BUILDING FOR THE NEXT 20 YEARS ANNUAL REPORT FY2018 E Q U I N I X A N N U A L R E P O R T F Y 2 0 1 8 EQ-AR-FY2018-Production-033119.indd 1 4/4/2019 1:02:53 PM 52MARKETS†200DATA CENTERS†99.9999%RELIABILITY†333,000+INTERCONNECTIONS††9,800+CUSTOMERS† Dear Shareholders,As I reflect on this past year, I am humbled and grateful to be at the helm of an incredible team of almost 8,000 dedicated Equinix employees around the globe in service to each other, to our customers and to our shareholders. In 2018, we celebrated our 20th anniversary, a great opportunity to reflect on and appreciate what we’ve built, and a perfect time to sharpen our vision of where we are headed next. Back in 1998, when Al Avery and Jay Adelson founded Equinix, they believed they not only had the opportunity but also the responsibility to create a company that would be the steward of some of the most important digital infrastructure assets in the world. Two decades later, we have expanded upon that vision to build Platform Equinix®, with unmatched scale and reach, spanning 200 International Business Exchange™ (IBX®) data centers across 52 markets in 24 countries. Inside our IBX facilities, our high-value ecosystems consist of nearly 10,000 participants, a veritable who’s who of the digital world, including approximately half of the Fortune 500 and one-third of the Global 2000. And these ecosystems thrive because Equinix has the most comprehensive global interconnection platform in the industry, with over 333,000 physical and virtual interconnections, more than four times any other provider. Our priority for the future of Platform Equinix is, and will remain, delivering exceptional, durable and quantifiable value to our customers. Shareholder Letter$2,444$2,726$3,612$4,368$5,072FY18FY14FY15FY16FY17Revenues ($M)*Non-Recurring RevenuesRecurring RevenuesCAGR = 20%$2,318$2,569$3,417$4,120$4,777Adjusted EBITDA & AFFO ($M)*Adjusted EBITDAAFFOFY18FY14FY15FY16FY17$762$832$1,078$1,437$1,659CAGR = 21%$1,114$1,272$1,657$2,052$2,413*Revenues, Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted Funds From Operations (AFFO):•Compound annual growth rate for revenues and adjusted EBITDA from 2014 to 2018•For definitions of these non-GAAP terms and a detailed reconciliation between the non-GAAP financial results and the corresponding GAAP measures, please refer to the Investor Relations section of our website at Equinix.com†Noted numbers are as of Q4 2018International Business Exchange™ pictured on opposite page is Sydney 4 (SY4) Interconnection via Equinix is the glue in the middle that allows our ecosystem to properly function.”SyscoWe wanted to reach the most customers possible and open up new opportunities for them and our business anywhere we wanted to go. Equinix was the clear choice.”Seaborn NetworksIn 2018, our differentiated business model drove strong growth and operating performance, while maintaining our #inserviceto mindset. In service to our customers, achieving over 99.9999% of operational reliability. In service to our shareholders, delivering our 64th consecutive quarter of top-line growth and eclipsing a key milestone of over $5 billion in revenue for the year. In service to the communities where we operate, volunteering over 16,000 hours to local causes, and sourcing clean and renewable energy across 90% of our global platform. And in service to each other by building on our exceptional culture and reinforcing our commitment to make sure Equinix is a place where everyone can confidently say, “I’m safe, I belong and I matter.” Our compelling advantages continue to fuel our business model, and a rapidly expanding market opportunity gives us solid momentum as we look to 2019 and beyond. As we envision the possibilities for our next 20 years, it is clear that digital transformation is reshaping nearly every industry across the globe. Our customers and partners are thinking differently about how they interact with their customers and with every element of their supply chain. Digital transformation, and the infrastructure that fuels it, has emerged as a top priority for virtually all companies. The major tech trends, whether it be artificial intelligence, internet of things, big data or 5G, are all amplifying this digital tailwind. This makes digital the growth engine of the global economy, transcending the macro-economic volatility that we are seeing in the market today. In the wake of this digital transformation wave, a clear architecture of choice has emerged for our customers. That architecture is global, highly distributed, hybrid and multicloud. And for a variety of reasons, customers are increasingly looking to locate this modernized architecture at Equinix, leveraging our platform to achieve performance, security, compliance, flexibility and total cost of ownership benefits that can only be supported by the physics of proximity and the economics of aggregation. Equinix is often the digital edge for our customers, and they are leveraging our global footprint as the nexus for their digital transformation agenda. In the fourth quarter alone, our bookings spanned across more than 3,000 customers, with a quarter of them buying across multiple metros and 60% of our recurring revenues now come from customers deployed across all three of our operating regions. Equinix helps us to become more digital. We’re the beneficiaries of all the services that are provided in Equinix facilities and through its exchanges.”TIAAWe are continuing to innovate to differentiate our services and deliver greater value to customers. We rolled out interregional connectivity through Equinix Cloud Exchange Fabric™ (ECX Fabric™) to enable customers to dynamically interconnect across Equinix’s global platform, regardless of location and saw strong uptake on this new offering. We are further extending our leadership as the trusted center of a cloud-first world through our hyperscale initiative, enabling us to capture strategic large footprint deployments from select customers, while mitigating strain on our balance sheet by employing off-balance sheet structures to help fund this opportunity. And lastly, we are taking steps to make Equinix a more powerful, easier-to-use, more accessible platform, focusing on a new generation of Edge Services that will help us support our customers’ growth, and both sustain and enhance our cabinet yields over the coming years.In closing, we believe that Equinix is uniquely positioned to help customers pursue their digital transformation agendas by leveraging our superior global reach, scaled digital ecosystems, the most comprehensive interconnection portfolio in the industry and our 20-year track record of service excellence. We remain focused on six priorities for this year, including expanding our go-to-market engine, evolving our portfolio of partners and products, and delivering on our hyperscale strategy, all while caring deeply for our people and culture, and remaining steadfast in our commitment to deliver against the revenue, margin expansion and AFFO per share targets laid out at our last Analyst Day in 2018. As we look forward, I am immensely grateful to have been a part of the Equinix story thus far, and I am as energized and optimistic as ever about the opportunity in front of us. Thank you for joining us on this amazing journey. We look forward to updating you on our progress!Charles MeyersPresident and Chief Executive OfficerEquinix, Inc. Peter Van CampExecutive ChairmanEquinix, Inc.Keith TaylorChief Financial Officer Equinix, Inc. UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549 (cid:2) ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018 FORM 10-K (cid:3) OR TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 to For the transition period from Commission file number 000-31293 EQUINIX, INC. (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) Delaware (State of incorporation) 77-0487526 (IRS Employer Identification No.) One Lagoon Drive, Redwood City, California 94065 (Address of principal executive offices, including ZIP code) (650) 598-6000 (Registrant’s telephone number, including area code) Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of each class Name of each exchange on which registered Common Stock, $0.001 The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer as defined in Rule 405 of the Act. Yes (cid:2) No (cid:3) Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes (cid:3) No (cid:2) Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes (cid:2) No (cid:3) Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes (cid:2) No (cid:3) Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. (cid:2) Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of ‘‘large accelerated filer,’’ ‘‘accelerated filer,’’ ‘‘smaller reporting company’’ and ‘‘emerging growth company’’ in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one): Large accelerated filer (cid:2) Smaller reporting company (cid:3) Emerging growth company (cid:3) If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended Non-accelerated filer (cid:3) Accelerated filer (cid:3) transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. (cid:3) Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes (cid:3) No (cid:2) The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common stock held by non-affiliates computed by reference to the price at which the common stock was last sold as of the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter was approximately $34.2 billion. As of February 21, 2019, a total of 80,865,431 shares of the registrant’s common stock were outstanding. DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE Part III — Portions of the registrant’s definitive proxy statement to be issued in conjunction with the registrant’s 2019 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which is expected to be filed not later than 120 days after the registrant’s fiscal year ended December 31, 2018. Except as expressly incorporated by reference, the registrant’s proxy statement shall not be deemed to be a part of this report on Form 10-K. EQUINIX, INC. FORM 10-K DECEMBER 31, 2018 TABLE OF CONTENTS Item Page No. PART I 1. Business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1A. Risk Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. 3. Legal Proceedings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. Mine Safety Disclosure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PART II 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Selected Financial Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6. 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Financial Statements and Supplementary Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial 9. Disclosure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9A. Controls and Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9B. Other Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PART III 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11. Executive Compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related 12. Stockholder Matters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence . . . . . . . . . Principal Accounting Fees and Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14. 1 16 42 42 46 46 47 48 51 85 87 87 87 88 89 89 89 89 89 PART IV 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Form 10-K Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16. Signatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Index to Exhibits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 97 98 100 i ITEM 1. BUSINESS PART I The words ‘‘Equinix’’, ‘‘we’’, ‘‘our’’, ‘‘ours’’, ‘‘us’’ and the ‘‘Company’’ refer to Equinix, Inc. All statements in this discussion that are not historical are forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, including statements regarding Equinix’s ‘‘expectations’’, ‘‘beliefs’’, ‘‘intentions’’, ‘‘strategies’’, ‘‘forecasts’’, ‘‘predictions’’, ‘‘plans’’ or the like. Such statements are based on management’s current expectations and are subject to a number of factors and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those described in the forward-looking statements. Equinix cautions investors that there can be no assurance that actual results or business conditions will not differ materially from those projected or suggested in such forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including, but not limited to, the risk factors discussed in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Equinix expressly disclaims any obligation or undertaking to release publicly any updates or revisions to any forward looking statements contained herein to reflect any change in Equinix’s expectations with regard thereto or any change in events, conditions, or circumstances on which any such statements are based. Overview Equinix, Inc. connects more than 9,800 companies directly to their customers and partners across the world’s most interconnected data center and interconnection platform. Platform Equinix (cid:4) combines a global footprint of state-of-the-art International Business Exchange(cid:5) (IBX (cid:4)) data centers, a variety of interconnection solutions, unique business and digital ecosystems and expert support. Today, businesses leverage the Equinix interconnection platform in 52 strategic markets across the Americas, Asia-Pacific, and Europe, the Middle East and Africa (‘‘EMEA’’). Equinix operates as a real estate investment trust for federal income tax purposes (‘‘REIT’’). We elected to be taxed as a REIT for federal income tax purposes beginning with our 2015 taxable year. As of December 31, 2018, our REIT structure included all of our data center operations in the United States (‘‘U.S.’’), Canada, Japan, and the data center operations in EMEA with the exception of Bulgaria, United Arab Emirates and a portion of Turkey. Our data center operations in other jurisdictions are operated as taxable REIT subsidiaries (‘‘TRSs’’). Careful, steady expansion has been key to Equinix’s growth strategy since our founding, as we seek to offer our customers interconnection opportunities ahead of demand. In April 2018, Equinix purchased the 1.6 million-square foot Infomart Building(cid:5) in Dallas, including its operations and tenants, where we had already been operating four Equinix data centers. In the same month, we closed our acquisition of Australian data center provider Metronode and its 10 data centers. In September 2018, Equinix named Charles Meyers President and Chief Executive Officer of the Company. Meyers also joined Equinix’s Board of Directors. Meyers succeeded Peter Van Camp, who had served as interim CEO since January 2018. Upon Meyers’ appointment as CEO, Van Camp resumed his role as Executive Chairman of the Equinix Board of Directors, a position he has held since 2005. Meyers joined Equinix in 2010 as President, Equinix Americas, leading our most profitable region through a time of significant growth and strong operating performance. Meyers then served as the Chief Operating Officer at Equinix, where he led the Global Sales, Marketing, Operations and Customer Success teams. For the past year, he was President, Strategy, Services and Innovation (SSI) leading Equinix’s strategic business teams including Corporate Strategy, Technology Innovation, Product Management and Engineering. Under Meyers’ leadership, SSI worked to optimize our position as a cloud enabler, identify key growth areas, and evolve our offerings in response to market, competitive and technology trends. 1 Industry Background The internet is a collection of numerous independent networks interconnected to form a network of networks. Users on different networks communicate with each other through interconnection between these networks. For example, when a person sends an email to someone who uses a different provider for his or her connectivity (e.g. Comcast versus AT&T), the email must pass from one network to the other to get to its final destination. A data center provides a physical point at which that interconnection can occur. To accommodate the rapid growth of internet traffic that was occurring in the early years of the internet, an organized approach for network interconnection was needed. This was the start of the network era, when networks gained mutual advantage by exchanging data traffic on interoperable platforms. The exchange of traffic between these networks became known as peering, which is when networks agree to trade traffic at relatively equal amounts, often at no charge to the other party. At first, government and nonprofit organizations established places where these networks could peer with each other. These points were known as network access points, or NAPs. Over time, many NAPs became a natural extension of carrier services and were run by companies such as MFS (now a part of Verizon Business), Sprint, Ameritech and Pacific Bell (the latter two now part of AT&T). Ultimately, these NAPs were unable to scale with the growth of the internet, and the lack of ‘‘neutrality’’ by the carrier owners of these NAPs created a conflict of interest with the participants. This created a market need for network-neutral interconnection points that could accommodate the rapidly growing demand to increase performance for enterprise and consumer users of the internet, especially with the rise of important content providers such as AOL, Microsoft, Yahoo! and others. In addition, the providers, as well as a growing number of enterprises, required a more secure and reliable solution for direct connection to a variety of telecommunications networks, as the importance of their internet operations continued to grow. These were the seeds of the connected era, when peering expanded exponentially among new players, and access to information anytime and anywhere became the norm. To accommodate internet traffic growth, the largest networks left the NAPs and began connecting and trading traffic by placing private circuits between each other. Peering, which once occurred at the NAP locations, was moved to these private circuits. Over the years, these circuits became expensive to expand and could not be built quickly enough to accommodate traffic growth. This led to a need by the large carriers to find a more efficient way to peer. The multi-tenant or colocation data center was introduced to meet this need. Today, many customers satisfy their requirements for peering through data center providers like Equinix because this strategy permits them to peer with the networks within one location, using simple, direct and secure connections. Their ability to peer within a data center or across a data center campus, instead of across a metro area, has increased the scalability of their operations while decreasing network costs. The interconnection model has further evolved over the years to include new offerings, as the collaborative landscape of the interconnected era imposes new demands for connectivity that facilitates more scalable interactive and real-time digital interconnections. Enterprises are becoming increasingly interdependent and cloud- and digital-enabled, and to compete they need real-time data exchange and reliable, instant connections between and across any given digital ecosystem. Starting with the peering and network communities, interconnection has been used for new network solutions, including carrier Ethernet, multiprotocol label switching (MPLS), virtual private networks (VPNs), and mobile services, in addition to traditional international private line and voice services. The data center industry is working to keep up with the rapid digital transformation of today’s businesses, and it continues to evolve with a set of new network offerings (such as SDN, blockchain and 5G) where interconnection is often used to solve any challenge using both physical and virtual networks, across geographic boundaries. 2 In addition, the enterprise customer segment is also evolving. In the past, most enterprises opted to keep their data center requirements in-house. However, current trends are leading more enterprise chief information officers (CIOs) to either outsource their data center requirements, and/or extend their corporate wide area networks (WANs) into carrier-neutral colocation facilities where there are dense ecosystems of network, cloud and IT service providers, and business partners that enterprises can directly and securely interact with in real-time. The following are macro, technology and regulatory trends that are forcing enterprises and service providers across all industries to rethink their IT architectures to decrease complexity and cost, and seize new opportunities to compete successfully as digital businesses: (cid:129) Digital business transformation is becoming a global phenomenon. According to IDC, by 2021 at least 50% of global GDP will be digitized, and growth in every industry will be driven by digitally enhanced offerings, operations and relationships. Interconnection becomes a key building block for digital business along that journey because real-time interactions between people, things, locations, clouds and data are critical in a digital age. (cid:129) Urbanization is increasing in the majority of metros worldwide. Today, about 55% of the world’s population lives in urban areas, and that will grow to 68% by 2050, according to the United Nations. With so many people so close together, digital services must be increasingly concentrated and close to users, so companies can deliver the connectivity their users expect. Interconnection brings applications, data, content and networking into proximity in these densely populated areas. It allows companies to deliver on their service promises, even as demand keeps growing. (cid:129) Cybersecurity has increased in frequency, scope and complexity in our more closely connected world. In fact, a large-scale cybersecurity breach is one of the most serious risks facing companies today. Ernst & Young projects the global cost of cybersecurity breaches will reach $6.0 trillion by 2021. Companies need to strengthen their defenses, even as they increase their vulnerability by distributing their data across a variety of sources and users. To do that, businesses need their security controls to be distributed as well, leveraging interconnection out at the edge where most traffic exchange is happening. The direct, private nature of interconnection also increases data protection and lowers the risk of being compromised. (cid:129) Data Compliance has become a mandate among businesses around the world. The digital economy may be global, but more countries are regulating the data at the heart of the digital economy and prescribing enhanced rules around personal data protections (e.g., GDPR). But remaining compliant is about more than following the rules. In a Thompson Reuters survey, 69% of respondents said successful compliance efforts can drive up business efficiency and effectiveness by enabling greater focus on value-added activities. The need to address compliance drives interconnection because it enables companies to link their data storage, analytics and clouds in the same business region. That data can stay proximate, and local if required by regulations, but still be accessed globally to meet business requirements. (cid:129) Business Ecosystems are becoming the life-blood of digital business. Gartner predicts that by 2021, the number of organizations using a mix of intermediaries will more than double, and that active engagement by these organizations with industries in ecosystems outside their native industry will nearly triple. The reason is that digital trade flows are creating global business and data processes that involve an increasing variety of customers, partners and employees. Interconnection securely and efficiently connects all the players in all these business ecosystems, as those ecosystems expand in depth and number. 3 Other trends that we see impacting our customers’ IT strategies include: (cid:129) The need for businesses and organizations to create a ‘‘digital edge’’ — where commerce, population centers and digital ecosystems meet. A more geographically distributed IT infrastructure is needed to support the digital operations that now cover every global region and every aspect of today’s global businesses. (cid:129) The growth of ‘‘proximity communities’’ that rely on immediate physical colocation and interconnection with strategic partners and customers. Examples include financial exchange ecosystems for electronic trading and settlement, media and content provider ecosystems, and ecosystems for real-time bidding and fulfillment of internet advertising. (cid:129) The Internet of Things (IoT), big data infrastructures, artificial intelligence (AI) and the emergence of 5G high-speed mobile and wireless networks, which are creating unprecedented quantities of data that fuel digital business. (cid:129) The accelerating adoption and ubiquitous nature of cloud computing technology services, in particular hybrid/multiclouds, along with enterprise cloud service offerings such as Software-as-a-Service (SaaS), Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) and Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) and security and disaster recovery services. (cid:129) The continuing growth of consumer internet traffic from new bandwidth-intensive services (e.g., video, voice over IP, social media, mobile data, gaming, data-rich media), Ethernet and wireless services, as well as new devices (e.g., wearables, home assistances, AR/VR headsets). These devices and services also increase the requirements for anytime, anywhere and any device interconnection out at the edge to improve the performance, security, scalability and reliability of interconnecting people, locations, clouds, data and things. (cid:129) Significant increases in power and cooling requirements for today’s data center equipment. New generations of servers and storage devices continue to concentrate processing capability and the associated power consumption and cooling load into smaller footprints; and many legacy-built data centers are unable to accommodate these new power and cooling demands. The high capital costs associated with building and maintaining ‘‘in-sourced’’ data centers creates an opportunity for capital savings by leveraging an outsourced colocation model. Industry analysts project the compound annual growth rate of the global carrier neutral colocation market to be approximately 8.4% between 2018 and 2022. Equinix Value Proposition Equinix’s global platform for digital business offers these unique value propositions to customers: (cid:129) Reach Everywhere With Platform Equinix, enterprises and service providers can deploy digital infrastructure anywhere they need to be. Customers are quickly and easily able to place applications, data, security and networking controls next to users, clouds and networks in major metros globally. With one global partner, our customers are able to reduce complexity and accelerate time to market while relying on the consistency of a proven worldwide interconnection and data center leader. (cid:129) Interconnect Everyone Businesses operating on Platform Equinix will be able to discover and reach anyone on demand, through one connection to the world, by directly connecting physically or virtually to 4 customers, partners, providers and between their points of presence. This gives our customers the capabilities to reach everyone they need to from one place and to simplify, scale and dynamically adapt their digital infrastructures to keep pace with rapidly changing business demands. (cid:129) Integrate Everything On Platform Equinix, our customers are able to activate their digital edge through leading technology tools, partners and services. By leveraging software controls and expert advisors, service providers and enterprises can dynamically design, implement and manage their digital edge. They can also secure, view, control and manage hybrid IT environments to seamlessly scale digital integration across their business. More than 9,800 companies, including a diversified mix of cloud and IT service providers, content providers, enterprises, financial companies, and network and mobile service providers, currently operate within Equinix IBX data centers. These companies derive specific value from the following elements of the Equinix platform offering: (cid:129) Interconnection leadership: The global digital economy’s demands for fast, secure business collaboration creates a need for interconnection across Equinix’s global platform. As this digital journey intensifies, businesses are creating new commerce and collaboration models to compete. Success in this fast-moving world can be facilitated by a single interconnection platform for digital business that is connected physically and virtually around the world. Companies that can deploy an interconnected digital infrastructure can connect broadly and securely scale the integration of their business at the digital edge. (cid:129) Cloud access and expertise: Equinix is home to more than 2,900 cloud and IT service providers and a variety of secure routes to the efficiencies, performance and cost-savings of the cloud. The Equinix Cloud Exchange Fabric(cid:5) (‘‘ECX Fabric’’) offers on-demand access to multiple cloud providers from multiple networks, enabling customers to design scalable cloud services tailored to their needs at a given moment. In 2018, Equinix undertook the next phase in the evolution of Platform Equinix to achieve the direct physical and virtual connection of its IBX data centers around the world. This advance enables our customers to connect on demand to any other customer from any Equinix location, equipping digital businesses to scale their operations rapidly across the largest markets globally. On the ECX Fabric, customers do not have to be in the same IBX data center as their cloud provider(s); they can remotely access cloud services as if they were physically close to the provider. Equinix Professional Services for Cloud experts enable our customers to successfully deploy a mix of private, public, hybrid and multicloud environments over a global interconnected cloud fabric to best fit their business and customer requirements. (cid:129) Comprehensive global solution: With 200 IBX data centers in 52 markets in the Americas, EMEA and Asia-Pacific, Equinix offers a consistent, interconnected global solution. (cid:129) Premium data centers and expertise: Equinix IBX data centers feature advanced design, security, power and cooling, and data center infrastructure management (DCIM) elements to provide customers with industry-leading visibility and reliability, including average uptime of 99.9999% globally in 2018. Equinix Professional Services offers practical guidance and proven solutions to help customers optimize their data center architecture. (cid:129) Dynamic interconnected business ecosystems: Equinix’s network- and cloud-neutral model has enabled us to attract a critical mass of networks and cloud and IT services providers, and that, in turn, attracts other businesses seeking to interconnect within a single location or across metros. This local ecosystem model leverages lower networking costs and optimizes the 5 performance of data exchange. At the same time, the ECX Fabric enables private access to remote business ecosystems in regionally distributed IBX data centers to further reduce long-distance networking costs and deliver high performance. As Equinix grows and attracts an ever-more diversified base of customers, the value of Equinix’s IBX interconnected data center offering increases. (cid:129) Improved economics: Customers seeking to outsource their data center operations rather than build their own capital-intensive data centers enjoy significant capital cost savings. Customers also benefit from improved economics because of the broad access to networks and clouds that Equinix provides. Rather than purchasing often costly local loops from multiple transit providers, customers can connect directly to more than 1,800 networks and 2,900 cloud and IT service providers inside Equinix’s IBX data centers. (cid:129) Leading interconnection insight: After more than 20 years in the industry, Equinix has a specialized staff of industry experts, professional services specialists and solutions architects who helped build and shape the interconnection infrastructure of the internet, and who are now positioned to do the same for digital businesses. This specialization and industry knowledge base offers customers unique expertise and the competitive advantage needed to compete in the global digital economy. (cid:129) Lasting sustainability: Energy efficiency and environmental sustainability are a part of everything we do, whether we’re building new data centers or upgrading existing facilities. We have committed to design, build and operate our data centers with high energy efficiency standards, and we have a long-term goal of using 100% clean and renewable energy across our global platform. Our Strategy Our objective is to expand our global leadership position as the premier network and cloud-neutral data center and interconnection platform for enterprises, cloud and IT services providers, media and content companies, financial services firms, IoT and big data providers, and network and mobile services providers. These are the key components of our strategy: Improve customer performance through global interconnection. To best succeed in today’s digital economy, enterprises around the world must adopt globally interconnected, on-demand digital IT architectures. The business connections forged in Equinix data centers through the power of interconnection are vital to accelerating our customers’ businesses. To help companies understand, deploy and benefit from global interconnection, Equinix has created a blueprint for becoming an interconnected enterprise — the Interconnection Oriented Architecture (cid:4) (IOA (cid:4)) strategy. Based on work with many Fortune 500 customers, our IOA framework is an engagement model that both enterprises and solution providers can leverage to directly and securely connect people, locations, clouds and data. An IOA strategy shifts the fundamental IT delivery architecture from siloed and centralized to interconnected and distributed. Since the introduction of its IOA strategy, Equinix has created the ‘‘IOA Playbook’’ and ‘‘IOA Knowledge Base(cid:5),’’ which were developed from our aggregated learnings across more than 600 Equinix customer (enterprise and service provider) deployments. These tools are offered online at no charge to any organization and provide fundamental, repeatable steps that organizations can take to deploy an IOA strategy across common digital workloads. They offer application blueprints for networks, security, data and applications, as well as for various use cases including ecosystems, analytics, content delivery, collaboration, hybrid multicloud and the IoT. When combined with Equinix’s critical mass of network and cloud providers and content companies, the increasing rate of adoption of an IOA strategy by the world’s enterprise companies enables Equinix to extend its leadership as one of the core interconnection hubs of the 6 information-driven, digital world. The density of providers inside Equinix is a key selling point for companies looking to connect with a diverse set of networks and deliver the best connectivity to their end customers at the digital edge, as well as to network companies that want to sell bandwidth to companies and efficiently interconnect with other networks. Equinix currently houses more than 1,800 unique networks, including the top-tier networks, which allow customers to directly interconnect with providers that best meet their unique price and performance needs. We have a growing mass of key players in cloud and IT services (Amazon Web Services, AT&T, Google Cloud Platform, Microsoft Azure and Office 365, Oracle Cloud Infrastructure, SAP HANA Enterprise Cloud and SAP Cloud Platform, Salesforce.com, IBM Cloud and VMware Cloud), and in the enterprise and financial/ insurance sectors (Anheuser-Busch, Aon, Bloomberg, Deloitte, Ericsson, Ford Motors, NASDAQ, PayPal, Sysco Foods and The Society of Lloyd’s) as customers. We expect these customer segments will continue to grow as customers seek to leverage our density of network providers and interconnect directly with each other to improve performance. Streamline ease of doing business globally. Customers say data center reliability, power availability and network choice are the most important attributes they consider when choosing a data center provider in a particular location. We have long been recognized as a leader in these areas. In 2018, more than half of our revenue came from customers with deployments in all three of our global regions, and we expect global solutions to become an increasingly important data center selection criteria as the need for globally interconnected, on-demand digital IT architectures continues to grow. We continue to focus on strategic acquisitions to expand our market coverage and on global product standardization, pricing and contracts harmonization initiatives to meet these global demands. Deepen existing ecosystems and develop new ones. As various enterprises and service and content providers locate in our IBX data centers, their suppliers and business partners benefit by doing the same, and they gain the full economic and performance benefits of direct, global interconnection for their business ecosystems. These partners, in turn, pull in their business partners, creating a ‘‘network effect’’ of customer adoption. Our interconnection offerings enable scalable, secure, reliable and cost-effective interconnectivity and optimized traffic exchange, which lowers overall costs and increases flexibility. The ability to directly and globally interconnect with a wide variety of companies is a key differentiator for us and enables companies to create new opportunities within unique ecosystems by working together. We also have efficient and innovative internet and cloud exchange platforms in our IBX sites to accelerate commercial growth within the ecosystems via the network effect. Expand our product and service portfolio. Our customers’ needs for new solutions to help them scale and adopt new technologies inspire us to create new products and services. We recently introduced our Equinix Cloud Exchange Fabric(cid:5) to connect our data centers around the world and enable customers to connect on demand to clouds, networks and any other customer from any Equinix location. We also recently introduced Equinix SmartKey(cid:5), a global key management and encryption as a service offering to help our customers manage the security requirements of disbursing data across multiple clouds and third-party providers. We will continue to work with our customers to innovate and introduce new solutions to meet their evolving needs. Expand vertical go-to-market plan. We plan to continue to focus our go-to-market efforts on customer segments and business applications that appreciate the Equinix value proposition of interconnection, reliability, global reach and prime collaboration opportunities within and across ecosystems. We have identified these segments today as cloud and IT services, content and digital media, financial services, enterprises, and network and mobile service providers. As digital business evolves, we will continue to identify and focus our go-to-market efforts on industry segments that need our value proposition. 7 Accelerate global reach and scale. We continue to evaluate expansion opportunities in select markets based on customer demand. In April 2018, we purchased the 1.6 million-square foot Infomart Building(cid:5) in Dallas, including its operations and tenants, where we had already been operating four data centers. Also, in April 2018, we completed our acquisition of Australian data center provider Metronode and its 10 data centers, which expanded our operations into Adelaide, Brisbane, Canberra and Perth, and added scale in Melbourne and Sydney. This acquisition tripled our Australian data center footprint to 15 sites. Careful, steady expansion has been key to our growth strategy since our founding, as we seek to offer our customers interconnection opportunities ahead of demand. As of the end of 2018, Equinix’s total global footprint had expanded to 200 data centers in 52 markets in the Americas, EMEA and Asia-Pacific. We expect to continue to execute our global expansion strategy in a cost-effective and disciplined manner through a combination of acquiring existing data centers through lease or purchase, acquiring or investing in local data center operators, and building new IBX data centers based on key criteria, such as demand and potential financial return in each market. Our Customers and Partners Our customers include carriers, mobile and other bandwidth providers, cloud and IT services providers, content providers, financial companies and global enterprises. We provide each company access to a choice of business partners and solutions based on their colocation, interconnection and managed IT service needs. As of December 31, 2018, we had more than 9,800 customers worldwide. Customers in our five key customer and partner categories include the following: Cloud and IT Services Content Providers Enterprise FinServ/Insurance Network and Mobile Services Movile Netflix Priceline.com Thomson Reuters DocuSign Criteo Amazon Web Services DirectTV Box Inc. Cisco Systems Inc. Discovery, Inc. Google Cloud Platform Index Exchange Datapipe IBM Cloud Microsoft Azure NetApp Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Salesforce.com SAP HANA Enterprise Cloud and SAP Cloud Platform VMware Cloud Workday, Inc. Anheuser-Busch Aetna BMC Software Ericsson CDM Smith Colony Brands Deloitte Ford Motors Ingram Micro Mazda Motor Corp. Smithfield Foods Sysco Foods Weyerhaueser Wing On Allianz Technology AT&T of America Aon Bloomberg Chicago Board Options Exchange Lincoln Financial NASDAQ Options Exchange PayPal The Society of Lloyd’s TIAA British Telecom China Mobile Lycamobile NTT Communications Siemens Mobility Services T-Systems TATA Communications Verizon Vodafone Customers typically sign renewable contracts of one or more years in length. Our largest customer accounted for approximately 3% of our recurring revenues for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016. Our 50 largest customers accounted for approximately 38%, 37% and 36% of our recurring revenues for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Our Offerings Equinix provides a choice of data center interconnection solutions and platform services primarily comprised of colocation, interconnection solutions and platform services. 8 Data Center Solutions Our IBX data centers provide our customers with secure, reliable and robust environments that are necessary to aggregate and distribute information globally. Our IBX data centers include multiple layers of physical security, scalable cabinet space availability, on-site trained staff (24x7x365), dedicated areas for customer care and equipment staging, redundant AC/DC power systems and other redundant and fault-tolerant infrastructure systems. Some specifications of offerings provided by individual IBX data centers may differ based on original facility design or market. Within our IBX data centers, customers can deploy their equipment and interconnect with a choice of networks, cloud SaaS providers or other business partners. We also provide customized solutions for customers looking to package our IBX offerings as part of their complex solutions. Our colocation offerings include: Cabinets. Our customers have several choices for colocating their networking, server and storage equipment. They can place the equipment in one of our shared or private cages or customize their space. In certain select markets, customers can purchase their own private ‘‘suite’’ which is walled off from the rest of the data center. As customers’ colocation requirements increase, they can expand within their original cage (or suite) or upgrade into a cage that meets their expanded requirements. Customers buy the hardware they place in our IBX data centers directly from their chosen vendors. Power. Power is an element of increasing importance in customers’ colocation decisions. We offer both AC and DC power circuits at various amperages and phases customized to a customer’s individual power requirements. IBXflex(cid:4). IBXflex allows customers to deploy mission-critical operations personnel and equipment on-site at our IBX data centers. Because of the proximity to their infrastructure within our IBX data centers, IBXflex customers can offer a faster response and quicker troubleshooting solution than those available in traditional colocation facilities. This space can also be used as a secure disaster recovery point for customers’ business and operations personnel. IBX SmartView(cid:5). Equinix IBX SmartView(cid:5) offers application programming interface (API) -based DCIM that provides real-time access to environmental and operating information within an Equinix IBX footprint, as if those cages were all on site with the customer. IBX SmartView helps its customers consistently maintain their IBX operations and deployments with alerts and notifications, while enhancing long-term planning with customizable reports. Smart Hands Services(cid:4). The Equinix Smart Hands service enables customers to use our highly trained IBX data center personnel to act as their hands (or eyes and ears) when their own staff cannot be on-site. Smart Hands technicians offer a range of services, from routine equipment inventory and labeling to more complex installations and configuring. Smart Hands technicians also provide technical assistance and troubleshooting services. Hyperscale Data Centers. Our integration efforts with the major cloud players have provided us with insight into the evolving architecture of the cloud. Today, a large number of private interconnection nodes for the major cloud players are located in Equinix facilities. In addition, we are in discussions with a targeted set of hyperscale customers to develop capacity to serve their larger footprint needs. We are leveraging the combination of existing capacity and dedicated hyperscale builds to meet these needs in a handful of key markets. Interconnection Solutions Our interconnection solutions are evolving to enable high-performance, secure, scalable, reliable and cost-effective interconnection and traffic exchange between Equinix customers across our global 9 platform. These interconnection solutions are either on a one-to-one basis with direct cross connects or on a one-to-many basis through our ECX Fabric or other exchange solutions. In the peering community, we play an important industry leadership role by acting as the relationship broker between parties who would like to interconnect within our IBX data centers or between regionally distributed IBX data centers. Our staff holds or has held significant positions in many leading industry groups, such as the North American Network Operators’ Group (NANOG) and the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Members of our staff have published industry-recognized white papers and strategy documents in the areas of peering and interconnection, many of which are used by other institutions worldwide in furthering the education and promotion of this important set of solutions. Our current interconnection solutions are comprised of the following: Physical Cross Connect/Direct Interconnections. Customers needing to directly and privately connect to another IBX data center customer can do so through single or multi-mode fiber. These cross connections are the physical link between customers and can be implemented within 24 hours of request. Equinix Internet Exchange(cid:5). Customers may choose to connect to and peer through the central switching fabric of our Equinix Internet Exchange, rather than purchase a direct physical cross connection. With a connection to this switch, a customer can aggregate multiple interconnects over one physical connection with multiple, linked 100-gigabit ports of capacity, instead of purchasing individual physical cross connects. Equinix Metro Connect. Customers who are located in one IBX data center may need to interconnect with networks or other customers located in an adjacent or nearby IBX data center in the same metro area. Metro Connect allows customers to seamlessly interconnect between IBX data centers at capacities up to 100 Gigabits per second. Internet Connectivity. Customers who are installing equipment in our IBX data centers generally require IP connectivity or bandwidth access. Although many large customers prefer to contract directly with carriers, we offer customers the ability to contract for IP connectivity and bandwidth access through us from any of the major bandwidth providers in that data center. This bandwidth access is targeted to customers who require a single bill and a single point of support through Equinix for the entire contract for their bandwidth needs. Equinix Cloud Exchange Fabric(cid:5) (ECX Fabric(cid:5)). The ECX Fabric directly and securely connects distributed infrastructure and digital ecosystems on Platform Equinix via global, software-defined interconnection. It enables businesses to customize their connectivity to partners, customers and suppliers through an interface that provides all the benefits companies have come to expect from ‘‘as-a-service’’ models. This includes real-time provisioning via a portal or API, pay-as-you-go billing increments and the removal of friction in establishing elastic connectivity between metros. The ECX Fabric is designed for scalability, agility and virtualized connectivity. Through a single port, Equinix customers can discover and reach anyone on demand, locally or across metros. The new ECX Fabric capabilities are now available in the Americas, EMEA and APAC regions, including Amsterdam, Atlanta, Chicago, Dallas, Denver, Dublin, D¨usseldorf, Frankfurt, Geneva, Helsinki, Hong Kong, London, Los Angeles, Manchester, Melbourne, Miami, Milan, Munich, New York, Osaka, Paris, S˘ao Paulo, Seattle, Silicon Valley, Singapore, Stockholm, Sydney, Tokyo, Toronto, Washington, D.C. and Zurich. Equinix Performance Hub(cid:4) The Equinix Performance Hub places corporate IT resources in IBX data centers connected to many networks and clouds near large user populations. Performance Hub solutions can be implemented 10 gradually, without closing or moving out of existing data centers. Performance Hub allows companies to efficiently deploy resources at the edge, closest to their end-users, enabling an affordable, low-risk approach to improving network performance and reducing costs. This distributed, connectivity-driven approach to data center computing has been shown by Gartner, 451 Group, and many enterprise customers to provide dramatic benefits in application and network performance, as well as in business and IT agility. Equinix Data Hub(cid:4) Equinix Data Hub is an extension of the Equinix Performance Hub framework and is a data center solution that addresses enterprise demand for real-time analytics, IoT, data collection and data protection. Data Hub empowers organizations to build a globally optimized data platform located in strategic data centers around the world and maintain full control over business-critical data for any and all security and compliance demands. Data Hub use cases include cloud integrated tiered storage, big data analytics infrastructures and data protection and replication. Platform Services Our platform services offer the expertise and tools to help companies create and grow as digital businesses. Our experienced professionals are supporting leading global companies in their digital transformation projects and know which strategies, systems, and IT services and architectures best support business goals in a variety of industries, leveraging existing and emerging technologies. Equinix SmartKey(cid:5). SmartKey is a global SaaS-based, secure key management and cryptography service offered on cloud-neutral Platform Equinix. It provides a secure encryption key service that simplifies data and applications access management across on-premises and hybrid/multicloud infrastructures, whether they are inside or outside of an Equinix IBX data center. Cloud Consulting Services. Many companies are migrating to a hybrid or multicloud environment as the cloud’s cost advantages and flexibility are critical in an era of rising electronic collaboration and user expectations. Equinix’s Professional Services for Cloud are designed to facilitate cloud migration with a detailed assessment, design and implementation process that gives customers a faster, smoother path to the cloud. The 2,900 cloud and IT service providers and 1,800 network service providers within Equinix’s network help our experts tailor cloud deployments to individual business needs and maximize their cloud performance, savings and security while ensuring future resilience and agility. Network and IOA Transformation Services. While digital transformation creates new revenue streams, it also creates congestion and performance issues for an organization’s legacy network. The growth in data, applications and locations that must be served by a digital enterprise, plus the reduction in latency required by real-time applications, all put stress on legacy IT infrastructure. Equinix’s Professional Services for network and IOA transformation helps companies plan and build their future network and infrastructure architectures and get ready to tackle the challenges of digital business today and tomorrow. Global Solutions Architects Equinix Global Solutions Architects (GSAs) are committed to helping companies deploy their IT infrastructures in ways that best serve their business needs and fully exploit the advantages offered by Equinix’s global interconnection platform. Equinix’s GSAs have decades of combined experience in cloud deployments, facility operations, business analytics and network design and operations. They work as extensions of our customers’ IT and technology teams, helping to efficiently deploy high-performance solutions, advising them on service provider choices, and designing IT architectures. 11 Solution Validation Centers Solution Validation Centers (SVCs) allow customers to test and fine-tune their IT infrastructure, network, cloud and data center rollouts in a real-world environment before full build-out and deployment. Customers can measure how their applications perform when they move off legacy systems, spot and address unforeseen technical barriers, and optimize various infrastructure components, network connections and applications. Our SVCs operate in 18 strategic markets globally, helping companies reduce risk and maximize their IT investments. Equinix Marketplace Marketplace is a service for customers that helps them innovate and grow their business by connecting them to rich industry ecosystems and qualified buyers and sellers within our IBX data centers and in the surrounding markets. Equinix Customer Portal The Customer Portal offers 24/7 access to our customer care personnel, so customers can report problems, schedule shipments or order Smart Hands services at any time of the day or night. Equinix conducts a significant number of its transactions with its customers via this portal. Business Continuity Trading Rooms Trading infrastructure is mission-critical for financial firms worldwide, and our Business Continuity Trading Rooms (BCTRs) ensure that trading does not stop, even if primary operations are knocked off-line or are disabled. A BCTR backs up our customers’ trading operations in one of our secure data center facilities, right down to telephone services and multiple desktop monitors. BCTR offerings are protected with backup generators and uninterruptible power supply to guarantee reliability and deliver peace of mind. Sales and Marketing Sales. We use a direct sales force and channel marketing program to market our offerings to global enterprises, content providers, financial companies, and mobile and network service providers. We organize our sales force by customer type, as well as by establishing a sales presence in diverse geographic regions, which enables efficient servicing of the customer base from a network of regional offices. In addition to our worldwide headquarters located in Silicon Valley, we have established an Asia-Pacific regional headquarters in Hong Kong and an EMEA regional headquarters in Amsterdam. We also operate a network of sales offices to deploy our field sales and support teams in our major markets across all three regions. Our sales team works closely with each customer to foster the natural network effect of our IBX model, resulting in access to a wider potential customer base via our existing customers. As a result of the IBX interconnection model, IBX data center participants often encourage their customers, suppliers and business partners to also locate in our IBX data centers. These customers, suppliers and business partners, in turn, encourage their business partners to locate in our IBX data centers, resulting in additional customer growth. This network effect significantly reduces our new customer acquisition costs. In addition, large network providers, cloud providers or managed service providers may refer customers to Equinix as a part of their total customer solution. Equinix also focuses the selling by our vertical sales specialists on supporting specific industry requirements for network, mobile, and media and content providers, financial services, cloud computing, systems integrators and enterprise customer segments. 12 The Equinix channel program adds an ecosystem of system integrators and service providers, from managed network to cloud services. They help our customers design and deploy the right cloud and IT solutions needed to reach their customers, employees and supply chains. Our channel partners understand how to leverage and integrate the advantages of the Platform Equinix global footprint, high performance connectivity options and global supply-chain ecosystems to deliver solutions that meet our customers’ performance, reliability and cost requirements. Marketing. To support our sales efforts and to actively promote our brand in the Americas, Asia-Pacific and EMEA, we conduct comprehensive marketing programs. Our marketing strategies include active public relations and ongoing customer communications programs. Our marketing efforts are focused on major business and trade publications, online media outlets, industry events and sponsored activities. Our staff holds leadership positions in key networking organizations, and we participate in a variety of internet, enterprise IT, computer and financial industry conferences, placing our officers and employees in keynote speaking engagements at these conferences. We also regularly measure customer satisfaction levels and host key customer forums to ensure customer needs are understood and incorporated in product and service planning efforts. From a brand perspective, we build recognition through our website, external blog and social media channels by sponsoring or leading industry technical forums, by participating in internet industry standard-setting bodies and through advertising, paid social media and online campaigns. We continue to develop and host industry educational forums focused on peering technologies and practices for ISPs and content providers. Our Competition While a large number of enterprises own their own data centers, many others outsource some or all of their requirements to multi-tenant data center (MTDC) facilities, such as those operated by Equinix. We believe that the outsourcing trend is likely to accelerate in the coming years. The global MTDC market is highly fragmented. It is estimated that Equinix is one of more than 1,200 companies that provide MTDC offerings around the world, ranging in size from firms with a single data center in a single market to firms in over 20 markets. Equinix competes with these firms which vary in terms of their data center offerings, including: Colocation Providers Colocation data centers are a type of MTDC that can also be referred to as ‘‘retail’’ data center space. Typically, colocation data center space is offered on the basis of individual racks/cabinets or cages ranging from 500 to 10,000 square feet in size. Typical customers of colocation providers include: (cid:129) Large enterprises with significant IT expertise and requirements (cid:129) Small and medium businesses looking to outsource data center requirements (cid:129) Cloud and network service providers (cid:129) Electronic trading, digital payments and financial services companies (cid:129) Internet application providers (cid:129) Major internet content, entertainment and social networking providers (cid:129) Shared, dedicated and managed hosting providers (cid:129) Mobile and network service providers (cid:129) Content delivery networks 13 Full facility maintenance and systems, including fire suppression, security, power backup and HVAC, are routinely included in managed colocation offerings. A variety of additional services are typically available, including remote hands technician services and network monitoring services. Providers in addition to Equinix that offer colocation both globally and locally include firms such as COLT and NTT. Carrier-Neutral Colocation Providers In addition to data center space and power, colocation providers also offer interconnection. Some of these providers, known as network or carrier-neutral colocation providers, can offer customers the choice of hundreds of network service providers or ISPs to choose from. Typically, customers use interconnection to buy ethernet or internet connectivity, perform financial exchange and settlement functions or perform business-to-business e-commerce. Carrier-neutral data centers are often located in key network hubs around the world, such as New York, Ashburn, Va., London, Amsterdam, Singapore and Hong Kong. Two types of data center facilities offering carrier-neutral colocation are used for many network-to-network interconnections: (cid:129) A Meet Me Room (MMR) is typically a smaller space, generally 5,000 square feet or less, located in a major carrier hotel and often found in a wholesale data center facility. (cid:129) A carrier-neutral data center is generally larger than an MMR and may be a stand-alone building separate from existing carrier hotels. Providers in addition to Equinix that we believe could be defined as offering carrier-neutral colocation include CoreSite, Digital Realty Trust, Global Switch, Interxion and Telehouse. Wholesale Data Center Providers Wholesale data center providers lease data center space that is typically offered in cells or pods (i.e., individual white-space rooms) ranging in size from 10,000 to 20,000 square feet or larger. Wholesale data center offerings are targeted to both enterprises and colocation providers. These data centers primarily provide space and power without additional services like technicians, remote hands services or network monitoring (although other tenants might offer such services). Sample wholesale data center providers include Digital Realty Trust and Global Switch. Managed Hosting Providers Managed hosting services are provided by several firms that also provide data center colocation solutions. Typically, managed hosting providers can manage server hardware that is owned by either the hosting provider or the customer. They can also provide a combination of comprehensive systems administration, database administration and sometimes application management services. Frequently, this results in managed hosting providers ‘‘running’’ the customer’s servers, although such administration is frequently shared. The provider may manage such functions as operating systems, databases, security and patch management, while the customer will maintain management of the applications riding on top of those systems. The full list of potential services that can be offered as part of managed hosting is substantial and includes services such as remote management, custom applications, helpdesk, messaging, databases, disaster recovery, managed storage, managed virtualization, managed security, managed networks and systems monitoring. Managed hosting services are typically used for: (cid:129) Application hosting by organizations of any size, including large enterprises 14 (cid:129) Hosted or managed messaging, including Microsoft Exchange and other complex messaging applications (cid:129) Complex or highly scalable web hosting or e-commerce websites (cid:129) Managed storage solutions (including large drive arrays or backup robots) (cid:129) Server disaster recovery and business continuity, including clustering and global server load balancing (cid:129) Database servers, applications and services Examples of managed hosting providers include: AT&T, CenturyLink, NaviSite, Rackspace, SunGard and Verizon Business. Unlike other providers whose core businesses are bandwidth or managed services, we focus on neutral interconnection hubs for cloud and IT service providers, content providers, financial companies, enterprises and network service providers. As a result, we do not have the limited choices found commonly at other hosting/colocation companies. We compete based on the quality of our IBX data centers, our ability to provide a one-stop global solution in our Americas, EMEA and Asia-Pacific locations, the performance and diversity of our network- and cloud-neutral strategy, and the economic benefits of the aggregation of top network, cloud and business ecosystems under one roof. We expect to continue to benefit from prevailing industry trends, including the need to create a ‘‘digital edge’’, the growth of proximity communities, the increasing adoption of IOT, AI, 5G cloud computing, the continued growth of internet traffic and the increased power and cooling requirements of new generations of IT equipment. Our Business Segment Financial Information We currently operate in three reportable segments comprised of our Americas, EMEA and Asia-Pacific geographic regions. Information attributable to each of our reportable segments is set forth in Note 17 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Employees We had 7,903 employees as of December 31, 2018. We had 3,480 employees based in the Americas, 2,751 employees based in EMEA and 1,672 employees based in Asia-Pacific. Of those employees, 3,773 employees were in engineering and operations, 1,429 employees were in sales and marketing and 2,701 employees were in management, finance and administration. Available Information We were incorporated in Delaware in June 1998. We are required to file reports under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, with the Securities and Exchange Commission (‘‘SEC’’). The SEC maintains an internet website at http://www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information. You may also obtain copies of our annual reports on Form 10-K, our quarterly reports on Form 10-Q and our current reports on Form 8-K, and any amendments to such reports, free of charge by visiting the Investor Relations page on our website, www.equinix.com. These reports are available as soon as reasonably practical after we file them with the SEC. Information contained on our website is not part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. 15 ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS In addition to the other information contained in this report, the following risk factors should be considered carefully in evaluating our business and us: Acquisitions present many risks, and we may not realize the financial or strategic goals that were contemplated at the time of any transaction. We have completed numerous acquisitions and expect to make additional acquisitions in the future. These may include (i) acquisitions of businesses, products, solutions or technologies that we believe to be complementary, (ii) acquisitions of new IBX data centers or real estate for development of new IBX data centers or (iii) acquisitions through investments in local data center operators. We may pay for future acquisitions by using our existing cash resources (which may limit other potential uses of our cash), incurring additional debt (which may increase our interest expense, leverage and debt service requirements) and/or issuing shares (which may dilute our existing stockholders and have a negative effect on our earnings per share). Acquisitions expose us to potential risks, including: (cid:129) (cid:129) (cid:129) (cid:129) (cid:129) (cid:129) (cid:129) (cid:129) (cid:129) the possible disruption of our ongoing business and diversion of management’s attention by acquisition, transition and integration activities, particularly when multiple acquisitions and integrations are occurring at the same time; our potential inability to successfully pursue or realize some or all of the anticipated revenue opportunities associated with an acquisition or investment; the possibility that we may not be able to successfully integrate acquired businesses, or businesses in which we invest, or achieve anticipated operating efficiencies or cost savings; the possibility that announced acquisitions may not be completed, due to failure to satisfy the conditions to closing as a result of: (cid:6) (cid:6) (cid:6) (cid:6) an injunction, law or order that makes unlawful the consummation of the acquisition; inaccuracy or breach of the representations and warranties of, or the non-compliance with covenants by, either party; the nonreceipt of closing documents; or for other reasons; the possibility that there could be a delay in the completion of an acquisition, which could, among other things, result in additional transaction costs, loss of revenue or other negative effects resulting from uncertainty about completion of the respective acquisition; the dilution of our existing stockholders as a result of our issuing stock as consideration in a transaction or selling stock in order to fund the transaction; the possibility of customer dissatisfaction if we are unable to achieve levels of quality and stability on par with past practices; the possibility that we will be unable to retain relationships with key customers, landlords and/or suppliers of the acquired businesses, some of which may terminate their contracts with the acquired business as a result of the acquisition or which may attempt to negotiate changes in their current or future business relationships with us; the possibility that we could lose key employees from the acquired businesses before integrating them; 16 (cid:129) (cid:129) (cid:129) (cid:129) (cid:129) (cid:129) (cid:129) (cid:129) (cid:129) (cid:129) (cid:129) (cid:129) (cid:129) (cid:129) (cid:129) (cid:129) the possibility that we may be unable to integrate or migrate IT systems, which could create a risk of errors or performance problems and could affect our ability to meet customer service level obligations; the potential deterioration in our ability to access credit markets due to increased leverage; the possibility that our customers may not accept either the existing equipment infrastructure or the ‘‘look-and-feel’’ of a new or different IBX data center; the possibility that additional capital expenditures may be required or that transaction expenses associated with acquisitions may be higher than anticipated; the possibility that required financing to fund an acquisition may not be available on acceptable terms or at all; the possibility that we may be unable to obtain required approvals from governmental authorities under antitrust and competition laws on a timely basis or at all, which could, among other things, delay or prevent us from completing an acquisition, limit our ability to realize the expected financial or strategic benefits of an acquisition or have other adverse effects on our current business and operations; the possible loss or reduction in value of acquired businesses; the possibility that future acquisitions may present new complexities in deal structure, related complex accounting and coordination with new partners, particularly in light of our desire to maintain our qualification for taxation as a REIT; the possibility that we may not be able to prepare and issue our financial statements and other public filings in a timely and accurate manner, and/or maintain an effective control environment, due to the strain on the finance organization when multiple acquisitions and integrations are occurring at the same time; the possibility that future acquisitions may trigger property tax reassessments resulting in a substantial increase to our property taxes beyond that which we anticipated; the possibility that future acquisitions may be in geographies and regulatory environments to which we are unaccustomed and we may become subject to complex requirements and risks with which we have limited experience; the possibility that carriers may find it cost-prohibitive or impractical to bring fiber and networks into a new IBX data center; the possibility of litigation or other claims in connection with, or as a result of, an acquisition, including claims from terminated employees, customers, former stockholders or other third parties; the possibility that asset divestments may be required in order to obtain regulatory clearance for a transaction; the possibility of pre-existing undisclosed liabilities, including, but not limited to, lease or landlord related liability, environmental liability or asbestos liability, for which insurance coverage may be insufficient or unavailable, or other issues not discovered in the diligence process; and the possibility that we receive limited or incorrect information about the acquired business in the diligence process. For example, we sometimes do not receive all of the customer contracts 17 associated with our acquisitions in the diligence process, which affects our visibility into customer termination rights and could expose us to additional liabilities. The occurrence of any of these risks could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition or cash flows. If an acquisition does not proceed or is materially delayed for any reason, the price of our common stock may be adversely impacted and we will not recognize the anticipated benefits of the acquisition. We cannot assure that the price of any future acquisitions of IBX data centers will be similar to prior IBX data center acquisitions. In fact, we expect costs required to build or render new IBX data centers operational to increase in the future. If our revenue does not keep pace with these potential acquisition and expansion costs, we may not be able to maintain our current or expected margins as we absorb these additional expenses. There is no assurance we would successfully overcome these risks, or any other problems encountered with these acquisitions. Our substantial debt could adversely affect our cash flows and limit our flexibility to raise additional capital. We have a significant amount of debt and may need to incur additional debt to support our growth. Additional debt may also be incurred to fund future acquisitions, any future special distributions, regular distributions or the other cash outlays associated with maintaining our qualification for taxation as a REIT. As of December 31, 2018, our total indebtedness (gross of debt issuance cost, debt discount, and debt premium) was approximately $11.4 billion, our stockholders’ equity was $7.2 billion and our cash, cash equivalents, and investments totaled $0.6 billion. In addition, as of December 31, 2018, we had approximately $1.9 billion of additional liquidity available to us from our $2.0 billion revolving credit facility. Some of our debt contains covenants which may limit our operating flexibility. In addition to our substantial debt, we lease a majority of our IBX data centers and certain equipment under non-cancellable lease agreements, some of which are accounted for as operating leases. As of December 31, 2018, our total minimum operating lease commitments under those lease agreements, excluding potential lease renewals, was approximately $2.0 billion, which represents off-balance sheet commitments. Our substantial amount of debt and related covenants, and our off-balance sheet commitments, could have important consequences. For example, they could: (cid:129) require us to dedicate a substantial portion of our cash flow from operations to make interest and principal payments on our debt and in respect of other off-balance sheet arrangements, reducing the availability of our cash flow to fund future capital expenditures, working capital, execution of our expansion strategy and other general corporate requirements; (cid:129) increase the likelihood of negative outlook from our credit rating agencies; (cid:129) make it more difficult for us to satisfy our obligations under our various debt instruments; (cid:129) (cid:129) (cid:129) (cid:129) increase our cost of borrowing and even limit our ability to access additional debt to fund future growth; increase our vulnerability to general adverse economic and industry conditions and adverse changes in governmental regulations; limit our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and industry, which may place us at a competitive disadvantage compared with our competitors; limit our operating flexibility through covenants with which we must comply, such as limiting our ability to repurchase shares of our common stock; 18 (cid:129) limit our ability to borrow additional funds, even when necessary to maintain adequate liquidity, which would also limit our ability to further expand our business; and (cid:129) make us more vulnerable to increases in interest rates because of the variable interest rates on some of our borrowings to the extent we have not entirely hedged such variable rate debt. The occurrence of any of the foregoing factors could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. We may also need to refinance a portion of our outstanding debt as it matures. There is a risk that we may not be able to refinance existing debt or that the terms of any refinancing may not be as favorable as the terms of our existing debt. Furthermore, if prevailing interest rates or other factors at the time of refinancing result in higher interest rates upon refinancing, then the interest expense relating to that refinanced indebtedness would increase. These risks could materially adversely affect our financial condition, cash flows and results of operations. Adverse global economic conditions and credit market uncertainty could adversely impact our business and financial condition. Adverse global economic conditions and uncertain conditions in the credit markets have created, and in the future may create, uncertainty and unpredictability and add risk to our future outlook. An uncertain global economy could also result in churn in our customer base, reductions in revenues from our offerings, longer sales cycles, slower adoption of new technologies and increased price competition, adversely affecting our liquidity. The uncertain economic environment could also have an impact on our foreign exchange forward contracts if our counterparties’ credit deteriorates or they are otherwise unable to perform their obligations. Finally, our ability to access the capital markets may be severely restricted at a time when we would like, or need, to do so which could have an impact on our flexibility to pursue additional expansion opportunities and maintain our desired level of revenue growth in the future. If we cannot effectively manage our international operations, and successfully implement our international expansion plans, or comply with evolving laws and regulations, our revenues may not increase, and our business and results of operations would be harmed. For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, we recognized approximately 55%, 55% and 57%, respectively, of our revenues outside the U.S. We currently operate outside of the U.S. in Canada, Brazil, Colombia, EMEA and Asia-Pacific. To date, the network neutrality of our IBX data centers and the variety of networks available to our customers has often been a competitive advantage for us. In certain of our acquired IBX data centers in the Asia-Pacific region, the limited number of carriers available reduces that advantage. As a result, we may need to adapt our key revenue-generating offerings and pricing to be competitive in those markets. In addition, we are currently undergoing expansions or evaluating expansion opportunities outside of the U.S. Undertaking and managing expansions in foreign jurisdictions may present unanticipated challenges to us. Our international operations are generally subject to a number of additional risks, including: (cid:129) (cid:129) (cid:129) (cid:129) the costs of customizing IBX data centers for foreign countries; protectionist laws and business practices favoring local competition; greater difficulty or delay in accounts receivable collection; difficulties in staffing and managing foreign operations, including negotiating with foreign labor unions or workers’ councils; 19 (cid:129) (cid:129) (cid:129) (cid:129) (cid:129) (cid:129) (cid:129) (cid:129) (cid:129) difficulties in managing across cultures and in foreign languages; political and economic instability; fluctuations in currency exchange rates; difficulties in repatriating funds from certain countries; our ability to obtain, transfer or maintain licenses required by governmental entities with respect to our business; unexpected changes in regulatory, tax and political environments such as the United Kingdom’s pending withdrawal from the European Union (‘‘Brexit’’); our ability to secure and maintain the necessary physical and telecommunications infrastructure; compliance with anti-bribery and corruption laws; compliance with economic and trade sanctions enforced by the Office of Foreign Assets Control of the U.S. Department of Treasury; and (cid:129) compliance with evolving governmental regulation with which we have little experience. Geo-political events, such as Brexit, may increase the likelihood of the listed risks to occur. With respect to Brexit, it is possible that the level of economic activity in the United Kingdom and the rest of Europe will be adversely impacted and that we will face increased regulatory and legal complexities in these regions which could have an adverse impact on our business and employees in EMEA and could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. In addition, compliance with international and U.S. laws and regulations that apply to our international operations increases our cost of doing business in foreign jurisdictions. These laws and regulations include the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and other data privacy requirements, labor relations laws, tax laws, anti-competition regulations, import and trade restrictions, export requirements, economic and trade sanctions, U.S. laws such as the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and local laws which also prohibit corrupt payments to governmental officials. Violations of these laws and regulations could result in fines, criminal sanctions against us, our officers or our employees, and prohibitions on the conduct of our business. Any such violations could include prohibitions on our ability to offer our offerings in one or more countries, could delay or prevent potential acquisitions, and could also materially damage our reputation, our brand, our international expansion efforts, our ability to attract and retain employees, our business and operating results. Our success depends, in part, on our ability to anticipate and address these risks and manage these difficulties. Economic and political uncertainty in developing markets could adversely affect our revenue and earnings. We conduct business and are contemplating expansion in developing markets with economies and governments that tend to be more volatile than those in the U.S. and Western Europe. The risk of doing business in developing markets such as Brazil, China, Colombia, India, Indonesia, Oman, Russia, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates and other economically volatile areas could adversely affect our operations and earnings. Such risks include the financial instability among customers in these regions, political instability, fraud or corruption and other non-economic factors such as irregular trade flows that need to be managed successfully with the help of the local governments. In addition, commercial laws in some developing countries can be vague, inconsistently administered and retroactively applied. If we are deemed to be not in compliance with applicable laws in developing countries where we conduct business, our prospects and business in those countries could be harmed, which could then 20 have a material adverse impact on our results of operations and financial position. Our failure to successfully manage economic, political and other risks relating to doing business in developing countries and economically and politically volatile areas could adversely affect our business. Terrorist activity throughout the world and military action to counter terrorism could adversely impact our business. The continued threat of terrorist activity and other acts of war or hostility contribute to a climate of political and economic uncertainty. Due to existing or developing circumstances, we may need to incur additional costs in the future to provide enhanced security, including cyber security, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. These circumstances may also adversely affect our ability to attract and retain customers, our ability to raise capital and the operation and maintenance of our IBX data centers. Sales or issuances of shares of our common stock may adversely affect the market price of our common stock. Future sales or issuances of common stock or other equity related securities may adversely affect the market price of our common stock, including any shares of our common stock issued to finance capital expenditures, finance acquisitions or repay debt. We have established an ‘‘at-the-market’’ stock offering program (the ‘‘ATM Program’’) through which we may, from time to time, issue and sell shares of our common stock to or through sales agents up to established limits. By the end of 2018, we completed sales having an aggregate gross proceeds of $750.0 million, thereby completing a previously authorized program, and subsequently received authorization for up to an additional $750.0 million. We may also seek authorization to sell additional shares of common stock under the ATM Program once we have reached the current $750.0 million limit which could lead to additional dilution for our stockholders. Please see Note 12 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for sales of our common stock under the ATM Program to date. The market price of our stock may continue to be highly volatile, and the value of an investment in our common stock may decline. The market price of the shares of our common stock has been and may continue to be highly volatile. General economic and market conditions, and market conditions for telecommunications and real estate investment trust stocks in general, may affect the market price of our common stock. Announcements by us or others, or speculations about our future plans, may also have a significant impact on the market price of our common stock. These may relate to: (cid:129) (cid:129) (cid:129) (cid:129) (cid:129) (cid:129) (cid:129) our operating results or forecasts; new issuances of equity, debt or convertible debt by us, including issuances through our ATM Program; increases in market interest rates and changes in other general market and economic conditions, including inflationary concerns; changes to our capital allocation, tax planning or business strategy; our qualification for taxation as a REIT and our declaration of distributions to our stockholders; changes in U.S. or foreign tax laws; changes in management or key personnel; 21 (cid:129) (cid:129) (cid:129) (cid:129) (cid:129) (cid:129) (cid:129) (cid:129) developments in our relationships with customers; announcements by our customers or competitors; changes in regulatory policy or interpretation; governmental investigations; changes in the ratings of our debt or stock by rating agencies or securities analysts; our purchase or development of real estate and/or additional IBX data centers; our acquisitions of complementary businesses; or the operational performance of our IBX data centers. The stock market has from time to time experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations, which have particularly affected the market prices for telecommunications companies, and which have often been unrelated to their operating performance. These broad market fluctuations may adversely affect the market price of our common stock. One of the factors that investors may consider in deciding whether to buy or sell our common stock is our distribution rate as a percentage of our stock price relative to market interest rates. If market interest rates increase, prospective investors may demand a higher distribution rate or seek alternative investments paying higher dividends or interest. As a result, interest rate fluctuations and conditions in the capital markets may affect the market value of our common stock. Furthermore, companies that have experienced volatility in the market price of their stock have been subject to securities class action litigation. We may be the target of this type of litigation in the future. Securities litigation against us could result in substantial costs and/or damages, and divert management’s attention from other business concerns, which could seriously harm our business. If we are not able to generate sufficient operating cash flows or obtain external financing, our ability to fund incremental expansion plans may be limited. Our capital expenditures, together with ongoing operating expenses, obligations to service our debt and the cash outlays associated with our REIT distribution requirements, are, and will continue to be, a substantial burden on our cash flow and may decrease our cash balances. Additional debt or equity financing may not be available when needed or, if available, may not be available on satisfactory terms. Our inability to obtain additional debt and/or equity financing or to generate sufficient cash from operations may require us to prioritize projects or curtail capital expenditures which could adversely affect our results of operations. Fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates in the markets in which we operate internationally could harm our results of operations. We may experience gains and losses resulting from fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. To date, the majority of revenues and costs in our international operations are denominated in foreign currencies. Where our prices are denominated in U.S. dollars, our sales and revenues could be adversely affected by declines in foreign currencies relative to the U.S. dollar, thereby making our offerings more expensive in local currencies. We are also exposed to risks resulting from fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates in connection with our international operations. To the extent we are paying contractors in foreign currencies, our operations could cost more than anticipated as a result of declines in the U.S. dollar relative to foreign currencies. In addition, fluctuating foreign currency exchange rates have a direct impact on how our international results of operations translate into U.S. dollars. 22 Although we currently undertake, and may decide in the future to further undertake, foreign exchange hedging transactions to reduce foreign currency transaction exposure, we do not currently intend to eliminate all foreign currency transaction exposure. In addition, REIT compliance rules may restrict our ability to enter into hedging transactions. Therefore, any weakness of the U.S. dollar may have a positive impact on our consolidated results of operations because the currencies in the foreign countries in which we operate may translate into more U.S. dollars. However, if the U.S. dollar strengthens relative to the currencies of the foreign countries in which we operate, our consolidated financial position and results of operations may be negatively impacted as amounts in foreign currencies will generally translate into fewer U.S. dollars. For additional information on foreign currency risks, refer to our discussion of foreign currency risk in ‘‘Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk’’ included in Item 7A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our derivative transactions expose us to counterparty credit risk. Our derivative transactions expose us to risk of financial loss if a counterparty fails to perform under a derivative contract. Disruptions in the financial markets could lead to sudden decreases in a counterparty’s liquidity, which could make them unable to perform under the terms of their derivative contract and we may not be able to realize the benefit of the derivative contract. Changes in U.S. or foreign tax laws, regulations, or interpretations thereof, including changes to tax rates, may adversely affect our financial statements and cash taxes. We are a U.S. company with global subsidiaries and are subject to income taxes in the U.S. (although currently limited due to our taxation as a REIT) and many foreign jurisdictions. Significant judgment is required in determining our worldwide provision for income taxes. The U.S. government has also recently changed tax laws in the U.S. and the governments of many of the countries in which we operate are actively discussing changes to foreign tax laws. Although we believe that we have adequately assessed and accounted for our potential tax liabilities, and that our tax estimates are reasonable, there can be no certainty that additional taxes will not be due upon audit of our tax returns or as a result of further changes to the tax laws and interpretations thereof. The nature and timing of any future changes to each jurisdiction’s tax laws and the impact on our future tax liabilities cannot be predicted with any accuracy but could materially and adversely impact our results of operations and financial position or cash flows. We may be vulnerable to security breaches which could disrupt our operations and have a material adverse effect on our financial performance and operating results. We face risks associated with unauthorized access to our computer systems, loss or destruction of data, computer viruses, malware, distributed denial-of-service attacks or other malicious activities. These threats may result from human error, equipment failure or fraud or malice on the part of employees or third parties. A party who is able to compromise the security measures on our networks or the security of our infrastructure could misappropriate either our proprietary information or the personal information of our customers or our employees, or cause interruptions or malfunctions in our operations or our customers’ operations. As we provide assurances to our customers that we provide a high level of security, such a compromise could be particularly harmful to our brand and reputation. We may be required to expend significant capital and resources to protect against such threats or to alleviate problems caused by breaches in security. As techniques used to breach security change frequently and are generally not recognized until launched against a target, we may not be able to promptly detect that a cyber breach has occurred, or implement security measures in a timely manner or, if and when implemented, we may not be able to determine the extent to which these measures could be circumvented. Any breaches that may occur could expose us to increased risk of lawsuits, regulatory penalties, loss of existing or potential customers, damage relating to loss of proprietary information, harm to our reputation and increases in our security costs, which could have a material 23 adverse effect on our financial performance and operating results. We maintain insurance coverage for cyber risks, but such coverage may be unavailable or insufficient to cover our losses. We offer professional services to our customers where we consult on data center solutions and assist with implementations. We also offer managed services in certain of our foreign jurisdictions outside of the U.S. where we manage the data center infrastructure for our customers. The access to our clients’ networks and data, which is gained from these services, creates some risk that our clients’ networks or data will be improperly accessed. We may also design our clients’ cloud storage systems in such a way that exposes our clients to increased risk of data breach. If Equinix were held to be responsible for any such a breach, it could result in a significant loss to Equinix, including damage to Equinix’s client relationships, harm to our brand and reputation, and legal liability. We are continuing to invest in our expansion efforts but may not have sufficient customer demand in the future to realize expected returns on these investments. We are considering the acquisition or lease of additional properties and the construction of new IBX data centers beyond those expansion projects already announced. We will be required to commit substantial operational and financial resources to these IBX data centers, generally 12 to 18 months in advance of securing customer contracts, and we may not have sufficient customer demand in those markets to support these centers once they are built. In addition, unanticipated technological changes could affect customer requirements for data centers, and we may not have built such requirements into our new IBX data centers. Either of these contingencies, if they were to occur, could make it difficult for us to realize expected or reasonable returns on these investments. Our offerings have a long sales cycle that may harm our revenue and operating results. A customer’s decision to purchase our offerings typically involves a significant commitment of resources. In addition, some customers will be reluctant to commit to locating in our IBX data centers until they are confident that the IBX data center has adequate carrier connections. As a result, we have a long sales cycle. Furthermore, we may devote significant time and resources to pursuing a particular sale or customer that does not result in revenues. We have also significantly expanded our sales force in recent years, and it will take time for these new hires to become fully productive. Delays due to the length of our sales cycle may materially and adversely affect our revenues and operating results, which could harm our ability to meet our forecasts and cause volatility in our stock price. Any failure of our physical infrastructure or offerings, or damage to customer infrastructure within our IBX data centers, could lead to significant costs and disruptions that could reduce our revenue and harm our business reputation and financial results. Our business depends on providing customers with highly reliable solutions. We must safehouse our customers’ infrastructure and equipment located in our IBX data centers and ensure our IBX data centers and non-IBX offices remain operational. We own certain of our IBX data centers, but others are leased by us, and we rely on the landlord for basic maintenance of our leased IBX data centers and office buildings. If such landlord has not maintained a leased property sufficiently, we may be forced into an early exit from the center which could be disruptive to our business. Furthermore, we continue to acquire IBX data centers not built by us. If we discover that these buildings and their infrastructure assets are not in the condition we expected when they were acquired, we may be required to incur substantial additional costs to repair or upgrade the centers. Our office buildings and IBX data centers are subject to failure resulting from, and infrastructure within such IBX data centers is at risk from, numerous factors, including: (cid:129) human error; 24 (cid:129) (cid:129) (cid:129) (cid:129) equipment failure; physical, electronic and cyber security breaches; fire, earthquake, hurricane, flood, tornado and other natural disasters; extreme temperatures; (cid:129) water damage; (cid:129) (cid:129) (cid:129) (cid:129) (cid:129) fiber cuts; power loss; terrorist acts; sabotage and vandalism; and failure of business partners who provide our resale products. Problems at one or more of our IBX data centers, whether or not within our control, could result in service interruptions or significant equipment damage. We have service level commitment obligations to certain customers. As a result, service interruptions or significant equipment damage in our IBX data centers could result in difficulty maintaining service level commitments to these customers and potential claims related to such failures. Because our IBX data centers are critical to many of our customers’ businesses, service interruptions or significant equipment damage in our IBX data centers could also result in lost profits or other indirect or consequential damages to our customers. We cannot guarantee that a court would enforce any contractual limitations on our liability in the event that one of our customers brings a lawsuit against us as a result of a problem at one of our IBX data centers and we may decide to reach settlements with affected customers irrespective of any such contractual limitations. Any such settlement may result in a reduction of revenue under U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (‘‘GAAP’’). In addition, any loss of service, equipment damage or inability to meet our service level commitment obligations could reduce the confidence of our customers and could consequently impair our ability to obtain and retain customers, which would adversely affect both our ability to generate revenues and our operating results. Furthermore, we are dependent upon internet service providers, telecommunications carriers and other website operators in the Americas, Asia-Pacific and EMEA regions and elsewhere, some of which have experienced significant system failures and electrical outages in the past. Our customers may in the future experience difficulties due to system failures unrelated to our systems and offerings. If, for any reason, these providers fail to provide the required services, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely impacted. We are currently making significant investments in our back office information technology systems and processes. Difficulties from or disruptions to these efforts may interrupt our normal operations and adversely affect our business and operating results. We have been investing heavily in our back office information technology systems and processes for a number of years and expect such investment to continue for the foreseeable future in support of our pursuit of global, scalable solutions across all geographies and functions that we operate in. These continuing investments include: 1) ongoing improvements to the customer experience from initial quote to customer billing and our revenue recognition process; 2) integration of recently-acquired operations onto our various information technology systems; and 3) implementation of new tools and technologies to either further streamline and automate processes, such as our fixed asset procure to disposal process, or to support our compliance with evolving U.S. GAAP, such as the new revenue accounting, 25 derivatives and hedging and leasing standards. As a result of our continued work on these projects, we may experience difficulties with our systems, management distraction and significant business disruptions. For example, difficulties with our systems may interrupt our ability to accept and deliver customer orders and may adversely impact our overall financial operations, including our accounts payable, accounts receivables, general ledger, fixed assets, revenue recognition, close processes, internal financial controls and our ability to otherwise run and track our business. We may need to expend significant attention, time and resources to correct problems or find alternative sources for performing these functions. All of these changes to our financial systems also create an increased risk of deficiencies in our internal controls over financial reporting until such systems are stabilized. Such significant investments in our back office systems may take longer to complete and cost more than originally planned. In addition, we may not realize the full benefits we hoped to achieve and there is a risk of an impairment charge if we decide that portions of these projects will not ultimately benefit the company or are de-scoped. Finally, the collective impact of these changes to our business has placed significant demands on impacted employees across multiple functions, increasing the risk of errors and control deficiencies in our financial statements, distraction from the effective operation of our business and difficulty in attracting and retaining employees. Any such difficulties or disruptions may adversely affect our business and operating results. Inadequate or inaccurate external and internal information, including budget and planning data, could lead to inaccurate financial forecasts and inappropriate financial decisions. Our financial forecasts are dependent on estimates and assumptions regarding budget and planning data, market growth, foreign exchange rates, our ability to remain qualified for taxation as a REIT, and our ability to generate sufficient cash flow to reinvest in the business, fund internal growth, make acquisitions, pay dividends and meet our debt obligations. Our financial projections are based on historical experience and on various other assumptions that our management believes to be reasonable under the circumstances and at the time they are made. However, if our external and internal information is inadequate, our actual results may differ materially from our forecasts and cause us to make inappropriate financial decisions. Any material variation between our financial forecasts and our actual results may also adversely affect our future profitability, stock price and stockholder confidence. The level of insurance coverage that we purchase may prove to be inadequate. We carry liability, property, business interruption and other insurance policies to cover insurable risks to our company. We select the types of insurance, the limits and the deductibles based on our specific risk profile, the cost of the insurance coverage versus its perceived benefit and general industry standards. Our insurance policies contain industry standard exclusions for events such as war and nuclear reaction. We purchase minimal levels of earthquake insurance for certain of our IBX data centers, but for most of our data centers, including many in California, we have elected to self-insure. The earthquake and flood insurance that we do purchase would be subject to high deductibles. Any of the limits of insurance that we purchase, including those for cyber risks, could prove to be inadequate, which could materially and adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations. Our construction of additional new IBX data centers or IBX data center expansions could involve significant risks to our business. In order to sustain our growth in certain of our existing and new markets, we may have to expand an existing data center, lease a new facility or acquire suitable land, with or without structures, to build new IBX data centers from the ground up. Expansions or new builds are currently underway, or being contemplated, in many of our markets. These construction projects expose us to many risks which could have an adverse effect on our operating results and financial condition. Some of the risks associated with these projects include: (cid:129) construction delays; 26 (cid:129) (cid:129) (cid:129) (cid:129) (cid:129) (cid:129) lack of availability and delays for data center equipment, including items such as generators and switchgear; unexpected budget changes; increased prices for building supplies, raw materials and data center equipment; labor availability, labor disputes and work stoppages with contractors, subcontractors and other third parties; unanticipated environmental issues and geological problems; and delays related to permitting from public agencies and utility companies. Additionally, all construction related projects require us to carefully select and rely on the experience of one or more designers, general contractors, and associated subcontractors during the design and construction process. Should a designer, general contractor or significant subcontractor experience financial problems or other problems during the design or construction process, we could experience significant delays, increased costs to complete the project and/or other negative impacts to our expected returns. Site selection is also a critical factor in our expansion plans. There may not be suitable properties available in our markets with the necessary combination of high power capacity and fiber connectivity, or selection may be limited. Thus, while we may prefer to locate new IBX data centers adjacent to our existing locations, it may not always be possible. In the event we decide to build new IBX data centers separate from our existing IBX data centers, we may provide interconnection solutions to connect these two centers. Should these solutions not provide the necessary reliability to sustain connection, this could result in lower interconnection revenue and lower margins and could have a negative impact on customer retention over time. Environmental regulations may impose upon us new or unexpected costs. We are subject to various federal, state, local and international environmental and health and safety laws and regulations, including those relating to the generation, storage, handling and disposal of hazardous substances and wastes. Certain of these laws and regulations also impose joint and several liability, without regard to fault, for investigation and cleanup costs on current and former owners and operators of real property and persons who have disposed of or released hazardous substances into the environment. Our operations involve the use of hazardous substances and materials such as petroleum fuel for emergency generators, as well as batteries, cleaning solutions and other materials. In addition, we lease, own or operate real property at which hazardous substances and regulated materials have been used in the past. At some of our locations, hazardous substances or regulated materials are known to be present in soil or groundwater, and there may be additional unknown hazardous substances or regulated materials present at sites we own, operate or lease. At some of our locations, there are land use restrictions in place relating to earlier environmental cleanups that do not materially limit our use of the sites. To the extent any hazardous substances or any other substance or material must be cleaned up or removed from our property, we may be responsible under applicable laws, regulations or leases for the removal or cleanup of such substances or materials, the cost of which could be substantial. Electricity is a material cost in connection with our business, and an increase in the cost of electricity could adversely affect us. The generators that provide electricity to our facilities are subject to environmental laws, regulations and permit requirements that are subject to material change, which could result in increases in generators’ compliance costs that may be passed through to us. Regulations recently promulgated by the U.S. EPA could limit air emissions from power plants, restrict discharges of cooling water, and otherwise impose new operational restraints on conventional power plants that 27 could increase costs of electricity. In addition, we are directly subject to environmental, health and safety laws regulating air emissions, storm water management and other issues arising in our business. For example, our emergency generators are subject to state and federal regulations governing air pollutants, which could limit the operation of those generators or require the installation of new pollution control technologies. While environmental regulations do not normally impose material costs upon our operations, unexpected events, equipment malfunctions, human error and changes in law or regulations, among other factors, can lead to violations of environmental laws, regulations or permits, and to additional unexpected operational limitations or costs. Regulation of greenhouse gas (‘‘GHG’’) emissions could increase the cost of electricity by reducing amounts of electricity generated from fossil fuels, by requiring the use of more expensive generating methods or by imposing taxes or fees upon electricity generation or use. The U.S. EPA finalized a regulation in October 2015, called the ‘‘Clean Power Plan,’’ that was intended to reduce GHG emissions from existing fossil fuel-fired power plants by 32 percent from 2005 levels by 2030. The Clean Power Plan was challenged in court and the rule has not been implemented because litigation is ongoing. In August 2018, the U.S. EPA issued a proposed rule that would replace the Clean Power Plan with the ‘‘Affordable Clean Energy’’ rule. Under the Affordable Clean Energy rule, coal-fired power plants will be required to make efficiency improvements to reduce their GHG emissions. The U.S. EPA expects to finalize the Affordable Clean Energy rule in 2019, but the rule will likely be challenged in court, which may delay its implementation. While we do not expect these regulatory developments to materially increase our costs of electricity, the costs remain difficult to predict or estimate. State regulations also have the potential to increase our costs of obtaining electricity. Certain states, like California, also have issued or may enact environmental regulations that could materially affect our facilities and electricity costs. California has limited GHG emissions from new and existing conventional power plants by imposing regulatory caps and by selling or auctioning the rights to emission allowances. Washington, Oregon and Massachusetts have issued regulations to implement similar carbon cap and trade programs, and other states are considering proposals to limit carbon emissions through cap and trade programs, carbon pricing programs and other mechanisms. Some states limit carbon emissions through the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (‘‘RGGI’’) cap and trade program. State programs have not had a material adverse effect on our electricity costs to date, but due to the market-driven nature of some of the programs, they could have a material adverse effect on electricity costs in the future. Such laws and regulations are also subject to change at any time. Aside from regulatory requirements, we have separately undertaken efforts to procure energy from renewable energy projects in order to support new renewables development. The costs of procuring such energy may exceed the costs of procuring electricity from existing sources, such as existing utilities or electric service provided through conventional grids. These efforts to support and enhance renewable electricity generation may increase our costs of electricity above those that would be incurred through procurement of conventional electricity from existing sources. If we are unable to recruit or retain key executives and qualified personnel, our business could be harmed. In connection with the evolving needs of our customers and our business, and under the direction of our new chief executive officer, we have undertaken a review of our organizational architecture. To the extent that we make changes to our organizational architecture as a result of that review, there can be no assurances that the changes won’t result in attrition, or that any changes will result in increased organizational effectiveness. We must also continue to identify, hire, train and retain key personnel who maintain relationships with our customers and who can provide the technical, strategic and marketing skills required for our company’s growth. There is a shortage of qualified personnel in these fields, and we compete with other companies for the limited pool of talent. 28 The failure to recruit and retain necessary key executives and personnel could cause disruption, harm our business and hamper our ability to grow our company. We may not be able to compete successfully against current and future competitors. The global multi-tenant data center market is highly fragmented. It is estimated that Equinix is one of more than 1,200 companies that provide these offerings around the world. Equinix competes with these firms which vary in terms of their data center offerings. We must continue to evolve our product strategy and be able to differentiate our IBX data centers and product offerings from those of our competitors. As our customers evolve their IT strategies, we must remain flexible and evolve along with new technologies and industry and market shifts. Ineffective planning and execution in our cloud and product development strategies may cause difficulty in sustaining competitive advantage in our products and services. We are also in discussions with a targeted set of hyperscale customers to develop capacity to serve their larger footprint needs by leveraging existing capacity and dedicated hyperscale builds. We have announced our intention to seek a joint venture partner for certain of our hyperscale builds. There can be no assurances that we find such partner or that we are able to successfully meet the needs of these customers. Some of our competitors may adopt aggressive pricing policies, especially if they are not highly leveraged or have lower return thresholds than we do. As a result, we may suffer from pricing pressure that would adversely affect our ability to generate revenues. Some of these competitors may also provide our target customers with additional benefits, including bundled communication services or cloud services, and may do so in a manner that is more attractive to our potential customers than obtaining space in our IBX data centers. Similarly, with growing acceptance of cloud-based technologies, we are at risk of losing customers that may decide to fully leverage cloud infrastructure offerings instead of managing their own. Competitors could also operate more successfully or form alliances to acquire significant market share. Failure to compete successfully may materially adversely affect our financial condition, cash flows and results of operations. Our business could be harmed by prolonged power outages or shortages, increased costs of energy or general lack of availability of electrical resources. Our IBX data centers are susceptible to regional costs of power, power shortages, planned or unplanned power outages and limitations, especially internationally, on the availability of adequate power resources. Power outages, including, but not limited to those relating to large storms, earthquakes, fires and tsunamis, could harm our customers and our business. We attempt to limit our exposure to system downtime by using backup generators and power supplies; however, we may not be able to limit our exposure entirely even with these protections in place. Some of our IBX data centers are located in leased buildings where, depending upon the lease requirements and number of tenants involved, we may or may not control some or all of the infrastructure including generators and fuel tanks. As a result, in the event of a power outage, we may be dependent upon the landlord, as well as the utility company, to restore the power. In addition, global fluctuations in the price of power can increase the cost of energy, and although contractual price increase clauses exist in the majority of our customer agreements, we may not always choose to pass these increased costs on to our customers. 29 In each of our markets, we rely on third parties to provide a sufficient amount of power for current and future customers. At the same time, power and cooling requirements are growing on a per unit basis. As a result, some customers are consuming an increasing amount of power per cabinet. We generally do not control the amount of power our customers draw from their installed circuits. This means that we could face power limitations in our IBX data centers. This could have a negative impact on the effective available capacity of a given center and limit our ability to grow our business, which could have a negative impact on our financial performance, operating results and cash flows. We may also have difficulty obtaining sufficient power capacity for potential expansion sites in new or existing markets. We may experience significant delays and substantial increased costs demanded by the utilities to provide the level of electrical service required by our current IBX data center designs. On January 29, 2019, Pacific Gas and Electric Company (‘‘PG&E’’), the public utility that serves the area in which some of our facilities are located, filed for bankruptcy protection in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Northern District of California, San Francisco (‘‘Bankruptcy Court’’). PG&E announced that it filed for bankruptcy to facilitate the resolution of liabilities in connection with the 2017 and 2018 Northern California wildfires. It is possible that, during its bankruptcy, PG&E may seek permission from the Bankruptcy Court to reject, i.e., breach, certain burdensome executory contracts, including high-priced power purchase agreements and other agreements under which PG&E procures electricity for distribution to customers like us. It is not certain that PG&E will be able to obtain such relief. Just before the bankruptcy filing, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (‘‘FERC’’) ruled that its approval is required before PG&E may reject any FERC-jurisdictional wholesale power agreements. If PG&E seeks and is allowed to reject power agreements, it is difficult to predict the consequences of any such action for us but they could potentially include procuring electricity from more expensive sources, reducing the availability and reliability of electricity supplied to our facilities and relying on a larger percentage of electricity generated by fossil fuels, any of which could reduce supplies of electricity available to our operations or increase our costs of electricity. The use of high power density equipment may limit our ability to fully utilize our older IBX data centers. Some customers have increased their use of high power density equipment, such as blade servers, in our IBX data centers which has increased the demand for power on a per cabinet basis. Because many of our IBX data centers were built a number of years ago, the current demand for power may exceed the designed electrical capacity in these centers. As power, not space, is a limiting factor in many of our IBX data centers, our ability to fully utilize those IBX data centers may be impacted. The ability to increase the power capacity of an IBX data center, should we decide to, is dependent on several factors including, but not limited to, the local utility’s ability to provide additional power; the length of time required to provide such power; and/or whether it is feasible to upgrade the electrical infrastructure of an IBX data center to deliver additional power to customers. Although we are currently designing and building to a higher power specification than that of many of our older IBX data centers, there is a risk that demand will continue to increase and our IBX data centers could become underutilized sooner than expected. If our internal controls are found to be ineffective, our financial results or our stock price may be adversely affected. Our most recent evaluation of our controls resulted in our conclusion that, as of December 31, 2018, in compliance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, our internal controls over financial reporting were effective. Our ability to manage our operations and growth, through, for example, the integration of Metronode, Infomart Dallas, Itconic, and Zenium, the adoption of new accounting principles and tax laws, and our overhaul of our back office systems that, for example, support the customer experience from initial quote to customer billing and our revenue recognition 30 process, will require us to further develop our controls and reporting systems and implement or amend new or existing controls and reporting systems in those areas where the implementation and integration is still ongoing. All of these changes to our financial systems and the implementation and integration of acquisitions create an increased risk of deficiencies in our internal controls over financial reporting. If, in the future, our internal control over financial reporting is found to be ineffective, or if a material weakness is identified in our controls over financial reporting, our financial results may be adversely affected. Investors may also lose confidence in the reliability of our financial statements which could adversely affect our stock price. Our operating results may fluctuate. We have experienced fluctuations in our results of operations on a quarterly and annual basis. The fluctuations in our operating results may cause the market price of our common stock to be volatile. We may experience significant fluctuations in our operating results in the foreseeable future due to a variety of factors, including, but not limited to: (cid:129) (cid:129) (cid:129) (cid:129) (cid:129) (cid:129) (cid:129) (cid:129) (cid:129) (cid:129) (cid:129) (cid:129) (cid:129) (cid:129) (cid:129) fluctuations of foreign currencies in the markets in which we operate; the timing and magnitude of depreciation and interest expense or other expenses related to the acquisition, purchase or construction of additional IBX data centers or the upgrade of existing IBX data centers; demand for space, power and solutions at our IBX data centers; changes in general economic conditions, such as an economic downturn, or specific market conditions in the telecommunications and internet industries, both of which may have an impact on our customer base; charges to earnings resulting from past acquisitions due to, among other things, impairment of goodwill or intangible assets, reduction in the useful lives of intangible assets acquired, identification of additional assumed contingent liabilities or revised estimates to restructure an acquired company’s operations; the duration of the sales cycle for our offerings and our ability to ramp our newly-hired sales persons to full productivity within the time period we have forecasted; restructuring charges or reversals of restructuring charges, which may be necessary due to revised sublease assumptions, changes in strategy or otherwise; acquisitions or dispositions we may make; the financial condition and credit risk of our customers; the provision of customer discounts and credits; the mix of current and proposed products and offerings and the gross margins associated with our products and offerings; the timing required for new and future IBX data centers to open or become fully utilized; competition in the markets in which we operate; conditions related to international operations; increasing repair and maintenance expenses in connection with aging IBX data centers; 31 (cid:129) (cid:129) (cid:129) (cid:129) (cid:129) (cid:129) (cid:129) (cid:129) (cid:129) (cid:129) lack of available capacity in our existing IBX data centers to generate new revenue or delays in opening new or acquired IBX data centers that delay our ability to generate new revenue in markets which have otherwise reached capacity; changes in rent expense as we amend our IBX data center leases in connection with extending their lease terms when their initial lease term expiration dates approach or changes in shared operating costs in connection with our leases, which are commonly referred to as common area maintenance expenses; the timing and magnitude of other operating expenses, including taxes, expenses related to the expansion of sales, marketing, operations and acquisitions, if any, of complementary businesses and assets; the cost and availability of adequate public utilities, including power; changes in employee stock-based compensation; overall inflation; increasing interest expense due to any increases in interest rates and/or potential additional debt financings; changes in our tax planning strategies or failure to realize anticipated benefits from such strategies; changes in income tax benefit or expense; and changes in or new GAAP as periodically released by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (‘‘FASB’’). Any of the foregoing factors, or other factors discussed elsewhere in this report, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Although we have experienced growth in revenues in recent quarters, this growth rate is not necessarily indicative of future operating results. Prior to 2008, we had generated net losses every fiscal year since inception. It is possible that we may not be able to generate net income on a quarterly or annual basis in the future. In addition, a relatively large portion of our expenses are fixed in the short-term, particularly with respect to lease and personnel expenses, depreciation and amortization and interest expenses. Therefore, our results of operations are particularly sensitive to fluctuations in revenues. As such, comparisons to prior reporting periods should not be relied upon as indications of our future performance. In addition, our operating results in one or more future quarters may fail to meet the expectations of securities analysts or investors. Our days sales outstanding (‘‘DSO’’) may be negatively impacted by process and system upgrades and acquisitions. Our DSO may be negatively impacted by ongoing process and system upgrades which can impact our customers’ experience in the short term, together with integrating recent acquisitions into our processes and systems, which may have a negative impact on our operating cash flows, liquidity and financial performance. Our reported financial results may be adversely affected by changes in U.S. GAAP. We prepare our consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP. A change in these principles can have a significant effect on our reported financial position and financial results. In addition, the adoption of new or revised accounting principles may require us to make changes to our systems, processes and controls, which could require us to make costly changes to our operational 32 processes and accounting systems upon or following the adoption of these standards. For example, we adopted the new lease accounting standard on January 1, 2019, which requires lessees to recognize right-of-use assets and right-of-use liabilities related to operating leases. As a result, we will record significant operating lease obligations on our balance sheet and make other changes in our financial statements, which will have a material effect on our financial statements. We are also implementing a new lease accounting tool, which may impact our accounting and reporting process. This, and other future changes to accounting rules, could have a material adverse effect on the reporting of our business, financial condition and results of operations. For additional information regarding the accounting standard updates, see ‘‘Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted’’ and ‘‘Accounting Standards Adopted’’ sections of Note 1 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We may incur goodwill and other intangible asset impairment charges, or impairment charges to our property, plant and equipment, which could result in a significant reduction to our earnings. In accordance with U.S. GAAP, we are required to assess our goodwill and other intangible assets annually, or more frequently whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate potential impairment, such as changing market conditions or any changes in key assumptions. If the testing performed indicates that an asset may not be recoverable, we are required to record a non-cash impairment charge for the difference between the carrying value of the goodwill or other intangible assets and the implied fair value of the goodwill or other intangible assets in the period the determination is made. We also periodically monitor the remaining net book values of our property, plant and equipment, including at the individual IBX data center level. Although each individual IBX data center is currently performing in accordance with our expectations, the possibility that one or more IBX data centers could begin to under-perform relative to our expectations is possible and may also result in non-cash impairment charges. These charges could be significant, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations or financial condition. We have incurred substantial losses in the past and may incur additional losses in the future. As of December 31, 2018, our retained earnings were $889.9 million. Although we have generated net income for each fiscal year since 2008, except for the year ended December 31, 2014, we are currently investing heavily in our future growth through the build out of multiple additional IBX data centers, expansions of IBX data centers and acquisitions of complementary businesses. As a result, we will incur higher depreciation and other operating expenses, as well as acquisition costs and interest expense, that may negatively impact our ability to sustain profitability in future periods unless and until these new IBX data centers generate enough revenue to exceed their operating costs and cover the additional overhead needed to scale our business for this anticipated growth. The current global financial uncertainty may also impact our ability to sustain profitability if we cannot generate sufficient revenue to offset the increased costs of our recently-opened IBX data centers or IBX data centers currently under construction. In addition, costs associated with the acquisition and integration of any acquired companies, as well as the additional interest expense associated with debt financing we have undertaken to fund our growth initiatives, may also negatively impact our ability to sustain profitability. Finally, given the competitive and evolving nature of the industry in which we operate, we may not be able to sustain or increase profitability on a quarterly or annual basis. 33 The failure to obtain favorable terms when we renew our IBX data center leases, or the failure to renew such leases, could harm our business and results of operations. While we own certain of our IBX data centers, others are leased under long-term arrangements with lease terms expiring at various dates through 2065. These leased centers have all been subject to significant development by us in order to convert them from, in most cases, vacant buildings or warehouses into IBX data centers. Most of our IBX data center leases have renewal options available to us. However, many of these renewal options provide for the rent to be set at then-prevailing market rates. To the extent that then-prevailing market rates or negotiated rates are higher than present rates, these higher costs may adversely impact our business and results of operations, or we may decide against renewing the lease. In the event that an IBX data center lease does not have a renewal option, or we fail to exercise a renewal option in a timely fashion and lose our right to renew the lease, we may not be successful in negotiating a renewal of the lease with the landlord. A failure to renew a lease could force us to exit a building prematurely, which could disrupt our business, harm our customer relationships, expose us to liability under our customer contracts, cause us to take impairment charges and affect our operating results negatively. We depend on a number of third parties to provide internet connectivity to our IBX data centers; if connectivity is interrupted or terminated, our operating results and cash flow could be materially and adversely affected. The presence of diverse telecommunications carriers’ fiber networks in our IBX data centers is critical to our ability to retain and attract new customers. We are not a telecommunications carrier, and as such, we rely on third parties to provide our customers with carrier services. We believe that the availability of carrier capacity will directly affect our ability to achieve our projected results. We rely primarily on revenue opportunities from the telecommunications carriers’ customers to encourage them to invest the capital and operating resources required to connect from their centers to our IBX data centers. Carriers will likely evaluate the revenue opportunity of an IBX data center based on the assumption that the environment will be highly competitive. We cannot provide assurance that each and every carrier will elect to offer its services within our IBX data centers or that once a carrier has decided to provide internet connectivity to our IBX data centers that it will continue to do so for any period of time. Our new IBX data centers require construction and operation of a sophisticated redundant fiber network. The construction required to connect multiple carrier facilities to our IBX data centers is complex and involves factors outside of our control, including regulatory processes and the availability of construction resources. Any hardware or fiber failures on this network may result in significant loss of connectivity to our new IBX data center expansions. This could affect our ability to attract new customers to these IBX data centers or retain existing customers. If the establishment of highly diverse internet connectivity to our IBX data centers does not occur, is materially delayed or is discontinued, or is subject to failure, our operating results and cash flow will be adversely affected. We have government customers, which subjects us to risks including early termination, audits, investigations, sanctions and penalties. We derive revenues from contracts with the U.S. government, state and local governments and foreign governments. Some of these customers may terminate all or part of their contracts at any time, without cause. There is increased pressure for governments and their agencies, both domestically and internationally, to reduce spending. Some of our federal government contracts are subject to the approval of appropriations being made by the U.S. Congress to fund the expenditures under these contracts. Similarly, some of our contracts at the state and local levels are subject to government funding authorizations. 34 Additionally, government contracts often have unique terms and conditions, such as most favored customer obligations, and are generally subject to audits and investigations which could result in various civil and criminal penalties and administrative sanctions, including termination of contracts, refund of a portion of fees received, forfeiture of profits, suspension of payments, fines and suspensions or debarment from future government business. Because we depend on the development and growth of a balanced customer base, including key magnet customers, failure to attract, grow and retain this base of customers could harm our business and operating results. Our ability to maximize revenues depends on our ability to develop and grow a balanced customer base, consisting of a variety of companies, including enterprises, cloud, digital content and financial companies, and network service providers. We consider certain of these customers to be key magnets in that they draw in other customers. The more balanced the customer base within each IBX data center, the better we will be able to generate significant interconnection revenues, which in turn increases our overall revenues. Our ability to attract customers to our IBX data centers will depend on a variety of factors, including the presence of multiple carriers, the mix of our offerings, the overall mix of customers, the presence of key customers attracting business through vertical market ecosystems, the IBX data center’s operating reliability and security and our ability to effectively market our offerings. However, some of our customers may face competitive pressures and may ultimately not be successful or may be consolidated through merger or acquisition. If these customers do not continue to use our IBX data centers it may be disruptive to our business. Finally, the uncertain global economic climate may harm our ability to attract and retain customers if customers slow spending, or delay decision- making on our offerings, or if customers begin to have difficulty paying us and we experience increased churn in our customer base. Any of these factors may hinder the development, growth and retention of a balanced customer base and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. We may be subject to securities class action and other litigation, which may harm our business and results of operations. We may be subject to securities class action or other litigation. For example, securities class action litigation has often been brought against a company following periods of volatility in the market price of its securities. Litigation can be lengthy, expensive, and divert management’s attention and resources. Results cannot be predicted with certainty and an adverse outcome in litigation could result in monetary damages or injunctive relief. Further, any payments made in settlement may directly reduce our revenue under U.S. GAAP and could negatively impact our operating results for the period. For all of these reasons, litigation could seriously harm our business, results of operations, financial condition or cash flows. We may not be able to protect our intellectual property rights. We cannot make assurances that the steps taken by us to protect our intellectual property rights will be adequate to deter misappropriation of proprietary information or that we will be able to detect unauthorized use and take appropriate steps to enforce our intellectual property rights. We also are subject to the risk of litigation alleging infringement of third-party intellectual property rights. Any such claims could require us to spend significant sums in litigation, pay damages, develop non-infringing intellectual property or acquire licenses to the intellectual property that is the subject of the alleged infringement. Government regulation may adversely affect our business. Various laws and governmental regulations, both in the U.S. and abroad, governing internet-related services, related communications services and information technologies remain largely unsettled, even 35 in areas where there has been some legislative action. For example, the Federal Communications Commission (‘‘FCC’’) recently overturned network neutrality rules, which may result in material changes in the regulations and contribution regime affecting us and our customers. Furthermore, the U.S. Congress and state legislatures are reviewing and considering changes to the new FCC rules making the future of network neutrality and its impact on Equinix uncertain. There may also be forthcoming regulation in the U.S. in the areas of cybersecurity, data privacy and data security, any of which could impact Equinix and our customers. Similarly, data privacy regulations outside of the U.S. continue to evolve and must be addressed by Equinix as a global company. We remain focused on whether and how existing and changing laws, such as those governing intellectual property, privacy, libel, telecommunications services, data flows/data localization, carbon emissions impact, and taxation apply to the internet and to related offerings such as ours; and substantial resources may be required to comply with regulations or bring any non-compliant business practices into compliance with such regulations. In addition, the continuing development of the market for online commerce and the displacement of traditional telephony service by the internet and related communications services may prompt an increased call for more stringent consumer protection laws or other regulation both in the U.S. and abroad that may impose additional burdens on companies conducting business online and their service providers. The adoption, or modification of laws or regulations relating to the internet and our business, or interpretations of existing laws, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Industry consolidation may have a negative impact on our business model. If customers combine businesses, they may require less colocation space, which could lead to churn in our customer base. Regional competitors may also consolidate to become a global competitor. Consolidation of our customers and/or our competitors may present a risk to our business model and have a negative impact on our revenues. We have various mechanisms in place that may discourage takeover attempts. Certain provisions of our certificate of incorporation and bylaws may discourage, delay or prevent a third party from acquiring control of us in a merger, acquisition or similar transaction that a stockholder may consider favorable. Such provisions include: (cid:129) (cid:129) (cid:129) (cid:129) (cid:129) (cid:129) ownership limitations and transfer restrictions relating to our stock that are intended to facilitate our compliance with certain REIT rules relating to share ownership; authorization for the issuance of ‘‘blank check’’ preferred stock; the prohibition of cumulative voting in the election of directors; limits on the persons who may call special meetings of stockholders; limits on stockholder action by written consent; and advance notice requirements for nominations to the Board of Directors or for proposing matters that can be acted on by stockholders at stockholder meetings. In addition, Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which restricts certain business combinations with interested stockholders in certain situations, may also discourage, delay or prevent someone from acquiring or merging with us. 36 Risks Related to Our Taxation as a REIT We may not remain qualified for taxation as a REIT. We have elected to be taxed as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes beginning with our 2015 taxable year. We believe that our organization and method of operation comply with the rules and regulations promulgated under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the ‘‘Code’’), such that we will continue to qualify for taxation as a REIT. However, we cannot assure you that we have qualified for taxation as a REIT or that we will remain so qualified. Qualification for taxation as a REIT involves the application of highly technical and complex provisions of the Code to our operations as well as various factual determinations concerning matters and circumstances not entirely within our control. There are limited judicial or administrative interpretations of applicable REIT provisions of the Code. If, in any taxable year, we fail to remain qualified for taxation as a REIT and are not entitled to relief under the Code: (cid:129) we will not be allowed a deduction for distributions to stockholders in computing our taxable income; (cid:129) we will be subject to federal and state income tax on our taxable income at regular corporate income tax rates; and (cid:129) we would not be eligible to elect REIT status again until the fifth taxable year that begins after the first year for which we failed to qualify for taxation as a REIT. Any such corporate tax liability could be substantial and would reduce the amount of cash available for other purposes. If we fail to remain qualified for taxation as a REIT, we may need to borrow additional funds or liquidate some investments to pay any additional tax liability. Accordingly, funds available for investment and distributions to stockholders could be reduced. As a REIT, failure to make required distributions would subject us to federal corporate income tax. We paid quarterly distributions in 2018 and have declared a quarterly distribution to be paid on March 20, 2019. The amount, timing and form of any future distributions will be determined, and will be subject to adjustment, by our Board of Directors. To remain qualified for taxation as a REIT, we are generally required to distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (determined without regard to the dividends paid deduction and excluding net capital gain) each year, or in limited circumstances, the following year, to our stockholders. Generally, we expect to distribute all or substantially all of our REIT taxable income. If our cash available for distribution falls short of our estimates, we may be unable to maintain distributions that approximate our REIT taxable income and may fail to remain qualified for taxation as a REIT. In addition, our cash flows from operations may be insufficient to fund required distributions as a result of differences in timing between the actual receipt of income and the payment of expenses and the recognition of income and expenses for federal income tax purposes, or the effect of nondeductible expenditures, such as capital expenditures, payments of compensation for which Section 162(m) of the Code denies a deduction, interest expense deductions limited by Section 163(j) of the Code, the creation of reserves or required debt service or amortization payments. To the extent that we satisfy the 90% distribution requirement but distribute less than 100% of our REIT taxable income, we will be subject to federal corporate income tax on our undistributed taxable income. In addition, we will be subject to a 4% nondeductible excise tax on our undistributed taxable income if the actual amount that we distribute to our stockholders for a calendar year is less than the minimum amount specified under the Code. 37 We may be required to borrow funds, sell assets or raise equity to satisfy our REIT distribution requirements. Due to the size and timing of future distributions, including any distributions made to satisfy REIT distribution requirements, we may need to borrow funds, sell assets or raise equity, even if the then-prevailing market conditions are not favorable for these borrowings, sales or offerings. Any insufficiency of our cash flows to cover our REIT distribution requirements could adversely impact our ability to raise short- and long-term debt, to sell assets, or to offer equity securities in order to fund distributions required to maintain our qualification and taxation as a REIT. Furthermore, the REIT distribution requirements may increase the financing we need to fund capital expenditures, future growth and expansion initiatives. This would increase our indebtedness. A significant increase in our outstanding debt could lead to a downgrade of our credit rating. A downgrade of our credit rating could negatively impact our ability to access credit markets. Further, certain of our current debt instruments limit the amount of indebtedness we and our subsidiaries may incur. Significantly more financing, therefore, may be unavailable, more expensive or restricted by the terms of our outstanding indebtedness. For a discussion of risks related to our substantial level of indebtedness, see other risks described elsewhere in this Form 10-K. Whether we issue equity, at what price and the amount and other terms of any such issuances will depend on many factors, including alternative sources of capital, our then-existing leverage, our need for additional capital, market conditions and other factors beyond our control. If we raise additional funds through the issuance of equity securities or debt convertible into equity securities, the percentage of stock ownership by our existing stockholders may be reduced. In addition, new equity securities or convertible debt securities could have rights, preferences and privileges senior to those of our current stockholders, which could substantially decrease the value of our securities owned by them. Depending on the share price we are able to obtain, we may have to sell a significant number of shares in order to raise the capital we deem necessary to execute our long-term strategy, and our stockholders may experience dilution in the value of their shares as a result. Complying with REIT requirements may limit our flexibility or cause us to forgo otherwise attractive opportunities. To remain qualified for taxation as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes, we must satisfy tests concerning, among other things, the sources of our income, the nature and diversification of our assets and the amounts we distribute to our stockholders. For example, under the Code, no more than 20% of the value of the assets of a REIT may be represented by securities of one or more TRSs. Similar rules apply to other nonqualifying assets. These limitations may affect our ability to make large investments in other non-REIT qualifying operations or assets. In addition, in order to maintain our qualification for taxation as a REIT, we must distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income, determined without regard to the dividends paid deduction and excluding any net capital gains. Even if we maintain our qualification for taxation as a REIT, we will be subject to U.S. federal income tax at regular corporate income tax rates for our undistributed REIT taxable income, as well as U.S. federal income tax at regular corporate income tax rates for income recognized by our TRSs; we also pay taxes in the foreign jurisdictions in which our international assets and operations are held and conducted regardless of our REIT status. Because of these distribution requirements, we will likely not be able to fund future capital needs and investments from operating cash flow. As such, compliance with REIT tests may hinder our ability to make certain attractive investments, including the purchase of significant nonqualifying assets and the material expansion of non-real estate activities. 38 Our ability to fully deduct our interest expense may be limited, or we may be required to adjust the tax depreciation of our real property in order to maintain the full deductibility of our interest expense. The Code limits interest deductions for businesses, whether in corporate or passthrough form, to the sum of the taxpayer’s business interest income for the tax year and 30% of the taxpayer’s adjusted taxable income for that tax year. This limitation does not apply to an ‘‘electing real property trade or business’’. Although REITs are permitted to make such an election, we do not currently intend to do so. If we so elect in the future, depreciable real property that we hold (including specified improvements) would be required to be depreciated for U.S. federal income tax purposes under the alternative depreciation system of the Code, which generally imposes a class life for depreciable real property as long as forty years. As a REIT, we are limited in our ability to fund distribution payments using cash generated through our TRSs. Our ability to receive distributions from our TRSs is limited by the rules with which we must comply to maintain our qualification for taxation as a REIT. In particular, at least 75% of our gross income for each taxable year as a REIT must be derived from real estate. Consequently, no more than 25% of our gross income may consist of dividend income from our TRSs and other nonqualifying types of income. Thus, our ability to receive distributions from our TRSs may be limited and may impact our ability to fund distributions to our stockholders using cash flows from our TRSs. Specifically, if our TRSs become highly profitable, we might become limited in our ability to receive net income from our TRSs in an amount required to fund distributions to our stockholders commensurate with that profitability. In addition, a significant amount of our income and cash flows from our TRSs is generated from our international operations. In many cases, there are local withholding taxes and currency controls that may impact our ability or willingness to repatriate funds to the United States to help satisfy REIT distribution requirements. Our extensive use of TRSs, including for certain of our international operations, may cause us to fail to remain qualified for taxation as a REIT. Our operations include an extensive use of TRSs. The net income of our TRSs is not required to be distributed to us, and income that is not distributed to us generally is not subject to the REIT income distribution requirement. However, there may be limitations on our ability to accumulate earnings in our TRSs and the accumulation or reinvestment of significant earnings in our TRSs could result in adverse tax treatment. In particular, if the accumulation of cash in our TRSs causes (1) the fair market value of our securities in our TRSs to exceed 20% of the fair market value of our assets or (2) the fair market value of our securities in our TRSs and other nonqualifying assets to exceed 25% of the fair market value of our assets, then we will fail to remain qualified for taxation as a REIT. Further, a substantial portion of our TRSs are overseas, and a material change in foreign currency rates could also negatively impact our ability to remain qualified for taxation as a REIT. The Code imposes limitations on the ability of our TRSs to utilize specified income tax deductions, including limits on the use of net operating losses and limits on the deductibility of interest expense. Our cash distributions are not guaranteed and may fluctuate. A REIT generally is required to distribute at least 90% of its REIT taxable income to its stockholders. Our Board of Directors, in its sole discretion, will determine on a quarterly basis the amount of cash to be distributed to our stockholders based on a number of factors including, but not limited to, our results of operations, cash flow and capital requirements, economic conditions, tax considerations, 39 borrowing capacity and other factors, including debt covenant restrictions that may impose limitations on cash payments, future acquisitions and divestitures and any stock repurchase program. Consequently, our distribution levels may fluctuate. Even if we remain qualified for taxation as a REIT, some of our business activities are subject to corporate level income tax and foreign taxes, which will continue to reduce our cash flows, and we will have potential deferred and contingent tax liabilities. Even if we remain qualified for taxation as a REIT, we may be subject to some federal, state, local and foreign taxes on our income and assets, taxes on any undistributed income, and state, local or foreign income, franchise, property and transfer taxes. In addition, we could in certain circumstances be required to pay an excise or penalty tax, which could be significant in amount, in order to utilize one or more relief provisions under the Code to maintain our qualification for taxation as a REIT. A portion of our business is conducted through wholly-owned TRSs because certain of our business activities could generate nonqualifying REIT income as currently structured and operated. The income of our U.S. TRSs will continue to be subject to federal and state corporate income taxes. In addition, our international assets and operations will continue to be subject to taxation in the foreign jurisdictions where those assets are held or those operations are conducted. Any of these taxes would decrease our earnings and our available cash. We will also be subject to a federal corporate level income tax at the highest regular corporate income tax rate (currently 21%) on gain recognized from a sale of a REIT asset where our basis in the asset is determined by reference to the basis of the asset in the hands of a C corporation (such as (i) an asset that we held as of the effective date of our REIT election, that is, January 1, 2015, or (ii) an asset that we or our qualified REIT subsidiaries (‘‘QRSs’’) hold following the liquidation or other conversion of a former TRS). This 21% tax is generally applicable to any disposition of such an asset during the five-year period after the date we first owned the asset as a REIT asset (e.g., January 1, 2015 in the case of REIT assets we held at the time of our REIT conversion), to the extent of the built-in-gain based on the fair market value of such asset on the date we first held the asset as a REIT asset. Complying with REIT requirements may limit our ability to hedge effectively and increase the cost of our hedging and may cause us to incur tax liabilities. The REIT provisions of the Code limit our ability to hedge assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses. Generally, income from hedging transactions that we enter into to manage risk of interest rate changes or fluctuations with respect to borrowings made or to be made by us to acquire or carry real estate assets and income from certain currency hedging transactions related to our non-U.S. operations, as well as income from qualifying counteracting hedges, do not constitute ‘‘gross income’’ for purposes of the REIT gross income tests. To the extent that we enter into other types of hedging transactions, the income from those transactions is likely to be treated as nonqualifying income for purposes of the REIT gross income tests. As a result of these rules, we may need to limit our use of advantageous hedging techniques or implement those hedges through our TRSs, which we presently do. This increases the cost of our hedging activities because our TRSs are subject to tax on income or gains resulting from hedges entered into by them and may expose us to greater risks associated with changes in interest rates or exchange rates than we would otherwise want to bear. In addition, hedging losses in any of our TRSs may not provide any tax benefit, except for being carried forward for possible use against future income or gain in the TRSs. Distributions payable by REITs generally do not qualify for preferential tax rates. Dividends payable by U.S. corporations to noncorporate stockholders, such as individuals, trusts and estates, are generally eligible for reduced U.S. federal income tax rates applicable to ‘‘qualified 40 dividends.’’ Distributions paid by REITs generally are not treated as ‘‘qualified dividends’’ under the Code, and the reduced rates applicable to such dividends do not generally apply. However, for tax years beginning after 2017 and before 2026, REIT dividends paid to noncorporate stockholders are generally taxed at an effective tax rate lower than applicable ordinary income tax rates due to the availability of a deduction under the Code for specified forms of income from passthrough entities. More favorable rates will nevertheless continue to apply to regular corporate ‘‘qualified’’ dividends, which may cause some investors to perceive that an investment in a REIT is less attractive than an investment in a non-REIT entity that pays dividends, thereby reducing the demand and market price of our common stock. Our certificate of incorporation contains restrictions on the ownership and transfer of our stock, though they may not be successful in preserving our qualification for taxation as a REIT. In order for us to remain qualified for taxation as a REIT, no more than 50% of the value of outstanding shares of our stock may be owned, beneficially or constructively, by five or fewer individuals at any time during the last half of each taxable year other than the first year for which we elected to be taxed as a REIT. In addition, rents from ‘‘affiliated tenants’’ will not qualify as qualifying REIT income if we own 10% or more by vote or value of the customer, whether directly or after application of attribution rules under the Code. Subject to certain exceptions, our certificate of incorporation prohibits any stockholder from owning, beneficially or constructively, more than (i) 9.8% in value of the outstanding shares of all classes or series of our capital stock or (ii) 9.8% in value or number, whichever is more restrictive, of the outstanding shares of any class or series of our capital stock. We refer to these restrictions collectively as the ‘‘ownership limits’’ and we included them in our certificate of incorporation to facilitate our compliance with REIT tax rules. The constructive ownership rules under the Code are complex and may cause the outstanding stock owned by a group of related individuals or entities to be deemed to be constructively owned by one individual or entity. As a result, the acquisition of less than 9.8% of our outstanding common stock (or the outstanding shares of any class or series of our stock) by an individual or entity could cause that individual or entity or another individual or entity to own constructively in excess of the relevant ownership limits. Any attempt to own or transfer shares of our common stock or of any of our other capital stock in violation of these restrictions may result in the shares being automatically transferred to a charitable trust or may be void. Even though our certificate of incorporation contains the ownership limits, there can be no assurance that these provisions will be effective to prevent our qualification for taxation as a REIT from being jeopardized, including under the affiliated tenant rule. Furthermore, there can be no assurance that we will be able to monitor and enforce the ownership limits. If the restrictions in our certificate of incorporation are not effective and, as a result, we fail to satisfy the REIT tax rules described above, then absent an applicable relief provision, we will fail to remain qualified for taxation as a REIT. In addition, the ownership and transfer restrictions could delay, defer or prevent a transaction or a change in control that might involve a premium price for our stock or otherwise be in the best interest of our stockholders. As a result, the overall effect of the ownership and transfer restrictions may be to render more difficult or discourage any attempt to acquire us, even if such acquisition may be favorable to the interests of our stockholders. Legislative or other actions affecting REITs could have a negative effect on us or our stockholders. At any time, the federal or state income tax laws governing REITs, or the administrative interpretations of those laws, may be amended. Federal and state tax laws are constantly under review by persons involved in the legislative process, the Internal Revenue Service, the U.S. Department of the Treasury and state taxing authorities. Changes to the tax laws, regulations and administrative interpretations, which may have retroactive application, could adversely affect us. In addition, some of 41 these changes could have a more significant impact on us as compared to other REITs due to the nature of our business and our substantial use of TRSs, particularly non-U.S. TRSs. In addition, December 2017 legislation made substantial changes to the Code, particularly as it relates to the taxation of both corporate income and international income. Among those changes are a significant permanent reduction in the generally applicable corporate income tax rate and modifications to the calculation of taxable income, including changes to credits and deductions available to businesses and individuals. This legislation also imposes additional limitations on the deduction of net operating losses, which may in the future cause us to make additional distributions that will be taxable to our stockholders to the extent of our current or accumulated earnings and profits in order to comply with the REIT distribution requirements. The effect of these and other changes made in this legislation is still uncertain in many respects, both in terms of their direct effect on the taxation of an investment in our common stock and their indirect effect on the value of assets owned by us. Furthermore, many of the provisions of the new law will require additional guidance in order to assess their effect. It is also possible that there will be subsequent legislative amendments proposed with respect to the new law, the effect of which cannot be predicted and may be adverse to us or our stockholders. Our stockholders are encouraged to consult with their tax advisors about the potential effects that changes in law may have on them and their ownership of our common stock. We could incur adverse tax consequences if we fail to integrate an acquisition target in compliance with the requirements to qualify for taxation as a REIT. We periodically explore and occasionally consummate merger and acquisition transactions. When we consummate these transactions, we structure the acquisition to successfully manage the REIT income, asset, and distribution tests that we must satisfy. We believe that we have and will in the future successfully integrate our acquisition targets in a manner that has and will allow us to timely satisfy the REIT tests applicable to us, but if we failed or in the future fail to do so, then we could jeopardize or lose our qualification for taxation as a REIT, particularly if we were not eligible to utilize relief provisions set forth in the Code. ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS There is no disclosure to report pursuant to Item 1B. ITEM 2. PROPERTIES Our executive offices are located in Redwood City, California, and we also have sales offices in several cities throughout the U.S. Our Asia-Pacific headquarters office is located in Hong Kong and we also have sales offices in several cities throughout Asia-Pacific. Our EMEA headquarters office is located in Amsterdam, the Netherlands and our regional sales offices in EMEA are based in our IBX data centers in EMEA. 42 The following table presents the locations of our leased and owned IBX data centers as of December 31, 2018: Leased Owned(1) Americas EMEA Chicago, Illinois; Washington D.C., Ashburn & Culpeper, Virginia; Silicon Valley & Los Angeles, California; Rio de Janeiro & S˘ao Paulo, Brazil; Atlanta, Georgia; Boston, Massachusetts; Dallas & Houston, Texas; Denver, Colorado; Miami, Florida; New York, New York; Seattle, Washington; Bogot´a, Columbia Rio de Janeiro & Sao Paulo, Brazil; Toronto, Canada; Atlanta, Georgia; Boston, Massachusetts; Chicago, Illinois; Dallas, Texas; Washington D.C. & Ashburn, Virginia; Denver, Colorado; Miami, Florida; New York, New York; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Seattle, Washington; Silicon Valley & Los Angeles, California Paris, France; Frankfurt & Dusseldorf, Germany; Paris, France; Frankfurt & Munich, Germany; Amsterdam & East Netherlands, London, United Kingdom; the Netherlands; Geneva & Zurich, Switzerland; Dubai & Abu Dhabi, U.A.E.; London & Manchester, United Kingdom; Helsinki, Finland; Dublin, Ireland; Milan, Italy; Stockholm, Sweden; Istanbul, Turkey; Warsaw, Poland; Barcelona, Madrid & Seville, Spain Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Dublin, Ireland; Sofia, Bulgaria; Istanbul, Turkey; Milan, Italy; Helsinki, Finland; Lisbon, Portugal; Stockholm, Sweden Asia-Pacific Hong Kong & Shanghai, China; Singapore; Sydney, Australia; Tokyo & Osaka, Japan Shanghai, China; Tokyo, Japan; Adelaide, Brisbane, Canberra, Melbourne, Perth & Sydney, Australia (1) Owned sites include IBX data centers subject to long-term ground leases. 43 The following table presents an overview of our portfolio of IBX data centers as of December 31, 2018(1): # of IBXs Total Cabinet Capacity(2) Cabinets Billed Cabinet Utilization %(3) MRR per Cabinet(4) Americas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EMEA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asia-Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 73 40 105,900 113,500 57,300 81,800 94,700 47,500 77% 83% 83% $2,389 1,352 1,762 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 276,700 224,000 (1) Non-financial metrics presented on the table above include Zenium data center, Itconic, and Metronode acquisitions. (2) Cabinets represent a specific amount of space within an IBX data center. Customers can combine and use multiple adjacent cabinets within an IBX data center, depending on their space requirements. (3) The cabinet utilization rate represents the percentage of cabinet space billing versus total cabinet capacity, taking into consideration power limitations. (4) MRR per cabinet represents average monthly recurring revenue recognized divided by the average number of cabinets billing during the fourth quarter of the year. Brazil, Colombia, Infomart Dallas non-IBX tenant income and Bit-isle MIS are excluded from MRR per cabinet calculations. 44 The following table presents a summary of our significant IBX data center expansion projects under construction as of December 31, 2018: Property Property Location Target Open Date Sellable Cabinets Total Capex (in Millions)(1) Americas: DA6 phase III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dallas CH3 phase V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chicago SE4 phase II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NY5 phase III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . New York S˘ao Paulo SP4 phase III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DA11 phase I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dallas Seattle EMEA: FR2 phase VI-A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Frankfurt LD4 phase II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . London LD9 phase V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . London PA8 phase I(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Paris SO2 phase I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sofia ZH5 phase III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Zurich FR5 phase IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Frankfurt HE7 phase I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Helsinki LD7 phase I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . London MD2 phase II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Madrid WA3 phase I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Warsaw SK2 phase VI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stockholm FR2 phase VI-B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Frankfurt LD9 phase VI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . London LD10 phase III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . London ZH5 phase IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Zurich HH1 phase I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hamburg MC1 phase I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Muscat PA8 phase II(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Paris Shanghai Asia-Pacific: SH6 phase I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TY11 phase I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tokyo HK2 phase V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hong Kong OS1 phase V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Osaka PE2 phase II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Perth HK4 phase II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hong Kong ME2 phase I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Melbourne SL1 phase I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SY5 phase I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SG4 phase I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . HK1 phase XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hong Kong TY12 phase I(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tokyo Seoul Sydney Singapore Q1 2019 Q2 2019 Q2 2019 Q3 2019 Q2 2020 Q2 2020 Q1 2019 Q1 2019 Q1 2019 Q1 2019 Q1 2019 Q1 2019 Q2 2019 Q2 2019 Q2 2019 Q2 2019 Q2 2019 Q2 2019 Q3 2019 Q3 2019 Q3 2019 Q3 2019 Q4 2019 Q4 2019 Q4 2019 Q1 2019 Q2 2019 Q2 2019 Q2 2019 Q2 2019 Q3 2019 Q3 2019 Q3 2019 Q3 2019 Q4 2019 Q1 2020 Q4 2020 425 450 575 1,100 1,025 1,975 5,550 1,250 1,075 1,550 875 350 525 350 250 1,775 300 475 540 2,200 900 1,375 475 375 250 1,300 16,190 400 950 1,000 475 225 500 1,000 550 1,825 1,400 250 950 9,525 $ 23 15 30 33 59 138 298 103 39 72 73 19 51 25 20 120 15 34 35 67 48 45 25 27 22 54 894 31 70 43 15 11 34 84 5 160 85 13 147 698 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31,265 $1,890 (1) Capital expenditures are approximate and may change based on final construction details. (2) Dedicated hyperscale data centers 45 ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS None. ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE Not applicable. 46 PART II ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES Our common stock is quoted on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbol of ‘‘EQIX.’’ Our common stock began trading in August 2000. As of January 31, 2019, we had 80,761,276 shares of our common stock outstanding held by approximately 278 registered holders. During the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, we did not issue or sell any securities on an unregistered basis. Stock Performance Graph The graph set forth below compares the cumulative total stockholder return on Equinix’s common stock between December 31, 2013 and December 31, 2018 with the cumulative total return of (i) the S&P 500 Index, (ii) the NASDAQ Composite Index and (iii) the FTSE NAREIT All REITs Index. The graph assumes the investment of $100.00 on December 31, 2013 in Equinix’s common stock and in each index, and assumes the reinvestment of dividends, if any. Equinix cautions that the stock price performance shown in the graph below is not indicative of, nor intended to forecast, the potential future performance of Equinix’s common stock. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary set forth in any of Equinix’s previous or future filings under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, that might incorporate this Annual Report on Form 10-K or future filings made by Equinix under those statutes, the stock performance graph shall not be deemed filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission and shall not be deemed incorporated by reference into any of those prior filings or into any future filings made by Equinix under those statutes. COMPARISON OF 5 YEAR CUMULATIVE TOTAL RETURN* Among Equinix, Inc., the NASDAQ Composite Index, the S&P 500 Index, and the FTSE NAREIT All REITs Index $350 $300 $250 $200 $150 $100 $50 $0 12/13 3/14 6/14 9/14 12/14 3/15 6/15 9/15 12/15 3/16 6/16 9/16 12/16 3/17 6/17 9/17 12/17 3/18 6/18 9/18 12/18 Equinix, Inc. NASDAQ Composite S&P 500 FTSE NAREIT All REITs 26FEB201916500210 * $100 invested on 12/31/13 in stock or index, including reinvestment of dividends. Fiscal year ending December 31. 47 ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA The following consolidated statement of operations data for the five years ended December 31, 2018 and the consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2018, 2017, 2016, 2015 and 2014 have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements and the related notes. Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for future periods. The following selected consolidated financial data for the five years ended December 31, 2018 and as of December 31, 2018, 2017, 2016, 2015 and 2014, should be read in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements and the related notes in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and ‘‘Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations’’ in Item 7 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We completed acquisitions of Metronode and Infomart Dallas in April, 2018, the Zenium data center business in Istanbul and Itconic in October 2017, certain colocation business from Verizon in May 2017, IO UK’s data center operating business in Slough, United Kingdom in February 2017 (the ‘‘IO Acquisition), certain Paris IBX data centers in August 2016 (the ‘‘Paris IBX Data Center Acquisition’’), Telecity Group plc in January 2016, Bit-isle in November 2015 and Nimbo Technologies Inc. (‘‘Nimbo’’) in January 2015. We also completed the acquisition of the 100% controlling equity interest in ALOG Data Centers do Brasil S.A. (‘‘ALOG’’) in July 2014. We sold solar power assets of Bit-isle in November 2016 and eight of our IBX data centers located in the U.K., the Netherlands and Germany in July 2016. For further information on our acquisitions and divestitures during the three years ended December 31, 2018, refer to Note 3, Note 5 and Note 6 of our Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Years Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 (dollars in thousands, except per share data) Revenues(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $5,071,654 $4,368,428 $3,611,989 $2,725,867 $2,443,776 Costs and operating expenses: Cost of revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sales and marketing(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General and administrative . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquisition costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Impairment charges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gain on asset sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,605,475 633,702 826,694 34,413 — (6,013) 1,820,870 2,193,149 438,742 581,724 694,561 745,906 64,195 38,635 — 7,698 — (32,816) 1,291,506 332,012 493,284 41,723 — — 1,197,885 296,103 438,016 2,506 — — Total costs and operating expenses . . . . . 4,094,271 3,559,414 2,993,250 2,158,525 1,934,510 Income from operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other income (expense) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss on debt extinguishment . . . . . . . . . . . 977,383 14,482 (521,494) 14,044 (51,377) 809,014 13,075 (478,698) 9,213 (65,772) 618,739 3,476 (392,156) (57,924) (12,276) 567,342 3,581 (299,055) (60,581) (289) 509,266 2,891 (270,553) 119 (156,990) Income from continuing operations before income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income tax expense(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433,038 (67,679) 286,832 (53,850) 159,859 (45,451) 210,998 (23,224) 84,733 (345,459) Net income (loss) from continuing operations Net income from discontinued operations, 365,359 232,982 114,408 187,774 (260,726) net of tax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — — 12,392 — — Net income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net loss attributable to non-controlling 365,359 232,982 126,800 187,774 (260,726) interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — — — — 1,179 Net income (loss) attributable to Equinix . . . $ 365,359 $ 232,982 $ 126,800 $ 187,774 $ (259,547) 48 Years Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 (dollars in thousands, except per share data) Earnings per share (‘‘EPS’’) attributable to Equinix: Basic EPS from continuing operations . . . . $ Basic EPS from discontinued operations . . Basic EPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 4.58 $ — 4.58 $ 3.03 $ — 3.03 $ 1.63 $ 0.18 1.81 $ 3.25 $ — 3.25 $ (4.96) — (4.96) Weighted-average shares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79,779 76,854 70,117 57,790 52,359 Diluted EPS from continuing operations . . $ Diluted EPS from discontinued operations . Diluted EPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 4.56 $ — 4.56 $ 3.00 $ — 3.00 $ 1.62 $ 0.17 1.79 $ 3.21 $ — 3.21 $ (4.96) — (4.96) Weighted-average shares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80,197 77,535 70,816 58,483 52,359 Dividends per share(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 9.12 $ 8.00 $ 7.00 $ 17.71 $ 7.57 (1) On January 1, 2018, we adopted Topic 606 using the modified retrospective method applied to those contracts which were not completed as of January 1, 2018. The impacts are primarily related to the costs to obtain a customer contract and from the recognition of installation revenue, which are recognized over the contract period, rather than over the estimated installation life as under the prior revenue standard. The consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2018 reflected the adoption of Topic 606. See Note 1 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. (2) The higher income tax expense for the year ended December 31, 2014 was primarily attributed to the de-recognition of $324.1 million of net deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities in December 2014, when our Board of Directors formally approved our conversion to a REIT and we reassessed the deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities of our U.S. operations included in the REIT structure. (3) During the year ended December 31, 2015, we paid $10.95 per share of special distribution and $6.76 per share of quarterly cash dividend. During the year ended December 31, 2014, we paid $7.57 per share of special distribution. 49 Consolidated Balance Sheet Data: Cash, cash equivalents and short-term and long-term investments . . . . . . . . . $ Accounts receivable, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Property, plant and equipment, net Total assets(1)(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Capital lease and other financing obligations, less current portion . . . . . Mortgage and loans payable, less current portion(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Senior notes, less current portion(1) Convertible debt, less current portion(1) Total stockholders’ equity(2) 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 As of December 31, (in thousands) 610,706 $ 1,450,031 $ 630,119 11,026,020 20,244,638 576,313 9,394,602 18,691,457 761,927 $ 2,246,297 $1,140,751 262,570 291,964 396,245 4,998,270 5,606,436 7,199,210 7,781,978 10,356,695 12,608,371 1,441,077 1,620,256 1,410,742 1,287,139 1,168,042 1,310,663 8,128,785 — 7,219,279 1,393,118 6,923,849 — 6,849,790 1,369,087 3,810,770 — 4,365,829 472,769 3,804,634 532,809 2,717,046 — 145,229 2,270,131 2,745,386 (1) The company adopted ASU 2015-03 during the year ended December 31, 2015. As a result, debt issuance costs of $35.5 million were reclassified from other assets to debt as of December 31, 2014. (2) On January 1, 2018, we adopted Topic 606 using the modified retrospective method applied to those contracts which were not completed as of January 1, 2018. We recorded a net increase to opening retained earnings of $269.8 million as of January 1, 2018 due to the cumulative impact of adopting Topic 606, with the impact primarily related to the costs to obtain a customer contract and from the recognition of installation revenue, which are recognized over the contract period, rather than over the estimated installation life as under the prior revenue standard. See Note 1 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. 50 ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS The following commentary should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and related notes contained elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The information in this discussion contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Such statements are based upon current expectations that involve risks and uncertainties. Any statements contained herein that are not statements of historical fact may be deemed to be forward-looking statements. For example, the words ‘‘believes,’’ ‘‘anticipates,’’ ‘‘plans,’’ ‘‘expects,’’ ‘‘intends’’ and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. Our actual results and the timing of certain events may differ significantly from the results discussed in the forward-looking statements. Factors that might cause such a discrepancy include, but are not limited to, those discussed in ‘‘Liquidity and Capital Resources’’ and ‘‘Risk Factors’’ elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. All forward-looking statements in this document are based on information available to us as of the date hereof and we assume no obligation to update any such forward- looking statements. Our management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations is intended to assist readers in understanding our financial information from our management’s perspective and is presented as follows: (cid:129) Overview (cid:129) Results of Operations (cid:129) Non-GAAP Financial Measures (cid:129) Liquidity and Capital Resources (cid:129) Contractual Obligations and Off-Balance-Sheet Arrangements (cid:129) Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates (cid:129) Recent Accounting Pronouncements In 2018, as more fully described in Note 12 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we sold 930,934 shares of our common stock for approximately $388.2 million, net of payment of commissions to the sales agents and estimated equity offering costs under our ATM program launched in 2017 (the ‘‘2017 ATM Program’’). As of December 31, 2018, no shares remained available for sale under the 2017 ATM Program. In December 2018, we launched another ATM program, under which we may offer and sell from time to time up to an aggregate of $750.0 million of our common stock in ‘‘at the market’’ transactions (the ‘‘2018 ATM Program’’). As of December 31, 2018, no sales have been made under the 2018 ATM Program. In July 2018, as more fully described in Note 11 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we entered into an amendment to our existing credit agreement to add a senior unsecured term loan in an aggregate principal amount of ¥47.5 billion (the ‘‘JPY Term Loan’’). Concurrent with the closing of our JPY Term Loan, we drew down the full ¥47.5 billion of the JPY Term Loan, or approximately $424.7 million, and prepaid the remaining principal of our existing Japanese Yen Term Loan of ¥43.8 billion, or approximately $391.3 million. We recognized a loss on debt extinguishment of $2.2 million during the third quarter of 2018 in connection therewith. In April 2018, as more fully described in Note 3 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we completed the acquisition of Metronode for a cash 51 purchase price of A$1.034 billion or approximately $804.6 million at the exchange rate in effect on April 18, 2018 (the ‘‘Metronode Acquisition’’). We accounted for this transaction as a business combination using the acquisition method of accounting. The valuation and purchase accounting of this acquisition have not yet been finalized as of December 31, 2018. In April 2018, as more fully described in Note 3 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we completed the acquisition of Infomart Dallas for total consideration of approximately $804.0 million (the ‘‘Infomart Dallas Acquisition’’), consisting of approximately $45.8 million in cash, subject to customary adjustments, and $758.2 million aggregate fair value of 5.000% senior unsecured notes. We accounted for this transaction as a business combination using the acquisition method of accounting. The valuation and purchase accounting of this acquisition have not yet been finalized as of December 31, 2018. In March 2018, as more fully described in Note 11 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we issued A750.0 million, or approximately $929.9 million in U.S. dollars, at the exchange rate in effect on March 14, 2018, aggregate principal amount of 2.875% senior notes due March 15, 2024. We incurred debt issuance costs of $11.6 million related to the 2.875% Euro Senior Notes due 2024. Overview Equinix provides global data center offerings that protect and connect the world’s most valued information assets. Global enterprises, financial services companies and content and network service providers rely upon Equinix’s leading insight and data centers around the world for the safehousing of their critical IT equipment and the ability to directly connect to the networks that enable today’s information-driven economy. The acquisitions of Infomart Dallas and Metronode expanded our total global footprint to 200 IBX data centers across 52 markets around the world. Equinix offers the following solutions: (i) premium data center colocation, (ii) interconnection and exchange and (iii) outsourced IT infrastructure solutions. As of December 31, 2018, we operated or had partner IBX data centers in Brazil, Canada, Colombia and throughout the U.S. in the Americas region; Bulgaria, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates and the United Kingdom in the EMEA region; and Australia, China, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan and Singapore in the Asia-Pacific region. Our data centers in 52 markets around the world are a global platform, which allows our customers to increase information and application delivery performance while significantly reducing costs. This global platform and the quality of our IBX data centers have enabled us to establish a critical mass of customers. As more customers choose our IBX data centers, it benefits their suppliers and business partners to colocate with us as well, in order to gain the full economic and performance benefits of our offerings. These partners, in turn, pull in their business partners, creating a ‘‘marketplace’’ for their services. Our global platform enables scalable, reliable and cost-effective colocation, interconnection and traffic exchange that lowers overall cost and increases flexibility. Our focused business model is built on our critical mass of customers and the resulting ‘‘marketplace’’ effect. This global platform, combined with our strong financial position, continues to drive new customer growth and bookings. Historically, our market has been served by large telecommunications carriers who have bundled telecommunications products and services with their colocation offerings. The data center market landscape has evolved to include cloud computing/utility providers, application hosting providers and systems integrators, managed infrastructure hosting providers and colocation providers. More than 350 companies provide data center solutions in the U.S. alone. Each of these data center solutions providers can bundle various colocation, interconnection and network offerings and outsourced IT infrastructure solutions. We are able to offer our customers a global platform that reaches 24 countries 52 with proven operational reliability, improved application performance, network choice and a highly scalable set of offerings. Our utilization rate represents the percentage of our cabinet space billing versus net sellable cabinet space available, taking into account power limitations. Our utilization rates were approximately 81%, as of December 31, 2018, and 80%, excluding the Verizon Data Center, Paris IBX Data Center, Itconic, Zenium data center and IO acquisitions, as of December 31, 2017. Excluding the impact of IBX data center expansion projects that have opened during the last 12 months, our utilization rate would have increased to approximately 83% as of December 31, 2018. Our cabinet utilization rate varies from market to market among our IBX data centers across the Americas, EMEA and Asia-Pacific regions. We continue to monitor the available capacity in each of our selected markets. To the extent we have limited capacity available in a given market, it may limit our ability for growth in that market. We perform demand studies on an ongoing basis to determine if future expansion is warranted in a market. In addition, power and cooling requirements for most customers are growing on a per unit basis. As a result, customers are consuming an increasing amount of power per cabinet. Although we generally do not control the amount of power our customers draw from installed circuits, we have negotiated power consumption limitations with certain high power-demand customers. This increased power consumption has driven us to build out our new IBX data centers to support power and cooling needs twice that of previous IBX data centers. We could face power limitations in our IBX data centers, even though we may have additional physical cabinet capacity available within a specific IBX data center. This could have a negative impact on the available utilization capacity of a given IBX data center, which could have a negative impact on our ability to grow revenues, affecting our financial performance, operating results and cash flows. Strategically, we will continue to look at attractive opportunities to grow our market share and selectively improve our footprint and offerings. As was the case with our recent expansions and acquisitions, our expansion criteria will be dependent on a number of factors, including but not limited to demand from new and existing customers, quality of the design, power capacity, access to networks, capacity availability in the current market location, amount of incremental investment required by us in the targeted property, lead-time to break even on a free cash flow basis and in-place customers. Like our recent expansions and acquisitions, the right combination of these factors may be attractive to us. Depending on the circumstances, these transactions may require additional capital expenditures funded by upfront cash payments or through long-term financing arrangements in order to bring these properties up to Equinix standards. Property expansion may be in the form of purchases of real property, long-term leasing arrangements or acquisitions. Future purchases, construction or acquisitions may be completed by us or with partners or potential customers to minimize the outlay of cash, which can be significant. Our business is based on a recurring revenue model comprised of colocation and related interconnection and managed infrastructure offerings. We consider these offerings recurring because our customers are generally billed on a fixed and recurring basis each month for the duration of their contract, which is generally one to three years in length. Our recurring revenues have comprised more than 90% of our total revenues during the past three years. In addition, during any given quarter of the past three years, more than half of our monthly recurring revenue bookings came from existing customers, contributing to our revenue growth. Our largest customer accounted for approximately 3% of our recurring revenues for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016. Our 50 largest customers accounted for approximately 38%, 37% and 36%, respectively, of our recurring revenues for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016. Our non-recurring revenues are primarily comprised of installation services related to a customer’s initial deployment and professional services we perform. These services are considered to be non-recurring because they are billed typically once, upon completion of the installation or the 53 professional services work performed. The majority of these non-recurring revenues are typically billed on the first invoice distributed to the customer in connection with their initial installation. However, revenues from installation services are deferred and recognized ratably over the period of contract term. Additionally, revenue from contract settlements, when a customer wishes to terminate their contract early, is generally treated as a contract modification and recognized ratably over the remaining term of the contract, if any. As a percentage of total revenues, we expect non-recurring revenues to represent less than 10% of total revenues for the foreseeable future. The largest components of our cost of revenues are depreciation, rental payments related to our leased IBX data centers, utility costs, including electricity, bandwidth access, IBX data center employees’ salaries and benefits, including stock-based compensation, repairs and maintenance, supplies and equipment and security services. A majority of our cost of revenues is fixed in nature and should not vary significantly from period to period, unless we expand our existing IBX data centers or open or acquire new IBX data centers. However, there are certain costs that are considered more variable in nature, including utilities and supplies that are directly related to growth in our existing and new customer base. We expect the cost of our utilities, specifically electricity, will generally increase in the future on a per-unit or fixed basis, in addition to the variable increase related to the growth in consumption by our customers. In addition, the cost of electricity is generally higher in the summer months, as compared to other times of the year. To the extent we incur increased utility costs, such increased costs could materially impact our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Furthermore, to the extent we incur increased electricity costs as a result of either climate change policies or the physical effects of climate change, such increased costs could materially impact our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of compensation and related costs for sales and marketing personnel, including stock-based compensation, amortization of contract costs, marketing programs, public relations, promotional materials and travel, as well as bad debt expense and amortization of customer relationship intangible assets. General and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries and related expenses, including stock-based compensation, accounting, legal and other professional service fees, and other general corporate expenses, such as our corporate regional headquarters office leases and some depreciation expense. We expect our cost of revenues, sales and marketing expenses and general and administrative expenses to grow in absolute dollars in connection with our business growth. We may periodically see a higher cost of revenues as a percentage of revenue when a large expansion project opens or is acquired, before it starts generating any meaningful revenue. Furthermore, in relation to cost of revenues, the Americas region has a lower cost of revenues as a percentage of revenue than either EMEA or Asia-Pacific. This is due to both the increased scale and maturity of the Americas region, compared to either the EMEA or Asia-Pacific region, as well as a higher cost structure outside of the Americas, particularly in EMEA. We expect the trend that the Americas having the lowest cost of revenues as a percentage of revenues to continue. As a result, to the extent that revenue growth outside the Americas grows in greater proportion than revenue growth in the Americas, our overall cost of revenues as a percentage of revenues may increase in future periods. Sales and marketing expenses may periodically increase as a percentage of revenues as we continue to scale our operations by investing in sales and marketing initiatives to further increase our revenue, including the hiring of additional headcount and new product innovations. General and administrative expenses may also periodically increase as a percentage of revenues as we continue to grow our business. 54 Taxation as a REIT We elected to be taxed as a REIT for federal income tax purposes beginning with our 2015 taxable year. As of December 31, 2018, our REIT structure included all of our data center operations in the U.S., Canada, Japan, and the data center operations in EMEA with the exception of Bulgaria, United Arab Emirates and a portion of Turkey. Our data center operations in other jurisdictions are operated as TRSs. As a REIT, we generally are permitted to deduct from our federal taxable income the dividends we pay to our stockholders (including, for this purpose, the value of any deemed distributions attributable to anti-dilution adjustments made with respect to our 4.75% convertible subordinated notes prior to their maturity in 2016). The income represented by such dividends is not subject to federal income tax at the entity level but is taxed, if at all, at the stockholder level. Nevertheless, the income of our TRSs which hold our U.S. operations that may not be REIT compliant is subject, as applicable, to federal and state corporate income tax. Likewise, our foreign subsidiaries continue to be subject to foreign income taxes in jurisdictions in which they hold assets or conduct operations, regardless of whether held or conducted through TRSs or through QRSs. We are also subject to a separate corporate income tax on any gain recognized from a sale of a REIT asset where our basis in the asset is determined by reference to the basis of the asset in the hands of a C corporation (such as (i) an asset that we held as of the effective date of our REIT election, that is, January 1, 2015, or (ii) an asset held by us or a QRS following the liquidation or other conversion of a former TRS). This built-in-gains tax is generally applicable to any disposition of such an asset during the five-year period after the date we first owned the asset as a REIT asset (e.g., January 1, 2015 in the case of REIT assets we held at the time of our REIT conversion), to the extent of the built-in-gain based on the fair market value of such asset on the date we first held the asset as a REIT asset. If we fail to remain qualified for federal income tax as a REIT, we will be subject to federal income tax at regular corporate tax rates. Even if we remain qualified for federal income tax as a REIT, we may be subject to some federal, state, local and foreign taxes on our income and property in addition to taxes owed with respect to our TRSs’ operations. In particular, while state income tax regimes often parallel the federal income tax regime for REITs, many states do not completely follow federal rules and some may not follow them at all. On each of March 21, June 20, September 19, and December 12, 2018, we paid quarterly cash dividends of $2.28 per share. We expect these quarterly and other applicable distributions to equal or exceed the REIT taxable income that we recognized in 2018. On December 22, 2017, the United States enacted legislation commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (‘‘TCJA’’) which amended U.S. federal income tax laws. The TCJA retained the REIT regime but contained many significant changes that impact a REIT’s taxable income subject to distribution, particularly a REIT with global operations. As of the end of 2018, we have finalized the analysis of the major tax impact to our business by the new tax legislation. Based on our current assessment, which is subject to further interpretation and guidance on the new tax legislation, we believe that we can continue to meet all the REIT compliance requirements in the foreseeable future and that the TCJA changes are not expected to meaningfully increase our tax liabilities in the U.S. because we expect to fully distribute our REIT taxable income. We continue to monitor our REIT compliance in order to maintain our qualification for federal income tax as a REIT. For this and other reasons, as necessary, we may convert some of our data center operations in other countries into the REIT structure in future periods. 55 Results of Operations Our results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2018 include the results of operations from the Metronode Acquisition from April 18, 2018 and the Infomart Dallas Acquisition from April 2, 2018. Our results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2017 include the results of operations of the IO Acquisition from February 3, 2017, the Verizon Data Center Acquisition from May 1, 2017, the Zenium data center acquisition from October 6, 2017 and the Itconic Acquisition from October 9, 2017. Our results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2016 include the results of operations of TelecityGroup from January 15, 2016 and the Paris IBX Data Center Acquisition from August 1, 2016. In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (‘‘ASU 2014-09’’) and issued subsequent amendments to the initial guidance, collectively referred as ‘‘Topic 606.’’ On January 1, 2018, as more fully described in Note 1 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we adopted Topic 606. Results for reporting periods beginning after January 1, 2018 are presented under Topic 606, while the comparative information has not been restated and continues to be reported under accounting standards in effect for those periods. Under the new standard, we recognize installation revenue over the contract period rather than over the estimated installation life as under the prior revenue standard. We also capitalize and amortize certain costs to obtain contracts, rather than expense them immediately as under the previous standard. Discontinued Operations We present the results of operations associated with the TelecityGroup data centers that were divested in July 2016 as discontinued operations in our consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2016. We did not have any discontinued operations activity during 2018 or 2017. 56 Years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 Revenues. Our revenues for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 were generated from the following revenue classifications and geographic regions (dollars in thousands): Years Ended December 31, % Change 2018 % 2017 % Actual Constant Currency Americas: Recurring revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-recurring revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2,357,326 127,408 46% $2,062,352 3% 110,408 47% 14% 3% 15% 2,484,734 49% 2,172,760 50% 14% EMEA: Recurring revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-recurring revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,467,492 95,145 29% 1,266,971 79,285 2% 29% 16% 2% 20% 1,562,637 31% 1,346,256 31% 16% Asia-Pacific: Recurring revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-recurring revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 951,684 72,599 19% 790,797 58,615 1% 18% 20% 1% 24% 1,024,283 20% 849,412 19% 21% Total: Recurring revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-recurring revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,776,502 295,152 94% 4,120,120 6% 248,308 94% 16% 6% 19% $5,071,654 100% $4,368,428 100% 16% 15% 16% 15% 12% 16% 12% 19% 23% 20% 15% 18% 15% Americas Revenues. Revenues for our Americas region for the year ended December 31, 2018 included approximately $210.2 million of incremental revenues from the Verizon Data Center Acquisition, which closed in May 2017, and the Infomart Dallas Acquisition, which closed in April 2018. During both the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, our revenues from the United States, the largest revenue contributor in the Americas region for the periods, represented approximately 91% of the regional revenues. Excluding incremental revenues attributable to the Infomart Dallas and Verizon Data Center Acquisitions, growth in Americas revenues was primarily due to (i) $69.3 million of revenues generated from our recently-opened IBX data centers or IBX data center expansions in the Chicago, Culpeper, Denver, Houston, Miami, Rio de Janeiro, S˘ao Paulo, Seattle, Silicon Valley, and Washington, D.C. areas and (ii) an increase in orders from both our existing customers and new customers during the period. During the year ended December 31, 2018, the U.S. dollar was generally stronger relative to the Brazilian real than during the year ended December 31, 2017, resulting in approximately $23.6 million of unfavorable foreign currency impact on our Americas revenues during the year ended December 31, 2018 when compared to 2017 using average exchange rates. EMEA Revenues. Revenues for our EMEA region for the year ended December 31, 2018 included approximately $52.6 million of incremental revenues from the IO Acquisition, which closed in February 2017, and the Itconic and Zenium data center acquisitions, which closed in October 2017. Our revenues from the U.K., our largest revenue contributor in the EMEA region, represented 30% of regional revenues for both the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017. Excluding incremental revenues attributable to the IO, Itconic, and Zenium acquisitions, our EMEA revenue growth was primarily due to (i) approximately $73.2 million of revenues from our recently-opened IBX data centers or IBX data 57 center expansions in the Amsterdam, Frankfurt, London and Paris metro areas and (ii) an increase in orders from both our existing customers and new customers during the period. During the year ended December 31, 2018, the impact of foreign currency fluctuations resulted in approximately $54.4 million of net favorable foreign currency impact to our EMEA revenues primarily due to a generally weaker U.S. dollar relative to the Euro and British pound during the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 2017. Asia-Pacific Revenues. Revenues for our Asia-Pacific region for the year ended December 31, 2018 included approximately $48.0 million of incremental revenues from the Metronode Acquisition, which closed in April 2018. Our revenues from Japan and Singapore, the largest revenue contributors in the Asia-Pacific region for the period, combined represented approximately 60% and 63% for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Excluding incremental revenues attributable to the Metronode Acquisition, our Asia-Pacific revenue growth was primarily due to (i) approximately $59.2 million of revenues generated from our recently-opened IBX data center expansions in the Hong Kong, Melbourne, Osaka, and Singapore metro areas and (ii) an increase in orders from both our existing customers and new customers during the period. During the year ended December 31, 2018, the U.S. dollar was generally weaker relative to the Singapore dollar and Japanese yen than during the year ended December 31, 2017, resulting in approximately $7.7 million of net favorable foreign currency impact to our Asia-Pacific revenues during the year ended December 31, 2018 when compared to 2017 using average exchange rates. Cost of Revenues. Our cost of revenues for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 were split among the following geographic regions (dollars in thousands): Years Ended December 31, % Change Americas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EMEA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asia-Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,113,854 916,751 574,870 43% $ 958,845 35% 749,933 22% 484,371 44% 16% 34% 22% 22% 19% Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2,605,475 100% $2,193,149 100% 19% 2018 % 2017 % Actual Constant Currency 18% 18% 18% 18% Cost of revenues as a percentage of revenues: Americas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EMEA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asia-Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Years Ended December 31, 2018 2017 45% 59% 56% 51% 44% 56% 57% 50% Americas Cost of Revenues. Cost of revenues for our Americas region for the year ended December 31, 2018 included approximately $115.4 million of incremental cost of revenues from the Verizon Data Center Acquisition and the Infomart Dallas Acquisition. Excluding the impact from these acquisitions, the increase in our Americas cost of revenues for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 2017 was primarily due to (i) $10.6 million higher depreciation expense primarily due to our IBX data center expansion activity; (ii) $7.6 million of higher taxes, licenses, insurance, and other cost of sales in support of our business growth; (iii) $5.8 million of higher rent and facility costs due to new fuel cell leases and IBX growth and (iv) $15.5 million of higher compensation costs, including general salaries, bonuses and stock-based compensation and higher headcount growth (1,399 Americas cost of revenues employees as of December 31, 2018 versus 58 1,339 as of December 31, 2017). During the year ended December 31, 2018, the impact of foreign currency fluctuations resulted in approximately $15.1 million of net favorable foreign currency impact to our Americas cost of revenues primarily due to a generally stronger U.S. dollar relative to the Brazilian real during the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 2017. We expect our Americas cost of revenues to increase as we continue to grow our business, including results from recent acquisitions. EMEA Cost of Revenues. Cost of revenues for our EMEA region for the year ended December 31, 2018 included $41.5 million of incremental cost of revenues from the IO, Itconic, and Zenium acquisitions. Excluding incremental cost of revenues attributable to these acquisitions, the increase in our EMEA cost of revenues was primarily due to (i) $47.3 million of higher utilities costs driven by IBX expansions, increased usage and price increases; (ii) $18.4 million of higher office expenses, rent and facility costs, and repair and maintenance primarily due to an increase in expansion activity and usage due to our business growth; (iii) $49.3 million of higher depreciation and accretion expenses, primarily driven by expansion activity in Amsterdam, Frankfurt, London, and Paris and (iv) $19.7 million of higher compensation costs, including general salaries, bonuses and stock-based compensation and higher headcount growth (1,490 EMEA cost of revenues employees as of December 31, 2018 versus 1,375 as of December 31, 2017), partially offset by an $11.8 million reduction in other cost of sales, primarily due to realized cash flow hedge gains. During the year ended December 31, 2018, the impact of foreign currency fluctuations resulted in approximately $30.0 million of net unfavorable foreign currency impact to our EMEA cost of revenues, primarily due to a generally weaker U.S. dollar relative to the Euro and British pound during the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 2017. We expect EMEA cost of revenues to increase as we continue to grow our business. Asia-Pacific Cost of Revenues. Cost of revenues for our Asia-Pacific region for the year ended December 31, 2018 included approximately $33.2 million incremental cost of revenues from the Metronode Acquisition. Excluding the impact from the Metronode Acquisition, the increase in our Asia-Pacific cost of revenues for the year ended December 31, 2018 was primarily due to (i) $28.4 million of higher utilities costs, rent and facility costs and repairs and maintenance expense, primarily driven by higher usage in Australia, Hong Kong, Japan and Singapore; (ii) $16.1 million of higher depreciation and accretion expense, primarily from IBX expansions in Australia, Hong Kong, Japan and Singapore; (iii) $9.7 million of higher other cost of sales, primarily due to custom service orders, and (iv) $3.9 million of higher compensation costs, including general salaries, bonuses and stock-based compensation and headcount growth (884 Asia-Pacific cost of revenues employees as of December 31, 2018 versus 828 as of December 31, 2017). During the year ended December 31, 2018, the U.S. dollar was generally weaker relative to the Singapore dollar and Japanese yen than during the year ended December 31, 2017, resulting in approximately $3.3 million of net unfavorable foreign currency impact to our Asia-Pacific cost of revenues in 2018. We expect Asia-Pacific cost of revenues to increase as we continue to grow our business, including the impact from the Metronode acquisition. Sales and Marketing Expenses. Our sales and marketing expenses for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 were split among the following geographic regions (dollars in thousands): Years ended December 31, % Change 2018 % 2017 % Actual Constant Currency Americas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EMEA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asia-Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $391,386 152,336 89,980 62% $349,666 24% 153,811 14% 78,247 13% 60% 12% 26% (1)% (4)% 14% 14% 15% Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $633,702 100% $581,724 100% 9% 8% 59 Sales and marketing expenses as a percentage of revenues: Americas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EMEA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asia-Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Years Ended December 31, 2018 2017 16% 10% 9% 12% 16% 11% 9% 13% Americas Sales and Marketing Expenses. The increase in our Americas sales and marketing expenses was primarily due to (i) $38.1 million of amortization of the acquired intangible assets in connection with the Verizon Data Center Acquisition and (ii) $5.4 million of higher consulting expenses to support our growth. During the year ended December 31, 2018, the impact of foreign currency fluctuations to our Americas sales and marketing expenses was not significant when compared to average exchange rates during the year ended December 31, 2017. We anticipate that we will continue to invest in Americas sales and marketing initiatives and expect our Americas sales and marketing expenses to continue to increase as we continue to grow our business, including the impact from recent acquisitions. EMEA Sales and Marketing Expenses. Our EMEA sales and marketing expense did not materially change during the year ended December 31, 2018 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2017. During the year ended December 31, 2018, the impact of foreign currency fluctuations resulted in approximately $4.8 million of net unfavorable foreign currency impact to our EMEA sales and marketing expenses primarily due to a generally weaker U.S. dollar relative to the Euro and British pound during the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 2017. Over the past several years, we have been investing in our EMEA sales and marketing initiatives to further increase our revenues. We expect our EMEA sales and marketing expenses to continue to increase as we continue to grow our business. Asia-Pacific Sales and Marketing Expenses. The increase in our Asia-Pacific sales and marketing expense is primarily due to (i) $4.1 million of amortization of the acquired intangible assets in connection with the Metronode Acquisition; (ii) $4.1 million of higher compensation costs, including sales compensation, general salaries, bonuses and stock-based compensation and headcount growth (306 Asia-Pacific sales and marketing employees as of December 31, 2018, versus 278 as of December 31, 2017) and (iii) $4.4 million of higher bad debt expense, primarily due to customer recovery in the prior year. For the year ended December 31, 2018, the impact of foreign currency fluctuations to our Asia-Pacific sales and marketing expenses was not significant when compared to average exchange rates for the year ended December 31, 2017. Over the past several years, we have been investing in our Asia-Pacific sales and marketing initiatives and expect our Asia-Pacific sales and marketing expenses to continue to increase as we continue to grow our business, including the impact from the Metronode acquisition. General and Administrative Expenses. Our general and administrative expenses for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 were split among the following geographic regions (dollars in thousands): Years Ended December 31, % Change 2018 % 2017 % Actual Constant Currency Americas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EMEA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asia-Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $554,169 184,364 88,161 67% $472,942 22% 195,430 11% 77,534 18% 63% 17% 26% (6)% (8)% 12% 11% 14% Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $826,694 100% $745,906 100% 11% 10% 60 General and Administrative expenses as a percentage of revenues: Americas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EMEA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asia-Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Years Ended December 31, 2018 2017 22% 12% 9% 16% 22% 15% 9% 17% Americas General and Administrative Expenses. The increase in our Americas general and administrative expenses was primarily due to (i) $25.8 million of higher compensation costs, including general salaries, bonuses, stock-based compensation, and headcount growth (1,389 Americas general and administrative employees as of December 31, 2018 versus 1,207 as of December 31, 2017); (ii) $18.1 million of higher office, rent and facilities costs and consulting expenses in support of our business growth; (iii) $3.8 million of higher recruiting, training, and travel expenses to support employee development and (iv) $30.2 million of higher depreciation expense associated with the implementation of certain systems, including revenue, data management and cloud exchange systems, to improve our quote to order and billing processes and to support the integration and growth of our business. During the year ended December 31, 2018, the impact of foreign currency fluctuations to our Americas general and administrative expenses was not significant when compared to average exchange rates for the year ended December 31, 2017. Over the course of the past year, we have been investing in our Americas general and administrative functions to scale our business effectively for growth, which has included additional investments in improving our back office systems. We expect our current efforts to improve our back office systems will continue over the next several years. Going forward, although we are carefully monitoring our spending, we expect Americas general and administrative expenses to increase as we continue to further scale our operations to support our growth, including these investments in our back office systems, investments to maintain our qualification for taxation as a REIT and recent acquisitions and to comply with new accounting standards. EMEA General and Administrative Expenses. The decrease in our EMEA general and administrative expenses was primarily due to (i) $23.1 million of lower amortization expense as a result of fully amortizing the TelecityGroup trade names during the third quarter of 2017; (ii) $5.2 million decrease due to realized cash flow hedge gains and (iii) $5.1 million lower outside services consulting expense, partially offset by an increase of $19.6 million of compensation expenses, including general salaries, bonuses, and stock-based compensation and headcount growth (830 EMEA general and administrative employees as of December 31, 2018 versus 807 as of December 31, 2017). During the year ended December 31, 2018, the impact of foreign currency fluctuations resulted in approximately $5.2 million of net unfavorable foreign currency impact to our EMEA general and administrative expenses primarily due to a generally weaker U.S. dollar relative to the Euro and British pound during the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 2017. Over the course of the past year, we have been investing in our EMEA general and administrative functions as a result of our ongoing efforts to scale this region effectively for growth. Going forward, although we are carefully monitoring our spending, we expect our EMEA general and administrative expenses to increase in future periods as we continue to scale our operations to support our growth. Asia-Pacific General and Administrative Expenses. The increase in our Asia-Pacific general and administrative expense was primarily due to $9.7 million of higher compensation costs, including general salaries, bonuses, stock-based compensation and headcount growth (482 Asia-Pacific general and administrative employees as of December 31, 2018 versus 453 as of December 31, 2017). For the year ended December 31, 2018, the impact of foreign currency fluctuations on our Asia-Pacific general and administrative expenses was not significant when compared to average exchange rates for the year ended December 31, 2017. Going forward, although we are carefully monitoring our spending, we 61 expect Asia-Pacific general and administrative expenses to increase as we continue to support our growth, including the impact from the Metronode acquisition. Acquisition Costs. During the year ended December 31, 2018, we recorded acquisition costs totaling $34.4 million primarily in the Asia-Pacific and Americas regions, due to our acquisitions of Metronode and Infomart Dallas. During the year ended December 31, 2017, we recorded acquisition costs totaling $38.6 million, primarily in the Americas region, due to the Verizon Data Center Acquisition. Impairment Charges. We did not have impairment charges during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017. Gain on Asset Sales. During the year ended December 31, 2018, we recorded a gain on asset sales of $6.0 million primarily relating to the sale of a data center in Frankfurt. We did not have any gain on asset sales during the year ended December 31, 2017. Income from Operations. Our income from operations for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 was split among the following geographic regions (dollars in thousands): Years Ended December 31, % Change Americas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EMEA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asia-Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $412,610 312,163 252,610 42% $363,220 32% 237,854 26% 207,940 45% 14% 29% 31% 26% 21% Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $977,383 100% $809,014 100% 21% 2018 % 2017 % Actual Constant Currency 15% 25% 20% 19% Americas Income from Continuing Operations. The increase in our Americas income from operations was primarily due to higher income generated from acquisitions, higher revenues as a result of our IBX data center expansion activity and organic growth as described above. During the year ended December 31, 2018, the U.S. dollar was generally stronger relative to the Brazilian real than during the year ended December 31, 2017, resulting in approximately $4.0 million of unfavorable foreign currency impact on our Americas income from continuing operations during the year ended December 31, 2018 when compared to 2017 using average exchange rates. EMEA Income from Continuing Operations. The increase in our EMEA income from operations was primarily due to higher revenues as a result of our IBX data center expansion activity and acquisitions, as described above, as well as lower sales and marketing and general and administrative expenses as a percentage of revenues, which was partially due to lower amortization costs as a result of fully amortizing the TelecityGroup trade names during the third quarter of 2017. During the year ended December 31, 2018, the impact of foreign currency fluctuations resulted in approximately $14.5 million of net favorable foreign currency impact to our EMEA income from continuing operations primarily due to a generally weaker U.S. dollar relative to the Euro and British pound during the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 2017. Asia-Pacific Income from Continuing Operations. The increase in our Asia-Pacific income from operations was primarily due to higher income generated from the Metronode Acquisition, higher revenues as a result of our IBX data center expansion activity and organic growth as described above and lower cost of sales as a percentage of revenues. During the year ended December 31, 2018, the U.S. dollar was generally weaker relative to the Singapore dollar and Japanese yen than during the year ended December 31, 2017, resulting in approximately $3.2 million of favorable foreign currency impact 62 on our Asia-Pacific income from continuing operations during the year ended December 31, 2018 when compared to 2017 using average exchange rates. Interest Income. Interest income was $14.5 million and $13.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The average yield for the year ended December 31, 2018 was 1.24% versus 0.64% for the year ended December 31, 2017. Interest Expense. Interest expense increased to $521.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 from $478.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. The increase in interest expense was primarily attributable to our issuance of the A750.0 million 2.875% Euro Senior Notes due 2024 in March 2018 and $750 million 5.000% Infomart Senior Notes in April 2018. The increase was partially offset by lower weighted average interest rates during the year ended December 31, 2018 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2017. During the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, we capitalized $19.9 million and $22.6 million, respectively, of interest expense to construction in progress. We expect to incur higher interest expense in future periods in connection with additional indebtedness that we incurred during 2018 and as a result of the increasing interest rates. Other Income (Expense). We recorded net other income of $14.0 million and $9.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, primarily due to foreign currency exchange gains and losses during the periods. Loss on Debt Extinguishment. We recorded $51.4 million net loss on debt extinguishment during the year ended December 31, 2018, comprised of (i) $17.1 million of loss on debt extinguishment as a result of amendments to leases impacting the related financing obligations; (ii) $19.5 million of loss on debt extinguishment from the settlement of financing obligations as a result of the Infomart Dallas Acquisition; (iii) $12.6 million of loss on debt extinguishment as a result of the settlement of financing obligations for properties purchased and (iv) $2.2 million of loss on debt extinguishment as a result of the redemption of the Japanese Yen Term Loan. During the year ended December 31, 2017, we recorded $65.8 million net loss on debt extinguishment comprised of (i) $14.6 million of loss on debt extinguishment from the early redemption of the senior notes; (ii) $22.5 million of loss on debt extinguishment from the redemption of term loans under the previously outstanding credit facility; (iii) $16.7 million of loss on debt extinguishment as a result of amendments to leases and financing obligations and (iv) $12.0 million of loss on debt extinguishment from the settlement of financing obligations as a result of properties purchased. Income Taxes. We operate as a REIT for federal income tax purposes. As a REIT, we are generally not subject to federal income taxes on our taxable income distributed to stockholders. We intend to distribute or have distributed the entire taxable income generated by the operations of our QRSs for the years ended December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. As such, other than tax attributable to built-in-gains recognized and withholding taxes, no provision for U.S. income taxes for the QRSs has been included in the accompanying consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017. We have made TRS elections for some of our subsidiaries in and outside the U.S. In general, a TRS may provide services that would otherwise be considered impermissible for REITs to provide and may hold assets that REITs cannot hold directly. U.S. income taxes for the TRS entities located in the U.S. and foreign income taxes for our foreign operations regardless of whether the foreign operations are operated as QRSs or TRSs have been accrued, as necessary, for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017. For the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, we recorded $67.7 million and $53.9 million of income tax expenses, respectively. Our effective tax rates were 15.6% and 18.8%, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017. The decrease in the effective tax rate in 2018 as compared 63 to 2017 is primarily due to a release of valuation allowance in the current period as a result of a legal entity reorganization in our Americas region. Adjusted EBITDA. Adjusted EBITDA is a key factor in how we assess the operating performance of our segments and develop regional growth strategies such as IBX data center expansion decisions. We define adjusted EBITDA as income or loss from operations plus depreciation, amortization, accretion, stock-based compensation expense, restructuring charges, impairment charges, acquisition costs and gain on asset sales. See ‘‘Non-GAAP Financial Measures’’ below for more information about adjusted EBITDA and a reconciliation of adjusted EBITDA to income or loss from operations. Our adjusted EBITDA for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 was split among the following geographic regions (dollars in thousands): Years Ended December 31, % Change Americas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EMEA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asia-Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,183,831 698,280 531,129 49% $1,034,694 29% 582,697 22% 434,650 51% 14% 28% 20% 21% 22% Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2,413,240 100% $2,052,041 100% 18% 2018 % 2017 % Actual Constant Currency 15% 15% 21% 17% Americas Adjusted EBITDA. The increase in our Americas adjusted EBITDA was primarily due to the Verizon Data Center Acquisition and the Infomart Dallas Acquisition, higher revenues as a result of our IBX data center expansion activity and organic growth as described above. During the year ended December 31, 2018, currency fluctuations resulted in approximately $9.6 million of net unfavorable foreign currency impact on our Americas adjusted EBITDA primarily due to the U.S. dollar being generally stronger relative to the Brazilian real during the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 2017. EMEA Adjusted EBITDA. The increase in our EMEA adjusted EBITDA was primarily due to higher revenues as a result of our IBX data center expansion activity and acquisitions, as described above, as well as lower sales and marketing and general and administrative expenses as a percentage of revenues. During the year ended December 31, 2018, currency fluctuations resulted in approximately $26.6 million of net favorable foreign currency impact to our EMEA adjusted EBITDA primarily due to a generally weaker U.S. dollar relative to the Euro and British pound during the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 2017. Asia-Pacific Adjusted EBITDA. The increase in our Asia-Pacific adjusted EBITDA was primarily due to the Metronode Acquisition, higher revenues as a result of our IBX data center expansion activity and organic growth as described above and lower cost of revenues as a percentage of revenues. During the year ended December 31, 2018, the U.S. dollar was generally weaker relative to the Singapore dollar and Japanese yen than during the year ended December 31, 2017, resulting in approximately $4.4 million of net favorable foreign currency impact to our Asia-Pacific revenues during the year ended December 31, 2018 when compared to average exchange rates during the year ended December 31, 2017. 64 Years Ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 Revenues. Our revenues for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 were generated from the following revenue classifications and geographic regions (dollars in thousands): Years Ended December 31, % Change 2017 % 2016 % Actual Constant Currency Americas: Recurring revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-recurring revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2,062,352 110,408 47% $1,593,084 86,465 3% 44% 29% 3% 28% 2,172,760 50% 1,679,549 47% 29% EMEA: Recurring revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-recurring revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,266,971 79,285 29% 1,106,652 64,687 2% 31% 14% 1% 23% 1,346,256 31% 1,171,339 32% 15% Asia-Pacific: Recurring revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-recurring revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 790,797 58,615 18% 717,638 43,463 1% 20% 10% 1% 35% 849,412 19% 761,101 21% 12% Total: Recurring revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-recurring revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,120,120 248,308 94% 3,417,374 6% 194,615 95% 21% 5% 28% $4,368,428 100% $3,611,989 100% 21% 29% 27% 29% 15% 23% 15% 11% 36% 12% 21% 28% 21% Americas Revenues. Revenues for our Americas region for the year ended December 31, 2017 included approximately $359.1 million of revenues attributable to the Verizon Data Center Acquisition. During the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, our revenues from the United States, the largest revenue contributor in the Americas region for the periods, represented approximately 91% and 92%, respectively, of the regional revenues. Excluding revenues attributable to the Verizon Data Center Acquisition, growth in Americas revenues was primarily due to (i) $34.5 million of revenue generated from our recently-opened IBX data centers or IBX data center expansions in the Dallas, New York, S˘ao Paulo, Silicon Valley, Toronto and Washington, D.C. areas and (ii) an increase in orders from both our existing customers and new customers during the period. During the year ended December 31, 2017, the U.S. dollar was generally weaker relative to the Canadian dollar and Brazilian real than during the year ended December 31, 2016, resulting in approximately $11.4 million of favorable foreign currency impact on our Americas revenues during the year ended December 31, 2017 when compared to 2016 using average exchange rates. EMEA Revenues. As compared to 2016, revenues for our EMEA region for the year ended December 31, 2017 include $47.2 million of incremental revenues from acquisitions including the TelecityGroup Acquisition, which closed on January 15, 2016, the Paris IBX Data Center Acquisition, which closed in August 2016, the IO Acquisition, which closed in February 2017, and the Itconic and Zenium data center acquisitions, which closed in October 2017. Our revenues from the U.K., our largest revenue contributor in the EMEA region, represented 30% of regional revenues for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to 32% of regional revenues for the year ended December 31, 2016. Excluding the acquisitions, our EMEA revenue growth was primarily due to (i) approximately 65 $62.3 million of revenue from our IBX data centers or IBX data center expansions in the Amsterdam, Dubai, Dublin, Frankfurt, Helsinki, London, Paris and Zurich metro areas and (ii) an increase in orders from both our existing customers and new customers during the period. During the year ended December 31, 2017, the impact of foreign currency fluctuations resulted in approximately $4.9 million of net unfavorable foreign currency impact to our EMEA revenues primarily due to a generally stronger U.S. dollar relative to the British pound during the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the year ended December 31, 2016. Asia-Pacific Revenues. Our revenues from Japan, the largest revenue contributor in the Asia-Pacific region, represented approximately 34% and 35%, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2017 and 2016. Our Asia-Pacific revenue growth was primarily due to (i) approximately $42.6 million of revenue generated from our recently-opened IBX data center expansions in the Hong Kong, Osaka and Sydney metro areas and (ii) an increase in orders from both our existing customers and new customers during the period. During the year ended December 31, 2017, the U.S. dollar was generally stronger relative to the Japanese Yen than during the year ended December 31, 2016, resulting in approximately $6.8 million of net unfavorable foreign currency impact to our Asia-Pacific revenues during the year ended December 31, 2017 when compared to 2016 using average exchange rates. Cost of Revenues. Our cost of revenues for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 were split among the following geographic regions (dollars in thousands): Years Ended December 31, % Change 2017 % 2016 % Actual Americas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EMEA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asia-Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 958,845 749,933 484,371 44% $ 700,544 34% 653,766 22% 466,560 38% 37% 36% 15% 26% 4% Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2,193,149 100% $1,820,870 100% 20% Constant Currency 36% 15% 5% 20% Cost of revenues as a percentage of revenues: Americas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EMEA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asia-Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Years Ended December 31, 2017 2016 44% 56% 57% 50% 42% 56% 61% 50% Americas Cost of Revenues. Cost of revenues for our Americas region for the year ended December 31, 2017 included approximately $177.4 million of costs of revenues attributable to the Verizon Data Center Acquisition. Excluding the impact from the Verizon Data Center Acquisition, depreciation expense was $273.0 million and $241.6 million, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016. The growth in depreciation expense was primarily due to our IBX expansion activity. In addition to the increase in depreciation expense, the increase in our Americas cost of revenues for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the year ended December 31, 2016 was primarily due to (i) $30.4 million of higher utilities, repairs and maintenance, property taxes, and other cost of sales in support of our business growth and (ii) $13.2 million of higher compensation costs, including general salaries, bonuses and stock-based compensation (1,114 Americas cost of revenues employees, excluding the Verizon Data Center Acquisition, as of December 31, 2017 versus 1,023 as of December 31, 2016). During the year ended December 31, 2017, the impact of foreign 66 currency fluctuations resulted in approximately $7.7 million of net unfavorable foreign currency impact to our Americas cost of revenues primarily due to a generally weaker U.S. dollar relative to the Brazilian real and Canadian dollar during the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the year ended December 31, 2016. EMEA Cost of Revenues. As compared to 2016, cost of revenues for our EMEA region for the year ended December 31, 2017 included $36.7 million of incremental cost of revenues attributable to acquisitions, including the TelecityGroup Acquisition that closed on January 15, 2016, the Paris IBX Data Center Acquisition that closed in August 2016, the IO Acquisition, which closed in February 2017, and the Itconic and Zenium data center acquisitions, which closed in October 2017. Excluding cost of revenues attributable to these acquisitions, the increase in our EMEA cost of revenues was primarily due to (i) $25.5 million of higher utilities in support of our business growth; (ii) $16.4 million of higher other cost of sales, including third party and managed service expenses; (iii) $10.7 million of higher depreciation expense and (iv) $7.2 million of higher compensation costs, including general salaries, bonuses and stock-based compensation (743 EMEA cost of revenues employees, excluding TelecityGroup employees, as of December 31, 2017 versus 623 as of December 31, 2016). During the year ended December 31, 2017, the impact of foreign currency fluctuations resulted in approximately $2.7 million of net favorable foreign currency impact to our EMEA cost of revenues, primarily due to a generally stronger U.S. dollar relative to the British pound during the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the year ended December 31, 2016. Asia-Pacific Cost of Revenues. The increase in our Asia-Pacific cost of revenues was primarily due to (i) $16.7 million of higher utilities, rent, facility costs, consulting, bandwidth cost, custom service orders and repairs and maintenance costs in support of our business growth and (ii) $3.3 million of higher compensation costs, including general salaries, bonuses and stock-based compensation and headcount growth (828 Asia-Pacific cost of revenues employees as of December 31, 2017 versus 787 as of December 31, 2016), partially offset by a decrease of $3.2 million in depreciation and accretion expenses. During the year ended December 31, 2017, the U.S. dollar was generally stronger relative to the Japanese Yen than during the year ended December 31, 2016, resulting in approximately $5.0 million of net favorable foreign currency impact to our Asia-Pacific cost of revenues in 2017. Sales and Marketing Expenses. Our sales and marketing expenses for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 were split among the following geographic regions (dollars in thousands): Years Ended December 31, % Change Americas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EMEA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asia-Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $349,666 153,811 78,247 60% $230,900 26% 137,887 14% 69,955 53% 51% 31% 12% 16% 12% Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $581,724 100% $438,742 100% 33% 2017 % 2016 % Actual Constant Currency 51% 14% 13% 33% Sales and marketing expenses as a percentage of revenues: Americas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EMEA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asia-Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Years Ended December 31, 2017 2016 16% 11% 9% 13% 14% 12% 9% 12% 67 Americas Sales and Marketing Expenses. The increase in our Americas sales and marketing expenses was primarily due to (i) $75.3 million of amortization of the acquired intangible assets in connection with the Verizon Data Center Acquisition; (ii) $33.1 million of higher compensation costs, including sales compensation, general salaries, bonuses and stock-based compensation and headcount growth (608 Americas sales and marketing employees, including those from the Verizon Data Center Acquisition, as December 31, 2017, versus 553 as of December 31, 2016) and (iii) $4.1 million of higher consulting expenses to support our growth. During the year ended December 31, 2017, the impact of foreign currency fluctuations to our Americas sales and marketing expenses was not significant when compared to average exchange rates during the year ended December 31, 2016. EMEA Sales and Marketing Expenses. The increase in the EMEA sales and marketing expense was primarily due to (i) $12.3 million of higher compensation costs, including sales compensation, general salaries, bonuses, stock-based compensation and headcount growth (378 EMEA sales and marketing employees as of December 31, 2017 versus 349 as of December 31, 2016) and (ii) an increase of $1.8 million in depreciation and amortization expense, primarily due to acquisitions made during the current year. During the year ended December 31, 2017, the impact of foreign currency fluctuations resulted in approximately $2.8 million of net favorable foreign currency impact to our EMEA sales and marketing expenses primarily due to a generally stronger U.S. dollar relative to the British pound during the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the year ended December 31, 2016. Asia-Pacific Sales and Marketing Expenses. The increase in the Asia-Pacific sales and marketing expense is primarily due to (i) $6.5 million of higher compensation costs, including sales compensation, general salaries, bonuses, stock-based compensation and a larger average headcount in 2017 as compared to 2016 and (ii) $3.2 million of higher rent expense in support of our growth. For the year ended December 31, 2017, the impact of foreign currency fluctuations to our Asia-Pacific sales and marketing expenses was not significant when compared to average exchange rates for the year ended December 31, 2016. General and Administrative Expenses. Our general and administrative expenses for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 were split among the following geographic regions (dollars in thousands): Years Ended December 31, % Change 2017 % 2016 % Actual Constant Currency Americas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EMEA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asia-Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $472,942 195,430 77,534 63% $391,637 26% 228,310 11% 74,614 20% 56% 21% 33% (14)% (12)% 5% 11% 4% Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $745,906 100% $694,561 100% 7% 8% General and Administrative expenses as a percentage of revenues: Americas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EMEA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asia-Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Years Ended December 31, 2017 2016 22% 15% 9% 17% 23% 19% 10% 19% Americas General and Administrative Expenses. The increase in our Americas general and administrative expenses was primarily due to (i) $35.5 million of higher compensation costs, including general salaries, bonuses, stock-based compensation, and headcount growth (1,207 Americas general and administrative employees, including those from the Verizon Data Center Acquisition, as of 68 December 31, 2017 versus 934 as of December 31, 2016); (ii) $22.9 million of higher depreciation expense associated with certain systems, including revenue, data management and cloud exchange systems, to improve our quote to order and billing processes and to support the integration and growth of our business and (iii) $16.6 million of higher office expense and consulting cost to support our growth. During the year ended December 31, 2017, the impact of foreign currency fluctuations to our Americas general and administrative expenses was not significant when compared to average exchange rates for the year ended December 31, 2016. Over the course of the past year, we have been investing in our Americas general and administrative functions to scale this region effectively for growth, which has included additional investments in improving our back office systems. We expect our current efforts to improve our back office systems will continue over the next several years. Going forward, although we are carefully monitoring our spending, we expect Americas general and administrative expenses to increase as we continue to further scale our operations to support our growth, including these investments in our back office systems and investments to maintain our qualification for taxation as a REIT. EMEA General and Administrative Expenses. The decrease in our EMEA general and administrative expenses was primarily due to (i) $20.8 million of lower amortization expenses as a result of fully amortizing the TelecityGroup trade names during the current period and (ii) $8.4 million of lower consulting expenses which was largely due to the completion of TelecityGroup integration activities in the current period. During the year ended December 31, 2017, the impact of foreign currency fluctuations resulted in approximately $5.7 million of net favorable foreign currency impact to our EMEA general and administrative expenses primarily due to a generally stronger U.S. dollar relative to the British pound during the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the year ended December 31, 2016. Over the course of the past year, we have been investing in our EMEA general and administrative functions as a result of our ongoing efforts to scale this region effectively for growth. Asia-Pacific General and Administrative Expenses. The increase in our Asia-Pacific general and administrative expense was primarily due to $5.0 million of higher compensation costs, including general salaries, bonuses, stock-based compensation and headcount growth (453 Asia-Pacific general and administrative employees as of December 31, 2017 versus 358 as of December 31, 2016), partially offset by a $1.3 million decrease in rent, repair and maintenance expense. For the year ended December 31, 2017, the impact of foreign currency fluctuations on our Asia-Pacific general and administrative expenses was not significant when compared to average exchange rates for the year ended December 31, 2016. Acquisition Costs. During the year ended December 31, 2017, we recorded acquisition costs totaling $38.6 million primarily in the Americas and EMEA regions, of which $28.5 million was related to the Verizon Data Center Acquisition during the year ended December 31, 2017 attributable to the Americas region. During the year ended December 31, 2016, we recorded acquisition costs totaling $64.2 million primarily in the EMEA region due to the acquisitions of Telecity and the Paris IBX Data Center, and to a lesser degree, to the Americas region. Impairment Charges. During the year ended December 31, 2016, we recorded impairment charges totaling $7.7 million in the Asia-Pacific region relating to assets held for sale. We did not have impairment charges during the year ended December 31, 2017. Gain on Asset Sales. During the year ended December 31, 2016, we recorded a gain on asset sales of $32.8 million primarily relating to the sale of the LD2 data center in the EMEA region and a parcel of land in San Jose in the Americas region. We did not have any gain on asset sales during the year ended December 31, 2017. 69 Income from Operations. Our income from operations for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 was split among the following geographic regions (dollars in thousands): Years Ended December 31, % Change Americas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EMEA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asia-Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $363,220 237,854 207,940 45% $352,180 29% 124,853 26% 141,706 57% 3% 20% 91% 23% 47% Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $809,014 100% $618,739 100% 31% 2017 % 2016 % Actual Constant Currency 3% 85% 47% 30% Americas Income from Continuing Operations. Our Americas income from continuing operations did not change significantly year over year. While revenues increased as described above, this was largely offset by (i) an increase of $18.6 million in acquisition costs, which was primarily related to the Verizon Data Center Acquisition; (ii) additional amortization of the acquired intangible assets resulted from the Verizon Data Center Acquisition and (iii) higher cost of revenues and sales and marketing expense as a percentage of revenues. The impact of foreign currency fluctuations on our Americas income from continuing operations for the year ended December 31, 2017 was not significant when compared to the year ended December 31, 2016. EMEA Income from Continuing Operations. The increase in our EMEA income from continuing operations was primarily due to higher revenues as a result of our IBX data center expansion activity and acquisitions, as described above, as well as lower operating expenses as a percentage of revenues, lower amortization costs as a result of fully amortizing the TelecityGroup trade names during the current period and lower acquisition costs incurred for the year ended December 31, 2017. We incurred $9.2 million of acquisition costs during the year ended December 31, 2017, as compared to $54.5 million of acquisition costs during the year ended December 31, 2016, which was primarily related to our acquisition of TelecityGroup. During the year ended December 31, 2017, the impact of foreign currency fluctuations resulted in approximately $6.4 million of net favorable foreign currency impact to our EMEA income from continuing operations primarily due to a generally weaker U.S. dollar relative to the Euro during the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the year ended December 31, 2016. Asia-Pacific Income from Continuing Operations. The increase in our Asia-Pacific income from continuing operations was primarily due to higher revenues as result of our IBX data center expansion activity and organic growth as described above and lower cost of revenues as a percentage of revenues. The impact of foreign currency fluctuations on our Asia-Pacific income from continuing operations for the year ended December 31, 2017 was not significant when compared to average exchange rates of the year ended December 31, 2016. Interest Income. Interest income was $13.1 million and $3.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The increase in interest income was driven by higher cash balances and interest yield rates for the year ended December 31, 2017. The average yield for the year ended December 31, 2017 was 0.64% versus 0.37% for the year ended December 31, 2016. Interest Expense. Interest expense increased to $478.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 from $392.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. The increase in interest expense was primarily due to the Term B-2 Loan borrowings of A1.0 billion and the issuance of $1.25 billion of 2027 Senior Notes in March 2017, as well as additional financings such as various capital lease and other financing obligations to support our expansion projects. During the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, we capitalized $22.6 million and $13.3 million, respectively, of interest expense to construction in progress. 70 Other Income (Expense). We recorded net other income of $9.2 million and net expense of $57.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively, primarily due to foreign currency exchange gains and losses during the periods, including $63.5 million in foreign currency losses recognized in the first quarter of 2016 as a result of completing the acquisition of TelecityGroup. Loss on Debt Extinguishment. We recorded $65.8 million net loss on debt extinguishment during the year ended December 31, 2017 comprised of (i) $14.6 million of loss on debt extinguishment from the early redemption of the senior notes; (ii) $22.5 million of loss on debt extinguishment from the redemption of term loans under the previously outstanding credit facility; (iii) $16.7 million of loss on debt extinguishment as a result of amendments to leases and financing obligations and (iv) $12.0 million of loss on debt extinguishment from the settlement of financing obligations of properties purchased. During the year ended December 31, 2016, we recorded a $12.3 million loss on debt extinguishment as a result of the settlement of the financing obligations for our Paris 3 IBX data center, a portion of the lender fees associated with the Japanese Yen Term Loan, and the prepayment and termination of our 2012 and 2013 Brazil financings. Income Taxes. We operate as a REIT for federal income tax purposes. As a REIT, we are generally not subject to federal income taxes on our taxable income distributed to stockholders. We intend to distribute or have distributed the entire taxable income generated by the operations of our REIT and QRSs for the years ended December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively. As such, other than built-in-gains recognized and withholding taxes, no provision for U.S. income taxes for the REIT and QRSs has been included in the accompanying consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016. We have made TRS elections for some of our subsidiaries in and outside the U.S. In general, a TRS may provide services that would otherwise be considered impermissible for REITs to provide and may hold assets that REITs cannot hold directly. U.S. income taxes for the TRS entities located in the U.S. and foreign income taxes for our foreign operations regardless of whether the foreign operations are operated as QRSs or TRSs have been accrued, as necessary, for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016. For the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, we recorded $53.9 million and $45.5 million of income tax expenses, respectively. Our effective tax rates were 18.8% and 28.4%, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016. The decrease in the effective tax rate in 2017 as compared to 2016 is primarily due to recognition of unrecognized tax benefits related to our tax positions in the U.S. and Brazil as a result of a lapse in statutes of limitations and lower amount of non-deductible expenses within our EMEA operations. This is partially offset by net deferred tax asset remeasurement in the U.S. TRSs due to the corporate income tax rate reduction from 35% to 21% effective January 1, 2018 as a result of the TCJA. Adjusted EBITDA. Adjusted EBITDA is a key factor in how we assess the operating performance of our segments and develop regional growth strategies such as IBX data center expansion decisions. We define adjusted EBITDA as income or loss from operations plus depreciation, amortization, accretion, stock-based compensation expense, restructuring charges, impairment charges, acquisition costs and gain on asset sales. See ‘‘Non-GAAP Financial Measures’’ below for more information about adjusted EBITDA and a reconciliation of adjusted EBITDA to income or loss from operations. Our 71 adjusted EBITDA for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 was split among the following geographic regions (dollars in thousands): Years Ended December 31, % Change 2017 % 2016 % Actual Americas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EMEA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asia-Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,034,694 582,697 434,650 51% $ 787,311 28% 494,263 21% 375,900 47% 31% 30% 18% 23% 16% Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2,052,041 100% $1,657,474 100% 24% Constant Currency 31% 17% 16% 24% Americas Adjusted EBITDA. The increase in our Americas adjusted EBITDA was primarily due to the Verizon Data Center Acquisition, higher revenues as result of our IBX data center expansion activity and organic growth as described above. During the year ended December 31, 2017, currency fluctuations resulted in approximately $4.5 million of net favorable foreign currency impact on our Americas adjusted EBITDA primarily due to the U.S. dollar being generally weaker relative to the Canadian dollar and Brazilian real during the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the year ended December 31, 2016. EMEA Adjusted EBITDA. The increase in our EMEA adjusted EBITDA was primarily due to higher revenues as a result of our IBX data center expansion activity and organic growth as described above and lower operating expenses as a percentage of revenues. During the year ended December 31, 2017, currency fluctuations resulted in approximately $2.1 million of net favorable foreign currency impact to our EMEA adjusted EBITDA primarily due to a generally weaker U.S. dollar relative to the Euro during the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the year ended December 31, 2016. Asia-Pacific Adjusted EBITDA. The increase in our Asia-Pacific adjusted EBITDA was primarily due to higher revenues as a result of our IBX data center expansion activity and organic growth, as described above, and lower cost of revenues as a percentage of revenues. During the year ended December 31, 2017, the U.S. dollar was generally stronger relative to the Japanese Yen than during the year ended December 31, 2016, resulting in approximately $2.7 million of net unfavorable foreign currency impact to our Asia-Pacific revenues during the year ended December 31, 2017 when compared to average exchange rates during the year ended December 31, 2016. Non-GAAP Financial Measures We provide all information required in accordance with GAAP, but we believe that evaluating our ongoing operating results may be difficult if limited to reviewing only GAAP financial measures. Accordingly, we use non-GAAP financial measures to evaluate our operations. Non-GAAP financial measures are not a substitute for financial information prepared in accordance with GAAP. Non-GAAP financial measures should not be considered in isolation, but should be considered together with the most directly comparable GAAP financial measures and the reconciliation of the non-GAAP financial measures to the most directly comparable GAAP financial measures. We have presented such non-GAAP financial measures to provide investors with an additional tool to evaluate our operating results in a manner that focuses on what management believes to be our core, ongoing business operations. We believe that the inclusion of these non-GAAP financial measures provides consistency and comparability with past reports and provides a better understanding of the overall performance of the business and ability to perform in subsequent periods. We believe that if we did not provide such non-GAAP financial information, investors would not have all the necessary data to analyze Equinix effectively. 72 Investors should note that the non-GAAP financial measures used by us may not be the same non-GAAP financial measures, and may not be calculated in the same manner, as those of other companies. Investors should therefore exercise caution when comparing non-GAAP financial measures used by us to similarly titled non-GAAP financial measures of other companies. Our primary non-GAAP financial measures, adjusted EBITDA and adjusted funds from operations (‘‘AFFO’’), exclude depreciation expense as these charges primarily relate to the initial construction costs of our IBX data centers and do not reflect our current or future cash spending levels to support our business. Our IBX data centers are long-lived assets and have an economic life greater than 10 years. The construction costs of an IBX data center do not recur with respect to such data center, although we may incur initial construction costs in future periods with respect to additional IBX data centers, and future capital expenditures remain minor relative to our initial investment. This is a trend we expect to continue. In addition, depreciation is also based on the estimated useful lives of our IBX data centers. These estimates could vary from actual performance of the asset, are based on historical costs incurred to build out our IBX data centers and are not indicative of current or expected future capital expenditures. Therefore, we exclude depreciation from our operating results when evaluating our operations. In addition, in presenting adjusted EBITDA and AFFO, we exclude amortization expense related to acquired intangible assets. Amortization expense is significantly affected by the timing and magnitude of our acquisitions and these charges may vary in amount from period to period. We exclude amortization expense to facilitate a more meaningful evaluation of our current operating performance and comparisons to our prior periods. We exclude accretion expense, both as it relates to asset retirement obligations as well as accrued restructuring charge liabilities, as these expenses represent costs which we believe are not meaningful in evaluating our current operations. We exclude stock-based compensation expense, as it can vary significantly from period to period based on share price, the timing, size and nature of equity awards. As such, we, and many investors and analysts, exclude stock-based compensation expense to compare our operating results with those of other companies. We also exclude restructuring charges. The restructuring charges relate to our decisions to exit leases for excess space adjacent to several of our IBX data centers, which we did not intend to build out, or our decision to reverse such restructuring charges. We also exclude impairment charges related to certain long-lived assets. The impairment charges are related to expense recognized whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of long-lived assets are not recoverable. We also exclude gain or loss on asset sales as it represents profit or loss that is not meaningful in evaluating the current or future operating performance. Finally, we exclude acquisition costs from AFFO and adjusted EBITDA to allow more comparable comparisons of our financial results to our historical operations. The acquisition costs relate to costs we incur in connection with business combinations. Such charges generally are not relevant to assessing the long-term performance of the company. In addition, the frequency and amount of such charges vary significantly based on the size and timing of the acquisitions. Management believes items such as restructuring charges, impairment charges, gain or loss on asset sales and acquisition costs are non-core transactions; however, these types of costs may occur in future periods. 73 Adjusted EBITDA We define adjusted EBITDA as income from operations excluding depreciation, amortization, accretion, stock-based compensation expense, restructuring charges, impairment charges, acquisition costs, and gain on asset sales as presented below (in thousands): Years Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 Income from operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Depreciation, amortization, and accretion expense . . . . . . . . . . . Stock-based compensation expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquisition costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Impairment charges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gain on asset sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 977,383 1,226,741 180,716 34,413 — (6,013) $ 809,014 1,028,892 175,500 38,635 — — $ 618,739 843,510 156,148 64,195 7,698 (32,816) Adjusted EBITDA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2,413,240 $2,052,041 $1,657,474 Our adjusted EBITDA results have improved each year and in each region in total dollars due to the improved operating results discussed earlier in ‘‘Results of Operations’’, as well as the nature of our business model consisting of a recurring revenue stream and a cost structure which has a large base that is fixed in nature also discussed earlier in ‘‘Overview’’. Funds from Operations (‘‘FFO’’) and AFFO We use FFO and AFFO, which are non-GAAP financial measures commonly used in the REIT industry. FFO is calculated in accordance with the standards established by the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts. FFO represents net income (loss), excluding gain (loss) from the disposition of real estate assets, depreciation and amortization on real estate assets and adjustments for unconsolidated joint ventures’ and non-controlling interests’ share of these items. In presenting AFFO, we exclude certain items that we believe are not good indicators of our current or future operating performance. AFFO represents FFO excluding depreciation and amortization expense on non-real estate assets, accretion, stock-based compensation, restructuring charges, impairment charges, acquisition costs, an installation revenue adjustment, a straight-line rent expense adjustment, a contract cost adjustment, amortization of deferred financing costs and debt discounts and premiums, gain (loss) on debt extinguishment, an income tax expense adjustment, recurring capital expenditures and adjustments for unconsolidated joint ventures’ and noncontrolling interests’ share of these items and net income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax. The adjustments for installation revenue, straight-line rent expense and contract costs are intended to isolate the cash activity included within the straight-lined or amortized results in the consolidated statement of operations. We exclude the amortization of deferred financing costs and debt discounts and premiums as these expenses relate to the initial costs incurred in connection with debt financings that have no current or future cash obligations. We exclude gain (loss) on debt extinguishment since it generally represents the write-off of initial costs incurred in connection with debt financings or a cost that is incurred to reduce future interest costs and is not a good indicator of our current or future operating performance. We include an income tax expense adjustment, which represents the non-cash tax impact due to changes in valuation allowances, uncertain tax positions and deferred taxes that do not relate to current period’s operations. We deduct recurring capital expenditures, which represent expenditures to extend the useful life of its IBX data centers or other assets that are required to support current revenues. We also exclude net income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax, which represents results that may not recur and are not a good indicator of our current future operating performance. 74 Our FFO and AFFO were as follows (in thousands): Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adjustments: Years Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 $ 365,359 $232,982 $126,800 Real estate depreciation and amortization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Gain) loss on disposition of real estate property . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adjustments for FFO from unconsolidated joint ventures . . . . . . . 883,118 4,643 — 754,351 4,945 85 626,564 (28,388) 113 FFO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,253,120 $992,363 $725,089 FFO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adjustments: Installation revenue adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Straight-line rent expense adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Contract cost adjustment Amortization of deferred financing costs and debt discounts and premiums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stock-based compensation expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-real estate depreciation expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accretion expense (adjustment) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Recurring capital expenditures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss on debt extinguishment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquisition costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Impairment charges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income from discontinued operations, net of tax . . . . . . . Income tax expense adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adjustments for AFFO from unconsolidated joint ventures . . . Years Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 $1,253,120 $ 992,363 $ 725,089 10,858 7,203 (20,358) 13,618 180,716 140,955 203,416 (748) (203,053) 51,377 34,413 — — (12,420) — 24,496 8,925 — 20,161 7,700 — 24,449 175,500 111,121 177,008 (13,588) (167,995) 65,772 38,635 — — 371 (17) 18,696 156,149 87,781 122,862 6,303 (141,819) 12,276 64,195 7,698 (12,392) 3,680 (40) AFFO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,659,097 $1,437,040 $1,078,339 Our AFFO results have improved due to the improved operating results discussed earlier in ‘‘Results of Operations,’’ as well as due to the nature of our business model which consists of a recurring revenue stream and a cost structure which has a large base that is fixed in nature as discussed earlier in ‘‘Overview.’’ Constant Currency Presentation Our revenues and certain operating expenses (cost of revenues, sales and marketing and general and administrative expenses) from our international operations have represented and will continue to represent a significant portion of our total revenues and certain operating expenses. As a result, our revenues and certain operating expenses have been and will continue to be affected by changes in the U.S. dollar against major international currencies such as the Euro, British pound, Japanese yen, Singapore dollar, Australian dollar and Brazilian real. In order to provide a framework for assessing 75 how each of our business segments performed excluding the impact of foreign currency fluctuations, we present period-over-period percentage changes in our revenues and certain operating expenses on a constant currency basis in addition to the historical amounts as reported. Presenting constant currency results of operations is a non-GAAP financial measure and is not meant to be considered in isolation or as an alternative to GAAP results of operations. However, we have presented this non-GAAP financial measure to provide investors with an additional tool to evaluate our operating results. To present this information, our current and comparative prior period revenues and certain operating expenses from entities reporting in currencies other than the U.S. dollar are converted into U.S. dollars at constant exchange rates rather than the actual exchange rates in effect during the respective periods (i.e. average rates in effect for the year ended December 31, 2017 are used as exchange rates for the year ended December 31, 2018 when comparing the year ended December 31, 2018 with the year ended December 31, 2017, and average rates in effect for the year ended December 31, 2016 are used as exchange rates for the year ended December 31, 2017 when comparing the year ended December 31, 2017 with the year ended December 31, 2016). Liquidity and Capital Resources As of December 31, 2018, our total indebtedness was comprised of debt and financing obligations totaling approximately $11.4 billion consisting of (a) approximately $8,500.1 million of principal from our senior notes, (b) approximately $1,518.9 million from our capital lease and other financing obligations and (c) $1,390.4 million of principal from our loans payable and mortgage (gross of debt issuance cost, debt discount, plus debt premium). We believe we have sufficient cash, coupled with anticipated cash generated from operating activities, to meet our operating requirements, including repayment of the current portion of our debt as it becomes due, payment of regular dividend distributions and completion of our publicly-announced expansion projects. On March 14, 2018, we issued A750.0 million 2.875% Euro Senior Notes due 2024. On April 2, 2018, we completed the Infomart Dallas Acquisition for a purchase price of approximately $804.0 million, which was funded with approximately $45.8 million in cash and $758.2 million aggregate fair value of 5.000% senior unsecured notes. On April 18, 2018, we completed the Metronode Acquisition for a cash purchase price of A$1.034 billion or approximately $804.6 million at the exchange rate in effect on April 18, 2018. In July, we drew down the full amount of the JPY Term Loan of ¥47.5 billion, or approximately $424.7 million at the exchange rate effective on July 31, 2018, and prepaid the remaining principal of our existing Japanese Yen Term Loan of ¥43.8 billion or approximately $391.3 million. As of December 31, 2018, we had $610.7 million of cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments, of which approximately $280.1 million was held in the U.S. We believe that our current expansion activities in the U.S. can be funded with our U.S.-based cash and cash equivalents and investments. In addition to our cash and investment portfolio, we have additional liquidity available to us from our $2.0 billion revolving facility and the 2018 ATM Program as described below. As of December 31, 2018, we had 42 irrevocable letters of credit totaling $68.5 million issued and outstanding under the revolving facility. We had a total of approximately $1.9 billion of additional liquidity available to us under the Revolving Facility. For the year ended December 31, 2018, we sold 930,934 shares for approximately $388.2 million, net of payment of commissions to the sales agents and equity offering costs under our 2017 ATM Program. As of December 31, 2018, no shares remain available for sale under the 2017 ATM Program. In December 2018, we launched the 2018 ATM Program to sell up to $750.0 million of common stock in at the market offerings. As of December 31, 2018, no shares have been sold under the 2018 ATM Program. 76 Besides any further financing activity we may pursue, customer collections are our primary source of cash. While we believe we have a strong customer base, and have continued to experience relatively strong collections, if the current market conditions were to deteriorate, some of our customers may have difficulty paying us and we may experience increased churn in our customer base, including reductions in their commitments to us, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity. Additionally, we may pursue additional expansion opportunities, primarily the build out of new IBX data centers, in certain of our existing markets which are at or near capacity within the next year, as well as potential acquisitions and joint ventures. While we expect to fund these plans with our existing resources, additional financing, either debt or equity, may be required, and if current market conditions were to deteriorate, we may be unable to secure additional financing, or any such additional financing may only be available to us on unfavorable terms. An inability to pursue additional expansion opportunities will have a material adverse effect on our ability to maintain our desired level of revenue growth in future periods. Sources and Uses of Cash Years Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 Net cash provided by operating activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net cash used in investing activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities . . . . . . . . . $ 1,815,426 (3,075,528) 470,912 (in thousands) $ 1,439,233 (5,400,826) 4,607,860 $ 1,019,353 (2,045,668) (897,065) Operating Activities Our cash provided by our operations is generated by colocation, interconnection, managed infrastructure and other revenues. Our primary use of cash from our operating activities include compensation and related costs, interest payments, other general corporate expenditures and taxes. The increase in net cash provided by operating activities during 2018 compared to 2017 was primarily due to improved operating results combined with incremental operating cash provided by the acquisitions of Infomart Dallas and Metronode in April 2018 and inclusion of full year operating results of the Verizon Data Center Acquisition, offset by increases in cash paid for cost of revenues, operating expenses, interest expense and income taxes. The increase in net cash provided by operating activities during 2017 compared to 2016 was primarily due to improved operating results combined with incremental operating cash provided by the Verizon Data Center Acquisition and other acquisitions in 2017, offset by timing of collections on our receivables and increases in cash paid for cost of revenues, operating expenses, interest expense and income taxes. Investing Activities The decrease in net cash used in investing activities during 2018 compared to 2017 was primarily due to the decrease in spending for business acquisitions of approximately of $3.1 billion, primarily due to the Verizon Data Center Acquisition in 2017, partially offset by $717.4 million of higher capital expenditures and $87.3 million of higher purchases of real estate, primarily as a result of expansion activity. The increase in net cash used in investing activities during 2017 compared to 2016 was primarily due to the increase in spending for business acquisitions of approximately of $2.2 billion, primarily related to the Verizon Data Center Acquisition, a decrease in proceeds from asset sales of $803.8 million, $265.4 million of higher capital expenditures and $67.0 million of higher purchases of real estate, primarily as a result of expansion activity. During 2019, we anticipate our IBX expansion construction activity will increase from our 2018 levels. If the opportunity to expand is greater than planned and we have sufficient funding to pursue 77 such expansion opportunities, we may further increase the level of capital expenditure to support this growth as well as pursue additional business and real estate acquisitions or joint ventures. Financing Activities Net cash provided by financing activities during 2018 was primarily due to (i) the issuance of A750.0 million 2.875% Euro Senior Notes due 2024, or approximately $929.9 million in U.S. dollars, at the exchange rate in effect on March 14, 2018; (ii) borrowing of the JPY Term Loan of ¥47.5 billion, or approximately $424.7 million at the exchange rate effective on July 31, 2018; (iii) sale of 930,934 shares under the 2017 ATM Program, for net proceeds of $388.2 million and (iv) proceeds from employee awards of $50.1 million. The proceeds were partially offset by (i) dividend distributions of $738.6 million; (ii) repayments of capital lease and other financing obligations of $103.8 million; (iii) repayments of mortgage and loans payable of $447.5 million, primarily related to the prepayment of the remaining principal of our existing Japanese Yen Term Loan; (iv) payments of debt extinguishment costs of $20.6 million and (v) payments of debt issuance costs of $12.2 million. Net cash provided by financing activities during 2017 was primarily due to (i) borrowings under our previously outstanding credit facility of A1,000.0 million, or approximately $1,059.8 million at the exchange rate in effect on January 6, 2017; (ii) the issuance of $1,250.0 million 2027 Senior Notes; (iii) the issuance of A1,000.0 million 2025 Euro Senior Notes, or approximately $1,199.7 million at the exchange rate on September 20, 2017; (iv) the issuance of A1,000.0 million 2026 Euro Senior Notes, approximately $1,179.0 million at the exchange rate on December 12, 2017; (v) borrowings under our Term Loan Facility of approximately $997.1 million on December 12, 2017, at the exchange rate in effect on that day; (vi) the sale of common stock for net proceeds of $2,481.4 million and (vii) proceeds from employee awards of $41.7 million, partially offset by (i) repayment of the entire $500.0 million principal amount of our 4.875% Senior Notes due 2020; (ii) repayment in full of our previously outstanding credit facility of approximately $2,207.7 million in total at the exchange rate on December 12, 2017; (iii) dividend distributions of $621.5 million; (iv) repayments of capital lease and other financing obligations of $93.5 million and (v) debt issuance costs of $81.0 million. Net cash used in financing activities during 2016 was primarily due to (i) $1,462.9 million repayment of loans payable including repayment of loans assumed in the TelecityGroup acquisition, bridge term loan and revolving credit facility; (ii) $114.4 million repayment of capital lease and other financing obligations and (iii) $499.5 million payment of dividends, partially offset by $1,168.3 million of proceeds from loans payable including proceeds from our previously outstanding credit facility and Japanese Yen Term Loan. Debt Obligations Debt Facilities We have various debt obligations with maturity dates ranging from 2019 to 2027 under which a total principal balance of $9.9 billion remained outstanding as of December 31, 2018. For further information on debt obligations, see ‘‘Debt Facilities’’ in Note 11 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Capital Lease and Other Financing Obligations We have numerous capital lease and other financing obligations with maturity dates ranging from 2019 to 2053 under which a total principal balance of $1,518.9 million remained outstanding as of December 31, 2018 with a weighted average effective interest rate of 7.88%. For further information on our capital leases and other financing obligations, see ‘‘Capital Lease and Other Financing Obligations’’ in Note 10 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. 78 Contractual Obligations and Off-Balance-Sheet Arrangements We lease a majority of our IBX data centers and certain equipment under non-cancelable lease agreements expiring through 2065. The following represents our debt maturities, financings, leases and other contractual commitments as of December 31, 2018 (in thousands): 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Thereafter Total Term loans and other loans payable(1) . . . . $ Senior notes(1) . . . . . . Interest(2) . . . . . . . . . . Capital lease and other financing obligations(3) . . . . . . . . . Operating leases(4) Other contractual 73,128 $ 300,000 411,944 73,443 $ 73,134 $1,165,871 $ 300,000 395,556 150,000 379,060 750,000 352,907 1,000,000 278,214 2,491 $ 2,339 $ 1,390,406 8,500,125 2,418,329 6,000,125 600,648 184,151 187,280 170,592 179,515 169,086 166,159 168,810 158,115 164,886 147,677 1,601,251 1,130,494 2,458,776 1,969,240 commitments(5) . . . . 1,129,604 149,168 36,839 25,680 19,789 164,090 1,525,170 Asset retirement obligations(6) . . . . . . 6,776 3,801 3,972 11,633 5,582 64,899 96,663 $2,292,883 $1,272,075 $978,250 $2,633,016 $1,618,639 $9,563,846 $18,358,709 (1) Represents principal of senior notes, term loans and other loans payable, as well as premium on mortgage payable. (2) Represents interest on mortgage payable, senior notes, term loan facilities and other loans payable based on their approximate interest rates as of December 31, 2018, as well as the credit facility fee for the revolving credit facility. (3) Represents principal and interest. (4) Represents minimum operating lease payments, excluding potential lease renewals. (5) Represents unaccrued contractual commitments. Other contractual commitments are described below. (6) Represents liability, net of future accretion expense. In connection with certain of our leases and other contracts requiring deposits, we entered into 42 irrevocable letters of credit totaling $68.5 million under the revolving credit facility. These letters of credit were provided in lieu of cash deposits. If the landlords for these IBX leases decide to draw down on these letters of credit triggered by an event of default under the lease, we will be required to fund these letters of credit either through cash collateral or borrowing under the revolving credit facility. These contingent commitments are not reflected in the table above. We had accrued liabilities related to uncertain tax positions totaling approximately $106.9 million as of December 31, 2018. These liabilities, which are reflected on our balance sheet, are not reflected in the table above since it is unclear when these liabilities will be paid. Primarily as a result of our various IBX data center expansion projects, as of December 31, 2018, we were contractually committed for $687.6 million of unaccrued capital expenditures, primarily for 79 IBX equipment not yet delivered and labor not yet provided in connection with the work necessary to complete construction and open these IBX data centers prior to making them available to customers for installation. This amount, which is expected to be paid during 2019 and thereafter, is reflected in the table above as ‘‘other contractual commitments.’’ We had other non-capital purchase commitments in place as of December 31, 2018, such as commitments to purchase power in select locations and other open purchase orders, which contractually bind us for goods, services or arrangements that may contain embedded leases to be delivered or provided during 2019 and beyond. Such other purchase commitments as of December 31, 2018, which total $837.5 million, are also reflected in the table above as ‘‘other contractual commitments.’’ Additionally, we entered into lease agreements in various locations for a total lease commitment of approximately $262.2 million, excluding potential lease renewals. These lease agreements will commence between February 2019 and May 2020 with lease terms of 5 to 30 years, which are not reflected in the table above. Other Off-Balance-Sheet Arrangements We have various guarantor arrangements with both our directors and officers and third parties, including customers, vendors and business partners. As of December 31, 2018, there were no significant liabilities recorded for these arrangements. For additional information, see ‘‘Guarantor Arrangements’’ in Note 15 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of our financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions about future events that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. On an ongoing basis, management evaluates the accounting policies, assumptions, estimates and judgments to ensure that our consolidated financial statements are presented fairly and in accordance with GAAP. Management bases its assumptions, estimates and judgments on historical experience, current trends and various other factors that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. However, because future events and their effects cannot be determined with certainty, actual results may differ from these assumptions and estimates, and such differences could be material. Our significant accounting policies are discussed in Note 1 to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Management believes that the following critical accounting policies and estimates are the most critical to aid in fully understanding and evaluating our consolidated financial statements, and they require significant judgments, resulting from the need to make estimates about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain: (cid:129) Accounting for income taxes; (cid:129) Accounting for business combinations; (cid:129) Accounting for impairment of goodwill; and (cid:129) Accounting for property, plant and equipment. 80 Description Accounting for Income Taxes. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized based on the future tax consequences attributable to temporary differences that exist between the financial statement carrying value of assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases, and operating loss and tax credit carryforwards on a taxing jurisdiction basis. We measure deferred tax assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates that will apply in the years in which we expect the temporary differences to be recovered or settled. The accounting standard for income taxes requires a reduction of the carrying amounts of deferred tax assets by recording a valuation allowance if, based on the available evidence, it is more likely than not (defined by the accounting standard as a likelihood of more than 50%) that such assets will not be realized. A tax benefit from an uncertain income tax position may be recognized in the financial statements only if it is more likely than not that the position is sustainable, based solely on its technical merits and consideration of the relevant taxing authority’s widely understood administrative practices and precedents. The TCJA included a Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income (‘‘GILTI’’) provision that increases U.S. federal taxable income by certain foreign subsidiary income in the year it is earned. Our accounting policy is to treat any tax on GILTI inclusions as a current period cost included in the tax expense in the year incurred. The Company believes the GILTI inclusion provision will result in no financial statement impact provided the Company satisfies its REIT distribution requirement with respect to the GILTI inclusions. Our qualification and taxation as a REIT depends on our satisfaction of certain asset, income, organizational, distribution, stockholder ownership and other requirements on a continuing basis. Our ability to satisfy quarterly asset tests depends upon our analysis and the fair market values of our REIT and non-REIT assets. Judgments and Uncertainties Effect if Actual Results Differ from Assumptions The valuation of deferred tax assets requires judgment in assessing the likely future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in our financial statements or tax returns. Our accounting for deferred tax consequences represents our best estimate of those future events. In assessing the need for a valuation allowance, we consider both positive and negative evidence related to the likelihood of realization of the deferred tax assets. If, based on the weight of that available evidence, it is more likely than not the deferred tax assets will not be realized, we record a valuation allowance. The weight given to the positive and negative evidence is commensurate with the extent to which the evidence may be objectively verified. This assessment, which is completed on a taxing jurisdiction basis, takes into account a number of types of evidence, including the following: 1) the nature, frequency and severity of current and cumulative financial reporting losses, 2) sources of future taxable income and 3) tax planning strategies. In assessing the tax benefit from an uncertain income tax position, the tax position that meets the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold is initially and subsequently measured as the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement with a taxing authority that has full knowledge of all relevant information. For purposes of the quarterly REIT asset tests, we estimate the fair market value of assets within our QRSs and TRSs using a discounted cash flow approach, by calculating the present value of forecasted future cash flows. We apply discount rates based on industry benchmarks relative to the market and forecasting risks. Other key assumptions used to estimate the fair market value of assets in QRSs and TRSs include projected revenue growth, operating margins and forecasted capital expenditure. We revisit key assumptions periodically to reflect any changes due to business or economic environment. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, we had net total deferred tax liabilities of $189.6 million and $186.3 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, we had a total valuation allowance of $57.0 million and $84.6 million, respectively. If and when we reduce our remaining valuation allowances, it may have a favorable impact to our financial position and results of operations in the periods when such determinations are made. We will continue to assess the need for our valuation allowances, by country or location, in the future During the year ended December 31, 2018, we released the full valuation allowances against the deferred tax assets of one of our Brazilian legal entities, certain Japanese entities and partial valuation allowance against the Spanish deferred tax assets acquired from the Itconic acquisition as a result of legal entities reorganizations in the Americas, APAC and EMEA regions. As part of the purchase accounting determination for the Metronode Acquisition, we provided full valuation allowance against certain deferred tax assets in Australia that are not expected to be realizable in the foreseeable future. During the year ended December 31, 2017, we provided full and partial valuation allowances against the Spanish and Turkish deferred tax assets acquired from the Itconic and Zenium data center acquisitions, respectively. In addition, we set up a full valuation allowance against the deferred tax asset associated with excess tax goodwill established as a result of a reorganization in Brazil. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, we had unrecognized tax benefits of $150.9 million and $82.4 million, respectively, exclusive of interest and penalties. During the year ended December 31, 2018, the unrecognized tax benefits increased by $68.5 million primarily due to the Metronode Acquisition and the reorganization of the Spanish entities from the Itconic acquisition. During the year ended December 31, 2017, the unrecognized tax benefits increased by $10.2 million primarily due to the TelecityGroup integrations which was partially offset by the recognition of unrecognized tax benefits related to the Company’s tax positions in the U.S. and Brazil as a result of a lapse in statutes of limitations. The unrecognized tax benefits of $114.9 million as of December 31, 2018, if subsequently recognized, will affect our effective tax rate favorably at the time when such benefits are recognized. 81 Description Judgments and Uncertainties Effect if Actual Results Differ from Assumptions Accounting for Business Combinations In accordance with the accounting standard for business combinations, we allocate the purchase price of an acquired business to its identifiable assets and liabilities based on estimated fair values. The excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, if any, is recorded as goodwill. We use all available information to estimate fair values. We typically engage outside appraisal firms to assist in determining the fair value of identifiable intangible assets such as customer contracts, leases and any other significant assets or liabilities and contingent consideration, as well as the estimated useful life of intangible assets. We adjust the preliminary purchase price allocation, as necessary, up to one year after the acquisition closing date if we obtain more information regarding asset valuations and liabilities assumed. Our purchase price allocation methodology contains uncertainties because it requires assumptions and management’s judgment to estimate the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date. Key judgments used to estimate the fair value of intangible assets include projected revenue growth and operating margins, discount rates, customer attrition rates, as well as the estimated useful life of intangible assets. Management estimates the fair value of assets and liabilities based upon quoted market prices, the carrying value of the acquired assets and widely accepted valuation techniques, including discounted cash flows and market multiple analyses. Our estimates are inherently uncertain and subject to refinement. Unanticipated events or circumstances may occur which could affect the accuracy of our fair value estimates, including assumptions regarding industry economic factors and business strategies. During the last three years, we have completed a number of business combinations, including the Metronode Acquisition and the Infomart Dallas Acquisition in April 2018, the Itconic Acquisition and the Zenium data center acquisition in October 2017, the Verizon Data Center Acquisition in May 2017, the IO Acquisition in February 2017, the Paris IBX Data Center Acquisition in August 2016 and the TelecityGroup acquisition in January 2016. In 2018, we have finalized the purchase price allocation for the Verizon Data Center, Itconic and Zenium data center acquisitions. The purchase price allocation for the IO, Paris IBX Data Center and TelecityGroup acquisitions were completed in prior years. As of December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, we had net intangible assets of $2.3 billion, $2.4 billion and $719.2 million, respectively. We recorded amortization expense for intangible assets of $203.4 million, $177.0 million and $122.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. We do not believe there is a reasonable likelihood that there will be a material change in the estimates or assumptions we used to complete the purchase price allocations and the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed. However, if actual results are not consistent with our estimates or assumptions, we may be exposed to losses or gains that could be material, which would be recorded in our consolidated statements of operations in 2019 or beyond. 82 Description Judgments and Uncertainties Effect if Actual Results Differ from Assumptions Accounting for Impairment of Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets In accordance with the accounting standard for goodwill and other intangible assets, we perform goodwill and other intangible assets impairment reviews annually, or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of an asset may not be recoverable. We complete the annual goodwill impairment assessment for the Americas, EMEA and Asia-Pacific reporting units to determine if the fair values of the reporting units exceeded their carrying values. We perform a review of other intangible assets for impairment by assessing events or changes in circumstances that indicate the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. To perform annual goodwill impairment assessment, we elected to assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value. This analysis requires assumptions and estimates before performing the quantitative goodwill impairment test, where the assessment requires assumptions and estimates derived from a review of our actual and forecasted operating results, approved business plans, future economic conditions and other market data. There were no specific factors present in 2018 or 2017 that indicated a potential goodwill impairment. We performed our annual review of other intangible assets by assessing if there were events or changes in circumstances indicating that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable, such as a significant decrease in market price of an asset, a significant adverse change in the extent or manner in which an asset is being used, a significant adverse change in legal factors or business climate that could affect the value of an asset or a continuous deterioration of our financial condition. This assessment requires assumptions and estimates derived from a review of our actual and forecasted operating results, approved business plans, future economic conditions and other market data. There were no specific events in 2018 or 2017 that indicated a potential impairment. As of December 31, 2018, goodwill attributable to the Americas, the EMEA and the Asia-Pacific reporting units was $1.7 billion, $2.5 billion and $616.4 million, respectively. Future events, changing market conditions and any changes in key assumptions may result in an impairment charge. While we have not recorded an impairment charge against our goodwill to date, the development of adverse business conditions in our Americas, EMEA or Asia-Pacific reporting units, such as higher than anticipated customer churn or significantly increased operating costs, or significant deterioration of our market comparables that we use in the market approach, could result in an impairment charge in future periods. The balance of our other intangible assets, net, for the year ended December 31, 2018 was $2.3 billion. While we have not recorded an impairment charge against our other intangible assets to date, future events or changes in circumstances, such as a significant decrease in market price of an asset, a significant adverse change in the extent or manner in which an asset is being used, a significant adverse change in legal factors or business climate, may result in an impairment charge in future periods. Any potential impairment charge against our goodwill and other intangible assets would not exceed the amounts recorded on our consolidated balance sheets. 83 Description Judgments and Uncertainties Effect if Actual Results Differ from Assumptions Accounting for Property, Plant and Equipment We have a substantial amount of property, plant and equipment recorded on our consolidated balance sheet. The vast majority of our property, plant and equipment represent the costs incurred to build out or acquire our IBX data centers. Our IBX data centers are long-lived assets. We depreciate our property, plant and equipment using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets (subject to the term of the lease in the case of leased assets or leasehold improvements and integral equipment located in leased properties). Accounting for property, plant and equipment includes determining the appropriate period in which to depreciate such assets, making assessments for leased properties to determine whether they are capital or operating leases, determining if construction projects performed at leased properties trigger build-to-suit lease accounting, assessing such assets for potential impairment, capitalizing interest during periods of construction and assessing the asset retirement obligations required for certain leased properties that require us to return the leased properties back to their original condition at the time we decide to exit a leased property. As of December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, we had property, plant and equipment of $11.0 billion, $9.4 billion, and $7.2 billion, respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, we recorded depreciation expense of $1.0 billion, $865.5 million, and $714.3 million, respectively. Judgments are required in arriving at the estimated useful life of an asset and changes to these estimates would have significant impact on our financial position and results of operations. When we lease a property for our IBX data centers, we generally enter into long-term arrangements with initial lease terms of at least 8-10 years While we evaluated the appropriateness, we and with renewal options generally available to us. In the next several years, a number of leases for our IBX data centers will come up for renewal. As we start approaching the end of these initial lease terms, we will need to reassess the estimated useful lives of our property, plant and equipment. In addition, we may find that our estimates for the useful lives of non-leased assets may also need to be revised periodically. We periodically review the estimated useful lives of certain of our property, plant and equipment and changes in these estimates in the future are possible. As of December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, we had property, plant and equipment under capital leases of $823.6 million, $760.4 million and $715.3 million, respectively. We recorded accumulated depreciation for assets under capital leases of $248.9 million, $199.2 million and $161.4 million as of December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. did not revise the estimated useful lives of our property, plant and equipment during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016. Further changes in our estimated useful lives of our property, plant and equipment could have a significant impact on our results of operations. Additionally, during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, we recorded rent expense of approximately $185.4 million, $157.9 million and $140.6 million respectively. Another area of judgment for us in connection with our property, plant and equipment is related to lease accounting. Some of our IBX data centers are leased. Each time we enter into a new lease or lease amendment for one of our IBX data centers, we analyze each lease or lease amendment for the proper accounting. This requires certain judgments such as establishing the lease term to include in a lease test, establishing the remaining estimated useful life of the underlying property or equipment and estimating the fair value of the underlying property or equipment, establishing the incremental borrowing rate to calculate the present value of the minimum lease payment for the lease test. All of these judgments are inherently uncertain. Different assumptions or estimates could result in a different accounting treatment for a lease. The assessment of long-lived assets for impairment requires assumptions and estimates of undiscounted and discounted future cash flows. These assumptions and estimates require significant judgment and are inherently uncertain. Recent Accounting Pronouncements See ‘‘Recent Accounting Pronouncements’’ in Note 1 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. 84 ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK Market Risk The following discussion about market risk involves forward-looking statements. Actual results could differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements. We may be exposed to market risks related to changes in interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates and fluctuations in the prices of certain commodities, primarily electricity. We employ foreign currency forward exchange contracts for the purpose of hedging certain specifically-identified exposures. The use of these financial instruments is intended to mitigate some of the risks associated with fluctuations in currency exchange rates, but does not eliminate such risks. We do not use financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes. Investment Portfolio Risk We maintain an investment portfolio of various holdings, types, and maturities that is prioritized on meeting REIT asset requirements. All of our marketable securities are recorded on our consolidated balance sheets at fair value with changes in fair values recognized in net income. We consider various factors in determining whether we should recognize an impairment charge for our securities, including the length of time and extent to which the fair value has been less than our cost basis and our intent and ability to hold the investment for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery. We anticipate that we will recover the entire cost basis of these securities and have determined that no other-than-temporary impairments associated with credit losses were required to be recognized during the year ended December 31, 2018. As of December 31, 2018, our investment portfolio of cash equivalents and marketable securities consisted of money market funds, certificates of deposits and publicly traded equity securities. The amount in our investment portfolio that could be susceptible to market risk totaled $124.1 million. Interest Rate Risk We are exposed to interest rate risk related to our outstanding debt. An immediate 10% increase or decrease in current interest rates from their position as of December 31, 2018 would not have a material impact on our interest expense due to the fixed coupon rate on the majority of our debt obligations. However, the interest expense associated with our senior credit facility and term loans, that bear interest at variable rates, could be affected. For every 100 basis point change in interest rates, our annual interest expense could increase by a total of approximately $12.7 million or decrease by a total of approximately $5.6 million based on the total balance of our primary borrowings under the Term Loan Facility as of December 31, 2018. As of December 31, 2018, we had not employed any interest rate derivative products against our debt obligations. However, we may enter into interest rate hedging agreements in the future to mitigate our exposure to interest rate risk. The fair value of our long-term fixed interest rate debt is subject to interest rate risk. Generally, the fair value of fixed interest rate debt will increase as interest rates fall and decrease as interest rates rise. These interest rate changes may affect the fair value of the fixed interest rate debt but do not impact our earnings or cash flows. The fair value of our mortgage and loans payable and 5.000% Infomart Senior Notes, which are not traded in the market, is estimated by considering our credit rating, current rates available to us for debt of the same remaining maturities and the terms of the debt. The fair value of our other senior notes, which are traded in the market, was based on quoted 85 market prices. The following table represents the carrying value and estimated fair value of our mortgage and loans payable and senior notes as of (in thousands): Mortgage and loans payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Senior notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,388,524 8,500,125 $1,389,632 8,422,211 $1,468,275 7,002,000 $1,464,877 7,288,673 December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 Carrying Value(1) Fair Value Carrying Value(1) Fair Value (1) The carrying value is gross of debt issuance cost, debt discount and debt premium. Foreign Currency Risk A significant portion of our revenue is denominated in U.S. dollars, however, approximately 55.3% of our revenues and 53.5% of our operating costs are attributable to Brazil, Canada, Colombia and the EMEA and Asia-Pacific regions, and a large portion of those revenues and costs are denominated in a currency other than the U.S. dollar, primarily the Euro, British pound, Japanese yen, Singapore dollar, Hong Kong dollar, Australian dollar and Brazilian real. To help manage the exposure to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations, we have implemented a number of hedging programs, in particular (i) a cash flow hedging program to hedge the forecasted revenues and expenses in our EMEA region, (ii) a balance sheet hedging program to hedge the remeasurement of monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies, and (iii) a net investment hedging program to hedge the long term investments in our foreign subsidiaries. Our hedging programs reduce, but do not entirely eliminate, the impact of currency exchange rate movements on our consolidated balance sheets, statements of operations and statements of cash flows. As of December 31, 2018, the outstanding foreign currency forward contracts had maturities of up to two years. We have entered into various foreign currency debt obligations. As of December 31, 2018, the total principal amount of foreign currency debt obligations was $4.5 billion, including $3.2 billion denominated in Euro, $612.7 million denominated in British Pound, $427.8 million denominated in Japanese Yen and $304.0 million denominated in Swedish Krona. As of December 31, 2018, we have designated $4.1 billion of the total principal amount of foreign currency debt obligations as net investment hedges against our net investments in foreign subsidiaries. For a net investment hedge, changes in the fair value of the hedging instrument designated as a net investment hedge, except the ineffective portion and forward points, are recorded as a component of other comprehensive income in the consolidated balance sheets. We did not record any ineffectiveness during the year ended December 31, 2018. Fluctuations in the exchange rates between these foreign currencies (i.e. Euro, British Pound, Swedish Krona and Japanese Yen) and the U.S. Dollar will impact the amount of U.S. dollars that we will require to settle the foreign currency debt obligations at maturity. If the U.S. Dollar would have been weaker or stronger by 10% in comparison to these foreign currencies as of December 31, 2018, we estimate our obligation to cash settle the principal of these foreign currency debt obligations in U.S. dollars would have increased or decreased by approximately $449.5 million respectively. For the foreseeable future, we anticipate that approximately 50% of our revenues and operating costs will continue to be generated and incurred outside of the U.S. in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. During fiscal 2018, the U.S. dollar became generally stronger relative to certain of the currencies of the foreign countries in which we operate. This overall strengthening of the U.S. dollar had a negative impact on our consolidated results of operations because the foreign denominations translated into less U.S. dollars. In future periods, the volatility of the U.S. dollar as compared to the other 86 currencies in which we do business could have a significant impact on our consolidated financial position and results of operations including the amount of revenue that we report in future periods. With the existing cash flow hedges in place, a hypothetical additional 10% strengthening of the U.S. dollar during the year ended December 31, 2018 would have resulted in a reduction of our revenues and operating expenses, including depreciation and amortization expenses, for the year by approximately $137.1 million and $145.1 million, respectively. With the existing cash flow hedges in place, a hypothetical additional 10% weakening of the U.S. dollar during the year ended December 31, 2018 would have resulted in an increase of our revenues and operating expenses, including depreciation and amortization expenses, for the year by approximately $175.1 million and $179.4 million, respectively. We may enter into additional hedging activities in the future to mitigate our exposure to foreign currency risk as our exposure to foreign currency risk continues to increase due to our growing foreign operations; however, we do not currently intend to eliminate all foreign currency transaction exposure. Commodity Price Risk Certain operating costs incurred by us are subject to price fluctuations caused by the volatility of underlying commodity prices. The commodities most likely to have an impact on our results of operations in the event of price changes are electricity, supplies and equipment used in our IBX data centers. We closely monitor the cost of electricity at all of our locations. We have entered into several power contracts to purchase power at fixed prices in certain locations in the U.S., Australia, Brazil, France, Germany, Japan, the Netherlands, Singapore and the United Kingdom. In addition, as we are building new, or expanding existing, IBX data centers, we are subject to commodity price risk for building materials related to the construction of these IBX data centers, such as steel and copper. In addition, the lead-time to procure certain pieces of equipment, such as generators, is substantial. Any delays in procuring the necessary pieces of equipment for the construction of our IBX data centers could delay the anticipated openings of these new IBX data centers and, as a result, increase the cost of these projects. We do not currently employ forward contracts or other financial instruments to address commodity price risk other than the power contracts discussed above. ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA The financial statements and supplementary data required by this Item 8 are listed in Item 15(a)(1) and begin at page F-1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE There is no disclosure to report pursuant to Item 9. ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES Conclusion Regarding the Effectiveness of Disclosure Controls and Procedures Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, we conducted an evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures, as such term is defined under Rule 13a-15(e) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the ‘‘Exchange Act’’). Based on this evaluation, our 87 Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level as of December 31, 2018. Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f). Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on our evaluation under the framework in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013), our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2018. The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018 has been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report which is included herein on page F-1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Limitations on the Effectiveness of Controls Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, believes that our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting are designed and operated to be effective at the reasonable assurance level. However, our management does not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures or our internal control over financial reporting will prevent all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of a simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people or by management override of the controls. The design of any system of controls is also based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions; over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected. Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting There was no change in our internal controls over financial reporting during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2018 that has materially affected, or is reasonable likely to affect, our internal controls over financial reporting. We implemented certain internal controls related to the adoption of ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, to ensure we adequately evaluated our contracts and properly assessed the impact of the new revenue recognition standard on our financial statements to facilitate its adoption effective January 1, 2018. ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION There is no disclosure to report pursuant to Item 9B. 88 PART III ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE Information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the Equinix proxy statement for the 2019 Annual Meeting of Stockholders. We have adopted a Code of Ethics applicable for the Chief Executive Officer and Senior Financial Officers and a Code of Business Conduct. This information is incorporated by reference to the Equinix proxy statement for the 2019 Annual Meeting of Stockholders and is also available on our website, www.equinix.com. ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION Information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the Equinix proxy statement for the 2019 Annual Meeting of Stockholders. ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS Information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the Equinix proxy statement for the 2019 Annual Meeting of Stockholders. ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE Information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the Equinix proxy statement for the 2019 Annual Meeting of Stockholders. ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES Information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the Equinix proxy statement for the 2019 Annual Meeting of Stockholders. 89 PART IV ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES (a)(1) Financial Statements: Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 F-1 F-3 and 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-4 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-5 Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity and Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-6 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-7 F-8 (a)(2) Financial statements and schedules: Schedule III — Schedule of Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation at December 31, 2018 with reconciliations for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-85 (a)(3) Exhibits: Exhibit Number 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Exhibit Description Rule 2.7 Announcement, dated as May 29, 2015. Recommended Cash and Share Offer for Telecity Group plc by Equinix, Inc. Cooperation Agreement, dated as of May 29, 2015, by and between Equinix, Inc. and Telecity Group plc. Amendment to Cooperation Agreement, dated as of November 24, 2015, by and between Equinix, Inc. and Telecity Group plc. Transaction Agreement, dated as of December 6, 2016, by and between Verizon Communications Inc. and Equinix, Inc. Amendment No. 1 to the Transaction Agreement, dated February 23, 2017, by and between Verizon Communications Inc. and Equinix, Inc. Incorporated by Reference Form 8-K Filing Date/ Filed Period End Date Exhibit Herewith 5/29/15 2.1 8-K 5/29/15 2.2 10-K 12/31/15 2.3 8-K 12/6/16 2.1 10-K 12/31/16 2.5 90 Incorporated by Reference Form 8-K Filing Date/ Filed Period End Date Exhibit Herewith 5/1/17 2.1 10-Q 8/8/18 2.7 10-K/A 12/31/02 3.1 8-K 6/14/11 3.1 8-K 6/11/13 3.1 10-Q 6/30/2014 3.4 10-K/A 12/31/02 8-K 3/29/16 3.3 3.1 8-K 3/5/13 4.3 8-K 11/20/14 4.1 8-K 11/20/14 4.2 Exhibit Number 2.6 2.7 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Exhibit Description Amendment No.2 to the Transaction Agreement, dated April 30, 2017, by and between Verizon Communications Inc. and Equinix, Inc. Amendment No.3 to the Transaction Agreement, dated June 29, 2018, by and between Verizon Communications Inc. and Equinix, Inc. Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant, as amended to date. Certificate of Amendment to the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant. Certificate of Amendment to the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant. Certificate of Amendment to the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant. Certificate of Designation of Series A and Series A-1 Convertible Preferred Stock. Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Registrant. Reference is made to Exhibits 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5 and 3.6. Indenture for the 2023 Notes dated March 5, 2013 between Equinix, Inc. and U.S. Bank National Association as trustee. Form of 5.375% Senior Note due 2023 (see Exhibit 4.2). Indenture, dated as of November 20, 2014, between Equinix, Inc. and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee. First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of November 20, 2014, between Equinix, Inc. and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee. 91 Exhibit Number Exhibit Description Incorporated by Reference Form Period End Date Exhibit Herewith Filing Date/ Filed 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17 4.18 Form of 5.375% Senior Note due 2022 (see Exhibit 4.5). Second Supplemental Indenture, dated as of November 20, 2014, between Equinix, Inc. and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee. Form of 5.750% Senior Note due 2025 (see Exhibit 4.7). Third Supplemental Indenture, dated as of December 4, 2015, between Equinix, Inc. and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee. Form of 5.875% Senior Note due 2026 (see Exhibit 4.9). Fourth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of March 22, 2017 between Equinix, Inc. and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee. Form of 5.375% Senior Notes due 2027 (see Exhibit 4.11). Fifth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of September 20, 2017 among Equinix, Inc. and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee, and Elavon Financial Services DAC, UK Branch, as paying agent. Form of 2.875% Senior Notes due 2025 (see Exhibit 4.13). Indenture, dated as of December 12, 2017, between Equinix, Inc. and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee. Supplemental Indenture, dated as of December 12, 2017, among Equinix, Inc. and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee, and Elavon Financial Services DAC, UK Branch, as paying agent. Form of 2.875% Senior Notes due 2026 (see Exhibit 4.16). Second Supplemental Indenture, dated as of March 14, 2018, among Equinix, Inc. and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee, and Elavon Financial Services DAC, UK Branch, as paying agent. 92 8-K 11/20/14 4.4 8-K 12/04/15 4.2 8-K 3/22/17 4.2 8-K 9/20/17 4.2 8-K 12/05/17 4.1 8-K 12/05/17 4.2 8-K 03/14/18 4.2 Exhibit Number 4.19 4.20 4.21 4.22 4.23 4.24 4.25 4.26 10.1** 10.2** 10.3** 10.4** 10.5** 10.6** 10.7** 10.8** Exhibit Description Form of 2.875% Senior Notes due 2024 (see Exhibit 4.18). Third Supplemental Indenture, dated as of April 2, 2018, among Equinix, Inc. and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee. Form of 5.00% Senior Notes due April 2019 (see Exhibit 4.20). Form of 5.00% Senior Notes due October 2019 (see Exhibit 4.20). Form of 5.00% Senior Notes due April 2020 (see Exhibit 4.20). Form of 5.00% Senior Notes due October 2020 (see Exhibit 4.20). Form of 5.00% Senior Notes due April 2021 (see Exhibit 4.20). Form of Registrant’s Common Stock Certificate. Incorporated by Reference Form Period End Date Exhibit Herewith Filing Date/ Filed 8-K 04/03/18 4.2 10-K 12/31/14 4.13 Form of Indemnification Agreement between the Registrant and each of its officers and directors. S-4 (File No. 333-93749) 12/29/1999 10.5 2000 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended. 2000 Director Option Plan, as amended. 2001 Supplemental Stock Plan, as amended. Equinix, Inc. 2004 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, as amended. Severance Agreement by and between Peter Van Camp and Equinix, Inc. dated December 10, 2008. Severance Agreement by and between Keith Taylor and Equinix, Inc. dated December 19, 2008. Change in Control Severance Agreement by and between Eric Schwartz and Equinix, Inc. dated December 19, 2008. 10-K 10-K 10-K 10-Q 12/31/16 12/31/16 12/31/16 6/30/14 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10-K 12/31/08 10.32 10-K 12/31/08 10.33 10-K 12/31/08 10.35 93 Incorporated by Reference Form Period End Date Exhibit Herewith Filing Date/ Filed 2/5/07 10.9 S-1/A (File No. 333-137607) filed by Switch & Data Facilities Company 10-Q 9/30/10 10.42 10-K 12/31/10 10.33 10-K 12/31/10 10.34 10-Q 6/30/13 10.51 10-Q 9/30/13 10.54 10-Q 9/30/13 10.55 10-Q 3/31/14 10.49 10-Q 3/31/14 10.50 10-Q 3/31/14 10.51 Exhibit Number 10.9** Exhibit Description Switch & Data 2007 Stock Incentive Plan. 10.10** 10.11** 10.12** 10.13** 10.14** 10.15** 10.16** 10.17** 10.18** Change in Control Severance Agreement by and between Charles Meyers and Equinix, Inc. dated September 30, 2010. Form of amendment to existing severance agreement between the Registrant and each of Messrs. Meyers, Smith, Taylor and Van Camp. Letter amendment, dated December 14, 2010, to Change in Control Severance Agreement, dated December 18, 2008, and letter agreement relating to expatriate benefits, dated April 22, 2008, as amended, by and between the Registrant and Eric Schwartz. International Long-Term Assignment Letter by and between Equinix, Inc. and Eric Schwartz, dated May 21, 2013. Employment Agreement by and between Equinix (EMEA) B.V. and Eric Schwartz, dated as of August 7, 2013. Restricted Stock Unit Agreement dated August 14, 2013 for Charles Meyers under the Equinix, Inc. 2000 Equity Incentive Plan. Offer Letter from Equinix, Inc. to Karl Strohmeyer dated October 28, 2013. Restricted Stock Unit Agreement for Karl Strohmeyer under the Equinix, Inc. 2000 Equity Incentive Plan. Change in Control Severance Agreement by and between Karl Strohmeyer and Equinix, Inc. dated December 2, 2013. 94 Incorporated by Reference Form 10-Q Filing Date/ Filed Period End Date Exhibit Herewith 3/31/16 10.57 10-Q 3/31/16 10.58 10-Q 3/31/16 10.59 10-Q 3/31/17 10.35 10-Q 3/31/17 10.36 10-Q 3/31/17 10.37 10-Q 10-Q 3/31/17 3/31/18 10.39 10.31 10-Q 3/31/18 10.32 10-Q 3/31/18 10.33 10-Q 3/31/18 10.34 10-Q 9/30/14 10.67 10-Q 6/30/16 10.55 Exhibit Number 10.19** 10.20** 10.21** 10.22** 10.23** 10.24** 10.25** 10.26** 10.27** 10.28** 10.29** 10.30 10.31 Exhibit Description 2016 Form of Revenue/AFFO Restricted Stock Unit Agreement for executives. 2016 Form of TSR Restricted Stock Unit Agreement for executives. 2016 Form of Time-Based Restricted Stock Unit Agreement for executives. 2017 Form of Revenue/AFFO Restricted Stock Unit Agreement for Executives. 2017 Form of TSR Restricted Stock Unit Agreement for Executives. 2017 Form of Time-Based Restricted Stock Unit Agreement for Executives. Equinix, Inc. Annual Incentive Plan. 2018 Form of Revenue/AFFO Restricted Stock Unit Agreement for Executives. 2018 Form of TSR Restricted Stock Unit Agreement for Executives. 2018 Form of Time-Based Restricted Stock Unit Agreement for Executives. Equinix, Inc. Annual Incentive Plan 2018 Award Agreement for Executive Staff Employees. Agreement for Purchase and Sale of Shares Among RW Brasil Fundo de Investimentos em Participa¸c˘ao, Antˆonio Eduardo Zago De Carvalho and Sidney Victor da Costa Breyer, as Sellers, and Equinix Brasil Participa¸c˘aoes Ltda., as Purchaser, and Equinix South America Holdings LLC., as a Party for Limited Purposes and ALOG Solu¸c˜oes de Tecnologia em Inform´atica S.A. as Intervening Consenting Party dated July 18, 2014. Share Purchase Agreement with Digital Realty Trust, L.P., relating to the sale and purchase of shares in TelecityGroup UK LON Limited, Telecity Netherlands AMS01 AMS04 BV, Equinix Real Estate (TCY AMS04) B.V. and TelecityGroup Germany Fra2 GmbH, dated May 14, 2016. 95 Incorporated by Reference Form 10-Q Filing Date/ Filed Period End Date Exhibit Herewith 6/30/16 10.56 10-Q 9/30/16 10.42 10-K 12/31/2017 10.40 10-Q 8/8/2018 10.35 10-Q 8/8/2018 10.36 Exhibit Number 10.32** 10.33 10.34 10.35 10.36 Exhibit Description Letter Agreement dated June 9, 2016, by and between Equinix, Inc. and Eric Schwartz, amending his International Long Term Assignment letter dated May 21, 2013 and Employment Agreement with Equinix (EMEA) B.V. dated August 7, 2013. Term Loan Agreement dated as of September 30, 2016 among Equinix Japan K.K. as Borrower, the Lenders (defined therein) and Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ, Ltd., as Arranger and Agent. Credit Agreement dated as of December 12, 2017 among Equinix, Inc. as Borrower, The Guarantors Parties (defined therein), Bank of America, N.A., as Administrative Agent, Lender and L/C issuer, Barclays Bank PLS, Goldman Sachs Bank USA, HSBC Securities (USA) Inc. ING Capital LLC, TD Securities (USA) LLC, and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association as Co-Documentation Agents, the Other Lenders Party (defined therein) and Bank of America, N.A., Citibank, N.A., JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., MUFG, and RBC Capital Markets as Joint Lead Arrangers and Joint Book Runners. Consent and First Amendment to Credit Agreement, dated as of June 28, 2018 by and among Equinix, Inc. as Borrower, the Guarantors (defined therein), the Lenders (as such term is defined in the Credit Agreement referred to therein), and BANK OF AMERICA, N.A., as Administrative Agent. Second Amendment to Credit Agreement, dated as of July 26, 2018, by and between Equinix, Inc. as Borrower, the financial institutions defined therein, MUFG Bank, Ltd., as Technical Agent and Bank of America, N.A. as Administrative Agent, under that certain Credit Agreement dated December 12, 2017. 96 Exhibit Number 10.37** 21.1 23.1 31.1 31.2 32.1 32.2 Exhibit Description Relocation Letter Agreement by and between Equinix, Inc. and Charles Meyers dated October 12, 2018. Subsidiaries of Equinix, Inc. Consent of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm. Chief Executive Officer Certification pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes- Oxley Act of 2002. Chief Financial Officer Certification pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Chief Executive Officer Certification pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes- Oxley Act of 2002. Chief Financial Officer Certification pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. 101.INS XBRL Instance Document. 101.SCH 101.CAL 101.DEF 101.LAB 101.PRE XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document. XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Document. XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Document. XBRL Taxonomy Extension Labels Document. XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Document. Incorporated by Reference Form Period End Date Exhibit Herewith Filing Date/ Filed X X X X X X X X X X X X X ** Management contracts or compensation plans or arrangements in which directors or executive officers are eligible to participate. (b) Exhibits. See (a) (3) above. (c) Financial Statement Schedule. See (a) (2) above. ITEM 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY Not applicable. 97 Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this Annual Report on Form 10-K to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. SIGNATURES EQUINIX, INC. (Registrant) February 22, 2019 By /s/ CHARLES MEYERS Charles Meyers Chief Executive Officer and President POWER OF ATTORNEY KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints Charles Meyers or Keith D. Taylor, or either of them, each with the power of substitution, their attorney-in-fact, to sign any amendments to this Annual Report on Form 10-K (including post-effective amendments), and to file the same, with exhibits thereto and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, hereby ratifying and confirming all that each of said attorneys-in-fact, or their substitute or substitutes, may do or cause to be done by virtue hereof. Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated. Signature Title Date /s/ CHARLES MEYERS Charles Meyers /s/ KEITH D. TAYLOR Keith D. Taylor Chief Executive Officer and President (Principal Executive Officer) February 22, 2019 Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) February 22, 2019 /s/ SIMON MILLER Simon Miller Chief Accounting Officer (Principal Accounting Officer) February 22, 2019 /s/ PETER F. VAN CAMP Executive Chairman February 22, 2019 Peter F. Van Camp /s/ THOMAS A. BARTLETT Director February 22, 2019 Thomas A. Bartlett /s/ NANCI CALDWELL Director February 22, 2019 Nanci Caldwell 98 Signature Title Date /s/ GARY F. HROMADKO Director February 22, 2019 Gary F. Hromadko /s/ SCOTT G. KRIENS Director February 22, 2019 Scott G. Kriens /s/ WILLIAM K. LUBY Director February 22, 2019 William K. Luby /s/ IRVING F. LYONS, III Director February 22, 2019 Irving F. Lyons, III /s/ CHRISTOPHER B. PAISLEY Director February 22, 2019 Christopher B. Paisley 99 Exhibit Number 10.37** 21.1 23.1 31.1 31.2 32.1 32.2 101.INS 101.SCH 101.CAL 101.DEF 101.LAB 101. PRE INDEX TO EXHIBITS Description of Document Relocation Letter Agreement by and between Equinix, Inc. and Charles Meyers dated October 12, 2018. Subsidiaries of Equinix, Inc. Consent of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm. Chief Executive Officer Certification pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Chief Financial Officer Certification pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Chief Executive Officer Certification pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Chief Financial Officer Certification pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. XBRL Instance Document. XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document. XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Document. XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Document. XBRL Taxonomy Extension Labels Document. XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Document. ** Management contracts or compensation plans or arrangements in which directors or executive officers are eligible to participate. 100 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of Equinix, Inc. Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Equinix, Inc. and its subsidiaries (the ‘‘Company’’) as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), stockholder’s equity and other comprehensive income (loss), and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, including the related notes and financial statement schedule listed in the accompanying index appearing under item 15(a)(2) (collectively referred to as the ‘‘consolidated financial statements’’). We also have audited the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the COSO. Change in Accounting Principle As discussed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company changed the manner in which it accounts for revenue from contracts with customers as of January 1, 2018. Basis for Opinions The Company’s management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting appearing under Item 9A. Our responsibility is to express opinions on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and F-1 evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions. Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. /s/PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP San Jose, California February 22, 2019 We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2000. F-2 EQUINIX, INC. Consolidated Balance Sheets (in thousands, except share and per share data) December 31, 2018 2017 Current assets: Assets Cash and cash equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Short-term investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $15,950 and $18,228 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other current assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total current assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long-term investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Property, plant and equipment, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Goodwill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Intangible assets, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 606,166 4,540 $ 1,412,517 28,271 630,119 274,857 1,515,682 — 11,026,020 4,836,388 2,333,296 533,252 576,313 232,027 2,249,128 9,243 9,394,602 4,411,762 2,384,972 241,750 Total assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $20,244,638 $18,691,457 Current liabilities: Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity Accounts payable and accrued expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued property, plant and equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Current portion of capital lease and other financing obligations . . . . . . . Current portion of mortgage and loans payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Current portion of senior notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other current liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Total current liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Capital lease and other financing obligations, less current portion . . . . . . . Mortgage and loans payable, less current portion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Senior notes, less current portion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 756,692 179,412 77,844 73,129 300,999 126,995 1,515,071 1,441,077 1,310,663 8,128,785 629,763 $ 719,257 220,367 78,705 64,491 — 159,914 1,242,734 1,620,256 1,393,118 6,923,849 661,710 Total liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,025,359 11,841,667 Commitments and contingencies (Note 15) Stockholders’ equity: Preferred stock, $0.001 par value per share: 100,000,000 shares authorized in 2018 and 2017; zero shares issued and outstanding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — — Common stock, $0.001 par value per share: 300,000,000 shares authorized in 2018 and 2017; 81,119,117 issued and 80,722,258 outstanding in 2018 and 79,440,404 issued and 79,038,062 outstanding in 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . Additional paid-in capital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Treasury stock, at cost; 396,859 shares in 2018 and 402,342 shares in 2017 . Accumulated dividends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accumulated other comprehensive loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Retained earnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 10,751,313 (145,161) (3,331,200) (945,702) 889,948 79 10,121,323 (146,320) (2,592,792) (785,189) 252,689 Total stockholders’ equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,219,279 6,849,790 Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $20,244,638 $18,691,457 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. F-3 EQUINIX, INC. Consolidated Statements of Operations (in thousands, except per share data) Years Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 Revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $5,071,654 $4,368,428 $3,611,989 Costs and operating expenses: Cost of revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sales and marketing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General and administrative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquisition costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Impairment charges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gain on asset sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,605,475 633,702 826,694 34,413 — (6,013) 2,193,149 581,724 745,906 38,635 — — 1,820,870 438,742 694,561 64,195 7,698 (32,816) Total costs and operating expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,094,271 3,559,414 2,993,250 Income from operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other income (expense) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss on debt extinguishment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income from continuing operations before income taxes . . . Income tax expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income from continuing operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income from discontinued operations, net of tax . . . . . . . 977,383 14,482 (521,494) 14,044 (51,377) 433,038 (67,679) 365,359 — 809,014 13,075 (478,698) 9,213 (65,772) 286,832 (53,850) 232,982 — 618,739 3,476 (392,156) (57,924) (12,276) 159,859 (45,451) 114,408 12,392 Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 365,359 $ 232,982 $ 126,800 Earnings per share (‘‘EPS’’): Basic EPS from continuing operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Basic EPS from discontinued operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Basic EPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Weighted-average shares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dilutive EPS from continuing operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dilutive EPS from discontinued operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diluted EPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ $ $ 4.58 — 4.58 79,779 4.56 — 4.56 $ $ $ $ 3.03 — 3.03 76,854 3.00 — 3.00 $ $ $ $ 1.63 0.18 1.81 70,117 1.62 0.17 1.79 Weighted-average shares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80,197 77,535 70,816 Cash dividends declared per common share . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 9.12 $ 8.00 $ 7.00 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. F-4 EQUINIX, INC. Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) (in thousands) Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax: Foreign currency translation adjustment (‘‘CTA’’) gain (loss), net of tax effects of $4,419, $0 and $0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net investment hedge CTA gain (loss), net of tax effects of $1,358, $0 and $0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unrealized gain on available-for-sale securities, net of tax effects of $0, $(10) and $(784) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unrealized gain (loss) on cash flow hedges, net of tax effects of $(14,557), $18,542 and $(6,760) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net actuarial gain (loss) on defined benefit plans, net of tax effects of $(15), $39 and $(8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Years Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 $ 365,359 $ 232,982 $ 126,800 (421,743) 454,269 (507,420) 219,628 (235,292) 45,505 — 14 2,249 43,671 (54,895) 19,551 55 (143) 32 Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax . . . . . . . . . . (158,389) 163,953 (440,083) Comprehensive income (loss), net of tax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 206,970 $ 396,935 $(313,283) See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. F-5 EQUINIX, INC. Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity and Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) For the Three Years Ended December 31, 2018 (in thousands, except share data) Common stock Treasury stock Additional Accumulated Comprehensive (Accumulated Stockholders’ Accumulated Other Retained Earnings Total Shares Amount Shares Amount Paid-in Capital Dividends Income (Loss) Deficit) Equity . . . . . . 62,134,894 Balance as of December 31, 2015 . — . . Net income . . . Other comprehensive loss . — . . Issuance of common stock and release of treasury stock for employee equity . . awards . 847,374 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Issuance of common stock for TelecityGroup acquisition . . Issuance of common stock, net and release of treasury stock for the exchanges and conversions of 4.75% . . convertible debt . . . . . Dividend distributions . Settlement of accrued dividends on . . Accrued dividends on unvested equity . . Tax benefit from employee stock plans Stock-based compensation, net of . vested equity awards . estimated forfeitures . awards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . accounting standard . . Balance as of December 31, 2016 . Adjustment from adoption of new . . . . . . Net income . . . . Other comprehensive income . Issuance of common stock in public . offering of common stock, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Issuance of common stock and release of treasury stock for employee equity . . . awards . Issuance of common stock under 2017 . . . ATM Program, net . Dividend distributions . . Settlement of accrued dividends on . . Accrued dividends on unvested equity . . vested equity awards . . . . Stock-based compensation, net of . estimated forfeitures . awards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . accounting standard . . Balance as of December 31, 2017 . Adjustment from adoption of new . . . . . . . Net income . Other comprehensive loss . . Issuance of common stock and release of treasury stock for employee equity . . . awards . Issuance of common stock under 2017 . . . . ATM Program, net Dividend distributions . . Settlement of accrued dividends on . . Accrued dividends on unvested equity . . vested equity awards . awards . . . . Stock-based compensation, net of . . estimated forfeitures . Noncontrolling interests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,853,500 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,981,662 — — — — — . 71,817,430 . . . — — — 6,069,444 790,329 763,201 — — — — . 79,440,404 — — — 747,779 930,934 — — — — — $62 — — (34,735) $ — — (7,373) — — $ 4,838,444 — — $(1,468,472) — — $(509,059) — (440,083) $(108,216) 126,800 — $2,745,386 126,800 (440,083) 1 7 2 — — — — — 72 — — — 6 1 — — — — — 79 — — — 1 1 — — — — — 7,099 1,502 33,172 — — 2,077,905 — — (380,779) (141,688) — — 291,711 — — (492,403) — — — — — — — — 8,270 — 2,773 (1,000) (7,770) — 161,244 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 34,675 2,077,912 150,025 (492,403) 7,270 (7,770) 2,773 161,244 (408,415) (147,559) 7,413,519 (1,969,645) (949,142) 18,584 4,365,829 — — — — — — — — — — — 2,126,333 6,073 1,239 40,449 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 355,082 — — (612,085) 4,280 (890) — (10,172) 181,660 — — — 163,953 1,123 232,982 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 1,123 232,982 163,953 2,126,339 41,689 355,082 (612,085) 3,390 (10,172) 181,660 (402,342) (146,320) 10,121,323 (2,592,792) (785,189) 252,689 6,849,790 — — — — — — — — — 5,483 1,159 48,976 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 388,171 — — (727,448) 2,319 (876) — (10,084) 189,799 725 — — (2,124) — (158,389) 271,900 365,359 — 269,776 365,359 (158,389) — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 50,136 388,172 (727,448) 1,443 (10,084) 189,799 725 Balance as of December 31, 2018 . . 81,119,117 $81 (396,859) $(145,161) $10,751,313 $(3,331,200) $(945,702) $ 889,948 $7,219,279 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. F-6 EQUINIX, INC. Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (in thousands) Years Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 Cash flows from operating activities: Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: Depreciation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stock-based compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of intangible assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of debt issuance costs and debt discounts and premiums . . . . . . . Provision for allowance for doubtful accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Impairment charges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gain on asset sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gain on sale of discontinued operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss on debt extinguishment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other items Changes in operating assets and liabilities: Accounts receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income taxes, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accounts payable and accrued expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 365,359 $ 232,982 $ 126,800 1,024,073 180,716 203,416 13,618 7,236 — (6,013) — 51,377 19,660 (52,931) (10,670) (47,635) 35,495 31,725 865,472 175,500 177,008 24,449 5,627 — — — 65,772 (11,243) (161,774) (34,936) 20,180 74,488 5,708 714,345 155,567 122,862 19,137 8,260 7,698 (32,816) (2,351) 12,276 20,609 (100,230) 29,020 (72,831) 61,565 (50,558) Net cash provided by operating activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,815,426 1,439,233 1,019,353 Cash flows from investing activities: Purchases of investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sales and maturities of investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Business acquisitions, net of cash and restricted cash acquired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Purchases of real estate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Purchases of other property, plant and equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Proceeds from sale of assets, net of cash transferred . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (65,180) 85,777 (829,687) (182,418) (2,096,174) 12,154 (57,926) 46,421 (3,963,280) (95,083) (1,378,725) 47,767 (42,325) 53,164 (1,766,606) (28,118) (1,113,365) 851,582 Net cash used in investing activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (3,075,528) (5,400,826) (2,045,668) Cash flows from financing activities: Proceeds from employee equity awards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Payment of dividends and special distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Proceeds from public offering of common stock, net of issuance costs . . . . . . . . . Proceeds from senior notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Proceeds from loans payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repayment of senior notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repayment of capital lease and other financing obligations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repayment of mortgage and loans payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Debt extinguishment costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Debt issuance costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other financing activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Effect of foreign currency exchange rates on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash 50,136 (738,600) 388,172 929,850 424,650 — (103,774) (447,473) (20,556) (12,218) 725 470,912 (33,907) Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash . . . . . . . . . . . Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (823,097) 1,450,701 41,696 (621,497) 2,481,421 3,628,701 2,056,876 (500,000) (93,470) (2,277,798) (26,122) (81,047) (900) 4,607,860 31,187 677,454 773,247 Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Supplemental cash flow information Cash paid for taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash paid for interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash and cash equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Current portion of restricted cash included in other current assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-current portion of restricted cash included in other assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash shown in the consolidated statement $ $ $ $ 627,604 $ 1,450,701 93,375 496,795 606,166 10,887 10,551 $ $ 72,641 444,793 $ 1,412,517 26,919 11,265 $ $ $ $ 34,179 (499,463) — — 1,168,304 — (114,385) (1,462,888) (11,380) (11,381) (51) (897,065) (21,800) (1,945,180) 2,718,427 773,247 39,320 350,083 748,476 15,065 9,706 of cash flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 627,604 $ 1,450,701 $ 773,247 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. F-7 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 1. Nature of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Nature of Business Equinix, Inc. (‘‘Equinix’’ or the ‘‘Company’’) was incorporated in Delaware on June 22, 1998. Equinix provides colocation space and related offerings. Global enterprises, content providers, financial companies and network service providers rely upon Equinix’s insight and expertise to safehouse and connect their most valued information assets. The Company operates International Business Exchange(cid:5) (‘‘IBX(cid:4)’’) data centers, or IBX data centers, across the Americas; Europe, Middle East and Africa (‘‘EMEA’’) and Asia-Pacific geographic regions where customers directly interconnect with a network ecosystem of partners and customers. More than 1,800 network service providers offer access to the world’s internet routes inside the Company’s IBX data centers. This access to internet routes provides Equinix customers improved reliability and streamlined connectivity while significantly reducing costs by reaching a critical mass of networks within a centralized physical location. The Company has been operating as a real estate investment trust for federal income tax purposes (‘‘REIT’’) effective January 1, 2015. See ‘‘Income Taxes’’ in Note 14 below for additional information. On April 18, 2018, the Company acquired all of the equity interests in Metronode from the Ontario Teachers’ Pension Plan Board (the ‘‘Metronode Acquisition’’) and on April 2, 2018, the Company completed the acquisition of Infomart Dallas, including its operations and tenants, from ASB Real Estate Investments (the ‘‘Infomart Dallas Acquisition’’). On October 9, 2017, the Company completed the acquisition of Itconic, a data center business in Spain and Portugal and on October 6, 2017, the Company completed the acquisition of Zenium’s data center business in Istanbul. On May 1, 2017, the Company completed the acquisition of certain colocation business from Verizon Communications Inc. (‘‘Verizon’’) consisting of 29 data center buildings located in the United States, Brazil and Colombia (the ‘‘Verizon Data Center Acquisition’’). On February 3, 2017, the Company acquired IO UK’s data center operating business in Slough, United Kingdom (‘‘IO Acquisition’’). On August 1, 2016, the Company completed the purchase of Digital Realty’s operating business in Paris (the ‘‘Paris IBX Data Center Acquisition’’), which housed Equinix’ Paris 2 and Paris 3 data centers. On January 15, 2016, the Company completed its acquisition of Telecity Group plc (‘‘TelecityGroup’’) which provided data center solutions in Europe. As a result of these acquisitions, the Company operates 200 IBX data centers in 52 markets across five continents. Basis of Presentation, Consolidation and Foreign Currency The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Equinix and its subsidiaries, including the acquisitions of Metronode from April 18, 2018, Infomart Dallas from April 2, 2018, Itconic from October 9, 2017, the Zenium data center from October 6, 2017, the Verizon data center business from May 1, 2017, the IO UK data center operating business from February 3, 2017, the Paris IBX Data Center from August 1, 2016, and TelecityGroup from January 15, 2016. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Foreign exchange gains or losses resulting from foreign currency transactions, including intercompany foreign currency transactions, that are anticipated to be repaid within the foreseeable future, are reported within other income (expense) on the Company’s accompanying consolidated statements of operations. For additional information on the impact of foreign currencies to the Company’s consolidated financial statements, see ‘‘Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss’’ in Note 12. F-8 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 1. Nature of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies – (continued) Use of Estimates The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (‘‘U.S.’’) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from these estimates. On an ongoing basis, the Company evaluates its estimates, including, but not limited to, those related to the allowance for doubtful accounts, fair values of financial instruments, intangible assets and goodwill, useful lives of intangible assets and property, plant and equipment, assets acquired and liabilities assumed from acquisitions, asset retirement obligations and income taxes. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable. Cash, Cash Equivalents and Short-Term and Long-Term Investments The Company considers all highly liquid instruments with an original maturity from the date of purchase of three months or less to be cash equivalents. Cash equivalents consist of money market mutual funds and certificates of deposit with original maturities up to 90 days. Short-term investments generally consist of certificates of deposit with original maturities of between 90 days and one year. Long-term investments consist of certificates of deposit with original maturities of one year or more and publicly traded equity securities. Publicly traded equity securities are measured at fair value with changes in the fair values recognized within other income (expense) in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. Prior to the adoption of ASU 2016-01, the Company’s investments in publicly traded equity securities are classified as ‘‘available-for-sale’’ investments and measured at fair values with unrealized gains and losses reported in stockholders’ equity as a component of other comprehensive income or loss. Upon adoption of ASU 2016-01 on January 1, 2018, the Company recorded a net cumulative effect increase of $2.1 million to retained earnings. The cost of securities sold is based on the specific identification method. The Company reviews its investment portfolio quarterly to determine if any securities may be other-than-temporarily impaired due to increased credit risk, changes in industry or sector of a certain instrument or ratings downgrades. Equity Method Investments The Company’s investments in non-marketable equity securities are generally accounted under the equity method. For equity method investments, the Company adjusts the carrying amount of an investment for its share of the earnings and losses of the investees and recognizes its share of income or loss in other income and expense in the consolidated statement of operations. The Company records non-marketable equity investment in other assets in the consolidated balance sheet. The Company reviews these investments periodically to determine if any investments may be impaired considering both qualitative and quantitative factors that may have a significant impact on the investee’s fair value. Financial Instruments and Concentration of Credit Risk Financial instruments which potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist of cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments, long-term investments and accounts receivable. Risks associated with cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments and long-term investments are mitigated by the Company’s investment policy, which limits the Company’s investing to only those F-9 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 1. Nature of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies – (continued) marketable securities rated at least A-1/P-1 Short Term Rating and A-/A3 Long Term Rating, as determined by independent credit rating agencies. A significant portion of the Company’s customer base is comprised of businesses throughout the Americas. However, a portion of the Company’s revenues are derived from the Company’s EMEA and Asia-Pacific operations. The following table sets forth percentages of the Company’s revenues by geographic region for the years ended December 31: Americas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EMEA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asia-Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2018 49% 31% 20% 2017 50% 31% 19% 2016 47% 32% 21% No single customer accounted for greater than 10% of accounts receivable or revenues as of or for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016. Property, Plant and Equipment Property, plant and equipment are stated at the Company’s original cost or at fair value for property, plant and equipment acquired through acquisitions, net of depreciation. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets. Leasehold improvements and integral equipment at leased locations are amortized over the shorter of the lease term or the estimated useful life of the asset or improvement. Leasehold improvements acquired through acquisition are amortized over the shorter of the useful life of the assets or terms that include required lease periods and renewals that are deemed to be reasonably assured at the date of acquisition. Leasehold improvements that are placed into service significantly after and not contemplated at or near the beginning of the lease term are amortized over the shorter of the useful life of the assets or a term that includes required lease periods and renewals that are deemed to be reasonably assured at the date the leasehold improvements are purchased. The Company’s estimated useful lives of its property, plant and equipment are as follows: Core systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 – 25 years Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 – 58 years Leasehold improvements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 – 40 years Personal Property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 – 10 years The Company’s construction in progress includes direct and indirect expenditures for the construction and expansion of IBX data centers and is stated at original cost. The Company has contracted out substantially all of the construction and expansion efforts of its IBX data centers to independent contractors under construction contracts. Construction in progress includes costs incurred under construction contracts including project management services, engineering and schematic design services, design development, construction services and other construction-related fees and services. In addition, the Company has capitalized interest costs during the construction phase. Once an IBX data center or expansion project becomes operational, these capitalized costs are allocated to certain F-10 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 1. Nature of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies – (continued) property, plant and equipment categories and are depreciated over the estimated useful life of the underlying assets. The Company reviews its property, plant and equipment for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable such as a significant decrease in market price of an asset, a significant adverse change in the extent or manner in which an asset is being used or in its physical condition, a significant adverse change in legal factors or business climate that could affect the value of an asset or a continuous deterioration of the Company’s financial condition. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is assessed by comparing the carrying amount of an asset to estimated undiscounted future net cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If the carrying amount of the asset exceeds its estimated discounted future cash flows, an impairment charge is recognized by the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset exceeds the fair value of the asset. The Company did not record any impairment charges related to its property, plant and equipment during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017. However, the Company recorded an impairment charge of $7.7 million relating to assets held for sale for the year ended December 31, 2016 as described below. The Company enters into non-cancellable lease arrangements as the lessee primarily for its data center spaces, office spaces and equipment. Assets acquired through capital leases and other financing obligations are included in property, plant and equipment, net on the consolidated balance sheets. In addition, a portion of the Company’s property, plant and equipment are used for revenue arrangements which are accounted for as operating leases where the Company is the lessor. Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations Assets and liabilities to be disposed of that meet all of the criteria to be classified as held for sale as set forth in the accounting standard for impairment or disposal of long-lived assets are reported at the lower of their carrying amounts or fair values less costs to sell. Assets are not depreciated or amortized while they are classified as held for sale. A component of a reporting entity or a group of components of a reporting entity that are disposed or meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale should be reported in discontinued operations if the disposal represents a strategic shift that has (or will have) a major effect on an entity’s operations and financial results. The accounting guidance requires a business activity that, on acquisition, meets the criteria to be classified as held for sale be reported as a discontinued operation. For further information on the Company’s assets held for sale and discontinued operations, see Notes 5 and 6. Asset Retirement Costs and Asset Retirement Obligations The fair value of a liability for an asset retirement obligation is recognized in the period in which it is incurred. The associated retirement costs are capitalized and included as part of the carrying value of the long-lived asset and amortized over the useful life of the asset. Subsequent to the initial measurement, the Company accretes the liability in relation to the asset retirement obligations over time and the accretion expense is recorded as a cost of revenue. The Company’s asset retirement obligations are primarily related to its IBX data centers, of which the majority are leased under long-term arrangements, and, in certain cases, are required to be returned to the landlords in their original condition. The majority of the Company’s IBX data center leases have been subject to significant development by the Company in order to convert them from, in most cases, vacant buildings F-11 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 1. Nature of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies – (continued) or warehouses into IBX data centers. The majority of the Company’s IBX data centers’ initial lease terms expire at various dates ranging from 2019 to 2065 and most of them enable the Company to extend the lease terms. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets The Company has three reportable segments comprised of the 1) Americas, 2) EMEA and 3) Asia-Pacific geographic regions, which the Company also determined are its reporting units. Goodwill is not amortized and is tested for impairment at least annually. As of December 31, 2018, the Company had goodwill attributable to its Americas, EMEA and Asia-Pacific reporting units. The Company has the option to assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value. If, after assessing the qualitative factors, the Company determines that it is not more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value, then performing the quantitative impairment test is unnecessary. However, if the Company concludes otherwise, then it is required to perform the quantitative goodwill impairment test. The quantitative impairment test, which is used to identify both the existence of impairment and the amount of impairment loss, compares the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount, including goodwill. If the fair value of a reporting unit exceeds its carrying amount, goodwill of the reporting unit is considered not impaired. If the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value, any excess of the reporting unit goodwill carrying value over the respective implied fair value is recognized as an impairment loss. The Company assesses qualitative and quantitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of its Americas, EMEA and Asia-Pacific reporting units is less than its carrying value. Qualitative factors considered in the assessment include industry and market conditions, overall financial performance, and other relevant events and factors affecting the reporting unit. Additionally, as part of this analysis, the Company may perform a quantitative analysis to support the qualitative factors by evaluating sensitivities to assumptions and inputs used in measuring a reporting unit’s fair value. In order to determine the fair value of each reporting unit, the Company utilizes the discounted cash flow and market methods. The assumptions supporting the discounted cash flow method was determined using the Company’s best estimates as of the date of the impairment review. As of December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, the Company concluded that it was more likely than not that goodwill attributed to the Company’s Americas, EMEA and Asia-Pacific reporting units was not impaired as the fair value of each reporting unit exceeded the carrying value of its respective reporting unit, including goodwill. Impairment assessments inherently involve judgment as to assumptions about expected future cash flows and the impact of market conditions on those assumptions. Future events and changing market conditions may impact the Company’s assumptions as to prices, costs, growth rates or other factors that may result in changes in the Company’s estimates of future cash flows. Although the Company believes the assumptions it used in its evaluation of impairment are reasonable, significant changes in any one of the Company’s assumptions could produce a significantly different result. Indicators of potential impairment that might lead the Company to perform interim goodwill impairment assessments include significant and unforeseen customer losses, a significant adverse change in legal factors or in the F-12 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 1. Nature of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies – (continued) business climate, a significant adverse action or assessment by a regulator, a significant stock price decline or unanticipated competition. All of the Company’s intangible assets are subject to amortization and are amortized using the straight-line method over their estimated period of benefit. The Company performs a review of other intangible assets for impairment by assessing events or changes in circumstances that indicate the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is assessed by comparing the carrying amount of an asset to estimated undiscounted future net cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If the carrying amount of the asset exceeds its estimated discounted future cash flows, an impairment charge is recognized by the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset exceeds the fair value of the asset. The Company did not record any impairment charges related to its other intangible assets during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016. For further information on goodwill and other intangible assets, see Note 3 and Note 7 below. Debt Issuance Costs Loan fees and costs are capitalized and are amortized over the life of the related loans based on the effective interest method. Such amortization is included as a component of interest expense. Debt issuance costs related to outstanding debt are presented as a reduction of the carrying amount of the debt obligation and debt issuance costs related to the revolving credit facility are presented as other assets. Derivatives and Hedging Activities The Company recognizes all derivatives on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets at fair value. The accounting for changes in the value of a derivative depends on whether or not the contract has been designated and qualifies for hedge accounting. In order to qualify for hedge accounting, a derivative must be considered highly effective at reducing the risk associated with the exposure being hedged. In order for a derivative to be designated as a hedge, there must be documentation of the risk management objective and strategy, including identification of the hedging instrument, the hedged item and the risk exposure, and how effectiveness is to be assessed prospectively and retrospectively. To assess effectiveness of derivatives that qualify for hedge accounting, the Company uses a regression analysis. The extent to which a hedging instrument has been and is expected to continue to be effective at achieving offsetting changes in cash flows is assessed and documented at least quarterly. For qualifying cash flow hedges, the effective portion of the change in the fair value of the derivative is recorded in other comprehensive income (loss) and recognized in the consolidated statements of operations when the hedged cash flows affect earnings in the same statement of operations line item as the hedged item. The ineffective portion of cash flow hedges is immediately recognized in earnings. If it is determined that a derivative is not highly effective at hedging the designated exposure, hedge accounting is discontinued. If the hedge relationship is terminated, then the change in fair value of the derivative recorded in other comprehensive income (loss) is recognized in earnings when the cash flows that were hedged occur, consistent with the original hedge strategy. For hedge relationships discontinued because the forecasted transaction is not expected to occur according to the original strategy, any related derivative amounts recorded in other comprehensive income (loss) are immediately recognized in earnings. F-13 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 1. Nature of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies – (continued) Foreign currency gains or losses associated with derivatives that do not qualify for hedge accounting are recorded within other income (expense) in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations, with the exception of foreign currency embedded derivatives contained in certain of the Company’s customer contracts (see ‘‘Revenue Recognition’’ below), which are recorded within revenues in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. The Company does not use derivatives for speculative or trading purposes. For further information on derivatives and hedging activities, see Note 8 below. Fair Value of Financial Instruments The carrying value of the Company’s cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments, long-term investments and derivative instruments represent their fair value, while the Company’s accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued expenses and accrued property, plant and equipment approximate their fair value due primarily to the short-term maturity of the related instruments. The fair value of the Company’s debt, which is traded in the public debt market, is based on quoted market prices. The fair value of the Company’s debt, which is not publicly traded, is estimated by considering the Company’s credit rating, current rates available to the Company for debt of the same remaining maturities and terms of the debt. Fair Value Measurements The Company measures and reports certain financial assets and liabilities at fair value on a recurring basis, including its investments in money market funds, certificates of deposit, publicly traded equity securities and derivatives. The Company also follows the accounting standard for the measurement of fair value for non-financial assets and liabilities on a nonrecurring basis. These include: (cid:129) Non-financial assets and non-financial liabilities initially measured at fair value in a business combination or other new basis event, but not measured at fair value in subsequent reporting periods; (cid:129) Reporting units and non-financial assets and non-financial liabilities measured at fair value for goodwill impairment tests; (cid:129) Indefinite-lived intangible assets measured at fair value for impairment assessments; (cid:129) Non-financial long-lived assets or asset groups measured at fair value for impairment assessments or disposal; and (cid:129) Asset retirement obligations initially measured at fair value but not subsequently measured at fair value. For further information on fair value measurements, see Note 9 below. F-14 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 1. Nature of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies – (continued) Revenue Revenue Recognition Equinix derives more than 90% of its revenues from recurring revenue streams, consisting primarily of (1) colocation, which includes the licensing of cabinet space and power; (2) interconnection offerings, such as cross connects and Equinix Exchange ports; (3) managed infrastructure solutions and (4) other revenues consisting of rental income from tenants or subtenants. The remainder of the Company’s revenues are from non-recurring revenue streams, such as installation revenues, professional services, contract settlements and equipment sales. Revenues by service lines and geographic areas are included in segment information (see Note 17). The majority of the Company’s revenue contracts are classified as licenses and accounted for in accordance with Topic 606, with the exception of certain contracts that contain lease components and are accounted for in accordance with Topic 840, Leases. Under the revenue accounting guidance, revenues are recognized when control of these products and services is transferred to its customers, in an amount that reflects the consideration it expects to be entitled to in exchange for the products and services. Revenues from recurring revenue streams are generally billed monthly and recognized ratably over the term of the contract, generally one to three years for IBX data center colocation customers. Non-recurring installation fees, although generally paid upfront upon installation, are deferred and recognized ratably over the contract term. Professional service fees and equipment sales are recognized in the period when the services were provided. For the contracts with customers that contain multiple performance obligations, the Company accounts for individual performance obligations separately if they are distinct or as a series of distinct obligations if the individual performance obligations meet the series criteria. Determining whether products and services are considered distinct performance obligations that should be accounted for separately versus together may require significant judgment. The transaction price is allocated to the separate performance obligation on a relative standalone selling price basis. The standalone selling price is determined based on overall pricing objectives, taking into consideration market conditions, geographic locations and other factors. Other judgments include determining if any variable consideration should be included in the total contract value of the arrangement such as price increases. Revenue is generally recognized on a gross basis in accordance with the accounting standard related to reporting revenue on a gross basis as a principal versus on a net basis as an agent, as the Company is primarily responsible for fulfilling the contract, bears inventory risk and has discretion in establishing the price when selling to the customer. To the extent the Company does not meet the criteria for recognizing revenue on a gross basis, the Company records the revenue on a net basis. Revenue from contract settlements, when a customer wishes to terminate their contract early, is treated as a contract modification and recognized ratably over the remaining term of the contract, if any. The Company guarantees certain service levels, such as uptime, as outlined in individual customer contracts. If these service levels are not achieved due to any failure of the physical infrastructure or offerings, or in the event of certain instances of damage to customer infrastructure within the Company’s IBX data centers, the Company would reduce revenue for any credits or cash payments given to the customer. Historically, these credits and cash payments have not been significant. Occasionally, the Company enters into contracts with customers for data center and office spaces, which contain lease components. The Company’s leases with customers are generally classified as F-15 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 1. Nature of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies – (continued) operating leases and lease payments are recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Lease revenues related to data center spaces are included within the ‘‘Colocation’’ revenues, while lease revenues related to office space are included within the ‘‘Other’’ revenues. As a result of certain customer agreements being priced in currencies different from the functional currencies of the parties involved, under applicable accounting rules, the Company is deemed to have foreign currency forward contracts embedded in these contracts. The Company assessed these embedded contracts and concluded them to be foreign currency embedded derivatives (see Note 8). These instruments are separated from their host contracts and held on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet at their fair value. The majority of these foreign currency embedded derivatives arise in certain of the Company’s subsidiaries where the local currency is the subsidiary’s functional currency and the customer contract is denominated in the U.S. dollar. Changes in their fair values are recognized within revenues in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. Contract Balances The timing of revenue recognition, billings and cash collections result in accounts receivables, contract assets and deferred revenues. A receivable is recorded at the invoice amount, net of an allowance for doubtful account and is recognized in the period when the Company has transferred products or provided services to its customers and when its right to consideration is unconditional. Payment terms and conditions vary by contract type, although terms generally include a requirement of payment within 30 to 45 days. In instances where the timing of revenue recognition differs from the timing of invoicing, the Company has determined that the Company’s contracts generally do not include a significant financing component. The Company assesses collectability based on a number of factors, including past transaction history with the customer and the credit-worthiness of the customer. The Company generally does not request collateral from its customers although in certain cases the Company obtains a security interest in a customer’s equipment placed in its IBX data centers or obtains a deposit. The Company also maintains an allowance for doubtful accounts for estimated losses resulting from the inability of its customers to make required payments for which the Company had expected to collect the revenues. If the financial condition of the Company’s customers were to deteriorate or if they became insolvent, resulting in an impairment of their ability to make payments, greater allowances for doubtful accounts may be required. Management specifically analyzes accounts receivable and current economic news and trends, historical bad debts, customer concentrations, customer credit-worthiness and changes in customer payment terms when evaluating revenue recognition and the adequacy of the Company’s reserves. Any amounts that were previously recognized as revenue and subsequently determined to be uncollectable are charged to bad debt expense included in sales and marketing expense in the consolidated statements of operations. A specific bad debt reserve of up to the full amount of a particular invoice value is provided for certain problematic customer balances. An additional reserve is established for all other accounts based on the age of the invoices and an analysis of historical credits issued. Delinquent account balances are written off after management has determined that the likelihood of collection is not probable. A contract asset exists when the Company has transferred products or provided services to its customers, but customer payment is contingent upon satisfaction of additional performance obligations. Certain contracts include terms related to price arrangements such as price increases and free months. The Company recognizes revenues ratably over the contract term, which could potentially give rise to F-16 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 1. Nature of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies – (continued) contract assets during certain periods of the contract term. Contract assets are recorded in other current assets and other assets in the consolidated balance sheet. Deferred revenue (a contract liability) is recognized when the Company has an unconditional right to a payment before it transfers products or services to customers. Deferred revenue is included in other current liabilities and other liabilities, respectively, in the consolidated balance sheet. Contract Costs Direct and indirect incremental costs solely related to obtaining revenue contracts are capitalized as costs of obtaining a contract, when they are incremental and if they are expected to be recovered. Such costs consist primarily of commission fees and sales bonuses, as well as indirect related payroll costs. Contract costs are amortized over the estimated period of benefit on a straight-line basis. The Company elected to apply the practical expedient which allows the Company to expense contract costs when incurred, if the amortization period is one year or less. For further information on revenue recognition, see Note 2 below. Income Taxes Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the year in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. Valuation allowances are established when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amounts that are expected more likely than not to be realized in the future. A tax benefit from an uncertain income tax position may be recognized in the financial statements only if it is more likely than not that the position is sustainable, based solely on its technical merits and consideration of the relevant taxing authority’s widely understood administrative practices and precedents. The Company elected to be taxed as a REIT for federal income tax purposes beginning with its 2015 taxable year. As a result, the Company may deduct the distributions made to its stockholders from taxable income generated by the Company and its qualified REIT subsidiaries (‘‘QRSs’’). The Company’s dividends paid deduction generally eliminates the U.S. taxable income of the Company and its QRSs, resulting in no U.S. income tax due. However, the Company’s taxable REIT subsidiaries (‘‘TRSs’’) will continue to be subject to income taxes on any taxable income generated by them. In addition, the foreign operations of the Company will continue to be subject to local income taxes regardless of whether the foreign operations are operated as QRSs or TRSs. The Company’s qualification and taxation as a REIT depends on its satisfaction of certain asset, income, organizational, distribution, stockholder ownership and other requirements on a continuing basis. The Company’s ability to satisfy quarterly asset tests depends upon its analysis and the fair market values of its REIT and non-REIT assets. For purposes of the quarterly REIT asset tests, the Company estimates the fair market value of assets within its QRSs and TRSs using a discounted cash flow approach, by calculating the present value of forecasted future cash flows. The Company applies F-17 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 1. Nature of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies – (continued) discount rates based on industry benchmarks relative to the market and forecasting risks. Other key assumptions used to estimate the fair market value of assets in QRSs and TRSs include projected revenue growth, operating margins, and forecasted capital expenditures. The Company revisits key assumptions periodically to reflect any changes due to business or economic environment. Stock-Based Compensation Stock-based compensation cost is measured at the grant date for all stock-based awards made to employees and directors based on the fair value of the award and is recognized as expense over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period. The Company grants restricted stock units to its employees and these equity awards generally have only a service condition. The Company grants restricted stock units to its executives and these awards generally have a service and performance condition or a service and market condition. To date, any performance conditions contained in an equity award are tied to the financial performance of the Company or a specific region of the Company. The Company assesses the probability of meeting these performance conditions on a quarterly basis. The majority of the Company’s equity awards vest over four years, although certain of the equity awards for executives vest over a range of two to four years. The valuation of restricted stock units with only a service condition or a service and performance condition requires no significant assumptions as the fair value for these types of equity awards is based solely on the fair value of the Company’s stock price on the date of grant. The Company uses a Monte Carlo simulation option-pricing model to determine the fair value of restricted stock units with a service and market condition. The Company uses the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to determine the fair value of its employee stock purchase plan. The determination of the fair value of shares purchased under the employee stock purchase plan is affected by assumptions regarding a number of complex and subjective variables including the Company’s expected stock price volatility over the term of the awards and actual and projected employee stock purchase behaviors. The Company estimated the expected volatility by using the average historical volatility of its common stock that it believed was best representative of future volatility. The risk-free interest rate used was based on U.S. Treasury zero-coupon issues with remaining terms similar to the expected term of the equity awards. The expected dividend rate used was based on average dividend yields and the expected term used was equal to the term of each purchase window. The accounting standard for stock-based compensation does not allow the recognition of unrealized tax benefits associated with the tax deductions in excess of the compensation recorded (excess tax benefit) until the excess tax benefit is realized (i.e., reduces taxes payable). In periods prior to 2017, the Company recognized the benefit from stock-based compensation in equity when the excess tax benefit is realized by following the ‘‘with-and-without’’ approach. Upon adoption of ASU No. 2016-09, Compensation — Stock Compensation (Topic 718) on January 1, 2017, the Company records the excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation as income tax expense through the statement of operations instead of additional paid-in capital as required under the previous guidance. For further information on stock-based compensation, see Note 13 below. F-18 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 1. Nature of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies – (continued) Foreign Currency Translation The financial position of foreign subsidiaries is translated using the exchange rates in effect at the end of the period, while income and expense items are translated at average rates of exchange during the period. Gains or losses from translation of foreign operations where the local currency is the functional currency are included as other comprehensive income (loss). The net gains and losses resulting from foreign currency transactions are recorded in net income in the period incurred and recorded within other income (expense). Certain inter-company balances are designated as loans of a long-term investment-type nature. Accordingly, exchange gains and losses associated with these long-term inter-company balances are recorded as a component of other comprehensive income (loss), along with translation adjustments. Earnings Per Share The Company computes basic and diluted EPS for net income. Basic EPS is computed using net income and the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding. Diluted EPS is computed using net income, adjusted for interest expense as a result of the assumed conversion of the Company’s 4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes, if dilutive, and the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding plus any dilutive potential common shares outstanding. Dilutive potential common shares include the assumed exercise, vesting and issuance activity of employee equity awards using the treasury stock method, as well as shares issuable upon the assumed conversion of the 4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes. See Note 4 below. Treasury Stock The Company accounts for treasury stock under the cost method. When treasury stock is re-issued at a higher price than its cost, the difference is recorded as a component of additional paid-in capital to the extent that there are gains to offset the losses. If there are no treasury stock gains in additional paid-in capital, the losses are recorded as a component of retained earnings. Recent Accounting Pronouncements Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted In August 2017, Financial Accounting Standards Board (‘‘FASB’’) issued Accounting Standards Update (‘‘ASU’’) No. 2017-12 Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities. This ASU was issued to improve the financial reporting of hedging relationships to better portray the economic results of an entity’s risk management activities in its financial statements and to simplify the application of the hedge accounting guidance in current GAAP. This ASU permits hedge accounting for risk components involving nonfinancial risk and interest rate risk, requires an entity to present the earnings effect of the hedging instrument in the same income statement line item in which the hedged item is reported, no longer requires separate measurement and reporting of hedge ineffectiveness, eases the requirement for hedge effectiveness assessment, and requires a tabular disclosure related to the effect on the income statement of fair value and cash flow hedges. This ASU is effective for annual or any interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018 with early adoption permitted. On January 1, 2019, the Company adopted this standard and is finalizing its evaluation of the impact that the adoption of this standard will have on its consolidated financial statements. F-19 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 1. Nature of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies – (continued) In June 2016, FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments — Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. The ASU requires the measurement of all expected credit losses for financial assets held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. The ASU requires enhanced disclosures to help investors and other financial statement users better understand significant estimates and judgments used in estimating credit losses, as well as the credit quality and underwriting standards of an organization’s portfolio. These disclosures include qualitative and quantitative requirements that provide additional information about the amounts recorded in the financial statements. In addition, the ASU amends the accounting for credit losses on available-for-sale debt securities and purchased financial assets with credit deterioration. The ASU is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted for all organizations for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2018. The Company will adopt this new ASU on January 1, 2019. The Company expects this ASU to impact its accounting for allowances for doubtful accounts and is currently evaluating the extent of the impact that the adoption of this standard will have on its consolidated financial statements, including its accounting policies, processes and systems. In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) (‘‘ASU 2016-02’’) and issued subsequent amendments to the initial guidance. Under the new guidance, lessees will be required to recognize the following for all leases (with the exception of short-term leases) at the commencement date: (1) a lease liability, which is a lessee’s future obligation to make lease payments arising from a lease, measured on a discounted basis; and (2) a right-of-use (‘‘ROU’’) asset, which is an asset that represents the lessee’s right to use, or control the use of, a specified asset for the lease term. The accounting applied by a lessor is substantially unchanged under Topic 842. The standard allows entities to adopt with one of two methods: the modified retrospective transition method or the alternative transition method. The standard is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, with early adoption permitted. On January 1, 2019, the Company adopted Topic 842 using the alternative transition method. The Company elected the package of practical expedients which allows the Company not to reassess (1) whether any expired or existing contracts contain leases under the new definition of a lease; (2) the lease classification for any expired or existing leases; and (3) whether previously capitalized initial direct costs would qualify for capitalization under ASC 842. The Company also elected the land easements practical expedient which permits the Company not to assess at transition whether any expired or existing land easements are or contain leases if they were not previously accounted for as leases under Topic 840. Upon the adoption of the new standard, the Company expects to derecognize build-to-suit assets and liabilities. Some build-to-suit leases are classified as operating leases, while some are classified as finance leases. The Company expects to recognize operating lease assets and liabilities of approximately $1.3 billion to $1.6 billion, which includes the derecognition of certain existing build-to-suit assets and liabilities subsequently assessed as operating leases. The Company is still finalizing its embedded lease assessment hence the above estimates exclude the potential impacts that might arise from the search for embedded, or previously unidentified, leases in existence as of adoption. In addition, the Company is still evaluating the impact of this standard on its financial statements as a lessor. F-20 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 1. Nature of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies – (continued) Accounting Standards Adopted In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (‘‘ASU 2014-09’’) and issued subsequent amendments to the initial guidance, collectively referred as ‘‘Topic 606.’’ Topic 606 replaces most existing revenue recognition guidance in U.S. GAAP. The core principle of Topic 606 is that an entity should recognize revenue for the transfer of control of the goods or services equal to the amount that it expects to be entitled to receive for those goods or services. Topic 606 requires additional disclosure about the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from customer contracts, including significant judgments and changes in judgments. On January 1, 2018, the Company adopted Topic 606 using the modified retrospective approach applied to those contracts, which were not completed as of January 1, 2018, and recognized a net increase to the opening retained earnings of $269.8 million, net of tax impacts. Results for reporting periods beginning after January 1, 2018 are presented under Topic 606, while the comparative information has not been restated and continues to be reported under accounting standards in effect for those periods. In adopting the new guidance, the Company elected to apply the practical expedient, which allows the company not to retrospectively restate contracts with multiple modifications on a modification by modification basis. Instead, the Company reflected the aggregate amount of all modifications that occurred before the beginning of the earliest period presented using the new standard. In addition, where appropriate, the Company elected to apply the practical expedient to account for the new standard under the portfolio approach as the Company reasonably expects that the effects of applying the guidance under the portfolio approach will not differ materially from applying the guidance to individual contracts. The Company also elected to apply the practical expedient that allows the Company not to disclose the remaining performance obligations for variable consideration that is allocated to entirely unsatisfied performance obligations or to a wholly unsatisfied distinct good or service that forms part of a single obligation. The most significant impacts to the Company from Topic 606 relate to installation revenue and costs to obtain contracts. Under the new standard, the Company recognizes installation revenue over the contract period rather than over the estimated installation life as under the prior revenue standard. The Company is also required to capitalize and amortize certain costs to obtain contracts, rather than expense them immediately as under the previous standard. F-21 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 1. Nature of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies – (continued) The cumulative effect of the changes made to the Company’s consolidated January 1, 2018 balance sheet from the adoption of Topic 606 was as follows (in thousands): Balance Sheet Assets Balance at December 31, 2017 Adjustments due to adoption of Topic 606 Balance at January 1, 2018 Other current assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other assets(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 232,027 241,750 $ 9,002 179,578 $ 241,029 421,328 Liabilities Other current liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other liabilities(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159,914 661,710 (16,215) (63,051) 143,699 598,659 Equity Accumulated other comprehensive loss(3) . . . . . . . . . . Retained earnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (785,189) $ 252,689 (1,930) $269,776 (787,119) $ 522,465 (1) Includes cumulative adjustments related to cost to obtain contracts, non-current contract assets and deferred tax assets. (2) Includes cumulative adjustments related to non-current deferred revenue and deferred tax liabilities. (3) Includes cumulative adjustments related to CTA. F-22 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 1. Nature of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies – (continued) The following tables summarize the effects of adopting Topic 606 on the consolidated financial statement line items (in thousands, except per share data): Balance Sheets December 31, 2018 Adjustments Balances without adoption of Topic 606 Accounts receivable, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other current assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 630,119 274,857 $ (2,386) (9,830) $ 627,733 265,027 Total current assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,515,682 533,252 (12,216) (192,306) 1,503,466 340,946 Total assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $20,244,638 $(204,522) $20,040,116 Current liabilities: Accounts payable and accrued expenses . . . . . . . . . . . Other current liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 756,692 126,995 $ (3,203) 17,916 $ 753,489 144,911 Total current liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,515,071 629,763 Total liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,025,359 Accumulated other comprehensive loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . Retained earnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (945,702) 889,948 Total stockholders’ equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,219,279 14,713 73,414 88,127 7,846 (300,495) (292,649) 1,529,784 703,177 13,113,486 (937,856) 589,453 6,926,630 Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity . . . . . . . . . $20,244,638 $(204,522) $20,040,116 Statements of Operations Year Ended December 31, 2018 Adjustments Revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sales and marketing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $5,071,654 633,702 $(15,415) 20,226 Total costs and operating expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income from operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,094,271 977,383 Income from continuing operations before income taxes . Income tax expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income from continuing operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433,038 (67,679) 365,359 20,226 (35,641) (35,641) 4,922 (30,719) Balance without adoption of Topic 606 $5,056,239 653,928 4,114,497 941,742 397,397 (62,757) 334,640 Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 365,359 $(30,719) $ 334,640 Basic EPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diluted EPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ 4.58 4.56 $ $ (0.39) (0.39) $ $ 4.19 4.17 F-23 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 1. Nature of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies – (continued) Statements of Cash Flow Cash flows from operating activities: Year Ended December 31, 2018 Adjustments Balance without adoption of Topic 606 Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 365,359 $(30,719) $ 334,640 Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: Changes in operating assets and liabilities: Accounts receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income taxes, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (52,931) (10,670) (47,635) 31,725 1,413 (1,863) 18,048 13,121 (51,518) (12,533) (29,587) 44,846 Net cash provided by operating activities . . . . . . . . . $1,815,426 $ — $1,815,426 The Company also adopted the following standards during 2018, none of which had a material impact to the Company’s consolidated financial statements or financial statement disclosures: Effective Date and Adoption Consideration January 1, 2018 January 1, 2018 Standards Description ASU 2017-09 Compensation – Stock Compensation (Topic 718) ASU 2017-07 Compensation – Retirement Benefits (Topic 715) This ASU was issued primarily to provide clarity and reduce both diversity in practice and cost and complexity when applying the guidance in Topic 718 to a change to the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award. This ASU affects any entity that changes the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award. This ASU provides guidance about which changes to the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award require an entity to apply modification accounting in Topic 718. This ASU was issued primarily to improve the presentation of net periodic pension cost and net periodic post-retirement benefit cost. This ASU requires that an employer reports the service cost component in the same line item or items as other compensation costs arising from services rendered by the pertinent employees during the period. It also requires the other components of net periodic pension cost and net periodic post-retirement benefit cost to be presented in the income statement separately from the service cost component and outside a subtotal of income from operations, if one is presented. Additionally, only the service cost component is eligible for capitalization, when applicable. F-24 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 1. Nature of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies – (continued) Standards ASU 2017-05 Other Income – Gains and Losses from the Derecognition of Non-Financial Assets (Subtopic 610-20) ASU 2017-04 Intangibles – Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment. ASU 2017-01, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Clarifying the Definition of a Business Description This ASU is to clarify the scope of the non-financial asset guidance in Subtopic 610-20 and to add guidance for partial sales of non-financial assets. This ASU defines the term in substance non-financial asset and clarifies that non-financial assets within the scope of Subtopic 610-20 may include non-financial assets transferred within a legal entity to a counterparty. The ASU also provides guidance on the accounting for what often are referred to as partial sales of non-financial assets within the scope of Subtopic 610-20 and contributions of non-financial assets to a joint venture or other non-controlled investee. This ASU is to simplify the subsequent measurement of goodwill. The ASU eliminates step 2 from the goodwill impairment test. An entity still has the option to perform the qualitative assessment for a reporting unit to determine if the quantitative impairment test is necessary. This ASU provides new guidance to assist entities with evaluating when a set of transferred assets and activities is a business. The definition of a business affects many areas of accounting including acquisitions, disposals, goodwill and consolidation. ASU 2016-16, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Intra- Entity Transfers of Assets Other Than Inventory This ASU requires the recognition of the income tax consequences of an intra-entity transfer of an asset other than inventory when the transfer occurs. Effective Date and Adoption Consideration January 1, 2018 The Company elected to early adopt this ASU on a prospective basis, effective January 1, 2018. The Company adopted this standard on a prospective basis, effective January 1, 2018. The adoption of this standard may impact the accounting of future transactions. January 1, 2018 F-25 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 1. Nature of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies – (continued) Standards Description This ASU requires all equity investments to be measured at fair value with changes in the fair value recognized through net income other than those accounted for under equity method of accounting or those that result in consolidation of the investees. The ASU also requires that an entity present separately in other comprehensive income the portion of the total change in the fair value of a liability resulting from a change in the instrument-specific credit risk when the entity has elected to measure the liability at fair value in accordance with the fair value option for financial instruments. ASU 2016-01 Financial Instruments- Overall (Subtopic 825-10) 2. Revenue Recognition Contract Balances Effective Date and Adoption Consideration The Company adopted this standard using the modified retrospective method, effective January 1, 2018 and recorded a net increase to retained earnings of $2.1 million. The following table summarizes the opening and closing balances of the Company’s accounts receivable, net; contract asset, current; contract asset, non-current; deferred revenue, current; and deferred revenue, non-current (in thousands): Accounts receivable, net Contract asset, current Contract asset, non-current Deferred revenue, current Deferred revenue, non-current Beginning balances as of January 1, 2018(1) . . . . . . $576,313 $9,002 $16,186 $71,085 $53,101 Closing balances as of December 31, 2018 . . . . 630,119 Increase/(decrease) . . . . . . $ 53,806 9,778 $ 776 16,396 $ 210 73,142 $ 2,057 46,641 $ (6,460) (1) Includes cumulative adjustments made to these accounts on January 1, 2018 from the adoption of Topic 606. The difference between the opening and closing balances of the Company’s accounts receivable, net, contract assets and deferred revenues primarily results from the timing difference between the satisfaction of the Company’s performance obligation and the customer’s payment, as well as business combinations closed during the year ended December 31, 2018. The amounts of revenue recognized during the year ended December 31, 2018 from the opening deferred revenue balance was approximately $81.8 million. For the year ended December 31, 2018, no impairment loss related to contract balances was recognized in the consolidated statement of operations. F-26 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 2. Revenue Recognition – (continued) Contract Costs The ending balance of net capitalized contract costs as of December 31, 2018 was $188.2 million, which was included in other assets in the consolidated balance sheet. For the year ended December 31, 2018, $73.1 million of contract costs were amortized, which were included in sales and marketing expense in the consolidated statement of operations. Remaining performance obligations As of December 31, 2018, approximately $5.8 billion of total revenues and deferred installation revenues are expected to be recognized in future periods, the majority of which will be recognized over the next 24 months. While initial contract terms vary in length, substantially all contracts thereafter automatically renew in one-year increments. Included in the remaining performance obligations is either 1) remaining performance obligations under the initial contract terms or 2) remaining performance obligations related to contracts in the renewal period once the initial terms have lapsed. The remaining performance obligations do not include variable consideration related to unsatisfied performance obligations such as the usage of metered power or any contracts that could be terminated without any significant penalties such as the majority of interconnection revenues. The remaining performance obligations above exclude approximately $1.2 billion total revenues to be recognized in the future related to arrangements where the Company is the lessor. 3. Acquisitions 2018 Acquisitions On April 18, 2018, the Company acquired all of the equity interests in Metronode from the Ontario Teachers’ Pension Plan Board for a cash purchase price of A$1.034 billion, or approximately $804.6 million at the exchange rate in effect on April 18, 2018. Metronode operated 10 data centers in six metro areas in Australia. The acquisition supports the Company’s ongoing global expansion to meet customer demand in the Asia-Pacific region. On April 2, 2018, the Company completed the acquisition of Infomart Dallas, including its operations and tenants, from ASB Real Estate Investments, for total consideration of approximately $804.0 million. The consideration was comprised of approximately $45.8 million in cash, subject to customary adjustments and $758.2 million aggregate fair value of 5.000% senior unsecured notes (see Note 11). Prior to the acquisition, a portion of the building was leased to the Company and was being used as its Dallas 1, 2, 3 and 6 data centers, which were all accounted for as build-to-suit leases. Upon acquisition, the Company effectively terminated the leases and settled the related financing obligations and other liabilities related to the leases for approximately $170.3 million and $1.9 million, respectively, and recognized a loss on debt extinguishment of $19.5 million. The acquisition of this highly interconnected facility and tenants adds to the Company’s global platform and secures the ability to further expand in the Americas market in the future. Both acquisitions constitute a business under the accounting standard for business combinations and, therefore, were accounted for as business combinations using the acquisition method of accounting. Under the acquisition method of accounting, the total purchase price is allocated to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed measured at fair value on the date of acquisition. F-27 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 3. Acquisitions – (continued) A summary of the allocation of total purchase consideration is presented as follows (in thousands): Metronode Infomart Dallas Cash and cash equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accounts receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other current assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Property, plant and equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Intangible assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Goodwill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other assets(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total assets acquired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accounts payable and accrued liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other current liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred tax liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other liabilities(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 3,206 8,318 9,894 297,092 128,229 413,871 44,373 904,983 (17,104) (2,038) (35,437) (45,851) $ 17,432 637 395 362,023 65,847 197,378 — 643,712 (5,056) (2,141) — (4,723) Net assets acquired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $804,553 $631,792 (1) In connection with the Metronode Acquisition, the Company recorded indemnification assets of $44.4 million, which represented the seller’s obligation under the purchase agreement to reimburse pre-acquisition tax liabilities settled after the acquisition. The following table presents certain information on the acquired intangible assets (in thousands): Intangible Assets Customer relationships (Metronode) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Customer relationships (Infomart Dallas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . In-place leases (Infomart Dallas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trade names (Infomart Dallas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Favorable leases (Infomart Dallas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fair Value $128,229 35,860 19,960 9,552 475 Estimated Useful Lives (Years) Weighted-average Estimated Useful Lives (Years) 20.0 20.0 3.6 – 7.5 20.0 3.6 – 7.5 20.0 20.0 6.8 20.0 7.0 The fair value of customer relationships was estimated by applying an income approach, by calculating the present value of estimated future operating cash flows generated from existing customers less costs to realize the revenue. The Company applied discount rates of 7.3% for Metronode and 8.2% for Infomart Dallas, which reflected the nature of the assets as they relate to the risk and uncertainty of the estimated future operating cash flows. Other assumptions used to estimate the fair value of customer relationships included projected revenue growth, capital expenditures, probability of renewal, customer attrition rates and operating margins. The fair value of Infomart Dallas’ trade name was estimated using the relief from royalty method under the income approach. The Company applied a relief from royalty rate of 1.5% and a discount rate of 8.2%. The fair value of in-place leases was estimated by projecting the avoided costs, such as the cost of originating the F-28 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 3. Acquisitions – (continued) acquired in-place leases, during a typical lease up period. The fair value measurements were based on significant inputs that are not observable in the market and thus represent Level 3 measurements as defined in the accounting standard for fair value measurements. The fair value of property, plant and equipment was estimated by applying the cost approach, with the exception of land which was estimated by applying the market approach, for the Metronode Acquisition. For the Infomart Dallas Acquisition, the fair values of land, building and personal property were estimated by applying the market approach, residual income method and cost approach, respectively. The cost approach uses the replacement or reproduction cost as an indicator of fair value. The premise of the cost approach is that a market participant would pay no more for an asset than the amount for which the asset could be replaced or reproduced. The key assumptions of the cost approach include replacement cost new, physical deterioration, functional and economic obsolescence, economic useful life, remaining useful life, age and effective age. The residual income method estimates the fair value of the Infomart Dallas building using an income approach less the fair values attributed to land, personal property, in-place leases and favorable and unfavorable leases. As of December 31, 2018, the Company had not completed the detailed valuation analysis of Metronode or Infomart Dallas to derive the fair value of various items including, but not limited to: property, plant and equipment, intangible assets and related tax impacts; therefore, the allocation of the purchase price to assets acquired and liabilities assumed is based on provisional estimates and is subject to continuing management analysis. As of December 31, 2018, the Company updated the preliminary allocation of purchase price for Metronode and Infomart Dallas from the provisional amounts reported as of June 30, 2018. The adjustments made primarily resulted in a decrease in property, plant and equipment, other assets, other liabilities and deferred tax assets of $10.1 million, $10.0 million, $9.7 million and $4.1 million, respectively, and an increase in goodwill, deferred tax liabilities and intangible assets of $45.3 million, $35.4 million and $4.8 million, respectively, for the Metronode Acquisition. The adjustments for the Infomart Dallas Acquisition primarily resulted in a decrease in goodwill of $6.2 million and an increase in intangible assets of $4.6 million. The changes in fair value of acquired assets and liabilities assumed did not have a significant impact on the Company’s results of operations for any reporting periods prior to December 31, 2018. The Company may further adjust these amounts as valuations are finalized and the Company obtains information necessary to complete the analyses, but no later than one year from the acquisition date. Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed. Goodwill is attributable to the workforce of the acquired business and the projected revenue increase expected to arise from future customers after the Metronode and Infomart Dallas acquisitions. Goodwill from the acquisition of Metronode is not amortizable for local tax purposes and is attributable to the Company’s Asia-Pacific region. Goodwill from the acquisition of Infomart Dallas is expected to be deductible for local tax purposes and is attributable to the Company’s Americas region. Operating results of Metronode and Infomart Dallas have been reported in the Asia-Pacific and Americas regions, respectively. The Company incurred acquisition costs of approximately $31.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2018 for both acquisitions. The Company’s results of operations include $78.7 million of revenues and an insignificant amount of net income from operations from the combined operations of Metronode and Infomart Dallas during the year ended December 31, 2018. F-29 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 3. Acquisitions – (continued) Certain Verizon Data Center Assets Acquisition On May 1, 2017, the Company completed the acquisition of certain colocation business from Verizon consisting of 29 data center buildings located in the United States, Brazil and Colombia, for a cash purchase price of approximately $3.6 billion. The addition of these facilities and customers adds to the Company’s global platform, increases interconnections and assists with the Company’s penetration of the enterprise and strategic markets, including government and energy. The Company funded the Verizon Data Center Acquisition with proceeds from debt and equity financings, which closed in January and March 2017. In connection with the Verizon Data Center Acquisition, the Company entered into a commitment letter (the ‘‘Commitment Letter’’), dated December 6, 2016, pursuant to which a group of lenders committed to provide a senior unsecured bridge facility in an aggregate principal amount of $2.0 billion for the purposes of funding a portion of the cash consideration for the Verizon Data Center Acquisition. Following the completion of the debt and equity financings associated with the Verizon Data Center Acquisition in March 2017, the Company terminated the Commitment Letter. The Company paid $10.0 million of commitment fees associated with the Commitment Letter and recorded $2.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 and $7.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 to interest expense in the consolidated statements of operations. The Company included the Verizon Data Center Acquisition’s results of operations from May 1, 2017 in its consolidated statements of operations and the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed in its consolidated balance sheets beginning May 1, 2017. The Company incurred acquisition costs of approximately $28.5 million and $7.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively, related to the Verizon Data Center Acquisition. Purchase Price Allocation The Verizon Data Center Acquisition constitutes a business under the accounting standard for business combinations and, therefore, was accounted for as a business combination using the acquisition method of accounting. As of December 31, 2018, the Company had completed the detailed valuation analysis to derive the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed and updated the final allocation of purchase price from provisional amounts reported as of June 30, 2017, which primarily resulted in a decrease in intangible assets of $9.0 million and an increase in goodwill of $7.7 million. The changes in fair value of acquired assets and liabilities assumed did not have a significant impact on the Company’s results of operations for any reporting periods prior to and including December 31, 2018. F-30 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 3. Acquisitions – (continued) The final purchase price allocation is as follows (in thousands): Cash and cash equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accounts receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other current assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Property, plant and equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Intangible assets(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Goodwill Total assets acquired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accounts payable and accrued liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other current liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Capital lease and other financing obligations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred tax liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Certain Verizon Data Center Assets $ 1,073 2,019 7,319 840,335 1,693,900 1,095,262 3,639,908 (1,725) (2,020) (17,659) (18,129) (5,689) Net assets acquired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $3,594,686 (1) The nature of the intangible assets acquired is customer relationships with an estimated useful life of 15 years. Included in this amount is a customer relationship intangible asset for Verizon totaling $245.3 million. Pursuant to the acquisition agreement, the Company formalized agreements to provide pre-existing space and services to Verizon at the acquired data centers. The fair value of customer relationships was estimated by applying an income approach. The Company applied discount rates ranging from 7.7% to 12.2%, which reflected the nature of the assets as they relate to the risk and uncertainty of the estimated future operating cash flows. Other assumptions used to estimate the fair value of customer relationships include projected revenue growth, customer attrition rates, sales and marketing expenses and operating margins. The fair value measurements were based on significant inputs that are not observable in the market and thus represent Level 3 measurements as defined in the accounting standard for fair value measurements. The fair value of property, plant and equipment was estimated by applying the cost approach, with the exception of land which was estimated by applying the market approach. The cost approach is to use the replacement or reproduction cost as an indicator of fair value. The assumptions of the cost approach include replacement cost new, physical deterioration, functional and economic obsolescence, economic useful life, remaining useful life, age and effective age. Goodwill is attributable to the workforce of the acquired business and the projected revenue increase expected to arise from future customers after the Verizon Data Center Acquisition. Goodwill is deductible for U.S. tax purposes and is attributable to the Company’s Americas region. The Company’s results of continuing operations include the Verizon Data Center Acquisition’s revenues of $359.1 million and net income from continuing operations of $87.8 million for the period May 1, 2017 through December 31, 2017. F-31 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 3. Acquisitions – (continued) Other 2017 Acquisitions In addition to the Verizon Data Center Acquisition, the Company also acquired Itconic, Zenium’s data center business in Istanbul, Turkey and IO UK’s data center business during 2017. The Company incurred acquisition costs of approximately $8.1 million in total during the year ended December 31, 2017 related to these acquisitions. On October 9, 2017, the Company completed the acquisition of Itconic for a cash purchase price of A220.5 million, or $259.1 million at the exchange rate in effect on October 9, 2017. Itconic is a data center provider in Spain and Portugal, and also includes CloudMas, an Itconic subsidiary which is focused on supporting enterprise adoption and use of cloud services. The acquisition includes five data centers in four metro areas, with two located in Madrid and one each in Barcelona, Seville and Lisbon. Itconic’s operating results have been reported in the EMEA region following the date of acquisition. The nature of the intangible assets acquired from the Itconic acquisition is customer relationships with an estimated useful life of 15 years. The fair value of customer relationships was estimated by applying an income approach. The Company applied a discount rate of 16.0%, which reflects the risk and uncertainty of the estimated future operating cash flows. Other assumptions include projected revenue growth, customer attrition rates and operating margins. The fair value measurements were based on significant inputs that are not observable in the market and thus represent Level 3 measurements as defined in the accounting standard for fair value measurements. Goodwill is attributable to the workforce of the acquired business and the projected revenue increase from future customers expected to arise after the acquisition. On October 6, 2017, the Company acquired Zenium’s data center business in Istanbul for a cash payment of approximately $92.0 million. Zenium’s operating results have been reported in the EMEA region following the date of acquisition. The nature of the intangible assets acquired from this acquisition is customer relationships with an estimated useful life of 15 years. As of December 31, 2018, the Company completed the detailed valuation analysis to derive the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed from the Itconic and the Zenium data center acquisitions and updated the final allocation of purchase price from the provisional amounts reported as of December 31, 2017. The adjustments for the Zenium data center acquisition primarily resulted in an increase in property, plant and equipment of $5.2 million and a corresponding decrease in other assets of $5.2 million. The adjustments for Itconic primarily resulted in a decrease in property, plant and equipment of $3.6 million and an increase in goodwill of $2.6 million. The changes in fair value of acquired assets and liabilities assumed did not have a significant impact on the Company’s results of operations for any reporting periods prior to and including December 31, 2018. On February 3, 2017, the Company acquired IO UK’s data center operating business in Slough, United Kingdom, for a cash payment of £29.1 million, or approximately $36.3 million at the exchange rate in effect on February 3, 2017. The acquired facility was renamed London 10 (‘‘LD10’’) data center. LD10’s operating results have been reported in the EMEA region following the date of acquisition. The nature of the intangible assets acquired from this acquisition is customer relationships with an estimated useful life of 10 years. As of December 31, 2017, the Company had finalized the allocation of purchase price for the IO Acquisition from the provisional amounts first reported as of March 31, 2017 and the adjustments made during the year ended December 31, 2017 were not significant. The changes F-32 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 3. Acquisitions – (continued) in fair value of acquired assets and liabilities assumed did not have a significant impact on the Company’s results of operations for any reporting periods prior to and including December 31, 2017. The final purchase price allocations for the three acquisitions are as follows (in thousands): Cash and cash equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accounts receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other current assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Property, plant and equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Intangible assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Goodwill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred tax assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total assets acquired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accounts payable and accrued liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other current liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Capital lease and other financing obligations . . . . . . . . . . . Loans payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred tax liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Itconic $ 15,659 16,429 1,885 64,499 101,755 127,711 — 4,025 331,963 (15,846) (12,374) (30,666) (3,253) (3,198) (7,515) Zenium data center IO UK’s data center $ 692 198 6,430 58,931 7,900 21,834 — 313 96,298 (1,012) (451) — — (2,227) (614) $ 1,388 7 1,082 40,251 6,252 15,804 6,714 3,396 74,894 (439) (168) (33,091) (4,067) — (828) Net assets acquired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $259,111 $91,994 $ 36,301 Goodwill from the acquisitions of Itconic, the Zenium data center and IO UK’s data center is not deductible for local tax purposes and is attributable to the Company’s EMEA region. The Company’s results of continuing operations include $22.4 million of revenues from the combined operations of Itconic, the Zenium data center and IO UK’s data center and an insignificant net loss from continuing operations for the periods from their respective dates of acquisition through December 31, 2017. 2016 Acquisitions On January 15, 2016, the Company completed the acquisition of the entire issued and to be issued share capital of TelecityGroup. TelecityGroup operated data center facilities in cities across Europe. The acquisition of TelecityGroup enhances the Company’s existing data center portfolio by adding new IBX metro markets in Europe. As a result of the transaction, TelecityGroup has become a wholly- owned subsidiary of Equinix. The Company acquired all outstanding shares of TelecityGroup and all vested equity awards of TelecityGroup at 572.5 pence in cash and 0.0336 new shares of Equinix common stock for a total purchase consideration of approximately £2.6 billion, or approximately $3.7 billion at the exchange rate in effect on the acquisition date. In addition, the Company assumed $1.3 million of vested TelecityGroup’s employee equity awards as part of consideration transferred. The Company incurred acquisition costs of approximately $42.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2016 related to the TelecityGroup acquisition. The Company’s results of continuing operations include F-33 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 3. Acquisitions – (continued) TelecityGroup revenues of $400.0 million and net loss from continuing operations of $47.1 million for the period January 15, 2016 through December 31, 2016. On August 1, 2016, the Company completed the purchase of Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s (‘‘Digital Realty’s’’) operating business, including its real estate and facility, located in St. Denis, Paris, for cash consideration of approximately A193.8 million, or $216.4 million at the exchange rate in effect on August 1, 2016. A portion of the building was leased to the Company and was being used by the Company as its Paris 2 and Paris 3 data centers. The Paris 2 lease was accounted for as an operating lease and the Paris 3 lease was accounted for as a financing lease. Upon acquisition, the Company in effect terminated both leases. The Company settled the financing lease obligation of Paris 3 for A47.8 million or approximately $53.4 million and recognized a loss on debt extinguishment of A8.8 million or approximately $9.9 million. The Company’s results of continuing operations include $4.1 million of revenues and an insignificant net income from continuing operations for the period August 1, 2016 through December 31, 2016 from this acquisition. The Company incurred acquisition costs of approximately $12.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 related to this acquisition. Unaudited Pro Forma Combined Financial Information The following unaudited pro forma combined financial information has been prepared by the Company using the acquisition method of accounting to give effect to the Verizon Data Center Acquisition as though it occurred on January 1, 2016. The incremental results of operations from the other acquisitions are not significant and are therefore not reflected in the pro forma combined results of operations. The Company completed the Verizon Data Center Acquisition on May 1, 2017. The unaudited pro forma combined financial information for the years ending December 31, 2017 and 2016 combine the actual results of the Company and the actual Verizon Data Center Acquisition operating results for the period prior to the acquisition date and reflect certain adjustments, such as additional depreciation, amortization and interest expense on assets and liabilities acquired and acquisition financings. The Company and Verizon entered into agreements at the closing of the Verizon Data Center Acquisition pursuant to which the Company will provide space and services to Verizon at the acquired data centers. These arrangements are not reflected in the unaudited pro forma combined financial information. The unaudited pro forma combined financial information is presented for illustrative purposes only and is not necessarily indicative of the results of operations that would have actually been reported had the acquisition occurred on the above dates, nor is it necessarily indicative of the future results of operations of the combined company. F-34 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 3. Acquisitions – (continued) The following table sets forth the unaudited pro forma combined results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 (in thousands, except per share amounts): Revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income from continuing operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Basic EPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diluted EPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $4,509,602 258,618 3.31 3.28 $4,053,280 19,248 0.25 0.25 2017 2016 4. Earnings Per Share The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted EPS for the years ended December 31 (in thousands, except per share amounts): 2018 2017 2016 Net income from continuing operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income from discontinued operations, net of tax . . . . . . . $365,359 — $232,982 — $114,408 12,392 Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $365,359 $232,982 $126,800 Weighted-average shares used to calculate basic EPS . . . . . . . 79,779 76,854 70,117 Effect of dilutive securities: Employee equity awards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418 681 699 Weighted-average shares used to calculate diluted EPS . . . . . 80,197 77,535 70,816 Basic EPS: Continuing operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Discontinued operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Basic EPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diluted EPS: Continuing operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Discontinued operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diluted EPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ $ $ 4.58 — 4.58 4.56 — 4.56 $ $ $ $ 3.03 — 3.03 3.00 — 3.00 $ $ $ $ 1.63 0.18 1.81 1.62 0.17 1.79 F-35 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 4. Earnings Per Share – (continued) The following table sets forth potential shares of common stock that are not included in the diluted EPS calculation above because to do so would be anti-dilutive for the years ended December 31 (in thousands): Shares related to the potential conversion of 4.75% convertible 2018 2017 2016 subordinated notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — — 893 27 Common stock related to employee equity awards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 63 265 63 920 5. Assets Held for Sale In October 2016, the Company entered into a Share Transfer Agreement for the transfer of common stock of Terra Power Co., Ltd., relating to the divestiture of the solar power assets of Bit-isle. The Company received ¥2,900.0 million or approximately $25.9 million in 2016 and the remaining payment of ¥5,313.4 million in the first quarter of 2017, or approximately $47.8 million. During the three months ended September 30, 2016, the Company evaluated the recoverability of the carrying value of its assets held for sale related to the sales agreement signed in October and concluded that the Company would not recover the carrying value of certain assets. Accordingly, the Company recorded an impairment charge on other current assets of $7.7 million on September 30, 2016, reducing the carrying value of such assets from $79.5 million to the estimated fair value of $71.8 million. The associated loss on the sale was not significant. Furthermore, the revenue and net income generated by the solar power assets of Bit-isle during the year ended December 31, 2016 were not significant. During the fourth quarter of 2015, the Company and TelecityGroup agreed to divest certain data centers, including the Company’s London 2 (‘‘LD2’’) data center and certain data centers of TelecityGroup in the United Kingdom, Netherlands and Germany, in order to obtain the approval of the European Commission for the acquisition of TelecityGroup. The assets and liabilities of LD2 were classified as held for sale in the fourth quarter of 2015. The assets and liabilities of data centers from TelecityGroup were classified as held for sale on January 15, 2016, upon close TelecityGroup acquisition. The divestiture of these data centers was completed on July 5, 2016. The Company recognized a gain on the sale of LD2 data center of $27.9 million in gains on asset sales in the consolidated statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2016. During the years ended December 31, 2016, the LD2 data center generated revenue of $6.1 million and an insignificant net income. The results of operations for the TelecityGroup data centers that were divested, as well as the gain on divestiture, were classified as discontinued operations from January 15, 2016, the date the acquisition closed, through July 5, 2016 (see Note 6). During the fourth quarter of 2015, the Company entered into an agreement to sell a parcel of land in San Jose, California. The sale was completed in February 2016 and the Company recognized a gain on sale of $5.2 million. 6. Discontinued Operations In order to obtain the approval of the European Commission for the acquisition of TelecityGroup, the Company and TelecityGroup agreed to divest certain data centers of TelecityGroup in the United F-36 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 6. Discontinued Operations – (continued) Kingdom, Netherlands and Germany. These TelecityGroup data centers were classified as held for sale on the acquisition date and were reported as discontinued operations. On July 5, 2016, the Company completed the sale of these data centers and related assets to Digital Realty for approximately A304.6 million and £376.2 million, or approximately total of $827.3 million at the exchange rates in effect on July 5, 2016. The Company recognized a gain on sale of the TelecityGroup data centers in discontinued operations of $2.4 million. The results of operations for these data centers that were divested, as well as the gain on divestiture, have been reported as net income from discontinued operations, net of tax, from January 15, 2016, the date of the acquisition, to July 5, 2016 in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. As of the date of acquisition, depreciation and amortization of discontinued operations ceased. Capital expenditures from the date of acquisition through the date of sale were $31.5 million. The following table presents the financial results of the Company’s discontinued operations for the year ended December 31, 2016 (in thousands). The Company did not record income from discontinued operations, net of tax for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017. Revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Costs and operating expenses: 2016 $48,782 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cost of revenues Sales and marketing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General and administrative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,795 1,030 7,026 Total costs and operating expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,851 Income from operations of discontinued operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest expense and other, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income from discontinued operations before income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income tax expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gain on sale of discontinued operations, net of tax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,931 (1,286) 14,645 (4,604) 2,351 Net income from discontinued operations, net of tax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $12,392 F-37 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 7. Balance Sheet Components Cash, Cash Equivalents and Short-Term and Long-Term Investments Cash, cash equivalents and short-term and long-term investments consisted of the following as of December 31 (in thousands): Cash and cash equivalents: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash(1) Cash equivalents: 2018 2017 $486,648 $ 985,382 Money market funds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119,518 427,135 Total cash and cash equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 606,166 1,412,517 Short-term and long-term investments: Certificates of deposit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Publicly traded equity securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total short-term and long-term investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,823 1,717 4,540 31,351 6,163 37,514 Total cash, cash equivalents and short-term and long-term investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $610,706 $1,450,031 (1) Excludes restricted cash. (2) Total unrealized gains on the publicly traded equity securities as of December 31, 2017 were insignificant. The changes in the fair values of publicly traded equity securities were recognized within other income (expense) in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations as a result of the adoption of ASU 2016-01 on January 1, 2018. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, cash and cash equivalents included investments which were readily convertible to cash and had original maturity dates of 90 days or less. The maturities of certificates of deposit classified as short-term investments were one year or less as of December 31, 2018 and 2017. The maturities of certificates of deposits classified as long-term investments were greater than one year and less than three years as of December 31, 2017. The balance of certificates of deposits, by contractual maturity, as of December 31 (in thousands): Due within one year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Due after one year through three years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2,823 — $28,271 3,080 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2,823 $31,351 2018 2017 F-38 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 7. Balance Sheet Components – (continued) Accounts Receivable Accounts receivable, net, consisted of the following as of December 31 (in thousands): Accounts receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Allowance for doubtful accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $646,069 (15,950) $594,541 (18,228) Accounts receivable, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $630,119 $576,313 2018 2017 Trade accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount and generally do not bear interest. The following table summarizes the activity of the Company’s allowance for doubtful accounts (in thousands): Balance as of December 31, 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision for allowance for doubtful accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net write-offs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Impact of foreign currency exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $10,352 8,260 (2,521) (416) Balance as of December 31, 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision for allowance for doubtful accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net write-offs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Impact of foreign currency exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Balance as of December 31, 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision for allowance for doubtful accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net write-offs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Impact of foreign currency exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,675 5,627 (4,546) 1,472 18,228 7,236 (8,396) (1,118) Balance as of December 31, 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $15,950 Other Current Assets Other current assets consisted of the following as of December 31 (in thousands): 2018 2017 Prepaid expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Taxes receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restricted cash, current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other receivables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Derivative instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Contract asset, current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other current assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 70,433 98,245 10,887 12,611 62,170 9,778 10,733 $ 64,832 110,961 26,919 7,797 4,175 — 17,343 Total other current assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $274,857 $232,027 F-39 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 7. Balance Sheet Components – (continued) Property, Plant and Equipment, Net Property, plant and equipment, net consisted of the following as of December 31 (in thousands): 2018 2017 Core systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Leasehold improvements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Construction in progress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Personal property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 7,073,912 4,822,501 1,637,133 974,152 857,585 631,367 $ 6,334,702 3,906,686 1,850,351 425,428 798,133 423,539 Less accumulated depreciation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,996,650 (4,970,630) 13,738,839 (4,344,237) Property, plant and equipment, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $11,026,020 $ 9,394,602 Core systems, buildings, leasehold improvements, personal property and construction in progress recorded under capital leases aggregated to $823.6 million and $760.4 million as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company recorded accumulated depreciation for assets under capital leases of $248.9 million and $199.2 million, respectively. F-40 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 7. Balance Sheet Components – (continued) Goodwill and Other Intangibles The following table presents goodwill and other intangible assets, net, for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 (in thousands): Goodwill: Americas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EMEA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asia-Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,745,804 2,474,164 616,420 $1,561,512 2,610,899 239,351 2018 2017 $4,836,388 $4,411,762 Intangible assets, net: Intangible assets – customer relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Intangible assets – trade names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Intangible assets – favorable leases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Intangible assets – in-place leases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Intangible assets – licenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2,733,864 71,778 35,969 33,671 9,697 $2,673,886 73,295 37,913 10,327 9,696 Accumulated amortization – customer relationships . . . . . . . . . . . Accumulated amortization – trade names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accumulated amortization – favorable leases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accumulated amortization – in-place leases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accumulated amortization – licenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,884,979 (467,111) (62,585) (9,986) (8,118) (3,883) 2,805,117 (331,930) (71,728) (9,607) (3,644) (3,236) (551,683) (420,145) Total intangible assets, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2,333,296 $2,384,972 F-41 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 7. Balance Sheet Components – (continued) Changes in the carrying amount of goodwill by geographic regions are as follows (in thousands): Balance as of December 31, 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Purchase accounting adjustments – Verizon Data Americas EMEA Asia-Pacific Total $ 469,438 $2,281,306 $235,320 $2,986,064 Center acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,095,262 — — 1,095,262 Purchase accounting adjustments – Other 2017 acquisitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Impact of foreign currency exchange . . . . . . . . . . — (3,188) 163,993 165,600 — 4,031 163,993 166,443 Balance as of December 31, 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Purchase accounting adjustments – Infomart Dallas 1,561,512 2,610,899 239,351 4,411,762 acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197,378 — — 197,378 Purchase accounting adjustments – Metronode acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — — 413,871 413,871 Purchase accounting adjustments – Other acquisitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Impact of foreign currency exchange . . . . . . . . . . 333 (13,419) 1,357 (138,092) — (36,802) 1,690 (188,313) Balance as of December 31, 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,745,804 $2,474,164 $616,420 $4,836,388 F-42 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 7. Balance Sheet Components – (continued) Changes in the net book value of intangible assets by geographic regions are as follows (in thousands): Americas EMEA Asia-Pacific Total Balance as of December 31, 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TelecityGroup acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Paris IBX Data Center acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sale of Terra Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Write-off of intangible asset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of intangibles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Impact of foreign currency exchange . . . . . . . . . . . $ 50,643 $ 44,355 — 694,243 11,758 — — — (573) — (97,715) (11,348) (90,280) 1,395 $129,567 — — (2,460) — (13,799) 3,445 $ 224,565 694,243 11,758 (2,460) (573) (122,862) (85,440) Balance as of December 31, 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Verizon Data Center acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other 2017 acquisitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Write-off of intangible asset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of intangibles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Impact of foreign currency exchange . . . . . . . . . . . 40,117 1,693,900 562,361 — — 112,645 (725) — (79,105) (84,749) 36,043 (2,895) 116,753 719,231 — 1,693,900 112,645 — (725) — (177,008) (13,154) 36,929 3,781 Balance as of December 31, 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Infomart Dallas acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Metronode acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other acquisitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Write-off of intangible asset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of intangibles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Impact of foreign currency exchange . . . . . . . . . . . 1,646,373 65,847 — — (334) (125,683) (7,232) 107,380 631,219 — — — 128,229 — (3) (15,450) (9,691) 8,342 (1,661) (62,283) (31,757) 2,384,972 65,847 128,229 8,342 (1,998) (203,416) (48,680) Balance as of December 31, 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,578,971 $543,860 $210,465 $2,333,296 The Company’s goodwill and intangible assets in EMEA, denominated in Euros, British Pounds, Turkish Lira and the United Arab Emirates Dirham, goodwill and intangible assets in Asia-Pacific, denominated in Australian Dollars, Singapore Dollars, Hong Kong Dollars, Japanese Yen and Chinese Yuan, and certain goodwill and intangibles in Americas, denominated in Canadian Dollars, Brazilian Reals and Colombian Pesos, are subject to foreign currency fluctuations. The Company’s foreign currency translation gains and losses, including goodwill and intangibles, are a component of other comprehensive income and loss. F-43 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 7. Balance Sheet Components – (continued) Estimated future amortization expense related to these intangibles is as follows (in thousands): Years ending: 2019 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2021 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2023 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thereafter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 199,862 193,073 185,332 181,211 180,883 1,392,935 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2,333,296 Other Assets Other assets consisted of the following as of December 31 (in thousands): 2018 2017 Deferred tax assets, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prepaid expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Debt issuance costs, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restricted cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Derivative instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Contract assets, non-current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Contract costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 58,300 125,158 8,532 54,986 10,551 10,904 16,396 188,200 60,225 $ 66,031 89,784 10,670 48,296 11,265 4,110 — — 11,594 Total other assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $533,252 $241,750 F-44 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 7. Balance Sheet Components – (continued) Accounts Payable and Accrued Expenses Accounts payable and accrued expenses consisted of the following as of December 31 (in thousands): 2018 2017 Accounts payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued compensation and benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued taxes(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued utilities and security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued professional fees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued repairs and maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 96,980 235,697 126,142 118,818 78,547 17,010 10,736 72,762 $101,744 214,585 100,347 130,272 68,916 13,830 11,232 78,331 Total accounts payable and accrued expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $756,692 $719,257 (1) Includes income taxes payable of $67.9 million and $56.4 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2018 and 2017. Other Current Liabilities Other current liabilities consisted of the following as of December 31 (in thousands): 2018 2017 Deferred revenue, current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Customer deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Derivative instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred rent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dividends payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asset retirement obligations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other current liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 73,143 20,430 8,812 6,466 8,795 6,776 2,573 $ 87,300 16,598 34,466 6,546 11,181 1,716 2,107 Total other current liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $126,995 $159,914 F-45 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 7. Balance Sheet Components – (continued) Other Liabilities Other liabilities consisted of the following as of December 31 (in thousands): 2018 2017 Asset retirement obligations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred tax liabilities, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred revenue, non-current Deferred rent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dividends payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Customer deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Derivative instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 89,887 247,849 46,641 108,693 116,735 6,545 9,671 928 2,814 $ 96,823 252,287 121,257 97,782 64,378 6,669 10,849 6,381 5,284 Total other liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $629,763 $661,710 The following table summarizes the activities of the Company’s asset retirement obligation (‘‘ARO’’) (in thousands): Asset retirement obligations as of December 31, 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Additions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adjustments(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accretion expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Impact of foreign currency exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 78,482 22,955 (2,366) 6,685 (2,741) Asset retirement obligations as of December 31, 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Additions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adjustments(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accretion expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Impact of foreign currency exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asset retirement obligations as of December 31, 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Additions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adjustments(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accretion expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Impact of foreign currency exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103,015 17,736 (34,576) 7,335 5,029 98,539 5,126 (11,288) 6,285 (1,999) Asset retirement obligations as of December 31, 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 96,663 (1) The ARO adjustments are primarily due to lease amendments and acquisition of real estate assets, as well as other adjustments. F-46 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 8. Derivatives and Hedging Instruments Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments Net Investment Hedges. The Company is exposed to the impact of foreign exchange rate fluctuations on its investments in foreign subsidiaries whose functional currencies are other than the U.S. dollar. In order to mitigate the impact of foreign currency exchange rates, the Company has entered into various foreign currency debt obligations, which are designated as hedges against the Company’s net investment in foreign subsidiaries. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the total principal amount of foreign currency debt obligations designated as net investment hedges, was $4,139.8 million and $3,149.5 million, respectively. From time to time, the Company also uses foreign exchange forward contracts to hedge against the effect of foreign exchange rate fluctuations on a portion of its net investment in the foreign subsidiaries. For a net investment hedge, changes in the fair value of the hedging instrument designated as a net investment hedge, except the ineffective portion and forward points, are recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in the consolidated balance sheet. The Company recorded pre-tax net foreign exchange gains of $218.3 million and net foreign exchange losses of $235.3 million in other comprehensive income (loss) for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The Company recorded no ineffectiveness from its net investment hedges for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017. Cash Flow Hedges. The Company hedges its foreign currency translation exposure for forecasted revenues and expenses in its EMEA region between the U.S. dollar and the British Pound, Euro, Swedish Krona and Swiss Franc. From time to time, the foreign currency forward and option contracts that the Company uses to hedge this exposure are designated as cash flow hedges under the accounting standard for derivatives and hedging. The Company enters into intercompany hedging instruments (‘‘intercompany derivatives’’) with a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company in order to hedge certain forecasted revenues and expenses denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. Simultaneously, the Company enters into derivative contracts with unrelated third parties to externally hedge the net exposure created by such intercompany derivatives. The following disclosure is prepared on a consolidated basis. Assets and liabilities resulting from intercompany derivatives have been eliminated in consolidation. As of December 31, 2018, the Company’s cash flow hedge instruments had maturity dates ranging from January 2019 to December 2020 as follows (in thousands): Derivative assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Derivative liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $642,542 118,324 $38,606 (865) Notional Amount Fair Value(1) $760,866 $37,741 Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)(2)(3) $27,968 (1,997) $25,971 (1) All derivative assets related to cash flow hedges are included in the consolidated balance sheets within other current assets, other assets, other current liabilities and other liabilities. F-47 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 8. Derivatives and Hedging Instruments – (continued) (2) Included in the consolidated balance sheets within accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). (3) The Company recorded a net gain of $21.4 million within accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) relating to cash flow hedges that will be reclassified to revenue and expenses as they mature over the next 12 months. As of December 31, 2017, the Company’s cash flow hedge instruments had maturity dates ranging from January 2018 to October 2019 as follows (in thousands): Notional Amount Fair Value(1) Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)(2)(3) Derivative assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Derivative liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 72,262 440,637 $ 2,379 (29,777) $ 2,055 (34,311) $512,899 $(27,398) $(32,256) (1) All derivative assets related to cash flow hedges are included in the consolidated balance sheets within other current assets, other assets, other current liabilities and other liabilities. (2) Included in the consolidated balance sheets within accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). (3) The Company recorded a net loss of $26.7 million within accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) relating to cash flow hedges that will be reclassified to revenue and expenses as they mature over the next 12 months. During the year ended December 31, 2018, the amount of net gains from the ineffective and excluded portions of cash flow hedges recognized in other income (expense) was $16.5 million. During the year ended December 31, 2017, the amount of net gains from the ineffective and excluded portions of cash flow hedges recognized in other income (expense) was $3.8 million. During the year ended December 31, 2018, the amount of net losses reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to revenues was $30.6 million and the amount of net gains reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to operating expenses were $15.3 million. During the year ended December 31, 2017, the amount of net gains reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to revenues was $20.8 million and the amount of net losses reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to operating expenses was $11.2 million. During the year ended December 31, 2016, the amount of net gains reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to revenues was $38.4 million and the amount of net losses reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to operating expenses was $19.9 million. Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments Embedded Derivatives. The Company is deemed to have foreign currency forward contracts embedded in certain of the Company’s customer agreements that are priced in currencies different from the functional or local currencies of the parties involved. These embedded derivatives are separated from their host contracts and carried on the Company’s balance sheet at their fair value. The F-48 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 8. Derivatives and Hedging Instruments – (continued) majority of these embedded derivatives arise as a result of the Company’s foreign subsidiaries pricing their customer contracts in the U.S. dollar. Gains and losses on these embedded derivatives are included within revenues in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. The company recognized a net loss of $6.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2017. During the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2016, the gains or losses associated with these embedded derivatives were not significant. Economic Hedges of Embedded Derivatives. The Company uses foreign currency forward contracts to help manage the foreign exchange risk associated with the Company’s customer agreements that are priced in currencies different from the functional or local currencies of the parties involved (‘‘economic hedges of embedded derivatives’’). Foreign currency forward contracts represent agreements to exchange the currency of one country for the currency of another country at an agreed-upon price on an agreed-upon settlement date. Gains and losses on these contracts are included in revenues along with gains and losses of the related embedded derivatives. The Company entered into various economic hedges of embedded derivatives during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016. During the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, the gains or losses associated with these economic hedges of embedded derivatives were not significant. The Company recognized a net gain of $2.9 million during the years ended December 31, 2016. Foreign currency forward contracts. The Company also uses foreign currency forward contracts to manage the foreign exchange risk associated with certain foreign currency-denominated monetary assets and liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. As a result of foreign currency fluctuations, the U.S. dollar equivalent values of its foreign currency-denominated monetary assets and liabilities change. Gains and losses on these contracts are included in other income (expense), on a net basis, along with the foreign currency gains and losses of the related foreign currency-denominated monetary assets and liabilities associated with these foreign currency forward contracts. The Company entered into various foreign currency forward contracts during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016. The Company recognized a net gain of $91.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2018, a net loss of $69.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2017 and a net gain of $74.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2016 related to its foreign currency forward contracts. F-49 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 8. Derivatives and Hedging Instruments – (continued) Offsetting Derivative Assets and Liabilities The following table presents the fair value of derivative instruments recognized in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2018 (in thousands): Gross Amounts Offset in the Net Consolidated Consolidated Gross Amounts Balance Sheet Balance Sheet Amounts(1) Gross Amounts not Offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheet(2) Net Assets: Designated as hedging instruments: Foreign currency forward contracts designated as cash flow hedges . . Not designated as hedging instruments: Embedded derivatives . . . . . . . . . . Economic hedges of embedded derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign currency forward contracts Additional netting benefit . . . . . . . Liabilities: Designated as hedging instruments: Foreign currency forward contracts designated as cash flow hedges . . Not designated as hedging instruments: Embedded derivatives . . . . . . . . . . Economic hedges of embedded derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign currency forward contracts Additional netting benefit . . . . . . . $38,606 $ — $38,606 $ (865) $37,741 4,656 525 29,287 34,468 — — — — — — 4,656 525 29,287 34,468 — — 4,656 (104) (2,941) (3,045) (2,607) 421 26,346 31,423 (2,607) $73,074 $ — $73,074 $(6,517) $66,557 $ 865 $ — $ 865 $ (865) $ — 2,426 180 6,269 8,875 — — — — — — 2,426 180 6,269 8,875 — — 2,426 (104) (2,941) (3,045) (2,607) 76 3,328 5,830 (2,607) $ 9,740 $ — $ 9,740 $(6,517) $ 3,223 (1) As presented in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets within other current assets, other assets, other current liabilities and other liabilities. (2) The Company enters into master netting agreements with its counterparties for transactions other than embedded derivatives to mitigate credit risk exposure to any single counterparty. Master netting agreements allow for individual derivative contracts with a single counterparty to offset in F-50 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 8. Derivatives and Hedging Instruments – (continued) the event of default. For presentation on the consolidated balance sheets, the Company elects not to offset fair value amounts recognized for derivative instruments under master netting arrangements. The following table presents the fair value of derivative instruments recognized in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2017 (in thousands): Gross Amounts Offset in the Net Consolidated Consolidated Gross Amounts Balance Sheet Balance Sheet Amounts(1) Gross Amounts not Offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheet(2) Net Assets: Designated as hedging instruments: Foreign currency forward contracts designated as cash flow hedges . . Not designated as hedging instruments: Embedded derivatives . . . . . . . . . . Economic hedges of embedded derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign currency forward contracts Additional netting benefit . . . . . . . Liabilities: Designated as hedging instruments: Foreign currency forward contracts designated as cash flow hedges . . Not designated as hedging instruments: Embedded derivatives . . . . . . . . . . Economic hedges of embedded derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign currency forward contracts Additional netting benefit . . . . . . . $ 2,379 $ — $ 2,379 $(2,379) $ — 5,076 325 505 5,906 — — — — — — 5,076 325 505 5,906 — — 5,076 — (340) (340) (490) 325 165 5,566 (490) $ 8,285 $ — $ 8,285 $(3,209) $ 5,076 $29,777 $ — $29,777 $(2,379) $27,398 3,503 20 7,547 11,070 — — — — — — 3,503 20 7,547 11,070 — — 3,503 — (340) (340) (490) 20 7,207 10,730 (490) $40,847 $ — $40,847 $(3,209) $37,638 (1) As presented in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets within other current assets, other assets, other current liabilities and other liabilities. F-51 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 8. Derivatives and Hedging Instruments – (continued) (2) The Company enters into master netting agreements with its counterparties for transactions other than embedded derivatives to mitigate credit risk exposure to any single counterparty. Master netting agreements allow for individual derivative contracts with a single counterparty to offset in the event of default. For presentation on the consolidated balance sheets, the Company elects not to offset fair value amounts recognized for derivative instruments under master netting arrangements. 9. Fair Value Measurements Valuation Methods Fair value estimates are made as of a specific point in time based on methods using the market approach valuation method which uses prices and other relevant information generated by market transactions involving identical or comparable assets or liabilities or other valuation techniques. These techniques involve uncertainties and are affected by the assumptions used and the judgments made regarding risk characteristics of various financial instruments, discount rates, estimates of future cash flows, future expected loss experience and other factors. Cash, Cash Equivalents and Investments. The fair value of the Company’s investments in money market funds approximates their face value. Such instruments are included in cash equivalents. The Company’s money market funds and publicly traded equity securities are classified within Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy because they are valued using quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets. The fair value of the Company’s other investments, including certificates of deposit, approximates their face value. The fair value of these investments is priced based on the quoted market price for similar instruments or nonbinding market prices that are corroborated by observable market data. Such instruments are classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. The Company determines the fair values of its Level 2 investments by using inputs such as actual trade data, benchmark yields, broker/dealer quotes and other similar data, which are obtained from quoted market prices, custody bank, third-party pricing vendors or other sources. The Company uses such pricing data as the primary input to make its assessments and determinations as to the ultimate valuation of its investment portfolio and has not made, during the periods presented, any material adjustments to such inputs. The Company is responsible for its consolidated financial statements and underlying estimates. The Company uses the specific identification method in computing realized gains and losses. Realized gains and losses on the investments are included within other income (expense) in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. The Company’s investments in publicly traded equity securities are carried at fair value. Subsequent to the adoption of ASU 2016-01, unrealized gains and losses on publicly traded equity securities are reported within other income (expense) in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. Prior to the adoption of ASU 2016-01, unrealized gains and losses on publicly traded equity securities were reported in stockholders’ equity as a component of other comprehensive income or loss. Upon adoption of ASU 2016-01, the Company recorded a net cumulative effect increase of $2.1 million to retained earnings. Derivative Assets and Liabilities. For derivatives, the Company uses forward contract and option models employing market observable inputs, such as spot currency rates and forward points with adjustments made to these values utilizing published credit default swap rates of its foreign exchange trading counterparties and other comparable companies. The Company has determined that the inputs F-52 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 9. Fair Value Measurements – (continued) used to value its derivatives fall within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, therefore the derivatives are categorized as Level 2. During the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company did not have any nonfinancial assets or liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis. The Company’s financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2018 were as follows (in thousands): Fair Value at December 31, 2018 Fair Value Measurement Using Level 1 Level 2 Assets: Cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Money market and deposit accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Publicly traded equity securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Certificates of deposit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Derivative instruments(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $486,648 119,518 1,717 2,823 73,074 $ — $486,648 — 119,518 — 1,717 — 2,823 — 73,074 $683,780 $607,883 $75,897 Liabilities: Derivative instruments(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 9,740 $ — $ 9,740 (1) Includes both foreign currency embedded derivatives and foreign currency forward contracts. Amounts are included within other current assets, other assets, other current liabilities and other liabilities in the Company’s consolidated balance sheet. F-53 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 9. Fair Value Measurements – (continued) The Company’s financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis at December 31, 2017 were as follows (in thousands): Fair Value at December 31, 2017 Fair Value Measurement Using Level 1 Level 2 Assets: Cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Money market and deposit accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Publicly traded equity securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Certificates of deposit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Derivative instruments(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 985,382 427,135 6,163 31,351 8,285 $ 985,382 427,135 6,163 $ — — — — 31,351 8,285 — $1,458,316 $1,418,680 $39,636 Liabilities: Derivative instruments(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 40,847 $ — $40,847 (1) Includes both foreign currency embedded derivatives and foreign currency forward contracts. Amounts are included within other current assets, other assets, other current liabilities and other liabilities in the Company’s consolidated balance sheet. The Company did not have any Level 3 financial assets or financial liabilities during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017. 10. Leases Capital Lease and Other Financing Obligations The Company’s capital lease and other financing obligations expire at various dates ranging from 2019 to 2053. The weighted average effective interest rate of the Company’s capital lease and other financing obligations was 7.88% as of December 31, 2018. F-54 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 10. Leases – (continued) The Company’s capital lease and other financing obligations are summarized as follows as of December 31, 2018 (in thousands): Capital Lease Other Financing Obligations Obligations(1) 2019 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2021 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2023 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thereafter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total minimum lease payments . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plus amount representing residual property value . Less amount representing interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . Present value of net minimum lease payments . . Less current portion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 103,859 97,326 95,414 94,954 95,463 878,755 1,365,771 — (602,026) 763,745 (43,498) $ 80,292 73,266 73,672 73,856 69,423 722,496 1,093,005 389,643 (727,472) 755,176 (34,346) $ Total 184,151 170,592 169,086 168,810 164,886 1,601,251 2,458,776 389,643 (1,329,498) 1,518,921 (77,844) Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 720,247 $ 720,830 $ 1,441,077 (1) Other financing obligations are primarily related to build-to-suit arrangements. New York 4, New York 5, New York 6 and New York 7 (‘‘NY4, NY5, NY6 and NY7’’) Data Centers In December 2018, the Company entered into new lease agreements with the landlord of the Company’s NY4, NY5 and NY6 data centers, replacing the existing leases. Additionally, the Company signed a modification of the lease agreement for its NY7 IBX data center. The total contractual obligation over the estimated term of the four new leases is collectively approximately $335.6 million. The Company had previously accounted for NY4 and NY7 as capital leases and NY5 and NY6 as build-to-suit arrangements. Pursuant to the current accounting standard for leases, the Company determined that NY4 and NY7 continued to be accounted for as capital leases and recognized an incremental capital lease obligation of $23.7 million during the three months ended December 31, 2018. As a result of the new leases for NY5 and NY6, the Company recognized a loss on debt extinguishment of approximately $6.5 million during the three months ended December 31, 2018. Monthly payments under NY4, NY5, NY6 will be made through December 2048. The Company has certain renewal options available after December 2048, which have not been included in the lease term. Monthly payments under NY7 will be made through December 2028. Stockholm 2 (‘‘SK2’’) Data Center In March 2018, the Company acquired the land and building for the SK2 IBX data center for cash consideration of SEK457.9 million, or approximately $54.9 million at the exchange rate in effect on March 31, 2018. The Company had previously accounted for SK2 as a build-to-suit arrangement. As a result of the purchase, the prior arrangement was effectively terminated, and the financing obligation was settled in full. The Company settled the financing obligation of the SK2 data center for SEK234.5 million or approximately $28.1 million and recognized a loss on debt extinguishment of SEK170.5 million, or approximately $20.4 million at the exchange rate in effect on March 31, 2018. F-55 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 10. Leases – (continued) Tokyo 11 (‘‘TY11’’) Data Center In February 2018, the Company entered into a lease agreement for the TY11 IBX data center. Pursuant to the accounting standard for leases, the Company assessed the lease classification of the TY11 lease and determined that the lease should be accounted for as a capital lease. During the three months ended March 31, 2018, the Company recorded a capital lease obligation totaling approximately ¥2,348.5 million, or approximately $22.1 million at the exchange rate in effect on March 31, 2018. The lease has a term of 30 years through February 2048. Operating Leases The Company also leases its IBX data centers and certain equipment under noncancelable operating lease agreements. The majority of the Company’s operating leases for its land and IBX data centers expire at various dates through 2065 with renewal options available to the Company. The lease agreements typically provide for base rental rates that increase at defined intervals during the term of the lease. In addition, the Company has negotiated some rent expense abatement periods for certain leases to better match the phased build out of its IBX data centers. The Company accounts for such abatements and increasing base rentals using the straight-line method over the life of the lease. The difference between the straight-line expense and the cash payment is recorded as deferred rent (see Note 7, ‘‘Other Current Liabilities’’ and ‘‘Other Liabilities’’). Minimum future operating lease payments as of December 31, 2018 are summarized as follows (in thousands): Years ending: 2019 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2021 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2023 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thereafter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 187,280 179,515 166,159 158,115 147,677 1,130,494 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,969,240 Total rent expense was approximately $185.4 million, $157.9 million and $140.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. F-56 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 11. Debt Facilities Mortgage and Loans Payable The Company’s mortgage and loans payable consisted of the following as of December 31 (in thousands): Term loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mortgage payable and other loans payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,344,482 44,042 $1,417,352 48,872 Less the amount representing unamortized debt discount and debt issuance cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Add the amount representing unamortized mortgage premium . . . . . (6,614) 1,882 (10,666) 2,051 1,388,524 1,466,224 2018 2017 Less current portion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,383,792 (73,129) 1,457,609 (64,491) $1,310,663 $1,393,118 Senior Credit Facility On December 12, 2017, the Company entered into a credit agreement with a group of lenders for a $3,000.0 million credit facility (‘‘Senior Credit Facility’’), comprised of a $2,000.0 million senior unsecured multicurrency revolving credit facility (‘‘Revolving Facility’’) and an approximately $1,000.0 million senior unsecured multicurrency term loan facility (‘‘Term Loan Facility’’). The Senior Credit Facility contains customary covenants, including financial covenants which require the Company to maintain certain financial coverage and leverage ratios, as well as customary events of default, and is guaranteed by certain of the Company’s domestic subsidiaries. The Senior Credit Facility has a five-year term, maturing on December 12, 2022. The Revolving Facility allows the Company to borrow, repay and reborrow over its term. The Revolving Facility provides a sublimit for the issuance of letters of credit of up to $250.0 million at any one time. Borrowings under the Revolving Facility bear interest at a rate based on a benchmark rate defined in the credit agreement plus a margin that can vary from 0.85% to 1.40% or, at the Company’s option, the base rate, which is defined as the highest of (a) the Federal Funds Rate plus 0.5%, (b) the Bank of America prime rate and (c) one-month LIBOR plus 1% plus a margin that can vary from 0.0% to 0.4%. The Company is required to pay a quarterly letter of credit fee on the face amount of each letter of credit, which fee is based on the same margin that applies from time to time to borrowings under the revolving credit line. The Company is also required to pay a quarterly facility fee ranging from 0.15% to 0.30% per annum based on the total revolving credit facility amount. The Company borrowed £500.0 million and SEK2,800.0 million under the Term Loan Facility on December 12, 2017, or approximately $997.1 million at the exchange rates in effect on that date. The Company is required to repay the Term Loan Facility at the rate of 5% of the original principal amount per annum with the remaining balance to be repaid in full at the maturity of the Senior Credit Facility. The Term Loan Facility bears interest at a rate based on LIBOR plus a margin that can vary from 1.00% to 1.70%. As of December 31, 2018, the Company had £481.3 million and SEK2,695.0 million, or approximately $916.7 million in U.S dollars at the exchange rates in effect as of F-57 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 11. Debt Facilities – (continued) December 31, 2018, outstanding under the Term Loan Facility with a weighted average effective interest rate of 1.85% per annum. Debt issuance costs related to the Term Loan Facility, net of amortization, were $2.3 million as of December 31, 2018. JPY Term Loan On July 26, 2018, the Company entered into an amendment to its Senior Credit Facility. The amendment provided for a senior unsecured term loan in an aggregate principal amount of ¥47.5 billion (the ‘‘JPY Term Loan’’). The Company is required to repay the JPY Term Loan at the rate of 5% of the original principal amount per annum with the remaining balance to be repaid in full at the maturity of the Senior Credit Facility. The JPY Term Loan bears interest at a rate based on LIBOR plus a margin that can vary from 1.00% to 1.70% and contains customary covenants consistent with the Senior Credit Facility. On July 31, 2018, the Company drew down the full ¥47.5 billion of the JPY Term Loan, or approximately $424.7 million at the exchange rate effective on July 31, 2018, and prepaid the remaining principal of its existing Japanese Yen Term Loan of ¥43.8 billion or approximately $391.3 million. As of December 31, 2018, total outstanding borrowings under the JPY Term Loan were ¥46.9 billion, or approximately $427.8 million at the exchange rate effective on that date, with an effective interest rate of 1.74%. Debt issuance costs, net of amortization, related to the JPY Term Loan were $4.3 million as of December 31, 2018. Japanese Yen Term Loan On September 30, 2016, the Company entered into a five year term loan agreement (the ‘‘Japanese Yen Term Loan’’) with MUFG for ¥47.5 billion, or approximately $468.4 million at the exchange rate in effect on September 30, 2016. In October 2016, the Company drew down the full amount of the Japanese Yen Term Loan of ¥47.5 billion, or approximately $453.2 million at the exchange rate in effect on October 31, 2016. On July 31, 2018, the Company prepaid the remaining principal of the Japanese Yen Term Loan of ¥43.8 billion or approximately $391.3 million using proceeds from the JPY Term Loan. In connection with this prepayment of its existing Japanese Yen Term Loan, the Company recognized a loss on debt extinguishment of $2.2 million. Mortgage Payable In October 2013, as a result of the Frankfurt Kleyer 90 Carrier Hotel Acquisition, the Company assumed a mortgage payable of $42.9 million with an effective interest rate of 4.25%. The mortgage payable has monthly principal and interest payments and has an expiration date of August 2022. Convertible Debt 4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes In June 2009, the Company issued $373.8 million aggregate principal amount of 4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes due June 15, 2016 (the ‘‘4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes’’). In 2014 and 2015, certain holders of the 4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes elected to convert a total of $223.7 million of the principal amount of the notes for 2,513,798 shares of the Company’s common stock and $51.7 million in cash, comprised of accrued interest, premium and cash paid in lieu of issuing shares for certain note holders’ principal amount. F-58 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 11. Debt Facilities – (continued) In April and June 2016, certain holders of the 4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes converted or redeemed a total of $150.1 million of the principal amount of the notes for 1,981,662 shares of the Company’s common stock and $3.6 million in cash, comprised of accrued interest, cash paid in lieu of fractional shares and principal redemption. In the Company’s consolidated statement of cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2016, the principal redemption and cash paid in lieu of issuing fractional shares to settle a portion of the principal amount were included within net cash provided by (used in) financing activities and the accrued interest paid was included within net cash provided by operating activities. The following table sets forth total interest expense recognized related to the 4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes for the year ended December 31 (in thousands): Contractual interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of debt issuance costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of debt discount . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2016 $3,267 186 3,775 $7,228 Effective interest rate of the liability component . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.48% To minimize the impact of potential dilution upon conversion of the 4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes, the Company entered into capped call transactions (the ‘‘Capped Call’’) separate from the issuance of the 4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes and paid a premium of $49.7 million for the Capped Call in 2009. The Capped Call covers a total of approximately 4,432,638 shares of the Company’s common stock, subject to adjustment. Upon maturity of the 4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes on June 15, 2016, the Company settled the capped call transaction and received 380,779 shares of common stock, which were placed in treasury and resulted in a credit of $141.7 million to additional paid-in capital at the market price of $372.10 on June 15, 2016. F-59 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 11. Debt Facilities – (continued) Senior Notes The Company’s senior notes consisted of the following as of December 31 (in thousands): Senior Notes Issuance Date Maturity Date Amount Effective Rate Amount Effective Rate 2018 2017 5.000% Infomart Senior Notes . . . . . . April 2018 April 2019 – April 2021 $ 750,000 5.375% Senior Notes due 2022 . . . . . November 2014 January 2022 5.375% Senior Notes due 2023 . . . . . March 2013 April 2023 2.875% Euro Senior Notes due 2024 . . March 2018 March 2024 5.750% Senior Notes due 2025 . . . . . November 2014 January 2025 2.875% Euro Senior Notes due 2025 . . September 2017 October 2025 5.875% Senior Notes due 2026 . . . . . December 2015 January 2026 2.875% Euro Senior Notes due 2026 . . December 2017 February 2026 5.375% Senior Notes due 2027 . . . . . March 2017 May 2027 750,000 1,000,000 859,125 500,000 1,145,500 1,100,000 1,145,500 1,250,000 8,500,125 4.40% 5.56% 5.51% 3.08% 5.88% 3.04% 6.03% 3.04% 5.51% $ — 750,000 1,000,000 — 500,000 1,201,000 1,100,000 1,201,000 1,250,000 7,002,000 —% 5.56% 5.51% —% 5.88% 3.04% 6.03% 3.04% 5.51% Less amount representing unamortized debt issuance cost . . . . . . . . . . . . Add amount representing unamortized debt premium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less current portion . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.000% Infomart Senior Notes (75,372) (78,151) 5,031 8,429,784 (300,999) $8,128,785 — 6,923,849 — $6,923,849 On April 2, 2018, in connection with the closing of the Infomart Dallas Acquisition, the Company issued $750.0 million aggregate principal amount of 5.000% senior unsecured notes in five new series due in each of April 2019, October 2019, April 2020, October 2020 and April 2021, with each series consisting of $150.0 million principal amount. The 5.000% Infomart Senior Notes were fair valued as of the acquisition date and the Company recognized debt premium of $8.2 million. Interest on the notes is payable semi-annually on April 2 and October 2 of each year, commencing on October 2, 2018. The 5.000% Infomart Senior Notes are not redeemable prior to their maturity dates. 2.875% Euro Senior Notes due 2024 On March 14, 2018, the Company issued A750.0 million, or approximately $929.9 million in U.S. dollars, at the exchange rate in effect on March 14, 2018, aggregate principal amount of 2.875% senior notes due March 15, 2024. Interest on the notes is payable semi-annually in arrears on March 15 and September 15 of each year, commencing on September 15, 2018. Debt issuance costs related to the 2.875% Euro Senior Notes due 2024 were $11.6 million. All senior notes are unsecured and rank equal in right of payment to the Company’s existing or future senior indebtedness and senior in right of payment to the Company’s existing and future subordinated indebtedness. Interest on the senior notes is paid semi-annually in arrears. The senior notes are effectively subordinated to all of the existing and future secured debt, including debt outstanding under any bank facility or secured by any mortgage, to the extent of the assets securing F-60 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 11. Debt Facilities – (continued) such debt. They are also structurally subordinated to any existing and future indebtedness and other liabilities (including trade payables) of any of the Company’s subsidiaries. Each series of senior notes is governed by a supplemental indenture between the Company and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee. These supplemental indentures contain covenants that limit the Company’s ability and the ability of its subsidiaries to, among other things(1): (cid:129) (cid:129) (cid:129) incur additional debt; pay dividends or make other restricted payments; purchase, redeem or retire capital stock or subordinated debt; (cid:129) make asset sales; (cid:129) (cid:129) (cid:129) (cid:129) enter into transactions with affiliates; incur liens(2); enter into sale-leaseback transactions(2); provide subsidiary guarantees; (cid:129) make investments; and (cid:129) merge or consolidate with any other person(2). Subject to compliance with the limitations described above, the Company may issue an unlimited principal amount of additional notes at later dates under the same indenture as the senior notes. Any additional notes the Company issues under the indenture will be identical in all respects to the terms of the 5.000% Infomart Senior Notes, 2.875% Euro Senior Notes due 2024 and 2.875% Euro Senior Notes due 2026, except that the additional notes will have different issuance dates and may have different issuance prices. The Company is not required to make any mandatory redemption with respect to the senior notes; however, upon the event of a change in control, the Company may be required to offer to purchase the senior notes. (1) If the senior notes are rated investment grade at any time by two or more of Standard & Poor’s, Moody’s and Fitch, most of the restrictive covenants contained in the supplemental indentures will be suspended. (2) The supplemental indentures for the 5.000% Infomart Senior Notes, 2.875% Euro Senior Notes due 2024 and 2.875% Euro Senior Notes due 2026 only contain these covenants footnoted with(2). F-61 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 11. Debt Facilities – (continued) Optional Redemption Schedule Senior Note Description 5.375% Senior Notes due 2022 . . . . 5.375% Senior Notes due 2023 . . . . 2.875% Euro Senior Notes due 2024 . 5.750% Senior Notes due 2025 . . . . 2.875% Euro Senior Notes due 2025 . 5.875% Senior Notes due 2026 . . . . 2.875% Euro Senior Notes due 2026 . 5.375% Senior Notes due 2027 . . . . Early Equity Redemption Price First Scheduled Redemption Date Fourth Year First Scheduled Second Year Third Year (if scheduled) Redemption Redemption Redemption Redemption Price Price Price Price 105.375% January 1, 2018 105.375% April 1, 2018 102.875% September 15, 2020 105.750% January 1, 2020 102.875% October 1, 2020 105.875% January 15, 2021 102.875% February 1, 2021 105.375% May 15, 2022 104.031% 102.688% 101.438% 102.875% 101.438% 102.938% 101.438% 102.688% 102.688% 101.344% 100.000% 101.792% 100.896% 100.000% 100.719% 100.000% 101.917% 100.958% 100.000% 100.719% 100.000% 101.958% 100.979% 100.000% 100.719% 100.000% 101.792% 100.896% 100.000% Each series of senior notes provides for optional redemption, with the exception of 5.000% Infomart Senior Notes. Within 90 days of the closing of one or more equity offerings and at any time prior to the first scheduled redemption date listed in the Optional Redemption Schedule, the Company may redeem up to 35% of the aggregate principal amount of any series of senior notes outstanding, at the respective early equity redemption price listed in the Optional Redemption Schedule, plus accrued and unpaid interest to the redemption date, provided that at least 65% of the aggregate principal amount of the senior notes issued in such series remains outstanding immediately after such redemption(s). On or after the first scheduled redemption date listed in the Optional Redemption Schedule, the Company may redeem all or a part of a series of senior notes, on one or more occasions, at the redemption prices (expressed as percentages of principal amount) set forth in the Optional Redemption Schedule, plus accrued and unpaid interest thereon, if any, if redeemed during the twelve-month period beginning on the first scheduled redemption date and at reduced scheduled redemption prices during the twelve or eighteen-month periods beginning on the anniversaries of the first scheduled redemption date. In addition, at any time prior to the first scheduled redemption date, the Company may redeem all or a part of any series of senior notes at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of such senior notes redeemed plus the applicable premium (the ‘‘Applicable Premium’’) and accrued and unpaid interest, subject to the rights of the holders of record of such senior notes on the relevant record date to receive interest due on the relevant interest payment date. The Applicable Premium means the greater of: (1) 1.0% of the principal amount of the senior notes; (2) the excess of: (a) the present value at such redemption date of (i) the redemption price of the senior notes at the first scheduled redemption date, plus (ii) all required interest payments due on the senior notes through the first scheduled redemption date computed using a discount rate equal to the treasury rate as of such redemption date plus 50 basis points; over (b) the principal amount of the senior notes. F-62 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 11. Debt Facilities – (continued) Loss on Debt Extinguishment During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company recorded $51.4 million of loss on debt extinguishment comprised of (i) $17.1 million of loss on debt extinguishment as a result of amendments to leases impacting the related financing obligations, (ii) $19.5 million of loss on debt extinguishment from the settlement of financing obligations as a result of the Infomart Dallas Acquisition, (iii) $12.6 million of loss on debt extinguishment as a result of the settlement of financing obligations for properties purchased and (iv) $2.2 million of loss on debt extinguishment as a result of the redemption of the Japanese Yen Term Loan. During the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company recorded $65.8 million of loss on debt extinguishment comprised of (i) $14.6 million of loss on debt extinguishment from the redemption of senior notes, which included $12.2 million redemption premium that was paid in cash and $2.4 million related to the write-off of unamortized debt issuance costs, (ii) $22.5 million of loss on debt extinguishment from the redemption of term loans under the previously outstanding credit facility, (iii) $16.7 million of loss on debt extinguishment as a result of amendments to leases and financing obligations and (iv) $12.0 million of loss on debt extinguishment from the settlement of financing obligations as a result of properties purchased. During the year ended December 31, 2016, the Company recorded $12.3 million of loss on debt extinguishment as a result of (i) the settlement of the financing obligations for Paris 3 IBX data center, (ii) a portion of the lender fees associated with the Japanese Yen Term Loan and (iii) the prepayment and terminations of the 2012 and 2013 Brazil financings. Maturities of Debt Instruments The following table sets forth maturities of the Company’s debt, including mortgage and loans payable, and senior notes, gross of debt issuance costs, debt discounts and debt premiums, as of December 31, 2018 (in thousands): Years ending: 2019 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2021 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2023 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thereafter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 373,128 373,443 223,134 1,915,871 1,002,491 6,002,464 $9,890,531 F-63 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 11. Debt Facilities – (continued) Fair Value of Debt Instruments The following table sets forth the estimated fair values of the Company’s mortgage and loans payable and senior notes as of December 31 (in thousands): Mortgage and loans payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Senior notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,389,632 8,422,211 $1,464,877 7,288,673 The fair values of the mortgage and loans payable and 5.000% Infomart Senior Notes, which were not publicly traded, were estimated by considering the Company’s credit rating, current rates available to the Company for debt of the same remaining maturities and terms of the debt (level 2). The fair value of the senior notes, which were traded in the public debt market, was based on quoted market prices (level 1). 2018 2017 Interest Charges The following table sets forth total interest costs incurred and total interest costs capitalized for the years ended December 31 (in thousands): Interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest capitalized . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $521,494 19,880 $478,698 22,625 $392,156 13,338 Interest charges incurred(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $541,374 $501,323 $405,494 2018 2017 2016 (1) Interest charges incurred for the year ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 also include interest expense incurred under the previously outstanding credit facility the Company entered in 2014, which was terminated in December 2017. Total interest paid, net of capitalized interest, during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 was $476.9 million, $422.2 million and $336.7 million, respectively. 12. Stockholders’ Equity The Company’s authorized share capital is 300,000,000 shares of common stock and 100,000,000 shares of preferred stock, of which 25,000,000 is designated Series A, 25,000,000 is designated as Series A-1 and 50,000,000 is undesignated. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company had no preferred stock issued and outstanding. Common Stock In December 2018, the Company entered into an equity distribution agreement with Barclays Capital Inc., Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC, HSBC Securities (USA) Inc., MUFG Securities Americas Inc. and TD Securities (USA) LLC, establishing an ‘‘at the market’’ equity offering program, under which the Company may offer and sell from time to time up to an aggregate of $750.0 million of its common F-64 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 12. Stockholders’ Equity – (continued) stock in ‘‘at the market’’ transactions (the ‘‘2018 ATM Program’’). As of December 31, 2018, no sales have been made under the 2018 ATM Program. In August 2017, the Company entered into an equity distribution agreement with RBC Capital Market, LLC, Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated, Citigroup Global Markets Inc. and J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, establishing an ‘‘at the market’’ equity offering program, under which the Company may offer and sell from time to time up to an aggregate of $750.0 million of its common stock in ‘‘at the market’’ transactions (the ‘‘2017 ATM Program’’). For the year ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company sold 930,934 shares and 763,201 shares, respectively, for approximately $388.2 million and $355.1 million, respectively, net of payment of commissions to the sales agents and estimated equity offering costs. As of December 31, 2018, no shares remain available for sale under the 2017 ATM Program. In March 2017, the Company issued and sold 6,069,444 shares of its common stock in a public offering pursuant to a registration statement and a related prospectus and prospectus supplement, in each case filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. The shares issued and sold included the full exercise of the underwriters’ option to purchase 791,666 additional shares. The Company received net proceeds of approximately $2,126.3 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses of $58.7 million. In April and June 2016, upon the maturity of the Company’s 4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes, holders of the Company’s 4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes converted $150.1 million principal amount of the notes into 1,981,662 shares of the Company’s common stock. In June 2016, the Company also settled the capped call transaction and received 380,779 shares of common stock, which were placed in treasury and resulted in a credit of $141.7 million to additional paid-in capital at the market price of $372.10 on June 15, 2016. See convertible debt in Note 11 for additional information. As of December 31, 2018, the Company had reserved the following authorized but unissued shares of common stock for future issuances: Common stock options and restricted stock units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Common stock employee purchase plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,885,220 3,120,425 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,005,645 F-65 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 12. Stockholders’ Equity – (continued) Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss The components of the Company’s accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax, consisted of the following as of December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 (in thousands): December 31, 2015 Net Change December 31, 2016 Net Change December 31, 2017 Net Cumulative Effect Change Adjustment December 31, 2018 Foreign currency translation adjustment (‘‘CTA’’) gain (loss) . . . $(523,709) $(507,420) $(1,031,129) $ 454,269 $(576,860) $(421,743) $ — $(998,603) Unrealized gain (loss) on cash flow hedges(1) . . . . Net investment hedge CTA . . . . . . . . gain (loss)(1) Unrealized gain (loss) on available for sale securities(2) . . . . . . . . . Net actuarial gain (loss) on defined benefit plans(3) . 11,153 19,551 30,704 (54,895) (24,191) 43,671 4,484 45,505 49,989 (235,292) (185,303) 219,628 — — 19,480 34,325 (139) 2,249 2,110 14 2,124 — (2,124) — (848) 32 (816) (143) (959) 55 — (904) $(509,059) $(440,083) $ (949,142) $ 163,953 $(785,189) $(158,389) $(2,124) $(945,702) (1) Refer to Note 8 for a discussion of the amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss to net income. (2) Upon adoption of ASU 2016-01 during the three months ended March 31, 2018, the Company recorded a net cumulative effect adjustment of $2.1 million from accumulated other comprehensive loss to retained earnings. The realized gains and losses reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss to net income as a result of sale of available for sale securities were not significant for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016. (3) The Company has a defined benefit pension plan covering all employees in one country where such plans are mandated by law. The Company does not have any defined benefit plans in any other countries. The unamortized gain (loss) on defined benefit plans includes gains or losses resulting from a change in the value of either the projected benefit obligation or the plan assets resulting from a change in an actuarial assumption, net of amortization. Changes in foreign currencies can have a significant impact to the Company’s consolidated balance sheets (as evidenced above in the Company’s foreign currency translation loss), as well as its consolidated results of operations, as amounts in foreign currencies are generally translated into more U.S. dollars when the U.S. dollar weakens or less U.S. dollars when the U.S. dollar strengthens. As of December 31, 2018, the U.S. dollar was generally stronger relative to certain of the currencies of the foreign countries in which the Company operates as compared to December 31, 2017. This overall strengthening of the U.S. dollar had an overall negative impact on the Company’s consolidated financial position because the foreign denominations translated into less U.S. dollars as evidenced by the increase in foreign currency translation loss for the year ended December 31, 2018 as reflected in the above table. In future periods, the volatility of the U.S. dollar as compared to the other currencies in which the Company does business could have a significant impact on its consolidated financial position and results of operations including the amount of revenue that the Company reports in future periods. F-66 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 12. Stockholders’ Equity – (continued) Dividends During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company’s Board of Directors declared quarterly dividends of $2.28 per share on November 1, August 8, May 2 and February 14, 2018, to stockholders of record on November 14, August 22, May 23 and February 26, 2018, respectively, and payment dates of December 12, September 19, June 20 and March 21, 2018, respectively. The Company paid a total of $727.4 million in quarterly dividends during the year ended December 31, 2018. During the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company’s Board of Directors declared quarterly dividends of $2.00 per share on November 1, August 2, April 26 and February 15, 2017, to stockholders of record on November 15, August 23, May 24 and February 27, 2017, respectively, and payment dates of December 13, September 20, June 21 and March 22, 2017, respectively. The Company paid a total of $612.1 million in quarterly dividends during the year ended December 31, 2017. During the year ended December 31, 2016, the Company’s Board of Directors declared quarterly dividends of $1.75 per share on November 2, August 3, May 4 and February 18, 2016, to stockholders of record on November 16, August 24, May 25 and March 9, 2016, respectively, and payment dates of December 14, September 14, June 15 and March 23, 2016, respectively. The Company paid a total of $492.4 million in quarterly dividends during the year ended December 31, 2016. In addition, as of December 31, 2018, for dividends and special distributions attributed to the restricted stock units, the Company recorded a short term dividend payable of $8.8 million and a long term dividend payable of $6.5 million for the restricted stock units that have not yet vested. As of December 31, 2017, for dividends and special distributions attributed to the restricted stock units, the Company recorded a short term dividend payable of $11.2 million and a long term dividend payable of $6.7 million for the restricted stock units that have not yet vested. F-67 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 12. Stockholders’ Equity – (continued) For federal income tax purposes, distributions to stockholders are treated as ordinary income, capital gains, return of capital or a combination thereof. For the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, the quarterly dividends were classified as follows: Record Date Fiscal 2018 Payment Date Nonqualified Total Distribution Ordinary Dividend Ordinary Dividend Qualified Return of Capital (per share) 2/26/2018 . . . . . . . . . 5/23/2018 . . . . . . . . . 8/22/2018 . . . . . . . . . 11/14/2018 . . . . . . . . 3/21/2018 6/20/2018 9/19/2018 12/12/2018 $2.280000 2.280000 2.280000 2.280000 $2.280000 2.280000 2.280000 2.280000 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $9.120000 $9.120000 Fiscal 2017 2/27/2017 . . . . . . . . . 5/24/2017 . . . . . . . . . 8/23/2017 . . . . . . . . . 11/15/2017 . . . . . . . . 3/22/2017 6/21/2017 9/20/2017 12/13/2017 $2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 $2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $8.000000 $8.000000 $— — — — $— $— — — — $— $— — — — $— $— — — — $— 13. Stock-Based Compensation Equinix Equity Awards Equity Compensation Plans In May 2000, the Company’s stockholders approved the adoption of the 2000 Equity Incentive Plan. Under the 2000 Equity Incentive Plan, nonstatutory stock options, restricted shares, restricted stock units and stock appreciation rights may be granted to employees, outside directors and consultants at not less than 85% of the fair value on the date of grant, and incentive stock options may be granted to employees at not less than 100% of the fair value on the date of grant. Equity awards granted under the 2000 Equity Incentive Plan generally vest over 4 years. The Company had reserved a total of 16,636,172 shares for issuance under the 2000 Equity Incentive Plan of which 1,892,262 shares were still available for grant as of December 31, 2018. The 2000 Equity Incentive Plan is administered by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors (the ‘‘Compensation Committee’’), and the Compensation Committee may terminate or amend the plan, with approval of the stockholders as may be required by applicable law, at any time. F-68 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 13. Stock-Based Compensation – (continued) In May 2000, the Company’s stockholders approved the adoption of the 2000 Director Option Plan, which was amended and restated effective January 1, 2003. Under the 2000 Director Option Plan, each non-employee board member who was not previously an employee of the Company would receive an automatic initial nonstatutory stock option grant as well as an annual non-statutory stock option grant on the date of the Company’s regular Annual Meeting of Stockholders. On December 18, 2008, the Company’s Board of Directors passed resolutions eliminating all automatic stock option grant mechanisms under the 2000 Director Option Plan and replaced them with an automatic restricted stock unit grant mechanism under the 2000 Equity Incentive Plan. The Company had reserved 594,403 shares for issuance under the 2000 Director Option Plan of which 505,646 shares were still available for grant as of December 31, 2018. The 2000 Director Option Plan is administered by the Compensation Committee and the Compensation Committee may terminate or amend the plan, with approval of the stockholders as may be required by applicable law, at any time. In September 2001, the Company adopted the 2001 Supplemental Stock Plan, under which non-statutory stock options and restricted shares/restricted stock units may be granted to consultants and employees who are not executive officers or board members, at not less than 85% of the fair value on the date of grant. Current stock options granted under the 2001 Supplemental Stock Plan generally vest over four years. The Company had reserved a total of 1,494,275 shares for issuance under the 2001 Supplemental Stock Plan, of which 260,498 shares were still available for grant as of December 31, 2018. The 2001 Supplemental Stock Plan is administered by the Compensation Committee, and the plan will continue in effect indefinitely unless the Compensation Committee decides to terminate it earlier. The 2000 Equity Incentive Plan, 2000 Director Option Plan and 2001 Supplemental Stock Plan are collectively referred to as the ‘‘Equity Compensation Plans.’’ Restricted Stock Units Since 2008, the Company primarily grants restricted stock units to its employees, including executives and non-employee directors, in lieu of stock options. The Company generally grants restricted stock units that have a service condition only or have both a service and performance condition. Each restricted stock unit is not considered issued and outstanding and does not have voting F-69 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 13. Stock-Based Compensation – (continued) rights until it is converted into one share of the Company’s common stock upon vesting. Restricted stock unit activity is summarized as follows: Number of Shares Outstanding Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value per Share Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years) Aggregate Intrinsic Value(1) (Dollars in Thousands) Restricted stock units outstanding, December 31, 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restricted stock units granted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Additional shares granted due to special distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restricted stock units released, vested . . . . . . . . Special distribution shares released . . . . . . . . . . Restricted stock units canceled . . . . . . . . . . . . . Special distribution shares canceled . . . . . . . . . . Restricted stock units outstanding, December 31, 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restricted stock units granted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restricted stock units released, vested . . . . . . . . Special distribution shares released . . . . . . . . . . Restricted stock units canceled . . . . . . . . . . . . . Special distribution shares canceled . . . . . . . . . . Restricted stock units outstanding, December 31, 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restricted stock units granted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restricted stock units released, vested . . . . . . . . Special distribution shares released . . . . . . . . . . Restricted stock units canceled . . . . . . . . . . . . . Special distribution shares canceled . . . . . . . . . . Restricted stock units outstanding, December 31, 1,416,438 720,601 $148.53 309.18 37 (655,584) (35,354) (93,940) (4,319) 1,347,879 658,196 (606,064) (15,667) (79,451) (1,002) 1,303,891 704,249 (593,528) (13,880) (173,460) (485) 297.03 213.72 269.94 242.41 272.84 192.59 389.60 260.75 243.06 313.83 282.49 252.30 387.31 299.07 283.14 336.75 295.77 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,226,787 $361.22 1.24 $432,516 (1) The intrinsic value is calculated based on the market value of the stock as of December 31, 2018. The total fair value of restricted stock units vested and released during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 was $249.8 million, $259.1 million and $227.4 million, respectively. F-70 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 13. Stock-Based Compensation – (continued) Employee Stock Purchase Plan In June 2004, the Company’s stockholders approved the adoption of the 2004 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the ‘‘2004 Purchase Plan’’) as a successor plan to a previous plan that ceased activity in 2005. A total of 500,000 shares have been reserved for issuance under the 2004 Purchase Plan, and the number of shares available for issuance under the 2004 Purchase Plan automatically increased on January 1 each year, beginning in 2005 and ending in 2014 by the lesser of 2% of the shares of common stock then outstanding or 500,000 shares. Effective November 25, 2014, 3,197 shares were added to the 2004 Purchase Plan, representing an anti-dilutive adjustment pursuant to the 2014 Special Distribution. Effective November 10, 2015, 9,020 shares were added to the 2004 Purchase Plan, representing an anti-dilutive adjustment pursuant to the 2015 Special Distribution. As of December 31, 2018, a total of 3,120,425 shares remained available for purchase under the 2004 Purchase Plan. The 2004 Purchase Plan permits eligible employees to purchase common stock on favorable terms via payroll deductions of up to 15% of the employee’s cash compensation, subject to certain share and statutory dollar limits. Two overlapping offering periods commence during each calendar year, on each February 15 and August 15 or such other periods or dates as determined by the Compensation Committee from time to time, and the offering periods last up to 24 months with a purchase date every six months. The price of each share purchased is 85% of the lower of a) the fair value per share of common stock on the last trading day before the commencement of the applicable offering period or b) the fair value per share of common stock on the purchase date. The 2004 Purchase Plan is administered by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors, and such plan will terminate automatically in June 2024 unless a) the 2004 Purchase Plan is extended by the Board of Directors and b) the extension is approved within 12 months by the Company’s stockholders. The Company provides the following disclosures for the 2004 Purchase Plan as of December 31 (dollars, except shares): Weighted-average purchase price per share . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Weighted average grant-date fair value per share of shares purchased Number of shares purchased . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 341.48 $ 90.04 145,346 $ 250.65 $ 72.21 162,076 $ 217.91 $ 60.49 150,044 The Company uses the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to determine the fair value of shares under the 2004 Purchase Plan with the following assumptions during the years ended December 31: 2018 2017 2016 2018 2017 2016 Range of dividend yield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Range of risk-free interest rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Range of expected volatility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Weighted-average expected volatility . . . . . . . . . . . Weighted average expected life (in years) . . . . . . . 1.97 – 2.00% 1.79 – 2.68% 2.10 – 2.31% 2.38 – 2.53% 0.48 – 0.76% 0.70 – 1.35% 19.04 – 24.33% 16.42 – 24.27% 18.80 – 30.94% 25.01% 1.41 20.74% 1.43 20.30% 1.52 Stock-Based Compensation Recognized in the Consolidated Statement of Operations The Company generally recognizes stock-based compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the awards. However, for awards with market conditions or performance F-71 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 13. Stock-Based Compensation – (continued) conditions, stock-based compensation expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for each vesting tranche of the award. As of December 31, 2018, the total stock-based compensation cost related to unvested equity awards not yet recognized, net of estimated forfeitures, totaled $337.8 million which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.14 years. The following table presents, by operating expense, the Company’s stock-based compensation expense recognized in the Company’s consolidated statement of operations for the years ended December 31 (in thousands): Cost of revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sales and marketing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General and administrative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 18,247 53,448 109,021 $ 13,621 50,094 111,785 $ 13,086 43,030 100,032 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $180,716 $175,500 $156,148 2018 2017 2016 The Company’s stock-based compensation recognized in the consolidated statement of operations was comprised of the following types of equity awards for the years ended December 31 (in thousands): Restricted stock units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employee stock purchase plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $165,141 15,575 $164,321 11,179 $145,769 10,379 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $180,716 $175,500 $156,148 2018 2017 2016 During the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, the Company capitalized $9.1 million, $6.2 million and $4.2 million, respectively, of stock-based compensation expense as construction in progress in property, plant and equipment. 14. Income Taxes Income (loss) before income taxes is attributable to the following geographic locations for the years ended December 31, (in thousands): Domestic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $298,009 135,029 $148,500 138,332 $215,010 (55,151) Income from continuing operations before income taxes . . . . $433,038 $286,832 $159,859 2018 2017 2016 F-72 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 14. Income Taxes – (continued) The tax benefit (expenses) for income taxes consisted of the following components for the years ended December 31, (in thousands): 2018 2017 2016 Current: Federal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . State and local Foreign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 7,085 (2,663) (118,175) $ 9,346 (849) (109,032) $(16,365) (2,147) (62,278) Subtotal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (113,753) (100,535) (80,790) Deferred: Federal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . State and local . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (27,874) (1,165) 75,113 9,684 2,018 34,983 (11,184) (3,328) 49,851 Subtotal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46,074 46,685 35,339 Provision for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (67,679) $ (53,850) $(45,451) State and foreign taxes not based on income are included in general and administrative expenses and the aggregate amounts were not significant for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016. The fiscal 2018, 2017 and 2016 income tax benefit (expenses) differed from the amounts computed by applying the U.S. federal income tax rate of 21%, 35% and 35%, respectively, to pre-tax income as a result of the following for the years ended December 31 (in thousands): 2018 2017 2016 Federal tax at statutory rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . State and local tax (expense) benefit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred tax assets generated in current year not benefited . Foreign income tax rate differential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-deductible expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stock-based compensation expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Change in valuation allowance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign financing activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss on debt extinguishment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gain on divestments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Uncertain tax positions reserve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tax adjustments related to REIT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Enactment of the US tax reform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $(90,938) $(100,391) $(55,951) (4,895) (6,246) 22,016 (15,828) (5,890) 11,995 (26,708) (8,288) 8,828 (9,371) 45,060 — (173) (3,616) (3,777) (4,072) (756) (2,308) 38,684 (17,548) — — (20,440) 32,189 — 4,903 1,000 (7,643) 26,151 (2,629) (616) (716) 1,319 (1,604) — (66) 41,973 (6,513) (4,115) Total income tax expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $(67,679) $ (53,850) $(45,451) F-73 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 14. Income Taxes – (continued) Legislation commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (‘‘TCJA’’), which was signed into law on December 22, 2017, contained many significant changes to the U.S. federal income tax laws. Among other things, the TCJA reduced the U.S. corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21% effective January 1, 2018, limited the tax deductibility of interest expense, accelerated expensing of certain business assets and transitioned the U.S. international taxation from a worldwide tax system to a territorial tax system by imposing a one-time mandatory repatriation of undistributed foreign earnings. As a result of the reduced corporate tax rate, the Company recognized an income tax expense of $6.5 million during the fourth quarter of 2017 as a provisional estimate due to the remeasurement of the net deferred tax assets in the U.S. TRS. In the fourth quarter of 2018, the Company has completed the analysis of the TCJA’s income tax effects and recorded an additional $1.3 million as an adjustment to the provisional amount related to the remeasurement of the net deferred tax assets in the U.S. TRS. The TCJA mandated a one-time deemed repatriation of undistributed foreign earnings, which increased the Company’s 2017 taxable income, as well as its required REIT distribution. In the fourth quarter of 2017, the Company estimated a provisional amount of $195.0 million as the one-time mandatory repatriation of its cumulative foreign earnings that was not previously included in the U.S. taxable income. In the fourth quarter of 2018, the Company completed the analysis based on the interpretation and guidance issued during 2018 and determined the one-time mandatory repatriation of its cumulative foreign earnings to be $271.8 million. The Company had an option of including the entire amount in its 2017 taxable income or spreading the amount over 8 years in its taxable income. The Company has included the entire amount in its 2017 taxable income. The Company believes the mandatory repatriation resulted in no financial statement impact because the Company satisfied its REIT distribution requirement and paid out such amounts (net of the permitted one-time participation deduction) to its stockholders. The TCJA included a Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income (‘‘GILTI’’) provision that increases U.S. federal taxable income by certain foreign subsidiary income in the year it is earned. The Company’s accounting policy is to treat any tax on GILTI inclusions as a current period cost included in the tax expense in the year incurred. The Company believes the GILTI inclusion provision will result in no financial statement impact provided the Company satisfies its REIT distribution requirement with respect to the GILTI inclusions. As a result of the Company’s conversion to a REIT effective January 1, 2015, it is no longer the Company’s intent to indefinitely reinvest undistributed foreign earnings. However, no deferred tax liability has been recognized to account for this change because the expected recovery of the basis difference will not result in U.S. taxes in the post-REIT conversion periods because none of its foreign subsidiaries is owned by a U.S. taxable REIT subsidiary and the withholding tax effect would be immaterial. The Company continues to assess the foreign withholding tax impact of its current policy and does not believe the distribution of its foreign earnings would trigger any significant foreign withholding taxes, as a majority of the foreign jurisdictions where the Company operates do not impose withholding taxes on dividend distributions to a corporate U.S. parent. F-74 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 14. Income Taxes – (continued) The types of temporary differences that give rise to significant portions of the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities are set out below as of December 31 (in thousands): 2018 2017 Deferred tax assets: Reserves and accruals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stock-based compensation expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unrealized losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating loss carryforwards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 24,136 2,524 1,471 49,169 $ 27,673 1,960 10,768 95,864 Gross deferred tax assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Valuation allowance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77,300 (57,003) 136,265 (84,573) Total deferred tax assets, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,297 51,692 Deferred tax liabilities: Property, plant and equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Intangible assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (50,610) (159,237) (65,825) (172,123) Total deferred tax liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (209,847) (237,948) Net deferred tax liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $(189,550) $(186,256) The tax basis of REIT assets, excluding investments in TRSs, is greater than the amounts reported for such assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet by approximately $1.8 billion as of December 31, 2018. The Company’s accounting for deferred taxes involves weighing positive and negative evidence concerning the realizability of the Company’s deferred tax assets in each tax jurisdiction. After considering such evidence as the nature, frequency and severity of current and cumulative financial reporting losses, and the sources of future taxable income and tax planning strategies, the Company concluded that valuation allowances were required in certain foreign jurisdictions. The operations in the jurisdictions for which a valuation allowance has been established have a history of significant losses as of December 31, 2018. As such, the Company does not believe these operations have established a sustained history of profitability and that a valuation allowance is, therefore, necessary. The Company also provided a full valuation allowance against certain gross deferred tax assets acquired in the Metronode Acquisition as these deferred tax assets are not expected to be realizable in the foreseeable future. F-75 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 14. Income Taxes – (continued) Changes in the valuation allowance for deferred tax assets for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 are as follows (in thousands): 2018 2017 2016 Beginning balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amounts from acquisitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amounts recognized into income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Current increase (decrease) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Impact of foreign currency exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 84,573 33,070 (38,684) (13,086) (8,870) $29,167 25,283 716 28,431 976 $ 29,894 5,053 (11,995) 6,557 (342) Ending balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 57,003 $84,573 $ 29,167 Federal and state tax laws, including California tax laws, impose substantial restrictions on the utilization of NOL and credit carryforwards in the event of an ‘‘ownership change’’ for tax purposes, as defined in Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code. An ownership change occurred during fiscal year 2002, which resulted in an annual limitation of approximately $0.8 million for NOL carryforwards generated prior to 2003. The Company’s NOL carryforwards for federal, state and foreign tax purposes which expire, if not utilized, at various intervals from 2019, are outlined below (in thousands): Expiration Date Federal(1) State Foreign Total 2019 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2020 to 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2023 to 2025 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2026 to 2028 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thereafter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 210,114 26,838 12,186 — $ — $ 8,397 14,436 13,596 2,297 137,333 — — 45 — 731 $ 8,397 224,550 40,434 14,528 138,064 $249,138 $776 $176,059 $425,973 (1) The total amount of NOL carryforwards that will not be available to offset the Company’s future taxable income after dividend paid deduction due to Section 382 limitations was $241.8 million for federal. F-76 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 14. Income Taxes – (continued) The beginning and ending balances of the Company’s unrecognized tax benefits are reconciled below for the years ended December 31 (in thousands): 2018 2017 2016 Beginning balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gross increases related to prior year tax positions . . . . . . . . . Gross increases related to current year tax positions . . . . . . . . Decreases resulting from expiration of statute of limitation . . . Decreases resulting from settlements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 82,390 33,436 48,685 (1,276) (12,305) $ 72,187 6,095 19,832 (15,410) (314) $30,845 570 41,972 (826) (374) Ending balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $150,930 $ 82,390 $72,187 The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits within income tax benefit (expense) in the consolidated statements of operations. The Company has accrued $8.4 million and $2.9 million for interest and penalties as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The unrecognized tax benefits of $114.9 million as of December 31, 2018, if subsequently recognized, will affect the Company’s effective tax rate favorably at the time when such a benefit is recognized. Due to various tax years open for examination, it is reasonably possible that the balance of unrecognized tax benefits could significantly increase or decrease over the next 12 months as the Company may be subject to either examination by tax authorities, tax audit settlements, or a lapse in statute of limitations. The Company is currently unable to estimate the range of possible adjustments to the balance of unrecognized tax benefits. The Company’s income tax returns for the years from 2015 through current remain open to examination by federal and state taxing authorities. In addition, the Company’s tax years of 2007 through 2018 remain open and subject to examination by local tax authorities in certain foreign jurisdictions in which the Company has major operations. 15. Commitments and Contingencies Purchase Commitments Primarily as a result of the Company’s various IBX expansion projects, as of December 31, 2018, the Company was contractually committed for $0.7 billion of unaccrued capital expenditures, primarily for IBX equipment not yet delivered and labor not yet provided, in connection with the work necessary to open these IBX data centers and make them available to customers for installation. In addition, the Company had numerous other, non-capital purchase commitments in place as of December 31, 2018, such as commitments to purchase power in select locations, primarily in select locations through 2019 and thereafter, and other open purchase orders for goods, services or arrangements that may contain embedded leases to be delivered or provided during 2019 and thereafter. Such other miscellaneous purchase commitments totaled $0.8 billion as of December 31, 2018. In addition, the Company entered into lease agreements in various locations for a total lease commitment of approximately $262.2 million, F-77 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 15. Commitments and Contingencies – (continued) excluding potential lease renewals. These lease agreements will commence between February 2019 and May 2020 with lease terms of 5 to 30 years. Contingent Liabilities The Company estimates exposure on certain liabilities, such as indirect and property taxes, based on the best information available at the time of determination. With respect to real and personal property taxes, the Company records what it can reasonably estimate based on prior payment history, current landlord estimates or estimates based on current or changing fixed asset values in each specific municipality, as applicable. However, there are circumstances beyond the Company’s control whereby the underlying value of the property or basis for which the tax is calculated on the property may change, such as a landlord selling the underlying property of one of the Company’s IBX data center leases or a municipality changing the assessment value in a jurisdiction and, as a result, the Company’s property tax obligations may vary from period to period. Based upon the most current facts and circumstances, the Company makes the necessary property tax accruals for each of its reporting periods. However, revisions in the Company’s estimates of the potential or actual liability could materially impact the financial position, results of operations or cash flows of the Company. The Company’s indirect and property tax filings in various jurisdictions are subject to examination by local tax authorities. The outcome of any examinations cannot be predicted with certainty. The Company regularly assesses the likelihood of adverse outcomes resulting from these examinations that would affect the adequacy of its tax accruals for each of the reporting periods. If any issues arising from the tax examinations are resolved in a manner inconsistent with the Company’s expectations, the revision of the estimates of the potential or actual liabilities could materially impact the financial position, results of operations, or cash flows of the Company. From time to time, the Company may have certain contingent liabilities that arise in the ordinary course of its business activities. The Company accrues contingent liabilities when it is probable that future expenditures will be made and such expenditures can be reasonably estimated. In the opinion of management, there are no pending claims for which the outcome is expected to result in a material adverse effect in the financial position, results of operations or cash flows of the Company. Employment Agreements The Company has entered into a severance agreement with each of its executive officers that provides for a severance payment equal to the executive officer’s annual base salary and maximum bonus in the event his or her employment is terminated for any reason other than cause or he or she voluntarily resigns under certain circumstances as described in the agreement. In addition, under the agreement, the executive officer is entitled to the payment of his or her monthly health care premiums under the Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act for up to 12 months. For certain executive officers, these benefits are only triggered after a change-in-control of the Company. Indemnification and Guarantor Arrangements As permitted under Delaware law, the Company has agreements whereby the Company indemnifies its officers and directors for certain events or occurrences while the officer or director is, or was serving, at the Company’s request in such capacity. The term of the indemnification period is for the officer’s or director’s lifetime. The maximum potential amount of future payments the Company could F-78 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 15. Commitments and Contingencies – (continued) be required to make under these indemnification agreements is unlimited; however, the Company has a director and officer insurance policy that limits the Company’s exposure and enables the Company to recover a portion of any future amounts paid. As a result of the Company’s insurance policy coverage, the Company believes the estimated fair value of these indemnification agreements is minimal. The Company has no liabilities recorded for these agreements as of December 31, 2018. The Company enters into standard indemnification agreements in the ordinary course of business. Pursuant to these agreements, the Company indemnifies, holds harmless, and agrees to reimburse the indemnified party for losses suffered or incurred by the indemnified party, generally the Company’s business partners or customers, in connection with any U.S. patent, or any copyright or other intellectual property infringement claim by any third party with respect to the Company’s offerings. The term of these indemnification agreements is generally perpetual any time after execution of the agreement. The maximum potential amount of future payments the Company could be required to make under these indemnification agreements is unlimited; however, the Company has never incurred costs to defend lawsuits or settle claims related to these indemnification agreements. As a result, the Company believes the estimated fair value of these agreements is minimal. The Company has no liabilities recorded for these agreements as of December 31, 2018. The Company enters into arrangements with its business partners, whereby the business partner agrees to provide services as a subcontractor for the Company’s installations. Accordingly, the Company enters into standard indemnification agreements with its customers, whereby the Company indemnifies them for other acts, such as personal property damage, of its subcontractors. The maximum potential amount of future payments the Company could be required to make under these indemnification agreements is unlimited; however, the Company has general and umbrella insurance policies that enable the Company to recover a portion of any amounts paid. The Company has never incurred costs to defend lawsuits or settle claims related to these indemnification agreements. As a result, the Company believes the estimated fair value of these agreements is minimal. The Company has no liabilities recorded for these agreements as of December 31, 2018. The Company has service level commitment obligations to certain of its customers. As a result, service interruptions or significant equipment damage in the Company’s IBX data centers, whether or not within the Company’s control, could result in service level commitments to these customers. The Company’s liability insurance may not be adequate to cover those expenses. In addition, any loss of services, equipment damage or inability to meet the Company’s service level commitment obligations could reduce the confidence of the Company’s customers and could consequently impair the Company’s ability to obtain and retain customers, which would adversely affect both the Company’s ability to generate revenues and the Company’s operating results. The Company generally has the ability to determine such service level credits prior to the associated revenue being recognized. The Company does not have significant liabilities in connection with service level credits as of December 31, 2018. F-79 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 16. Related Party Transactions The Company has several significant stockholders and other related parties that are also customers and/or vendors. The Company’s activity of related party transactions was as follows (in thousands): Revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Costs and services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $19,439 19,708 $13,726 11,211 $11,822 14,574 Years ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 As of December 31, 2018 2017 Accounts receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accounts payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $4,031 585 $1,321 744 17. Segment Information While the Company has a single line of business, which is the design, build-out and operation of IBX data centers, it has determined that it has three reportable segments comprised of its Americas, EMEA and Asia-Pacific geographic regions. The following tables present revenue information disaggregated by service lines and geographic areas (in thousands): Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2018 Americas EMEA Asia-Pacific Total Colocation(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interconnection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Managed infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,732,998 532,163 75,595 16,570 $1,201,769 138,874 118,685 8,164 $ 735,404 130,928 85,352 — $3,670,171 801,965 279,632 24,734 Recurring revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-recurring revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,357,326 127,408 1,467,492 95,145 951,684 72,599 4,776,502 295,152 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2,484,734 $1,562,637 $1,024,283 $5,071,654 (1) Includes some leasing and hedging activities. For further information on revenue recognition, see Note 1 and Note 2 above. F-80 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 17. Segment Information – (continued) Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2017 Americas EMEA Asia-Pacific Total Colocation(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interconnection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Managed infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,518,929 469,268 68,937 5,218 $1,063,543 104,891 88,122 10,415 Recurring revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-recurring revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,062,352 110,408 1,266,971 79,285 $595,673 107,014 88,110 — 790,797 58,615 $3,178,145 681,173 245,169 15,633 4,120,120 248,308 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2,172,760 $1,346,256 $849,412 $4,368,428 (1) Includes some leasing and hedging activities. For further information on revenue recognition, see Note 1 and Note 2 above. Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2016 Americas EMEA Asia-Pacific Total Colocation(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interconnection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Managed infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,161,665 374,655 53,404 3,360 $ 941,848 85,869 67,553 11,382 Recurring revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-recurring revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,593,084 86,465 1,106,652 64,687 $543,581 82,521 89,335 2,201 717,638 43,463 $2,647,094 543,045 210,292 16,943 3,417,374 194,615 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,679,549 $1,171,339 $761,101 $3,611,989 (1) Includes some leasing and hedging activities. For further information on revenue recognition, see Note 1 and Note 2 above. F-81 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 17. Segment Information – (continued) The Company’s chief operating decision-maker evaluates performance, makes operating decisions and allocates resources based on the Company’s revenues and adjusted EBITDA performance both on a consolidated basis and these three reportable segments. The Company defines adjusted EBITDA as income from operations excluding depreciation, amortization, accretion, stock-based compensation expense, restructuring charges, impairment charges, acquisition costs and gain on asset sales as presented below for the years ended December 31 (in thousands): 2018 2017 2016 Adjusted EBITDA: Americas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EMEA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asia-Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 1,183,831 698,280 531,129 $ 1,034,694 582,697 434,650 $ 787,311 494,263 375,900 Total adjusted EBITDA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Depreciation, amortization and accretion expense . . . Stock-based compensation expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquisitions costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Impairment charges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gain on asset sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,413,240 (1,226,741) (180,716) (34,413) — 6,013 2,052,041 (1,028,892) (175,500) (38,635) — — 1,657,474 (843,510) (156,148) (64,195) (7,698) 32,816 Income from operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 977,383 $ 809,014 $ 618,739 The Company provides the following segment disclosures related to its continuing operations as follows for the years ended December 31 (in thousands): 2018 2017 2016 Depreciation and amortization: Americas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EMEA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asia-Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 636,214 355,895 235,380 $ 515,726 316,250 210,504 $ 319,202 313,291 204,714 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,227,489 $1,042,480 $ 837,207 Capital expenditures: Americas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EMEA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asia-Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 773,514 884,790 437,870 $ 621,158 555,346 202,221 $ 503,855 400,642 208,868 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2,096,174 $1,378,725 $1,113,365 F-82 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 17. Segment Information – (continued) The Company’s long-lived assets are located in the following geographic areas as of December 31 (in thousands): Americas(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EMEA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asia-Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 5,010,507 3,726,596 2,288,917 $4,425,077 3,265,088 1,704,437 Total long-lived assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $11,026,020 $9,394,602 2018 2017 (1) Includes $4.6 billion and $4.0 billion, respectively, of long-lived assets attributed to the U.S. as of December 31, 2018 and 2017. 18. Subsequent Events On February 13, 2019, the Company’s Board of Directors declared a quarterly cash dividend of $2.46 per share, which is payable on March 20, 2019 to the Company’s common stockholders of record as of the close of business on February 27, 2019. On January 11, 2019, the Company entered into cross-currency swaps where the Company receives a fixed amount of U.S. Dollars and pays a fixed amount of Euros, with a total notional amount of $750 million and maturity dates in April 2022, January 2024 and January 2025. These cross-currency swaps are designated as hedges of the Company’s net investment in its European operations and changes in the fair value of these swaps will be recognized as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in the consolidated balance sheet. Time value will be excluded from the assessment of effectiveness and the amount of interest paid or received on the swaps will be recognized as an adjustment to interest expense in earnings over the life of the swaps. 19. Quarterly Financial Information (Unaudited) The Company believes that period-to-period comparisons of its financial results should not be relied upon as an indication of future performance. The Company’s revenues and results of operations have been subject to significant fluctuations, particularly on a quarterly basis, and the Company’s revenues and results of operations could fluctuate significantly quarter-to-quarter and year-to-year. Significant quarterly fluctuations in revenues will cause fluctuations in the Company’s cash flows and the cash and cash equivalents and accounts receivable accounts on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet. Causes of such fluctuations may include the volume and timing of new orders and renewals, the timing of the opening of new IBX data centers, the sales cycle for the Company’s offerings, the introduction of new offerings, changes in prices and pricing models, trends in the internet infrastructure industry, general economic conditions, extraordinary events such as acquisitions or litigation and the occurrence of unexpected events. The unaudited quarterly financial information presented below has been prepared by the Company and reflects all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, which in the opinion of management are necessary to present fairly the financial position and results of operations for the interim periods presented. F-83 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 19. Quarterly Financial Information (Unaudited) – (continued) The following tables present selected quarterly information (in thousands, except per share data): Revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gross profit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Earnings per share: 2018 Quarters Ended March 31 June 30 September 30 December 31 $1,215,877 593,447 62,894 $1,261,943 610,142 67,618 $1,283,751 623,442 124,825 $1,310,083 639,148 110,022 Basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diluted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.79 0.79 0.85 0.85 1.56 1.55 1.37 1.36 Revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gross profit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Earnings per share: 2017 Quarters Ended March 31 June 30 September 30 December 31 $949,525 480,564 42,062 $1,066,421 544,218 45,805 $1,152,261 569,901 79,900 $1,200,221 580,596 65,215 Basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diluted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.58 0.57 0.59 0.58 1.02 1.02 0.83 0.82 F-84 EQUINIX INC. SCHEDULE III — SCHEDULE OF REAL ESTATE AND ACCUMULATED DEPRECIATION DECEMBER 31, 2018 (Dollars in Thousands) Initial Costs to Company(1) Costs Capitalized Subsequent to Acquisition or Lease Total Costs Date of Acquisition Encumbrances Land Improvements(2) Land Improvements(2) Land Improvements(2) Depreciation(3) Construction or Lease(4) Buildings and Buildings and Buildings and Accumulated Date of Americas: AT1 ATLANTA (METRO) . AT2 ATLANTA (METRO) . AT3 ATLANTA (METRO) . AT4 ATLANTA (METRO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AT5 ATLANTA (METRO) . . BG1 BOGOT´A (METRO), COLOMBIA . . . . . . . BO1 BOSTON (METRO) . BO2 BOSTON (METRO) . . . CH1 CHICAGO (METRO) . CH2 CHICAGO (METRO) . CH3 CHICAGO (METRO) . CH4 CHICAGO (METRO) . CH7 CHICAGO (METRO) . . . . . . . . CU1 CULPEPER (METRO) . CU2 CULPEPER (METRO) . CU3 CULPEPER (METRO) . CU4 CULPEPER (METRO) . DA1 DALLAS (METRO) . DA2 DALLAS (METRO) . DA3 DALLAS (METRO) . DA4 DALLAS (METRO) . DA6 DALLAS (METRO) . DA7 DALLAS (METRO) . DA9 DALLAS (METRO) . . . . . . . . DA10 DALLAS (METRO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . INFOMART BUILDING DALLAS . . (METRO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DC1 WASHINGTON, DC (METRO) . DC2 WASHINGTON, DC (METRO) . DC3 WASHINGTON, DC (METRO) . DC4 WASHINGTON, DC (METRO) . DC5 WASHINGTON, DC (METRO) . DC6 WASHINGTON, DC (METRO) . DC7 WASHINGTON, DC (METRO) . DC8 WASHINGTON, DC (METRO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DC10 WASHINGTON, DC (METRO) . DC11 WASHINGTON, DC (METRO) . DC12 WASHINGTON, DC (METRO) . DC13 WASHINGTON, DC (METRO) . DC14 WASHINGTON, DC (METRO) . DC97 WASHINGTON, DC (METRO) . DE1 DENVER (METRO) DE2 DENVER (METRO) HO1 HOUSTON (METRO) . . . . . . . . . . . LA1 LOS ANGELES (METRO) . LA2 LOS ANGELES (METRO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 5,400 20,209 — — — 5,011 8,779 — 2,500 30,383 — — 9,759 — 670 1,019 1,244 1,088 1,372 — — — — — — 610 — — — — — 10,564 37,581 48,000 37,387 27,832 — — — — 20,522 — 15,398 117 24,380 337,643 — — — 1,906 1,429 1,429 — — — 1,429 — — 37,451 7,272 4,983 5,082 — — 44,601 5,082 — 101,783 5,500 2,560 — — 5,240 1,440 — — 25,423 33,511 2,021 — 23,053 23,780 — — — — — — — 929 — — — — 351 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 125,872 41,058 4,469 7,588 2,170 2,527 11,026 2,800 146,693 108,106 295,893 22,148 2,029 1,315 1,357 555 31,364 66,119 79,384 95,891 17,205 139,630 28,006 699 4,633 5,619 3,247 — — — 5,400 — 929 — 2,500 — — 10,110 — 670 1,019 1,244 1,088 1,372 — — — — — — 610 — 125,872 41,058 4,469 27,797 7,181 11,306 11,026 33,183 146,693 108,106 295,893 22,148 12,593 38,896 49,357 37,942 59,196 66,119 79,384 95,891 17,205 160,152 28,006 16,097 4,750 24,380 343,262 — 3,247 5,047 121,519 5,047 121,519 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 49,266 71,813 88,456 89,795 19,765 4,901 73,924 179,753 59,152 3,477 614 631 9,985 27,744 31,078 106,877 10,785 — 1,906 1,429 1,429 — — — 1,429 — 5,500 2,560 — — 5,240 1,440 — — 86,717 79,085 93,439 94,877 19,765 4,901 118,525 184,835 160,935 28,900 34,125 2,652 9,985 50,797 54,858 106,877 10,785 F-85 (50,601) (21,054) (2,128) (6,133) (2,248) (1,866) (6,920) (6,602) (89,280) (55,969) (106,445) (11,315) (2,357) (6,618) (7,200) (5,605) (3,398) (37,704) (25,148) (33,723) (8,470) (22,692) (7,670) (2,963) (1,704) (8,353) (825) (93,855) (48,753) (50,787) (60,307) (44,365) (11,629) (4,589) (52,029) (40,450) (8,220) (6,928) (5,509) (692) (7,988) (8,099) (6,880) (63,323) (8,654) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2001 2005 2007 2010 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2000 2011 N/A N/A 2013 2015 N/A N/A N/A 2007 1999 2004 2007 2008 2010 N/A N/A 2012 2013 2017 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2000 2001 2010 2010 2010 2017 2017 2017 2010 2017 1999 2005 2006 2009 2017 2017 2017 2017 2017 2000 2010 2010 2010 2012 2015 2017 2017 2018 1999 1999 2004 2005 2005 2005 2010 2010 2011 2005 2017 2017 2017 2017 2010 2017 2017 1999 2000 EQUINIX INC. SCHEDULE III — SCHEDULE OF REAL ESTATE AND ACCUMULATED DEPRECIATION – (Continued) DECEMBER 31, 2018 (Dollars in Thousands) Initial Costs to Company(1) Costs Capitalized Subsequent to Acquisition or Lease Total Costs Date of Acquisition Encumbrances Land Improvements(2) Land Improvements(2) Land Improvements(2) Depreciation(3) Construction or Lease(4) Buildings and Buildings and Buildings and Accumulated Date of LA3 LOS ANGELES (METRO) . LA4 LOS ANGELES (METRO) . LA7 LOS ANGELES (METRO) . MI1 MIAMI (METRO) . MI2 MIAMI (METRO) . MI3 MIAMI (METRO) . MI6 MIAMI (METRO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . NY1 NEW YORK (METRO) . NY2 NEW YORK (METRO) . NY4 NEW YORK (METRO) . NY5 NEW YORK (METRO) . NY6 NEW YORK (METRO) . NY7 NEW YORK (METRO) . NY8 NEW YORK (METRO) . NY9 NEW YORK (METRO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . NY11 NEW YORK (METRO) . NY12 NEW YORK (METRO) . NY13 NEW YORK (METRO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PH1 PHILADELPHIA (METRO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RJ1 RIO DE JANEIRO (METRO), BRAZIL RJ2 RIO DE JANEIRO (METRO), BRAZIL SE2 SEATTLE (METRO) SE3 SEATTLE (METRO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SE4 SEATTLE (METRO) . SP1 S ˜AO PAULO (METRO), BRAZIL . SP2 S ˜AO PAULO (METRO), BRAZIL . SP3 S ˜AO PAULO (METRO), BRAZIL . SP4 S ˜AO PAULO (METRO), BRAZIL . SV1 SILICON VALLEY (METRO) SV2 SILICON VALLEY (METRO) SV3 SILICON VALLEY (METRO) SV4 SILICON VALLEY (METRO) SV5 SILICON VALLEY (METRO) SV6 SILICON VALLEY (METRO) SV8 SILICON VALLEY (METRO) . . . . . . . SV10 SILICON VALLEY (METRO) . SV12 SILICON VALLEY (METRO) . SV13 SILICON VALLEY (METRO) . SV14 SILICON VALLEY (METRO) . SV15 SILICON VALLEY (METRO) . SV16 SILICON VALLEY (METRO) . SV17 SILICON VALLEY (METRO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TR1 TORONTO (METRO), CANADA . TR2 TORONTO (METRO), CANADA . OTHERS(5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,461 33,753 5,204 88,736 23,391 32,056 5,916 70,595 198,809 346,128 259,184 73,464 169,698 11,650 51,918 11,378 1,631 4,170 43,380 20,167 51,849 27,856 97,454 13,032 22,319 68,952 23,900 — 142,285 151,278 40,448 24,946 94,163 29,146 51,200 81,555 4,623 85 3,375 838 646 2,034 87,819 94,362 39,800 3,959 56,188 19,333 171,383 7,800 38,825 18,920 215,930 — — 4,750 — 17,859 — — — — — — 2,050 3,460 — — — 1,695 — — 4,000 — — 10,368 — 15,545 — — — 23,391 32,056 28,933 70,595 198,809 346,128 259,184 73,464 194,358 11,650 51,918 70,095 12,011 35,773 43,380 20,167 53,861 27,856 99,214 25,935 32,507 68,952 96,897 22,027 142,285 151,278 40,448 24,946 6,238 193,154 — — 12,646 20,313 — 3,638 7,651 4,271 — — — 78,242 44,731 51,200 205,149 4,623 3,913 8,878 23,898 15,664 19,527 87,819 115,475 61,104 (44,967) (78,571) (6,166) (25,966) (12,178) (12,752) (5,859) (38,536) (125,571) (176,708) (63,058) (11,734) (115,229) (7,426) (31,834) (11,926) (2,413) (6,982) (14,553) (16,059) (14,380) (23,013) (34,694) (3,001) (23,450) (50,007) (10,451) (4,936) (89,903) (81,688) (35,541) (20,473) (63,716) (28,862) (29,120) (9,252) — (1,617) (1,006) (3,730) (2,813) (6,977) (25,974) (17,923) 2005 2009 N/A N/A N/A 2012 N/A 1999 2002 2007 2012 2015 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2011 2013 N/A 2013 N/A 2011 2011 2017 N/A 1999 2003 2004 2005 2010 N/A N/A 2017 2015 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2015 2005 2009 2017 2017 2010 2012 2017 1999 2000 2006 2010 2010 2010 2010 2010 2017 2017 2017 2010 2011 2012 2010 2011 2017 2011 2011 2017 2017 1999 2003 1999 2005 2010 2010 2010 2017 2015 2017 2017 2017 2017 2017 2010 2015 (5,002) Various Various — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 34,727 3,959 19,333 137,630 7,800 33,621 18,920 127,194 — — — — 4,750 23,017 — — — — — — — — 2,050 3,460 — — — — — — 4,000 — — 10,368 — — — — — 6,238 — — 12,646 20,313 — 3,638 7,651 4,271 — — — 78,242 — — — — — 24,660 — — 58,717 10,380 31,603 — — 2,012 — 1,760 12,903 10,188 — 72,997 22,027 — — — — 98,991 15,585 — 123,594 — 3,828 5,503 23,060 15,018 17,493 — 21,113 21,304 — — — — — — — 17,859 — — — — — — — — — — — 1,695 — — — — — — — 15,545 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — F-86 EQUINIX INC. SCHEDULE III — SCHEDULE OF REAL ESTATE AND ACCUMULATED DEPRECIATION – (Continued) DECEMBER 31, 2018 (Dollars in Thousands) EMEA: AD1 ABU DHABI (METRO), UNITED ARAB EMIRATES . . . . AM1 AMSTERDAM (METRO), THE . NETHERLANDS . . . . . . . . . AM2 AMSTERDAM (METRO), THE . NETHERLANDS . . . . . . . . . AM3 AMSTERDAM (METRO), THE . NETHERLANDS . . . . . . . . . AM4 AMSTERDAM (METRO), THE . NETHERLANDS . . . . . . . . . AM5 AMSTERDAM (METRO), THE . NETHERLANDS . . . . . . . . . AM6 AMSTERDAM (METRO), THE . NETHERLANDS . . . . . . . . . AM7 AMSTERDAM (METRO), THE . NETHERLANDS . . . . . . . . . AM8 AMSTERDAM (METRO), THE . NETHERLANDS . . . . . . . . . BA1 BARCELONA (METRO), . . SPAIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DB1 DUBLIN (METRO), IRELAND DB2 DUBLIN (METRO), IRELAND DB3 DUBLIN (METRO), IRELAND DB4 DUBLIN (METRO), IRELAND DU1 D ¨USSELDORF (METRO), . . GERMANY . . . . . . . . . . DX1 DUBAI (METRO), UNITED . ARAB EMIRATES . . . . . . DX2 DUBAI (METRO), UNITED . ARAB EMIRATES . . . . . . EN1 ENSCHEDE (METRO), THE . NETHERLANDS . . . . . . . FR1 FRANKFURT (METRO), . GERMANY . . . . . . . . FR2 FRANKFURT (METRO), . GERMANY . . . . . . . . FR4 FRANKFURT (METRO), . GERMANY . . . . . . . . FR5 FRANKFURT (METRO), . GERMANY . . . . . . . . FR6 FRANKFURT (METRO), . GERMANY . . . . . . . . FR7 FRANKFURT (METRO), . GERMANY . . . . . . . . GV1 GENEVA (METRO), . SWITZERLAND . . . GV2 GENEVA (METRO), . SWITZERLAND . . . HE1 HELSINKI (METRO), . FINLAND . . . . . . . HE2 HELSINKI (METRO), . FINLAND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Initial Costs to Company(1) Costs Capitalized Subsequent to Acquisition or Lease Total Costs Encumbrances Land Buildings and Improvements(2) Land Buildings and Improvements(2) Land Buildings and Improvements(2) Depreciation(3) Construction Accumulated Date of — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 27,099 — 92,199 — — — — — — 319 87,687 80,258 126,102 152,650 14,059 — — — — — — 319 (56) 87,687 (37,861) 80,258 (27,008) 153,201 (43,860) 152,650 (6,626) 106,258 (19,576) 6,616 50,876 584 65,278 7,200 116,154 (12,138) — — — — — 3,334 — — — — — — — 7,397 — 9,443 — 12,460 54,387 26,875 — — — — — — — — — — — 294 — 51,535 11,125 1,843 3,389 4,384 14,917 15,608 — — — — — 3,628 — 58,932 (2,378) 11,125 (3,364) 11,286 3,389 16,844 69,304 42,483 (1,495) (1,495) (4,963) (11,434) (5,134) 8,287 29,641 8,287 29,641 (18,951) — — — — 87,891 569 30,140 4,189 — — — — 87,891 (16,550) 569 (100) 30,140 (18,843) 4,189 (3,679) 12,547 425,473 12,547 425,473 (110,194) 11,578 9,307 1,023 76,784 12,601 86,091 (25,959) 30,310 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 43,634 — — — — 4,044 164,611 4,044 164,611 (34,108) — — — — — — 135,960 20,621 8,798 23,328 3,486 1,554 — — — — — — 135,960 (8,885) 64,255 (13,072) 8,798 (3,634) 23,328 (19,817) 3,486 1,554 (1,887) (1,297) N/A 2008 2010 2012 2016 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2001 2012 N/A 2008 N/A N/A 2009 2012 2016 N/A 2004 2010 N/A N/A F-87 Date of Acquisition or Lease(4) 2017 2008 2008 2011 2016 2016 2016 2016 2016 2017 2016 2016 2016 2016 2000 2008 2017 2008 2007 2007 2009 2012 2016 2016 2004 2009 2016 2016 EQUINIX INC. SCHEDULE III — SCHEDULE OF REAL ESTATE AND ACCUMULATED DEPRECIATION – (Continued) DECEMBER 31, 2018 (Dollars in Thousands) Initial Costs to Company(1) Costs Capitalized Subsequent to Acquisition or Lease Total Costs Encumbrances Land Buildings and Improvements(2) Land Buildings and Improvements(2) Land Buildings and Improvements(2) Depreciation(3) Construction Accumulated Date of HE3 HELSINKI (METRO), . FINLAND . . . . . . . HE4 HELSINKI (METRO), . FINLAND . . . . . . . HE5 HELSINKI (METRO), . FINLAND . . . . . . . HE6 HELSINKI (METRO), . FINLAND . . . . . . . HE7 HELSINKI (METRO), . FINLAND . . . . . . . . . . . . HH1 HAMBURG (METRO), . GERMANY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IS1 ISTANBUL (METRO), TURKEY IL2 ISTANBUL (METRO), TURKEY LD3 LONDON (METRO), UNITED . . KINGDOM . . . . . . . . . . LD4 LONDON (METRO), UNITED . . KINGDOM . . . . . . . . . . LD5 LONDON (METRO), UNITED . . KINGDOM . . . . . . . . . . LD6 LONDON (METRO), UNITED . . KINGDOM . . . . . . . . . . LD7 LONDON (METRO), UNITED . . KINGDOM . . . . . . . . . . LD8 LONDON (METRO), UNITED . . KINGDOM . . . . . . . . . . LD9 LONDON (METRO), UNITED . . KINGDOM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LD10 LONDON (METRO), UNITED . . KINGDOM . . . . . . . . . . . LS1 LISBON (METRO), PORTUGAL MA1 MANCHESTER (METRO), . UNITED KINGDOM . . . . MA2 MANCHESTER (METRO), . UNITED KINGDOM . . . . MA3 MANCHESTER (METRO), . UNITED KINGDOM . . . . MA4 MANCHESTER (METRO), . UNITED KINGDOM . . . . . . . . . . . . MD1 MADRID (METRO), SPAIN . MD2 MADRID (METRO), SPAIN . ML2 MILAN (METRO), ITALY . ML3 MILAN (METRO), ITALY . ML4 MLAN (METRO), ITALY . MU1 MUNICH (METRO), . GERMANY . . . . . . MU3 MUNICH (METRO), . GERMANY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PA1 PARIS (METRO), FRANCE . PA2 & PA3 PARIS (METRO), . . FRANCE . . . . . . . . . . PA4 PARIS (METRO), FRANCE . PA5 PARIS (METRO), FRANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 29,092 7,564 — — — 13,019 6,383 5,089 — — — 13,019 (7,227) 35,475 (9,726) 12,653 (2,991) 17,204 1,604 25,004 1,604 42,208 (5,811) 3,573 7,348 10,519 (537) 3,612 — 5,360 6,412 14,460 49,067 — (4,416) (1,646) 7,348 6,946 3,612 — 5,360 — 14,460 39,289 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 1,701 — — 23,044 16,412 — — 107,544 181,431 40,251 7,374 — — 44,931 6,697 7,917 40,952 — — — — — — 29,615 9,503 16,554 — — — — — — — — — — — — — 6,412 9,778 16,666 111,645 173,477 131,113 80,257 26,273 77,537 103,274 — — — — — — — — 3,540 2,036 3,540 — — — — — — — 3,639 — — — — 25,820 1,851 — 8,136 10,038 5,147 1,639 — 13,829 18,270 39,064 8,218 23,757 2,525 31,246 283,451 226,529 3,299 — — — — — — — 3,639 — — — — 25,820 150 — F-88 16,666 (13,366) 134,689 (38,277) 189,889 (76,880) 131,113 (18,714) 80,257 (4) 133,817 (22,468) 258,968 (36,890) 143,525 9,410 (6,805) (1,234) 8,136 (2,674) 10,038 (3,983) 50,078 (14,266) 8,336 7,917 54,781 18,270 39,064 8,218 (4,778) (1,766) (10,453) (5,538) (9,830) (3,628) 23,757 (14,145) 2,525 31,246 313,066 236,032 19,853 (1,210) (21,338) (112,946) (51,667) (4,455) Date of Acquisition or Lease(4) 2016 2016 2016 2016 2018 2018 2016 2017 2000 2007 2010 2013 2018 2016 2016 2017 2017 2016 2016 2016 2016 2017 2017 2016 2016 2016 2007 2010 2007 2007 2011 2016 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2005 2007 2010 2015 2018 N/A N/A N/A 2017 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2010 N/A 2010 2012 N/A EQUINIX INC. SCHEDULE III — SCHEDULE OF REAL ESTATE AND ACCUMULATED DEPRECIATION – (Continued) DECEMBER 31, 2018 (Dollars in Thousands) Initial Costs to Company(1) Costs Capitalized Subsequent to Acquisition or Lease Encumbrances Land Buildings and Improvements(2) Land Buildings and Improvements(2) Land Total Costs Date of Buildings and Acquisition Improvements(2) Depreciation(3) Construction or Lease(4) Accumulated Date of PA6 PARIS (METRO), FRANCE . PA7 PARIS (METRO), FRANCE . PA8 PARIS (METRO), FRANCE . SA1 SEVILLE (METRO), SPAIN SK1 STOCKHOLM, (METRO), . . SWEDEN . . . . . . . . SK2 STOCKHOLM, (METRO), . . SWEDEN . . . . . . . . SK3 STOCKHOLM, (METRO), . . SWEDEN . . . . . . . . SO1 SOFIA (METRO), . BULGARIA . . . . SO2 SOFIA (METRO), . BULGARIA . . . . . . . . WA1 WARSAW (METRO), . POLAND . . . . . . . WA2 WARSAW (METRO), . POLAND . . . . . . . WA3 WARSAW (METRO), . POLAND . . . . . . . ZH1 ZURICH (METRO), . SWITZERLAND . . ZH2 ZURICH (METRO), . SWITZERLAND . . ZH4 ZURICH (METRO), . SWITZERLAND . . ZH5 ZURICH (METRO), . SWITZERLAND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ZW1 ZWOLLE (METRO), THE . NETHERLANDS . . . . . . OTHERS(5) . . . . . . . . . . . Asia-Pacific: AE1 ADELAIDE (METRO), . AUSTRALIA . . . . . . BR1 BRISBANE (METRO), . AUSTRALIA . . . . . . CA1 CANBERRA (METRO), . AUSTRALIA . . . . . . . . . HK1 HONG KONG (METRO), . . CHINA . . . . . . . . . HK2 HONG KONG (METRO), . . CHINA . . . . . . . . . HK3 HONG KONG (METRO), . . CHINA . . . . . . . . . HK4 HONG KONG (METRO), . . CHINA . . . . . . . . . HK5 HONG KONG (METRO), . . CHINA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ME1 MELBOURNE (METRO), . AUSTRALIA . . . . . . . . ME2 MELBOURNE (METRO), . AUSTRALIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 1,567 15,495 — — — — — 64,821 17,399 47,649 — 6,283 — — — — — 64,821 17,399 47,649 1,567 (19,377) (5,632) — (905) N/A N/A 2018 N/A 2016 2016 2018 2017 21,778 (5,665) N/A 2016 80,148 7,117 46,719 7,117 126,867 (14,764) N/A 2016 — — — — — — — — — 14,556 1,547 — — 14,556 (2,878) N/A 2016 6,783 (1,270) N/A 2016 8,814 2,775 8,814 — N/A 2017 7,138 7,833 — — 13,088 (4,007) N/A 2016 12,542 (2,546) N/A 2016 6,705 2,819 6,705 (1) N/A 2017 12 3,323 31,778 — — — 12 — N/A 2007 3,323 (2,543) 2003 2002 43,062 (26,376) 2010 2009 7,918 88,981 7,918 88,981 (18,350) 2013 2009 — — — — — — — — — 5,236 2,775 — — — 2,819 — — — — — 5,950 4,709 — — — 11,284 — — 9,860 24,847 — 33,082 9,860 31,865 (5,925) 2008 2008 (4,005) Various Various 745 827 321 147,895 285,083 134,081 10,593 38,903 2,663 1,760 (148) N/A 2018 3,170 1,880 (68) N/A 2018 — — — — — — 18,731 (573) N/A 2018 147,895 (87,393) N/A 2003 285,083 (99,612) 2011 2010 134,081 (60,527) N/A 2012 10,593 (5,818) N/A 2012 108,905 (4,225) 2017 2017 81,609 14,977 81,609 (13,909) 2013 2013 25,141 — 25,141 — N/A 2018 — 16,933 7,018 16,149 2,663 1,015 3,170 1,053 — — — — — — 14,977 — 18,410 — — — — 70,002 — — — — — — — — — — — — F-89 EQUINIX INC. SCHEDULE III — SCHEDULE OF REAL ESTATE AND ACCUMULATED DEPRECIATION – (Continued) DECEMBER 31, 2018 (Dollars in Thousands) Initial Costs to Company(1) Costs Capitalized Subsequent to Acquisition or Lease Encumbrances Land Buildings and Improvements(2) Land Buildings and Improvements(2) Land Total Costs Date of Buildings and Acquisition Improvements(2) Depreciation(3) Construction or Lease(4) Accumulated Date of ME4 MELBOURNE (METRO), . AUSTRALIA . . . . . . . . ME5 MELBOURNE (METRO), . AUSTRALIA . . . . . . . . . . OS1 OSAKA (METRO), JAPAN . PE1 PERTH (METRO), . AUSTRALIA . . . PE2 PERTH (METRO), . AUSTRALIA . . . . . . . . . SG1 SINGAPORE (METRO) SG2 SINGAPORE (METRO) SG3 SINGAPORE (METRO) SH2 SHANGHAI (METRO), . . . CHINA . . . . . . . SH3 SHANGHAI (METRO), . . . CHINA . . . . . . . SH5 SHANGHAI (METRO), . . . CHINA . . . . . . . SH6 SHANGHAI (METRO), . . . CHINA . . . . . . . SY1 SYDNEY (METRO), . AUSTRALIA . . . . SY2 SYDNEY (METRO), . AUSTRALIA . . . . SY3 SYDNEY (METRO), . AUSTRALIA . . . . SY4 SYDNEY (METRO), . AUSTRALIA . . . . SY5 SYDNEY (METRO), . AUSTRALIA . . . . SY6 SYDNEY (METRO), . AUSTRALIA . . . . SY7 SYDNEY (METRO), . AUSTRALIA . . . . SY8 SYDNEY (METRO), . AUSTRALIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TY1 TOKYO (METRO), JAPAN . TY2 TOKYO (METRO), JAPAN . TY3 TOKYO (METRO), JAPAN . TY4 TOKYO (METRO), JAPAN . TY5 TOKYO (METRO), JAPAN . TY6 TOKYO (METRO), JAPAN . TY7 TOKYO (METRO), JAPAN . TY8 TOKYO (METRO), JAPAN . TY9 TOKYO (METRO), JAPAN . TY10 TOKYO (METRO), JAPAN TY11 TOKYO (METRO), JAPAN 2,499 3,437 86,674 (4,407) N/A 2018 1,586 66,296 6,678 — 5,680 81,172 (445) (18,931) N/A 2013 2018 2013 363 1,352 1,700 (64) N/A 2018 5,685 177,270 333,964 196,081 4,529 10,137 20,792 25,353 25,435 32,721 140,590 142,633 — — — — — — — — — — — — 22,012 177,270 333,964 230,925 (1,129) (111,655) (164,156) (29,083) N/A N/A 2008 2013 2018 2003 2008 2013 4,529 (1,643) 2012 2012 17,203 (5,075) 2012 2012 32,076 (9,650) 2012 2012 41,898 (2) N/A 2017 25,435 (14,709) N/A 2003 35,801 (21,601) 2008 2008 149,302 (60,057) 2010 2010 142,633 (18,167) 2015 2014 56,969 82,372 56,969 — N/A 2018 1,889 8,890 66,086 (2,283) N/A 2018 1,335 2,754 48,685 (1,612) N/A 2018 161 22,793 85,585 75,837 56,585 56,973 18,779 5,253 13,256 24,877 15,842 32,931 — — — — — — — — — — — — 1,234 22,793 85,585 75,837 56,585 57,075 56,720 18,428 67,104 131,587 85,723 55,030 (190) (13,513) (61,682) (35,231) (20,562) (8,431) (19,544) (8,356) (16,874) (40,361) (15,387) N/A 2000 2007 2010 2012 2014 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A (1) 2018 2018 2000 2006 2010 2012 2014 2015 2015 2015 2015 2015 2018 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 3,437 84,175 6,678 — 4,094 14,876 1,352 1,337 — — — — — — — — — — — — 82,372 16,327 — — 34,844 — 7,066 11,284 16,545 — 3,080 8,712 — — 8,890 64,197 2,754 47,350 — — — — — — — — — — — — 1,073 — — — — 102 37,941 13,175 53,848 106,710 69,881 22,099 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — F-90 EQUINIX INC. SCHEDULE III — SCHEDULE OF REAL ESTATE AND ACCUMULATED DEPRECIATION – (Continued) DECEMBER 31, 2018 (Dollars in Thousands) Initial Costs to Company(1) Costs Capitalized Subsequent to Acquisition or Lease Encumbrances Land Buildings and Improvements(2) Land Buildings and Improvements(2) — — 10,285 12,022 — 875 — — 1,001 12,500 Land 10,285 12,022 Total Costs Date of Buildings and Acquisition Improvements(2) Depreciation(3) Construction or Lease(4) Accumulated Date of 1,001 13,375 — N/A 2018 (7,600) Various Various $30,310 $492,431 $3,675,228 $138,101 $10,714,438 $630,532 $14,389,666 $(4,517,016) TY12 TOKYO (METRO), JAPAN OTHERS(5) . . . . . . TOTAL LOCATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1) The initial cost was $0 if the lease of the respective IBX was classified as an operating lease. (2) Building and improvements include all fixed assets except for land. (3) Buildings and improvements are depreciated on a straight line basis over estimated useful live as described under described in Note 1 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. (4) Date of lease or acquisition represents the date the Company leased the facility or acquired the facility through purchase or acquisition. (5) Includes various IBXs that are under initial development and costs incurred at certain central locations supporting various IBX functions. The aggregate gross cost of the Company’s properties for federal income tax purpose approximated $21,371.3 million (unaudited) as of December 31, 2018. The following table reconciles the historical cost of the Company’s properties for financial reporting purposes for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2018 (in thousands). Gross Fixed Assets: Balance, beginning of period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Additions (including acquisitions and improvements) . . . . . . . Disposals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign currency transaction adjustments and others . . . . . . . $12,947,735 2,756,218 (289,157) (394,598) $ 9,855,811 2,508,333 (78,886) 662,477 $7,871,890 2,187,306 (78,607) (124,778) Balance, end of year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $15,020,198 $12,947,735 $9,855,811 2018 2017 2016 Accumulated Depreciation: Balance, beginning of period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Additions (depreciation expense) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Disposals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign currency transaction adjustments and others . . . . . . . 2018 2017 2016 $(3,980,198) $(3,175,972) $(2,595,648) (618,970) 9,401 29,245 (748,942) 65,922 (121,206) (882,848) 261,928 84,102 Balance, end of year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $(4,517,016) $(3,980,198) $(3,175,972) F-91 (This page has been left blank intentionally.) (This page has been left blank intentionally.) (This page has been left blank intentionally.) Executive Team•Charles MeyersPresident and Chief Executive Officer•Keith TaylorChief Financial Officer•Raouf AbdelEVP, Global Operations•Sara BaackChief Product Officer •Mike CampbellChief Sales Officer•Brandi Galvin MorandiChief Legal and Human Resources Officer and Corporate Secretary•Eric SchwartzChief Strategy and Development Officer•Karl StrohmeyerChief Customer and Revenue Officer•Milind WagleChief Information OfficerBoard of Directors•Peter Van CampExecutive Chairman, Equinix•Charles MeyersPresident and Chief Executive Officer, Equinix•Tom BartlettEVP, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer, American Tower•NanciCaldwellFormer CMO PeopleSoft•Gary HromadkoPrivate Investor•Scott KriensChairman of the Board, Juniper Networks, Inc.•William LubyManaging Partner, Seaport Capital •Irving Lyons IIIPrincipal, Lyons Asset Management•Christopher PaisleyDean’s Executive Professor, Leavey School of Business at Santa Clara UniversityThis Annual Report (including the Shareholder Letter) contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the federal securities laws. These forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties that may cause Equinix’s actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by these statements. Factors that may affect Equinix’s results are summarized in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed February 22, 2019 and contained herein. Equinix assumes no obligation and does not intend to update forward-looking statements to reflect subsequent events or circumstances.AMERICASEMEAASIA-PACIFICSEATTLESEATTLEDENVERDENVERATLANTAATLANTABOSTONBOSTONPHILADELPHIAPHILADELPHIAMIAMIMIAMITORONTOTORONTODUSSELDORFDUSSELDORFMUNICHMUNICHHELSINKIHELSINKISTOCKHOLMSTOCKHOLMWARSAWWARSAWISTANBULISTANBULSOFIASOFIAZURICHZURICHMILANMILANSEVILLESEVILLEGENEVAGENEVAMADRIDMADRIDBARCELONABARCELONADUBAIDUBAIPARISPARISLONDONLONDONDUBLINDUBLINRIORIODEDEJANEIROJANEIROSÃOSÃOPAULOPAULOAMSTERDAMAMSTERDAMMANCHESTERMANCHESTERFRANKFURTFRANKFURTSILICONSILICONVALLEYVALLEYLOSLOSANGELESANGELESCHICAGOCHICAGONEWNEWYORKYORKDALLASDALLASWASHINGTONWASHINGTON,,DD..CC..SINGAPORESINGAPOREHONGHONGKONGKONGTOKYOTOKYOOSAKAOSAKAJAKARTAJAKARTAMELBOURNEMELBOURNEABUABUDHABIDHABISHANGHAISHANGHAIBOGOTBOGOTÁÁHOUSTONHOUSTONCULPEPERCULPEPER, , VAVALISBONLISBONSYDNEYBRISBANEPERTHADELAIDECANBERRAEquinix LocationsPartner Data CenterEquinix Global Map Interconnection is vital to BASE Media Cloud’s success. We interconnect multiple cloud services and SaaS applications for digital media workloads, peered directly with our centralized private cloud storage platform. All hosted in Equinix.” With a footprint of up to 10,000 branches, trying to pull all of that together from a security perspective was very complex. Moving forward, the interconnection enabled by Equinix for our global security solution allows it to be flexible and adapt quickly to change.” BASE Media Cloud Enterprise Holdings Americas Americas Equinix, Inc. Equinix, Inc. One Lagoon Drive One Lagoon Drive Redwood City, CA 94065 Redwood City, CA 94065 USAUSA Equinix (EMEA) BV Equinix (EMEA) BV Luttenbergweg 4 Luttenbergweg 4 1101 EC Amsterdam Zuidoost 1101 EC Amsterdam Zuidoost Netherlands Netherlands Equinix Hong Kong Limited Equinix Hong Kong Limited Suite 6504-07, Suite 6504-07, 65/F Central Plaza 65/F Central Plaza 18 Harbour Road 18 Harbour Road Wanchai, Hong Kong Wanchai, Hong Kong Equinix.com Equinix.com +1.650.598.6000 +1.650.598.6000 info@equinix.com info@equinix.com +31.20.753.7950 +31.20.753.7950 info@eu.equinix.com info@eu.equinix.com +852.2970.7788 +852.2970.7788 info@ap.equinix.com info@ap.equinix.com International Business Exchange™ pictured is Infomart Dallas (DA1, DA2, DA3, and DA6) International Business Exchange™ pictured is Infomart Dallas (DA1, DA2, DA3, and DA6) EQ-AR-FY2018-Production-033119.indd 10 4/4/2019 1:02:58 PM