233,742 INCOME TAXES (35,619 ) (44,290 ) (25,284 ) NET EARNINGS 223,822 191,519 208,458 Less: Net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interest (15,218 ) (23,502 ) (54,765 ) NET EARNINGS ATTRIBUTABLE TO ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED $ 208,604 $ 168,017 $ 153,693 Years Ended December 31, 2013 2012 2011 (in thousands of U.S. dollars) Segment split of net earnings attributable to Enstar Group Limited: Non-life run-off $ 199,873 $ 163,868 $ 136,352 Active underwriting 3,693 — — Life and annuities 5,038 4,149 17,341 Net earnings attributable to Enstar Group Limited $ 208,604 $ 168,017 $ 153,693 Table of Contents statements that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. Our actual results and the timing of events could differ materially from those anticipated by these forward-looking statements as a result of many factors, including those discussed under “Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements”, “Item 1A. Risk Factors,” and elsewhere in this annual report. Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2013 and 2012 We reported consolidated net earnings, before net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interest, of approximately $223.8 million and $191.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively. Our comparative results were impacted by our 2013 acquisitions, among other factors. During the year ended December 31, 2013, we completed the acquisitions of SeaBright (on February 7, 2013), Pavonia (on March 31, 2013), Arden (on September 9, 2013) and Atrium (on November 25, 2013). The increase in consolidated net earnings for the year ended December 31, 2013 was attributable primarily to the following: Net premiums earned — Combined net premiums earned for our three operating segments were $239.8 million and $3.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively. The significant increase in 2013 was due to the acquisitions of SeaBright, Pavonia, Arden and Atrium. Net investment income — Net investment income was $93.3 million and $77.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively. The increase during 2013 was primarily attributable to the net investment income earned on a larger base of cash and fixed maturity investments as a result of the SeaBright, Pavonia, Arden and Atrium acquisitions, although this was partially offset by lower reinvestment yields on new purchases of fixed maturity investments. Net realized and unrealized gains on investments — Net realized and unrealized gains were $70.7 million and $73.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively. The decrease in net realized and unrealized gains between 2013 and 2012 was primarily attributable to net realized and unrealized losses in 2013 of $18.9 million on our fixed income securities, due primarily to increases in U.S. interest rates when applied to a larger base of fixed maturity investments following the acquisitions of SeaBright, Pavonia, Arden and Atrium (as compared to net realized and unrealized gains of $28.7 million in 2012), although this was largely offset by significant increases in our net realized and unrealized gains on our equities and other investments. Approximately $886.7 million of investments within Pavonia have been classified as held-to-maturity, and therefore do not contribute to reported net realized or unrealized gains / (losses). Net reduction in ultimate losses and loss adjustment expense liabilities – these are comprised of the results of our non-life run-off and active underwriting segments. The non-life run-off segment results related to the combination of: These movements related entirely to our non-life run-off segment, as discussed in our non-life run-off segment discussion below. Active underwriting segment results related to losses incurred for Arden and Atrium of $19.4 million and are described in the active underwriting discussion below. Life and annuity policy benefits — Life and annuity policy benefits were $78.4 million and $(0.3) million for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively. The significant increase in 2013 was due to the acquisition of Pavonia. The movements relate entirely to our life and annuities segment and are described in greater detail in the segment discussion below. 81 (i) net reduction in prior period ultimate losses and loss adjustment expense liabilities of $257.1 million and $238.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively; less (ii) losses of $74.1 million incurred on SeaBright’s current premiums earned. Table of Contents Acquisition costs — Acquisition costs were $23.2 million and $nil for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively. The balance for 2013 was due to the acquisitions of SeaBright ($14.4 million) and Pavonia ($8.8 million). Salaries and benefits — Salaries and benefits were $124.6 million and $100.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively. The increase of $24.1 million was primarily due to: (i) the salaries and benefits costs associated with the SeaBright, Pavonia and Atrium acquisitions (we did not acquire any employees in the Arden acquisition) and (ii) an increase of $2.5 million in our 2013 bonus accrual of $32.1 million (2012: $29.6 million) relating to increased net earnings for the year ended December 31, 2013 and a bonus accrual rate of 13.3% of pre-bonus net after-tax profits under our annual incentive compensation program (2012: 15%). General and administrative expenses — General and administrative expenses were $86.6 million and $56.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively. The increase of $30.0 million was principally due to the general and administrative expenses incurred in 2013 associated with the SeaBright, Pavonia, Arden and Atrium acquisitions along with arrangement and agency fees associated with our amended and restated revolving credit facility. Income tax expense — Income tax expense was $35.6 million and $44.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively. Income tax expense is generated through our foreign operations outside of Bermuda, principally in the United States, U.K and Australia. Our income tax expense may fluctuate significantly from period to period depending on the geographic distribution of pre-tax earnings or loss in any given period between different jurisdictions with different tax rates. Noncontrolling interest — Noncontrolling interest in earnings decreased by $8.3 million to $15.2 million as a result of lower earnings in those companies in which there are either noncontrolling interests or redeemable noncontrolling interests. Overall, net earnings attributable to Enstar Group Limited increased by $40.6 million, or 24.2%, from $168.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2012 to $208.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2013. Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2012 and 2011 We reported consolidated net earnings, before net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interest, of approximately $191.5 million and $208.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011, respectively. The decrease in earnings of approximately $17.0 million was attributable primarily to the following: 82 (i) an increase in net realized and unrealized gains of $64.4 million due primarily to: (a) mark-to-market changes in the market value of our equity securities; (b) increases in realized gains on our fixed maturities; and (c) increased returns from our other investments; (ii) a decrease in general and administrative expenses of $15.2 million due principally to decreased legal fees and settlement costs related to certain litigation settled in 2011; and (iii) an increase in net investment income of $9.1 million primarily as a result of higher average cash and fixed maturities balances for 2012 as a result of the Clarendon National Insurance Company acquisition, which was partially offset by a decrease in yields due to declining yields in the global fixed maturities markets; partially offset by (iv) a lower net reduction in ultimate losses and loss adjustment expense liabilities of $55.5 million; (v) an increase in income taxes of $19.0 million due to increased tax liabilities recorded on the results of our taxable subsidiaries; (vi) a gain on bargain purchase of $13.1 million in 2011, which arose in relation to our acquisition of Laguna Life Limited (as compared to no gain on bargain purchase in 2012); Table of Contents Noncontrolling interest in earnings decreased by $31.3 million to $23.5 million primarily as a result of lower earnings in those companies in which there are noncontrolling interests. Net earnings attributable to Enstar Group Limited increased by $14.3 million, or 9.3%, from $153.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2011 to $168.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2012. Segment Reporting Due to our acquisitions of Pavonia, Arden and Atrium we reevaluated our segment reporting. We now measure our results of operations in three segments: (i) non-life run-off; (ii) life and annuities, and (iii) active underwriting. Non-life Run-off Segment Our non-life run-off segment comprises the operations and financial results of our subsidiaries that are running off their property and casualty and other non-life lines of business. It also includes our smaller management business, in which we manage the run-off portfolios of third parties through our service companies. Life and Annuities Segment Our life and annuities segment comprises the operations and financial results of our subsidiaries that are operating our closed-block of life and annuity business, which primarily consists of the companies we acquired in the Pavonia acquisition on March 31, 2013. This business is described in more detail below. Certain new critical accounting policies relating to this segment are described in “Critical Accounting Policies.” Annuities The current operations of one of the Pavonia companies relate solely to the assumption of a closed block of structured settlement, lottery, and other immediate annuities (also known as the periodic payment annuity, or PPA, business). The company no longer writes new business. Reserves relating to the PPA business constitute approximately 80% of the aggregate reserves acquired in the Pavonia acquisition. The contracts within the portfolio are largely structured settlements, although the portfolio also includes a smaller amount of lottery annuities and supplementary contracts. The PPA business was issued from 1982 to 1995, although the majority of the reserves pertain to the period from 1985 to 1989. The contracts within the portfolio operate pursuant to a variety of different payment features, such as life contingency payments, certain payments (or a combination thereof), one-time lump payments, or payments patterns such as level, compound increase or fixed amount increase payments. Regardless of payment structure, however, the portfolio generally has known and predictable cash flows, which makes the asset liability matching process and the mitigation of interest rate risk a vital component to our management of this portfolio. We have a long duration held-to-maturity investment portfolio designed to manage the cash flow obligations of the PPA business. Life Business The other operations of the acquired Pavonia companies relate to non-annuity portfolios, which include credit life and disability insurance, term life insurance, and corporate owned life insurance and assumed reinsurance of term and ordinary life and accidental death and dismemberment products. This business is significantly shorter in duration than that of the PPA business and, given the premium income associated with these portfolios, the reserves (based upon net present value of future cash flows) remain highly sensitive to lapse rates as well as mortality rates. 83 (vii) an increase in salaries and benefits costs of $10.6 million due primarily to an increase in salary costs for our U.S. operations along with an increase in our discretionary bonus plan as a result of an increase in net earnings for the year; and (viii) a decrease in fees and commission income of $9.3 million due to lower revenue from incentive-based fee arrangements. Table of Contents Active Underwriting Segment For the year ended December 31, 2013, our active underwriting segment comprised the operations and financial results of our recently acquired subsidiaries Atrium and Arden. Following the closing of the Torus Amalgamation, this segment will also include Torus Insurance Holdings Limited and its subsidiaries. We own (or, in the case of Torus, will own) a 60% interest in our active underwriting companies, with the Trident V funds (managed by Stone Point Capital LLC) owning the remaining 40% interest. Atrium is an underwriting business at Lloyd’s of London, which manages Syndicate 609 and provides approximately 25% of the syndicate’s underwriting capacity and capital (with the balance provided by traditional Lloyd’s Names). Atrium specializes in accident and health, aviation, marine, property, non-marine property, professional liability, property and casualty binding authorities, reinsurance, upstream energy, war and terrorism insurance, cargo and fine art. Arden is a Bermuda-based reinsurance company that provides reinsurance to Atrium (through an approximately 65% quota share reinsurance arrangement with Atrium 5 Ltd, an Atrium subsidiary) and is currently in the process of running off certain other discontinued businesses. Results related to Arden’s reinsurance to Atrium are included within our active underwriting segment, while results related to Arden’s discontinued business are included within our non-life run-off segment. Results of Operations by Segment — For the Years Ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 Non-life Run-off Segment The following is a discussion and analysis of our results of operations for our non-life run-off segment for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, which are summarized below: 84 Years Ended December 31, 2013 2012 2011 (in thousands of U.S. dollars) INCOME Net premiums earned $ 112,611 $ — $ — Fees and commission income 12,785 9,283 17,858 Net investment income 64,048 76,813 66,556 Net realized and unrealized gains 79,368 71,730 8,553 268,812 157,826 92,968 EXPENSES Net reduction in ultimate losses and loss adjustment expense liabilities: Losses incurred on current period premiums earned 74,139 — — Reduction in estimates of net ultimate losses (215,480 ) (218,116 ) (248,230 ) Increase (reduction) in provisions for bad debt 1,999 (3,111 ) (42,822 ) Reduction in provisions for unallocated loss adjustment expense liabilities (49,580 ) (39,298 ) (45,102 ) Amortization of fair value adjustments 5,947 22,572 42,693 (182,975 ) (237,953 ) (293,461 ) Acquisition costs 14,379 — — Salaries and benefits 117,141 99,342 89,440 General and administrative expenses 67,979 55,731 70,841 Interest expense 12,057 8,426 8,529 Net foreign exchange (gains) losses (5,909 ) 644 1,190 22,672 (73,810 ) (123,461 ) EARNINGS BEFORE INCOME TAXES 246,140 231,636 216,429 INCOME TAXES (34,191 ) (44,266 ) (25,311 ) NET EARNINGS 211,949 187,370 191,117 Less: Net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interest (12,076 ) (23,502 ) (54,765 ) NET EARNINGS ATTRIBUTABLE TO ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED $ 199,873 $ 163,868 $ 136,352 Table of Contents Summary Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2013 and 2012 In our non-life run-off segment, we reported consolidated net earnings, before net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interest, of approximately $212.0 million and $187.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively. The increase in earnings of approximately $24.6 million was attributable primarily to the following: Noncontrolling interest in earnings decreased by $11.4 million to $12.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2013 as a result of lower earnings in those companies in which there are noncontrolling interests. Net earnings attributable to Enstar Group Limited increased by $36.0 million, or 22.0%, from $163.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2012 to $199.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2013. Summary Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2012 and 2011 We reported consolidated net earnings, before net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interest, of approximately $187.4 million and approximately $191.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011, respectively. The decrease in earnings of approximately $3.7 million was attributable primarily to the factors described in the consolidated results discussion on page 82. All of our results of operations for 2012 and 2011, other than those related to Laguna Life Limited, or Laguna, were reported within our non-life run-off segment. Amounts related to 2012 and 2011 operating results of Laguna have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation. Noncontrolling interest in earnings decreased by $31.3 million to $23.5 million primarily as a result of lower earnings in those companies in which there are noncontrolling interests. Net earnings attributable to Enstar Group Limited increased by $27.5 million, or 20.2%, from $136.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2011 to $163.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2012. Net Premiums Earned: 85 (i) an increase of $24.1 million in net underwriting result comprised of net premiums earned, less losses incurred on current period premiums and acquisition costs related to SeaBright; (ii) an increase of $19.2 million in net reduction in ultimate losses and loss adjustment expense liabilities (excluding losses incurred relating to premiums earned by SeaBright in the year of $74.1 million); (iii) a decrease in income tax expense of $10.1 million; (iv) an increase in fees and commission income of $3.5 million; (v) an increase in net realized and unrealized gains of $7.6 million; and (vi) a net foreign exchange gain of $5.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2013, which was a $6.6 million increase from the net foreign exchange loss for the same period in 2012; partially offset by (vii) an increase in salaries and benefits of $17.8 million; (viii) an increase in general and administrative expenses of $12.2 million; (ix) a decrease in net investment income of $12.8 million; and (x) an increase in interest expense of $3.6 million. Years Ended December 31, 2013 Variance 2012 Variance 2011 (in thousands of U.S. dollars) Gross premiums written $ 14,166 $ — $ — Ceded reinsurance premiums written (4,933 ) — — Net premiums written 9,233 $ 9,233 — $ — — Gross premiums earned 124,262 — — Ceded reinsurance premiums earned (11,651 ) — — Net premiums earned $ 112,611 $ 112,611 $ — $ — $ — Table of Contents Premiums Written Gross premiums written consist of direct premiums written and premiums assumed by SeaBright from the National Council on Compensation Insurance (or NCCI) residual market pools. Upon acquisition, SeaBright was placed into run-off and, as a result, stopped writing new insurance policies. SeaBright was renewing expiring insurance policies when it was obligated to do so by regulators, but has now received approvals from all states relieving it of this obligation. Gross and net non-life run-off premiums written by SeaBright from the date of acquisition to December 31, 2013 totaled $14.2 million and $9.2 million, respectively. Now that SeaBright’s exit from the mandatory renewal process has been approved, we expect that SeaBright will no longer generate premiums written other than for small adjustments related to premium audits and reinstatement premiums on previously written policies. Premiums Earned Our gross premiums earned totaled $124.3 million from the date of acquisition to December 31, 2013. Ceded reinsurance premiums earned from the date of acquisition to December 31, 2013 were $11.7 million. Accordingly, net non-life run-off premiums earned totaled $112.6 million. With SeaBright no longer generating written premiums, we expect that the remaining unearned premiums of $1.2 million as at December 31, 2013 will be realized and fully earned by the second quarter of 2014. We separately recorded acquisition costs from the date of acquisition to December 31, 2013 of approximately $14.4 million associated with the premiums earned by SeaBright. Fees and Commission Income: Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2013 and 2012 Our management companies earned fees and commission income of approximately $12.8 million and $9.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively. The increase in fees and commission income of $3.5 million related primarily to an increase in management fees earned from third-party agreements. Fees and commission income as a percentage of net earnings has declined in recent periods, and we would expect it to remain at or around current levels in future periods, excluding the impact of any one-time incentive based fees that we might receive. While we intend to continue to provide management and consultancy services, claims inspection services and reinsurance collection services to third-party clients in limited circumstances, our core focus continues to be acquiring and managing insurance and reinsurance companies and portfolios of business in run-off. Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2012 and 2011 Our management companies earned fees and commission income of approximately $9.3 million and $17.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011, respectively. The decrease in fees and commission income of $8.6 million related primarily to the decrease in management fees earned from third-party agreements. Net Investment Income and Net Realized and Unrealized Gains: 86 Years Ended December 31, 2013 Variance 2012 Variance 2011 (in thousands of U.S. dollars) Total $ 12,785 $ 3,502 $ 9,283 $ (8,575 ) $ 17,858 Years Ended December 31, Net Investment Income Net Realized and Unrealized Gains 2013 Variance 2012 Variance 2011 2013 Variance 2012 Variance 2011 (in thousands of U.S. dollars) Total $ 64,048 $ (12,765 ) $ 76,813 $ 10,257 $ 66,556 $ 79,368 $ 7,638 $ 71,730 $ 63,177 $ 8,553 Table of Contents Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2013 and 2012 Net investment income for the year ended December 31, 2013 decreased by $12.8 million to $64.0 million, as compared to $76.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2012. The decrease was primarily a result of lower yields obtained on our cash and fixed income portfolios, as securities with higher yields matured and were reinvested at lower yields. This decrease is partially offset by net investment income attributable to higher cash and investment balances due to the SeaBright acquisition, which closed on February 7, 2013. Net realized and unrealized gains for the year ended December 31, 2013 and 2012 were $79.4 million and $71.7 million, respectively. The increase of $7.7 million was primarily attributable to the combination of the following items: Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2012 and 2011 Net investment income for the year ended December 31, 2012 increased by $10.2 million to $76.8 million, as compared to $66.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2011. The increase was primarily a result of higher than average cash and fixed maturities for 2012 as a result of the 2011 acquisition of Clarendon National Insurance Company, or Clarendon. In 2012, we had a full year of net investment income from Clarendon as opposed to net investment income for approximately six months in 2011 from the date of acquisition. Lower absolute yields obtained on cash and fixed maturities due to declining yields in global fixed maturities markets offset part of this increase. Net realized and unrealized gains for the year ended December 31, 2012 and 2011 were $71.7 million and $8.6 million, respectively. The increase of $63.1 million was primarily attributable to a combination of the following: 87 (i) An increase of $38.4 million in net unrealized and realized gains due to greater amounts invested in, and improved performance of, our private equity and other investment holdings; and (ii) An increase of $16.7 million in net unrealized and realized gains due to greater amounts invested in, and improved performance of, our equity portfolios; partially offset by (iii) Net unrealized and realized losses related to fixed income securities of $18.9 million (including $8.3 million related to SeaBright) for the year ended December 31 2013, compared to net unrealized and realized gains of $28.7 million for the same period in 2012, due largely to increases in U.S interest rates during the year-ended December 31, 2013, as compared to the same period in 2012. (i) an increase of $11.7 million in net realized gains on our fixed maturities and short-term investments mostly due to increased trading in those asset classes; (ii) an increase of $20.2 million in unrealized gains on trading securities as a result of increases in the value of our investments in equities and fixed maturities in line with increases in the global markets; and (iii) an increase of $30.2 million in returns from other investments due to increases in global equity and fixed income markets, combined with greater amounts invested in those asset classes in 2012. Table of Contents Annualized Returns The below table presents the annualized investment returns (inclusive of net investment income and net realized and unrealized gains) that we have earned on our average cash and investments for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011: The average credit ratings of our fixed maturity investments as at December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 were A+, AA- and AA-, respectively. Net Reduction in Ultimate Losses and Loss Adjustment Expense Liabilities: The following table shows the components of the movement in the net reduction in ultimate losses and loss adjustment expense liabilities for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011: Net change in case and LAE reserves comprises the movement during the year in specific case reserve liabilities as a result of claims settlements or changes advised to us by our policyholders and attorneys, less changes in case reserves recoverable advised by us to our reinsurers as a result of the settlement or movement of assumed claims. Net change in IBNR reserves represents the change in our actuarial estimates of losses incurred but not reported, less amounts recoverable. Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2013 and 2012 The net reduction in ultimate losses and loss adjustment expense liabilities for the year ended December 31, 2013 of $183.0 million included current period incurred losses of $74.1 million related to SeaBright. Excluding SeaBright’s current period incurred losses of $74.1 million, ultimate losses and loss adjustment expenses relating to prior periods were reduced by $257.1 million, which was attributable to a reduction in estimates of net ultimate losses of $215.5 million and a reduction in provisions for unallocated loss adjustment expense liabilities of $49.6 million, relating to 2013 run-off activity, partially offset by an increase in provisions for bad debt of 88 Annualized Return Average Cash and Investment Balances 2013 2012 2011 2013 2012 2011 (in thousands of U.S. dollars) Cash and fixed maturities 0.83 % 1.80 % 1.86 % $ 4,122,022 $ 5,043,534 $ 3,773,056 Other investments and equities 16.88 % 11.83 % 1.70 % 615,525 413,314 297,374 Combined overall 3.00 % 2.68 % 1.50 % 4,737,548 5,551,399 5,022,603 Years Ended December 31, 2013 2012 2011 Prior Periods Current Period Total Prior Periods Prior Periods (in thousands of U.S. dollars) Net losses paid $ 360,214 $ 10,656 $ 370,870 $ 314,528 $ 288,175 Net change in case and LAE reserves (310,488 ) 29,555 (280,933 ) (265,222 ) (311,614 ) Net change in IBNR reserves (265,206 ) 33,928 (231,278 ) (267,422 ) (224,791 ) (Reduction) increase in estimates of net ultimate losses (215,480 ) 74,139 (141,341 ) (218,116 ) (248,230 ) (Increase) reduction in provisions for bad debt 1,999 — 1,999 (3,111 ) (42,822 ) Reduction in provisions for unallocated loss adjustment expense liabilities (49,580 ) — (49,580 ) (39,298 ) (45,102 ) Amortization of fair value adjustments 5,947 — 5,947 22,572 42,693 Net (reduction) increase in ultimate losses and loss adjustment expense liabilities $ (257,114 ) $ 74,139 $ (182,975 ) $ (237,953 ) $ (293,461 ) Table of Contents $2.0 million and amortization of fair value adjustments over the estimated payout period relating to companies acquired amounting to $5.9 million. The reduction in estimates of net ultimate losses relating to prior periods of $215.5 million comprised reductions in IBNR reserves of $265.2 million partially offset by net incurred loss development of $49.7 million. The decrease in the aggregate estimate of net IBNR reserves of $265.2 million (compared to $267.4 million during the year ended December 31, 2012), was comprised of $69.8 million relating to asbestos liabilities (compared to $36.4 million in 2012), $4.9 million relating to environmental liabilities (compared to $2.6 million in 2012), $42.6 million relating to general casualty liabilities (compared to $96.3 million in 2012), $42.1 million relating to workers compensation liabilities (compared to $52.7 million in 2012) and $105.8 million relating to all other remaining liabilities (compared to $79.4 million in 2012). The aggregate reduction in net IBNR reserves of $265.2 million relating to prior periods was a result of the application, on a basis consistent with the assumptions applied in the prior period, of our actuarial methodologies to revised historical loss development data, following 108 commutations and policy buy-backs, to estimate loss reserves required to cover liabilities for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses relating to non-commuted exposures. The prior period estimate of aggregate net IBNR reserves was reduced as a result of the combined impact on all classes of business of loss development activity during 2013, including commutations and the favorable trend of loss development related to non-commuted policies compared to prior forecasts. The net incurred loss development resulting from settlement of net advised case and LAE reserves of $310.5 million for net paid losses of $360.2 million related to the settlement of non-commuted losses in the year and 108 commutations and policy buy-backs of assumed and ceded exposures (including the commutation of one of our top ten assumed exposures and one of our top ten ceded recoverables as at January 1, 2013). Net advised case and LAE reserves settled by way of commutation and policy buy-backs during the year ended December 31, 2013 amounted to $29.8 million (comprising $97.3 million of assumed case reserves and LAE reserves partially offset by $67.5 million of ceded incurred reinsurance recoverable case reserves). The increase in aggregate provisions for bad debt of $2.0 million was a result of additional provisions being allowed in the quarter for contractual disputes with reinsurers, offset by cash collections and commutations on certain reinsurance receivables against which bad debt provisions had been provided in earlier periods. Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2012 and 2011 The net reduction in ultimate losses and loss adjustment expense liabilities for the year ended December 31, 2012 of $238.0 million was attributable to a reduction in estimates of net ultimate losses of $218.1 million, a reduction in aggregate provisions for bad debt of $3.1 million and a reduction in estimates of unallocated loss adjustment expense liabilities of $39.3 million, relating to 2012 run-off activity, partially offset by the amortization, over the estimated payout period, of fair value adjustments relating to companies acquired amounting to $22.6 million. The reduction in estimates of net ultimate losses of $218.1 million comprised net incurred loss development of $49.3 million and reductions in net IBNR reserves of $267.4 million. During the three months ended December 31, 2012, one of our insurance entities, following an exposure-based review of all advised claims, allocated $52.4 million of net IBNR reserves to specific net case and LAE reserves. Excluding this allocation, net incurred loss development for the year ended December 31, 2012 was a favorable $3.1 million and reductions in net IBNR reserves amounted to $215.0 million. The decrease in the aggregate estimate of net IBNR reserves of $215.0 million, excluding the allocation of $52.4 million from net IBNR reserves to specific net case and LAE reserves (compared to $224.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2011), was comprised of $36.4 million relating to asbestos liabilities (compared to $57.9 million in 2011), $2.6 million relating to environmental liabilities (compared to $2.8 million in 2011), $96.3 million relating to general casualty liabilities (compared to $91.6 million in 2011) and $79.7 million relating to all other remaining liabilities (compared to $72.5 million in 2011). 89 Table of Contents The aggregate reduction in net IBNR reserves of $215.0 million was a result of the application, on a basis consistent with the assumptions applied in the prior period, of our actuarial methodologies to revised historical loss development data, following 101 commutations, to estimate loss reserves required to cover liabilities for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses relating to non-commuted exposures. The prior period estimate of aggregate net IBNR reserves was reduced as a result of the combined impact on all classes of business of loss development activity during 2012, including commutations and the favorable trend of loss development related to non-commuted policies compared to prior forecasts. The net incurred favorable loss development, excluding the allocation of $52.4 million from net IBNR reserves to specific net case and LAE reserves, of $3.1 million, resulting from settlement of net advised case and LAE reserves of $317.6 million for net paid losses of $314.5 million, related to the settlement of non-commuted losses in the year and 101 commutations of assumed and ceded exposures. Net incurred liabilities settled by way of commutation during the year ended December 31, 2012 amounted to $26.6 million (comprising $163.1 million of assumed incurred liabilities partially offset by $136.5 million of ceded incurred reinsurance recoverables) compared to the net aggregate reduction in advised case reserves during the same period of $317.6 million (excluding the allocation of $52.4 million from net IBNR reserves to specific net case and LAE reserves). Of the 101 commutations completed, three related to our top ten insured and/or reinsured exposures, and one related to our top ten ceded reinsurance assets, all four of which commutations were completed in the three months ended June 30, 2012. The remaining 97 commutations, of which approximately 33% were completed during the three months ended December 31, 2012, were of a smaller size, consistent with our approach of targeting significant numbers of cedant and reinsurer relationships, as well as targeting significant individual cedant and reinsurer relationships. The combination of the claims settlement activity in 2012, including commutations, and the actuarial estimation of net IBNR reserves required for the remaining non-commuted exposures (which took into account the favorable trend of loss development in 2012 related to such exposures compared to prior forecasts), resulted in our management concluding that the loss development activity that occurred subsequent to the prior reporting period provided sufficient new information to warrant a reduction in net IBNR reserves of $215.0 million (excluding the allocation of $52.4 million from net IBNR reserves to specific net case and LAE reserves) in 2012. The reduction in aggregate provisions for bad debt of $3.1 million was a result of the collection of certain reinsurance recoverables against which bad debt provisions had been provided in earlier periods. 90 Table of Contents Beginning and Ending Reserves The table below provides a reconciliation of the beginning and ending reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012, and 2011. Losses incurred and paid are reflected net of reinsurance recoverables. Salaries and Benefits: Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2013 and 2012 Salaries and benefits, which include expenses relating to our discretionary bonus and employee share plans, were $117.1 million and $99.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively. The principal changes in salaries and benefits were: 91 Years Ended December 31, 2013 2012 2011 (in thousands of U.S. dollars) Balance as at January 1 $ 3,650,127 $ 4,272,082 $ 3,291,275 Less: total reinsurance reserves recoverable 876,220 1,383,003 525,440 2,773,907 2,889,079 2,765,835 Net reduction in ultimate losses and loss adjustment expense liabilities related to: Current period 74,139 — — Prior periods (257,114 ) (237,953 ) (293,461 ) Total net reduction in ultimate losses and loss adjustment expense liabilities (182,975 ) (237,953 ) (293,461 ) Net losses paid related to: Current period (10,656 ) — — Prior periods (360,214 ) (314,528 ) (288,175 ) Total net losses paid (370,870 ) (314,528 ) (288,175 ) Effect of exchange rate movement 4,936 14,833 (7,987 ) Acquired on purchase of subsidiaries 557,476 — 600,046 Assumed business 100,506 422,476 112,821 Net balance as at December 31 2,882,980 2,773,907 2,889,079 Plus: total reinsurance reserves recoverable 1,121,533 876,220 1,383,003 Balance as at December 31 $ 4,004,513 $ 3,650,127 $ 4,272,082 (1) We have reclassified outstanding losses and loss adjustment expense liabilities of $11.0 million and $10.8 million to policy benefits for life and annuity contracts as at January 1, 2013 and 2012, respectively, to conform to the current period presentation. These amounts are associated with Laguna, which now forms part of our life and annuities segment that was established following the acquisition of Pavonia. Year Ended December 31, 2013 Variance 2012 Variance 2011 (in thousands of U.S. dollars) Total $ 117,141 $ (17,799 ) $ 99,342 $ (9,902 ) $ 89,440 (i) increased staff costs due to an increase in our average headcount from 392 in 2012 to 559 in 2013, primarily attributable to staff acquired on completion of the SeaBright acquisition; and (ii) an increase in our bonus provision of $1.8 million. Expenses relating to our annual incentive compensation program will be variable and are dependent on our overall profitability. (1) Table of Contents Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2012 and 2011 Salaries and benefits, which include expenses relating to our discretionary bonus and employee share plans, were $99.3 million and $89.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011, respectively. The principal changes in salaries and benefits were: General and Administrative Expenses: Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2013 and 2012 General and administrative expenses increased by $12.2 million from $55.7 million to $68.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2013, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2012. The increase in expenses in 2013 related primarily to: Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2012 and 2011 General and administrative expenses decreased by $15.1 million from $70.8 million to $55.7 million during the year ended December 31, 2012, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2011. The decrease in expenses in 2012 related primarily to: Interest Expense: 92 (i) an increase in the discretionary bonus provision of $2.3 million due to the increase in net earnings for the year ended December 31, 2012 as compared to 2011. (ii) a lower expense for 2011 attributable to the release back to earnings of approximately $4.0 million related to the unallocated portion of the 2010 year-end bonus accrual provision; and (iii) increased staff costs due to an increase in our average headcount from 378 in 2011 to 392 in 2012, attributable to staff acquired on completion of the Clarendon acquisition in July 2011, partially offset by reductions in headcount in both our U.K. and Australian subsidiaries. Years Ended December 31, 2013 Variance 2012 Variance 2011 (in thousands of U.S. dollars) Total $ 67,979 $ (12,248 ) $ 55,731 $ 15,110 $ 70,841 (i) an increase in bank charges of $4.2 million due to arrangement fees for our revolving credit facility with National Australia Bank, Barclays Bank and Royal Bank of Canada; and (ii) additional general and administrative expenses of $11.8 million incurred in relation to the acquisition of SeaBright, which we completed in 2013. (i) a decrease in legal and professional fees of $10.9 million due largely to higher 2011 legal fees and settlement costs associated with certain litigation that did not recur in 2012, along with reductions in audit, actuarial and consulting fees of approximately $4.0 million; and (ii) a reduction in bank costs of $5.6 million as a result of fewer costs associated with credit facility fees and letters of credit. Years Ended December 31, 2013 Variance 2012 Variance 2011 (in thousands of U.S. dollars) Total $ 12,057 $ (3,631 ) $ 8,426 $ 103 $ 8,529 Table of Contents Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2013 and 2012 Interest expense of $12.1 million and $8.4 million was recorded for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively. The increase in interest expense was a result of an increased total amount of loans outstanding during the year ended December 31, 2013 as compared to the same period in 2012, largely due to the SeaBright acquisition. Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2012 and 2011 Interest expense of $8.4 million and $8.5 million was recorded for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011, respectively. The decrease in interest expense was attributable primarily to the lower interest rates on the loan facilities outstanding during the year ended December 31, 2012 as compared to the same period in 2011. Income Tax Expense: Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2013 and 2012 We recorded income tax expense of $34.2 million and $44.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively. Income tax expense is primarily generated through our foreign operations outside of Bermuda, principally in the United States, Europe and Australia. The effective tax rate, which is calculated as income tax expense or benefit divided by income before tax, is primarily driven by the geographic distribution of pre-tax net income between jurisdictions with comparatively higher tax rates and those with comparatively lower income tax rates and as a result may fluctuate significantly from period to period. The decrease in income taxes of $10.1 million was due principally to decreased pre-tax net income recorded in our U.S. and U.K. based subsidiaries as compared to the prior year. The effective tax rate was 13.9% for the year ended December 31, 2013 compared with 18.8% for the year ended December 31, 2012. In 2013, we had proportionately lower net income in our tax paying subsidiaries than in the previous year. Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2012 and 2011 We recorded income tax expense of $44.3 million and $25.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011, respectively. The effective tax rate was 18.8% for the year ended December 31, 2012 compared with 10.8% in the year ended December 31, 2011. Our tax expense increased by $19.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2012 due principally to increased taxable earnings from our U.K.-based subsidiaries. Noncontrolling Interest: 93 Years Ended December 31, 2013 Variance 2012 Variance 2011 (in thousands of U.S. dollars) Total $ 34,191 $ 10,075 $ 44,266 $ (18,955 ) $ 25,311 Years Ended December 31, 2013 Variance 2012 Variance 2011 (in thousands of U.S. dollars) Total $ 12,076 $ 11,426 $ 23,502 $ 31,263 $ 54,765 Table of Contents Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2013 and 2012 We recorded a noncontrolling interest in earnings of $12.1 million and $23.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively. The decrease for the year ended December 31, 2013 was due primarily to the decrease in earnings for those companies where there exists a noncontrolling interest. The number of subsidiaries in this segment with a noncontrolling interest increased from 7 as at December 31, 2012 to 8 as at December 31, 2013. Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2012 and 2011 We recorded a noncontrolling interest in earnings of $23.5 million and $54.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011, respectively. The decrease for the year ended December 31, 2012 was due primarily to the decrease in earnings for those companies where there exists a noncontrolling interest. In addition, on January 1, 2012, Lloyd’s Syndicate 2008 (or S2008) transferred the assets and liabilities relating to its 2009 and prior underwriting years of account into its 2010 underwriting year of account by means of an RITC transaction. Following the transfer, the existing noncontrolling interest held by other investors ceased, resulting in us now providing 100% of the underwriting capacity for S2008. The number of subsidiaries with a noncontrolling interest decreased from 8 as at December 31, 2011 to 7 as at December 31, 2012. Life and Annuities Segment On March 31, 2013, we acquired Pavonia and, as a result, reevaluated our segment reporting. As part of that reevaluation, we have included the results of Laguna within the life and annuities segment for each of the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011. With the acquisition of Pavonia in 2013, our results for the life and annuities segment are substantially different from 2012 and 2011, when we only owned Laguna. The following is a discussion and analysis of our results of operations for our life and annuities segment for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, which are summarized below: 94 Years Ended December 31, 2013 2012 2011 (in thousands of U.S. dollars) INCOME Net premiums earned $ 94,984 $ 3,511 $ 3,543 Net investment income 30,182 947 2,120 Net realized and unrealized (losses) gains (9,259 ) 1,882 661 Gain on bargain purchase — — 13,105 115,907 6,340 19,429 EXPENSES Life and annuity policy benefits 78,354 (300 ) 1,557 Acquisition costs 8,820 — — Salaries and benefits 4,799 1,131 406 General and administrative expenses 16,039 1,574 969 Interest expense 1,456 — — Net foreign exchange losses (gains) 158 (238 ) (817 ) 109,626 2,167 2,114 EARNINGS BEFORE INCOME TAXES 6,281 4,173 17,314 INCOME TAXES (1,243 ) (24 ) 27 NET EARNINGS ATTRIBUTABLE TO ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED $ 5,038 $ 4,149 $ 17,341 Table of Contents Net Premiums Earned: Net premiums earned were $95.0 million and $3.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively. Term life premiums consist primarily of monthly premium collections coupled with annual premiums earned as collected. The term life business consists of 10, 15, 20 and 30 year direct term business with approximately 90% of premiums to be earned over the next 20 years. The assumed life reinsurance premiums will continue to be earned until the year 2052; however, approximately 70% are expected to be earned within the next ten years. Credit life and disability premiums are fixed monthly premiums received on credit products that mostly consist of sub-prime mortgages in the U.S. and Canada; approximately 90% of these premiums are expected to be earned before the year 2023. Substantially all net premiums earned in 2013 relate to the acquisition of the Pavonia companies. We separately recorded acquisition costs from the date of acquisition to December 31, 2013 of approximately $8.8 million associated with the premiums earned by Pavonia. The premiums are expected to reduce by approximately 15-20% per annum as the blocks of business continue to run-off and policies lapse. For our life and annuities business, our strategy differs from our non-life run-off and active underwriting businesses, in particular because we are unable to shorten the duration of the liabilities in these businesses through either commutations or policy buy backs. Instead, we will hold the policies associated with the life and annuities business to their natural maturity in order to pay claims as they fall due. Net premiums earned in 2012 and 2011 related to the Laguna term life business. Net Investment Income and Net Realized and Unrealized (Losses) Gains: Net investment income for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012 was $30.2 million and $0.9 million, respectively. The increase was primarily due to the inclusion of the cash and fixed income securities associated with the acquisition of the Pavonia companies on March 31, 2013. Net realized and unrealized (losses) gains for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012 were ($9.3) million and $1.9 million, respectively. The increases in net realized and unrealized losses of $11.1 million was primarily due to unrealized losses on fixed income investments acquired with the non-PPA Pavonia companies, largely due to increases in U.S. interest rates during the year ended December 31, 2013. The current operations of one of the Pavonia companies relates solely to periodic payment annuities. We have a long duration held-to-maturity investment portfolio to manage the cash flow obligations of these annuities. This held-to-maturity portfolio is carried at amortized cost and as such we would not anticipate any unrealized gains or losses on the portfolio. The held-to-maturity portfolio, at acquisition, comprised approximately 71% of the Pavonia investments. 95 Years Ended December 31, 2013 Variance 2012 Variance 2011 (in thousands of U.S. dollars) Term life insurance $ 25,590 $ 22,079 $ 3,511 $ (32 ) $ 3,543 Assumed life reinsurance 15,584 15,584 — — — Credit life and disability 53,810 53,810 — — — $ 94,984 $ 3,511 $ 3,543 Years Ended December 31, Net Investment Income Net Realized and Unrealized (Losses) Gains 2013 Variance 2012 Variance 2011 2013 Variance 2012 Variance 2011 (in thousands of U.S. dollars) Total $ 30,182 $ 29,235 $ 947 $ (1,173 ) $ 2,120 $ (9,259 ) $ (11,141 ) $ 1,882 $ 1,221 $ 661 Table of Contents Annualized Returns The table below presents the annualized investment returns (inclusive of net investment income and net realized and unrealized (losses) gains) that we have earned on our average cash and investments for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011: The average credit ratings of our fixed maturity investments as at December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 were A+, AA- and AA-, respectively. Gain on Bargain Purchase: Gain on bargain purchase of $13.1 million was recorded for the year ended December 31, 2011. The gain on bargain purchase was earned in connection with our acquisition of Laguna and represents the excess of the cumulative fair value of net assets acquired of $34.3 million over the cost of $21.2 million. This excess has, in accordance with the provisions of the Business Combinations topic of the FASB Codification, been recognized as income for the year ended December 31, 2011. The gain on bargain purchase arose mainly as a result of our reassessment, upon acquisition, of the total required estimated costs to manage the business to expiry. Our assessment of costs was lower than the acquired costs recorded by the vendor in the financial statements of Laguna. Life and Annuity Policy Benefits: Life and annuity policy benefits were $78.4 million and ($0.3) million for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively. PPA benefits paid during the year ended December 31, 2013 were $37.5 million, which was an average of approximately $4.2 million per month, offset by a reduction in PPA benefit reserves of $19.3 million. Net ultimate change in life benefit reserves of $60.1 million was comprised of net life claims benefits paid of $64.3 million and amortization of fair value adjustments of $11.3 million, partially offset by net change in life claims benefit reserves of $15.4 million. 96 Annualized Return Average Cash and Investment Balances 2013 2012 2011 2013 2012 2011 (in thousands of U.S. dollars) Cash and fixed maturities 1.93 % 5.80 % 6.01 % $ 1,040,455 $ 48,736 $ 46,284 Other investments and equities 2.84 % —% —% 10,924 — — Combined overall 2.00 % 5.80 % 6.01 % 1,044,440 $ 48,736 $ 46,284 Years Ended December 31, 2013 Variance 2012 Variance 2011 (in thousands of U.S. dollars) Total $ — $ — $ — $ (13,105 ) $ 13,105 Years Ended December 31, 2013 Variance 2012 Variance 2011 (in thousands of U.S. dollars) Periodic payment annuity benefits paid $ 37,496 $ (37,496 ) $ — $ — $ — Reductions in periodic payment annuity benefit reserves (19,268 ) 19,268 — — — Net change on periodic payment annuity benefit reserves 18,228 — — Net life claims benefits paid 64,307 (64,307 ) — — Net change in life claims benefit reserves (15,443 ) 15,143 (300 ) 1,857 1,557 Amortization of fair value adjustments 11,262 (11,262 ) — — — Net ultimate change in life benefit reserves 60,126 (300 ) 1,557 $ 78,354 $ (300 ) $ 1,557 Table of Contents Life and annuity policy benefits for 2012 and 2011 related to the Laguna term life business. General and Administrative Expenses: General and administrative expenses were $16.0 million and $1.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively. Included within general and administrative expenses for the years ended December 31, 2013 were $3.7 million related to legal and professional fees. The remaining $12.3 million included costs associated with information technology, rent, bank charges and other expenses, of which approximately $4.0 million related to non-recurring transaction costs associated with the acquisition and integration of the Pavonia companies. Active Underwriting Segment Our active underwriting segment is comprised of the operations and financial results of Atrium and its subsidiaries (acquired November 25, 2013) and Arden (acquired September 9, 2013). Results related to Arden’s reinsurance to Atrium are included within our active underwriting segment, while results related to Arden’s run-off business are included within our non-life run-off segment. Following the closing of the Torus amalgamation, the active underwriting segment will also include substantially all of Torus Insurance Holdings Limited and its subsidiaries (some of Torus’ lines of business are in run-off and will accordingly be accounted for within our non-life run-off segment). The following is a discussion and analysis of our results of operations for our active underwriting segment for the year ended December 31, 2013, which are summarized below. We did not have a active underwriting business for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011. 97 Years Ended December 31, 2013 Variance 2012 Variance 2011 (in thousands of U.S. dollars) Total $ 16,039 $ (14,465 ) $ 1,574 $ (605 ) $ 969 Year Ended December 31, 2013 (in thousands of U.S. dollars) INCOME Net premiums earned $ 32,212 Fees and commission income 2,708 Net investment income 521 Net realized and unrealized gains 542 35,983 EXPENSES Net increase in ultimate losses and loss adjustment expense liabilities: Losses incurred 19,352 Reduction in provisions for unallocated loss adjustment expense liabilities (49 ) 19,303 Salaries and benefits 2,676 General and administrative expenses 5,270 Interest expense 332 Net foreign exchange losses 1,382 28,963 EARNINGS BEFORE INCOME TAXES 7,020 INCOME TAXES (185 ) NET EARNINGS 6,835 Less: Net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interest (3,142 ) NET EARNINGS ATTRIBUTABLE TO ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED $ 3,693 Table of Contents For our active underwriting segment, we reported consolidated net earnings attributable to Enstar Group Limited, before net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interest, of approximately $6.8 million from the dates of the acquisitions of Atrium and Arden to December 31, 2013. The results arose primarily as a result of: Noncontrolling interest in earnings of $3.1 million related to Trident’s 40% interest in the earnings of Atrium and Arden, resulting in net earnings from active underwriting attributable to Enstar Group Limited of $3.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2013. For 2014, we expect the income and expenses associated with the active underwriting segment to increase over 2013 levels as a result of us having a full year’s results for our recently completed acquisitions of Atrium and Arden, along with a partial year’s results relating to Torus once acquired. Earnings attributable to noncontrolling interest in 2014 will be dependent on the level of combined earnings for Atrium, Arden and Torus. We also expect interest expense to increase in 2014 from 2013, largely due to increased borrowings under our revolving credit facility related to acquisition activity in this segment. Liquidity and Capital Resources Our capital management strategy is to preserve sufficient capital to enable us to make future acquisitions while maintaining a conservative investment strategy. As we are a holding company and have no substantial operations of our own, our assets consist primarily of investments in subsidiaries. The potential sources of the cash flows to Enstar as a holding company consist of dividends, advances and loans from our subsidiary companies. Our future cash flows depend upon the availability of dividends or other statutorily permissible payments from our subsidiaries. The ability to pay dividends and make other distributions is limited by the applicable laws and regulations of the jurisdictions in which our insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries operate, including Bermuda, the United Kingdom, the United States, Australia and Europe, which subject these subsidiaries to significant regulatory restrictions. These laws and regulations require, among other things, certain of our insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries to maintain minimum capital resources requirements and limit the amount of dividends and other payments that these subsidiaries can pay to us, which in turn may limit our ability to pay dividends and make other payments. For more information on these laws and regulations, see “Business — Regulation” beginning on page 24. As of December 31, 2013 and 2012, all of our insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries’ capital resources levels were in excess of the minimum levels required, with the exception of one of our U.S. insurance companies that was acquired whilst under supervision and is not in compliance with its minimum risk-based capital level. We do not believe this company’s non-compliance will have an impact on our ability to meet our cash obligations. In addition, our subsidiaries’ ability to pay dividends and make other forms of distributions may be further limited by repayment obligations in certain of our outstanding loan facility agreements. We believe that restrictions on liquidity resulting from restrictions on the payments of dividends by our subsidiary companies will not have a material impact on our ability to meet our cash obligations. Retained earnings of our insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries are not currently restricted, as our minimum capital solvency margins are covered by share capital and additional paid-in-capital. 98 (i) net underwriting result of $12.9 million (net premiums earned of $32.2 million less $19.3 million in losses incurred); (ii) fees and commission income of $2.7 million comprising Atrium managing agency fees; and (iii) net investment income and net realized and unrealized gains of $1.1 million; partially offset by (iv) salaries and benefits and general and administrative expenses of $7.9 million. Table of Contents Historically, our sources of funds primarily consisted of cash and investment portfolios acquired on the completion of the acquisition of an insurance or reinsurance company in run-off. These acquired cash and investment balances are classified as cash provided by investing activities. With our recent acquisitions of SeaBright, Pavonia, Arden and Atrium, we now collect premiums. For 2014, we expect collected premiums to increase as a result of owning Pavonia, Arden and Atrium for a full year, as well as results related to our acquisition of Torus. We expect the premiums collected from these companies to more than offset the decrease in premiums related to SeaBright, which is now in run-off. We expect to incur and pay losses associated with those premiums. We expect to use funds acquired from cash and investment portfolios, collected premiums, collections from reinsurance debtors, fees and commission income, investment income and proceeds from sales and redemptions of investments, to meet expected claims payments and operational expenses with the remainder used for acquisitions and additional investments. We expect a net use of cash from operations as total net claim payments, losses incurred on earned premiums and operating expenses will generally be in excess of investment income earned and collected premiums. We expect our operating cash flows, together with our existing capital base and cash and investments acquired on the acquisition of our insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries, to be sufficient to meet cash requirements and to operate our business. We currently do not intend to pay dividends on our ordinary shares. At December 31, 2013, we had total cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash and cash equivalents and investments of $6.56 billion, compared to $4.31 billion at December 31, 2012. Our cash and cash equivalent portfolio is comprised mainly of cash, high-grade fixed deposits, commercial paper with maturities of less than three months and money market funds. Reinsurance Balances Recoverable Our acquired insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries, prior to acquisition, used retrocessional agreements to reduce their exposure to the risk of insurance and reinsurance assumed. Our insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries remain liable to the extent that retrocessionaires do not meet their obligations under these agreements, and therefore, we evaluate and monitor concentration of credit risk among our reinsurers. Provisions are made for amounts considered potentially uncollectible. On an annual basis, Atrium purchases a tailored outwards reinsurance program designed to manage Syndicate 609’s risk profile. The majority of Atrium’s total third party reinsurance cover is with Lloyd’s Syndicates or other reinsurers rated A- or better. As of December 31, 2013 and 2012, we had reinsurance balances recoverable of $1.36 billion and $1.12 billion, respectively. The increase of $240.9 million in reinsurance balances recoverable was primarily a result of our 2013 acquisitions, partially offset by commutations and cash collections made during the year ended December 31, 2013. At December 31, 2013 and 2012, the provision for uncollectible reinsurance recoverable relating to reinsurance balances recoverable was $338.6 million and $343.9 million, respectively. To estimate the provision for uncollectible reinsurance recoverable, the balances are first allocated to applicable reinsurers which involves management judgment. As part of this process, ceded IBNR reserves are allocated by reinsurer. The ratio of the provision for uncollectible reinsurance recoverable to total reinsurance balances recoverable (excluding provision for uncollectible reinsurance recoverable) as of December 31, 2013 decreased to 19.9% as compared to 23.4% as of December 31, 2012, primarily as a result of reinsurance balances recoverable of companies acquired during the year requiring minimal provisions for uncollectible reinsurance recoverable. 99 Table of Contents Cash Flows The following table summarizes our consolidated cash flows from operating, investing and financing activities in the last three years: See “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data — Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011” for further information. Operating Net cash used in our operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2013 was $62.4 million compared to $187.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2012. This $125.0 million decrease in cash used in operating activities was due primarily to the following: Net cash used in our operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2012 was $187.4 million compared to $909.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2011. This $722.6 million decrease in cash used in operating activities was due primarily to the following: 100 Years Ended December 31, Total cash (used in) provided by: 2013 2012 2011 (in thousands of U.S. dollars) Operating activities $ (62,387 ) $ (187,350 ) $ (909,920 ) Investing activities (365,789 ) 228,631 691,923 Financing activities 423,076 (233,773 ) 259,769 Effect of exchange rate changes on cash (5,949 ) (3,092 ) 9,548 Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents (11,049 ) (195,584 ) 51,320 Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year 654,890 850,474 799,154 Cash and cash equivalents, end of year $ 643,841 $ 654,890 $ 850,474 (i) a net increase of $115.7 million in the purchases, sales and maturities of trading securities between 2013 and 2012; (ii) an increase in reinsurance balances recoverable of $236.3 million in 2013 due primarily to increased balances associated with our current year acquisitions; (iii) a decrease in funds held by reinsured companies of $175.8 million in 2013 compared to an increase of $257.5 million in 2012, due primarily to the RITC transaction completed by S2008 in 2012; (iv) an increase in losses and loss adjustment expenses of $706.9 million in 2013 compared to $623.2 million in 2012 due to reserves acquired from our current year acquisition activity; and (v) an increase in unearned premiums of $82.0 million in 2013 due to our current year acquisition activity of companies that wrote or continue to write premiums. (i) an increase of $1.0 billion in sales and maturities of trading securities between 2011 and 2012; (ii) a decrease in reinsurance balances recoverable of $428.0 million in 2012 due to reduced acquisition activity in the year; (iii) an increase of $460.8 million in purchases of trading securities between 2011 and 2012; and (iv) an increase in funds held by reinsured companies of $257.5 million in 2012 compared to a decrease of $167.0 million in 2011, due primarily to the RITC transaction completed by S2008 on December 31, 2012. Table of Contents Investing Investing cash flows consist primarily of net cash acquired on acquisitions along with net proceeds on the sale and purchase of available-for-sale securities and other investments. Net cash used in investing activities was $365.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2013 compared to net cash provided by investing activities of $228.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2012. The decrease of $594.4 million in investing cash flows between 2013 and 2012 was due primarily to the following: Net cash provided by investing activities was $228.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2012 compared to $691.9 million during the year ended December 31, 2011. This $463.3 million decrease in investing cash flows was due primarily to the following: Financing Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities was $423.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2013 compared to ($233.8) million during the year ended December 31, 2012. The increase of $656.9 million in cash provided by financing activities was primarily attributable to the following: Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities was $(233.8) million during the year ended December 31, 2012 compared to $259.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2011. This $493.5 million increase in cash used in financing activities was primarily attributable to the following: 101 (i) an increase of $409.6 million in net cash used for acquisitions between 2013 and 2012, due primarily to the acquisitions of Pavonia, Arden, and Atrium during 2013; (ii) an increase of $78.6 million in restricted cash and cash equivalents during 2013, compared to a decrease of $73.2 million in 2012; (iii) a decrease of $157.4 million in the sales and maturity of available-for-sale securities between 2013 and 2012; partially offset by (iv) a decrease of $107.2 million in the purchase of other investments between 2013 and 2012. (i) a decrease of $73.2 million in restricted cash and cash equivalents during 2012, compared to a decrease of $290.2 million in 2011; (ii) a decrease of $91.1 million in the sales and maturity of available-for-sale securities between 2012 and 2011; (iii) an increase of $189.8 million in the purchase of other investments between 2012 and 2011 due to the increased allocation to other investments during 2012; partially offset by (iv) a decrease of $88.5 million in net cash used for acquisitions between 2012 and 2011. (i) an increase of $369.8 million in cash received attributable to bank loans between 2013 and 2012, and a decrease of $95.0 million in the repayment of bank loans between 2013 and 2012; (ii) an increase in contribution to surplus of subsidiary by redeemable noncontrolling interest of $96.7 million in 2013 compared to $nil in 2012; and (iii) a distribution of capital and dividends to noncontrolling interests of $3.9 million in 2013 compared to $99.2 million in 2012. (i) $287.4 million in net proceeds from the private placement of shares in 2011 to affiliates of Goldman Sachs & Co. compared to $nil in 2012; and (ii) a decrease of $274.2 million in cash received attributable to bank loans between 2012 and 2011 due largely to decreased acquisition-funding requirements partially offset by a decrease of $142.9 million in the repayment of bank loans. Table of Contents Investments Aggregate invested assets, comprising cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash and cash equivalents, fixed maturities, short-term investments, equities and other investments, were $6.56 billion as of December 31, 2013 compared to $4.31 billion as of December 31, 2012, an increase of 52.2%. The increase in cash and invested assets resulted principally from the completion of the acquisitions of SeaBright, Pavonia, Arden, and Atrium. We hold trading portfolios of fixed maturities, short-term investments and equities; available-for-sale portfolios of fixed maturities and short-term investments; and a held-to-maturity portfolio of fixed maturities. Our available-for-sale and trading portfolios are recorded at fair value. Our held-to-maturity portfolio relates to our PPA business within our life and annuities segment. In an effort to match the expected cash flow requirements of the long-term liabilities associated with the business, we invest a portion of our fixed maturity investments in longer duration securities that we intend to hold to maturity. We classify these securities as held-to-maturity in our consolidated balance sheet. This held-to-maturity portfolio is recorded at amortized cost. As a result, we do not record changes in the fair value of this portfolio, which should reduce the impact on shareholders’ equity of fluctuations in fair value of those investments. The table below shows the aggregate amounts of our investments carried at fair value as of December 31, 2013 and 2012: The table below shows the aggregate fair values of our investments classified as held-to-maturity and carried at amortized cost as of December 31, 2013 and 2012: As at December 31, 2013, we held investments on our balance sheet totaling $5.52 billion, compared to $3.35 billion at December 31, 2012, with net unrealized appreciation included in accumulated comprehensive 102 December 31, 2013 December 31, 2012 Fair Value % of Total Fair Value Fair Value % of Total Fair Value (in thousands of U.S. dollars) U.S. government and agency $ 468,289 10.0 % $ 366,863 10.9 % Non-U.S. government 562,516 12.1 % 389,578 11.6 % Corporate 2,201,579 47.2 % 1,715,870 51.2 % Municipal 41,034 0.9 % 20,446 0.6 % Residential mortgaged-backed 235,964 5.1 % 120,092 3.6 % Commercial mortgage-backed 114,637 2.5 % 131,329 3.9 % Asset-backed 285,066 6.1 % 79,264 2.4 % Total fixed maturity and short-term investments 3,909,085 83.9 % 2,823,442 84.2 % Other investments 569,293 12.2 % 414,845 12.4 % Equities — U.S. 115,285 2.5 % 92,406 2.8 % Equities — International 66,748 1.4 % 22,182 0.6 % Total investments $ 4,660,411 100.0 % $ 3,352,875 100.0 % December 31, 2013 December 31, 2012 Fair Value % of Total Fair Value Fair Value % of Total Fair Value (in thousands of U.S. dollars) U.S. government and agency $ 18,132 2.3 % $ — —% Non-U.S. government 22,327 2.8 % — —% Corporate 759,100 94.9 % — —% Total investments $ 799,559 100.0 % — —% Table of Contents income of $3.1 million compared to $5.7 million at December 31, 2012. As at December 31, 2013, we had approximately $2.9 billion of restricted assets compared to approximately $1.03 billion at December 31, 2012 due to 2013 acquisition activity. Across all of our segments, we strive to structure our investments in a manner that recognizes our liquidity needs for future liabilities. In that regard, we attempt to correlate the maturity and duration of our investment portfolio to our general liability profile. If our liquidity needs or general liability profile unexpectedly change, we may adjust the structure of our investment portfolio to meet new business needs. For our non-life run-off segment, our strategy of commuting our liabilities has the potential to accelerate the natural payout of losses. Therefore, we maintain a relatively short-duration investment portfolio in order to provide liquidity for commutation opportunities and avoid having to liquidate longer dated investments. Accordingly, the majority of our investment portfolio consists of highly rated fixed maturities, including U.S. government and agency investments, highly rated sovereign and supranational investments, high-grade corporate investments, and mortgage-backed and asset-backed investments. We allocate a portion of our investment portfolio to other investments, including private equity funds, fixed income funds, fixed income hedge funds, equity funds and a real estate debt fund. At December 31, 2013, these other investments totaled $569.3 million, or 10.3%, of our total balance sheet investments (December 31, 2012: $414.8 million or 12.4%). For our life and annuities segment, we do not commute our policy benefits for life and annuity contracts liabilities and, as a result, we maintain a longer duration investment portfolio that attempts to match the cash flows and duration of our liability profile. Accordingly, the majority of this portfolio consists of highly rated fixed maturity investments, primarily corporate bonds. Our fixed maturity investments associated with our PPA business are primarily highly rated corporate bonds with which we attempt to match duration and cash flows to the liability profile for this business. As these fixed maturity investments are classified as held-to-maturity, we invest surplus cash flows from maturities into longer dated fixed maturities. As at December 31, 2013, the duration of our fixed maturity investment portfolio associated with our PPA business was shorter than the liabilities, as a significant amount of the liabilities extend beyond 30 years and it is difficult, due to limited investment options, to match duration and cash flows beyond that period. Our fixed maturity investments associated with our non-PPA life business are primarily highly rated corporate bonds with which we attempt to match duration and cash flows to the liability profile for this business (the non-PPA life business has a short-duration liability profile). These fixed maturity investments are classified as trading, and therefore we may sell existing securities to buy higher yielding securities and funds in the future. As at December 31, 2013, the duration of our fixed maturity investment portfolio associated with our non-PPA life business was shorter than the liabilities, although we have the discretion to change this in the future. 103 Table of Contents Fixed Maturity and Short-term Investments The maturity distribution for our fixed maturity and short-term investments held as of December 31, 2013 and 2012 was as follows: As at December 31, 2013 and 2012, our fixed maturity investments and short-term investment portfolio had an average credit quality rating of A+ and AA-, respectively. At December 31, 2013 and 2012, our fixed maturity investments rated BBB or lower comprised 9.5% and 11.3% of our total investment portfolio, respectively. At December 31, 2013, we had $313.5 million of short-term investments (December 31, 2012: $319.1 million). Short-term investments are managed as part of our investment portfolio and have a maturity of one year or less when purchased. Short-term investments are carried at fair value. 104 December 31, 2013 December 31, 2012 Fair Value % of Total Fair Value % of Total (in thousands of U.S. dollars) Due in one year or less $ 871,881 18.5 % $ 1,032,614 36.6 % Due after one year through five years 2,114,772 44.9 % 1,342,257 47.5 % Due after five years through ten years 478,033 10.2 % 99,957 3.5 % Due after ten years 608,291 12.9 % 17,929 0.6 % 4,072,977 86.5 % 2,492,757 88.2 % Residential mortgage-backed 235,964 5.0 % 120,092 4.3 % Commercial mortgage-backed 114,637 2.4 % 131,329 4.7 % Asset-backed 285,066 6.1 % 79,264 2.8 % Total $ 4,708,644 100.0 % $ 2,823,442 100.0 % Table of Contents The following tables summarize the composition of the amortized cost and fair value of our fixed maturity investments, short-term investments, equities and other investments carried at fair value at the date indicated by ratings as assigned by major rating agencies. 105 At December 31, 2013 Amortized Cost Fair Value % of Total Investments AAA Rated AA Rated A Rated BBB Rated Non- Investment Grade Not Rated (in thousands of U.S. dollars) Fixed maturity and short-term investments U.S. government & agency $ 468,198 $ 468,289 10.0 % $ 4,391 $ 458,477 $ 434 $ — $ — $ 4,987 Non-U.S. government 553,724 562,516 12.1 % 215,224 208,322 115,423 11,095 12,452 — Corporate 2,197,955 2,201,579 47.2 % 143,552 542,216 1,052,315 388,815 26,507 48,174 Municipal 40,889 41,034 0.9 % 8,500 25,355 7,179 — — — Residential mortgage-backed 236,984 235,964 5.1 % 12,596 204,217 7,507 3,960 809 6,875 Commercial mortgage-backed 115,351 114,637 2.5 % 38,081 31,893 29,631 8,826 6,206 — Asset-backed 283,940 285,066 6.1 % 207,146 34,808 13,260 4,733 7,174 17,945 Total fixed maturity and short-term investments $ 3,897,041 3,909,085 83.9 % 629,490 1,505,288 1,225,749 417,429 53,148 77,981 16.1 % 38.5 % 31.3 % 10.7 % 1.4 % 2.0 % Equities U.S. 115,285 2.5 % — — — — — 115,285 International 66,748 1.4 % — — — — — 66,748 Total equities 182,033 3.9 % — — — — — 182,033 0.0 % 0.0 % 0.0 % 0.0 % 0.0 % 100.0 % Other investments Private equity funds 161,229 3.5 % — — — — — 161,229 Fixed income funds 194,375 4.2 % — — — — — 194,375 Fixed income hedge funds 68,157 1.4 % — — — — — 68,157 Equity funds 109,355 2.3 % — — — — — 109,355 Real estate debt fund 32,113 0.7 % — — — — — 32,113 Other 4,064 0.1 % — — — — — 4,064 Total other investments 569,293 12.2 % — — — — — 569,293 0.0 % 0.0 % 0.0 % 0.0 % 0.0 % 100.0 % Total investments $ 4,660,411 100.0 % $ 629,490 $ 1,505,288 $ 1,225,749 $ 417,429 $ 53,148 $ 829,307 13.5 % 32.3 % 26.3 % 9.0 % 1.1 % 17.8 % Table of Contents The following table summarizes the composition of the amortized cost and fair value of our held-to maturity fixed maturity investments as at December 31, 2013 by ratings as assigned by major rating agencies (as at December 31, 2012, we had no investments classified as held-to-maturity). The fair value of our fixed maturity investments will fluctuate with changes in the interest rate environment and when changes occur in the overall investment market and in overall economic conditions. We recorded no impairments in 2013 and 2012. 106 At December 31, 2012 Amortized Cost Fair Value % of Total Investments AAA Rated AA Rated A Rated BBB Rated Non- Investment Grade Not Rated (in thousands of U.S. dollars) Fixed maturity and short-term investments U.S. government & agency $ 362,288 $ 366,863 10.9 % $ — $ 366,863 $ — $ — $ — $ — Non-U.S. government 380,401 389,578 11.6 % 244,366 103,515 39,051 2,646 — — Corporate 1,694,652 1,715,870 51.2 % 140,708 434,903 803,663 301,787 27,409 7,400 Municipal 19,743 20,446 0.6 % — 14,470 5,837 139 — — Residential mortgage-backed 119,538 120,092 3.6 % 17,218 81,253 2,858 16,940 1,823 — Commercial mortgage-backed 130,841 131,329 3.9 % 62,597 9,828 29,884 21,406 7,614 — Asset-backed 78,644 79,264 2.4 % 64,237 8,177 5,070 174 1,606 — Total fixed maturity and short-term investments $ 2,786,107 2,823,442 84.2 % 529,126 1,019,009 886,363 343,092 38,452 7,400 18.7 % 36.1 % 31.4 % 12.2 % 1.4 % 0.2 % Equities U.S. 92,406 2.8 % — — — — — 92,406 International 22,182 0.6 % — — — — — 22,182 Total equities 114,588 3.4 % — — — — — 114,588 0.0 % 0.0 % 0.0 % 0.0 % 0.0 % 100.0 % Other investments Private equity funds 127,696 3.8 % — — — — — 127,696 Fixed income funds 156,235 4.7 % — — — — — 156,235 Fixed income hedge funds 53,933 1.6 % — — — — — 53,933 Equity fund 55,881 1.7 % — — — — — 55,881 Real estate debt fund 16,179 0.5 % — — — — — 16,179 Other 4,921 0.1 % — — — — — 4,921 Total other investments 414,845 12.4 % — — — — — 414,845 0.0 % 0.0 % 0.0 % 0.0 % 0.0 % 100.0 % Total investments $ 3,352,875 100.0 % $ 529,126 $ 1,019,009 $ 886,363 $ 343,092 $ 38,452 $ 536,833 15.8 % 30.4 % 26.5 % 10.2 % 1.1 % 16.0 % At December 31, 2013 Amortized Cost Fair Value % of Total Investments AAA Rated AA Rated A Rated BBB Rated Non- Investment Grade Not Rated (in thousands of U.S. dollars) Fixed maturity U.S. government & agency $ 19,992 $ 18,132 2.3 % $ — $ 18,058 $ — $ — $ — $ 74 Non-U.S. government 23,592 22,327 2.8 % — 22,327 — — — — Corporate 815,803 759,100 94.9 % 44,552 198,803 463,001 47,157 5,125 462 Total fixed maturity investments $ 859,387 $ 799,559 100.0 % $ 44,552 $ 239,188 $ 463,001 $ 47,157 $ 5,125 $ 536 5.6 % 29.9 % 57.9 % 5.9 % 0.6 % 0.1 % Table of Contents Our fixed maturity portfolio is managed by our Chief Investment Officer and outside investment advisors with oversight from our Investment Committee. At December 31, 2013 and 2012, our gross unrealized losses on our available-for-sale investments totaled $0.4 million and $0.7 million, respectively. At December 31, 2013 and 2012, we held 2 and 23, respectively, available-for-sale investments that were in an unrealized loss position for longer than twelve months. As at December 31, 2013 and 2012, no investments were considered other-than-temporarily impaired. At December 31, 2013, our gross unrealized losses on our held-to-maturity investments totaled $60.0 million. Our held-to-maturity investments relate entirely to our Pavonia PPA business acquired on March 31, 2013. Other Investments The table below shows the fair value of our portfolio of other investments held at December 31, 2013 and 2012: As at December 31, 2013 and 2012, we had total unfunded capital commitments related to other investments of $114.2 million and $87.6 million, respectively. Measuring the Fair Value of Other Investments using Net Asset Valuations The following table presents the fair value, unfunded commitments and redemption frequency for all of our other investments. These investments are all valued at net asset value as at December 31, 2013. Management regularly reviews and discusses fund performance with their fund managers to corroborate the reasonableness of the reported net asset values and to assess whether any events have occurred within the lag period that would materially affect the valuation of the investments. 107 Total Fair Value 2013 Total Fair Value 2012 (in thousands of U.S. Dollars) Private equity funds $ 161,229 $ 127,696 Fixed income funds 194,375 156,235 Fixed income hedge funds 68,157 53,933 Equity funds 109,355 55,881 Real estate debt fund 32,113 16,179 Other 4,064 4,921 $ 569,293 $ 414,845 Total Fair Value Gated/ Side Pocket Investments Investments without Gates or Side Pockets Unfunded Commitments Redemption Frequency (in thousands of U.S. Dollars) Private equity funds $ 161,229 $ — $ 161,229 $ 113,585 Not eligible Fixed income funds 194,375 — 194,375 — Daily to monthly Fixed income hedge funds 68,157 3,150 65,007 — Quarterly after lock-up periods expire Equity funds 109,355 — 109,355 — Bi-monthly Real estate debt fund 32,113 — 32,113 — Monthly Other 4,064 — 4,064 655 Not eligible $ 569,293 $ 3,150 $ 566,143 $ 114,240 Table of Contents Private equity funds This class comprises several private equity funds that invest primarily in the financial services industry. All of our investments in private equity funds are subject to restrictions on redemptions and sales that are determined by the governing documents and limit our ability to liquidate those investments. These restrictions have been in place since the dates we made the initial investments. As of December 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, we had $161.2 million and $127.7 million, respectively, of other investments recorded in private equity funds, which represented 2.5% and 3.0% of total investments, cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash and cash equivalents at December 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, respectively. Due to a lag in the valuations reported by the managers, we record changes in the investment value with up to a three-month lag. Fixed income funds This class comprises a number of positions in diversified fixed income funds that are managed by third party managers. Underlying investments vary from high grade corporate bonds to non-investment grade senior secured loans and bonds, but are generally invested in liquid fixed income markets. These funds have regularly published prices. The funds have liquidity terms that vary from daily to monthly. Fixed income hedge funds This class comprises hedge funds that invest in a diversified portfolio of debt securities. The hedge funds are not currently eligible for redemption due to imposed lock-up periods of three years from the time of our initial investment. Once eligible, redemptions will be permitted quarterly with 90 days’ notice. The first investment in the funds will be eligible for redemption in March 2014. Equity funds This class comprises equity funds that invest in a diversified portfolio of international publicly-traded equity securities. Real estate debt fund This class comprises a real estate debt fund that invests primarily in U.S. commercial real estate loans and securities. A redemption request for this fund can be made 10 days after the date of any monthly valuation; the fund states that it will make commercially reasonable efforts to redeem the investment within the next monthly period. Other This class primarily comprises a fund that provides loans to educational institutions throughout the U.S. and its territories. Through these investments, we participate in the performance of the underlying loan pools. This investment matures when the loans are paid down and cannot be redeemed before maturity. Eurozone Exposure At December 31, 2013, we did not own any investments in fixed maturity securities (which includes bonds that are classified as cash and cash equivalents) or fixed income funds issued by the sovereign governments of Portugal, Italy, Ireland, Greece or Spain. Our fixed maturity securities and fixed income funds exposures to 108 Table of Contents Eurozone Governments (which includes regional and municipal governments including guaranteed agencies) by rating are highlighted in the following table: Our fixed maturities exposure to Eurozone Governments (which include regional and municipal governments including guaranteed agencies) by maturity date are highlighted in the following table. Our fixed income fund holdings have daily liquidity and are not included in the maturity table below. 109 Ratings AAA AA BBB BB and below NR Total (in thousands of U.S. dollars) Germany $ 33,368 $ 21,210 $ — $ — $ — $ 54,578 Supranational 7,546 2,469 — — — 10,015 Netherlands 7,639 9,164 — — — 16,803 Norway 18,025 19,553 — 12,452 — 50,030 France. 7,266 43,506 — — — 50,772 Finland 2,519 — — — — 2,519 Sweden 1,000 19,061 5,837 — — 25,898 Austria — 1,802 — — — 1,802 77,363 116,765 5,837 12,452 — 212,417 Euro Region Government Funds — — — — 13,015 13,015 $ 77,363 $ 116,765 $ 5,837 $ 12,452 $ 225,432 $ 225,432 By Maturity Date 3 months or less 3 to 6 months 6 months to 1 year 1 to 2 years more than 2 years Total (in thousands of U.S. dollars) Germany $ — $ 3,738 $ 3,555 $ 19,310 $ 27,975 $ 54,578 Supranational — — — 3,239 6,776 10,015 Netherlands — — 1,005 4,583 11,215 16,803 Norway 1,567 — 2,016 1,770 44,677 50,030 France 8,590 7,257 2,705 5,475 26,745 50,772 Finland — — 500 — 2,019 2,519 Sweden — 670 5,026 12,080 8,122 25,898 Austria — — — 665 1,137 1,802 $ 10,157 $ 11,665 $ 14,807 $ 47,122 $ 128,666 $ 212,417 Table of Contents At December 31, 2013, we owned investments in corporate securities (which includes bonds that are classified as cash and cash equivalents) of issuers where the ultimate parent company was located within the Eurozone. This includes securities that were issued by subsidiaries whose location was outside of the Eurozone. Our exposures by country and listed by rating, sector and maturity date are highlighted in the following tables: 110 Ratings AAA AA A BBB BB and below Total (in thousands of U.S. dollars) Germany $ 7,223 $ 1,896 $ 14,535 $ — $ — $ 23,654 Belgium — — 32,760 — — 32,760 Netherlands 8,623 38,807 22,278 36,003 609 106,320 Sweden 4,304 16,468 2,508 — — 23,280 Norway 5,144 8,378 1,535 — — 15,057 France 21,228 11,126 23,042 4,330 10,483 70,209 Ireland 598 — — — 2,003 2,601 Spain — — — 21,020 — 21,020 Italy — — 7,780 2,963 — 10,743 Luxembourg 5,443 445 729 595 — 7,212 Austria 417 — — — — 417 Finland 461 — 121 — — 582 $ 53,441 $ 77,120 $ 105,288 $ 64,911 $ 13,095 $ 313,855 Sector Financial Energy Industrial Telecom Utility Other Total (in thousands of U.S. dollars) Germany $ — $ — $ 4,076 $ — $ 17,088 $ 2,490 $ 23,654 Belgium — — — — — 32,760 32,760 Netherlands 2,126 — 54,898 — 43,934 5,362 106,320 Sweden 22,820 — — 460 — — 23,280 Norway 6,679 8,378 — — — — 15,057 France — — — — 67,752 2,457 70,209 Ireland — — — — 2,003 598 2,601 Spain 1,398 — — 14,428 5,194 — 21,020 Italy — — — — 10,743 — 10,743 Luxembourg — — — — 1,769 5,443 7,212 Austria 417 — — — — — 417 Finland — — — — 582 — 582 $ 33,440 $ 8,378 $ 58,974 $ 14,888 $ 149,065 $ 49,110 $ 313,855 Table of Contents Fixed maturity securities issued by companies located in the United Kingdom and Switzerland are not included in the tables. None of the fixed maturity securities we owned at December 31, 2013 were considered impaired and we do not expect to incur any significant losses on these securities. Loans Payable Our loans payable consist of credit facilities related to our 2011 acquisition of Clarendon, or the Clarendon Facility, our term facility related to the 2013 acquisition of SeaBright, or the SeaBright Facility, and our Revolving Credit Facility, or the EGL Revolving Credit Facility, which can be used for permitted acquisitions and general corporate purposes. Until they were fully repaid on December 3, 2012, we also had loans outstanding related to share repurchase agreements with three of our executives and certain trusts and a corporation affiliated with the executives. For the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, we incurred interest expense of $12.4 million, $8.4 million and $8.5 million, respectively, on our loan facilities and loans related to the share repurchase agreements. All of our currently outstanding loan facilities are floating rate loans, and the fair values of these loans approximate their book values. Amounts of loans payable outstanding, and accrued interest, as of December 31, 2013 and 2012 total $452.4 million and $107.4 million, respectively, and comprise: 111 By Maturity Date 3 months or less 3 to 6 months 6 months to 1 year 1 to 2 years more than 2 years Total (in thousands of U.S. dollars) Germany $ 1,237 $ 3,003 $ 5,032 $ 3,695 $ 10,687 $ 23,654 Belgium — — — 1,569 31,191 32,760 Netherlands. — 1,329 28,269 16,802 59,920 106,320 Sweden — 700 1,312 — 21,268 23,280 Norway — 1,722 — — 13,335 15,057 France 5,695 10,984 8,223 14,677 30,630 70,209 Ireland — — — — 2,601 2,601 Spain 9,658 — 3,827 2,079 5,456 21,020 Italy — 2,423 — 540 7,780 10,743 Luxembourg — — 214 — 6,998 7,212 Austria — 417 — — — 417 Finland 121 — — — 461 582 $ 16,711 $ 20,578 $ 46,877 $ 39,362 $ 190,327 $ 313,855 As at December 31, Facility Date of Facility Term 2013 2012 (in thousands of U.S. dollars) EGL Revolving Credit Facility July 8, 2013 5 Years $ 258,800 $ — SeaBright Facility December 21, 2012 3 Years 111,000 — Clarendon Facility July 12, 2011 4 Years 78,995 106,500 448,795 106,500 Accrued interest on loans payaable 3,651 930 Total loans payable $ 452,446 $ 107,430 Table of Contents Amendment and Restatement of EGL Revolving Credit Facility On July 8, 2013, we, and certain of our subsidiaries, as borrowers, as well as certain of our subsidiaries, as guarantors, entered into an amendment and restatement of our existing Revolving Credit Facility Agreement with National Australia Bank Limited, or NAB, and Barclays Bank PLC, or Barclays, as mandated lead arrangers, NAB, Barclays and Royal Bank of Canada, as original lenders, and NAB as agent, or the Restated Credit Agreement. The Restated Credit Agreement provides for a five-year EGL Revolving Credit Facility (expiring in July 2018) pursuant to which we are permitted to borrow up to an aggregate of $375.0 million, which is available to fund permitted acquisitions and for general corporate purposes. The previously existing Revolving Credit Facility Agreement had provided for a three-year $250.0 million facility that was set to terminate in June 2014. Our ability to draw on the EGL Revolving Credit Facility is subject to customary conditions. The EGL Revolving Credit Facility is secured by a first priority lien on the stock of certain of our subsidiaries and certain bank accounts held with Barclays in our name and into which amounts received in respect of any capital release from certain of our subsidiaries are required to be paid. Interest is payable at the end of each interest period chosen by us or, at the latest, each six months. The interest rate is LIBOR plus 2.75%, plus an incremental amount tied to certain regulatory costs, if any, that may be incurred by the lenders. Any unused portion of the EGL Revolving Credit Facility will be subject to a commitment fee of 1.10%. The EGL Revolving Credit Facility imposes various financial and business covenants on us, the guarantors and certain other material subsidiaries, including limitations on mergers and consolidations, acquisitions, indebtedness and guarantees, restrictions as to dispositions of stock and assets, restrictions on dividends and limitations on liens. During the existence of any event of default (as specified in the Restated Credit Agreement), the agent may cancel the commitments of the lenders, declare all or a portion of outstanding amounts immediately due and payable, declare all or a portion of outstanding amounts payable upon demand or proceed against the security. During the existence of any payment default, the interest rate would be increased by 1.0%. The EGL Revolving Credit Facility terminates and all amounts borrowed must be repaid on the fifth anniversary of the date of the Restated Credit Agreement. As of December 31, 2013, all of the financial covenants relating to the EGL Revolving Credit Facility were met. During 2013, we borrowed $258.8 million under the EGL Revolving Credit Facility to fund certain acquisitions and for general corporate purpose. The interest rate on these borrowings are approximately 2.9%, subject to periodic adjustment in accordance with the terms of the EGL Revolving Credit Facility. Clarendon Facility On March 4, 2011, we, through Clarendon Holdings, Inc., entered into a $106.5 million term facility agreement, or the Clarendon Facility with NAB. The Clarendon Facility provides a four-year term loan facility, which was fully drawn upon on July 12, 2011 to fund 50% of the purchase price of Clarendon. The Clarendon Facility is secured by a security interest in all of the assets of Clarendon Holdings, Inc., as well as a first priority lien on the stock of both Clarendon Holdings, Inc. and Clarendon. Interest is payable at the end of each interest period chosen by Clarendon Holdings, Inc. or, at the latest, each six months. The interest rate is LIBOR plus 2.75%. The Clarendon Facility is subject to various financial and business covenants, including limitations on mergers and consolidations, restrictions as to disposition of stock and limitations on liens on the stock. As of December 31, 2013, all of the financial covenants relating to the Clarendon Facility were met. During the existence of any payment default, the interest rate is increased by 1.0%. During the existence of any event of default (as specified in the term facility agreement), the lenders may declare all or a portion of outstanding amounts immediately due and payable, declare all or a portion of borrowed amounts payable upon demand, or proceed against the security. The Clarendon Facility terminates and all amounts borrowed must be repaid on July 12, 2015. 112 Table of Contents On July 31, 2013, we repaid $27.5 million of the outstanding principal on the Clarendon Facility reducing the outstanding principal as of December 31, 2013 to $79.0 million. SeaBright Facility On December 21, 2012, we, through AML Acquisition, Corp., or AML Acquisition, entered into a Term Facility Agreement with NAB and Barclays, or the SeaBright Facility. The SeaBright Facility provides a four-year term loan facility, which, AML Acquisition fully drew down on February 5, 2013 in an amount of $111.0 million to partially fund our acquisition of SeaBright. We acquired SeaBright on February 7, 2013 by way of a merger of AML Acquisition with and into SeaBright, or the Merger, with SeaBright surviving the Merger as our indirect, wholly-owned subsidiary. Following completion of the Merger, SeaBright (as the survivor of the Merger) became the borrower under the SeaBright Facility and the facility became secured by a security interest in all of the assets of SeaBright, a pledge of the stock of SeaBright by its sole stockholder, a pledge of the stock of SeaBright Insurance Company, Paladin Managed Care Services, Inc., and PointSure Insurance Services, Inc. (which are wholly-owned subsidiaries of SeaBright) by SeaBright, and a security interest in all of the assets of Paladin Managed Care Services, Inc. and PointSure Insurance Services, Inc. From the date of the SeaBright Facility until the draw down on February 5, 2013, the undrawn and uncancelled amount of the SeaBright Facility incurred a fee of 1% per annum. Interest on amounts borrowed under the SeaBright Facility is payable at the end of each interest period chosen by the borrower or, at the latest, each six months. The interest rate is LIBOR plus 2.75% for the first 18 months from February 5, 2013, and increases to LIBOR plus 3.50% thereafter; the interest rate is subject to increase by an incremental amount tied to certain regulatory costs, if any, that may be incurred by the lenders. The SeaBright Facility imposes various financial and business covenants on SeaBright, including limitations on mergers and consolidations, acquisitions, indebtedness and guarantees, restrictions as to dispositions of stock and assets (except for certain permitted dispositions), restrictions on dividends, and limitations on liens. As at December 31, 2013, all of the financial covenants relating to the SeaBright Facility were met. During the existence of any payment default, the interest rate would be increased by 1.0%. During the existence of any event of default (as specified in the SeaBright Facility), the lenders may cancel their commitments, declare all or a portion of outstanding amounts immediately due and payable, declare all or a portion of borrowed amounts payable upon demand, or proceed against the security. The SeaBright Facility terminates and all amounts borrowed must be repaid on December 21, 2016, the fourth anniversary of the date the facility was put in place. SeaBright Surplus Notes On August 26, 2013, we fully repaid the outstanding principal and accrued interest of $12.1 million associated with the subordinated floating rate surplus notes issued by SeaBright in a private placement in May 2004. Interest expense for the period from February 7, 2013 (the date of acquisition of SeaBright) to December 31, 2013 was $0.3 million. 113 Table of Contents Aggregate Contractual Obligations The following table shows our aggregate contractual obligations and commitments by time period remaining to due date as at December 31, 2013. The amounts in the above table represent our estimates of known liabilities as of December 31, 2013 and do not take into account corresponding reinsurance recoverable amounts that would be due to us. Furthermore, reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses recorded in the audited consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2013 are computed on a fair value basis, whereas the expected payments by period in the table above are the estimated payments at a future time and do not reflect the fair value adjustment in the amount payable. Commitments and Contingencies Investments The following table provides a summary of our outstanding unfunded investment commitments for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012: 114 Payments Due by Period Total Less than 1 year 1 - 3 years 3 - 5 years More than 5 years (in thousands of U.S. dollars) Operating Activities Estimated gross reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses $ 4,438.2 $ 908.3 $ 1,525.2 $ 724.0 $ 1,280.7 Policy benefits for life and annuity contracts 2,570.8 84.6 144.4 136.7 2,205.1 Operating lease obligations 14.3 5.5 8.1 0.7 — Investing Activities Investment commitments 114.2 52.0 62.2 — — Financing Activities Acquisition funding 69.2 69.2 — — — Loan repayments (including estimated interest payments) 426.3 426.3 — — — Total $ 7,633.0 $ 1,545.9 $ 1,739.9 $ 861.4 $ 3,485.8 (1) The reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses represent management’s estimate of the ultimate cost of settling losses. The estimation of losses is based on various complex and subjective judgments. Actual losses paid may differ, perhaps significantly, from the reserve estimates reflected in our financial statements. Similarly, the timing of payment of our estimated losses is not fixed and there may be significant changes in actual payment activity. The assumptions used in estimating the likely payments due by period are based on our historical claims payment experience and industry payment patterns, but due to the inherent uncertainty in the process of estimating the timing of such payments, there is a risk that the amounts paid in any such period can be significantly different from the amounts disclosed above. (2) Policy benefits for life and annuity contracts recorded in our audited consolidated balance sheet as at December 31, 2013 of $1,273.1 million are computed on a discounted basis, whereas the expected payments by period in the table above are the estimated payments at a future time and do not reflect a discount of the amount payable. (3) The acquisition funding does not include the amount associated with the expected future issuance by us of 2,612,346 shares (which will consist of a combination of voting ordinary shares and Series B convertible non-voting preference shares) in relation to the acquisition of Torus. December 31, 2013 December 31, 2012 Original Commitments Commitments Original Commitments Commitments Funded Unfunded Funded Unfunded (in thousands of U.S. dollars) $291,000 $176,760 $114,240 $251,000 $163,409 $87,591 (1) (2) (3) Table of Contents Guarantees As at December 31, 2013 and 2012, we had, in total, parental guarantees supporting the obligations of our subsidiary, Fitzwilliam Insurance Limited, in the amount of $228.5 million and $213.3 million, respectively. Acquisitions We have entered into definitive agreements with respect to: (i) the Reciprocal of America loss portfolio transfer, which we expect to close in the second quarter of 2014; and (ii) the Amalgamation of Veranda Holdings Ltd. and Torus, which we expect to close in the first quarter of 2014. The Torus acquisition agreement is described in “Note 3 — Acquisitions” in the notes to our consolidated financial statements included within Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. and the Reciprocal of America agreement is described in “Note 4 —Significant New Business” in the notes to our consolidated financial statements included within Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K In connection with the acquisition of Torus, we have entered into an Investor Agreement with Trident, and at closing we will enter into a Shareholders’ Agreement with Trident. Our obligations and rights relating to the Investors and Shareholders’ Agreements are described in “Note 3 —Acquisitions” in the notes to our consolidated financial statements included within Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Pursuant to the Amalgamation Agreement to acquire Torus, we have agreed that at the closing of the Amalgamation, we will issue 2,612,346 shares (which will consist of a combination of voting ordinary shares and Series B convertible non-voting preference shares) to partially fund the purchase price, as described in “Note 3 — Acquisitions.” At closing, we will also enter into the Shareholder Rights Agreement with First Reserve and the Registration Rights Agreement with First Reserve and Corsair; the obligations and rights under these agreements are also described in Note 3. Legal Proceedings Refer to “Item 3. Legal Proceedings” for a description of our litigation matters. Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements At December 31, 2013, we did not have any off-balance sheet arrangements, as defined by Item 303(a)(4) of Regulation S-K. 115 Table of Contents ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE INFORMATION ABOUT MARKET RISK Our balance sheets include a substantial amount of assets and, to a lesser extent, liabilities whose fair values are subject to market risks. Market risk represents the potential for an economic loss due to adverse changes in the fair value of a financial instrument. Our primary market risks are interest rate risk, credit risk, equity price risk, and foreign currency exchange rate risk. The following provides an analysis of the potential effects that these market risk exposures could have on our future earnings. Interest Rate Risk We have calculated the effect that an immediate parallel shift in the U.S. interest rate yield curve would have on our cash and investments at December 31, 2013 and 2012. The modeling of this effect was performed on cash and fixed income investments classified as trading and available-for-sale. The results of this analysis are summarized in the table below. Interest Rate Movement Analysis on Market Value of Cash and Investments Classified as Trading and Available-for-Sale Credit Risk As a holder of fixed maturity investments and mutual funds, we also have exposure to credit risk as a result of investment ratings downgrades or issuer defaults. In an effort to mitigate this risk, our investment portfolio consists primarily of investment grade-rated, liquid, fixed maturity investments of short-to-medium duration and mutual funds. At December 31, 2013, approximately 51.4% of our fixed maturity investments and short-term investment portfolio was rated AA or higher by a major rating agency (December 31, 2012: 46.2%) with 12.8% (December 31, 2012: 11.4%) rated BBB or lower. The portfolio as a whole had an average credit quality rating of A+ (December 31, 2012: AA-). In addition, we manage our portfolio pursuant to guidelines that follow what we believe are prudent standards of diversification. The guidelines limit the allowable holdings of a single issue and issuers and, as a result, we do not believe we have significant concentrations of credit risk. We also have exposure to credit risk as it relates to our reinsurance balances recoverable. Our acquired reinsurance subsidiaries, prior to acquisition, used retrocessional agreements to reduce their exposure to the risk of insurance and reinsurance assumed. Additionally, on an annual basis, Atrium purchases a tailored outwards reinsurance program designed to manage its risk profile. Our subsidiaries remain liable to the extent that retrocessionaires and reinsurers do not meet their obligations under these agreements and, therefore, we evaluate and monitor concentration of credit risk among our reinsurers. As at December 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, reinsurance balances recoverable with a carrying value of $256.2 million and $144.1 million, respectively, were associated with one reinsurer, which represented 10% or more of total reinsurance balances recoverable. Of the $256.2 million and $144.1 million recoverable from reinsurers as at December 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, $256.2 million and $121.7 million, respectively, were secured by trust funds held for the benefit of our insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries. 116 Interest Rate Shift in Basis Points At December 31, 2013 -100 -50 0 +50 +100 (in millions of U.S. dollars) Total Market Value $ 4,999 $ 4,979 $ 4,951 $ 4,919 $ 4,888 Market Value Change from Base 1.0 % 0.6 % 0 % (0.7 )% (1.3 )% Change in Unrealized Value $ 48 $ 28 $ 0 $ (32 ) $ (63 ) At December 31, 2012 -100 -50 0 +50 +100 Total Market Value $ 3,794 $ 3,791 $ 3,778 $ 3,760 $ 3,741 Market Value Change from Base 0.4 % 0.3 % 0 % (0.4 )% (0.9 )% Change in Unrealized Value $ 16 $ 13 $ 0 $ (18 ) $ (37 ) Table of Contents Equity Price Risk Our portfolio of equity investments, including the equity funds included in other investments (collectively, “equities at risk”), has exposure to equity price risk, which is the risk of potential loss in fair value resulting from adverse changes in stock prices. Our global equity portfolio is correlated with a blend of the S&P 500 and MSCI World indices and changes in this blend of indices would approximate the impact on our portfolio. The fair value of our equities at risk at December 31, 2013 was $291.4 million (December 31 2012: $170.5 million). At December 31, 2013 the impact of a 10% decline in the overall market prices of our equities at risk would be $29.1 million (December 31, 2012: $17.0 million), on a pre-tax basis. Foreign Currency Risk Through our subsidiaries located in various foreign countries, we conduct our insurance and reinsurance operations in a variety of non-U.S. currencies. As the functional currency for the majority of our subsidiaries is the U.S. dollar, fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates related to these subsidiaries will have a direct impact on the valuation of our assets and liabilities denominated in local currencies. All changes in foreign exchange rates, with the exception of non-U.S. dollar denominated investments classified as available-for-sale, are recognized currently in foreign exchange gains (losses) in our consolidated statements of earnings. We have exposure to foreign currency risk due to our ownership of our Irish, U.K. and Australian subsidiaries whose functional currencies are the Euro, British pound and Australian dollar. The foreign exchange gain or loss resulting from the translation of our subsidiaries’ financial statements (expressed in Euro, British pound and Australian dollar functional currency) into U.S. dollars is classified in the currency translation adjustment account, which is a component of accumulated other comprehensive income in shareholders’ equity. Our foreign currency policy is to broadly manage, where possible, our foreign currency risk by seeking to match our liabilities under insurance and reinsurance policies that are payable in foreign currencies with assets that are denominated in such currencies, subject to regulatory constraints, and to selectively use foreign currency exchange contracts. The matching process is carried out quarterly in arrears and therefore any mismatches occurring in the period may give rise to foreign exchange gains and losses, which could adversely affect our operating results. We are, however, required to maintain assets in non-U.S. dollars to meet certain local country branch and regulatory requirements, which restricts our ability to manage these exposures through the matching of our assets and liabilities. In addition, we do utilize foreign currency forward contracts to mitigate foreign currency risk. 117 Table of Contents The table below summarizes our net exposure as of December 31, 2013 and 2012 to foreign currencies for our subsidiaries whose functional currency is U.S. dollars: The table below summarize our net exposure as of December 31, 2013 and 2012 to foreign currencies for our subsidiaries whose functional currency is Australian dollars: Effects of Inflation We do not believe that inflation has had or will have a material effect on our consolidated results of operations, however, the actual effects of inflation on our results cannot be accurately known until claims are ultimately resolved. Inflation may affect interest rates, as well as losses and loss adjustment expenses (by causing the cost of claims to rise in the future). Although loss reserves are established to reflect likely loss settlements at the date payment is made, we would be subject to the risk that inflation could cause these costs to increase above established reserves. 118 2013 GBP Euro AUD CDN Other Total (in millions of U.S. dollars) Total net foreign currency exposure $ 67.0 $ 18.0 $ 1.0 $ 16.0 $ (10.0 ) $ 92.0 Pre-tax impact of a 10% movement of the U.S. dollar(1) $ 6.7 $ 1.8 $ 0.1 $ 1.6 $ (1.0 ) $ 9.2 2012 GBP Euro AUD CDN Other Total (in millions of U.S. dollars) Net foreign currency exposure $ 48.7 $ 34.3 $ 3.6 $ 17.6 $ 7.2 $ 111.4 Foreign currency derivative amount (27.6 ) — — — — (27.6 ) Total net foreign currency exposure $ 21.1 $ 34.3 $ 3.6 $ 17.6 $ 7.2 $ 83.8 Pre-tax impact of a 10% movement of the U.S. dollar(1) $ 2.1 $ 3.4 $ 0.4 $ 1.8 $ 0.7 $ 8.4 (1) Assumes 10% change in U.S. dollar relative to other currencies 2013 Euro GBP CDN USD NZD Total (in millions of Australian dollars) Total net foreign currency exposure $ 4.0 $ 1.0 $ (2.0 ) $ 43.0 $ 3.0 $ 49.0 Pre-tax impact of a 10% movement of the Australian dollar(1) $ 0.4 $ 0.1 $ (0.2 ) $ 4.3 $ 0.3 $ 4.9 2012 Euro GBP CDN USD NZD Total (in millions of Australian dollars) Total net foreign currency exposure $ 1.9 $ 1.7 $ (5.7 ) $ 38.5 $ 2.5 $ 38.9 Pre-tax impact of a 10% movement of the Australian dollar(1) $ 0.2 $ 0.2 $ (0.6 ) $ 3.9 $ 0.2 $ 3.9 (1) Assumes 10% change in Australian dollar relative to other currencies Table of Contents ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SCHEDULES 119 Page December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firms 120 Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2013 and 2012 122 Consolidated Statements of Earnings for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 123 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31 2013, 2012 and 2011 124 Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 125 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 126 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements 127 Schedule I — Summary of Investments Other than in Related Parties 199 Schedule II — Condensed Financial Information of Registrant 200 Schedule III — Supplementary Insurance Information 203 Schedule IV — Reinsurance 204 Schedule VI — Supplementary Information Concerning Property/Casualty Insurance Operations 205 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm 208 Table of Contents REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of Enstar Group Limited: We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Enstar Group Limited and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2013 and 2012, and the related consolidated statements of earnings, comprehensive income, changes in shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the two-year period ended December 31, 2013. In connection with our audits of the consolidated financial statements, we also have audited financial statement Schedules I, II, III, IV and VI as of December 31, 2013 and 2012 and for each of the years in the two-year period ended December 31, 2013. These consolidated financial statements and financial statement Schedules are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements and financial statement Schedules based on our audits. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Enstar Group Limited and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2013 and 2012, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the years in the two-year period ended December 31, 2013, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the related financial statement Schedules, when considered in relation to the basic consolidated financial statements taken as a whole, presents fairly, in all material respects, the information set forth therein. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), Enstar Group Limited’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2013, based on the criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (1992) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO), and our report dated March 3, 2014 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. /s/ KPMG Audit Limited Hamilton, Bermuda March 3, 2014 120 Table of Contents REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of Enstar Group Limited We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of earnings, comprehensive income, changes in shareholders’ equity and cash flows of Enstar Group Limited and subsidiaries (the “Company”) for the year ended December 31, 2011. Our audit also included the financial statement Schedule II for the year ended December 31, 2011 listed in the Index at Item 15. These consolidated financial statements and the financial statement Schedule II are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. In our opinion, such consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the results of operations and cash flows of Enstar Group Limited and subsidiaries for the year ended December 31, 2011 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also, in our opinion, the related financial statement Schedule II when considered in relation to the basic consolidated financial statements taken as a whole, presents fairly, in all material respects, the information set forth therein for the year ended December 31, 2011. /s/ Deloitte & Touche Ltd. Hamilton, Bermuda February 24, 2012 121 Table of Contents ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS As of December 31, 2013 and 2012 See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements 122 2013 2012 (expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except share data) ASSETS Short-term investments, trading, at fair value $ 281,002 $ 319,111 Short-term investments, available-for-sale, at fair value (amortized cost: 2013 — $32,477; 2012 — $nil) 32,504 — Fixed maturities, trading, at fair value 3,381,719 2,253,210 Fixed maturities, held-to-maturity, at amortized cost 859,387 — Fixed maturities, available-for-sale, at fair value (amortized cost: 2013 — $210,825; 2012 — $245,396) 213,860 251,121 Equities, trading, at fair value 182,033 114,588 Other investments, at fair value 569,293 414,845 Total investments 5,519,798 3,352,875 Cash and cash equivalents 643,841 654,890 Restricted cash and cash equivalents 397,657 299,965 Accrued interest receivable 38,864 22,932 Accounts receivable 75,351 15,399 Premiums receivable 111,748 — Income taxes recoverable 5,481 8,632 Deferred tax assets 34,295 8,109 Reinsurance balances recoverable 1,363,819 1,122,919 Funds held by reinsured companies 237,789 365,252 Goodwill and intangible assets 150,071 21,222 Other assets 41,441 6,066 TOTAL ASSETS $ 8,620,155 $ 5,878,261 LIABILITIES Losses and loss adjustment expenses $ 4,219,905 $ 3,650,127 Policy benefits for life and annuity contracts 1,273,100 11,027 Unearned premium 70,698 — Insurance and reinsurance balances payable 281,028 143,123 Accounts payable and accrued liabilities 97,103 73,258 Income taxes payable 23,721 19,073 Deferred tax liabilities 53,328 14,454 Loans payable 452,446 107,430 Other liabilities 70,444 84,536 TOTAL LIABILITIES 6,541,773 4,103,028 COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES REDEEMABLE NONCONTROLLING INTEREST 100,859 — SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY Share capital Authorized, issued and fully paid, par value $1 each (authorized 2013: 156,000,000; 2012: 156,000,000) Ordinary shares (issued and outstanding 2013: 13,802,706; 2012: 13,752,172) 13,803 13,752 Non-voting convertible ordinary shares: Series A (issued 2013: 2,972,892; 2012: 2,972,892) 2,973 2,973 Series C (issued and outstanding 2013: 2,725,637; 2012: 2,725,637) 2,726 2,726 Treasury shares at cost (Series A non-voting convertible ordinary shares 2013: 2,972,892; 2012: 2,972,892) (421,559 ) (421,559 ) Additional paid-in capital 962,145 958,571 Accumulated other comprehensive income 13,978 24,439 Retained earnings 1,181,457 972,853 Total Enstar Group Limited Shareholders’ Equity 1,755,523 1,553,755 Noncontrolling interest 222,000 221,478 TOTAL SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY 1,977,523 1,775,233 TOTAL LIABILITIES, REDEEMABLE NONCONTROLLING INTEREST AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY $ 8,620,155 $ 5,878,261 Table of Contents ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EARNINGS For the Years Ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements 123 2013 2012 2011 (expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data) INCOME Net premiums earned — non-life run-off $ 112,611 $ — $ — Net premiums earned — life and annuities 94,984 3,511 3,543 Net premiums earned — active underwriting 32,212 — — Fees and commission income 12,817 8,570 17,858 Net investment income 93,295 77,760 68,676 Net realized and unrealized gains 70,651 73,612 9,214 Gain on bargain purchase — — 13,105 416,570 163,453 112,396 EXPENSES Net reduction in ultimate losses and loss adjustment expense liabilities: Losses incurred on current period premiums earned — non-life run-off 74,139 — — Losses incurred — active underwriting 19,352 — — Reduction in estimates of net ultimate losses (215,480 ) (218,116 ) (248,230 ) Increase (reduction) in provisions for bad debt 1,999 (3,111 ) (42,822 ) Reduction in provisions for unallocated loss adjustment expense liabilities (49,629 ) (39,298 ) (45,102 ) Amortization of fair value adjustments 5,947 22,572 42,693 (163,672 ) (237,953 ) (293,461 ) Life and annuity policy benefits 78,354 (300 ) 1,557 Acquisition costs 23,199 — — Salaries and benefits 124,616 100,473 89,846 General and administrative expenses 86,612 56,592 71,810 Interest expense 12,389 8,426 8,529 Net foreign exchange (gains) losses (4,369 ) 406 373 157,129 (72,356 ) (121,346 ) EARNINGS BEFORE INCOME TAXES 259,441 235,809 233,742 INCOME TAXES (35,619 ) (44,290 ) (25,284 ) NET EARNINGS 223,822 191,519 208,458 Less: Net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interest (15,218 ) (23,502 ) (54,765 ) NET EARNINGS ATTRIBUTABLE TO ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED $ 208,604 $ 168,017 $ 153,693 EARNINGS PER SHARE — BASIC Net earnings per ordinary share attributable to Enstar Group Limited shareholders $ 12.62 $ 10.22 $ 11.03 EARNINGS PER SHARE — DILUTED Net earnings per ordinary share attributable to Enstar Group Limited shareholders $ 12.49 $ 10.10 $ 10.81 Weighted average ordinary shares outstanding — basic 16,523,369 16,441,461 13,930,221 Weighted average ordinary shares outstanding — diluted 16,703,442 16,638,021 14,212,440 Table of Contents ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME For the Years Ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements 124 2013 2012 2011 (expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars) NET EARNINGS $ 223,822 $ 191,519 $ 208,458 Other comprehensive income, net of tax: Unrealized holding gains on investments arising during the year 68,115 69,721 5,393 Reclassification adjustment for net realized and unrealized gains included in net earnings (70,651 ) (73,612 ) (9,214 ) Unrealized losses arising during the year, net of reclassification adjustment (2,536 ) (3,891 ) (3,821 ) Decrease (increase) in defined benefit pension liability 4,930 (2,461 ) (3,718 ) Currency translation adjustment (19,473 ) 3,556 (903 ) Total other comprehensive loss (17,079 ) (2,796 ) (8,442 ) Comprehensive income 206,743 188,723 200,016 Less comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interest (8,600 ) (23,365 ) (54,244 ) COMPREHENSIVE INCOME ATTRIBUTABLE TO ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED $ 198,143 $ 165,358 $ 145,772 Table of Contents ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY For the Years Ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements 125 2013 2012 2011 (expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars) Share Capital — Ordinary Shares Balance, beginning of year $ 13,752 $ 13,665 $ 12,940 Issue of shares 6 43 674 Share awards granted/vested 45 44 51 Balance, end of year $ 13,803 $ 13,752 $ 13,665 Share Capital — Series A Non-Voting Convertible Ordinary Shares Balance, beginning and end of year $ 2,973 $ 2,973 $ 2,973 Share Capital — Series C Non-Voting Convertible Ordinary Shares Balance, beginning of year $ 2,726 $ 2,726 $ — Preferred shares converted — — 750 Issue of shares — — 1,976 Balance, end of year $ 2,726 $ 2,726 $ 2,726 Share Capital — Preference Shares Balance, beginning of year $ — $ — $ — Issue of shares — — 750 Shares converted — — (750 ) Balance, end of year $ — $ — $ — Treasury Shares Balance, beginning and end of year $ (421,559 ) $ (421,559 ) $ (421,559 ) Additional Paid-in Capital Balance, beginning of year $ 958,571 $ 956,329 $ 667,907 Equity attributable to Enstar Group Limited on acquisition of Issue of shares and warrants, net 650 (872 ) 284,983 Share awards granted/vested — 343 776 Amortization of equity incentive plan 2,924 2,771 2,663 Balance, end of year $ 962,145 $ 958,571 $ 956,329 Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income Attributable to Enstar Group Limited Balance, beginning of year $ 24,439 $ 27,096 $ 35,017 Foreign currency translation adjustments (13,557 ) 2,205 (972 ) Decrease (increase) in defined benefit pension liability 4,930 (2,461 ) (3,718 ) Net movement in unrealized holding losses on investments (1,834 ) (2,401 ) (3,231 ) Balance, end of year $ 13,978 $ 24,439 $ 27,096 Retained Earnings Balance, beginning of year $ 972,853 $ 804,836 $ 651,143 Net earnings attributable to Enstar Group Limited 208,604 168,017 153,693 Balance, end of year $ 1,181,457 $ 972,853 $ 804,836 Noncontrolling Interest Balance, beginning of year $ 221,478 $ 297,345 $ 267,400 Return of capital — (30,245 ) (16,200 ) Dividends paid (3,908 ) (68,987 ) (8,100 ) Net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interest* 11,048 23,502 54,765 Foreign currency translation adjustments (5,916 ) 1,352 69 Net movement in unrealized holding losses on investments (702 ) (1,489 ) (589 ) Balance, end of year $ 222,000 $ 221,478 $ 297,345 * Excludes earnings attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interest. Table of Contents ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS For the Years Ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements 126 2013 2012 2011 (expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars) OPERATING ACTIVITIES: Net earnings $ 223,822 $ 191,519 $ 208,458 Adjustments to reconcile net earnings to cash flows provided by operating activities: Gain on bargain purchase — — (13,105 ) Net realized and unrealized investment gains (188 ) (42,233 ) (8,020 ) Net realized and unrealized gains from other investments (70,463 ) (31,379 ) (1,194 ) Other items 11,276 (765 ) 1,518 Depreciation and amortization 1,055 1,469 1,593 Net amortization of premiums and discounts 51,505 28,758 25,085 Net movement of trading securities held on behalf of policyholders 3,485 24,225 (6,816 ) Sales and maturities of trading securities 2,679,826 2,468,584 1,463,637 Purchases of trading securities (2,713,581 ) (2,618,029 ) (2,158,509 ) Changes in assets and liabilities: Reinsurance balances recoverable 430,542 666,793 238,818 Funds held by reinsured companies 175,750 (257,504 ) 166,951 Other assets 155,177 63,952 (28,506 ) Losses and loss adjustment expenses (706,880 ) (623,174 ) (675,108 ) Policy benefits for life and annuity contracts 6,443 — — Insurance and reinsurance balances payable (165,896 ) (65,475 ) (24,833 ) Unearned premiums (81,967 ) — — Accounts payable and accrued liabilities (22,295 ) (3,209 ) (18,301 ) Other liabilities (31,998 ) 9,118 (81,588 ) Net cash flows used in operating activities (62,387 ) (187,350 ) (909,920 ) INVESTING ACTIVITIES: Acquisitions, net of cash acquired (409,560 ) — (88,505 ) Sales and maturities of available-for-sale securities 196,507 353,913 445,052 Purchase of held-to-maturity securities (112 ) — — Purchase of available-for-sale securities (15,739 ) — — Maturities of held-to-maturity securities 18,449 — Movement in restricted cash and cash equivalents (78,638 ) 73,226 290,207 Purchase of other investments (107,396 ) (214,558 ) (24,787 ) Redemption of other investments 28,568 16,839 66,925 Other investing activities 2,132 (789 ) 3,031 Net cash flows (used in) provided by investing activities (365,789 ) 228,631 691,923 FINANCING ACTIVITIES: Net proceeds from issuance of shares — — 287,377 Distribution of capital to noncontrolling interest — (30,245 ) (16,200 ) Contribution by redeemable noncontrolling interest 96,689 — — Dividends paid to noncontrolling interest (3,908 ) (68,987 ) (8,100 ) Receipt of loans 369,800 — 274,150 Repayment of loans (39,505 ) (134,541 ) (277,458 ) Net cash flows provided by (used in) financing activities 423,076 (233,773 ) 259,769 EFFECT OF EXCHANGE RATE CHANGES ON FOREIGN CURRENCY CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS (5,949 ) (3,092 ) 9,548 NET (DECREASE) INCREASE IN CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS (11,049 ) (195,584 ) 51,320 CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS, BEGINNING OF YEAR 654,890 850,474 799,154 CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS, END OF YEAR $ 643,841 $ 654,890 $ 850,474 Supplemental Cash Flow Information Net income taxes paid $ 32,115 $ 27,938 $ 64,679 Interest paid $ 9,114 $ 9,155 $ 6,948 Table of Contents ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 (Tabular information expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars except share and per share data) Enstar Group Limited (“Enstar” or the “Company”) was formed in August 2001 under the laws of Bermuda. The Company’s core focus is to acquire and manage insurance and reinsurance companies in run-off and portfolios of insurance and reinsurance business in run-off, and to provide management, consulting and other services to the insurance and reinsurance industry. With the Company’s 2013 acquisitions of the closed U.S. life and annuity operations of HSBC Holdings plc (“Pavonia”), Arden Reinsurance Company Ltd. (“Arden”) and Atrium Underwriters Ltd. (“Atrium”), it now measures the results of its operations in three segments: (i) non-life run-off; (ii) life and annuities; and (iii) active underwriting. The Company’s non-life run-off segment comprises the operations and financial results of those subsidiaries acquired for the purpose of running off their property and casualty business, this segment also includes the discontinued business of Arden. The Company’s life and annuities is comprised primarily of Pavonia, which operates a closed block of life and annuity business. The Company’s active underwriting segment is comprised of Atrium and Arden’s reinsurance of Atrium. Atrium is an underwriting business at Lloyd’s of London, which manages Syndicate 609 and provides one quarter of the syndicate’s capital. The syndicate provides insurance and reinsurance on a worldwide basis. Basis of Preparation The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”). Certain reclassifications have been made to the prior year reported amounts to conform to the current year presentation. These reclassifications had no impact on net earnings previously reported. Basis of Consolidation The consolidated financial statements include the assets, liabilities and results of operations of the Company as of December 31, 2013 and 2012 and for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011. Results of operations for subsidiaries acquired are included from the dates of their acquisition by the Company. Intercompany transactions are eliminated on consolidation. Use of Estimates The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amount of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. While management believes that the amounts included in the consolidated financial statements reflect its best estimates and assumptions, actual results could differ from those estimates. The Company’s principal estimates include, but are not limited to: 127 1. DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS 2. SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES • reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses; • policy benefits for life and annuity contracts; • reinsurance balances recoverable, including the provisions for uncollectible amounts; • other-than-temporary impairments in the carrying value of available-for-sale investment securities; Table of Contents ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued) Significant Accounting Policies The Company’s significant accounting policies are described below: (a) Cash and cash equivalents The Company considers all highly liquid debt instruments purchased with an original maturity of 3 months or less to be cash and cash equivalents. (b) Investments Short-term investments and fixed maturity investments Short-term investments comprise investments with a maturity greater than three months but less than one year from the date of purchase. Fixed maturities comprise investments with a maturity of one year and greater from the date of purchase. Short-term investments and fixed maturities classified as trading are carried at fair value, with realized and unrealized holding gains and losses included in net earnings and reported as net realized and unrealized gains and losses. Short-term investments and fixed maturity investments classified as held-to-maturity securities, which are securities that the Company has the positive intent and ability to hold to maturity, are carried at amortized cost. The cost of short-term investments and fixed maturities are adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts. Short-term and fixed maturity investments classified as available-for-sale are carried at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses excluded from net earnings and reported as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income. Realized gains and losses on sales of investments classified as available-for-sale are recognized in the consolidated statements of earnings. The costs of short-term and fixed maturity investments are adjusted for amortization of premium or discount, recognized using the effective yield method and included in net investment income. For mortgage-backed and asset-backed investments, and any other holdings for which there is a prepayment risk, prepayment assumptions are evaluated and revised on a regular basis. Investment purchases and sales are recorded on a trade-date basis. Realized gains and losses on the sale of investments are based upon specific identification of the cost of investments. Fixed maturity investments classified as available-for-sale and held-to-maturity are reviewed quarterly to determine if they have sustained an impairment of value that is, based on management’s judgement, considered to be other than temporary. The process includes reviewing each fixed maturity investment that is below cost and: (1) determining if the Company has the intent to sell the fixed maturity investment; (2) determining if it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the fixed maturity investment before its anticipated 128 • valuation of certain other investments that are measured using significant unobservable inputs; • valuation of goodwill and intangible assets; and • fair value estimates associated with accounting for acquisitions. Table of Contents ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued) recovery; and (3) assessing whether a credit loss exists, that is, whether the Company expects that the present value of the cash flows expected to be collected from the fixed maturity investment is less than the amortized cost basis of the investment. In evaluating credit losses, the Company considers a variety of factors in the assessment of a fixed maturity investment including: (1) the time period during which there has been a significant decline below cost; (2) the extent of the decline below cost and par; (3) the potential for the investment to recover in value; (4) an analysis of the financial condition of the issuer; (5) the rating of the issuer; and (6) failure of the issuer of the investment to make scheduled interest or principal payments. If management concludes an investment is other-than-temporarily impaired (“OTTI”), then the difference between the fair value and the amortized cost of the investment is presented as an OTTI charge in the consolidated statements of earnings, with an offset for any noncredit-related loss component of the OTTI charge to be recognized in other comprehensive income. Accordingly, only the credit loss component of the OTTI amount would have an impact on the Company’s earnings. Equities Equities are classified as trading and are carried at fair value with realized and unrealized holding gains and losses included in net earnings and reported as net realized and unrealized gains and losses. Other investments Other investments include investments in limited partnerships and limited liability companies (collectively “private equities”) and fixed income, hedge, equity and real estate debt funds (collectively “funds”) that carry their investments at fair value. These funds are stated at fair value, which ordinarily will be the most recently reported net asset value as advised by the fund manager or administrator. Many of the Company’s fund investments publish net asset values on a daily basis and provide daily liquidity; others report on a monthly basis. Private equities typically report quarterly. The Company believes the reported net asset value represents the fair value market participants would apply to an interest in the various private equities or funds. The change in fair value is included in net realized and unrealized gains on investments and recognized in net earnings. (c) Derivative instruments The Company recognizes all derivatives as either assets or liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets and carries them at the fair value of the instrument. The Company uses derivative instruments for purposes of its overall foreign currency risk management strategy. Changes in fair value and realized gains or losses on derivative instruments are recorded in net foreign exchange gains and losses. (d) Losses and loss adjustment expenses Non-life run-off The liability for losses and loss adjustment expenses includes an amount determined from reported claims and an amount, based on historical loss experience and industry statistics, for losses incurred but not reported determined using a variety of actuarial methods. These estimates are continually reviewed and are necessarily subject to the impact of future changes in factors such as claim severity and frequency, changes in economic conditions including the impact of inflation, legal developments and changes in social attitudes. While management believes that the amount is adequate, the ultimate liability may be significantly in excess of, or less than, the amounts provided. Adjustments will be reflected as part of net increase or reduction in losses and loss adjustment expense liabilities in the periods in which they become known. Premium and commission adjustments may be triggered by incurred losses and any amounts are recorded in the same period that the related incurred loss is recognized. 129 Table of Contents ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued) Commutations provide an opportunity for the Company to exit exposures to entire policies with insureds and reinsureds for an agreed upon payment, or payments, often at a discount to the previously estimated ultimate liability. As a result of exiting all exposures to such policies, all advised case reserves and incurred but not reported (“IBNR”) reserves relating to the insured or reinsured are eliminated. A commutation is recognized upon the execution of a commutation release agreement. Following completion of a commutation, all the related balances, including insurance and reinsurance balances payable and/or receivable, funds held by ceding companies, and losses and loss adjustment expenses (including fair value adjustments and estimated IBNR), are written off with corresponding gain or loss recorded in the net reduction of ultimate losses. A commutation may result in a net gain irrespective of whether the settlement exceeds the advised case reserves. Advised case reserves are those reserve estimates for a specific loss or losses reported to the Company by either the broker or insured or reinsured. IBNR reserves are established by the Company at a class of business or exposure level for claims that have not yet been reported to the Company but can reasonably be expected to have occurred, as well as for the future development of reported claims. A commutation settlement is a negotiated settlement of both the advised case reserves and an estimate of the IBNR reserves that relate to the policies being commuted. For latent exposures with a long reporting tail, the estimated level of IBNR reserves may be significantly higher than the advised case reserves. In such an instance, the commutation settlement of a block of such policies may be greater than the advised case reserves but less than the aggregate of the advised case reserves plus the estimated related IBNR reserves, resulting in a total saving to the remaining liability. To the extent possible, all prior historical loss development that relates to commuted exposures is eliminated to produce revised historical loss development for the remaining non-commuted exposures. The Company’s estimates of IBNR reserves are not determined at the policyholder level but at the aggregate class of business or exposure level. Therefore, the Company does not typically identify a specific amount of IBNR reserves settled with each commutation. Rather, on an annual basis in the fourth quarter, the Company’s actuaries apply their actuarial methodologies to the remaining aggregate exposures and revised historical loss development information to reassess their estimates of gross and net ultimate liabilities and required gross and net IBNR reserves. Should a commutation that the Company considers significant occur in one of the first three quarters, then the Company, in conjunction with its independent actuaries, would estimate the amount of IBNR that would be associated with the policies being commuted. If the financial impact (including release of IBNR) of the commutation is considered significant, the Company would adjust its estimate of ultimate loss and loss adjustment expense liabilities in the quarter that the commutation was concluded. The agreed commutation settlement is recorded in net losses paid. To the extent that commuted policies are protected by reinsurance, then the Company will, on completion of a commutation with an insured or reinsured, negotiate with the reinsurers to contribute their share of the commutation settlement. Any amounts received from such reinsurers will be recorded in net losses paid and the impact of any savings or loss on reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses will be included in the actuarial reassessment of net ultimate liabilities and net IBNR reserves. Commutations of acquired companies’ exposures have the effect of accelerating the payout of claims compared to the probability-weighted ranges of actuarially projected cash flows that the Company applies when estimating the fair values of assets and liabilities at the time of acquisition. Any material acceleration of payout together with the impact of any material loss reserve savings in any period will also accelerate the amortization of fair value adjustments in that period. The Company’s insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries also establish provisions for loss adjustment expenses relating to run-off costs for the estimated duration of the run-off, which are included in losses and loss adjustment expenses. These provisions are assessed at each reporting date, and provisions relating to future periods are adjusted to reflect any changes in estimates of the periodic run-off costs or the duration of the run-off, 130 Table of Contents ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued) including the impact of any acceleration of the run-off period that may be caused by commutations. Provisions relating to the current period together with any adjustment to future run-off provisions are included in net reduction in ultimate loss and loss adjustment expenses in the consolidated statements of earnings. Active underwriting The reserve for losses and loss expenses includes reserves for unpaid reported losses and for IBNR reserves. The reserves for unpaid reported losses and loss expenses are established by management based on reports from brokers, ceding companies and insureds and represents the estimated ultimate cost of events or conditions that have been reported to, or specifically identified by the Company. The reserve for incurred but not reported losses and loss expenses is established by management based on actuarially determined estimates of ultimate losses and loss expenses. Inherent in the estimate of ultimate losses and loss expenses are expected trends in claim severity and frequency and other factors which may vary significantly as claims are settled. Accordingly, ultimate losses and loss expenses may differ materially from the amounts recorded in the consolidated financial statements. These estimates are reviewed regularly and, as experience develops and new information becomes known, the reserves are adjusted as necessary. Such adjustments, if any, will be recorded in earnings in the period in which they become known. Prior period development arises from changes to loss estimates recognized in the current year that relate to loss reserves established in previous calendar years. (e) Reinsurance balances recoverable Amounts billed to, and due from, reinsurers result from paid movements in the underlying assumed business and are calculated in accordance with the terms of the individual reinsurance contracts. Similarly, reinsurance balances recoverable related to the Company’s assumed case reserves are calculated by applying the terms of any applicable reinsurance coverage to movements in the underlying assumed case reserves. The Company’s estimate of reinsurance balances recoverable related to its assumed IBNR reserves is recognized on a basis consistent with the underlying assumed IBNR reserves. The Company’s reinsurance balances recoverable are presented net of a provision for uncollectible amounts, reflecting the amount deemed not collectible due to credit quality, collection problems due to location of the reinsurer, contractual disputes with reinsurers over individual contentious claims, contract language or coverage or for some other reason. (f) Retroactive reinsurance and novations Consideration received for business assumed by way of novation and premiums received on retroactive reinsurance is recorded in the balance sheet. The difference between the consideration received and liabilities assumed is recorded as an intangible asset or liability. Intangible assets or liabilities are subsequently amortized using the interest method over the expected claims settlement periods. As changes in estimates of timing or amount of losses and loss adjustment expenses are recognized, the amortization is adjusted retrospectively and included in losses and loss adjustment expenses in the period of the charge. (g) Premium revenue recognition Premiums written are earned on a pro-rata basis over the period the coverage is provided. Reinsurance premiums are recorded at the inception of the policy, are based upon contractual terms and for certain business is estimated based on underlying contracts or from information provided by clients and/or brokers. Changes in reinsurance premium estimates are expected and may result in significant adjustments in future periods. These 131 Table of Contents ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued) estimates change over time as additional information regarding changes in underlying exposures is obtained. Any subsequent differences arising on such estimates are recorded as premiums written in the period they are determined. Insurance premiums are recorded at the inception of the policy and are earned on a pro-rata basis over the period of coverage. Unearned premiums represent the portion of premiums written that relate to the unexpired terms of policies in force. Premiums ceded are similarly pro-rated over the period the coverage is provided with the unearned portion being deferred as prepaid reinsurance premiums. Certain contracts that the Company wrote, prior to going into run-off, are retrospectively rated and additional premium will be due should losses exceed pre-determined, contractual thresholds. These required additional premiums are based upon contractual terms and management judgment is involved with respect to the estimate of the amount of losses that the Company expects to be ceded. Additional premiums are recognized at the time loss thresholds specified in the contract are exceeded and are earned over the coverage period, or are earned immediately if the period of risk coverage has passed. Changes in estimates of losses recorded on contracts with additional premium features will result in changes in additional premiums based on contractual terms. Life and annuities The Pavonia companies, prior to going into run-off, wrote various U.S. and Canadian life insurance, including credit life and disability insurance, term life insurance, assumed life reinsurance and annuities. The Pavonia companies will continue to recognize premiums on term life insurance, assumed life reinsurance and credit life and disability insurance. Premiums from term life insurance, credit life and disability insurance and assumed life reinsurance are generally recognized as revenue when due from policyholders. Term life, assumed life reinsurance and credit life and disability policies include those contracts with fixed and guaranteed premiums and benefits. Benefits and expenses are matched with such revenue to result in the recognition of profit over the life of the contracts. (h) Premiums Receivable Premiums receivable represent amounts currently due and amounts not yet due on insurance and reinsurance policies. Premiums for insurance policies are generally due at inception. Premiums for reinsurance policies generally become due over the period of coverage based on the policy terms. The Company monitors the credit risk associated with premiums receivable, taking into consideration that credit risk is reduced by the Company’s contractual right to offset loss obligations or unearned premiums against premiums receivable. Amounts deemed uncollectible are charged to net earnings in the period they are determined. Changes in the estimate of premiums written will result in an adjustment to premiums receivable in the period they are determined. Certain contracts are retrospectively rated and provide for a final adjustment to the premium based on the final settlement of all losses. Premiums receivable on such contracts are adjusted based on the estimate of losses the Company expects to incur, and are not considered due until all losses are settled. (i) Policy Benefits for Life and Annuity Contracts The Company’s policy benefits for life and annuity contracts (“policy benefits”) are calculated using standard actuarial techniques and cash flow models in accordance with the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 944, Financial Services — Insurance. The 132 Table of Contents ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued) Company establishes and maintains its policy benefits at a level that the Company estimates will, when taken together with future premium payments and investment income expected to be earned on associated premiums, be sufficient to support all future cash flow benefit obligations and third party servicing obligations as they become payable. The Company reviews its policy benefits regularly and performs loss recognition testing based upon cash flow projections. Since the development of the policy benefits is based upon cash flow projection models, the Company makes estimates and assumptions based on experience and industry mortality tables, longevity and morbidity rates, lapse rates, expenses and investment experience, including a provision for adverse deviation. The assumptions used to determine policy benefits are determined at the inception of the contracts, reviewed and adjusted at the point of acquisition, as required, and are locked-in throughout the life of the contract unless a premium deficiency develops. The assumptions are reviewed no less than annually and are unlocked if they would result in a material adverse reserve change. The Company establishes these estimates based upon transaction-specific historical experience, information provided by the ceding company for the assumed business and industry experience. Actual results could differ materially from these estimates. As the experience on the contracts emerges, the assumptions are reviewed by management. The Company determines whether actual and anticipated experience indicates that existing policy benefits, together with the present value of future gross premiums, are sufficient to cover the present value of future benefits, settlement and maintenance costs and to recover unamortized acquisition costs. If such a review indicates that policy benefits should be greater than those currently held, then the locked-in assumptions are revised and a charge for policy benefits is recognized at that time. Because of the many assumptions and estimates used in establishing policy benefits and the long-term nature of the contracts, the reserving process, while based on actuarial techniques, is inherently uncertain. (j) Redeemable noncontrolling interest In connection with the acquisitions of Arden and Atrium, and with the proposed acquisition of Torus Insurance Holdings Limited (“Torus”), (as described in Note 3, —Acquisitions) certain subsidiaries have issued or will issue shares to a noncontrolling interest. These shares provide certain redemption rights to the holder, which may be settled in the Company’s own shares or cash, at the Company’s option. The Company classifies redeemable noncontrolling interest with redemption features that are not solely within the control of the Company within temporary equity in its consolidated balance sheets and carries them at the redemption value, which is fair value. The Company recognizes changes in the fair value that exceed the carrying value of redeemable noncontrolling interest through retained earnings as if the balance sheet date were also the redemption date. For a description of the redemption rights refer to Note 3 — Acquisitions. (k) Fees and commission income Fixed fee income is recognized in accordance with the term of the Company’s third-party management agreements. Time-based fees are recognized as services are provided. Success-based fees are recognized when all of the contractual requirements specified in the agreement are met. Profit commissions are recorded on an accruals basis, and are earned in line with the annual accounting results of the syndicate managed by Atrium. (l) Foreign exchange The reporting currency of the Company is the U.S. dollar. Assets and liabilities of entities whose functional currency is not the U.S. dollar are translated at period end exchange rates. Revenue and expenses of such foreign 133 Table of Contents ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued) entities are translated at average exchange rates during the year. The effect of the currency translation adjustments for these foreign entities is included in accumulated other comprehensive income. Other foreign currency assets and liabilities that are considered monetary items are translated at exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date. Foreign currency revenues and expenses are translated at transaction date exchange rates. These exchange gains and losses are included in the determination of net earnings. (m) Earnings per share Basic earnings per share is based on the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding and excludes any dilutive effects of warrants, options and convertible securities. Diluted earnings per share is based on the weighted average number of ordinary and ordinary share equivalents outstanding calculated using the treasury stock method for all potentially dilutive securities. When the effect of dilutive securities would be anti-dilutive, these securities are excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share. (n) Acquisitions The Company uses the purchase method in accounting for acquisitions. The difference between the fair value of net assets acquired and purchase price is recorded as goodwill or negative goodwill. The purchase method of accounting requires that the acquirer record the assets and liabilities acquired at their estimated fair value. The fair values of each of the reinsurance assets and liabilities acquired are derived from probability-weighted ranges of the associated projected cash flows, based on actuarially prepared information and management’s strategy. The Company’s run-off strategy, as well as that of other run-off market participants, is expected to be different from the sellers as generally sellers are not specialized in running off insurance and reinsurance liabilities whereas the Company and other market participants do specialize in such run-offs. The key assumptions used by the Company and, it believes, by other run-off market participants in the fair valuation of acquired companies are (i) the projected payout, timing and amount of claims liabilities; (ii) the related projected timing and amount of reinsurance collections; (iii) a risk-free discount rate, which is applied to determine the present value of the future cash flows; (iv) the estimated unallocated loss adjustment expenses to be incurred over the life of the run-off; (v) the impact of any accelerated run-off strategy; and (vi) an appropriate risk margin. The difference between the original carrying value of reinsurance liabilities and reinsurance assets acquired at the date of acquisition and their fair value is recorded as an intangible asset or other liability, which the Company refers to as the fair value adjustment (“FVA”). The FVA is amortized over the estimated payout period of outstanding losses and loss expenses acquired. To the extent the actual payout experience after the acquisition is materially faster or slower than anticipated at the time of the acquisition, there is an adjustment to the estimated ultimate loss reserves, or there are changes in bad debt provisions or in estimates of future run-off costs following accelerated payouts, then the amortization of the FVA is adjusted to reflect such changes. (o) Goodwill Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net assets acquired. The Company performs an initial valuation of its goodwill assets and assesses goodwill for impairment on an annual basis. If, as a result of the assessment, the Company determines the value of its goodwill asset is impaired, goodwill is written down in the period in which the determination is made. No impairment has been recorded as a result of the assessment. 134 Table of Contents ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued) (p) Intangible Assets Intangible assets represent the fair value adjustments related to unpaid losses and loss expenses, reinsurance balances recoverable and policy benefits for life and annuity contracts along with the fair values of Lloyd’s syndicate capacity, customer relationships, management contract and brand arising from the acquisition of Atrium. Definite-lived intangible assets are amortized over their useful lives. The Company recognizes the amortization of all intangible assets in the consolidated statement of earnings. Indefinite-lived intangible assets are not subject to amortization. The carrying values of intangible assets are reviewed for indicators of impairment on at least an annual basis. Impairment is recognized if the carrying values of the intangible assets are not recoverable from their undiscounted cash flows and are measured as the difference between the carrying value and the fair value. (q) Share-based compensation Share-based payment awards settled in ordinary shares are recorded in additional paid-in capital. The fair value of the award is measured at the grant date and expensed over the vesting period. (r) Income taxes Certain subsidiaries and branches of the Company operate in jurisdictions where they are subject to taxation. Current and deferred income taxes are charged or credited to net income, or, in certain cases, to accumulated other comprehensive income, based upon enacted tax laws and rates applicable in the relevant jurisdiction in the period in which the tax becomes accruable or realizable. Deferred income taxes are provided for all temporary differences between the bases of assets and liabilities used in the financial statements and those used in the various jurisdictional tax returns. When management’s assessment indicates that it is more likely than not that deferred income tax assets will not be realized, a valuation allowance is recorded against the deferred tax assets. The Company recognizes a tax benefit relating to uncertain tax positions only where the position is more likely than not to be sustained assuming examination by tax authorities. A liability is recognized for any tax benefit (along with any interest and penalty, if applicable) claimed in a tax return in excess of the amount allowed to be recognized in the financial statements under U.S. GAAP. Any changes in amounts recognized are recorded in the period in which they are determined. New Accounting Standards Adopted in 2013 ASU 2011-11, Disclosures About Offsetting Assets and Liabilities In December 2011, the FASB issued new disclosure requirements regarding the nature of an entity’s rights of setoff and related arrangements associated with its financial instruments and derivative instruments. The new disclosures are designed to make financial statements that are prepared under U.S. GAAP more comparable to those prepared under International Financial Reporting Standards. The Company adopted the amended guidance effective January 1, 2013. The adoption of the guidance did not have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements. ASU 2013-02, Presentation of Items Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income In February 2013, the FASB issued new disclosure requirements for items reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income. This guidance requires entities to disclose in a single location (either on the face of the financial statement that reports net earnings or in the notes) the effects of reclassification out of accumulated other comprehensive income. The Company adopted this guidance effective January 1, 2013. The adoption of the guidance did not have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements. 135 Table of Contents ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued) Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted ASU 2013-11 Presentation of an Unrecognized Tax Benefit When a Net Operating Loss Carryforward, a Similar Tax Loss, or a Tax Credit Carryforward Exists In July 2013, the FASB issued ASU No. 2013-11, Presentation of an Unrecognized Tax Benefit When a Net Operating Loss Carryforward, a Similar Tax Loss, or a Tax Credit Carryforward Exists (“ASU 2013-11”). The objective of ASU 2013-11 is to improve the financial statement presentation of an unrecognized tax benefit when a net operating loss carryforward, a similar tax loss, or a tax credit carryforward exists. ASU 2013-11 seeks to reduce the diversity in practice by providing guidance on the presentation of unrecognized tax benefits to better reflect the manner in which an entity would settle at the reporting date any additional income taxes that would result from the disallowance of a tax position when net operating loss carryforwards, similar tax losses, or tax credit carryforwards exist. ASU 2013-11 is effective for annual and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2013, with both early adoption and retrospective application permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this guidance; however, it is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations and financial position. 2014 Torus Insurance Holdings Limited Amalgamation Agreement On July 8, 2013, the Company, Veranda Holdings Ltd (“Veranda”), an entity in which the Company owns an indirect 60% interest through its 60% interest in Bayshore Holdings Limited (“Bayshore”), Hudson Securityholders Representative LLC and Torus Insurance Holdings Limited (“Torus”) entered into an Agreement and Plan of Amalgamation (the “Amalgamation Agreement”). The Amalgamation Agreement provides for the amalgamation (the “Amalgamation”) of Veranda and Torus (the combined entity, the “Amalgamated Company”). Torus is a global specialty insurer and holding company of six wholly-owned insurance vehicles, including two Lloyd’s syndicates, one of which is in run-off. The purchase price for the Amalgamation is approximately $692.0 million and will be paid half in cash and half in the Company’s stock. The Company and Kenmare Holdings Ltd. (its wholly-owned subsidiary) (“Kenmare”) will contribute to Bayshore, the parent company of Veranda, approximately $69.2 million in cash and 2,612,346 shares of the Company (which will consist of a combination of voting ordinary shares, par value $1.00 per share (the “Voting Ordinary Shares”) and newly-created Series B convertible non-voting preference shares, par value $1.00 per share (the “Non-Voting Preferred Shares”)) in exchange for a 60% interest in Bayshore. Trident V, L.P., Trident V Parallel Fund, L.P. and Trident V Professionals Fund, L.P. (collectively, “Trident”) will contribute to Bayshore approximately $276.8 million in cash in exchange for a 40% interest in Bayshore. Bayshore will use the contributed funds and shares to pay the purchase price for the Amalgamation. The number of shares to be issued by the Company is fixed and was determined by reference to an agreed-upon value per share under the Amalgamation Agreement of $132.448, which was the average closing price of the Voting Ordinary Shares over the 20 trading days prior to the date of signing of the Amalgamation Agreement. The final purchase price for the Amalgamation cannot be determined until closing because the overall value of the stock component will be an amount equal to the price of the Company’s Voting Ordinary Shares on the closing date multiplied by the fixed number of shares that will be issued. Following the Amalgamation, the Company and Trident will continue to own, respectively, a 60% and 40% indirect interest in the Amalgamated Company through their ownership of Bayshore. 136 3. ACQUISITIONS Table of Contents ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued) Completion of the Amalgamation is conditioned on, among other things, governmental and regulatory approvals and satisfaction of various customary closing conditions. The transaction is expected to close in the first quarter of 2014. Stock Issuance FR XI Offshore AIV, L.P., First Reserve Fund XII, L.P., FR XII A Parallel Vehicle L.P. and FR Torus Co-Investment, L.P. (collectively, “First Reserve”) will receive Voting Ordinary Shares, Non-Voting Preferred Shares and cash consideration in the transaction. In the event that the number of Voting Ordinary Shares deliverable to First Reserve at the closing of the Amalgamation would cause First Reserve, as of immediately after such closing, to beneficially own Voting Ordinary Shares that constitute more than 9.5% of the voting power of all shares of the Company, then the Company will issue to First Reserve, at the closing, the total number of shares of Voting Ordinary Shares representing 9.5% of the voting power of all shares of the Company as of immediately after the closing and Non-Voting Preferred Shares representing the remainder of the shares that First Reserve is entitled to under the Amalgamation Agreement. Corsair Specialty Investors, L.P. (“Corsair”) will receive both Voting Ordinary Shares and cash consideration in the transaction. The remaining Torus shareholders will receive all cash. As a result of the Amalgamation, First Reserve will receive approximately 9.5% and 11.5%, respectively, of the Company’s Voting Ordinary Shares and outstanding share capital and Corsair will receive approximately 2.5% and 2.1%, respectively, of the Company’s Voting Ordinary Shares and outstanding share capital. The Company and First Reserve will enter into a Shareholder Rights Agreement at the closing of the Amalgamation, under which the Company has agreed that First Reserve will have the right to designate one representative to the Company’s Board of Directors. This designation right terminates if First Reserve ceases to beneficially own at least 75% of the total number of Voting Ordinary Shares and Non-Voting Preferred Shares acquired by it under the Amalgamation Agreement. The Company will also enter into a Registration Rights Agreement with First Reserve and Corsair at the closing of the Amalgamation that provides First Reserve and Corsair with certain rights to cause the Company to register under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Act”), the Voting Ordinary Shares (including the Voting Ordinary Shares into which the Non-Voting Preferred Shares may convert) issued pursuant to the Amalgamation and any securities issued by the Company in connection with the foregoing by way of a share dividend or share split or in connection with any recapitalization, reclassification or similar reorganization (the foregoing, collectively, “Registrable Securities”). Pursuant to the Registration Rights Agreement, the Company must file a resale shelf registration statement for the Registrable Securities within 20 business days after the closing of the Amalgamation. In addition, at any time following the six-month anniversary of the closing of the Amalgamation, First Reserve will be entitled to make three written requests for the Company to register all or any part of the Registrable Securities under the Act, subject to certain exceptions and conditions set forth in the Registration Rights Agreement. Corsair will have the right to make one such request. First Reserve and Corsair will also be granted “piggyback” registration rights with respect to the Company’s registration of Voting Ordinary Shares for its own account or for the account of one or more of its securityholders. Trident Co-investment in Torus In connection with the Amalgamation Agreement, the Company, Kenmare and Trident entered into an Investors Agreement on July 8, 2013 governing their investments in Bayshore, and Kenmare and Trident entered into individual equity commitment letters obligating each to fund its respective portion of the purchase price for the Amalgamation noted above. Completion of Kenmare’s and Trident’s funding obligations is conditioned on, 137 Table of Contents ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued) among other things, the satisfaction of certain conditions tied directly to the satisfaction of the closing conditions under the Amalgamation Agreement. Upon the funding of the equity commitments at the closing of the Amalgamation, Kenmare and Trident have agreed to enter into a Shareholders’ Agreement (the “Bayshore Shareholders’ Agreement”). Among other things, the Bayshore Shareholders’ Agreement will provide that Kenmare would appoint three members to the Bayshore board of directors and Trident would appoint two members. The Bayshore Shareholders’ Agreement includes a five-year period during which neither party can transfer its ownership interest in Bayshore to a third party (the “Restricted Period”). Following the Restricted Period: (i) each party must offer the other party the right to buy its shares before the shares are offered to a third party; (ii) Kenmare can require Trident to participate in a sale of Bayshore to a third party as long as Kenmare owns 55% of Bayshore; (iii) each party has the right to be included on a pro rata basis in any sales made by the other party; and (iv) each party has the right to buy its pro rata share of any new securities issued by Bayshore. During the 90-day period following the fifth anniversary of the closing of the Amalgamation, and at any time following the seventh anniversary of such closing, Kenmare would have the right to redeem Trident’s shares in Bayshore at their then fair market value, which would be payable in cash. Following the seventh anniversary of the closing, Trident would have the right to require Kenmare to purchase Trident’s shares for their then current fair market value, which Kenmare would have the option to pay either in cash or by delivering the Company’s ordinary voting shares. Trident is a holder of approximately 9.7% of the Company’s ordinary shares. James D. Carey, a member and senior principal of Stone Point Capital LLC (the Manager of Trident), is a Member of the Company’s Board of Directors. Refer to Note 19 for information regarding the Company’s other transactions with Trident and its affiliates. 2013 Atrium On November 25, 2013, Kenmare, the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary, together with Trident, completed the acquisition of Atrium. The purchaser of Atrium, Northshore Holdings Limited (“Northshore”), is 60% owned by Kenmare and 40% owned by Trident. Atrium is an underwriting business at Lloyd’s of London that manages Syndicate 609 (“S609”) and provides approximately one quarter of the syndicate’s capital. Atrium specializes in accident and health, aviation, marine property, non-marine property, professional liability, property and casualty binding authorities, reinsurance, upstream energy, war and terrorism insurance, cargo and fine art. The purchase price for Atrium was $158.0 million. Kenmare’s portion of the purchase price was $94.8 million, and was financed by borrowings under the Company’s revolving credit facility. The purchase price and net assets acquired at fair value are as follows: The purchase price was allocated to the acquired assets and liabilities of Atrium based on estimated fair values at the acquisition date. The Company recognized goodwill of $38.8 million, all of which was recorded 138 Purchase price $ 158,000 Net assets acquired at fair value $ 119,152 Excess of purchase price over fair value of net assets acquired $ 38,848 Table of Contents ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued) within the active underwriting segment and is attributable primarily to Atrium’s assembled workforce. The Company also recognized indefinite lived intangible assets of $63.0 million and other definite lived intangible assets of $27.0 million. The Company has not completed the process of determining the fair value of the intangible assets acquired and deferred taxes. These valuations will be completed within the measurement period, which cannot exceed 12 months from the acquisition date. As a result, the fair value recorded for these items is a provisional estimate and may be subject to adjustment. Once completed, any adjustments resulting from the valuations may impact the individual amounts recorded for assets acquired and liabilities assumed, as well as the residual goodwill. The following table summarizes the provisional fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date. The net unearned premiums acquired include a decrease of $16.7 million to adjust net unearned premiums to fair value. This fair value adjustment is included within unearned premiums on the consolidated balance sheet. This amount will be amortized to acquisition costs in the consolidated statements of earnings and comprehensive income over the next two years. The amortization approximates the amount of Atrium’s deferred acquisition costs that would have been recognized as acquisition costs had they not been fair valued under acquisition accounting. As at December 31, 2013, the remaining balance of the fair value adjustment was $16.7 million. 139 ASSETS Short-term investments, available-for-sale, at fair value $ 33,535 Short-term investments, trading, at fair value 12,526 Fixed maturities, available-for-sale, at fair value 156,142 Fixed maturities, trading, at fair value 10,751 Total investments 212,954 Cash and cash equivalents 44,842 Restricted cash and cash equivalents 12,305 Premiums receivable 41,855 Reinsurance balances recoverable 32,375 Deferred premium 26,224 Funds withheld 19,579 Intangibles 90,000 Other assets 7,977 TOTAL ASSETS 488,111 LIABILITIES Losses and loss adjustment expenses 216,319 Insurance and reinsurance balances payable 20,834 Unearned premium 42,738 Deferred taxes 39,740 Other liabilities 49,328 TOTAL LIABILITIES 368,959 NET ASSETS ACQUIRED AT FAIR VALUE 119,152 Goodwill 38,848 ACQUISITION DATE FAIR VALUE $ 158,000 Table of Contents ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued) The following table summarizes the provisional intangible assets recorded in connection with the acquisition: The fair value of the Lloyd’s syndicate capacity was estimated using the multi-period excess-earnings method, a form of the income approach. Lloyd’s syndicate capacity represents Atrium’s authorized premium income limit to write insurance business in the Lloyd’s market. Atrium’s proportionate share of S609, (the syndicate through which it conducts its Lloyd’s operations) is approximately 25%. The capacity is renewed annually at no cost to the Company but may be freely purchased or sold, subject to Lloyd’s approval. The ability to write insurance business within the syndicate capacity is indefinite with the premium income limit being set annually by the Company, subject to Lloyd’s approval. Atrium provides underwriting, actuarial and support services to S609 pursuant to a management contract. The fair value of the management contract was estimated using the income approach. Distribution channels represent broker relationships and the network of insurance companies through which Atrium conducts its operations. The fair value of Atrium’s distribution channel was estimated using the income approach. Critical inputs into the valuation model for customer relationships and broker relationships include estimates of expected premium and attrition rates, and discounting at a weighted average cost of capital. Brand represents the intangible asset related to the name and was valued using the income approach. From the date of acquisition to December 31, 2013, the Company earned premiums of $10.7 million, recorded losses incurred of $7.2 million on those earned premiums, and recorded $2.5 million in net earnings related to Atrium in its consolidated statement of earnings. Arden On September 9, 2013, Kenmare, the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary, together with Trident, completed the acquisition of Arden. Northshore, the purchaser of Arden, is 60% owned by Kenmare and 40% owned by Trident. Arden is a Bermuda-based reinsurance company that provides reinsurance to Atrium and is currently in the process of running off certain other discontinued businesses. Results related to Arden’s reinsurance to Atrium are included within the Company’s active underwriting segment, while results related to Arden’s discontinued business are included within the Company’s non-life run-off segment. The purchase price for Arden was $79.6 million. Kenmare’s portion of the purchase price was $47.8 million, and was financed by borrowings under the Company’s revolving credit facility. 140 Amount Economic Useful Life Syndicate capacity $ 32,900 Indefinite Management contract 30,100 Indefinite Distribution channel 20,000 15 Years Brand 7,000 10 years Intangible assets as of the acquisition date $ 90,000 Purchase price $ 79,600 Net assets acquired at fair value $ 79,600 Table of Contents ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued) The following summarizes the estimated fair values of the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed as of the date of acquisition: From the date of acquisition to December 31, 2013, the Company earned premiums of $21.3 million, recorded losses incurred of $11.8 million on those earned premiums, and recorded $9.8 million in net earnings related to Arden in its consolidated statement of earnings. Pavonia On March 31, 2013, the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiary, Pavonia Holdings (US), Inc., completed the acquisition of all of the shares of Household Life Insurance Company of Delaware (“HLIC DE”) and HSBC Insurance Company of Delaware (“HSBC DE”) from Household Insurance Group Holding Company, a subsidiary of HSBC Holdings plc. HLIC DE and HSBC DE are both Delaware-domiciled insurers in run-off. HLIC DE owns three other insurers domiciled in Michigan, New York, and Arizona, which are also in run-off (collectively with HLIC DE and HSBC DE, the “Pavonia companies”). The aggregate cash purchase price was $155.6 million and was financed in part by a drawing of $55.7 million under the Company’s revolving credit facility. The Pavonia companies wrote various U.S. and Canadian life insurance, including credit life and disability insurance, term life insurance, assumed life reinsurance and annuities. The purchase price and fair value of the assets acquired in the Pavonia acquisition were as follows: 141 Active Underwriting Non-life Run-off Total ASSETS Short-term investments, trading, at fair value $ 16,340 $ 12,512 $ 28,852 Fixed maturities, trading, at fair value 9,351 46,077 55,428 Other investments — 2,867 2,867 Total investments 25,691 61,456 87,147 Cash and cash equivalents — 23,037 23,037 Restricted cash and cash equivalents 10,213 21,599 31,812 Premiums receivable 74,452 49,769 124,221 Reinsurance balances recoverable — 354,810 354,810 Other assets — 12,016 12,016 TOTAL ASSETS 110,356 522,687 633,043 LIABILITIES Losses and loss adjustment expenses 56,160 427,567 483,727 Insurance and reinsurance balances payable — 59,304 59,304 Unearned premium — 10,412 10,412 TOTAL LIABILITIES 56,160 497,283 553,443 NET ASSETS ACQUIRED AT FAIR VALUE $ 54,196 $ 25,404 $ 79,600 Purchase price $ 155,564 Net assets acquired at fair value $ 155,564 Table of Contents ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued) The following summarizes the estimated fair values of the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed as of the date of acquisition: As of March 31, 2013, the date of acquisition of the Pavonia companies, all of the companies were either in run-off or, immediately following the acquisition, were placed into run-off, and accordingly are no longer writing any new policies. The Pavonia companies will continue to collect premiums in relation to the unexpired policies assumed on acquisition. For the period from the date of the acquisition to December 31, 2013, the Company had earned premiums of $92.2 million, recorded life and annuity benefits and acquisition costs of $88.6 million on those earned premiums, and recorded $3.7 million in net earnings related to the Pavonia companies in its consolidated statement of earnings. SeaBright On February 7, 2013, the Company completed its acquisition of SeaBright, through the merger of its indirect, wholly-owned subsidiary, AML Acquisition, Corp. (“AML Acquisition”), with and into SeaBright (the “Merger”), with SeaBright surviving the Merger as the Company’s indirect, wholly-owned subsidiary. SeaBright owns SeaBright Insurance Company, an Illinois-domiciled insurer that is commercially domiciled in California, which wrote direct workers’ compensation business. The aggregate cash purchase price paid by the Company for all equity securities of SeaBright was approximately $252.1 million, which was funded in part with $111.0 million borrowed under a four-year term loan facility provided by National Australia Bank (“NAB”) and Barclays Bank PLC. Immediately following the acquisition, SeaBright was placed into run-off, and accordingly is no longer writing new insurance policies. Since its acquisition, SeaBright had renewed expiring insurance policies when it was obligated to do so by regulators, but has received approvals from all states relieving it of this obligation to renew any further policies. 142 ASSETS Short-term investments, trading, at fair value $ 40,404 Short-term investments, held-to-maturity, at fair value 10,268 Fixed maturities, trading, at fair value 329,985 Fixed maturities, held-to-maturity, at fair value 876,474 Total investments 1,257,131 Cash and cash equivalents 81,849 Accrued interest receivable 15,183 Funds held by reinsured companies 47,761 Other assets 59,002 TOTAL ASSETS 1,460,926 LIABILITIES Policyholder benefits for life and annuity contracts 1,255,632 Reinsurance balances payable 39,477 Unearned premium 5,618 Other liabilities 4,635 TOTAL LIABILITIES 1,305,362 NET ASSETS ACQUIRED AT FAIR VALUE $ 155,564 Table of Contents ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued) The purchase price and fair value of the assets acquired in the SeaBright acquisition were as follows: The following summarizes the estimated fair values of the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed as of the date of acquisition: The net unearned premiums acquired include a decrease of $14.4 million to adjust net unearned premiums to fair value. This fair value adjustment is included within unearned premiums on the consolidated balance sheet. This amount has been amortized to acquisition costs in the consolidated statements of earnings during 2013. The amortization approximates the amount of SeaBright’s deferred acquisition costs that would have been recognized as acquisition costs had they not been fair valued under acquisition accounting. As at December 31, 2013, this fair value adjustment was fully amortized. Gross and net premiums written by SeaBright from the date of the acquisition to December 31, 2013 totaled $17.8 million and $9.2 million, respectively. Because SeaBright’s exit from the mandatory renewal process was approved, the Company expects that SeaBright will no longer generate premiums written other than for small adjustments related to premium audits and reinstatement premiums on previously written policies. From the date of acquisition to December 31, 2013, the Company earned premiums of $112.8 million, recorded losses incurred and acquisition costs of $86.6 million on those earned premiums, and recorded $3.5 million in net losses related to SeaBright in its consolidated statement of earnings. Pro Forma Financial Information — Atrium, Arden and the Pavonia companies (Unaudited) The following pro forma condensed combined statement of earnings for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012 combines the historical consolidated statements of earnings of the Company (inclusive of those of 143 Purchase price $ 252,091 Net assets acquired at fair value $ 252,091 ASSETS Short-term investments, trading, at fair value $ 25,171 Fixed maturities, trading, at fair value 683,780 Total investments 708,951 Cash and cash equivalents 41,846 Accrued interest receivable 6,344 Premiums receivable 112,510 Reinsurance balances recoverable 117,462 Other assets 4,515 TOTAL ASSETS 991,628 LIABILITIES Losses and loss adjustment expenses 592,774 Unearned premium 93,897 Loans payable 12,000 Insurance balances payable 3,243 Other liabilities 37,623 TOTAL LIABILITIES 739,537 NET ASSETS ACQUIRED AT FAIR VALUE $ 252,091 Table of Contents ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued) SeaBright since its acquisition on February 7, 2013) with those of Atrium, Arden and Pavonia, giving effect to the business combinations and related transactions of Atrium, Arden and Pavonia as if they had occurred on January 1, 2013 and 2012, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2013, the results shown for Atrium, Arden and Pavonia represent their results from January 1, 2013 to the respective date of each acquisition. The results for Atrium, Arden and Pavonia post-acquisition are included in the results shown for the Company. The pro forma financial information presented below is for informational purposes only and is not necessarily indicative of the results of operations that would have been achieved if the acquisitions of Atrium, Arden and the Pavonia companies had taken place on January 1, 2013 or 2012, respectively. Summary of the Pro Forma Adjustments to the Pro Forma Condensed Combined Statement of Earnings for the Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2013 (Unaudited): 144 Unaudited Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2013 Enstar Group Limited Atrium Arden Pavonia Pro forma Adjustments Enstar Group Limited - Pro Forma Total income $ 416,570 $ 91,126 $ 15,911 $ 48,275 $ — $ 571,882 Total expenses (192,748 ) (68,545 ) (18,783 ) (48,094 ) (9,531 ) (337,701 ) Noncontrolling interest (15,218 ) — — — (7,170 ) (22,388 ) Net earnings $ 208,604 $ 22,581 $ (2,872 ) $ 181 $ (16,701 ) $ 211,793 Net earnings per ordinary share —basic $ 12.82 Net earnings per ordinary share —diluted $ 12.68 Weighted average ordinary shares outstanding — basic 16,523,369 Weighted average ordinary shares outstanding — diluted 16,703,442 Unaudited Expenses Atrium Arden Pavonia Total (i) Adjustment to interest expense to reflect the financing costs of the acquisition for the year $ (3,105 ) $ (1,111 ) $ (442 ) $ (4,658 ) (ii) Adjustment to recognize amortization of definite lived intangible assets (2,033 ) (218 ) (2,825 ) (5,076 ) (iii) Net adjustment related to the unlocking and reassessment of the actuarial estimates of the business acquired — — (2,166 ) (2,166 ) (iv) Adjustment to income taxes for pro forma adjustments 467 — 1,902 2,369 $ (4,671 ) $ (1,329 ) $ (3,531 ) $ (9,531 ) (v) Adjustment to noncontrolling interest for pro forma adjustments $ (8,406 ) $ 1,236 $ — $ (7,170 ) Table of Contents ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued) Summary of the Pro Forma Adjustments to the Pro Forma Condensed Combined Statement of Earnings for the Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2012 (Unaudited): 2011 Clarendon On July 12, 2011, the Company, through its wholly-owned subsidiary, Clarendon Holdings, Inc., completed the acquisition of 100% of the shares of Clarendon National Insurance Company (“Clarendon”) from Clarendon Insurance Group, Inc., an affiliate of Hannover Re (“Hannover”). Clarendon is a New Jersey-domiciled insurer that is in run-off. Clarendon owns three other insurers, two domiciled in New Jersey and one domiciled in Florida, that are also in run-off. The purchase price was $219.1 million and was financed in part by $106.5 million under a four-year term loan facility provided by NAB and the remainder from available cash on hand. 145 Unaudited Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2012 Enstar Group Limited Atrium Arden Pavonia Pro forma Adjustments Enstar Group Limited - Pro Forma Total income $ 163,453 $ 82,343 $ 199,939 $ 280,227 $ — $ 725,962 Total expenses 28,066 (52,277 ) (108,185 ) (267,983 ) (21,855 ) (422,234 ) Noncontrolling interest (23,502 ) — — — (47,971 ) (71,473 ) Net earnings $ 168,017 $ 30,066 $ 91,754 $ 12,244 $ (69,826 ) $ 232,255 Net earnings per ordinary share — basic $ 14.13 Net earnings per ordinary share — diluted $ 13.96 Weighted average ordinary shares outstanding — basic 16,441,461 Weighted average ordinary shares outstanding — diluted 16,638,021 Unaudited Expenses Atrium Arden Pavonia Total (i) Adjustment to interest expense to reflect the financing costs of the acquisition for the year $ (3,685 ) $ (1,854 ) $ (2,227 ) $ (7,766 ) (ii) Adjustment to recognize amortization of definite lived intangible assets (2,033 ) (327 ) (11,300 ) (13,660 ) (iii) Net adjustment related to the unlocking and reassessment of the actuarial estimates of the business acquired — — (8,664 ) (8,664 ) (iv) Adjustment to income taxes for pro forma adjustments 468 — 7,767 8,235 $ (5,250 ) $ (2,181 ) $ (14,424 ) $ (21,855 ) (v) Adjustment to noncontrolling interest for pro forma adjustments $ (11,400 ) $ (36,571 ) $ — $ (47,971 ) Table of Contents ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued) In addition, on July 12, 2011, the Company, through its wholly-owned subsidiary, Fitzwilliam Insurance Limited (“Fitzwilliam”), in connection with the acquisition of Clarendon, entered into a reinsurance agreement with Hannover, which provides adverse development cover (“ADC”) to Clarendon to reinsure Hannover for the first $80.0 million of the ADC. The Company provided a parental guarantee to Hannover in the amount of $80.0 million supporting the obligations of Fitzwilliam. The purchase price and fair value of the assets acquired in the Clarendon acquisition were as follows: The following summarizes the estimated fair values of the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed as of the date of acquisition: Laguna On March 25, 2011, the Company, through its wholly-owned subsidiary, Kenmare, completed the acquisition of Laguna Life Limited, formerly known as CitiLife Financial Limited (“Laguna”), from Citigroup Insurance Holding Corporation (“Citigroup”), an affiliate of Citigroup Inc. Laguna is an Ireland-based life insurer that is in run-off. The purchase price was €15.0 million (approximately $21.2 million) and was funded from available cash on hand. The originally disclosed purchase price of €30.0 million (approximately $42.4 million) was reduced, prior to completion of the acquisition, after Citigroup received approval from Laguna’s regulator to distribute €15.0 million (approximately $21.2 million) to its shareholders. The purchase price and fair value of the net assets acquired in the Laguna acquisition were as follows: 146 Purchase price $ 219,077 Net assets acquired at fair value $ 219,077 ASSETS Short-term investments, trading $ 60,376 Fixed maturities, trading 623,530 Equities 5,014 Total investments 688,920 Cash and cash equivalents 138,518 Restricted cash and cash equivalents 7,198 Reinsurance balances recoverable 1,065,341 Accrued interest and other receivables 9,655 TOTAL ASSETS 1,909,632 LIABILITIES Losses and loss adjustment expenses 1,654,436 Insurance and reinsurance balances payable 1,942 Funds withheld 26,277 Accounts payable 7,900 TOTAL LIABILITIES 1,690,555 NET ASSETS ACQUIRED AT FAIR VALUE $ 219,077 Purchase price $ 21,223 Net assets acquired at fair value $ 34,328 Excess of net assets over purchase price (gain on bargain purchase) $ (13,105 ) Table of Contents ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued) The gain on bargain purchase of approximately $13.1 million, relating to the acquisition of Laguna, arose primarily as a result of the reassessment by the Company, upon acquisition, of the total required estimated costs to manage the business to expiry. The Company’s assessment of costs was lower than the acquired costs recorded by the vendor in the financial statements of Laguna. The following summarizes the estimated fair values of the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed as of the date of acquisition: 2014 Shelbourne RITC Transactions The Company, through its wholly-owned U.K.-based subsidiary, Shelbourne Group Limited (“Shelbourne”), invests in reinsurance to close contract (“RITC”) transactions (the transferring of liabilities from one Lloyd’s syndicate to another) with Lloyd’s of London insurance and reinsurance syndicates in run-off. Shelbourne was originally formed in December 2007 in conjunction with other investors. Shelbourne owns 100% of Shelbourne Syndicate Services Limited, the Managing Agency for Lloyd’s Syndicate 2008 (“S2008”), a syndicate approved by Lloyd’s of London on December 16, 2007 to undertake RITC transactions with Lloyd’s syndicates in run-off. Effective January 1, 2014, S2008 entered into an RITC transaction with another Lloyd’s syndicate in respect of its 2011 and prior underwriting years of account, under which S2008 assumed net insurance reserves of approximately £15.3 million (approximately $25.3 million) for consideration of an approximately equal amount. Reciprocal of America On July 6, 2012, PWIC entered into a definitive loss portfolio transfer reinsurance agreement with Reciprocal of America (in Receivership) and its Deputy Receiver relating to a portfolio of workers’ compensation business. The estimated total liabilities to be assumed are approximately $169.0 million, with an equivalent amount of assets to be received as consideration. Completion of the transaction is conditioned upon, among other things, regulatory approvals and satisfaction of customary closing conditions. The transaction is expected to close in the second quarter of 2014. 147 ASSETS Short-term investments, trading $ 1,154 Fixed maturities, trading 30,765 Total investments 31,919 Cash and cash equivalents 13,274 Reinsurance balances recoverable 1,459 Other assets 1,325 TOTAL ASSETS 47,977 LIABILITIES Losses and loss adjustment expenses 11,898 Accounts payable 1,751 TOTAL LIABILITIES 13,649 NET ASSETS ACQUIRED AT FAIR VALUE $ 34,328 4. SIGNIFICANT NEW BUSINESS Table of Contents ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued) 2013 Shelbourne RITC Transactions Effective January 1, 2013, Lloyd’s Syndicate 2008 entered into a RITC of the 2009 underwriting year of account of another Lloyd’s syndicate and a 100% quota share reinsurance agreement with a further Lloyd’s syndicate in respect of its 2010 underwriting year of account, under which S2008 assumed total gross insurance reserves of approximately £33.8 million (approximately $51.4 million) for consideration of an equal amount. American Physicians On April 26, 2013, the Company, through its wholly-owned subsidiary, Providence Washington Insurance Company (“PWIC”), completed the assignment and assumption of a portfolio of workers’ compensation business from American Physicians Assurance Corporation and APSpecialty Insurance Company (collectively “APS”). Total assets and liabilities assumed were approximately $35.3 million. 2012 Claremont On August 6 and December 17, 2012, the Company, through Fitzwilliam, entered into novation agreements with Claremont and two of Claremont’s reinsurers with respect to their existing quota share contracts. Under the novation agreements, Fitzwilliam replaced the reinsurers on the quota share contracts in exchange for total assets and liabilities of approximately $38.0 million. Zurich Danish Portfolio On June 30, 2012, the Company, through the Danish branch of its wholly-owned subsidiary, Marlon Insurance Company Limited (“Marlon”), acquired, by way of loss portfolio transfer under Danish law, a portfolio of reinsurance and professional disability business from the Danish branch of Zurich Insurance Company (“Zurich”). Marlon received total assets and assumed liabilities of approximately $60.0 million. Shelbourne RITC Transactions On January 1, 2012, S2008 transferred the assets and liabilities relating to its 2009 and prior underwriting years of account into its 2010 underwriting year of account by means of an RITC transaction. Following the transfer, the existing noncontrolling interest held by its other investors ceased, resulting in the Company now providing 100% of the underwriting capacity for S2008. Effective December 31, 2012, S2008 entered into a 100% quota share reinsurance agreement with another Lloyd’s syndicate in respect of its 2009 and prior years of account (the “2009 Liabilities”), under which S2008 assumed total gross insurance reserves of approximately £193.0 million (approximately $313.3 million) for consideration of an equal amount. Effective January 1, 2014, the 2012 Lloyd’s underwriting year of account of S2008 entered into a partial RITC transaction with respect to the 2009 liabilities. 2011 Insurance Australia Group On September 20, 2011, the Company, through its wholly-owned subsidiary, Gordian Run-off Limited (“Gordian”), acquired an inwards reinsurance portfolio from Insurance Australia Group Limited via an Australian Federal Court approved scheme. Gordian received total assets and assumed total net reinsurance liabilities of approximately 9.7 million Australian dollars (approximately $10.0 million). 148 Table of Contents ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued) Claremont On September 1, 2011, the Company, through Fitzwilliam, entered into a novation agreement with Claremont and certain of its reinsurers with respect to three specific quota share contracts. Under the novation agreement, Fitzwilliam replaced those companies as reinsurer of Claremont on the quota share contracts, assuming liabilities of $22.5 million and receiving assets of an equal amount. Shelbourne RITC Transactions In February 2011, S2008 entered into RITC agreements with two Lloyd’s syndicates assuming total gross insurance reserves of approximately $129.6 million for consideration of an equal amount. Trading The estimated fair values of the Company’s investments in fixed maturity securities, short-term investments and equities classified as trading securities were as follows: Included within residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities as at December 31, 2013 were securities issued by U.S. governmental agencies with a fair value of $177.9 million (as at December 31, 2012: $68.4 million within residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities). The following tables set forth certain information regarding the credit ratings (provided by major rating agencies) of the Company’s fixed maturity securities and short-term investments classified as trading: 149 5. INVESTMENTS December 31, 2013 December 31, 2012 U.S. government and agency $ 439,946 $ 361,906 Non-U.S. government 476,224 265,722 Corporate 2,123,675 1,598,876 Municipal 41,034 20,446 Residential mortgage-backed 218,457 115,594 Commercial mortgage-backed 114,637 130,848 Asset-backed 248,748 78,929 Total fixed maturity and short-term investments 3,662,721 2,572,321 Equities — U.S. 115,285 92,406 Equities — International 66,748 22,182 $ 3,844,754 $ 2,686,909 As at December 31, 2013 Fair Value % of Total Fair Value AAA $ 502,057 13.7 % AA 1,430,107 39.1 % A 1,191,142 32.5 % BBB or lower 461,614 12.6 % Not Rated 77,801 2.1 % $ 3,662,721 100.0 % Table of Contents ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued) Held-to-maturity The Company holds a portfolio of held-to-maturity securities to support the Pavonia annuity business. The amortized cost and estimated fair values of the Company’s fixed maturity securities classified as held-to-maturity were as follows: As at December 31, 2013, none of these securities were considered to be other-than-temporarily impaired. As at December 31, 2012, the Company had no investments classified as held-to-maturity. The contractual maturities of the Company’s fixed maturity securities classified as held-to-maturity are shown below. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. 150 As at December 31, 2012 Fair Value % of Total Fair Value AAA $ 418,297 16.3 % AA 958,267 37.2 % A 812,428 31.6 % BBB or lower 376,347 14.6 % Not Rated 6,982 0.3 % $ 2,572,321 100.0 % As at December 31, 2013 Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Holding Gains Gross Unrealized Holding Losses Non-OTTI Fair Value U.S. government and agency $ 19,992 $ 6 $ (1,866 ) $ 18,132 Non-U.S. government 23,592 19 (1,284 ) 22,327 Corporate 815,803 105 (56,808 ) 759,100 $ 859,387 $ 130 $ (59,958 ) $ 799,559 As at December 31, 2013 Amortized Cost Fair Value % of Total Fair Value Due in one year or less $ 17,541 $ 17,579 2.2 % Due after one year through five years 87,698 86,611 10.8 % Due after five years through ten years 133,102 126,541 15.8 % Due after ten years 621,046 568,828 71.2 % $ 859,387 $ 799,559 100.0 % Table of Contents ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued) The following table set forth certain information regarding the credit ratings (provided by major rating agencies) of the Company’s fixed maturity securities classified as held-to-maturity: Available-for-sale The amortized cost and estimated fair values of the Company’s fixed maturity securities and short-term investments classified as available-for-sale were as follows: Included within residential mortgage-backed securities as at December 31, 2013 were securities issued by U.S. governmental agencies with a fair value of $12.5 million (as at December 31, 2012: $3.5 million within residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities). 151 As at December 31, 2013 Amortized Cost Fair Value % of Total Fair Value AAA $ 47,949 $ 44,552 5.6 % AA 259,163 239,188 29.9 % A 496,986 463,001 57.9 % BBB or lower 54,759 52,282 6.5 % Not Rated 530 536 0.1 % $ 859,387 $ 799,559 100.0 % As at December 31, 2013 Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Holding Gains Gross Unrealized Holding Losses Non-OTTI Fair Value U.S. government and agency $ 28,050 $ 303 $ (10 ) $ 28,343 Non-U.S. government 84,443 1,871 (22 ) 86,292 Corporate 76,942 1,221 (259 ) 77,904 Residential mortgage-backed 17,523 102 (118 ) 17,507 Asset-backed 36,344 4 (30 ) 36,318 $ 243,302 $ 3,501 $ (439 ) $ 246,364 As at December 31, 2012 Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Holding Gains Gross Unrealized Holding Losses Non-OTTI Fair Value U.S. government and agency $ 4,503 $ 454 $ — $ 4,957 Non-U.S. government 120,634 3,373 (151 ) 123,856 Corporate 115,139 2,379 (524 ) 116,994 Residential mortgage-backed 4,308 230 (40 ) 4,498 Commercial mortgage-backed 474 7 — 481 Asset-backed 338 9 (12 ) 335 $ 245,396 $ 6,452 $ (727 ) $ 251,121 Table of Contents ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued) The following tables summarize the Company’s fixed maturity securities and short-term investments classified as available-for-sale in an unrealized loss position as well as the aggregate fair value and gross unrealized loss by length of time the securities have continuously been in an unrealized loss position: As at December 31, 2013 and 2012, the number of securities classified as available-for-sale in an unrealized loss position was 135 and 30, respectively, with a fair value of $121.8 million and $29.0 million, respectively. The increase in the number of these securities was due primarily to investment portfolios acquired in connection with acquisitions completed during 2013. Of these securities, the number of securities that had been in an unrealized loss position for twelve months or longer was 2 and 23, respectively. As of December 31, 2013, none of these securities were considered to be other than temporarily impaired. The contractual maturities of the Company’s fixed maturity securities and short-term investments classified as available-for-sale are shown below. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. 152 12 Months or Greater Less Than 12 Months Total As at December 31, 2013 Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses U.S. government and agency $ — $ — $ 11,416 $ (10 ) $ 11,416 $ (10 ) Non-U.S. government — — 20,406 (22 ) 20,406 (22 ) Corporate — — 51,478 (259 ) 51,478 (259 ) Residential mortgage-backed — — 13,632 (118 ) 13,632 (118 ) Asset-backed — — 24,898 (30 ) 24,898 (30 ) $ — — $ 121,830 $ (439 ) $ 121,830 $ (439 ) 12 Months or Greater Less Than 12 Months Total As at December 31, 2012 Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses Non-U.S. government $ 2,646 $ (82 ) $ 2,399 $ (69 ) $ 5,045 $ (151 ) Corporate 13,936 (86 ) 8,689 (438 ) 22,625 (524 ) Residential mortgage-backed 1,124 (40 ) — — 1,124 (40 ) Asset-backed 174 (12 ) — — 174 (12 ) $ 17,880 $ (220 ) $ 11,088 $ (507 ) $ 28,968 $ (727 ) As at December 31, 2013 Amortized Cost Fair Value % of Total Fair Value Due in one year or less $ 45,295 $ 45,596 18.5 % Due after one year through five years 141,400 143,445 58.2 % Due after five years through ten years 69 70 0.1 % Due after ten years 2,671 3,428 1.4 % 189,435 192,539 78.2 % Residential mortgage-backed 17,523 17,507 7.1 % Asset-backed 36,344 36,318 14.7 % $ 243,302 $ 246,364 100.0 % Table of Contents ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued) The following tables set forth certain information regarding the credit ratings (provided by major rating agencies) of the Company’s fixed maturity securities and short-term investments classified as available-for-sale: Other-Than-Temporary Impairment Process The Company assesses whether declines in the fair value of its fixed maturity investments classified as available-for-sale and held-to-maturity represent impairment losses that are other-than-temporary and whether a credit loss exists in accordance with its accounting policies. In assessing whether it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell a fixed maturity investment before its anticipated recovery, the Company considers various factors including its future cash flow requirements, legal and regulatory requirements, the level of its cash, cash equivalents, short-term investments and fixed maturity investments available-for-sale in an unrealized gain position, and other relevant factors. For the year ended December 31, 2013, the Company did not recognize any other-than-temporary impairment losses due to required sales. The Company determined that, as at December 31, 2013, no credit losses existed. 153 As at December 31, 2012 Amortized Cost Fair Value % of Total Fair Value Due in one year or less $ 173,113 $ 173,949 69.3 % Due after one year through five years 64,089 68,298 27.2 % Due after ten years 3,074 3,560 1.4 % 240,276 245,807 97.9 % Residential mortgage-backed 4,308 4,498 1.8 % Commercial mortgage-backed 474 481 0.2 % Asset-backed 338 335 0.1 % $ 245,396 $ 251,121 100.0 % As at December 31, 2013 Amortized Cost Fair Value % of Total Fair Value AAA $ 125,729 $ 127,433 51.7 % AA 74,692 75,181 30.5 % A 33,834 34,607 14.1 % BBB or lower 8,957 8,963 3.6 % Not Rated 90 180 0.1 % $ 243,302 $ 246,364 100.0 % As at December 31, 2012 Amortized Cost Fair Value % of Total Fair Value AAA $ 107,615 $ 110,829 44.1 % AA 59,535 60,742 24.2 % A 72,773 73,935 29.4 % BBB or lower 5,281 5,197 2.1 % Not Rated 192 418 0.2 % $ 245,396 $ 251,121 100.0 % Table of Contents ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued) Other Investments The estimated fair values of the Company’s other investments were as follows: Private equity funds This class comprises several private equity funds that invest primarily in the financial services industry. All of the Company’s investments in private equity funds are subject to restrictions on redemptions and sales that are determined by the governing documents and limit the Company’s ability to liquidate those investments. These restrictions have been in place since the dates the initial investments were made by the Company. As of December 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, the Company had $161.2 million and $127.7 million, respectively, of other investments recorded in private equity funds, which represented 2.5% and 3.0% of total investments, cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash and cash equivalents at December 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, respectively. Due to a lag in the valuations reported by the managers, the Company records changes in the investment value with up to a three-month lag. Management regularly reviews and discusses fund performance with their fund managers to corroborate the reasonableness of the reported net asset values and to assess whether any events have occurred within the lag period that would affect the valuation of the investments. Fixed income funds This class comprises a number of positions in diversified fixed income funds that are managed by third party managers. Underlying investments vary from high grade corporate bonds to non-investment grade senior secured loans and bonds, but are generally invested in liquid fixed income markets. These funds have regularly published prices. The funds have liquidity terms that vary from daily to monthly. Fixed income hedge funds This class comprises hedge funds that invest in a diversified portfolio of debt securities. The hedge funds are not currently eligible for redemption due to imposed lock-up periods of three years from the time of the Company’s initial investment. Once eligible, redemptions will be permitted quarterly with 90 days’ notice. The earliest date at which the funds will be eligible for redemption is March 2014. Equity funds This class comprises equity funds that invest in a diversified portfolio of international publicly-traded equity securities. 154 December 31, 2013 December 31, 2012 Private equity funds $ 161,229 $ 127,696 Fixed income funds 194,375 156,235 Fixed income hedge funds 68,157 53,933 Equity funds 109,355 55,881 Real estate debt fund 32,113 16,179 Other 4,064 4,921 $ 569,293 $ 414,845 Table of Contents ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued) Real estate debt fund This class comprises a real estate debt fund that invests primarily in U.S. commercial real estate loans and securities. A redemption request for this fund can be made 10 days after the date of any monthly valuation; the fund states that it will make commercially reasonable efforts to redeem the investment within the next monthly period. Other This class primarily comprises a fund that provides loans to educational institutions throughout the U.S. and its territories. Through these investments, the Company participates in the performance of the underlying loan pools. This investment matures when the loans are paid down and cannot be redeemed before maturity. Redemption restrictions on other investments Certain funds included in other investments are subject to a lock-up period. A lock-up period refers to the initial amount of time an investor is contractually required to invest before having the ability to redeem the investment. Funds that do provide for periodic redemptions may, depending on the funds’ governing documents, have the ability to deny or delay a redemption request, which is called a “gate.” The fund may restrict redemptions because the aggregate amount of redemption requests as of a particular date exceeds a specified level. The gate is a method for executing an orderly redemption process that allows for redemption requests to be executed in a timely manner to reduce the possibility of adversely affecting the remaining investors in the fund. Typically, the imposition of a gate delays a portion of the requested redemption, with the remaining portion to be settled in cash sometime after the redemption date. Certain funds included in other investments may be allowed to invest a portion of their assets in illiquid securities, such as private equity or convertible debt. In such cases, a common mechanism used is a “side-pocket,” whereby the illiquid security is assigned to a separate memorandum capital account or designated account. Typically, the investor loses its redemption rights in the designated account. Only when the illiquid security is sold, or is otherwise deemed liquid by the fund, may investors redeem their interest in the side-pocket. At December 31, 2013, the Company had $3.2 million of investments subject to side-pockets ($nil as of December 31, 2012). Management has not made any adjustments to the fair value estimate reported by the fund managers for the side-pocketed investments. The following tables present the fair value, unfunded commitments and redemption frequency for all other investments. These investments are all valued at net asset value as at December 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012: 155 December 31, 2013 Total Fair Value Gated/Side Pocket Investments Investments without Gates or Side Pockets Unfunded Commitments Redemption Frequency Private equity funds $ 161,229 $ — $ 161,229 $ 113,585 Not eligible Fixed income funds 194,375 — 194,375 — Daily to monthly Fixed income hedge funds 68,157 3,150 65,007 — Quarterly after lock-up periods expire Equity funds 109,355 — 109,355 — Bi-monthly Real estate debt fund 32,113 — 32,113 — Monthly Other 4,064 — 4,064 655 Not eligible $ 569,293 $ 3,150 $ 566,143 $ 114,240 Table of Contents ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued) Fair Value of Financial Instruments Fair value is defined as the price at which to sell an asset or transfer a liability (i.e. the “exit price”) in an orderly transaction between market participants. The Company uses a fair value hierarchy that gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets and the lowest priority to unobservable data. The hierarchy is broken down into three levels as follows: The following is a summary of valuation techniques or models the Company uses to measure fair value by asset and liability classes. Fixed Maturity Investments The Company’s fixed maturity portfolio is managed by the Company’s Chief Investment Officer and outside investment advisors with oversight from the Company’s Investment Committee. Fair values for all securities in the fixed maturities portfolio are independently provided by the investment custodians, investment accounting service providers and investment managers, each of which utilize internationally recognized independent pricing services. Interactive Data Corporation is, however, the main pricing service utilized to estimate the fair value measurements for the Company’s fixed maturity investments. The Company records the unadjusted price provided by the investment custodians, investment accounting service providers or the investment managers and validates this price through a process that includes, but is not limited to: (i) comparison of prices against alternative pricing sources; (ii) quantitative analysis (e.g. comparing the quarterly return for each managed portfolio to its target benchmark); (iii) evaluation of methodologies used by external parties to 156 December 31, 2012 Total Fair Value Gated/Side Pocket Investments Investments without Gates or Side Pockets Unfunded Commitments Redemption Frequency Private equity funds $ 127,696 $ — $ 127,696 $ 86,936 Not eligible Fixed income funds 156,235 — 156,235 — Daily to monthly Fixed income hedge funds 53,933 — 53,933 — Quarterly after lock-up periods expire Equity fund 55,881 — 55,881 — Bi-monthly Real estate debt fund 16,179 — 16,179 — Monthly Other 4,921 — 4,921 655 Not eligible $ 414,845 $ — $ 414,845 $ 87,591 • Level 1 — Valuations based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has the ability to access. Valuation adjustments and block discounts are not applied to Level 1 instruments. • Level 2 — Valuations based on quoted prices in active markets for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in inactive markets, or for which significant inputs are observable (e.g. interest rates, yield curves, prepayment speeds, default rates, loss severities, etc.) or can be corroborated by observable market data. • Level 3 — Valuations based on inputs that are unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement. The unobservable inputs reflect the Company’s own judgment about assumptions that market participants might use. Table of Contents ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued) estimate fair value, including a review of the inputs used for pricing; and (iv) comparing the price to the Company’s knowledge of the current investment market. The Company’s internal price validation procedures and review of fair value methodology documentation provided by independent pricing services have not historically resulted in adjustment in the prices obtained from the pricing service. The independent pricing services used by the investment custodians, investment accounting service providers and investment managers obtain actual transaction prices for securities that have quoted prices in active markets. For determining the fair value of securities that are not actively traded, in general, pricing services use “matrix pricing” in which the independent pricing service uses observable market inputs including, but not limited to, reported trades, benchmark yields, broker-dealer quotes, interest rates, prepayment speeds, default rates and such other inputs as are available from market sources to determine a reasonable fair value. In addition, pricing services use valuation models, using observable data, such as an Option Adjusted Spread model, to develop prepayment and interest rate scenarios. The Option Adjusted Spread model is commonly used to estimate fair value for securities such as mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities. The following describes the techniques generally used to determine the fair value of the Company’s fixed maturity investments by asset class. 157 • U.S. government and agency securities consist of securities issued by the U.S. Treasury and mortgage pass-through agencies such as the Federal National Mortgage Association, the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation and other agencies. The significant inputs used to determine the fair value of these securities include the spread above the risk-free yield curve, reported trades and broker-dealer quotes. These are considered to be observable market inputs and, therefore, the fair values of these securities are classified within Level 2. • Non-U.S. government securities consist of bonds issued by non-U.S. governments and agencies along with supranational organizations. The significant inputs used to determine the fair value of these securities include the spread above the risk-free yield curve, reported trades and broker-dealer quotes. These are considered to be observable market inputs and, therefore, the fair values of these securities are classified within Level 2. • Corporate securities consist primarily of investment-grade debt of a wide variety of corporate issuers and industries. The fair values of these securities are determined using the spread above the risk-free yield curve, reported trades, broker-dealer quotes, benchmark yields, and industry and market indicators. These are considered observable market inputs and, therefore, the fair values of these securities are classified within Level 2. Where pricing is unavailable from pricing services, the Company obtains non-binding quotes from broker-dealers. This is generally the case when there is a low volume of trading activity and current transactions are not orderly. In this event, securities are classified within Level 3. As at December 31, 2013, the Company had one corporate security classified as Level 3. • Municipal securities consist primarily of bonds issued by U.S.-domiciled state and municipal entities. The fair values of these securities are determined using the spread above the risk-free yield curve, reported trades, broker-dealer quotes and benchmark yields. These are considered observable market inputs and, therefore, the fair values of these securities are classified within Level 2. • Asset-backed securities consist primarily of investment-grade bonds backed by pools of loans with a variety of underlying collateral. The significant inputs used to determine the fair value of these securities include the spread above the risk-free yield curve, reported trades, benchmark yields, broker-dealer quotes, prepayment speeds and default rates. These are considered observable market inputs and, therefore, the fair values of these securities are classified within Level 2. Table of Contents ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued) Equities The Company’s equities are predominantly traded on the major exchanges and are primarily managed by two external advisors. The Company uses Interactive Data Corporation, an internationally recognized pricing service, to estimate the fair value for all of its equities. The Company’s equities are widely diversified and there is no significant concentration in any specific industry. The Company has categorized all of its investments in equities as Level 1 investments because the fair values of these investments are based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Because their fair value estimates are based on observable market data, the Company has categorized its investments in preferred stock as Level 2, with the exception of one investment in preferred stock that has been categorized as Level 3. Other investments The Company has ongoing due diligence processes with respect to funds in which it invests and their managers. These processes are designed to assist the Company in assessing the quality of information provided by, or on behalf of, each fund and in determining whether such information continues to be reliable or whether further review is warranted. Certain funds do not provide full transparency of their underlying holdings; however, the Company obtains the audited financial statements for funds annually, and regularly reviews and discusses the fund performance with the fund managers to corroborate the reasonableness of the reported net asset values. The use of net asset value as an estimate of the fair value for investments in certain entities that calculate net asset value is a permitted practical expedient. While reported net asset value is the primary input to the review, when the net asset value is deemed not to be indicative of fair value, the Company may incorporate adjustments to the reported net asset value (and not use the permitted practical expedient) on an investment by investment basis. These adjustments may involve significant management judgment. As at December 31, 2013, there were no significant adjustments made to the reported net asset value. For its investments in private equity funds, the Company measures fair value by obtaining the most recently provided capital statement from the external fund manager or third-party administrator. The funds calculate net asset value on a fair value basis. For all publicly-traded companies within these funds, the Company adjusts the reported net asset value based on the latest share price as of the Company’s reporting date. The Company has classified its investments in private equity funds as Level 3. The fixed income funds and equity funds in which the Company invests have been classified as Level 2 investments because their fair value is estimated using the published net asset value and because the fixed income funds and equity funds are highly liquid. 158 • Residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities include both agency and non-agency originated securities. The significant inputs used to determine the fair value of these securities include the spread above the risk-free yield curve, reported trades, benchmark yields, broker-dealer quotes, prepayment speeds and default rates. These are considered observable market inputs and, therefore, the fair values of these securities are classified within Level 2. Where pricing is unavailable from pricing services, the Company obtains non-binding quotes from broker-dealers. This is generally the case when there is a low volume of trading activity and current transactions are not orderly. In this event, securities are classified within Level 3. As at December 31, 2013, the Company had no residential or commercial mortgage-backed securities classified as Level 3. Table of Contents ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued) For its investments in fixed income hedge funds, the Company measures fair value by obtaining the most recently published net asset value as advised by the external fund manager or third-party administrator. The investments in the funds are classified as Level 3. The real estate debt fund in which the Company invests has been valued based on the most recent published net asset value. This investment has been classified as Level 3. The Company’s remaining other investments are valued based on the latest available capital statements and have been classified as Level 3. Fair Value Measurements In accordance with the provisions of the Fair Value Measurement and Disclosure topic of the FASB Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 820, the Company has categorized its investments that are recorded at fair value among levels as follows: 159 December 31, 2013 Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) Total Fair Value U.S. government and agency $ — $ 468,289 $ — $ 468,289 Non-U.S. government — 562,516 — 562,516 Corporate — 2,200,970 609 2,201,579 Municipal — 41,034 — 41,034 Residential mortgage-backed — 235,964 — 235,964 Commercial mortgage-backed — 114,637 — 114,637 Asset-backed — 285,066 — 285,066 Equities — U.S. 97,470 13,090 4,725 115,285 Equities — International 35,677 31,071 — 66,748 Other investments — 303,724 265,569 569,293 Total investments $ 133,147 $ 4,256,361 $ 270,903 $ 4,660,411 December 31, 2012 Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) Total Fair Value U.S. government and agency $ — $ 366,863 $ — $ 366,863 Non-U.S. government — 389,578 — 389,578 Corporate — 1,715,330 540 1,715,870 Municipal — 20,446 — 20,446 Residential mortgage-backed — 120,092 — 120,092 Commercial mortgage-backed — 131,329 — 131,329 Asset-backed — 79,264 — 79,264 Equities — U.S. 83,947 5,058 3,401 92,406 Equities — International 10,377 11,805 — 22,182 Other investments — 212,115 202,730 414,845 Total investments $ 94,324 $ 3,051,880 $ 206,671 $ 3,352,875 Table of Contents ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued) The following table presents the Company’s fair value hierarchy for those assets classified as held-to-maturity in the consolidated balance sheet but for which disclosure of the fair value is required as of December 31, 2013 (there were no assets classified as held-to-maturity as of December 31, 2012): During 2013 and 2012, the Company had no transfers between Levels 1 and 2. The following table presents a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances for all investments measured at fair value on a recurring basis using Level 3 inputs during the twelve months ended December 31, 2013: The amount of net gains (losses) for the twelve months ended December 31, 2013 included in earnings attributable to the fair value of changes in assets still held at December 31, 2013 was $48.8 million. All of this amount was included in net realized and unrealized gains. The following table presents a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances for all investments measured at fair value on a recurring basis using Level 3 inputs during the year ended December 31, 2012: 160 December 31, 2013 Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) Total Fair Value U.S. government and agency $ — $ 18,132 $ — $ 18,132 Non-U.S. government — 22,327 — 22,327 Corporate — 759,100 — 759,100 Total investments $ — $ 799,559 $ — $ 799,559 Fixed Maturity Investments Other Investments Equity Securities Total Level 3 investments as of January 1, 2013 $ 540 $ 202,730 $ 3,401 $ 206,671 Purchases — 44,032 — 44,032 Sales — (28,568 ) — (28,568 ) Total realized and unrealized gains through earnings 69 47,375 1,324 48,768 Net transfers into and/or (out of) Level 3 — — — — Level 3 investments as of December 31, 2013 $ 609 $ 265,569 $ 4,725 $ 270,903 Fixed Maturity Investments Other Investments Equity Securities Total Level 3 investments as of January 1, 2012 $ 519 $ 137,727 $ 2,975 $ 141,221 Purchases — 63,732 — 63,732 Sales — (16,839 ) — (16,839 ) Total realized and unrealized gains through earnings 21 18,110 426 18,557 Net transfers into and/or (out of) Level 3 — — — — Level 3 investments as of December 31, 2012 $ 540 $ 202,730 $ 3,401 $ 206,671 Table of Contents ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued) The amount of net gains (losses) for the twelve months ended December 31, 2012 included in earnings attributable to the fair value of changes in assets still held at December 31, 2012 was $18.6 million. All of this amount was included in net realized and unrealized gains. Net Realized and Unrealized Gains Components of net realized and unrealized gains (losses) for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 were as follows: Net Investment Income Major categories of net investment income for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 are summarized as follows: 161 2013 2012 2011 Gross realized gains on available-for-sale securities $ 705 $ 5,850 $ 808 Gross realized losses on available-for-sale securities (214 ) (727 ) (471 ) Net realized gains on trading securities 13,488 13,569 3,738 Net unrealized (losses) gains on trading securities (13,791 ) 23,541 3,945 Net realized and unrealized gains on other investments 70,463 31,379 1,194 Net realized and unrealized gains $ 70,651 $ 73,612 $ 9,214 Proceeds from sales and maturities of available-for-sale securities $ 196,507 $ 353,913 $ 445,052 2013 2012 2011 Interest from fixed maturity investments $ 123,555 $ 78,767 $ 70,753 Interest from cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments 13,705 14,924 13,232 Net amortization of bond premiums and discounts (51,505 ) (28,758 ) (25,245 ) Dividends from equities 4,923 2,961 1,786 Other investments 652 661 734 Interest on other receivables 2,001 6,887 6,572 Other income 2,999 5,229 3,118 Interest on deposits held with clients 3,650 1,368 1,188 Investment expenses (6,685 ) (4,279 ) (3,462 ) $ 93,295 $ 77,760 $ 68,676 Table of Contents ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued) Restricted Assets The Company is required to maintain investments and cash and cash equivalents on deposit with various regulatory authorities to support its insurance and reinsurance operations. The investments and cash and cash equivalents on deposit are available to settle insurance and reinsurance liabilities. The Company also utilizes trust accounts to collateralize business with its insurance and reinsurance counterparties. These trust accounts generally take the place of letter of credit requirements. The assets in trusts as collateral are primarily highly rated fixed maturity securities. The carrying value of the Company’s restricted assets, including restricted cash of $397.7 million and $300.0 million, as of December 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012 was as follows: The increase of approximately $1.89 billion in restricted assets related primarily to restricted assets acquired in connection with the Company’s acquisitions of SeaBright, Pavonia, Arden and Atrium. 6. DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS The Company uses foreign currency forward contracts as part of its overall foreign currency risk management strategy or to obtain exposure to a particular financial market, as well as for yield enhancement. These derivatives were not designated as hedging investments. The following table sets forth the estimated fair value of derivative instruments recorded within other assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheet as at December 31, 2013 and 2012, and realized gains (losses) on derivative instruments recorded in net earnings for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011: 162 December 31 2013 December 31, 2012 Collateral in trust for third party agreements $ 2,002,374 $ 570,391 Assets on deposit with regulatory authorities 608,940 212,012 Collateral for secured letter of credit facility 310,938 246,608 $ 2,922,252 $ 1,029,011 Foreign Exchange Forward Contract Contract Date Settlement Date Contract Amount Settlement Amount Fair Value as at December 31, Net Foreign Exchange Gains (Losses) 2013 Australian dollar November 26, 2013 January 3, 2014 AU$45,000 $41,036 $ 779 $ 779 U.S. dollar July 1, 2013 January 3, 2014 $40,887 AU$45,000 (630 ) (630 ) Australian dollar February 8, 2012 May 10, 2013 AU$45,000 $36,099 — 303 British pound March 6, 2012 March 6, 2013 UKP17,000 $26,611 — 1,023 $ 149 $ 1,475 2012 Australian dollar February 8, 2012 May 10, 2013 AU$35,000 $36,099 $ (238 ) $ (238 ) British pound March 6, 2012 March 6, 2013 UKP17,000 $26,611 (1,023 ) (1,023 ) Australian dollar February 8, 2012 December 19, 2012 AU$25,000 $26,165 — — $ (1,261 ) $ (1,261 ) 2011 U.S. dollar September 22, 2011 December 2, 2011 $33,973 AU$35,000 $ — $ 3,008 Australian dollar August 23, 2011 December 2, 2011 AU$35,000 $36,981 — — Australian dollar October 12, 2010 June 30, 2011 AU$45,000 $42,476 — (1,917 ) $ — $ 1,091 Table of Contents ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued) 7. REINSURANCE BALANCES RECOVERABLE Non-life Run-off and Active Underwriting The Company’s acquired insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries, prior to acquisition, used retrocessional agreements to reduce their exposure to the risk of insurance and reinsurance assumed. The Company’s insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries remain liable to the extent that retrocessionaires do not meet their obligations under these agreements, and therefore, the Company evaluates and monitors concentration of credit risk among its reinsurers. Provisions are made for amounts considered potentially uncollectible. On an annual basis, Atrium purchases a tailored outwards reinsurance program designed to manage S609’s risk profile. In addition, Atrium maintains a quota share reinsurance agreement with Arden. The majority of Atrium’s total third party reinsurance cover is with Lloyd’s syndicates or other reinsurers rated A- or better. The fair value adjustments, determined on acquisition of insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries, are based on the estimated timing of loss and loss adjustment expense recoveries and an assumed interest rate equivalent to a risk free rate for securities with similar duration to the reinsurance recoverables acquired plus a spread to reflect credit risk, and are amortized over the estimated recovery period, as adjusted for accelerations in timing of payments as a result of commutation settlements. As of December 31, 2013 and 2012, the Company had, excluding reinsurance recoverables related to its life and annuities, reinsurance balances recoverable of $1.33 billion and $1.12 billion, respectively. The increase of $208.9 million in reinsurance balances recoverable was primarily a result of the completion of acquisitions in the year ended December 31, 2013 partially offset by commutations and cash collections made during the year. At December 31, 2013 and 2012, the provision for uncollectible reinsurance recoverable relating to reinsurance balances recoverable was $338.6 million and $343.9 million, respectively. To estimate the provision for uncollectible reinsurance recoverable, the balances are first allocated to applicable reinsurers which involve management judgment. As part of this process, ceded incurred but not reported (“IBNR”) reserves are allocated by reinsurer. The ratio of the provision for uncollectible reinsurance recoverable to total non-life run-off and active underwriting reinsurance balances recoverable (excluding provision for uncollectible reinsurance recoverable) as of December 31, 2013 decreased to 19.9% as compared to 23.4% as of December 31, 2012, 163 2013 2012 Non-life Run-off Active Underwriting Life Total Non-life Run-off Active Underwriting Life Total Recoverable from reinsurers on: Outstanding losses $ 788,705 $ 10,777 $ 28,556 $ 828,038 $ 665,303 $ — $ — $ 665,303 Losses incurred but not reported 402,675 9,887 782 413,344 295,922 — — 295,922 Fair value adjustments (69,847 ) 4,391 — (65,456 ) (85,005 ) — — (85,005 ) Total reinsurance reserves recoverable 1,121,533 25,055 29,338 1,175,926 876,220 — — 876,220 Paid losses recoverable 177,459 7,845 2,589 187,893 246,408 — 291 246,699 $ 1,298,992 $ 32,900 $ 31,927 $ 1,363,819 $ 1,122,628 $ — $ 291 $ 1,122,919 Table of Contents ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued) primarily as a result of reinsurance balances recoverable of companies acquired during the year requiring minimal provisions for uncollectible reinsurance recoverable. Life and Annuities As at December 31, 2013, the reinsurance balances recoverable associated with the Company’s life and annuities business amounting to $31.9 million consisted of term life business ceded by Pavonia to reinsurers under various quota share arrangements. All of the reinsurers are rated A- and above by a major rating agency. Top Ten Reinsurers At December 31, 2013 and 2012, the top ten reinsurers of the Company’s business accounted for 68.3% and 63.1%, respectively, of total reinsurance balances recoverable (which includes loss reserves recoverable and recoverables on paid losses) and included $290.1 million and $194.5 million, respectively, of IBNR reserves recoverable. With the exception of one BBB+ rated reinsurer and one non-rated reinsurer from which $41.4 million and $256.2 million, respectively, was recoverable (December 31, 2012: $37.7 million and $nil, respectively), the other top ten reinsurers, as at December 31, 2013 and 2012, were all rated A- or better. Reinsurance balances recoverable by reinsurer were as follows: As at December 31, 2013 and 2012, reinsurance balances recoverable with a carrying value of $256.2 million and $144.1 million, respectively, were associated with one reinsurer, which represented 10% or more of total reinsurance balances recoverable. Of the $256.2 million and $144.1 million recoverable from reinsurers at December 31, 2013 and 2012, $256.2 million and $121.7 million, respectively, were secured in a trust account held for the benefit of the Company’s insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries. 8. LOSSES AND LOSS ADJUSTMENT EXPENSES The liability for losses and loss adjustment expenses includes an amount determined from reported claims and amount based on historical loss experience and industry statistics for losses incurred but not reported using a variety of actuarial methods. The Company’s loss reserves cover multiple lines of business, which include workers compensation, general casualty, asbestos and environmental, marine, aviation and transit, construction defects and other non-life lines of business. 164 2013 2012 Reinsurance Recoverables % of Total Reinsurance Recoverables % of Total Top 10 reinsurers $ 930,943 68.3 % $ 708,953 63.1 % Other reinsurers’ balances > $1 million 423,013 31.0 % 409,666 36.5 % Other reinsurers’ balances < $1 million 9,863 0.7 % 4,300 0.4 % Total $ 1,363,819 100.0 % $ 1,122,919 100.0 % 2013 2012 Non-life Run-off Active Underwriting Total Non-life Run-off Active Underwriting Total Outstanding $ 2,541,934 $ 79,826 $ 2,621,760 $ 2,358,329 $ — $ 2,358,329 Incurred but not reported 1,717,870 98,583 1,816,453 1,588,310 — 1,588,310 Fair value adjustment (255,291 ) 36,983 (218,308 ) (296,512 ) — (296,512 ) $ 4,004,513 $ 215,392 $ 4,219,905 $ 3,650,127 $ — $ 3,650,127 Table of Contents ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued) The reserves for unpaid reported losses and loss adjustment expenses for Atrium are established by management based on reports from brokers, ceding companies and insureds and represents the estimated ultimate cost of events or conditions that have been reported to, or specifically identified by the Company. The reserve for incurred but not reported losses and loss expenses is established by management based on actuarially determined estimates of ultimate losses and loss expenses. Inherent in the estimate of ultimate losses and loss expenses are expected trends in claim severity and frequency and other factors which may vary significantly as claims are settled. Accordingly, ultimate losses and loss expenses may differ materially from the amounts recorded in the consolidated financial statements. These estimates are reviewed regularly and, as experience develops and new information becomes known, the reserves are adjusted as necessary. Such adjustments, if any, will be recorded in earnings in the period in which they become known. Prior period development arises from changes to loss estimates recognized in the current year that relate to loss reserves established in previous calendar years. In establishing the reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses related to asbestos and environmental claims, management considers facts currently known and the current state of the law and coverage litigation. Liabilities are recognized for known claims (including the cost of related litigation) when sufficient information has been developed to indicate the involvement of a specific insurance policy, and management can reasonably estimate its liability. In addition, reserves have been established to cover additional exposures on both known and unreported claims. Estimates of the reserves are reviewed and updated continually. Developed case law and adequate claim history do not exist for such claims, especially because significant uncertainty exists about the outcome of coverage litigation and whether past claim experience will be representative of future claim experience. In view of the changes in the legal and tort environment that affect the development of such claims, the uncertainties inherent in valuing asbestos and environmental claims are not likely to be resolved in the near future. Ultimate values for such claims cannot be estimated using traditional reserving techniques and there are significant uncertainties in estimating the amount of the Company’s potential losses for these claims. There can be no assurance that the reserves established by the Company will be adequate or will not be adversely affected by the development of other latent exposures. The Company’s liability for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses as of December 31, 2013 and 2012 included $467.7 million and $557.6 million, respectively, that represented an estimate of its net ultimate liability for asbestos and environmental claims. The gross liability for such claims as at December 31, 2013 and 2012 was $524.1 million and $628.7 million, respectively. 165 Table of Contents ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued) The tables below provide a reconciliation of the beginning and ending reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, split between the non-life run-off segment and the active underwriting segment, was as follows (losses incurred and paid are reflected net of reinsurance recoverables): Non-Life Run-off Segment 166 Non-Life Run-off 2013 2012 2011 Balance as at January 1 $ 3,650,127 $ 4,272,082 $ 3,291,275 Less: total reinsurance reserves recoverable 876,220 1,383,003 525,440 2,773,907 2,889,079 2,765,835 Net increase (reduction) in ultimate losses and loss adjustment expense liabilities: Current period 74,139 — — Prior periods (257,114 ) (237,953 ) (293,461 ) Total net reduction in ultimate losses and loss adjustment expense liabilities (182,975 ) (237,953 ) (293,461 ) Net losses paid: Current period (10,656 ) — — Prior periods (360,214 ) (314,528 ) (288,175 ) Total net losses paid (370,870 ) (314,528 ) (288,175 ) Effect of exchange rate movement 4,936 14,833 (7,987 ) Acquired on purchase of subsidiaries 557,476 — 600,046 Assumed business 100,506 422,476 112,821 Net balance as at December 31 2,882,980 2,773,907 2,889,079 Plus: total reinsurance reserves recoverable 1,121,533 876,220 1,383,003 Balance as at December 31 $ 4,004,513 $ 3,650,127 $ 4,272,082 (1) The Company reclassified $11.0 million of reserves acquired on the purchase of subsidiaries previously recorded in 2011 to policy benefits for life and annuity contracts. In addition, the Company has reclassified outstanding losses and loss adjustment expenses of $11.0 million and $10.8 million to policy benefits for life and annuity contracts as at January 1, 2013 and 2012, respectively, to conform to the current period presentation. These amounts are associated with Laguna, which now forms part of the Company’s life and annuities segment that was established following the acquisition of the Pavonia companies. (1) Table of Contents ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued) The net reduction (increase) in ultimate losses and loss adjustment expense liabilities for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 was as follows: Net reduction (increase) in case and loss adjustment expense reserves (“LAE reserves”) comprises the movement during the year in specific case reserve liabilities as a result of claims settlements or changes advised to the Company by its policyholders and attorneys, less changes in case reserves recoverable advised by the Company to its reinsurers as a result of the settlement or movement of assumed claims. Net reduction in IBNR represents the change in the Company’s actuarial estimates of losses incurred but not reported. Year Ended December 31, 2013 The net reduction in ultimate losses and loss adjustment expense liabilities for the year ended December 31, 2013 of $183.0 million included current period incurred losses of $74.1 million related to SeaBright. Excluding SeaBright’s current period incurred losses of $74.1 million, ultimate losses and loss adjustment expenses relating to prior periods were reduced by $257.1 million, which was attributable to a reduction in estimates of net ultimate losses of $215.5 million and a reduction in provisions for unallocated loss adjustment expense liabilities of $49.6 million, relating to 2013 run-off activity, partially offset by an increase in provisions for bad debt of $2.0 million and amortization of fair value adjustments over the estimated payout period relating to companies acquired amounting to $5.9 million. The reduction in estimates of net ultimate losses relating to prior periods of $215.5 million comprised reductions in IBNR reserves of $265.2 million partially offset by net incurred loss development of $49.7 million. The decrease in the aggregate estimate of net IBNR reserves of $265.2 million (compared to $267.4 million during the year ended December 31, 2012), was comprised of $69.8 million relating to asbestos liabilities (compared to $36.4 million in 2012), $4.9 million relating to environmental liabilities (compared to $2.6 million in 2012), $42.6 million relating to general casualty liabilities (compared to $96.3 million in 2012), $42.1 million relating to workers compensation liabilities (compared to $52.7 million in 2012) and $105.8 million relating to all other remaining liabilities (compared to $79.4 million in 2012). 167 Non-Life Run-off Years Ended December 31, 2013 2012 2011 Prior Period Current Period Total Prior Period Prior Period Net losses paid $ 360,214 $ 10,656 $ 370,870 $ 314,528 $ 288,175 Net change in case and LAE reserves (310,488 ) 29,555 (280,933 ) (265,222 ) (311,614 ) Net change in IBNR reserves (265,206 ) 33,928 (231,278 ) (267,422 ) (224,791 ) (Reduction) increase in estimates of net ultimate losses (215,480 ) 74,139 (141,341 ) (218,116 ) (248,230 ) Increase (reduction) in provisions for bad debt 1,999 — 1,999 (3,111 ) (42,822 ) Reduction in provisions for unallocated loss adjustment expense liabilities (49,580 ) — (49,580 ) (39,298 ) (45,102 ) Amortization of fair value adjustments 5,947 — 5,947 22,572 42,693 Net (reduction) increase in ultimate losses and loss adjustment expense liabilities $ (257,114 ) $ 74,139 $ (182,975 ) $ (237,953 ) $ (293,461 ) (1) For the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011, the Company had no premium income and therefore no current period activity. Table of Contents ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued) The aggregate reduction in net IBNR reserves of $265.2 million, relating to prior periods, was a result of the application, on a basis consistent with the assumptions applied in the prior period, of our actuarial methodologies to revised historical loss development data, following 108 commutations and policy buy-backs, to estimate loss reserves required to cover liabilities for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses relating to non-commuted exposures. The prior period estimate of aggregate net IBNR reserves was reduced as a result of the combined impact on all classes of business of loss development activity during 2013, including commutations and the favorable trend of loss development related to non-commuted policies compared to prior forecasts. The net incurred loss development resulting from settlement of net advised case and LAE reserves of $310.5 million for net paid losses of $360.2 million, related to the settlement of non-commuted losses in the year and 108 commutations and policy buy-backs of assumed and ceded exposures (including the commutation of one of our top ten assumed exposures and one of our top ten ceded recoverables as at January 1, 2013). Net advised case and LAE reserves settled by way of commutation and policy buy-back during the year ended December 31, 2013 amounted to $29.8 million (comprising $97.3 million of assumed case reserves and LAE reserves partially offset by $67.5 million of ceded incurred reinsurance recoverable case reserves). The increase in aggregate provisions for bad debt of $2.0 million was a result of additional provisions being allowed in the quarter for contractual disputes with reinsurers, offset by cash collections and commutations on certain reinsurance receivables against which bad debt provisions had been provided in earlier periods. Year Ended December 31, 2012 The net reduction in ultimate losses and loss adjustment expense liabilities for the year ended December 31, 2012 of $238.0 million was attributable to a reduction in estimates of net ultimate losses of $218.1 million, a reduction in aggregate provisions for bad debt of $3.1 million and a reduction in estimates of unallocated loss adjustment expense liabilities of $39.3 million, relating to 2012 run-off activity, partially offset by the amortization, over the estimated payout period, of fair value adjustments relating to companies acquired amounting to $22.6 million. The reduction in estimates of net ultimate losses of $218.1 million comprised net incurred loss development of $49.3 million and reductions in net IBNR reserves of $267.4 million. During the three months ended December 31, 2012, one of the Company’s insurance entities, following an exposure-based review of all advised claims, allocated $52.4 million of net IBNR reserves to specific net case and LAE reserves. Excluding this allocation, net incurred loss development for the year ended December 31, 2012 was a favorable $3.1 million and reductions in net IBNR reserves amounted to $215.0 million. The decrease in the aggregate estimate of net IBNR reserves of $215.0 million, excluding the allocation of $52.4 million from net IBNR reserves to specific net case and LAE reserves (compared to $224.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2011), was comprised of $36.4 million relating to asbestos liabilities (compared to $57.9 million in 2011), $2.6 million relating to environmental liabilities (compared to $2.8 million in 2011), $96.3 million relating to general casualty liabilities (compared to $91.6 million in 2011), and $79.7 million relating to all other remaining liabilities (compared to $72.5 million in 2011). The aggregate reduction in net IBNR reserves of $215.0 million was a result of the application, on a basis consistent with the assumptions applied in the prior period, of the Company’s actuarial methodologies to revised historical loss development data, following 101 commutations, to estimate loss reserves required to cover liabilities for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses relating to non-commuted exposures. The prior period estimate of aggregate net IBNR reserves was reduced as a result of the combined impact on all classes of business of loss development activity during 2012, including commutations and the favorable trend of loss development related to non-commuted policies compared to prior forecasts. The net incurred favorable loss 168 Table of Contents ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued) development, excluding the allocation by one of the Company’s insurance entities of $52.4 million from net IBNR reserves to specific net case and LAE reserves, of $3.1 million, resulting from settlement of net advised case and LAE reserves of $317.6 million for net paid losses of $314.5 million, related to the settlement of non-commuted losses in the year and 101 commutations of assumed and ceded exposures. Net incurred liabilities settled by way of commutation during the year ended December 31, 2012 amounted to $26.6 million (comprising $163.1 million of assumed incurred liabilities partially offset by $136.5 million of ceded incurred reinsurance recoverables) compared to the net aggregate reduction in advised case reserves during the same period of $317.6 million (excluding the allocation of $52.4 million from net IBNR reserves to specific net case and LAE reserves). The reduction in aggregate provisions for bad debt of $3.1 million was a result of the collection of certain reinsurance recoverables against which bad debt provisions had been provided in earlier periods. Year Ended December 31, 2011 The net reduction in ultimate losses and loss adjustment expense liabilities for the year ended December 31, 2011 of $293.5 million was attributable to a reduction in estimates of net ultimate losses of $248.2 million, a reduction in aggregate provisions for bad debt of $42.8 million and a reduction in estimates of unallocated loss adjustment expense liabilities of $45.1 million, relating to 2011 run-off activity, partially offset by the amortization, over the estimated payout period, of fair value adjustments relating to companies acquired amounting to $42.7 million. The reduction in estimates of net ultimate losses of $241.2 million comprised net incurred favorable loss development of $23.4 million and reductions in net IBNR reserves of $224.8 million. The decrease in the aggregate estimate of net IBNR reserves of $224.8 million was comprised of $57.9 million relating to asbestos liabilities, $2.8 million relating to environmental liabilities and $164.1 million relating to all other remaining liabilities. The aggregate reduction in net IBNR reserves of $224.8 million was a result of the application, on a basis consistent with the assumptions applied in the prior period, of the Company’s actuarial methodologies to revised historical loss development data, following 113 commutations (including three commutations completed shortly after December 31, 2011), to estimate loss reserves required to cover liabilities for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses relating to non-commuted exposures. The prior period estimate of aggregate net IBNR reserves was reduced as a result of the combined impact on all classes of business of loss development activity during 2011, including commutations and the favorable trend of loss development related to non-commuted policies compared to prior forecasts. The net incurred favorable loss development of $23.4 million, resulting from settlement of net advised case and LAE reserves of $311.6 million for net paid losses of $288.2 million, related to the settlement of non-commuted losses in the year and approximately 110 commutations of assumed and ceded exposures, excluding the three commutations completed subsequent to December 31, 2011. Net incurred liabilities settled by way of commutation during the year ended December 31, 2011 (excluding the three commutations completed subsequent to December 31, 2011) amounted to $71.5 million compared to the net reduction in advised case reserves during the same period of $311.6 million. 169 Table of Contents ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued) The reduction in aggregate provisions for bad debt of $42.8 million was a result of the collection, primarily during the three months ended December 31, 2011, of certain reinsurance recoverables against which bad debt provisions had been provided in earlier periods. Active Underwriting Segment The net increase in ultimate losses and loss adjustment expense liabilities for the active underwriting segment for the year ended December 31, 2013 was as follows: 9. POLICY BENEFITS FOR LIFE AND ANNUITY CONTRACTS The Company has entered into long duration contracts that subject the Company to mortality, longevity and morbidity risks and which are accounted for as life and annuity premiums earned. Life and annuity benefit reserves are established using assumptions for investment yields, mortality, morbidity, lapse and expenses, including a provision for adverse deviation. The Company establishes and reviews its life and annuity reserves regularly based upon cash flow projections. The Company establishes and maintains its life and annuity reinsurance reserves at a level that the Company estimates will, when taken together with future premium payments and investment income expected to be earned on associated premiums, be sufficient to support all future cash flow benefit obligations and third party servicing obligations as they become payable. The 170 2013 Active Underwriting Balance as of January 1 $ — Less: total reinsurance reserves recoverable — — Acquired on purchase of subsidiaries 200,374 Net increase in ultimate losses and loss adjustment expenses incurred: Current period 19,303 Net losses paid: Current period (30,626 ) Effect of exchange rate movement 1,286 Net balance as of December 31 190,337 Plus: total reinsurance reserves recoverable 25,055 Balance as at December 31 $ 215,392 Year Ended December 31, 2013 Prior Period Current Period Total Net losses paid $ — $ 30,626 $ 30,626 Net change in case and LAE reserves — (9,621 ) (9,621 ) Net change in IBNR reserves — (1,653 ) (1,653 ) Increase in estimates of net ultimate losses — 19,352 19,352 Reduction in provisions for unallocated loss adjustment expense liabilities — (49 ) (49 ) Net increase in ultimate losses and loss adjustment expense liabilities $ — $ 19,303 $ 19,303 Table of Contents ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued) assumptions used to determine policy benefit reserves are best estimate assumptions that are locked-in throughout the life of the contract unless a premium deficiency develops. The assumptions are reviewed no less than annually and are unlocked if they result in a material reserve change. The Company establishes these estimates based upon transaction specific historical experience, information provided by the ceding company and industry experience studies. Actual results could differ materially from these estimates. As the experience on the contracts emerges, the assumptions are reviewed by management. The Company determines whether actual and anticipated experience indicates that existing policy reserves, together with the present value of future gross premiums, are sufficient to cover the present value of future benefits, settlement and maintenance costs. If such a review produces reserves in excess of those currently held then the lock-in assumptions are revised and an additional life and annuity benefit reserve is recognized at that time. Policy benefits for life and annuity contracts as at December 31, 2013 and 2012 were as follows: 10. PREMIUMS WRITTEN AND EARNED The following tables provide a summary of net premiums written and earned in our non-life run-off, active underwriting and life and annuities segments for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011: Non-life run-off Net premiums written and earned by SeaBright totaled $9.2 million and $112.6 million from the date of acquisition to December 31, 2013, respectively. Now that SeaBright’s exit from the mandatory renewal process 171 2013 2012 Life $ 380,874 $ 11,027 Annuities 963,323 — 1,344,197 11,027 Fair value adjustments (71,097 ) — $ 1,273,100 $ 11,027 2013 2012 2011 Premiums Written Premiums Earned Premiums Written Premiums Earned Premiums Written Premiums Earned Non-life run-off Direct $ 17,250 $ 121,986 $ — $ — $ — $ — Assumed (3,084 ) 2,276 — — — — Ceded (4,933 ) (11,651 ) — — — — Net $ 9,233 $ 112,611 $ — $ — $ — $ — Active underwriting Direct 10,214 12,416 $ — $ — $ — $ — Assumed 19,890 19,796 — — — — Ceded — — — — — — Net $ 30,104 $ 32,212 $ — $ — $ — $ — Life and annuities Life $ 63,856 $ 94,984 $ 3,511 $ 3,511 $ 3,543 $ 3,543 Table of Contents ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued) has been approved, the Company expects that SeaBright will no longer generate premiums written other than for small adjustments related to premium audits and reinstatement premiums on previously written policies. As at December 31, 2013, SeaBright had total unearned premiums of $1.2 million. Active underwriting Net premiums written and earned by Atrium and Arden combined totaled $30.1 million and $32.2 million, respectively, from their dates of acquisition to December 31, 2013. As at December 31, 2013, Atrium and Arden had total unearned premiums of $59.5 million and $6.3 million, respectively. Life and annuities Life and annuity premiums written by the Company’s life and annuities segment totaled $63.9 million, $3.5 million and $3.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively, and net earned premiums, over the same periods, totaled $95.0 million, $3.5 million and $3.5 million, respectively. The Company’s life companies continue to collect premiums in relation to the unexpired policies assumed on acquisition. As at December 31, 2013, Pavonia had total unearned premiums of $3.7 million. For the year ended December 31, 2013, the Company’s life and annuities segment consisted of both Pavonia and Laguna, while for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011, it consisted of Laguna only. 11. RETROSPECTIVELY RATED CONTRACTS On October 1, 2003, SeaBright began selling workers’ compensation insurance policies for which the premiums varied based on loss experience. Accrued retrospective premiums are determined based upon the loss experience of business subject to such experience rating adjustment, and are determined by and allocated to individual policyholder accounts. Accrued retrospective premiums are recorded as additions to written or earned premium, and return retrospective premiums are recorded as reductions from written or earned premium. During the period from February 7, 2013, the date of acquisition, to December 31, 2013, none of the Company’s direct premiums written related to retrospectively rated contracts. The Company has recorded $8.8 million for retrospective premiums receivable and $27.5 million for return retrospective premiums payable as at December 31, 2013. 12. GOODWILL AND INTANGIBLE ASSETS The following tables show the Company’s goodwill and intangible assets as at December 31, 2013 and 2012: 172 2013 Goodwill Intangible assets with a definite life-Other Intangible assets with an indefinite life Total Intangible assets with a definite life-FVA Balance as at January 1, 2013 $ 21,222 $ — $ — $ 21,222 $ 211,507 Acquired during the year 38,848 27,000 63,000 128,848 33,623 Intangible assets amortization — — — — (21,183 ) Balance as at December 31, 2013 $ 60,070 $ 27,000 $ 63,000 $ 150,070 $ 223,947 Table of Contents ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued) Intangible assets with a definite life include: Intangible asset amortization during the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 totaled $21.2 million, $22.6 million and $42.7 million, respectively The gross carrying value, accumulated amortization and net carrying value of intangible assets by type at December 31, 2013 and 2012 were as follows: 173 2012 Goodwill Intangible assets with a definite life-Other Intangible assets with an indefinite life Total Intangible assets with a definite life-FVA Balance as at January 1, 2012 $ 21,222 $ — $ — $ 21,222 $ 243,904 Acquired during the year — — — — (9,825 ) Intangible assets amortization — — — — (22,572 ) Balance as at December 31, 2012 $ 21,222 $ — $ — $ 21,222 $ 211,507 (i) Fair value adjustments (“FVA”) relate to outstanding losses and loss adjustment expenses, policy benefits for life and annuity contracts and reinsurance recoverables and are included as a component of each balance sheet line item. FVA are amortized in proportion to future premiums for policy benefits for life and annuity contracts and over the estimated payout or recovery period for outstanding losses and loss adjustment expenses and reinsurance recoverables; and (ii) Other intangible assets relate to the values associated with the distribution channel and brand related to the Company’s acquisition of Atrium. These assets will be amortized on a straight-line basis a over a period of ten to fifteen years. 2013 2012 Gross Carrying Value Accumulated Amortization Net Carrying Value Gross Carrying Value Accumulated Amortization Net Carrying Value Intangible assets with a definite life: Fair value adjustments: Losses and loss adjustment expense $ 500,485 $ (282,178 ) $ 218,307 $ 552,455 $ (255,943 ) $ 296,512 Reinsurance balances recoverable (179,116 ) 113,659 (65,457 ) (178,377 ) 93,372 (85,005 ) Policy benefits for life and annuity contracts 86,332 (15,235 ) 71,097 — — — Total 407,701 (183,754 ) 223,947 374,078 (162,571 ) 211,507 Other:: Distribution channel 20,000 — 20,000 — — — Brand 7,000 — 7,000 — — — Total 27,000 — 27,000 — — — Total intangible assets with a definite life 434,701 (183,754 ) 250,947 374,078 (162,571 ) 211,507 Intangible assets with an indefinite life: Lloyd’s syndicate capacity 32,900 — 32,900 — — — Management contract 30,100 — 30,100 — — — Total intangible assets $ 497,701 $ (183,754 ) $ 313,947 $ 374,078 $ (162,571 ) $ 211,507 Table of Contents ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued) At December 31, 2013 the allocation of the goodwill to the Company’s non-life run-off and active underwriting segments was $21.2 million and $38.8 million, respectively, as compared to $21.2 million and $nil as at December 31, 2012. The estimated amortization expense for each of the five succeeding fiscal years related to the Company’s intangible assets with a definite life for each segment is as follows: 13. LOANS PAYABLE The Company’s loans payable consist of loan facilities used to partially finance certain of the Company’s acquisitions or significant new business transactions and its Revolving Credit Facility (the “EGL Revolving Credit Facility”), which can be used for permitted acquisitions and general corporate purposes. The Company’s credit facilities related to the Company’s 2011 acquisition of Clarendon National Insurance Company (the “Clarendon Facility”) and its term facility related to the 2013 acquisition of SeaBright (the “SeaBright Facility”). Until they were fully repaid on December 3, 2012, the Company also had loans outstanding related to share repurchase agreements with three of its executives and certain trusts and a corporation affiliated with the executives. For the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, the Company incurred interest expense of $12.4 million, $8.4 million and $8.5 million, respectively, on its loan facilities and loans related to the share repurchase agreements. All of the Company’s currently outstanding loan facilities are floating rate loans, and the fair values of these loans approximate their book values. Amounts of loans payable outstanding, and accrued interest, as of December 31, 2013 and 2012 total $452.4 million and $107.4 million, respectively, and comprise: Amendment and Restatement of EGL Revolving Credit Facility On July 8, 2013, the Company, and certain of its subsidiaries, as borrowers, as well as certain of its subsidiaries, as guarantors, entered into an amendment and restatement of its existing Revolving Credit Facility 174 Year Non-life Run-off Active Underwriting Life and Annuities Total 2014 $ 23,485 $ (5,693 ) $ 9,271 $ 27,063 2015 19,246 (5,626 ) 8,249 21,869 2016 16,376 (3,384 ) 7,373 20,365 2017 14,569 (1,779 ) 6,862 19,652 2018 12,940 (573 ) 6,132 18,499 Total $ 86,616 $ (17,055 ) $ 37,887 $ 107,448 Facility Date of Facility Facility Term December 31, 2013 December 31, 2012 EGL Revolving Credit Facility July 8, 2013 5 Years $ 258,800 $ — SeaBright Facility December 21, 2012 3 Years 111,000 — Clarendon Facility July 12, 2011 4 Years 78,995 106,500 448,795 106,500 Accrued interest 3,651 930 Total loans payable $ 452,446 $ 107,430 Table of Contents ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued) Agreement with National Australia Bank Limited (“NAB”) and Barclays Bank PLC (“Barclays”), as mandated lead arrangers, NAB, Barclays and Royal Bank of Canada, as original lenders, and NAB as agent (the “Restated Credit Agreement”). The Restated Credit Agreement provides for a five-year EGL Revolving Credit Facility (expiring in July 2018) pursuant to which the Company is permitted to borrow up to an aggregate of $375.0 million, which is available to fund permitted acquisitions and for general corporate purposes. The previously existing Revolving Credit Facility Agreement had provided for a three-year $250.0 million facility that was set to terminate in June 2014. The Company’s ability to draw on the EGL Revolving Credit Facility is subject to customary conditions. The EGL Revolving Credit Facility is secured by a first priority lien on the stock of certain of the Company’s subsidiaries and certain bank accounts held with Barclays in the name of the Company and into which amounts received in respect of any capital release from certain of the Company’s subsidiaries are required to be paid. Interest is payable at the end of each interest period chosen by the Company or, at the latest, each six months. The interest rate is LIBOR plus 2.75%, plus an incremental amount tied to certain regulatory costs, if any, that may be incurred by the lenders. Any unused portion of the EGL Revolving Credit Facility will be subject to a commitment fee of 1.10%. The EGL Revolving Credit Facility imposes various financial and business covenants on the Company, the guarantors and certain other material subsidiaries, including limitations on mergers and consolidations, acquisitions, indebtedness and guarantees, restrictions as to dispositions of stock and assets, restrictions on dividends and limitations on liens. As of December 31, 2013 all of the financial covenants relating to the EGL Revolving Credit Facility were met. During the existence of any event of default (as specified in the Restated Credit Agreement), the agent may cancel the commitments of the lenders, declare all or a portion of outstanding amounts immediately due and payable, declare all or a portion of outstanding amounts payable upon demand or proceed against the security. During the existence of any payment default, the interest rate would be increased by 1.0%. The EGL Revolving Credit Facility terminates and all amounts borrowed must be repaid on the fifth anniversary of the date of the Restated Credit Agreement. During 2013, the Company borrowed $258.8 million under the EGL Revolving Credit Facility to fund certain acquisitions and for general corporate purposes. The interest rate on these borrowings was approximately 2.9%, subject to periodic adjustment in accordance with the terms of the EGL Revolving Credit Facility. Clarendon Facility On March 4, 2011, the Company, through Clarendon Holdings, Inc., entered into a $106.5 million term facility agreement (the “Clarendon Facility”) with NAB. The Clarendon Facility provides a four-year term loan facility, which was fully drawn upon on July 12, 2011 to fund 50% of the purchase price of Clarendon. The Clarendon Facility is secured by a security interest in all of the assets of Clarendon Holdings, Inc., as well as a first priority lien on the stock of both Clarendon Holdings, Inc. and Clarendon. Interest is payable at the end of each interest period chosen by Clarendon Holdings, Inc. or, at the latest, each six months. The interest rate is LIBOR plus 2.75%. The Clarendon Facility is subject to various financial and business covenants, including limitations on mergers and consolidations, restrictions as to disposition of stock and limitations on liens on the stock. As of December 31, 2013, all of the financial covenants relating to the Clarendon Facility were met. During the existence of any payment default, the interest rate is increased by 1.0%. During the existence of any event of default (as specified in the term facility agreement), the lenders may declare all or a portion of outstanding amounts immediately due and payable, declare all or a portion of borrowed amounts payable upon demand, or proceed against the security. The Clarendon Facility terminates and all amounts borrowed must be repaid on July 12, 2015. 175 Table of Contents ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued) On July 31, 2013, the Company repaid $27.5 million of the outstanding principal on its Clarendon Facility reducing the outstanding principal as of December 31, 2013 to $79.0 million. SeaBright Facility On December 21, 2012, the Company, through AML Acquisition, Corp. (“AML Acquisition”), entered into a Term Facility Agreement with NAB and Barclays (the “SeaBright Facility”). The SeaBright Facility provides a four-year term loan facility, which AML Acquisition fully drew down on February 5, 2013 in an amount of $111.0 million to partially fund the Company’s acquisition of SeaBright Holdings, Inc. (“SeaBright”). The Company acquired SeaBright on February 7, 2013 by way of a merger of AML Acquisition with and into SeaBright (the “Merger”), with SeaBright surviving the Merger as an indirect, wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company. Following completion of the Merger, SeaBright (as the survivor of the Merger) became the borrower under the SeaBright Facility and the facility became secured by a security interest in all of the assets of SeaBright, a pledge of the stock of SeaBright by its sole stockholder, a pledge of the stock of SeaBright Insurance Company, Paladin Managed Care Services, Inc., and PointSure Insurance Services, Inc. (which are wholly-owned subsidiaries of SeaBright) by SeaBright, and a security interest in all of the assets of Paladin Managed Care Services, Inc. and PointSure Insurance Services, Inc. From the date of the SeaBright Facility until the draw down on February 5, 2013, the undrawn and uncancelled amount of the SeaBright Facility incurred a fee of 1% per annum. Interest on amounts borrowed under the SeaBright Facility is payable at the end of each interest period chosen by the borrower or, at the latest, each six months. The interest rate is LIBOR plus 2.75% for the first 18 months from February 5, 2013 and increases to LIBOR plus 3.50% thereafter; the interest rate is subject to increase by an incremental amount tied to certain regulatory costs, if any, that may be incurred by the lenders. The SeaBright Facility imposes various financial and business covenants on SeaBright, including limitations on mergers and consolidations, acquisitions, indebtedness and guarantees, restrictions as to dispositions of stock and assets (except for certain permitted dispositions), restrictions on dividends, and limitations on liens. As at December 31, 2013, all of the financial covenants relating to the SeaBright Facility were met. During the existence of any payment default, the interest rate would be increased by 1.0%. During the existence of any event of default (as specified in the SeaBright Facility), the lenders may cancel their commitments, declare all or a portion of outstanding amounts immediately due and payable, declare all or a portion of borrowed amounts payable upon demand, or proceed against the security. The SeaBright Facility terminates and all amounts borrowed must be repaid on December 21, 2016, the fourth anniversary of the date the facility was put in place. SeaBright Surplus Notes On August 26, 2013, the Company fully repaid the outstanding principal and accrued interest of $12.1 million associated with the subordinated floating rate surplus notes issued by SeaBright in a private placement in May 2004. Interest expense for the period from February 7, 2013 (the date of acquisition of SeaBright) to December 31, 2013 was $0.3 million. 14. REDEEMABLE NONCONTROLLING INTEREST The redeemable noncontrolling interest comprises the 40% ownership interest in Northshore held by Trident. Northshore owns 100% of Atrium and Arden. The redeemable noncontrolling interest is classified outside of permanent shareholders’ equity on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets due to the redemption 176 Table of Contents ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued) rights held by Trident, which are described in Note 3 — Acquisitions. The Company recognizes changes in the redemption value of the Trident interest in Northshore’s earnings as if the balance sheet date was also the redemption date. As at December 31, 2013, there were no adjustments recorded through retained earnings as the redemption value of the Trident interest approximated its carrying value. A reconciliation of the beginning and ending carrying amount of the equity attributable to the redeemable noncontrolling interest is as follows: 15. SHARE CAPITAL As at December 31, 2013 and 2012, the authorized share capital was 111,000,000 ordinary shares (“Voting Ordinary Shares”) and non-voting convertible ordinary shares (“Non-Voting Ordinary Shares”), each par value $1.00 per share and 45,000,000 preference shares of par value $1.00 per share. Each Voting Ordinary Share entitles the holder thereof to one vote. In accordance with the Company’s bye-laws, however, any U.S. shareholder or direct foreign shareholder group whose shares constitute 9.5% or more of the voting power of our Voting Ordinary Shares would be entitled to less than one vote for each Voting Ordinary Share held by them. Issued and fully paid Voting Ordinary Shares of par value $1.00 each: Issued and fully paid Series A non-voting convertible ordinary shares of par value $1.00 each: Issued and fully paid Series C non-voting convertible ordinary shares of par value $1.00 each: Series B, C and D Non-Voting Ordinary Shares In connection with the transactions consummated pursuant to the April 20, 2011 Investment Agreement (the “Investment Agreement”) between the Company and GSCP VI AIV Navi, Ltd., GSCP VI Offshore Navi, Ltd., GSCP VI Parallel AIV Navi, Ltd., GSCP VI Employee Navi, Ltd., and GSCP VI GmbH Navi, L.P. (collectively, 177 Redeemable noncontrolling interest Balance as at December 31, 2012 $ — Redeemable noncontrolling interest, initial contributions 96,689 Net earnings attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interest 4,170 Balance as at December 31, 2013 $ 100,859 2013 2012 Balance, beginning of year $ 13,752 $ 13,665 Issue of shares 6 43 Share awards granted/vested 45 44 Balance, end of year $ 13,803 $ 13,752 2013 2012 Balance, beginning and end of year $ 2,973 $ 2,973 2013 2012 Balance, beginning and end of year $ 2,726 $ 2,726 Table of Contents ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued) the “Purchasers”), each of which is an affiliate of Goldman, Sachs & Co., the Company has authorized Non-Voting Ordinary Shares in three different series: Series B, C and D. Only Series C Non-Voting Ordinary Shares are issued and outstanding. There is no economic difference in the sub-series of Non-Voting Ordinary Shares, but there are slight differences in the limited voting rights of each sub-series that are designed to address certain regulatory matters that may affect the Purchasers. In accordance with the Investment Agreement, the Company issued and sold to the Purchasers, at three different closings that occurred during 2011, securities for an aggregate purchase price of $291.6 million. As a result of all three closings, the Purchasers received: (i) 665,529 Voting Ordinary Shares, (ii) 2,725,637 Series C Non-Voting Ordinary Shares, and (iii) warrants providing the right to acquire 340,820 Non-Voting Ordinary Shares for an exercise price of $115.0 per share, subject to certain adjustments, that expire on April 20, 2021. The Purchasers may elect to convert their Voting Ordinary Shares into Series B Non-Voting Ordinary Shares, Series C Non-Voting Ordinary Shares or Series D Non-Voting Ordinary Shares. Holders of the Series C Non-Voting Ordinary Shares have the right to convert such shares, on a share-for-share basis, subject to certain adjustments, into Series D Non-Voting Ordinary Shares at their option. Holders of the Series B Non-Voting Ordinary Shares would have the right to convert such shares on a share-for-share basis, subject to certain adjustments, into Voting Ordinary Shares, Series C Non-Voting Ordinary Shares or Series D Non-Voting Ordinary Shares at their option. Series B Convertible Participating Non-Voting Perpetual Preferred Stock In connection with the agreement to acquire Torus, on July 8, 2013, the Company’s Board of Directors’ created 4,000,000 shares of Series B Convertible Participating Non-Voting Perpetual Preferred Stock, par value $1.00 per share (the “Non-Voting Preferred Shares”), from the authorized and unissued preference shares. The Company will issue a combination of Voting Ordinary Shares and Non-Voting Preferred Shares to certain shareholders of Torus at closing of the Amalgamation, as described in Note 3 — Acquisitions. The Non-Voting Preferred Shares: 178 • rank on parity with the Voting Ordinary Shares and Non-Voting Ordinary Shares, but would rank senior to any other class or series of share capital of the Company, unless the terms of any such class or series shall provide otherwise; • would receive dividends when, and if, and in the same amounts (on an as-converted basis), dividends are declared on the Voting Ordinary Shares and/or Non-Voting Ordinary Shares; • automatically convert on a one-to-one basis into: (i) Voting Ordinary Shares upon the transfer of such Non-Voting Preferred Shares to any person other than an affiliate of First Reserve if that transfer qualifies as a widely dispersed offering and (ii) a new series of Non-Voting Ordinary Shares of the Company upon the approval by the Company’s shareholders of an amendment to the Company’s bye-laws to authorize such series; • have a liquidation preference of $0.001 per share, and thereafter are entitled to participate (on an as-converted basis) with the Voting Ordinary Shares and the Non-Voting Ordinary Shares in the distribution of remaining assets; and • have no voting rights other than: (i) in the event of a proposed change to the Company’s organizational documents that would significantly and adversely affect the rights of the Non-Voting Preferred Shares, (ii) certain share exchanges or reclassifications of the Non-Voting Preferred Shares, (iii) certain mergers or consolidations of the Company, or (iv) a voluntary liquidation or dissolution of the Company. Table of Contents ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued) 16. EARNINGS PER SHARE The following table sets forth the comparison of basic and diluted earnings per share for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011: 17. EMPLOYEE BENEFITS Summary Components of salaries and benefits are summarized as follows: 179 2013 2012 2011 Basic earnings per ordinary share: Net earnings attributable to Enstar Group Limited $ 208,604 $ 168,017 $ 153,693 Weighted average ordinary shares outstanding — basic 16,523,369 16,441,461 13,930,221 Net earnings per ordinary share attributable to Enstar Group Limited — basic $ 12.62 $ 10.22 $ 11.03 Diluted earnings per ordinary share: Net earnings attributable to Enstar Group Limited $ 208,604 $ 168,017 $ 153,693 Weighted average ordinary shares outstanding — basic 16,523,369 16,441,461 13,930,221 Share equivalents: Unvested shares 117,850 162,454 196,670 Restricted share units 18,056 19,478 69,723 Warrants 44,167 — — Options — 14,628 15,826 Weighted average ordinary shares outstanding — diluted 16,703,442 16,638,021 14,212,440 Net earnings per ordinary share attributable to Enstar Group Limited — diluted $ 12.49 $ 10.10 $ 10.81 2013 2012 2011 Salaries and benefits $ 83,563 $ 63,689 $ 55,642 Defined contribution pension plan expense 6,023 4,240 4,864 2006 equity plan 2,923 2,894 2,662 Annual incentive plan 32,107 29,650 26,678 Total salaries and benefits $ 124,616 $ 100,473 $ 89,846 Table of Contents ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued) Employee share plans Employee share awards are summarized as follows: 2006 Equity Incentive Plan / 2011-2015 Annual Incentive Compensation Program For the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, nil, 191 and 16,328 shares, respectively, were awarded to employees under the 2006 Equity Incentive Plan (the “Equity Plan”). The total unrecognized compensation cost related to the Company’s non-vested share awards under the Equity Plan as at December 31, 2013 and 2012 was $4.7 million and $7.6 million, respectively. This cost is expected to be recognized evenly over the next 1.8 years. Compensation costs of $2.9 million, $2.8 million and $2.7 million relating to these share awards were recognized in the Company’s statement of earnings for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively. The total value of the awards for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012 were $nil and $1.5 million with the value of the 2012 award being charged against the Enstar Group Limited 2011-2015 Annual Incentive Compensation Program (the “Incentive Program”) accrual established for the year ended December 31, 2011. The accrued expense relating to the Incentive Program for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012 was $32.1 million and $29.6 million, respectively, as compared to $26.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2011 relating to the Enstar Group Limited 2006-2010 Annual Incentive Compensation Program (“2006 Program”). The 2006 Program ended effective December 31, 2010. On February 23, 2011, the Company adopted the Incentive Program. Enstar Group Limited Employee Share Purchase Plan For the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, compensation costs of less than $0.1 million relating to the shares issued under the Amended and Restated Enstar Group Limited Employee Share Purchase Plan (the “Share Plan”) were recognized in the Company’s statement of earnings. As at December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, 4,959, 5,442 and 5,208 shares have been issued to employees under the Share Plan. Deferred Compensation and Ordinary Share Plan for Non-Employee Directors For the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, 3,566 3,029 and 4,193 restricted share units, respectively, were credited to the accounts of non-employee directors under the Enstar Group Limited Deferred Compensation and Ordinary Share Plan for Non-Employee Directors. The Company recorded expenses related to the restricted share units for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 of $0.5 million, $0.3 million and $0.4 million, respectively. 180 2013 2012 2011 Number of Shares Weighted Average Fair Value of the Award Number of Shares Weighted Average Fair Value of the Award Number of Shares Weighted Average Fair Value of the Award Nonvested — January 1 160,644 $ 17,989 203,930 $ 20,026 153,930 $ 13,019 Granted 4,959 557 5,633 472 71,621 5,957 Vested (50,444 ) 5,855 (48,919 ) 4,736 (21,621 ) 1,907 Nonvested — December 31 115,159 $ 15,997 160,644 $ 17,989 203,930 $ 20,026 Table of Contents ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued) Pension Plan The Company provides pension benefits to eligible employees through various plans sponsored by the Company. All pension plans, except for the noncontributory defined benefit pension plan acquired in the 2010 PW Acquisition Company transaction (the “PWAC Plan”), are structured as defined contribution plans. Pension expense for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 was $6.0 million, $4.5 million and $4.9 million, respectively. In addition, the Company recorded pension expense relating to the PWAC Plan for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 of $0.7 million, $0.8 million and $0.6 million, respectively. During 2013, an actuarial review was performed on the PWAC plan, which determined that the PWAC Plan’s unfunded liability, as at December 31, 2013, was $7.8 million as compared to $13.9 million as at December 31, 2012. As at December 31, 2013, PW Acquisition Company had an accrued liability of $7.8 million for the unfunded PWAC Plan liability. 18. TAXATION Earnings before income taxes includes the following components: Tax expense (benefit) for income taxes is comprised of: Under current Bermuda law, the Company and its Bermuda subsidiaries are exempted from paying any taxes in Bermuda on their income or capital gains until March 2035. The Company has operating subsidiaries and branch operations in the United Kingdom, Australia, the United States and Europe and is subject to federal, foreign, state and local taxes in those jurisdictions. In addition, certain distributions from some foreign sources may be subject to withholding taxes. The expected income tax provision for the foreign operations computed on pre-tax income at the weighted-average tax rate has been calculated as the sum of the pre-tax income in each jurisdiction multiplied by that jurisdiction’s applicable statutory tax rate. 181 2013 2012 2011 Domestic (Bermuda) $ 193,063 $ 30,839 $ 44,983 Foreign 66,378 204,970 188,759 Total $ 259,441 $ 235,809 $ 233,742 2013 2012 2011 Current: Domestic (Bermuda) $ — $ — $ — Foreign 30,787 34,704 28,924 30,787 34,704 28,924 Deferred: Domestic (Bermuda) — — — Foreign 4,832 9,586 (3,640 ) 4,832 9,586 (3,640 ) Total tax expense $ 35,619 $ 44,290 $ 25,284 Table of Contents ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued) The actual income tax rate differed from the amount computed by applying the effective rate of 0% under Bermuda law to earnings before income taxes as shown in the following reconciliation: Deferred income taxes arise from the recognition of temporary differences between income determined for financial reporting purposes and income tax purposes. The temporary differences that give rise to significant portions of the deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are presented in the table below: As of December 31, 2013 and 2012, U.K. insurance subsidiaries and branch operations had tax loss carryforwards, which do not expire, and deductions available for tax purposes of approximately $357.4 million and $346.9 million, respectively. Certain of the Company’s U.K. insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries have tax loss carryforwards that arose prior to acquisition. Under U.K. tax law, these tax loss carryforwards are available to offset future taxable income generated by the acquired company without time limit. As of December 31, 2013 and 2012, U.S. subsidiaries had deductible losses for tax purposes of approximately $315.0 million and $234.5 million, respectively. Under U.S. tax law, these tax losses can be carried forward and could be available to offset future taxable income of the companies that experienced the losses. 182 2013 2012 2011 Earnings before income tax $ 259,441 $ 235,809 $ 233,742 Expected tax rate —% —% —% Foreign taxes at local expected rates 5.1 % 20.8 % 19.2 % Change in uncertain tax positions (1.0 )% 0.1 % —% Change in valuation allowance 7.2 % (3.0 )% (8.4 )% Impact of Australian tax consolidation —% —% 0.8 % Other 2.4 % 0.9 % (0.8 )% Effective tax rate 13.7 % 18.8 % 10.8 % As of December 31, 2013 2012 Deferred tax assets Benefit of losses, deductions, and other carryforwards $ 187,377 $ 162,389 Claims reserves, principally due to discounting for tax 217,283 27,195 Allowance for doubtful accounts receivable 22,303 16,703 Investments — 7,552 426,963 213,839 Deferred tax liabilities Investments (31,932 ) (11,999 ) Unrecognized income (21,740 ) — Intangible asset from acquisition (18,000 ) — Other (5,424 ) — Net deferred tax asset before valuation allowance 349,867 201,840 Valuation allowance (366,650 ) (202,365 ) Net deferred tax liability $ (16,783 ) $ (525 ) Table of Contents ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued) The Company has estimated future taxable income of its foreign subsidiaries and has provided a valuation allowance in respect of those loss carryforwards where it does not expect to realize a benefit. The Company has considered all available evidence using a “more likely than not” standard in determining the amount of the valuation allowance. The Company had unrecognized tax benefits of $2.2 million, $5.8 million and $5.6 million relating to uncertain tax positions as of December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, there were certain reductions to unrecognized tax benefits due to the expiration of statutes of limitations of $0.3 million, $nil and $0.1 million, respectively, which were included in net earnings. A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows: Included in the balances at December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 were $1.5 million, $4.4 million and $4.4 million, respectively, of tax positions for which the ultimate deductibility is highly certain but for which there is uncertainty about the timing of such deductibility. Because of the impact of deferred tax accounting, other than interest and penalties, the disallowance of the shorter deductibility period would not affect the annual effective tax rate but would accelerate the payment of cash to the taxing authority to an earlier period. It is reasonably possible that the amount of unrecognized tax benefits with respect to certain of the unrecognized tax positions could decrease by up to approximately $2.0 million within the next 12 months if the statute of limitations expires on certain tax periods. The Company recognizes accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as a part of income tax expense. During the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, the Company recognized a benefit for the reversal of interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits due to the expiration of the statute of limitations in the amount of $0.2 million, $nil and $0.1 million, respectively. The Company had approximately $0.7 million, $1.5 million and $1.2 million accrued for the payment of interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively. The Company’s operating subsidiaries in specific countries may be subject to audit by various tax authorities and may have different statutes of limitations expiration dates. With limited exceptions, the Company’s major subsidiaries that operate in the United States, United Kingdom and Australia are no longer subject to tax examinations for years before 2007, 2010 and 2007, respectively. Because the Company operates in many jurisdictions, its net earnings are subject to risk due to changing tax laws and tax rates around the world. The current, rapidly changing economic environment may increase the likelihood of substantial changes to tax laws in the jurisdictions in which it operates. The Company cannot predict what, if any, legislation will actually be proposed or enacted, or what the effect of any such legislation might be on the Company’s financial condition and results of operations. 183 2013 2012 2011 Balance, beginning of year $ 5,821 $ 5,621 $ 5,566 Gross increases — tax positions related to prior years 114 221 161 Gross decreases — tax positions related to prior years (3,346 ) (12 ) — Lapse of statute of limitations (340 ) (9 ) (106 ) Balance, end of year $ 2,249 $ 5,821 $ 5,621 Table of Contents ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued) 19. RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS Stone Point Capital LLC Following several private transactions occurring from May 2012 to July 2012, Trident acquired approximately 9.7% of the Company’s voting ordinary shares. On November 6, 2013, the Company appointed James D. Carey to its Board of Directors. Mr. Carey is the sole member of an entity that is one of four general partners of the entities serving as general partners for the Trident funds, is a member of the investment committees of such general partners, and is a member and senior principal of Stone Point Capital LLC, the manager of the Trident funds. In addition, the Company entered into certain agreements with Trident with respect to Trident’s co-investments in the Atrium and Arden acquisitions and the pending Torus acquisition. Refer to Note 3 — “Acquisitions” for a description of these co-investment transactions. Mr. Carey serves as a Trident representative on the board of the holding company established in connection with the Atrium/Arden co-investment transaction and is expected to serve as a representative on the Torus board and on the board of the holding company established in connection with the Torus co-investment transaction following the closing of the Amalgamation. The Company has investments in two funds (carried within other investments) affiliated with entities owned by Trident. As of December 31, 2013, the fair value of the investments in the two funds was $87.7 million. The Company has also invested in a fund managed by Sound Point Capital, an entity in which Mr. Carey has an approximately 4% indirect ownership interest and serves as director. As of December 31, 2013, the fair value of this investment was $21.6 million. The Company has recognized $1.2 million in net realized and unrealized gains in respect of this investment as of December 31, 2013. Subsequent to December 31, 2013, the Company made a commitment to invest up to $20.0 million in the Trident Parallel VI Fund, a fund managed by Stone Point Capital LLC. Goldman Sachs & Co. As of December 31, 2013, affiliates of Goldman Sachs & Co. (“Goldman Sachs”) own approximately 4.8% of the Company’s voting ordinary shares and 100% of the Company’s non-voting convertible ordinary shares. Sumit Rajpal, a managing director of Goldman Sachs, was appointed to the Board of Directors in connection with Goldman Sachs’ investment in the Company. As of December 31, 2013, the Company had an investment in one fund (carried within other investments) affiliated with entities owned by Goldman Sachs, which had a fair value of $3.2 million. Subsequent to December 31, 2013, the Company invested £12.5 million in indirect non-voting interests of two companies affiliated with Hastings Insurance Group Limited. The Company’s interests are held in accounts managed by affiliates of Goldman Sachs. Goldman Sachs affiliates have an approximately 50% interest in the Hastings companies, and Mr. Rajpal serves as a director of the entities the Company has invested in. Affiliates of Goldman Sachs own approximately 22% of Global Atlantic Financial Group (“GAFG”), which owns entities that provide reinsurance to Arden. As at December 31, 2013, the Company’s total reinsurance recoverable from GAFG entities amounted to $340.8 million. As at December 31, 2013, reinsurance balances recoverable from a particular non-rated GAFG entity with a carrying value of $256.1 million represented 10% or more of the Company’s total non-life run-off reinsurance balances recoverable. The $256.1 million recoverable from that GAFG entity at December 31, 2013 was secured by a trust account. The balance of $84.7 million as at December 31, 2013 was recoverable from GAFG entities rated A- and higher. 184 Table of Contents ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued) 20. RETAINED EARNINGS AND STATUTORY RESTRICTIONS Restrictions on the Payment of Dividends The Company’s ability to pay dividends to its shareholders is dependent upon the ability of its insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries to distribute capital and pay dividends to it. The Company’s insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries are subject to certain regulatory restrictions on the distribution of capital and payment of dividends in the jurisdictions in which they operate as more fully described below. The restrictions are generally based on net income or levels of capital and surplus as determined in accordance with the relevant statutory accounting practices. Failure of these subsidiaries to meet their applicable regulatory requirements could result in restrictions on any distributions of capital or retained earnings and/or stricter regulatory oversight of the subsidiaries. In addition, the Company’s ability to pay dividends and make other forms of distributions is further limited by repayment obligations in the Company’s outstanding loan facility agreements. As at December 31, 2013, the amount of consolidated retained earnings of the Company that was free of restrictions and therefore potentially available to be distributed to the Company’s ordinary shareholders was $1,177.5 million (2012: $972.9 million). This amount is held primarily within our insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries and represents retained earnings held in those companies in excess of their minimum regulatory requirements. Although these amounts are in excess of statutory minimums, regulators may nonetheless further restrict distributions, and therefore actual amounts available for distribution to shareholders are likely to be significantly less. In addition, the Company does not intend to pay dividends on its ordinary shares, as it intends instead to reinvest any distributions from its subsidiaries back into the Company, primarily as a means to fund future acquisitions. Statutory Restrictions The Company’s insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries prepare their statutory financial statements in conformity with statutory accounting practices prescribed or permitted by the applicable local regulatory authority. The statutory financial statements may vary materially from statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The statutory capital and surplus amounts for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012 and statutory net income (loss) amounts for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 for the Company’s insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries based in Bermuda, the United Kingdom, Australia, the United States and Europe were as follows: The Company’s insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries are subject to insurance laws and regulations in the jurisdictions in which they operate, including Bermuda, the United Kingdom, Australia, the United States and Europe. Certain material aspects of these laws and regulations as they relate to solvency, dividends and capital and surplus are summarized below. 185 Statutory Capital and Surplus Minimum Required Actual Statutory Income (Loss) 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2011 Bermuda $ 109,010 $ 92,606 $ 833,263 $ 627,335 $ 103,852 $ 98,247 $ 80,022 U.K. $ 83,410 $ 80,324 $ 592,992 $ 506,459 $ 76,685 $ 64,015 $ 114,403 Australia $ 65,894 $ 82,007 $ 99,174 $ 94,042 $ 19,131 $ 4,651 $ 13,979 U.S. $ 138,331 $ 102,114 $ 879,947 $ 445,818 $ 4,725 $ (42,109 ) $ (8,234 ) Europe $ 12,965 $ 38,642 $ 142,216 $ 173,974 $ 11,035 $ 7,578 $ 22,356 Table of Contents ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued) Bermuda — Non-life Run-off / Active Underwriting The Company’s Bermuda-based insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries are registered under the Insurance Act 1978 of Bermuda and related regulations, as amended (the “Insurance Act”). The Insurance Act requires that the Company’s Bermuda-based insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries maintain certain solvency and liquidity standards. The minimum liquidity ratio requires that the value of relevant assets must not be less than 75% of the amount of relevant liabilities. The minimum solvency margin, which varies depending on the class of the insurer, is determined as a percentage of either net reserves for losses and loss expenses or premiums or pursuant to a risk-based capital measure. Each of the Company’s regulated Bermuda insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries would be prohibited from declaring or paying any dividends if it were in breach of its minimum solvency margin (which is a function of outstanding losses) or liquidity ratio (which is a function of relevant assets) or if the declaration or payment of such dividends would cause it to fail to meet such margin or ratio. In addition, each of the Company’s regulated Bermuda insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries is prohibited, without the prior approval of the Bermuda regulator, from reducing by 15% or more its total statutory capital as set out in its previous year’s statutory financial statements. In addition, the Company’s Bermuda insurance companies that are in run-off are required to seek regulatory approval for any dividends or distributions. As of December 31, 2013 and 2012, each of the Company’s Bermuda-based insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries exceeded their respective minimum solvency and liquidity requirements. The Bermuda insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries in aggregate exceeded minimum solvency requirements by $724.3 million as of December 31, 2013 (2012: $534.7 million) and exceeded minimum liquidity requirements by $459.1 million as of December 31, 2013 (2012: $369.4 million). United Kingdom — Non-life Run-off The Company’s U.K. based insurance subsidiaries are regulated by the U.K. Prudential Regulatory Authority (the “PRA”) and the Financial Conduct Authority (the “FCA”), which together replaced the Financial Services Authority effective April 1, 2013 (the PRA and FCA collectively, the “U.K. Regulator”). The Company’s U.K.-based insurance subsidiaries are required to maintain adequate financial resources in accordance with the requirements of the U.K. Regulator. The calculation of the minimum capital resources requirements in any particular case depends on, among other things, the type and amount of insurance business written and claims paid by the insurance company. As at December 31, 2013 and 2012, all of the Company’s U.K. insurance subsidiaries maintained capital in excess of the minimum capital resources requirements (or received a waiver from the U.K. Regulator from the requirement to remedy any shortfall) and complied with the relevant U.K. Regulator requirements. The U.K.-based insurance subsidiaries, in aggregate, maintained capital in excess of the minimum capital resources requirements by $509.6 million and $426.1 million as of December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively. In addition, the U.K. Regulator’s Individual Capital Adequacy Standards framework (“ICAS framework”), requires insurance companies to carry out various capital modeling and risk management exercises in order to calculate a company-specific Individual Capital Assessment amount (“ICA amount”), which is the company’s internal calculation of its capital requirements under the ICAS framework. This is intended to ensure a company holds sufficient capital such that there is no material risk that its liabilities cannot be met as they fall due. In 2009, the European Parliament approved the Solvency II framework directive. Solvency II is expected to take effect in January 2016. Solvency II will set out new, strengthened EU-wide requirements on capital adequacy and risk management for insurers with the aim of increasing policyholder protection, instilling greater risk awareness and improving the international competitiveness of EU insurers. 186 Table of Contents ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued) The U.K. Regulator’s rules require the Company’s U.K. insurance subsidiaries to obtain regulatory approval for any proposed or actual payment of a dividend. The U.K. Regulator uses the ICA and the estimated capital requirement for Solvency II purposes when assessing requests to make distributions and therefore dividends approved by the U.K. Regulator will often significantly differ from any surplus capital above the entity’s minimum capital resources requirements. Lloyd’s — Non-life Run-off / Active Underwriting As of December 31, 2013, the Company participated in the Lloyd’s market through its interests in: (i) Atrium Underwriting Group, which manages S609 and provides approximately one quarter of the syndicate’s capital; and (ii) Shelbourne, which consists of an approved Lloyd’s managing agent, a corporate member and S2008, a wholly aligned syndicate that has permission to underwrite RITC and other legacy or discontinued business type transactions with other Lloyd’s syndicates. The Lloyd’s market is currently in the Solvency II internal model application process under Lloyd’s supervision. The Company’s Lloyd’s operations will therefore be required to meet Solvency II standards when they come into effect. The underwriting capacity of a member of Lloyd’s must be supported by providing a deposit (referred to as “Funds at Lloyd’s”) in the form of cash, securities or letters of credit in an amount determined under the ICA. The amount of the Funds at Lloyd’s is assessed annually and is determined by Lloyd’s in accordance with the capital adequacy rules established by the U.K. Regulator. In order to achieve finality and to release their capital, Lloyd’s members are usually required to have transferred their liabilities through an approved RITC, such as offered by S2008. RITC is generally put in place after the third year of operations of a syndicate year of account. On successful conclusion of RITC, any profit from the syndicate’s operations for that year of account can be remitted by the managing agent to the syndicate’s members. The Company’s total capital commitment to S2008 and S609 was £133.0 million (approximately $220.2 million). The capital commitment was financed from available cash on hand of $146.2 million and a letter of credit of $74.0 million. Australia — Non-life Run-off The Company’s Australian insurance subsidiary is regulated and subject to prudential supervision by the Australian Prudential Regulation Authority (“APRA”). APRA is the primary regulatory body responsible for regulating compliance with the Insurance Act 1973. APRA’s prudential standards require that all insurers maintain and meet prescribed capital adequacy requirements to enable their insurance obligations to be met under a wide range of circumstances. As of January 1, 2013, APRA introduced capital reforms that have modified how Australian insurers meet their capital requirements and have introduced additional regulatory obligations with respect to capital oversight and capital reporting, which apply to our subsidiary. The new capital requirements were brought in to enhance and strengthen capital adequacy in the market and increase the level of internal oversight and review for insurers. The Company’s Australian insurance subsidiary meets the new capital requirements. An insurer must obtain APRA’s written consent prior to making any capital releases, including any payment of dividends. The Company’s insurance subsidiary must provide APRA a valuation prepared by an appointed actuary that demonstrates that the tangible assets of the insurer, after the proposed capital reduction, are sufficient to cover its insurance liabilities to a 99.5% level of sufficiency of capital before APRA will consent to a capital release or dividend. As of December 31, 2013 and 2012, the Company’s Australian-based insurance subsidiary exceeded the required 99.5% level of sufficiency by $33.3 million and $12.0 million, respectively. 187 Table of Contents ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued) United States — Non-life Run-off The Company’s U.S. non-life run-off insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries are subject to the insurance laws and regulations of the states in which they are domiciled, licensed and/or approved to conduct business. These laws restrict the amount of dividends the subsidiaries can pay to the Company. The restrictions are generally based on statutory net income and/or certain levels of statutory surplus as determined in accordance with the relevant statutory accounting requirements of the individual domiciliary states or states in which any of the insurance or reinsurance subsidiaries are domiciled. Generally, prior regulatory approval must be obtained before an insurer may pay a dividend or make a distribution above a specified level. The U.S. subsidiaries are required to file annual statements with insurance regulatory authorities prepared on a statutory basis prescribed or permitted by such authorities. Statutory accounting principles differ from U.S. GAAP in the treatment of various items, including treatment of deferred acquisition costs, deferred income taxes, required investment reserves, reserve calculation assumptions and surplus notes. For all of the Company’s U.S. insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries, with the exception of one subsidiary, there are no prescribed or permitted statutory accounting practices that differ significantly from the statutory accounting principles established by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (“NAIC”). In 2013, one of the Company’s U.S. insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries increased reserves for adjusting and other expenses in its statutory financial statements. As at December 31, 2012, these reserves of approximately $47.0 million had been recorded at its immediate parent company level. This had no impact on the consolidated financial statements for the Company. The same U.S. insurance and reinsurance subsidiary also has a permitted accounting practice to treat an adverse development cover reinsurance agreement as prospective reinsurance. The U.S. insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries are also required to maintain minimum levels of solvency and liquidity as determined by law, and to comply with risk-based capital requirements and licensing rules. As of December 31, 2013 and 2012, all of the Company’s U.S. non-life run-off insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries exceeded their required levels of risk-based capital, with the exception of one subsidiary that was acquired while under supervision. On an aggregate basis, the U.S.-based non-life run-off insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries (excluding the subsidiary under supervision) exceeded their minimum levels of risk-based capital as of December 31, 2013 and 2012 by $642.7 million and $354.3 million, respectively; the subsidiary under regulatory supervision was below its minimum required risk-based capital level by approximately $5.6 million as of December 31, 2013 (2012: $10.6 million). As a consequence of being under regulatory supervision, the subsidiary’s regulator must approve any and all disbursements, new contracts or agreements. The Company does not believe this subsidiary’s non-compliance presents material risk to the Company’s operations or financial condition. United States/Canada — Life and Annuities The Company’s life and annuities subsidiaries file financial statements with state insurance regulatory authorities and the NAIC in the United States and the Office of Superintendent of Financial Institutions (“OSFI”) in Canada (as a result of one of the Company’s subsidiaries having a Canadian branch operation). Such statements are prepared in accordance with Statutory Accounting Principles (“SAP”) prescribed or permitted by such authorities which may vary materially from GAAP. SAP includes the Accounting Practices and Procedures Manual of the NAIC as well as other laws, regulations and administrative rules promulgated by the state insurance departments. SAP encompasses all accounting practices not so prescribed. The principal differences between statutory financial statements and financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP are that statutory financial statements do not reflect deferred acquisition costs, some bond portfolios may be carried at amortized cost, assets and liabilities are presented net of reinsurance, contract holder liabilities are generally valued using more conservative assumptions and certain assets are non-admitted. Accordingly, statutory 188 Table of Contents ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued) operating results and statutory capital and surplus may differ substantially from amounts reported in the GAAP basis financial statements for comparable items. The Company’s life and annuity companies are subject to certain Risk-Based Capital (“RBC”) requirements as specified by the NAIC and OSFI. RBC is used to evaluate the adequacy of capital and surplus maintained by the Company’s life and annuities companies in relation to risks associated with: (i) asset risk; (ii) insurance risk; (iii) interest rate risk and (iv) business risk. As of December 31, 2013, the Company’s life and annuities subsidiaries exceeded their minimum RBC requirements by $104.5 million. These subsidiaries are restricted by state laws and regulations as to the amount of dividends they may pay to their parent without regulatory approval in any year, the purpose of which is to protect affected insurance policyholders, depositors or investors. Any dividends in excess of limits are deemed “extraordinary” and require approval. As of December 31, 2013, the maximum dividend payout which may be made without prior approval is $nil. Europe — Non-life Run-off The Company’s Swiss insurance subsidiary is regulated by the Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority (“FINMA”) pursuant to the Insurance Supervisory Act 2004. This subsidiary is obligated to maintain a minimum solvency margin based on the Solvency I and Swiss Solvency Test regulations (“SST”) as stipulated by the Insurance Supervisory Act. As of December 31, 2013 and 2012, this subsidiary exceeded the Solvency I requirements by $118.1 million (2012: $103.9 million) and exceeded the SST requirements by $67.4 million (2012: $44.9 million). The amount of dividends that this subsidiary is permitted to distribute is restricted to freely distributable reserves, which consist of retained earnings, the current year profit and legal reserves. Any dividend exceeding the current year profit requires FINMA’s approval. The solvency and capital requirements must continue to be met following any distribution. During 2013, the Company exited Belgium, Denmark and Sweden. Europe — Life and Annuities One of the Company’s life insurance subsidiaries files its audited financial statements with the Companies Registration Office in Ireland. The financial statements are prepared in accordance with the provisions of the Companies Act, 1963 to 2013, and the European Communities (Insurance Undertakings: Accounts) Regulations, 1996. The financial statements of this subsidiary are prepared in accordance with applicable accounting standards under the historical cost convention, as modified by the revaluation of investments, and comply with financial reporting standards of the Accounting Standards Board, as promulgated by the Institute of Chartered Accountants in Ireland. In addition, this subsidiary files audited regulatory returns with the Central Bank of Ireland. The returns are prepared in accordance with the European Communities (Life Assurance) Framework Regulations, 1994. The Company has exceeded the minimum required solvency margin as at December 31, 2013 and 2012 by $11.0 million and $11.7 million, respectively. The subsidiary cannot make any distributions with the prior approval of the Central Bank of Ireland, any such payments must be paid within six months of the most recent actuarial investigation, the purpose of which is ensure that the subsidiary’s insurance policyholders are not negatively affected. Restricted net assets of consolidated subsidiaries As at December 31, 2013, the total amount of net assets of the Company’s consolidated subsidiaries that were restricted was $732.5 million (2012: $617.2 million). 189 Table of Contents ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued) 21. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES Concentration of Credit Risk The Company’s portfolio of cash and fixed maturities is managed pursuant to guidelines that follow what it believes are prudent standards of diversification. The guidelines limit the allowable holdings of a single issue and issuers, and as a result the Company does not believe that there are any significant concentrations of credit risk associated with its portfolio of cash and fixed maturities. The Company’s portfolio of other investments is managed pursuant to guidelines that emphasize diversification and liquidity. Pursuant to these guidelines, the Company manages and monitors risk across a variety of investment funds and vehicles, markets and counterparties. The Company believes that there are no significant concentrations of credit risk associated with its other investments. The Company’s investments are held by 36 different custodians. These custodians are all large financial institutions that are highly regulated. These institutions have controls over their investment processes that are certified annually. The largest concentration of fixed maturities investments, by fair value, at a single custodian was $2.8 billion and $1.8 billion as of December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively. Leases The Company leases office space under operating leases expiring in various years through 2018. The leases are renewable at the option of the lessee under certain circumstances. The following is a schedule of future minimum rental payments on non-cancellable leases as of December 31, 2013: Rent expense for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 was $5.5 million, $3.9 million and $3.0 million, respectively. Investments The following table provides a summary of the Company’s outstanding unfunded investment commitments for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012: Guarantees As at December 31, 2013 and 2012, the Company had, in total, parental guarantees supporting a subsidiary’s insurance obligations in the amount of $228.5 million and $213.3 million, respectively. 190 2013 $ 5,912 2014 4,781 2015 2,759 2016 585 2017 406 2018 309 $ 14,752 December 31, 2013 December 31, 2012 Original Commitments Commitments Original Commitments Commitments Funded Unfunded Funded Unfunded $291,000 $176,760 $114,240 $251,000 $163,409 $87,591 Table of Contents ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued) Acquisitions The Company has entered into definitive agreements with respect to: (i) the Reciprocal of America loss portfolio transfer, which management expects to close in the second quarter of 2014; and (ii) the Amalgamation of Veranda and Torus Insurance Holdings Limited, which is expected to close in the first quarter of 2014. The Torus acquisition agreement is described in Note 3 — “Acquisitions,” and the Reciprocal of America agreement is described in Note 4 — “Significant New Business.” In connection with the acquisition of Torus, the Company has entered into an Investors Agreement with Trident and will enter into a Shareholders’ Agreement with Trident at the closing of the Torus Amalgamation. The Company’s obligations and rights relating to the Investors and Shareholders’ Agreements are described in Note 3 — “Acquisitions.” Pursuant to the Amalgamation Agreement to acquire Torus, the Company has agreed that at the closing of the Amalgamation, it will issue 2,612,346 shares (which will consist of a combination of Voting Ordinary Shares and Non-Voting Preferred Shares) and pay cash of approximately $69.2 million to fund its share of the purchase price, as described in Note 3 — “Acquisitions.” At closing, the Company will also enter into a Shareholder Rights Agreement with First Reserve and a Registration Rights Agreement with First Reserve and Corsair; the obligations and rights under these agreements are also described in Note 3. Legal Proceedings The Company is, from time to time, involved in various legal proceedings in the ordinary course of business, including litigation regarding claims. The Company does not believe that the resolution of any currently pending legal proceedings, either individually or taken as a whole, will have a material effect on its business, results of operations or financial condition. The Company anticipates that, similar to the rest of the insurance and reinsurance industry, it will continue to be subject to litigation and arbitration proceedings in the ordinary course of business, including litigation generally related to the scope of coverage with respect to asbestos and environmental claims. 22. SEGMENT INFORMATION Due to the Company’s acquisition of the Pavonia companies on March 31, 2013 and the acquisitions of Arden and Atrium on September 9, 2013 and November 25, 2013, respectively, the Company reevaluated its segment reporting and began measuring the results of its operations in three segments: (i) non-life run-off; (ii) life and annuities and (iii) active underwriting. The Company’s non-life run-off segment comprises the operations and financial results of those subsidiaries acquired for the purpose of running off their property and casualty business. The Company’s life and annuities segment comprises the operations and financial results of those subsidiaries, primarily the Pavonia companies, operating in the closed-block of life and annuity business. Certain new significant accounting policies applicable to the life and annuities segment were adopted during the year and are described in Note 1 — “Significant New Accounting Policies.” The Company’s active underwriting segment comprises the operations and financial results of Atrium and its subsidiaries and Arden. Results related to Arden’s reinsurance to Atrium are included within the Company’s active underwriting segment, while results related to Arden’s discontinued business are included within the Company’s non-life run-off segment. Once the Company completes the acquisition, the active underwriting segment will also include substantially all of the activities of Torus Insurance Holdings Limited and its 191 Table of Contents ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued) subsidiaries (some of Torus’ lines of business are in run-off and will accordingly be accounted for within the Company’s non-life run-off segment). Invested assets are managed on a subsidiary by subsidiary basis, and investment income and realized and unrealized gains on investments are recognized in each segment as earned. The elimination items includes the elimination of intersegment revenues and expenses. The Company’s total assets by segment were: 192 December 31, 2013 December 31, 2012 Total assets — non-life run-off $ 6,619,992 $ 5,825,402 Total assets — life and annuities 1,414,987 52,859 Total assets — active underwriting 585,176 — $ 8,620,155 $ 5,878,261 Table of Contents ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued) The following tables set forth selected and consolidated statement of earnings results by segment for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012, 2011: 193 December 31, 2013 Non-life run-off Life and annuities Active underwriting Eliminations Consolidated Net premiums earned $ 112,611 $ 94,984 $ 32,212 $ — $ 239,807 Fees and commission income 12,785 — 2,708 (2,676 ) 12,817 Net investment income 64,048 30,182 521 (1,456 ) 93,295 Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) 79,368 (9,259 ) 542 — 70,651 268,812 115,907 35,983 (4,132 ) 416,570 EXPENSES Net reduction in ultimate losses and loss adjustment expense liabilities: Losses incurred on current period premiums earned — non-life run-off 74,139 — — — 74,139 Losses incurred — active underwriting — — 19,352 — 19,352 Reduction in estimates of net ultimate losses (215,480 ) — — — (215,480 ) Increase in provisions for bad debt 1,999 — — — 1,999 Reduction in provisions for unallocated loss adjustment expense liabilities (49,580 ) — (49 ) — (49,629 ) Amortization of fair value adjustments 5,947 — — — 5,947 (182,975 ) — 19,303 — (163,672 ) Life and annuity policy benefits — 78,354 — — 78,354 Acquisition costs 14,379 8,820 — — 23,199 Salaries and benefits 117,141 4,799 2,676 — 124,616 General and administrative expenses 67,979 16,039 5,270 (2,676 ) 86,612 Interest expense 12,057 1,456 332 (1,456 ) 12,389 Net foreign exchange (gains) losses (5,909 ) 158 1,382 — (4,369 ) 22,672 109,626 28,963 (4,132 ) 157,129 EARNINGS BEFORE INCOME TAXES 246,140 6,281 7,020 — 259,441 INCOME TAXES (34,191 ) (1,243 ) (185 ) — (35,619 ) NET EARNINGS 211,949 5,038 6,835 — 223,822 Less: Net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interest (12,076 ) — (3,142 ) — (15,218 ) NET EARNINGS ATTRIBUTABLE TO ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED $ 199,873 $ 5,038 $ 3,693 $ — $ 208,604 Table of Contents ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued) 194 December 31, 2012 Non-life run-off Life and annuities Eliminations Consolidated Net premiums earned $ — $ 3,511 $ — $ 3,511 Fees and commission income 9,283 — (713 ) 8,570 Net investment income 76,813 947 — 77,760 Net realized and unrealized gains 71,730 1,882 — 73,612 157,826 6,340 (713 ) 163,453 EXPENSES Net reduction in ultimate losses and loss adjustment expense liabilities: Reduction in estimates of net ultimate losses (218,116 ) — — (218,116 ) Reduction in provisions for bad debt (3,111 ) — — (3,111 ) Reduction in provisions for unallocated loss adjustment expense liabilities (39,298 ) — — (39,298 ) Amortization of fair value adjustments 22,572 — — 22,572 (237,953 ) — — (237,953 ) Life and annuity policy benefits — (300 ) — (300 ) Salaries and benefits 99,342 1,131 — 100,473 General and administrative expenses 55,731 1,574 (713 ) 56,592 Interest expense 8,426 — — 8,426 Net foreign exchange losses (gains) 644 (238 ) — 406 (73,810 ) 2,167 (713 ) (72,356 ) EARNINGS BEFORE INCOME TAXES 231,636 4,173 — 235,809 INCOME TAXES (44,266 ) (24 ) — (44,290 ) NET EARNINGS 187,370 4,149 — 191,519 Less: Net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interest (23,502 ) — — (23,502 ) NET EARNINGS ATTRIBUTABLE TO ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED $ 163,868 $ 4,149 $ — $ 168,017 Table of Contents ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued) 195 December 31, 2011 Non-life run-off Life and annuities Consolidated Net premiums earned $ — $ 3,543 $ 3,543 Fees and commission income 17,858 — 17,858 Net investment income 66,556 2,120 68,676 Net realized and unrealized gains 8,553 661 9,214 Gain on bargain purchase — 13,105 13,105 92,967 19,429 112,396 EXPENSES Net reduction in ultimate losses and loss adjustment expense liabilities: Reduction in estimates of net ultimate losses (248,230 ) — (248,230 ) Reduction in provisions for bad debt (42,822 ) — (42,822 ) Reduction in provisions for unallocated loss adjustment expense liabilities (45,102 ) — (45,102 ) Amortization of fair value adjustments 42,693 — 42,693 (293,461 ) — (293,461 ) Life and annuity policy benefits — 1,557 1,557 Salaries and benefits 89,440 406 89,846 General and administrative expenses 70,841 969 71,810 Interest expense 8,529 — 8,529 Net foreign exchange losses (gains) 1,190 (817 ) 373 (123,461 ) 2,115 (121,346 ) EARNINGS BEFORE INCOME TAXES 216,428 17,314 233,742 INCOME TAXES (25,311 ) 27 (25,284 ) NET EARNINGS 191,117 17,341 208,458 Less: Net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interest (54,765 ) — (54,765 ) NET EARNINGS ATTRIBUTABLE TO ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED $ 136,352 $ 17,341 $ 153,693 Table of Contents ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued) 196 23. CONDENSED UNAUDITED QUARTERLY FINANCIAL DATA 2013 Quarters Ended December 31 September 30 June 30 March 31 Net premiums earned — non-life run-off $ 12,341 $ 28,134 $ 41,216 $ 30,920 Net premiums earned — life and annuities 29,323 30,540 34,380 741 Net premiums earned — active underwriting 32,212 — — — Fees and commission income 5,012 2,398 2,960 2,447 Net investment income 23,071 25,009 27,252 17,963 Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) 31,440 37,010 (27,919 ) 30,120 133,399 123,091 77,889 82,191 Net (reduction) increase in ultimate losses and loss adjustment expense liabilities: Losses incurred on current period premiums earned —non-life run-off (14,153 ) 24,236 35,523 28,533 Losses incurred — active underwriting 19,352 — — — Reduction in estimates of net ultimate losses (134,068 ) (27,850 ) (48,500 ) (5,062 ) Increase (reduction) in provisions for bad debt 7,464 (5,465 ) — — Reduction in provisions for unallocated loss and loss adjustment expense liabilities (111 ) (16,320 ) (16,795 ) (16,403 ) Amortization of fair value adjustments (3,540 ) 5,025 2,369 2,093 (125,056 ) (20,374 ) (27,403 ) 9,161 Life and annuity policy benefits 20,970 31,081 25,562 741 Acquisition costs 5,050 6,149 9,613 2,387 Salaries and benefits 45,603 29,716 25,687 23,610 General and administrative expenses 19,538 29,126 20,002 17,946 Interest expense 3,593 3,270 3,091 2,435 Net foreign exchange (gains) losses (375 ) (673 ) (8,403 ) 5,082 (22,677 ) 78,295 48,149 61,362 EARNINGS BEFORE INCOME TAXES 164,076 44,796 29,740 20,829 INCOME TAXES (21,893 ) (1,340 ) (4,542 ) (7,844 ) NET EARNINGS 142,183 43,456 25,198 12,985 Less: Netearnings attributable to noncontrolling interest (4,722 ) (3,469 ) (6,001 ) (1,026 ) NET EARNINGS ATTRIBUTABLE TO ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED $ 137,461 $ 39,987 $ 19,197 $ 11,959 EARNINGS PER SHARE — BASIC: Net earnings per ordinary share attributable to Enstar Group Limited shareholders $ 8.32 $ 2.42 $ 1.16 $ 0.72 EARNINGS PER SHARE — DILUTED: Net earnings per ordinary share attributable to Enstar Group Limited shareholders $ 8.23 $ 2.39 $ 1.15 $ 0.72 Table of Contents ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued) 197 2012 Quarters Ended December 31 September 30 June 30 March 31 Net premiums earned — life and annuities $ 819 $ 822 $ 896 $ 974 Fees and commission income 2,657 1,944 1,775 2,194 Net investment income 16,765 19,658 20,894 20,443 Net realized and unrealized gains 18,259 28,280 1,691 25,382 38,500 50,704 25,256 48,993 Net reduction in ultimate losses and loss adjustment expense liabilities: Reduction in estimates of net ultimate losses (97,895 ) (58,506 ) (58,417 ) (3,298 ) Reduction in provisions for bad debt (329 ) — (527 ) (2,255 ) Reduction in provisions for unallocated loss adjustment expense liabilities (2,206 ) (12,579 ) (11,661 ) (12,852 ) Amortization of fair value adjustments 4,207 8,538 2,240 7,587 (96,223 ) (62,547 ) (68,365 ) (10,818 ) Life and annuity policy benefits (2,992 ) 822 896 974 Salaries and benefits 30,505 25,138 24,379 20,451 General and administrative expenses 13,169 14,409 14,156 14,858 Interest expense 2,540 1,713 2,062 2,111 Net foreign exchange (gains) losses (2,212 ) 977 (627 ) 2,268 (55,213 ) (19,488 ) (27,499 ) 29,844 EARNINGS BEFORE INCOME TAXES 93,713 70,192 52,755 19,149 INCOME TAXES (13,943 ) (14,700 ) (11,905 ) (3,742 ) NET EARNINGS 79,770 55,492 40,850 15,407 Less: Netearnings attributable to noncontrolling interest (9,864 ) (7,776 ) (129 ) (5,733 ) NET EARNINGS ATTRIBUTABLE TO ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED $ 69,906 $ 47,716 $ 40,721 $ 9,674 EARNINGS PER SHARE — BASIC: Net earnings per ordinary share attributable to Enstar Group Limited shareholders $ 4.25 $ 2.90 $ 2.48 $ 0.59 EARNINGS PER SHARE — DILUTED: Net earnings per ordinary share attributable to Enstar Group Limited shareholders $ 4.22 $ 2.86 $ 2.44 $ 0.58 Table of Contents ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued) 198 2011 Quarters Ended December 31 September 30 June 30 March 31 Net premiums earned — life and annuities $ 1,080 $ 1,192 $ 1,271 $ — Fees and commission income 10,154 1,623 2,045 4,036 Net investment income 15,571 18,498 19,059 15,548 Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) 2,231 (8,512 ) 9,133 6,362 Gain on bargain purchase — — — 13,105 29,036 12,801 31,508 39,051 Net reduction in ultimate losses and loss adjustment expense liabilities: Reduction in estimates of net ultimate losses (173,924 ) (43,615 ) (28,079 ) (2,612 ) Reduction in provisions for bad debt (38,751 ) (2,399 ) (1,672 ) — Reduction in provisions for unallocated loss adjustment expense liabilities (7,669 ) (14,113 ) (11,783 ) (11,537 ) Amortization of fair value adjustments 16,782 8,865 6,969 10,077 (203,562 ) (51,262 ) (34,565 ) (4,072 ) Life and annuity policy benefits (2,304 ) 2,340 1,521 — Salaries and benefits 41,818 20,923 16,723 10,382 General and administrative expenses 5,090 20,759 28,211 17,750 Interest expense 2,431 2,435 1,697 1,966 Net foreign exchange (gains) losses (15 ) (8,878 ) 1,932 7,334 (156,542 ) (13,683 ) 15,519 33,360 EARNINGS BEFORE INCOME TAXES 185,578 26,484 15,989 5,691 INCOME TAXES (19,256 ) (4,436 ) (975 ) (617 ) NET EARNINGS 166,322 22,048 15,014 5,074 Less: Netearnings attributable to noncontrolling interest (37,571 ) (9,984 ) (5,639 ) (1,571 ) NET EARNINGS ATTRIBUTABLE TO ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED $ 128,751 $ 12,064 $ 9,375 $ 3,503 EARNINGS PER SHARE — BASIC: Net earnings per ordinary share attributable to Enstar Group Limited shareholders $ 8.89 $ 0.85 $ 0.67 $ 0.27 EARNINGS PER SHARE — DILUTED: Net earnings per ordinary share attributable to Enstar Group Limited shareholders $ 8.71 $ 0.83 $ 0.66 $ 0.26 Table of Contents SCHEDULE I ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED SUMMARY OF INVESTMENTS OTHER THAN INVESTMENTS IN RELATED PARTIES AS AT DECEMBER 31, 2013 (Expressed in thousands of U.S. Dollars) 199 Type of investment Amortized Cost Fair Value Amount at which shown in the balance sheet Fixed maturity securities and short term investments — Trading: U.S. government and agency $ 440,148 $ 439,946 $ 439,946 Non-U.S. government 469,281 476,224 476,224 Corporate 2,121,013 2,123,675 2,123,675 Municipal 40,889 41,034 41,034 Residential mortgage-backed 219,461 218,457 218,457 Commercial mortgage-backed 115,351 114,637 114,637 Asset-backed 247,596 248,748 248,748 Total 3,653,739 3,662,721 3,662,721 Fixed maturity securities — Held-to-maturity: U.S. government and agency 19,992 18,132 19,992 Non-U.S. government 23,592 22,327 23,592 Corporate 815,803 759,100 815,803 Total 859,387 799,559 859,387 Fixed maturity securities and short term investments — Available-for-sale: U.S. government and agency 28,050 28,343 28,343 Non-U.S. government 84,443 86,292 86,292 Corporate 76,942 77,904 77,904 Residential mortgage-backed 17,523 17,507 17,507 Asset-backed 36,344 36,318 36,318 Total 243,302 246,364 246,364 Equities 156,686 182,033 182,033 Other investments 456,839 456,839 Total $ 5,347,516 $ 5,407,344 Table of Contents SCHEDULE II ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED CONDENSED FINANCIAL INFORMATION OF THE REGISTRANT BALANCE SHEETS — PARENT COMPANY ONLY As of December 31, 2013 and 2012 See accompanying report of independent registered public accounting firm 200 2013 2012 (in thousands of U.S. dollars, except share data) ASSETS Cash and cash equivalents $ 27,989 $ 180,810 Balances due from subsidiaries 363,113 308,364 Investments in subsidiaries 1,654,508 1,367,286 Accounts receivable and other assets 306 294 TOTAL ASSETS $ 2,045,916 $ 1,856,754 LIABILITIES Accounts payable and accrued liabilities $ 1,761 $ 3,757 Loans payable 143,258 138 Balances due to subsidiaries 145,374 299,104 TOTAL LIABILITIES 290,393 302,999 COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY Share capital Authorized issued and fully paid, par value $1 each (Authorized 2012: 156,000,000; 2011: 156,000,000) Ordinary shares (Issued 2013: 13,802,706; 2012: 13,752,172) 13,803 13,752 Non-voting convertible ordinary shares: Series A (issued 2012: 2,972,892; 2011: 2,972,892) 2,973 2,973 Series B, C and D (issued and outstanding 2012: 2,725,637; 2011: 2,725,637) 2,726 2,726 Treasury stock at cost (Series A non-voting convertible ordinary shares 2012: 2,972,892; 2011: 2,972,892) (421,559 ) (421,559 ) Additional paid-in capital 962,145 958,571 Accumulated other comprehensive income 13,978 24,439 Retained earnings 1,181,457 972,853 TOTAL SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY 1,755,523 1,553,755 TOTAL LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY $ 2,045,916 $ 1,856,754 Table of Contents ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED CONDENSED FINANCIAL INFORMATION OF REGISTRANT STATEMENT OF EARNINGS — PARENT COMPANY ONLY For the Years Ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 See accompanying report of independent registered public accounting firm 201 2013 2012 2011 (in thousands of U.S. dollars) INCOME Net investment income $ 8,561 $ 8,365 $ 3,928 Dividend income from subsidiaries 27,118 92,450 18,900 35,679 100,815 22,828 EXPENSES Salaries and benefits 117 1,179 2,738 General and administrative expenses 15,747 3,816 17,566 Interest expense 10,475 11,505 9,813 Net foreign exchange (gains) losses (1,696 ) 942 (29 ) 24,643 17,442 30,088 EARNINGS (LOSS) BEFORE EQUITY IN UNDISTRIBUTED EARNINGS OF SUBSIDIARIES 11,036 83,373 (7,260 ) EQUITY IN UNDISTRIBUTED EARNINGS OF SUBSIDIARIES 197,568 84,644 160,953 NET EARNINGS $ 208,604 $ 168,017 $ 153,693 Table of Contents ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED CONDENSED FINANCIAL INFORMATION OF REGISTRANT STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS — PARENT COMPANY ONLY For the Years Ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 See accompanying report of independent registered public accounting firm 202 2013 2012 2011 (in thousands of U.S. dollars) OPERATING ACTIVITIES: Net cash flows used in operating activities $ (174,868 ) $ (26,926 ) $ (142,600 ) INVESTING ACTIVITIES: Return of capital, net (72,953 ) 100,516 18,839 FINANCING ACTIVITIES: Repayment of loans — (64,102 ) (185,442 ) Receipt of loans 95,000 — 167,650 Proceeds from issuance of ordinary shares — — 287,377 Net cash flows provided by (used in) financing activities 95,000 (64,102 ) 269,585 NET INCREASE IN CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS (152,821 ) 9,488 145,824 CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS, BEGINNING OF YEAR 180,810 171,322 25,498 CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS, END OF YEAR $ 27,989 $ 180,810 $ 171,322 Table of Contents SCHEDULE III ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED SUPPLEMENTARY INSURANCE INFORMATION (Expressed in thousands of U.S. Dollars) 203 Deferred Acquisition Costs Reserves for Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses Unearned Premiums Other Benefits Payable Net Premiums Earned Net Investment Income Losses and Loss Expenses and Policy Benefits Amortization of Deferred Acquisition Costs Other Operating Expenses Net Premiums Written 2013 Non-life Run-off $ — $ 4,004,513 $ 1,199 $ — $ 112,611 $ 64,048 $ (182,975 ) $ 14,379 $ 191,268 $ 9,233 Life and Annuities — — 3,694 1,273,100 94,984 30,182 78,354 8,820 22,452 63,856 Active Underwriting 16,744 215,392 65,804 — 32,212 521 19,303 — 9,660 30,104 Eliminations — — — — — (1,456 ) — — (4,132 ) — Total $ 16,744 $ 4,219,905 $ 70,697 $ 1,273,100 $ 239,807 $ 93,295 $ (85,318 ) $ 23,199 $ 219,248 $ 103,193 2012 Non-life Run-off $ — $ 3,650,127 $ — $ — $ — $ 76,813 $ (237,953 ) $ — $ 164,143 $ — Life and Annuities — — — 11,027 3,511 947 (300 ) — 2,467 3,511 Eliminations — — — — — — — — (713 ) — Total $ — $ 3,650,127 $ — $ 11,027 $ 3,511 $ 77,760 $ (238,253 ) $ — $ 165,897 $ 3,511 2011 Non-life Run-off $ — $ 4,272,081 $ — $ — $ — $ 66,556 $ (293,461 ) $ — $ 170,000 $ — Life and Annuities — — — 10,835 3,543 2,120 1,557 — 558 3,543 Total $ — $ 4,272,081 $ — $ 10,835 $ 3,543 $ 68,676 $ (291,904 ) $ — $ 170,558 $ 3,543 Table of Contents SCHEDULE IV ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED REINSURANCE For the Years Ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 (Expressed in thousands of U.S. Dollars) 204 Gross Ceded to Other Companies Assumed from Other Companies Net Amount Percentage of Amount Assumed to Net 2013 Life reinsurance in force $ 21,508,144 $ 3,824,429 $ 80,681 $ 17,764,396 0.5 % Premiums Earned: Property and Casualty 134,402 11,651 22,072 144,823 15.2 % Life and Annuity 87,531 8,131 15,584 94,984 16.4 % Total Premiums Earned $ 221,933 $ 19,782 $ 37,656 $ 239,807 2012 Life reinsurance in force $ 1,330,219 $ 1,191,886 $ — $ 138,333 0.0 % Premiums Earned: Property and Casualty — — — — 0.0 % Life and Annuity 5,421 1,910 — 3,511 0.0 % Total Premiums Earned $ 5,421 $ 1,910 $ — $ 3,511 2011 Life reinsurance in force $ 1,570,040 $ 1,406,867 $ — $ 163,173 0.0 % Premiums Earned: Property and Casualty — — — — 0.0 % Life and Annuity 5,240 1,697 — 3,543 0.0 % Total Premiums Earned $ 5,240 $ 1,697 $ — $ 3,543 Table of Contents SCHEDULE VI ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION CONCERNING PROPERTY/CASUALTY INSURANCE OPERATIONS As at and for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 (Expressed in thousands of U.S. Dollars) 205 Deferred Acquisition Costs Reserves for Unpaid Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses Net Premiums Earned Net Investment Income Net Losses and Loss Expenses Incurred Net Paid Losses and Loss Expenses Amortization of Deferred Acquisition Costs Other Operating Expenses Net Premiums Written Affiliation with Registrant Unearned Premiums Current Year Prior Year Consolidated Subsidiaries 2013 $ 16,744 $ 4,219,905 $ 67,003 $ 144,823 $ 63,113 $ 93,442 $ (257,114 ) $ 401,496 $ 23,199 $ 200,928 $ 39,337 2012 — 3,650,127 — — 76,813 — (237,953 ) 314,528 — 164,143 — 2011 — 4,272,081 — — 66,556 — (293,461 ) 288,175 — 170,000 — Table of Contents Not applicable Disclosure Controls and Procedures Our management has performed an evaluation, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act), as of December 31, 2013. Based upon that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures are effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC and is accumulated and communicated to management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act). Our management has performed an assessment, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2013. In making this assessment, our management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in Internal Control —Integrated Framework (1992). Based upon that assessment, our management believes that, as of December 31, 2013, our internal control over financial reporting is effective. In accordance with applicable SEC guidance, our management’s evaluation for internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2013 did not include an evaluation of the internal control over financial reporting of the following companies acquired during 2013: (i) SeaBright Holdings, Inc. (acquired on February 7, 2013), (ii) the Pavonia companies (acquired on March 31, 2013), (iii) Arden Reinsurance Company Ltd. (60% interest acquired on September 9, 2013), and (iv) Atrium Underwriting Group Ltd. (60% interest acquired on November 25, 2013). Our interests in the acquired companies collectively represented 37.0% of our total assets and 41.0% of our total liabilities as of December 31, 2013. We are in the process of incorporating our controls and procedures into these businesses. The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2013 has been audited by our independent registered public accounting firm as stated in its report. This report appears on page 208. All internal control systems, no matter how well designed, have inherent limitations. As a result, even those internal control systems determined to be effective can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements. No evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within our company have been detected. Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting Our management has performed an evaluation, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, of changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the three months ended December 31, 2013. Based upon that evaluation there were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the quarter ended December 31, 2013 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. 206 ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES Table of Contents On February 26, 2014, our Board of Directors, following recommendation by our Nominating and Governance Committee, agreed that, subject to the closing of the Torus amalgamation, Kenneth W. Moore will become a director, effective at the time of such closing. Under the Shareholder Rights Agreement that we and First Reserve have agreed to enter into at the closing of the Amalgamation, First Reserve will have the right to designate one representative to our Board of Directors. This designation right would terminate if First Reserve ceases to beneficially own at least 75% of the total number of voting and non-voting shares acquired by it under the Amalgamation Agreement. First Reserve will receive approximately 9.5% of our ordinary voting shares outstanding, as well as non-voting preferred shares at closing (which, together with the voting shares received, will represent an approximately 11.5% economic interest). Mr. Moore is an officer, director, and less than 10% holder of the general partner entities for the First Reserve funds that will receive our shares. First Reserve had advised us that Mr. Moore would be its designated representative. We expect that Mr. Moore would also be appointed to our Audit and Investment Committees. Mr. Moore is a Managing Director of First Reserve Corporation, a global energy-focused private equity fund, which he joined in 2004. Mr. Moore has served as a director of Torus since 2007 and as Chairman of its Board since May 2012. Prior to joining First Reserve, he spent four years with Morgan Stanley in New York. He holds a B.A. from Tufts University and an M.B.A. from the Johnson School of Management at Cornell University. As a non-employee director, Mr. Moore would be eligible to participate in our Deferred Compensation and Ordinary Share Plan for Non-Employee Directors, which is described in our Proxy Statement (filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on March 27, 2013), under the heading, “Director Compensation — Deferred Compensation Plan.” Mr. Moore would also enter into an indemnification agreement with us, subject to and effective upon the closing of the Amalgamation, which includes the same terms as the indemnification agreements executed with each of our other current directors. These terms are described in our Proxy Statement under the heading, “Certain Relationships and Related Transactions — Indemnification of Directors and Officers; Directors Indemnity Agreements.” 207 ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION Table of Contents REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of Enstar Group Limited We have audited Enstar Group Limited’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2013, based on the criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (1992) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Enstar Group Limited’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Form 10-K under Item 9A, “Controls and Procedures”. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. In our opinion, Enstar Group Limited maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2013, based on the criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (1992) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. As described in Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting, management has excluded from its assessment of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2013 the following companies acquired during 2013: (i) SeaBright Holdings, Inc. (acquired on February 7, 2013), (ii) the Pavonia companies (acquired on March 31, 2013), (iii) Arden Reinsurance Company Ltd. (60% interest acquired on September 9, 2013), and (iv) Atrium Underwriting Group Ltd. (60% interest acquired on November 25, 2013). We have also excluded these acquired companies from our audit of internal control over financial reporting. The Company’s interests in the acquired companies collectively represented 37.0% of the Company’s total assets and 41.0% of the Company’s total liabilities as of December 31, 2013. 208 Table of Contents We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the consolidated balance sheet of Enstar Group Limited as of December 31, 2013, and the related consolidated statements of earnings, comprehensive income, changes in shareholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the years in the two-year period ended December 31, 2013 In connection with our audits of the consolidated financial statements, we have also audited financial statement Schedules I, II, III, IV and VI as of December 31, 2013 and 2012 and for each of the years in the two-year period ended December 31, 2013. Our report dated March 3, 2014 expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements. /s/ KPMG Audit Limited Hamilton, Bermuda March 3, 2014 209 Table of Contents PART III The information required by this item is incorporated by reference from the definitive proxy statement for our 2014 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders that will be filed with the SEC not later than 120 days after the close of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2013 pursuant to Regulation 14A. The information required by this item is incorporated by reference from the definitive proxy statement for our 2014 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders that will be filed with the SEC not later than 120 days after the close of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2013 pursuant to Regulation 14A. The information required by this item is incorporated by reference from the definitive proxy statement for our 2014 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders that will be filed with the SEC not later than 120 days after the close of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2013 pursuant to Regulation 14A. The information required by this item is incorporated by reference from the definitive proxy statement for our 2014 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders that will be filed with the SEC not later than 120 days after the close of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2013 pursuant to Regulation 14A. The information required by this item is incorporated by reference from the definitive proxy statement for our 2014 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders that will be filed with the SEC not later than 120 days after the close of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2013 pursuant to Regulation 14A. 210 ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES Table of Contents PART IV 1. Financial Statements Included in Part II — See Item 8 of this report. 2. Financial Statement Schedules Included in Part II — See Item 8 of this report. 3. Exhibits The information required by this Item is set forth on the exhibit index that follows the signature page of this report. 211 ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES (a) Financial Statements, Financial Statement Schedules and Exhibits. Table of Contents SIGNATURES Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized on March 3, 2014. Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities indicated on March 3, 2014. 212 ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED By: / S / D OMINIC F. S ILVESTER Dominic F. Silvester Chief Executive Officer Signature Title /s/ R OBERT J. C AMPBELL Robert J. Campbell Chairman and Director /s/ D OMINIC F. S ILVESTER Dominic F. Silvester Chief Executive Officer and Director /s/ R ICHARD J. H ARRIS Richard J. Harris Chief Financial Officer (signing in his capacity as both principal financial officer and principal accounting officer) /s/ P AUL J. O’ SHEA Paul J. O’Shea Executive Vice President and Director /s/ T. W HIT A RMSTRONG T. Whit Armstrong Director /s/ C HARLES T. A KRE , J R . Charles T. Akre, Jr. Director /s/ J AMES D. C AREY James D. Carey Director /s/ K ENNETH J. L E S TRANGE Kenneth J. LeStrange Director /s/ S UMIT R AJPAL Sumit Rajpal Director Table of Contents Exhibit Index 213 Exhibit No. Description 2.1 (cid:1) Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of May 23, 2006, as amended on November 21, 2006, by and among Castlewood Holdings Limited, CWMS Subsidiary Corp. and The Enstar Group, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 (and Annex A) to the proxy statement/prospectus that forms a part of the Company’s Form S-4 declared effective December 15, 2006). 2.2 (cid:1) Recapitalization Agreement, dated as of May 23, 2006, among Castlewood Holdings Limited, The Enstar Group, Inc. and the other parties signatory thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.2 (and Annex C) to the proxy statement/prospectus that forms a part of the Company’s Form S-4 declared effective December 15, 2006). 2.3 (cid:1) Stock Purchase Agreement among Clarendon Insurance Group, Inc., Hannover Finance, Inc. and Clarendon Holdings, Inc. and the Company, dated as of December 21, 2010 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 of the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on August 2, 2012). 2.4 (cid:1) Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of August 27, 2012, among Enstar Group Limited, AML Acquisition, Corp. and SeaBright Holdings, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 of the Company’s Form 8-K filed on August 28, 2012). 2.5 (cid:1) Stock Purchase Agreement, dated September 6, 2012, among Household Insurance Group Holding Company, Pavonia Holdings (US), Inc. and Enstar Group Limited (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.2 of the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on November 8, 2012). 2.6 (cid:1) Share Purchase Agreement, dated June 5, 2013, by and among Arden Holdings Limited, Alopuc Limited and Kenmare Holdings Ltd. for the sale and purchase of the entire issued share capital of Atrium Underwriting Group Limited (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 of the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on August 9, 2013), as amended by the Deed of Variation, dated October 3, 2013 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.2 of the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on November 7, 2013). 2.7* Deed of Variation, dated November 21, 2013, to the Share Purchase Agreement, dated June 5, 2013, by and among Arden Holdings Limited, Alopuc Limited and Kenmare Holdings Ltd. for the sale and purchase of the entire issued share capital of Atrium Underwriting Group Limited. 2.8 (cid:1) Share Purchase Agreement, dated June 5, 2013, by and among Arden Holdings Limited, Northshore Holdings Limited and Kenmare Holdings Ltd. for the sale and purchase of the entire issued share capital of Arden Reinsurance Company Limited (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.2 of the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on August 9, 2013). 2.9 (cid:1) Agreement and Plan of Amalgamation, dated July 8, 2013, by and among Enstar Group Limited, Veranda Holdings Ltd., Hudson Securityholders Representative LLC, and Torus Insurance Holdings Limited (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.3 of the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on August 9, 2013). 3.1 Memorandum of Association of Enstar Group Limited (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Form 10-K/A filed on May 5, 2011). 3.2 Third Amended and Restated Bye-Laws of Enstar Group Limited (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1(b) of the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on August 5, 2011). 3.3 Certificate of Designations for the Series A Convertible Participating Non-Voting Perpetual Preferred Stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Company’s Form 8-K filed on April 21, 2011). 3.4 Certificate of Designations for the Series B Convertible Participating Non-Voting Perpetual Preferred Stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Company’s Form 8-K filed on July 9, 2013). 10.1 Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of January 31, 2007, by and among Castlewood Holdings Limited, Trident II, L.P., Marsh & McLennan Capital Professionals Fund, L.P., Marsh & McLennan Employees’ Securities Company, L.P., Dominic F. Silvester, J. Christopher Flowers (rights subsequently assigned to Trident V, L.P., Trident V Parallel Fund, L.P. and Trident V Professionals Fund, L.P. in May 2012), and other parties thereto set forth on the Schedule of Shareholders attached thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Form 8-K12B filed on January 31, 2007) (file no. 001-33289). Table of Contents 214 Exhibit No. Description 10.2+ Form of Director Indemnification Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Form S-3 (No. 333-151461) initially filed on June 5, 2008) (file no. 333-151461). 10.3+ Amended and Restated Employment Agreement, effective May 1, 2007 and amended and restated June 4, 2007, by and between Enstar Group Limited and Dominic F. Silvester, as amended by Letter Agreement, effective January 1, 2011, and Letter Agreement, dated April 19, 2012 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on May 4, 2012). 10.4+ Employment Agreement, effective May 1, 2007, by and between the Company and Paul J. O’Shea, as amended by Letter Agreement, effective January 1, 2011, and Letter Agreement, dated April 25, 2012 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on May 4, 2012). 10.5+ Employment Agreement, effective May 1, 2007, by and between Enstar Group Limited and Nicholas A. Packer, as amended by Letter Agreement, effective January 1, 2011, and Letter Agreement, dated April 25, 2012 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on May 4, 2012). 10.6+ Employment Agreement, effective May 1, 2007, by and between Enstar Group Limited and Richard J. Harris, as amended by Letter Agreement, effective January 1, 2011, and Letter Agreement, dated April 19, 2012 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 of the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on May 4, 2012). 10.7+ Castlewood Holdings Limited 2006 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11 to the proxy statement/prospectus that forms a part of the Company’s Form S-4 declared effective December 15, 2006) (file no. 333-135699), as amended by the First Amendment to Castlewood Holdings Limited 2006 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Company’s Form 8-K filed on April 6, 2007) (file no. 001-33289). 10.8+ Form of Award Agreement under the Castlewood Holdings Limited 2006 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Form 8-K filed on April 6, 2007) (file no. 001-33289). 10.9+ Enstar Group Limited Amended and Restated Employee Share Purchase Plan (incorporated by reference to Appendix A to the Company’s Definitive Proxy Statement filed on April 29, 2008) (file no. 001-33289). 10.10+ Enstar Group Limited Deferred Compensation and Ordinary Share Plan for Non-Employee Directors, effective as of June 5, 2007 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Form 8-K filed on June 11, 2007) (file no. 001-33289). 10.11+ The Enstar Group, Inc. Deferred Compensation and Stock Plan for Non-Employee Directors, as amended (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on May 8, 2009). 10.12+ Enstar Group Limited 2011-2015 Annual Incentive Compensation Program (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.25 to the Company’s Form 10-K filed on March 7, 2011). 10.13 Investment Agreement, dated as of April 20, 2011, by and among Enstar Group Limited, GSCP VI AIV Navi, Ltd., GSCP VI Offshore Navi, Ltd., GSCP VI Parallel AIV Navi, Ltd., GSCP VI Employee Navi, Ltd., and GSCP VI GmbH Navi, L.P. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 of the Company’s Form 8-K filed on April 21, 2011). 10.14 Form of Warrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.2 of the Company’s Form 8-K filed on April 21, 2011). 10.15 Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of April 20, 2011, by and among Enstar Group Limited, GSCP VI AIV Navi, Ltd., GSCP VI Offshore Navi, Ltd., GSCP VI Parallel AIV Navi, Ltd., GSCP VI Employee Navi, Ltd., and GSCP VI GmbH Navi, L.P. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.3 of the Company’s Form 8-K filed on April 21, 2011). 10.16 Term Facility Agreement dated March 4, 2011 between Clarendon Holdings, Inc. and National Bank Limited (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on May 6, 2011). 10.17 Revolving Credit Facility Agreement dated June 14, 2011 among Enstar Group Limited and certain of its Subsidiaries, National Australia Bank Limited and Barclays Corporate as Arrangers, and National Australia Bank Limited as Agent and Security Agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9 of the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on August 5, 2011). Table of Contents 215 Exhibit No. Description 10.18 Amendment Letter, dated July 25, 2012, to Revolving Credit Facility Agreement dated June 14, 2011 among Enstar Group Limited and certain of its Subsidiaries, National Australia Bank Limited and Barclays Corporate as Arrangers, and National Australia Bank Limited as Agent and Security Agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on November 8, 2012). 10.19 Restatement Agreement for Revolving Credit Facility Agreement, dated July 8, 2013, among Enstar Group Limited and certain of its Subsidiaries, National Australia Bank Limited and Barclays Corporate as Mandated Lead Arrangers, and National Australia Bank Limited as Agent and Security Agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on August 9, 2013). 10.20 Term Facility Agreement dated December 21, 2012 among SeaBright Holdings, Inc. (as successor by merger to AML Acquisition, Corp.) and certain of its subsidiaries, National Australia Bank Limited and Barclays Bank PLC as Mandated Lead Arrangers, and National Australia Bank Limited as Agent and Security Agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.27 of the Company’s Form 10-K filed on March 1, 2013). 10.21 Northshore Investors Agreement, dated July 3, 2013, by and among Kenmare Holdings Ltd. and Trident V, L.P., Trident V Parallel Fund, L.P. and Trident V Professionals Fund, L.P. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on August 9, 2013). 10.22 Subscription Letter Agreement, dated July 3, 2013, from Kenmare Holdings Ltd. to Northshore Holdings Limited (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on August 9, 2013). 10.23 Subscription Letter Agreement, dated July 3, 2013, from Trident V, L.P., Trident V Parallel Fund, L.P. and Trident V Professionals Fund, L.P. to Northshore Holdings Limited (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 of the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on August 9, 2013). 10.24 Bayshore Investors Agreement, dated July 8, 2013, by and among Enstar Group Limited, Kenmare Holdings Ltd., and Trident V, L.P., Trident V Parallel Fund, L.P. and Trident V Professionals Fund, L.P. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 of the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on August 9, 2013). 10.25 Subscription Letter Agreement, dated July 8, 2013, from Kenmare Holdings Ltd. to Bayshore Holdings Limited (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 of the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on August 9, 2013). 10.26 Subscription Letter Agreement, dated July 8, 2013, from Trident V, L.P., Trident V Parallel Fund, L.P. and Trident V Professionals Fund, L.P. to Bayshore Holdings Limited (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 of the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on August 9, 2013). 10.27 Northshore Shareholders’ Agreement, dated September 6, 2013, among Northshore Holdings Limited, Kenmare Holdings Ltd., Trident V, L.P., Trident V Parallel Fund, L.P. and Trident V Professionals Fund, L.P. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Form 8-K filed on September 11, 2013). 21.1* List of Subsidiaries. 23.1* Consent of KPMG Audit Limited. 23.2* Consent of Deloitte & Touche Ltd. 31.1* Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 as adopted under Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. 31.2* Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 as adopted under Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. 32.1** Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. 32.2** Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. 101* Interactive Data Files. * filed herewith ** furnished herewith + denotes management contract or compensatory arrangement (cid:1) certain of the schedules and similar attachments are not filed but Enstar Group Limited undertakes to furnish a copy of the schedules or similar attachments to the SEC upon request Exhibit 2.7 Dated 21 November 2013 ARDEN HOLDINGS LIMITED and ALOPUC LIMITED and KENMARE HOLDINGS LTD DEED OF VARIATION CONFIDENTIAL EXECUTION VERSION Contents Clause Page 1 Interpretation 3 2 Pre-completion dividend 4 3 W&I Policy 4 4 Variation of the Atrium SPA in respect of Pre-completion Dividend 6 5 Variation of the Atrium SPA and Taxation Deed in respect of W&I policy 6 6 Variation of the Atrium SPA in respect of completion arrangements 7 7 Continuation of the Atrium SPA 7 8 Miscellaneous 8 THIS DEED OF VARIATION is made on 21 November 2013 BETWEEN : together the Parties , and is supplemental to the agreement between the Parties made on 5 June 2013 for the sale and purchase of the entire issued share capital of Atrium Underwriting Group Limited (the Company ) as such agreement was amended by way of a deed of variation between the Parties made on 3 October 2013 (such agreement, as amended, the Atrium SPA ). WHEREAS : IT IS AGREED as follows: (1) ARDEN HOLDINGS LIMITED (company registration number 37470) whose registered office is at Clarendon House, 2 Church Street, Hamilton, Bermuda (the Seller ); (2) ALOPUC LIMITED (company registration number 8538477) whose registered office is at Avaya House, 2 Cathedral Hill, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7YL, UK (the Buyer ); and (3) KENMARE HOLDINGS LTD (company registration number 30917) whose registered office is at Clarendon House, 2 Church Street, Hamilton HM11, Bermuda (the Guarantor ), (A) Pursuant to clause 21 of the Atrium SPA the Parties have agreed to amend the Atrium SPA, in order, inter alia, (i) to permit the Company to pay a pre-completion dividend to the Seller in the amount of USD$25million, to amend the definition of Purchase Price and to vary the amount of the Delayed Completion Fee; (ii) to amend the Atrium SPA with regard to a warranty and indemnity insurance policy to be entered into between the Buyer and an insurer; and (iii) to amend the Atrium SPA in respect of certain arrangements for Completion. (B) This Deed is intended to give effect to these amendments. 1 Interpretation 1.1 In this Deed unless the context otherwise requires: (a) words importing any gender include every gender; (b) words importing persons include an individual, company, corporation, firm, partnership, unincorporated association or body of persons, and any state, or governmental or local division or agency of a state; (c) references to clauses and schedules are references to the relevant clause in or schedule to this Deed; (d) references in this Deed to any specified provision of this Deed or the Atrium SPA are to this Deed, the Atrium SPA or that provision as in force for the time being and as amended from time to time; (e) references to any statute or statutory provision shall include (i) any subordinate legislation made under it, (ii) any provision which it has superseded or re-enacted (whether with or without modification) and (iii) any provision superseding or re-enacting it (whether with or without modifications); and (f) the rule known as the ejusdem generis rule shall not apply, and accordingly words introduced by words and phrases such as “include”, “including”, “other” and “in particular” shall not be given a restrictive meaning or limit the generality of any preceding words or be construed as being limited to the same class as the preceding words where a wider construction is possible. Insurer means the underwriter(s) of the W&I Policy. Maximum Premium means USD$592,500 or such other amount as may be agreed between the Buyer and the Seller. Policy Issuance Date means the date on which the W&I Policy becomes binding on the parties to it. Policy Negotiation Period means the period from the date of this Deed to the date falling one month after the date of this Deed. W&I Policy means a warranty and indemnity policy between the Buyer and the Insurer: 1.2 Words and phrases defined in the Atrium SPA shall have the same meanings in this Deed. In addition, the following terms shall have the following meanings: (a) on terms satisfactory to the Seller and the Buyer, each acting reasonably; (b) relating to the Seller’s Warranties other than the Title and Capacity Warranties and (where applicable) relating to claims under the Taxation Deed; (c) covering, in each case, the liability the Seller would have had in the absence of this Deed; (d) having a maximum policy limit of $39,500,000 for all claims under the W&I Policy and a sub-limit of $15,800,000 for all claims in relation to the Seller’s Warranties (other than any claim under the Taxation Deed or any Tax Claim); and (e) requiring payment of a premium, including insurance premium tax, not exceeding the Maximum Premium. 2 Pre-completion dividend 2.1 Notwithstanding the restriction set out in paragraph 2(g) of Schedule 5 to the Atrium SPA the Buyer hereby gives its consent to the payment by the Company to the Seller, subject to compliance with applicable laws and regulations, of a pre-completion dividend in the amount of USD$25,000,000 from available cash in hand ( Pre-completion Dividend ). 2.2 The Seller shall procure that the Pre-completion Dividend is paid within two (2) Business Days of the Date of this Deed. 2.3 The Buyer confirms for the purposes of sub-paragraph (b) of the definition of “Permitted Leakage” in Schedule 6 to the Atrium SPA that the Pre-completion Dividend is agreed by the Buyer to be Permitted Leakage. 3 W&I Policy 3.1 During the Policy Negotiation Period the Buyer shall take all steps which a reasonable and prudent buyer of a W&I policy would take in order to obtain a W&I policy on the same terms as the W&I Policy to procure that the W&I Policy will be issued as soon as possible after the date of this Deed, provided that the Buyer shall not be required to pay any premium to the Insurer where such premium and any applicable insurance premium tax exceeds the amount received from the Seller under Clause 3.2. In doing so, the Buyer shall use all reasonable endeavours to: (a) deliver, or procure delivery, of all items reasonably requested by the Insurer to enable the W&I Policy to be issued; (b) do all things reasonably required by the Insurer to enable the W&I Policy to be issued; and (c) deliver the No Claims Declaration (as defined in the W&I Policy) to the Insurer, except where the content of that declaration would not be true at the date of delivery.  and shall thereafter keep the Seller informed of any changes that are made to those documents. Subject to the Seller approving the terms of the W&I Policy, acting reasonably, the Seller shall within five (5) Business Days of being sent such information pay the premium together with any applicable insurance premium tax (which in total shall not be more than the Maximum Premium) to such account of the Buyer as the Buyer may specify. 3.2 No less than five (5) Business Days before the proposed Policy Issuance Date the Buyer shall send to the Seller: (a) a draft of the Insurer’s invoice setting out the amount of premium due under the W&I Policy and any applicable insurance premium tax; and (b) a draft of the W&I Policy in the form then reached in negotiations, 3.3 The Buyer shall, upon receipt of the premium (and in any event within ten (10) Business Days after receipt), use all reasonable endeavours to enter into the W&I Policy and pay the premium (together with any applicable insurance premium tax) to the Insurer, provided that the Buyer shall not be required to enter into the W&I Policy where the premium and insurance premium tax payable under that policy exceeds the amount received from the Seller under Clause 3.2, except where the Seller pays such excess to the Buyer promptly on request. 3.4 As soon as reasonably practicable after the Policy Issuance Date (and in any event within ten (10) Business Days after that date) the Buyer shall deliver to the Seller a copy of the issued W&I Policy. 3.5 Where the Policy Issuance Date has not occurred within ten (10) Business Days after the Buyer’s receipt of payment from the Seller under Clause 3.2, the Buyer shall repay that amount to the Seller together with the interest calculated on a daily basis (at a rate consistent with the 3 Month LIBOR rate as at the date the amount was paid to the Buyer) that has accrued on that amount, to such account as the Seller may specify. 3.6 The Buyer shall procure that the Seller is notified as soon as reasonably practicable of any claim under the W&I Policy and is provided within a reasonable time with such information and reports concerning all material steps and/or proceedings taken by the Buyer or any Group Company in relation to any claim under the W&I Policy as the Seller may from time to time reasonably request. 3.7 The Buyer agrees that after the Policy Issuance Date it will not be entitled to bring any claims under or in relation to the Seller’s Warranties (other than the Title and Capacity Warranties) or, to the extent such claims are covered under the W&I Policy, under or in relation to the Taxation Deed against the Seller (and the Seller shall have no liability for breach of any of the Seller’s Warranties (other than the Title and Capacity Warranties) or, to the extent claims in relation to the Taxation Deed are covered under the W&I Policy, the Taxation Deed) unless the Insurer has not paid the corresponding claim under the W&I Policy as a result of its insolvency or it is prohibited from paying a claim under the W&I Policy by virtue of any applicable law or regulation. 3.8 Where the Buyer has duly made one or more claims against the Insurer in accordance with the W&I Policy and the Insurer fails to pay any amount due from it to the Buyer under the W&I Policy as a result of its insolvency or as a result of being prohibited from paying a claim under the W&I Policy by virtue of any applicable law or regulation the Seller shall, as an independent and primary obligation and notwithstanding any provision of the Atrium SPA (as amended by this Deed), pay such amount to the Buyer within ten (10) Business Days after the Buyer notifies it of such failure, provided that the claim against the Insurer was made within the time limits set out in paragraph 2.1 of Schedule 4 to the Atrium SPA as if that paragraph had not been amended by this Deed.  “ Purchase Price means USD$158,000,000” “For the purposes of clause 2.2B “Delayed Completion Fee” shall mean: USD$21,644 x y where ‘y’ equals the number of days from (but excluding) 21 November 2013 to (and including) the Completion Date (which shall be deemed to be zero if the Completion Date occurs on or before 21 November 2013).” 3.9 For the purposes of clause 3.7 and 3.8 insolvency means that Lloyd’s has failed to apply funds from the Central Fund to the extent that the available assets of the Insurer held in the relevant syndicate premiums trust fund are insufficient to meet the claim under the W&I Policy. 4 Variation of the Atrium SPA in respect of Pre-completion Dividend 4.1 The Parties agree that the Atrium SPA is varied such that: (a) The definition of Purchase Price in paragraph 1 of Schedule 6 of the Atrium SPA is deleted and replaced with the following: (b) clause 2.2C of the Atrium SPA is deleted and replaced with the following: 4.2 The variations effected by clause 4.1 shall take effect from the date of this Deed and the Atrium SPA shall be read and construed accordingly. 5 Variation of the Atrium SPA and Taxation Deed in respect of W&I policy 5.1 The Parties agree that with effect from the Policy Issuance Date the Atrium SPA is varied such that: (a) the following is included as paragraph 1.6 of Schedule 4 to the Atrium SPA: “1.6 For the purposes of paragraph 1.4 of Schedule 4 (but not for the purposes of any other paragraph of this Schedule 4), the expression Relevant Claim shall include any claim (whether or not paid) of the Buyer against an insurer under the W&I Policy (as defined in a deed of variation entered into in respect of this Agreement).” (b) paragraph 2.1 of Schedule 4 to the Atrium SPA is deleted and replaced with the following: “2.1 The Seller shall not be liable for a Relevant Claim or a claim under the Taxation Deed unless the Buyer has given the Seller notice of that Relevant Claim or claim under the Taxation Deed, stating in reasonable detail the nature of the Relevant Claim or the claim under the Taxation Deed and the Buyer’s then best estimate of the amount claimed, in the case of: (a) a claim in respect of the Title and Capacity Warranties, on or before 31 December 2017; (b) a claim in respect of the Seller’s Warranties (other than the Title and Capacity Warranties), by no later than the date which is 6 months after the Completion Date; (c) a claim under the Taxation Deed or any Tax Claim, (i) to the extent such claim is covered under the W&I Policy, by no later than the date which is 6 months after the Completion Date; or (ii) to the extent such claim is not covered under the W&I Policy, on or before 31 December 2017; (d) a claim under clause 11, by no later than the date which is 30 months after the Completion Date;  The Atrium SPA shall remain in full force and effect except as varied in this Deed. (e) claims under clause 18, by no later than the third anniversary of the Completion Date; or (f) any other Relevant Claim, by no later than the first anniversary of the Completion Date.” (c) paragraph 7.1 of Schedule 4 to the Atrium SPA shall be amended by inserting the words “for which the Seller is liable under this Agreement” after the words “breach of any of the Seller’s Warranties”. 5.2 The Parties agree that with effect from the Policy Issuance Date the Taxation Deed is varied such that the words “in respect of which the Seller is liable under this Deed” are inserted in: (a) clause 7.1, immediately before the words “the Buyer shall give written notice”; and (b) clause 7.2, immediately after the words “any Notice of Liability”. 6 Variation of the Atrium SPA in respect of completion arrangements 6.1 The Parties agree that the Atrium SPA is varied such that: (a) clause 6.2 of the Atrium SPA is deleted and replaced with the following: “6.2 The sole conditions of escrow (the Escrow Condition ) shall be (i) the service of a notice of termination on State Street Bank and Trust Company by ING substantially in the form of Schedule 5 to the ING Deed of Release; (ii) the service of an effective time notice by ING substantially in the form of Schedule 3 to the ING Deed of Release; and (iii) the service of a notice of confirmation of termination effective time on the Seller and Atrium 5 Limited by ING substantially in the form of Schedule 7 to the ING Deed of Release.”; (b) a new clause 6.13 is added to the Atrium SPA as follows: “6.13 The Buyer shall indemnify the Seller in respect of any loss or damages that Atrium 5 Limited, for so long as it is a subsidiary of the Seller, may suffer in consequence of Atrium 5 Limited at any time having any liability to ING or any other party under the facility agreement between Atrium 5 Limited, ING, Northshore Holdings Limited and Arden Reinsurance Company Limited or any other agreement or arrangement entered into by Atrium 5 Limited in connection with the facility agreement.”; (c) paragraph 1(c) of Part A of Schedule 3 to the Atrium SPA shall be amended by adding the words “except, in each case, to the extent the relevant document is held in electronic form and access has been given to the Buyer or any member of the Buyer’s Group before Completion” at the end of that paragraph; and (d) paragraphs 2(a), 2(d)(v) (referring to the appointment of KPMG as auditors) and 2(d)(iv) (referring to the registered office of the Group Companies) of Part A of Schedule 3 to the Atrium SPA shall be deleted and the other sub-paragraphs of paragraph 2 of Part A of Schedule 3 to the Atrium SPA renumbered accordingly. 6.2 The variations effected by clause 6.1 shall take effect from the date of this Deed and the Atrium SPA shall be read and construed accordingly. 7 Continuation of the Atrium SPA Third Parties Governing Law Jurisdiction 8 Miscellaneous 8.1 For the purposes of the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999 this Deed is enforceable only by the parties to it and their respective successors in title. 8.2 This Deed and any non-contractual obligations connected with it shall be governed by English law. 8.3 The Parties irrevocably agree that all disputes arising under or in connection with this Deed, or in connection with the negotiation, existence, legal validity, enforceability or termination of this Deed, regardless of whether the same shall be regarded as contractual claims or not, shall be exclusively governed by and determined only in accordance with English law. 8.4 The Parties irrevocably agree that the courts of England and Wales are to have exclusive jurisdiction, and that no other court is to have jurisdiction to: (a) determine any claim, dispute or difference arising under or in connection with this Deed, any non-contractual obligations connected with it, or in connection with the negotiation, existence, legal validity, enforceability or termination of this Deed, whether the alleged liability shall arise under the law of England or under the law of some other country and regardless of whether a particular cause of action may successfully be brought in the English courts ( Proceedings ); (b) grant interim remedies, or other provisional or protective relief. 8.5 The Parties submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the courts of England and Wales and accordingly any Proceedings may be brought against the parties or any of their respective assets in such courts. 8.6 Nothing contained in this clause shall limit the right of any Party to commence any proceedings, suit or action seeking the enforcement of any judgment obtained in the courts of England and Wales ( Enforcement Proceedings ) against any other Party in any other court of competent jurisdiction nor shall taking of Enforcement Proceedings in one or more jurisdictions preclude the taking of Enforcement Proceedings in any other jurisdiction, whether concurrently or not, to the extent permitted by the law of such other jurisdiction. 8.7 Each Party irrevocably waives (and irrevocably agrees not to raise) any objection which it may have now or after Completion to the venue of any Enforcement Proceedings in any such court as is referred to in clause 4.6 and any claim that any such Enforcement Proceedings have been brought in an inconvenient forum and further irrevocably agrees that a judgment in any Enforcement Proceedings brought in any such court shall be conclusive and binding upon such Party and may be enforced in the courts of any other jurisdiction. EXECUTED AS A DEED , and DELIVERED on the date first above written. EXECUTED as a deed by ARDEN HOLDINGS LIMITED /s/ Richard Lutenski acting by Richard Lutenski, a director, in the presence of: Director /s/ David Hosier Signature of Witness WITNESS’ NAME: David Hosier WITNESS’ ADDRESS: 31 Victoria St. Hamilton, Bermuda WITNESS’ OCCUPATION: Accountant EXECUTED as a deed by ALOPUC LIMITED /s/ Derek Reid acting by Derek Reid, a director, in the presence of: Director /s/ David Hackett Signature of Witness WITNESS’ NAME: David Hackett WITNESS’ ADDRESS: Fox Borrow Cottage, Foxrurrow Hills Rd. Bramley, Surrey UK WITNESS’ OCCUPATION: Accountant  EXECUTED as a deed by KENMARE HOLDINGS LTD /s/ Richard Harris acting by Richard Harris, a director, in the presence of: Director /s/ Edward Martin Signature of Witness WITNESS’ NAME: Edward Martin WITNESS’ ADDRESS: 22 Queen Street Hamilton, Bermuda WITNESS’ OCCUPATION: Lawyer Exhibit 21.1 ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED LISTING OF SUBSIDIARIES Name % of Voting Securities Jurisdiction Enstar Group Limited N/A Bermuda A. Cumberland Holdings Limited 100 % Bermuda 1) Enstar Australia Holdings Pty Limited 100 % Australia a) Enstar Australia Ltd. 100 % Australia i) Cranmore (Australia) Pty Ltd. 100 % Australia b) AG Australia Holdings Ltd 100 % Australia i) Gordian Run-off Limited 100 % Australia c) Shelly Bay Holdings Ltd. 100 % Australia i) Harrington Sound Limited 100 % Australia B. Enstar Limited 100 % Bermuda 1) Enstar (EU) Holdings Ltd. 100 % England a) Enstar (EU) Ltd. 100 % England b) Cranmore (UK) Limited 100 % England c) Enstar (EU) Finance Ltd 100 % England 2) Cranmore (Bermuda) Limited 100 % Bermuda a) Cranmore (Asia) Ltd 100 % Bermuda i) Cranmore (Asia) Pte Limited 100 % Singapore 3) Enstar Brokers Limited 100 % Bermuda 4) Castlewood (Bermuda) Limited 100 % Bermuda 5) Bantry Holdings Ltd. 50 % Bermuda a) Blackrock Holdings Ltd. 30 % Bermuda i) Kinsale Brokers Limited 100 % England 6) Enstar Insurance Management Services Ireland Limited 100 % Ireland 7) Enstar Investment Management Limited 100 % Bermuda C. Kenmare Holdings Limited 100 % Bermuda 1) Fitzwilliam Insurance Limited 100 % Bermuda 2) Revir Limited 100 % Bermuda a) River Thames Insurance Company 100 % England b) Overseas Reinsurance Corporation Limited 100 % Bermuda c) Regis Agencies Limited 100 % England 3) Hudson Reinsurance Company Limited 100 % Bermuda a) Chatsworth Limited 100 % Bermuda i) Global Legacy Acquisition LP 98 % Bermuda 4) Harper Holding Sarl 100 % Luxembourg a) Harper Insurance Limited 100 % Switzerland b) Enstar Holdings (US) Inc. 100 % Delaware i) Enstar (US) Inc. 100 % Delaware A) Enstar New York, Inc 100 % New York ii) Cranmore (US) Inc. 100 % Delaware iii) Enstar Investments, Inc. 100 % Delaware A) Sun Gulf Holdings, Inc. 100 % Delaware I) Capital Assurance Company Inc. 100 % Florida II) Capital Assurance Services, Inc. 100 % Florida III) Constellation Reinsurance Company 100 % New York B) CLIC Holdings, Inc. 100 % Delaware I) Claremont Liability Insurance Company 100 % California C) PWAC Holdings, Inc. 100 % Delaware I) Providence Washington Insurance Solutions, LLC 100 % Rhode Island II) PW Acquisition Co. 100 % Rhode Island x) Providence Washington Insurance Company 100 % Rhode Island xa) York Insurance Company 100 % Rhode Island D) Clarendon Holdings, Inc. 100 % Delaware I) Clarendon National Insurance Company 100 % New Jersey x) Clarendon America Insurance Company 100 % New Jersey xi) Harbor Specialty Insurance Company 100 % New Jersey E) SeaBright Holdings, Inc. 100 % Delaware I) SeaBright Insurance Company 100 % Illinois II) Paladin Managed Care Services, Inc. 100 % California III) Point Sure Insurance Services, Inc. 100 % Washington 5) Mercantile Indemnity Company Ltd. 100 % England 6) Longmynd Insurance Company Ltd. 100 % England 7) Fieldmill Insurance Company Ltd. 100 % England 8) Virginia Holdings Ltd. 100 % Bermuda a) Unione Italiana (UK) Reinsurance Company 100 % England b) Seaton Insurance Company 100 % Rhode Island c) Cavell Holdings Limited 100 % England i) Cavell Insurance Company Limited 100 % England 9) Courtenay Holdings Ltd 100 % Bermuda a) Enstar Acquisitions Limited 100 % England i) Goshawk Insurance Holdings Limited 99.45 % (1) England A) Goshawk Holdings (Bermuda) Limited 100 % Bermuda I) Rosemont Reinsurance Limited 100 % Bermuda B) Goshawk Dedicated Limited 100 % England b) Simcoe Holdings Limited 100 % Bermuda i) Electricity Producers Insurance Company (Bermuda) Ltd. 100 % Bermuda c) Royston Holdings Limited 100 % Bermuda i) Royston Run-off Ltd 100 % England A) Unionamerica Holdings Limited 100 % England I) Unionamerica Acquisition Company Limited 100 % England x) Unionamerica Insurance Company Limited 100 % England d) Rombalds Limited 100 % England 10) Comox Holdings Ltd 50.1 % Bermuda a) Bosworth Run-Off Limited 100 % England ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED LISTING OF SUBSIDIARIES Name % of Voting Securities Jurisdiction 11) Sundown Holdings Limited 100 % Bermuda 12) Oceania Holdings Ltd. 100 % Bermuda a) Inter-Ocean Holdings Limited 100 % Bermuda i) Inter-Ocean Reinsurance Company Ltd. 100 % Bermuda A) Inter-Ocean Reinsurance (Ireland) Ltd. 95.0 % (2) Ireland 13) Flatts Limited 100 % England a) Marlon Insurance Company Limited 100 % England i) The Copenhagen Reinsurance Company (UK) Limited 100 % England 14) Shelbourne Group Limited 100 % England a) SGL No 1 Ltd. 100 % England b) SGL No 3 Ltd. 100 % England c) Shelbourne Syndicate Services Ltd 100 % England 15) Hillcot Re Limited 100 % England a) Hillcot Underwriting Management Limited 100 % England 16) Northshore Holdings Limited 60 % Bermuda a) Arden Reinsurance Limited 100 % Bermuda i) Ariel Reinsurance Company Escritorio De Representacao No Brasil Ltda. 100 % Brazil b) Alopuc Limited 100 % England i) Atrium Underwriting Group Ltd. 100 % England ii) Atrium Risk Management Services (Washington) Ltd. 100 % Washington iii) Atrium Risk Management Services (British Columbia) Ltd. 100 % Canada iv) Atrium Insurance Agency (Asia) PTE 100 % Singapore v) Atrium 5 Ltd 100 % England vi) Atrium Insurance Agency Ltd. 100 % England vii) Atrium Group Services Ltd. 100 % England viii) Atrium Underwriters Ltd. 100 % England ix) Atrium Underwriting Holdings Limited 100 % England A) Atrium 1 Ltd. 100 % England B) Atrium 2 Ltd. 100 % England C) Atrium 3 Ltd. 100 % England D) Atrium 4 Ltd. 100 % England E) Atrium 6 Ltd. 100 % England F) Atrium 7 Ltd. 100 % England G) Atrium 8 Ltd. 100 % England H) Atrium 9 Ltd. 100 % England I) Atrium 10 Ltd. 100 % England J) 609 Capital Limited 100 % England 17) Hove Holdings Limited 100 % Bermuda 18) Nordic Run-off Limited 100 % England 19) Knapton Holdings Limited 100 % England a) Knapton Insurance Limited 100 % England 20) New Castle Reinsurance Company Limited 100 % Bermuda 21) Enstar Financing Ltd. 100 % Bermuda 22) DLCM No. 1 100 % England 23) DLCM No. 2 100 % England 24) DLCM No. 3 100 % England 25) Bayshore Holdings Ltd. 60 % Bermuda a) Veranda Holdings Ltd. 100 % Bermuda 26) Westshore Holdings Ltd. 100 % Bermuda 27) Eastshore Holdings Ltd. 100 % Bermuda D. Hillcot Holdings Limited 100 % Bermuda 1) Brampton Insurance Company Limited 100 % England E. Enstar USA, Inc. 100 % Georgia 1) Enstar Financial Services, Inc. 100 % Florida 2) Enstar Group Operations, Inc. 100 % Georgia F. Laguna Life Holdings Ltd. 100 % Bermuda 1) Laguna Life Holdings SARL 100 % Luxembourg 1) Pavonia Holdings (US) Inc. 100 % Delaware a) Pavonia Life Insurance Company of Delaware 100 % Delaware i) Pavonia Life Insurance Company of Arizona 100 % Arizona ii) Pavonia Life Insurance Company of Michigan 100 % Michigan I) Pavonia Life Insurance Company of New York 100 % New York b) Enstar Life (US), Inc. 100 % Delaware 2) Laguna Life Limited 100 % Ireland B.H. Acquisition Ltd. 100 % (3) Bermuda 1) Brittany Insurance Company Ltd. 100 % Bermuda 2) Paget Holdings GmbH Ltd. 100 % Austria (1) Goshawk Insurance Holdings plc is 89.44% owned by Enstar Acquisition Ltd. and 10.01% owned by Kenmare Holdings Limited. (2) The remaining 5.0% of the company’s voting securities is owned directly by Inter-Ocean Holdings Limited (3) B.H. Acquisition Ltd. is 33% owned by Enstar USA, Inc. and 67% owned by Enstar Limited Exhibit 23.1 Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm The Board of Directors and Shareholders of Enstar Group Limited: We consent to the incorporation by reference in the registration statements No. 333-149551, 333-148863, 333-148862 and 333-141793 on Form S-8 of Enstar Group Limited of our reports dated March 3, 2014, with respect to the consolidated balance sheets of Enstar Group Limited as of December 31, 2013 and 2012, and the related consolidated statements of earnings, comprehensive income, changes in shareholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the years in the two-year period ended December 31, 2013, and financial statement Schedules I, II, III, IV, and VI, as of December 31, 2013 and 2012 and for each of the years in the two year period ended December 31, 2013 and the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2013, which reports appear in the December 31, 2013 annual report on Form 10-K of Enstar Group Limited. /s/ KPMG Audit Limited Hamilton, Bermuda March 3, 2014 Exhibit 23.2 CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM We consent to the incorporation by reference in Registration Statements No. 333-149551, 333-148863, 333-148862 and 333-141793 on Form S-8 of our report dated February 24, 2012, relating to the December 31, 2011 consolidated financial statements of Enstar Group Limited and subsidiaries (the “Company”), appearing in this Annual Report on Form 10-K of Enstar Group Limited and subsidiaries for the year ended December 31, 2013. /s/ Deloitte & Touche Ltd. Hamilton, Bermuda March 3, 2014 Exhibit 31.1 CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO RULE 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a), AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 I, Dominic F. Silvester, certify that: 1. I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of Enstar Group Limited; 2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; 3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: a. Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; b. Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; c. Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and d. Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): a. All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and b. Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. Dated: March 3, 2014 / S / D OMINIC F. S ILVESTER Dominic F. Silvester Chief Executive Officer Exhibit 31.2 CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO RULE 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a), AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 I, Richard J. Harris, certify that: Dated: March 3, 2014 1. I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of Enstar Group Limited; 2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; 3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: a. Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; b. Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; c. Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and d. Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): a. All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and b. Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. / S / R ICHARD J. H ARRIS Richard J. Harris Chief Financial Officer Exhibit 32.1 CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 In connection with the Annual Report of Enstar Group Limited (the “Company”) on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2013, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Dominic F. Silvester, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. section 1350, as adopted pursuant to section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to the best of my knowledge: Dated: March 3, 2013 (1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and (2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. / S / D OMINIC F. S ILVESTER Dominic F. Silvester Chief Executive Officer Exhibit 32.2 CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 In connection with the Annual Report of Enstar Group Limited (the “Company”) on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2013, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Richard J. Harris, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. section 1350, as adopted pursuant to section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to the best of my knowledge: Dated: March 3, 2014 (1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and (2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. / S / R ICHARD J. H ARRIS Richard J. Harris Chief Financial Officer 

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