Everbridge
Annual Report 2019

Plain-text annual report

z UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 FORM 10-K (Mark One) ☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019 or ☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the transition period from to Commission File Number: 001-37874 Everbridge, Inc. (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) Delaware (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) 25 Corporate Drive, Suite 400 Burlington, Massachusetts (Address of principal executive offices) 26-2919312 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) 01803 (Zip Code) Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Securities Act: Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (818) 230-9700 Title of each class Trading symbol(s) Name of each exchange on which registered Common Stock, $0.001 par value per share Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☒ No ☐ EVBG The Nasdaq Stock Market Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. Large accelerated filer Non-accelerated filer ☒ ☐ Accelerated filer Small reporting company Emerging growth company ☐ ☐ ☐ If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒ The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the registrant, based on the closing price of the registrant’s common stock on June 28, 2019 (the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter), as reported on the Nasdaq Global Market on such date, was approximately $2.4 billion. Shares of the registrant’s common stock held by each executive officer, director and holder of 10% or more of the registrant’s outstanding common stock have been excluded from this calculation as such persons may be deemed to be affiliates. This calculation does not reflect a determination that these persons are affiliates of the registrant for any other purpose. The number of shares of registrant’s Common Stock outstanding as of February 25, 2020 was 34,228,403. Portions of the registrant’s Definitive Proxy Statement for its 2020 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to Regulation 14A not later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE EVERBRIDGE, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES FORM 10-K TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I Item 1. Business Item 1A. Risk Factors Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments Item 2. Item 3. Item 4. PART II Item 5. Item 6. Item 7. Properties Legal Proceedings Mine Safety Disclosures Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Selected Financial Data Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk Item 8. Item 9. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure Item 9A. Controls and Procedures Item 9B. Other Information PART III Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance Item 11. Executive Compensation Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services PART IV Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules Item 16. Form 10-K Summary Signatures 2 Page 4 19 46 46 46 46 47 49 51 71 73 74 74 75 76 76 76 76 76 77 80 81 Forward-Looking Statements PART I This Annual Report on Form 10-K, including the sections entitled “Business,” “Risk Factors,” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties, as well as assumptions that, if they never materialize or prove incorrect, could cause our results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Statements that are not purely historical are forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Forward-looking statements are often identified by the use of words such as, but not limited to, “anticipate,” “believe,” “can,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “project,” “seek,” “should,” “target,” “will,” “would” or the negative or plural of these words and similar expressions or variations intended to identify forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements concerning the following: • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • our ability to continue to add new customers, maintain existing customers and sell new products and professional services to new and existing customers; the effects of increased competition as well as innovations by new and existing competitors in our market; our ability to adapt to technological change and effectively enhance, innovate and scale our solutions; our ability to effectively manage or sustain our growth and to attain and sustain profitability; our ability to diversify our sources of revenue; our ability to integrate acquired companies, to complete potential acquisitions, and to integrate complementary businesses and technologies; our ability to maintain, or strengthen awareness of our brand; perceived or actual security, integrity, reliability, quality or compatibility problems with our solutions, including related to security breaches in our customers systems, unscheduled downtime or outages; statements regarding future revenue, hiring plans, expenses, capital expenditures, capital requirements and stock performance; our ability to attract and retain qualified employees and key personnel and further expand our overall headcount; our ability to grow, both domestically and internationally; our ability to stay abreast of new or modified laws and regulations that currently apply or become applicable to our business both in the United States and internationally, including laws and regulations related to export compliance; our ability to maintain, protect and enhance our intellectual property; costs associated with defending intellectual property infringement and other claims; and the future trading prices of our common stock and the impact of securities analysts’ reports on these prices. These statements represent the beliefs and assumptions of our management based on information currently available to us. Such forward-looking statements are subject to risks, uncertainties and other important factors that could cause actual results and the timing of certain events to differ materially from future results expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those identified above, and those discussed in the section titled “Risk Factors” included under Part I, Item 1A. Furthermore, such forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this report. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances that occur after the date of this report. 3 Item 1. Business. Unless otherwise stated in this Annual Report, references to "Everbridge," "we," "us," and "our" refer to Everbridge, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries. Overview Everbridge is a global software company that provides enterprise software applications that automate and accelerate organizations’ operational response to critical events in order to keep people safe and businesses running. During public safety threats such as active shooter situations, terrorist attacks or severe weather conditions, as well as critical business events such as Information Technology (“IT”) outages, cyber-attacks or other incidents such as product recalls or supply-chain interruptions, over 5,000 global customers rely on our Critical Event Management platform to quickly and reliably aggregate and assess threat data, locate people at risk and responders able to assist, automate the execution of pre-defined communications processes through the secure delivery to over 100 different communication devices, and track progress on executing response plans. Our customers use our platform to identify and assess hundreds of different types of threats to their organizations, people, assets or brand. Our solutions enable organizations to deliver intelligent, contextual messages to, and receive verification of delivery from, hundreds of millions of recipients, across multiple communications modalities such as voice, SMS and e-mail, in over 200 countries and territories, in 22 languages and dialects – all simultaneously. Our Critical Event Management platform is comprised of a comprehensive set of software applications that address the full spectrum of tasks an organization has to perform to manage a critical event, including Mass Notification, Incident Management, Safety Connection, IT Alerting, Visual Command Center, Public Warning, Crisis Management, Community Engagement, Risk Intelligence and Secure Messaging. As all of our applications leverage our Critical Event Management platform, customers can use a single contacts database, rules engine of algorithms and hierarchies and user interface to accomplish multiple objectives. We believe that our broad suite of integrated, enterprise applications delivered via a single global platform is a significant competitive advantage in the market for Critical Event Management solutions, which we refer to generally as CEM. In critical situations, the speed at which threats are assessed and information is transmitted and accessed is essential. For example, United States Department of Homeland Security research indicates that the average duration of an active shooter event at a school is approximately 12.5 minutes, while the average police response time to such events is 18 minutes. Accordingly, organizations must be able to aggregate multiple types of threat and incident data and determine whether their people, assets, or suppliers could be impacted, rapidly deliver messages that are tailored to multiple, specific audiences, in precise locations and be assured of delivery. Further, the proliferation of mobile and digital communications has resulted in individuals spending less time in a fixed office location, and this trend makes it more complicated for organizations to protect their employees. These developments have made it imperative that organizations be able to locate travelling or remote workers to determine who might be impacted by a critical event, and that critical communications be delivered via voice, SMS, and email, as well as to social media, outdoor signage and personal computers. During public safety threats and critical business events, the ability to gather, organize and analyze data in real time, and to enable secure, scalable, reliable and automated communications to people can be essential to saving lives, protecting assets and maintaining businesses. Further, the ability to rapidly organize a response by locating available responders and using automation to reduce the time required to initiate action can also result in significant economic savings, as, for example, each minute of unplanned IT downtime costs organizations an average of approximately $8,900, according to the Ponemon Institute. We estimate, based on data from Frost & Sullivan, presented in an independent study commissioned by us, and data from Markets and Markets, that the market for CEM solutions represents a $41.0 billion worldwide opportunity in 2020. 4 The following situations reflect examples of how our applications aggregate and assess data and enable improved management of critical events: • • • • • • • • • • • When an active shooter situation or terrorist attack occurs, organizations can quickly identify employees in the affected area, including employees not at their usual business location, in order to confirm that they are safe and provide tailored instructions. For example, shelter-in- place instructions may be provided to people in an impacted building while evacuation instructions are provided to those in an adjacent building. At the same time, first responders and hospitals can use multiple modes of alerting to mobilize resources and call in staff to provide emergency care. When a hurricane is imminent, local emergency management departments can alert affected communities with relevant safety and evacuation instructions while companies can put in place emergency plans to notify employees of office closures while coordinating work assignments to maintain the continuity of core operations. Companies can consolidate separate command centers for emergency operations and supply chain events, using one common data set to aggregate and assess data on severe weather, political unrest and other types of threats to their own and suppliers’ operations, thereby reducing costs while gaining efficiencies. When IT systems fail, IT administrators can shorten the time required to alert cross-department responders, use scheduling information to determine availability and quickly assemble appropriate personnel on a conference bridge, thereby reducing the costs incurred from downtime. When a patient is suspected of having a stroke, an on-call specialist can provide a patient assessment via video communications during the ambulance trip and the emergency room can be readied for an immediate stroke treatment, accelerating critical time to treatment. When a cyber incident shuts down an IT network, management can alert employees of the network shutdown via a secure, alternate communication path. When a power line is down, utility workers can utilize pre-configured incident management templates to alert affected customers and responders and provide service updates. When engine readings in critical equipment detect a malfunction, technicians with the appropriate skills can be automatically alerted and quickly deployed to minimize downtime and avoid revenue loss or service interruption. When readings from an implanted medical device are abnormal, that information can be automatically routed to the individual’s healthcare provider to enable timely medical care. When a young child goes missing, local officials can send alerts to and receive tips from their communities to aid in locating and returning the child. When a financial services firm experiences disruptions in service, clients can be promptly notified and audit confirmations can be provided to document delivery. Our customer base has grown from 867 customers at the end of 2011 to more than 5,000 customers as of December 31, 2019. As of December 31, 2019, our customers were based in 50 countries and included eight of the 10 largest U.S. cities, eight of the 10 largest U.S.-based investment banks, 46 of the 50 busiest North American airports, nine of the 10 largest global consulting firms, seven of the 10 largest global automakers, all four of the largest global accounting firms, nine of the 10 largest U.S.-based health care providers, and six of the 10 largest U.S.-based health insurers. We provide our applications to customers of varying sizes, including enterprises, small businesses, non-profit organizations, educational institutions and governmental agencies. Our customers span a wide variety of industries including technology, energy, financial services, healthcare and life sciences, manufacturing, media and entertainment, retail, higher education and professional services. 5 We derive substantially all of our revenue from subscriptions to our critical communications applications, which represented 88%, 92% and 95% of our total revenue in 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Historically, we derived more than 61% of our revenue in each of the last three fiscal years from sales of our Mass Notification application. Our pricing model is based on the number of applications subscribed to and, per application, the number of people, locations and things connected to our platform, as well as the volume of communications. We also offer premium services including data feeds for social media, threat intelligence and weather. We generate additional revenue by expanding the number of applications that our customers subscribe to and the number of contacts and devices connected to our platform. Recent Developments In January 2019, we completed a follow-on public offering in which we sold 2,645,000 shares of our common stock, which included 345,000 shares sold pursuant to the exercise by the underwriters of an option to purchase additional shares, at a public offering price of $55.25 per share. We received net proceeds of $139.1 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions. In April 2019, we acquired all of the issued and outstanding shares of stock of MissionMode Solutions, Inc. (“MissionMode”) for base consideration of $6.8 million. There is also a potential contingent payment of up to $1.0 million that can be earned in addition to the base consideration by the sellers based on successfully converting MissionMode’s customers to our products; however, at December 31, 2019, it was determined to not be probable that MissionMode would meet the threshold to convert MissionMode’s customers to our products. Our acquisition of MissionMode was made primarily to expand our customer base and to a lesser extent to complement some of the existing facets of MissionMode’s business with our existing customers. In July 2019, we entered into a Membership Interest Purchase Agreement with NC4 Inc., NC4 Public Sector LLC, and Celerium Group Inc., pursuant to which we purchased all of the issued and outstanding membership interest of NC4 Inc. and NC4 Public Sector LLC (collectively, “NC4”) for total consideration of approximately $84.5 million. We paid approximately $51.7 million in cash at closing and paid the remaining purchase price with 320,998 newly issued shares of our common stock. On the date of this acquisition, the price of our common stock on the Nasdaq Global Market was $102.18 per share. Our acquisition of NC4 was made primarily to expand our customer base and to a lesser extent to complement some of the existing facets of NC4’s business with our existing products. In December 2019, we issued $450 million aggregate principal amount of 0.125% convertible senior notes due December 15, 2024 (the “2024 Notes”), including $75 million aggregate principal amount of 2024 Notes issued upon exercise in full by the initial purchasers of their option to purchase additional 2024 Notes. The 2024 Notes will mature on December 15, 2024, unless earlier redeemed or repurchased by us or converted by the holder pursuant to their terms. In connection with the issuance of the 2024 Notes, we entered into capped call transactions with certain counterparties affiliated with the initial purchasers and other financial institutions. The cost of the purchased capped calls was $44.9 million. The capped call transactions are expected to reduce potential dilution of earnings per share upon conversion of the 2024 Notes. In connection with the issuance of the 2024 Notes in December 2019, we paid $57.8 million to repurchase $23.0 million in aggregate principal amount of our 1.50% convertible senior notes due November 1, 2022 (the “2022 Notes”). We also partially terminated capped call options entered into in connection with the 2022 Notes during fiscal year 2019 and received $5.8 million. On February 7, 2020, we entered into a Stock Purchase Agreement with Connexient, Inc. (“Connexient”) pursuant to which we purchased all of the issued and outstanding shares of stock of Connexient for a base consideration of $20.5 million. We paid $11.4 million in cash at closing and paid the remaining purchase price with 96,611 newly issued shares of our common stock. In addition to the base purchase price, there is also a potential contingent payment of up to $6.0 million that can be earned in addition to the base consideration by the sellers based on fiscal year 2020 revenue metrics. We acquired Connexient for its strategic technology assets to enhance our CEM suite of solutions to broaden support for Internet of Things (“IoT”) applications. On February 25, 2020, we entered into a Stock Purchase Agreement with CNL Software Limited (“CNL”) for a base consideration of approximately $35.7 million. We paid approximately $19.8 million in cash at closing and paid the 6 remaining purchase price with 153,217 newly issued shares of our common stock. We acquired CNL for its strategic technology assets to enhance our CEM suite of solutions to broaden support for IoT applications. Industry Background Over the past two decades, methods to assess critical events and to automate and accelerate the process of managing and responding to such events have evolved rapidly, in tandem with advances in technology, to include automated or system-generated responses, including voice calls, text messages, emails, social media and outdoor digital signage. In critical situations, the speed at which threats are assessed and information is transmitted are essential. Evolution of Critical Event Management Solutions Traditional solutions for critical communications have not kept pace with the increasingly digital world, the evolving threat landscape and the opportunity to leverage technological innovation to more effectively gain situational awareness and to communicate with people. These solutions are often developed in- house or are not truly enterprise grade in scale and reliability, leaving many organizations to manually evaluate multiple streams of threat data and to use analog, one-way and people-based modalities to communicate with relevant stakeholders. These solutions lack the scale to reliably address the breadth of the different critical challenges that organizations increasingly face, the sophistication required to address evolving needs with aggregated data and analysis for threat assessment, automated workflows and the ability to rapidly deliver messages that are contextually tailored to multiple, specific audiences, in precise locations, using a variety of different communication modalities. Traditional solutions also typically determine a person’s location for threat assessment and availability for response, and send notifications, based upon a static work or home address. Given the mobile nature of today’s workforce, solutions now need to be able to dynamically locate who is near a critical event and send instructions to impacted parties and responders based upon where they actually are. CEM solutions build upon the strengths of modern critical communications. Organizations today typically manage critical events across the organization in silos that use disparate data sources and unintegrated tools, making it difficult to achieve a common operational view of threats and of the status of response. Utilizing a common contact base, consistent rules engines, threat databases that are integrated with information on the location of an organization’s people, assets and suppliers, and a common visualization platform, CEM solutions can provide a more integrated solution which can improve management control and visibility and lower costs. The ability to cohesively and rapidly share information and collaborate across the organization underlies creating a common operational approach. Key Benefits of Our Solutions and Competitive Strengths Everbridge was founded with a vision to help organizations keep their people (employees, contractors, customers, residents, visitors) safe and operations running amid the many types of public safety and critical business events that pose threats. Our CEM solutions enable organizations to assess threats, locate impacted people and assets, and manage and respond to critical events, all on a single platform. Key benefits of our solutions and competitive strengths include the following: • • • Comprehensive, Enterprise-Scale Platform. The core of our solutions is our Critical Event Management platform, which provides multiple layers of redundancy to assure uptime and delivery of communications regardless of volume or throughput requirements. The platform is secure, scalable and reliable, enabling the delivery and verification of tens of millions of different communications virtually anywhere, in any volume, in near real-time. In 2019, we delivered over 3.5 billion communications, or about 109 communications per second, through our globally distributed data centers. Out-of-the-Box, Scalable and Mobile Applications. Our SaaS-based applications are out-of-the box, enterprise-ready and can be utilized without customer development, testing or ongoing maintenance. Regardless of a customer or prospect’s size or needs, our applications are built to scale to its largest and most complex critical communications requirements. Aggregated Threat Data and Analysis. Our software gathers and analyzes information from weather data feeds, public safety and threat data feeds, social media, IT ticketing systems and monitoring 7 • • • • • • • systems, as well as inputs and feedback from two-way and polling messages. Data can be geo-mapped and threat and incident data can be used to automatically trigger simple or complex workflows that are tied to standard operating procedures or run-books. Contextual Communications. We enable intelligence and personalization in the critical communications process by delivering contextual communications. Our customers can deliver and escalate critical communications broadly to a mass population or to a targeted subset of individuals based on geographic location, skill level, role and communication modality preferences for rich, two-way collaboration. Dynamic Location Awareness. Our platform can provide organizations with the ability to send and receive notifications based on the last known locations of people, not just based on a static office or home address. Our platform integrates with a variety of sources of location information, including building access control systems and corporate network access solutions. This location-specific approach enables organizations to quickly determine which individuals may be affected by a public safety threat or able to respond to a critical business event, and to provide targeted and relevant instructions and two- way communications. Large, Dynamic and Rich Communications Data Asset. As of December 31, 2019, our data asset consists of our contacts databases that manage approximately 385 million contact profiles and connections from more than 5,000 customers based in 50 countries. Our contacts databases, which we refer to as contact stores, are initially created through an upload of contacts from the customer and are automatically updated with the most current contact information provided by the customer or by individuals who opt-in to receive notifications from our Community Engagement application. Our contact stores are repositories for all contact details, attributes and business rules and preferences, such as a person’s last-known location, language spoken, special needs, technical certifications and on-call status. Multi-channel Visualization. Our platform provides the ability to create an integrated view of threats, incidents and the status of response, all within the context of the locations of an organization’s people, assets and suppliers. Multiple channels of information can be displayed side- by-side so different facets of a critical event can be monitored simultaneously, and the same data can be displayed on personal computer screens and on a large command center wall to provide flexibility in deployment. Robust Security, Industry Certification and Compliance. Our platform is built on a secure and resilient infrastructure with multiple layers of redundancy. Many of our enterprise applications are designed to meet rigorous security and compliance requirements for financial services firms, healthcare institutions, the U.S. federal government and other regulated industries, including facilitating compliance with FINRA and HIPAA standards. Our solutions received designation under the Support Anti-terrorism by Fostering Effective Technology Act of 2002 (“SAFETY Act”), and certification by U.S. Department of Homeland Security that places us on the approved product list for homeland security. Our solutions are also accredited under the Federal Information Security Management Act of 2002 (“FISMA”). Our Everbridge Suite solution also achieved authorization under the Federal Risk and Authorization Management Program (“FedRAMP”) in 2018, that required satisfying a rigorous security and risk management review process and which we believe provides an advantage for selling into the U.S. federal sector. In 2019, our Critical Event Management platform received certification under ISO 27001 and also received Cloud Computing Compliance Controls Catalogue (“C5”) accreditation under the Federal Office for Information Security in Germany. Automated Workflows. Our platform automates the workflows required to complete a critical notification, including establishing the individuals within an organization authorized to send messages, the groups of stakeholders to whom messages will be sent and the content of messages to be sent to different groups of relevant stakeholders, in each case based on incident type. We believe that this automation reduces the amount of time required to send critical notification as well as the associated cost. Our platform also enables customers to automatically establish procedures for improving the success of communication efforts. Globally Local. Our platform is designed to be utilized globally while accounting for local cultural, linguistic, regulatory and technological differences. We have relationships with suppliers and carriers in 8 • • multiple countries to ensure delivery in compliance with local, technical and regulatory requirements. We have localized our user interface in 22 languages and dialects that are spoken by more than 60% of the world’s population. Next-Generation, Open Architecture. We developed our platform to easily integrate our applications with other systems. Our solutions provide open Application Program Initiatives (“API”s), and configurable integrations, enabling our platform to work with our customers’ and partners’ pre-existing processes and solutions, increasing the business value we deliver. Actionable Reporting and Analytics. Our platform provides real-time dashboards, advanced map-based visualization and ad-hoc reporting across notifications, incidents and contacts. This information is easily accessed for required after-event reviews, continuous process improvements and regulatory compliance. Our Growth Strategy We intend to drive growth in our business by building on our position as a global provider of critical event management, critical communications and enterprise safety applications. Key elements of our growth strategy include: • • • • • • Accelerate Our Acquisition of New Customers. We have multiple paths of entry into new customers with our portfolio of applications, which are used for a wide variety of use cases across a diverse set of verticals markets. We intend to capitalize on the breadth of our solutions and the technological advantages of our CEM platform to continue to attract new customers. In parallel, we plan to attract new customers by investing in sales and marketing and expanding our channel partner relationships. Further Penetrate Our Existing Customers. We believe that there is a significant opportunity within our existing customer base to expand their use of our platform, both by selling new applications and features to our existing customers and selling to additional departments in their organizations. Our dollar-based net retention rate was over 110% for fiscal 2019. We also believe that we have a significant opportunity to increase the lifetime value of our customer relationships as we educate customers about the benefits of our current and future applications that they do not already utilize and of taking an integrated CEM approach. New applications added in the last four years have grown from 6% in the first quarter of 2016 to 53% in the fourth quarter of 2019 of our contracted sales, which represent the total dollar value of new agreements entered into within the prior 12 months, exclusive of renewals. Expand Our Partner Ecosystem: We continue to expand our strategic partnerships with our channel partners, technology partners, and system integrators. We intend to further expand our partner ecosystem to open up new channels to market and to enable our customers to succeed with our technology and platform in their operations and business processes. Develop New Applications to Target New Markets and Use Cases. Our platform is highly flexible and can support the development of new applications to meet evolving safety and operational challenges. We intend to continue to develop new applications for use cases in a variety of new markets and to leverage our platform and our existing customer relationships as a source of new applications, industry use cases, features and solutions. Expand Our International Footprint. We intend to continue to expand our local presence in regions such as Europe, the Middle East and Asia to leverage our relationships with local carriers and our ability to deliver messages to over 200 countries and territories in 22 languages and dialects as well as expand our channel partnerships and also to opportunistically consider expanding in other regions. Maintain Our Technology and Thought Leadership. We will continue to invest in our core CEM platform and our applications to maintain our technology leadership position. For example, we believe that we are the only company today that provides a full, integrated CEM solution and that we provide the first solution to offer dynamic versus static location awareness integrated with analysis and communications for the employee safety and security marketplace. Further, we believe we have a competitive advantage through our commitment to innovation and thought leadership that has enabled us to take market share from our competitors and accelerate our growth. 9 • Opportunistically Pursue Acquisitions. We plan to continue to selectively pursue acquisitions of complementary businesses, technologies and teams that allow us to penetrate new markets and add features and functionalities to our platform. Our Market Opportunity There is a significant demand for CEM solutions that meet the above requirements. We estimate, based on data from Frost & Sullivan, presented in an independent study commissioned by us, and data from Markets and Markets, that the market for CEM solutions will represent a $41.0 billion worldwide opportunity in 2020. More specifically, Markets and Markets estimates that the aggregate market for mass notification software and services is projected to grow to $4.4 billion in 2020. Further, Frost & Sullivan estimates that: (1) the market for IT service alerting is projected to grow to $753 million in 2020; (2) the market for telemedicine is projected to grow to $752 million in 2020; (3) the market for secure mobile messaging is projected to grow to $694 million in 2020; (4) the market for community engagement is projected to grow to $516 million in 2020; and (5) the market for IoT is projected to grow to $9.9 billion in 2020. Finally, Markets and Markets estimates that: (1) the market for safety and security and physical security and information management is projected to grow to $14.8 billion in 2020; and (2) the market for predictive analytics is projected to grow to $9.2 billion in 2020. Our Platform Since inception, our SaaS-based critical communications engine was architected on a single code base to deliver multi-tenant capability and the speed, scale and resilience necessary to communicate globally when a serious event occurs. This engine is designed to address both the emergency and operational components of a critical communications program, and is capable of providing two-way communications and verified delivery in accordance with our customers’ escalation policies. Our critical communications engine has multi-modal communications reach, including redundant global SMS and voice delivery capabilities, and is designed to comply with local, technical and regulatory requirements, which we believe has provided us with a competitive advantage. For example, we believe that our early deployment of local SMS codes intended to comply with rules established by the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India allowed us to increase our SMS delivery success rates in India. Our CEM platform builds on the strengths of this critical communications engine, adding capabilities for integrated threat assessment, visualization, incident management and analytics. Additional core technical attributes of our platform include: • • • • • • • Monitors more than 100 types of threat data and aggregates thousands of risk data elements for situation assessment and risk monitoring. Multi-tenant architecture that supports multiple layers of redundancy to maximize uptime and delivery of critical content, regardless of volume or throughput requirements. Dynamic spatial/geographic information system capability to geo-target communications by zip code, street address or a specific radius from a location. Support for two-way communications and alerting on over 100 different devices and endpoints, including landline and wireless phones, hand-held communication and other voice-capable devices, satellite, SMS, two-way radios, outdoor digital signage, sirens and internet enabled devices. Designed to meet rigorous security and compliance requirements for financial services firms, healthcare institutions, the U.S. federal government and other regulated industries, including facilitating compliance with health care requirements such as HIPAA privacy and security standards. Extensive set of APIs and configuration capabilities to allow customers and partners to easily integrate our platform with other systems. Our APIs’ two-way invocation capabilities enable third-party systems to flexibly and easily integrate with our platform. Multi-channel visualization capabilities support integrated views of threats, incidents and status of response to improve management visibility and control. 10 • • Supports easy-to-use native mobile applications, including multiple secure mobile applications for message initiation, management and reporting. Supports push notifications and two-way conversations that enable mobile users to send and receive secure messages such as text, pictures, videos and the users’ current geographic locations. Our Contact Stores Our contact stores manage approximately 385 million contact profiles and connections from more than 5,000 customers based in 50 countries as of December 31, 2019, up from 15 million contact profiles as of December 31, 2012. They are initially created through an upload of contacts from the customer and are automatically updated with the most current contact information provided by the customer or by individuals who opt-in to receive notification from our Community Engagement application. Our contact stores are simultaneously enriched by geographic, situational and other real-time data. Our contact stores are repositories for all contact details, attributes and business rules and preferences, such as a person’s last-known location, language spoken, special needs, technical certifications and on-call status. We leverage the data contained in our contact stores in a number of significant ways. Our data asset across multiple verticals enables us to develop best practices for reaching the intended contact, on the correct device, at the right location, at the appropriate time. We also use these data to better understand our customer base and their emerging use cases in order to improve our existing applications and develop new applications. Everbridge Network An important component of our platform is our Everbridge Network, which allows our customers to share relevant situational awareness information with each other. Public safety agencies, for example, can publish information to the Everbridge Network about incidents that might prove disruptive to the movement of people, goods and services for businesses within a certain area. If any of those businesses are also customers of ours, they will receive this information from a source they know is vetted and reliable and will be able to take timely steps to mitigate or remediate the situation. Our Applications Through our CEM platform, we deliver reliable enterprise-ready applications that provide organizations with the ability to assess threats, locate people, automate actions, monitor incident response, and deliver contextual communications in any volume, in near-real time. We have designed our applications’ user interface to be easy to use. We understand that since some of our applications will be utilized to manage complex situations or to send large volumes of messages to key stakeholders during stressful situations, streamlining the user interface to reduce user errors and anxiety is essential. We conduct extensive usability testing and design reviews with our stakeholders, and have applied in our designs the lessons learned over more than a decade of working with critical communications users and professionals. Our applications enable: • • • • • • • Communications to key stakeholders during emergency situations. Corporate communications with customers and employees. Automated outreach to on-call personnel. Integrated threat assessment and visualization. Integration of physical security data with location awareness data gathered from travel, network and access systems to rapidly find and communicate with employees during disruptive events. Securely designed and efficiently implemented communications among healthcare providers and patients. Community engagement and collaboration with citizens and businesses. 11 • • Critical IoT communications between machines and from machines to people. Mobile response plan deployment and management of incidence response. Our applications include: • • • • • • Mass Notification. Our secure, scalable and reliable Mass Notification application is our most established application and enables enterprises and governmental entities to send contextually aware notifications to individuals or groups to keep them informed before, during and after natural or man-made disasters and other emergencies. We provide robust analytics, map-based targeting, flexible group management, distributed contact data, language localization, multiple options for contact data management and a globally-optimized approach to voice and SMS routing. We also support community engagement functionality, which provides a direct link between residents and emergency management departments with the goal of fostering public safety. Safety Connection. Our Safety Connection application enables organizations to send notifications based on dynamic last known location of an individual, including the airport, street, building floor or conference room at which the individual was most recently present, while actively incorporating threat and other data to allow for targeted and relevant communications. When fully deployed, the application can also aggregate near real-time data from multiple sources, including building access control systems, wired and wireless network access points, travel management systems and mobile application check-ins. We believe that Safety Connection represents a significant advance in helping organizations use critical communications to keep their constituents safe, as many current solutions use only static office and residential locations that are not sufficiently location-aware relative to an increasingly mobile workforce. Incident Management. Our Incident Management application enables organizations to automate workflows and make their communications contextually relevant using drag and drop business rules to determine who should be contacted, how they should be contacted and what information is required. We believe that this application decreases costly human errors and reduces downtime, while simultaneously capturing required compliance information. We also support cross-account collaboration and situational intelligence sharing during crises for corporations and communities. IT Alerting. Our IT Alerting application enables IT professionals to alert and communicate with key members of their teams during an IT incident or outage, including during a cyber security breach. The application integrates with IT service management platforms, including ServiceNow, and uses automatic escalation of alerts, on-call scheduling and mobile alerting to automate manual tasks and keep IT teams collaborating during an incident. We also provide real-time shift calendars with integrated on-call notifications to help users better manage employee resources and get the right message to the right person, at the right time through automated staffing. Taken together, our IT Alerting application has the potential to provide meaningful savings to organizations by reducing mean-time-to-repair. Each minute of unplanned downtime costs organizations an average of approximately $8,900 according to Ponemon Institute, while 59% of Fortune 500 companies experience 1.6 hours of downtime per week, according to Dunn & Bradstreet. IHS, Inc. estimates information and communication technology downtime costs North American organizations $700 billion per year. Visual Command Center. Our Visual Command Center application enables customers to monitor and integrate more than 100 types of threat data, as well as information on internal incidents, to generate and visualize an alert when potential risks occur within proximity of an organization’s physical locations, suppliers, assets or people. The solution improves the ability to more quickly understand and assess the impact of threats, execute the correct response, and monitor on-going resolution in order to mitigate risk to personnel safety, business continuity, assets and supply chain operations. Public Warning. Our Public Warning application is used to reach international mobile populations on a regional or country-wide scale. It leverages existing telecom infrastructure to anonymously reach mobile phone users within a geographic area with two-way SMS communications without requiring an existing database of mobile phone numbers. Multichannel alerting can also be accomplished via mobile push notifications, cell broadcast, voice, email, or messaging to electronic display boards or radio. The 12 • • • • application has been selected to be part of the national warning system for multiple countries including Australia, Cambodia, Greece, the Netherlands, Peru, Sweden and a number of the largest states in India. Community Engagement. Our Community Engagement application integrates emergency management and community outreach by providing local governments with a unified solution to connect residents to their public safety department, public information resources, and neighbors via social media and mobile applications. This creates a stronger and more engaged community improving the communication reach for emergency personnel, while providing residents with real-time emergency and community information, and allows residents to anonymously opt-in and provide tips. Risk Intelligence. Our Risk Intelligence solution aggregates data from over 21,500 data sources to assess more than 100 types of incidents and provide 24x7 incident information and analysis. A team of analysts, leveraging automation tools, verify risk incidents. Crisis Management. Our Crisis Management application provides mobile access to crisis, recovery and brand protection plans, as well as the capability to manage a crisis or event through role-based assignments and status updates. Organizations can enhance their overall crisis management efforts by making plans readily available to responders on the most popular mobile platforms regardless of their location. The application also simplifies updating plans for changes to personnel or processes, and enhances visibility into response progress during a critical event. Secure Messaging. Our Secure Messaging application meets the compliance and security requirements of organizations that need to provide an alternative way for their employees to communicate and share nonpublic information. A tailored version of our Secure Messaging application, CareConverge, is designed for medical professionals and facilitates HIPAA-compliant communications without the need for pagers and other single use devices, supporting the development of a “connected” hospital. CareConverge also facilitates telemedicine by allowing medical professionals to hold video conferences with patients and other medical professionals as well as share medical imaging, lab results and other critical information. Our Secure Messaging application also enables financial services organizations’ employees and customers to securely communicate via text, voice, and video, while remaining FINRA compliant. Our Technology The design and development of our applications, and our critical communication and critical event management platforms include the following key attributes: • • • Robust, Enterprise-Grade Scalability and Reliability. Given the mission-critical nature of our solutions, our multi-tenant platform was designed to provide a robust, high level of resiliency, scalability and redundancy. We use multiple geographically distributed service providers and communications carriers to achieve a high degree of redundancy, fault tolerance and cost-effective operations. We have multiple layers of redundancy and a horizontal scaling model across our infrastructure to deliver high availability and performance. Similarly, we leverage redundant downstream communications providers to enable our services to remain uninterrupted even if a particular provider encounters technical difficulties. Multi-Modal, Globally Local Communications Delivery. We optimize international call routing across hundreds of telecommunications providers to enable higher voice quality, improved delivery rates during emergencies and the ability to configure local caller IDs to improve recognition and answer rates. We also work with multiple SMS providers to identify regulatory hurdles and deploy and actively manage an optimal mix of national and international SMS codes to ensure high delivery and response rates. Security and Compliance. Our solutions received designation under the SAFETY Act, and certification by U.S. Department of Homeland Security that places us on the approved product list for homeland security. Our solutions are also accredited under FISMA. Our Everbridge Suite solution also achieved authorization under FedRAMP in 2018, that required satisfying a rigorous security and risk management review process and which we believe provides an advantage for selling into the U.S. federal sector. In 2019, our Critical Event Management platform received ISO 27001 certification and also received C5 accreditation under the Federal Office for Information Security in Germany. 13 • • Hybrid Infrastructure. To provide highly scalable and global solutions, we employ redundant, geographically diverse production implementations of our platform infrastructure in multiple SOC 2-compliant data center facilities in North America and Europe. Within each data center, we utilize a hybrid-cloud architecture that enables us to leverage both proprietary and third-party infrastructure services to enable “on-demand” capacity and performance without substantial upfront investment. Our architecture enables our platform to dynamically determine the best location from which to deliver critical communications on behalf of our customers and solves many international communications delivery challenges by utilizing in-country or in-region telephony, messaging and data communication providers. Our infrastructure is continuously maintained and monitored by dedicated engineers based in redundant network operations centers in the Los Angeles and Boston areas. Dynamic Location Detection. Our platform can create and update dynamic data sets containing a contact’s last-known location, including the airport, street, building floor or conference room at which the contact was most recently present. Multiple data sources can be aggregated including building access control and badging systems, wired and wireless network access points, and corporate travel management and office hoteling systems. These data are used to best locate a contact in an emergency or critical business situation, independent of the contact’s home or office location. Contacts can also share their location via a three-in-one mobile panic button application, which sends a panic message to the applicable organization’s security team, and also includes the ability to send audio and video content, to check-in to capture and report geo-location data and to establish a safe corridor through a potentially unsafe area. Our Comprehensive Customer Support Services We are committed to the success of our customers. We demonstrate this commitment by offering a comprehensive set of support services to help our customers get started quickly, follow best practices, and realize on-going value from our critical communications solution. Our support services include: • • • • • Rapid Onboarding. We leverage a proven methodology and domain expertise, honed through thousands of customer on-boardings worldwide, to enable rapid use of our platform and compliance with industry best practices. The average implementation time for standard implementations for new customers purchasing our solutions is 6.5 hours. Everbridge University. We offer online education, training and professional development through Everbridge University, with role-based training modules that can be customized to meet a customer’s needs and that can facilitate formalized knowledge transfer and ensure ongoing self-sufficiency. Dedicated Account Management. We assign dedicated account managers to all customers. Account managers perform regular service reviews and post-incident analyses of customer communications to incorporate communication best practices and recommend additional applications to meet the customer’s critical communications needs. 24/7 Technical Support & Emergency Live Operator Service. We have established geographically redundant technical support centers in the Los Angeles, California; Boston, Massachusetts; and London, United Kingdom areas. From these support centers, we offer our customers 24/7 support by phone, email or through our online support center. In addition, our support centers offer a 24/7 emergency live operator service to assist customers with sending critical communications. Premium Support Services. With an understanding of the critical role that our solution plays, we have assembled an expert professional services organization to deliver premium support service packages to our customers. Our professional services team includes certified emergency management and critical communications practitioners. We believe that we help customers achieve faster time-to-value by providing on-site project management, consultation with a certified critical communications professional, creation of client-specific message and scenarios, development of ad-hoc report templates and on-site emergency and incident management reviews. 14 Our Customers Our customer base has grown from 867 customers at the end of 2011 to more than 5,000 customers as of December 31, 2019. We define a customer as a contracting entity from which we generated $200 or more of revenue in the prior month, either directly or through a channel partner. We do not include customers of our wholly-owned subsidiary, Microtech, which generates an immaterial amount of our revenue in any given year. At the end of 2011 we had 20 customers with contracts valued at $100,000 or more, whereas as of December 31, 2019 we had 455 customers with contracts valued at $100,000 or more, including 35 customers with contracts in excess of $500,000. As of December 31, 2019, our customers were based in 50 countries and included eight of the 10 largest U.S. cities, eight of the 10 largest U.S.-based investment banks, 46 of the 50 busiest North American airports, nine of the 10 largest global consulting firms, seven of the 10 largest global automakers, all four of the largest global accounting firms, nine of the 10 largest U.S.-based health care providers, and six of the 10 largest U.S.-based health insurers. We provide our applications to customers of varying sizes, including enterprises, small businesses, non-profit organizations, educational institutions and governmental agencies. Our customers span a wide variety of industries including technology, energy, financial services, healthcare and life sciences, manufacturing, media and entertainment, retail, higher education, and professional services. For the year ended December 31, 2019, 58% of our revenue was generated from enterprise customers, 30% from government and government- related customers and 12% from healthcare-related customers. No customer contributed more than 3% of our total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2019. Sales and Marketing Our sales and marketing organizations collaborate to create brand preference, efficiently and effectively generate leads, build a strong sales pipeline and cultivate customer relationships to help drive revenue growth. Our go-to-market strategy consists of a strong thought-leadership program, digital marketing engine and a diversified sales organization designed to efficiently sell across vertical markets to organizations of all sizes. We have dedicated sales teams focused on corporate customers, healthcare organizations and government customers, which covers U.S. federal, state and local governmental entities. Sales We sell our solutions through our telephone and direct inside sales teams, a direct field sales team and a growing partner channel. Our global sales teams focus on both new customer acquisition and up-selling and cross-selling additional and new offerings, respectively, to our existing customers. Our sales teams are organized by geography, consisting of the Americas; Asia Pacific, Europe, the Middle East and Africa (collectively, “EMEA”); as well as by target organization size. Our inside sales team focuses typically on small and middle-market transactions, while larger or more complex transactions are generally handled by our direct field sales teams. Our highly trained sales engineers help define customer use cases, manage pilots and train channel partners. In addition to the vertical and geographic distribution of our salesforce, we have dedicated teams of account executives focused on net new accounts and growth of existing accounts, account managers responsible for renewal of existing accounts, and business development representatives targeting new and growth business opportunity creation. Our sales representatives use phone, email and web meetings to interact with prospects and customers. In 2019, we increased the headcount of our sales organization, and we intend to continue to invest in building our global sales and go-to-market organizations. We also sell through channel partners both domestically and internationally. To help integrate our applications with other third-party services and take advantage of current and emerging technologies, we seek to enter into alliances with leading technology companies. 15 Marketing We focus our marketing efforts on increasing the strength of the Everbridge brand, communicating product advantages and business benefits, generating leads for our salesforce and channel partners, leveraging geographic market strengths and driving product adoption. We run campaigns that take advantage of a network effect in which success within a region encourages other organizations within that area to choose our solutions, in part to be using a system consistent with that of other entities in the area with which they may share information or best practices. We deliver targeted content to demonstrate our thought leadership in critical communications best practices and use digital advertising methods to drive conversion of potential prospects, which convert to opportunities for our sales organization. Our marketing team focuses on inbound marketing through our industry-leading content, resources, and sharing customer best practices. We rely on multiple marketing and sales automation tools to efficiently market to, and automatically identify qualified individuals using product and industry specific criteria. We use multiple marketing tactics to engage with prospective customers including: email marketing, event marketing, print and digital advertising, and webinar events. We engage with existing customers to provide vertically-based education and awareness and to promote expanded use of our current and new software offerings within these customers. We also host regional and national events to engage both customers and prospects, deliver product training and foster community. Research and Development We invest substantial resources in research and development and leverage offshore development in multiple geographies to implement a “follow the sun” engineering strategy and to increase the efficiency of our overall development efforts. We enhance our core technology platform and applications, develop new end market-specific solutions and applications, and conduct application and quality assurance testing. Our technical and engineering team monitors and tests our applications on a regular basis, and we maintain a regular release process to refine, update, and enhance our existing applications. Research and development expense totaled $50.0 million, $41.3 million and $22.2 million for 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Our Competition The market for CEM solutions is highly fragmented, intensely competitive and constantly evolving. We compete with an array of established and emerging companies, many of whom are single product or single market focused, as well as in-house solutions. With the introduction of new technologies and market entrants, we expect the competitive environment to remain intense going forward. The primary competitors for our Mass Notification and Incident Management applications include: BlackBerry Limited, F24 AG, Enera Inc., OnSolve, LLC, Rave Wireless, Inc. and SunGard Data Systems Inc. The primary competitors for our IT Alerting application include: PagerDuty, Inc. and xMatters, Inc. The primary competitors for our Secure Messaging application include: DocHalo, LLC, Spok, Inc., Perfect Serve, Inc. and TigerText, Inc. The primary competitor for our Crisis Manager application is In Case of Crisis. The primary competitors for our Risk Intelligence application include: Anvil Group, WorldAware, Inc. and Factal, Inc. The primary competitor for our Public Warning application is one2many. We compete on the basis of a number of factors, including: • • • • • • • product functionality, including local and multi-modal delivery in international markets; breadth of offerings; performance, security, scalability and reliability; compliance with local regulations and multi-language support; brand recognition, reputation and customer satisfaction; ease of implementation, use and maintenance; and total cost of ownership. We believe that we compete favorably with respect to all of these factors and that we are well positioned as a leading provider of targeted and contextually relevant critical communications. 16 Intellectual Property Our future success and competitive position depend in part on our ability to protect our intellectual property and proprietary technologies. To safeguard these rights, we rely on a combination of patent, trademark, copyright and trade secret laws and contractual protections in the United States and other jurisdictions. We have numerous issued patents and patent applications pending. We cannot assure you that any patents will issue from any patent applications, that patents that issue from such applications will give us the protection that we seek or that any such patents will not be challenged, invalidated, or circumvented. Any patents that may issue in the future from our pending or future patent applications may not provide sufficiently broad protection and may not be enforceable in actions against alleged infringers. We have registered the “Everbridge”, “Nixle” and “Visual Command Center” names in the United States and have registered the “Everbridge” name in the European Union. We have registrations and/or pending applications for additional marks in the United States; however, we cannot assure you that any future trademark registrations will be issued for pending or future applications or that any registered trademarks will be enforceable or provide adequate protection of our proprietary rights. We also license software from third parties for integration into our offerings, including open source software and other software available on commercially reasonable terms. We cannot assure you that such third parties will maintain such software or continue to make it available. We are the registered holder of a variety of domestic and international domain names that include everbridge.com, as well as similar variations on that name. In order to protect our unpatented proprietary technologies and processes, we rely on trade secret laws and confidentiality agreements with our employees, consultants, vendors and others. Despite our efforts to protect our proprietary technology and trade secrets, unauthorized parties may attempt to misappropriate, reverse engineer or otherwise obtain and use them. In addition, others may independently discover our trade secrets, in which case we would not be able to assert trade secret rights, or develop similar technologies and processes. Further, the contractual provisions that we enter into may not prevent unauthorized use or disclosure of our proprietary technology or intellectual property rights and may not provide an adequate remedy in the event of unauthorized use or disclosure of our proprietary technology or intellectual property rights. If we become more successful, we believe that competitors will be more likely to try to develop solutions that are similar to ours and that may infringe our proprietary rights. It may also be more likely that competitors or other third parties will claim that our solutions infringe their proprietary rights. Patent and other intellectual property disputes are common in our industry and we have been involved in such disputes from time to time in the ordinary course of our business. Some companies, including some of our competitors, own large numbers of patents, copyrights and trademarks, which they may use to assert claims against us. Third parties may in the future assert claims of infringement, misappropriation or other violations of intellectual property rights against us. They may also assert such claims against our customers whom we typically indemnify against claims that our solution infringes, misappropriates or otherwise violates the intellectual property rights of third parties. As the numbers of products and competitors in our market increase and overlaps occur, claims of infringement, misappropriation and other violations of intellectual property rights may increase. Any claim of infringement, misappropriation or other violation of intellectual property rights by a third party, even those without merit, could cause us to incur substantial costs defending against the claim and could distract our management from our business. Government Regulation We are subject to a number of U.S. federal and state and foreign laws and regulations that involve matters central to our business. These laws and regulations may involve privacy, data protection, intellectual property, competition, consumer protection, export taxation or other subjects. Many of the laws and regulations to which we are subject are still evolving and being tested in courts and could be interpreted in ways that could harm our business. In addition, the application and interpretation of these laws and regulations often are uncertain, particularly in the new and rapidly evolving industry in which we operate. Because global laws and regulations have continued to develop and evolve rapidly, it is possible that we may not be, or may not have been, compliant with each such applicable law or regulation. For a discussion of risks related to these various areas of government regulation, see Risk Factors set forth in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. 17 Culture and Employees We believe that our culture has been a key contributor to our success to-date and that the critical nature of the solutions that we provide promotes a sense of greater purpose and fulfillment in our employees. We have invested in building a strong corporate culture and believe it is one of our most important and sustainable sources of competitive advantage. As of December 31, 2019, we had 948 full-time employees, including 238 in data center operations and customer support, 345 in sales and marketing, 252 in research and development and 113 in general and administrative. As of December 31, 2019, we had 692 full-time employees in the United States and 256 full-time employees internationally. None of our U.S. employees are covered by collective bargaining agreements. We believe our employee relations are good and we have not experienced any work stoppages. Facilities Our principal executive offices are located in Burlington, Massachusetts, where we occupy an approximately 73,500 square-foot facility under a lease expiring on May 31, 2024, and in Pasadena, California, where we occupy an approximately 19,000 square-foot facility under a lease expiring on December 31, 2023. We also have offices in San Francisco, California; Lansing, Michigan; Colchester, United Kingdom; London, United Kingdom; Bangalore, India; McLean, Virginia; Singapore; Munich, Germany; Tilburg, the Netherlands; Oslo, Norway; Norsborg, Sweden; and Beijing, China. Legal Proceedings From time to time we may become involved in legal proceedings or be subject to claims arising in the ordinary course of our business. We are not presently a party to any legal proceedings that, if determined adversely to us, would individually or taken together have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, financial condition or cash flows. Regardless of the outcome, litigation can have an adverse impact on us because of defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources and other factors. Corporate Information We were initially incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware under the name 3n Global, Inc. in January 2008. 3n Global, Inc. was initially a wholly- owned subsidiary of National Notification Network, LLC, which was formed in November 2002 as a limited liability company organized under the laws of the State of California. In May 2008, pursuant to a merger agreement between 3n Global, Inc. and National Notification Network, LLC, National Notification Network, LLC merged with and into 3n Global, Inc. We changed our name to Everbridge, Inc. in April 2009. Our principal executive offices are located at 25 Corporate Drive, Suite 400 Burlington, Massachusetts. Our telephone number is (818) 230-9700. Our website address is www.everbridge.com. “Everbridge, Inc.,” the Everbridge logo, and other trademarks or service marks of Everbridge, Inc. appearing in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are the property of Everbridge, Inc. This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains additional trade names, trademarks and service marks of others, which are the property of their respective owners. Solely for convenience, trademarks and trade names referred to in this Annual Report on Form 10-K may appear without the ® or TM symbols. Available Information Our Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and amendments to reports filed pursuant to Sections 13(a) and 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, are made available free of charge on or through our website at http://ir.everbridge.com as soon as reasonably practicable after such reports are filed with, or furnished to, the SEC. The SEC also maintains a website, www.sec.gov, which contains reports and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC. We are not, however, including the information contained on our website, or information that may be accessed through links on our website, as part of, or incorporating such information by reference into, this Annual Report on Form 10-K. 18 Item 1A. Risk Factors. Our operations and financial results are subject to various risks and uncertainties including those described below. You should consider carefully the risks and uncertainties described below, in addition to other information contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including our consolidated financial statements and related notes, as well as our other public filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones we face. Additional risks and uncertainties that we are unaware of, or that we currently believe are not material, may also become important factors that adversely affect our business. If any of the following risks or others not specified below materialize, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected. In that case, the trading price of our common stock could decline. Risks Related to Our Business and Our Industry If our business does not grow as we expect, or if we fail to manage our growth effectively, our operating results and business prospects would suffer. The number of our full-time employees were 948, 777 and 581 as of December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. In 2019, we made a significant investment in our sales organization, growing our headcount by 21%, and our revenue increased by $53.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to 2018, due in part to the increase in our customer base. However, our business may not continue to grow as quickly or at all in the future, which would adversely affect our revenue and business prospects. Our business growth depends on a number of factors including: • • • • • • • • our ability to execute upon our business plan effectively; our ability to accelerate our acquisition of new customers; our ability to further sell to our existing customers new applications and features and to additional departments in their organizations; our ability to develop new applications to target new markets and use cases; our ability to expand our international footprint; the growth of the market in which we operate; our ability to maintain our technology leadership position; and our ability to acquire and integrate complementary business, technologies and teams we need. Further, our growth has placed, and will continue to place, a strain on our managerial, operational, financial and other resources, and our future operating results depend to a large extent on our ability to successfully manage our anticipated expansion and growth. To manage our growth successfully and handle the responsibilities of being a public company, we believe we must effectively, among other things: • • • • • increase our customer base and upsell and cross-sell additional and new applications to our existing customers; invest in sales and marketing and expand our channel partner relationships; develop new applications that target new markets and use cases; expand our international operations; and improve our platform and applications, financial and operational systems, procedures and controls. We intend to continue our investment in sales and marketing, platform and applications, research and development, and general and administrative functions and other areas to grow our business. We are likely to recognize the costs associated with these investments earlier than some of the anticipated benefits and the return on these investments may be lower, or may develop more slowly, than we expect, which could adversely affect our operating results. 19 If we are unable to manage our growth effectively in a manner that preserves the key aspects of our corporate culture, we may not be able to take advantage of market opportunities or develop new applications or upgrades to our existing applications and we may fail to satisfy customer requirements, maintain the quality and security of our applications, execute on our business plan or respond to competitive pressures, which could result in our financial results suffering and a decline in our stock price. We have not been profitable on a consistent basis historically and may not achieve or maintain profitability in the future. We have posted a net loss in each year since inception, including net losses of $52.3 million, $47.5 million and $19.6 million in the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. As of December 31, 2019, we had an accumulated deficit of $199.9 million. While we have experienced significant revenue growth in recent periods, we are not certain whether or when we will obtain a high enough volume of sales of our applications to sustain or increase our growth or achieve or maintain profitability in the future. Our ability to achieve or maintain profitability also has been and will continue to be impacted by non-cash stock-based compensation. We also expect our costs to increase in future periods, which could negatively affect our future operating results if our revenue does not increase. In particular, we expect to continue to expend substantial financial and other resources on: • • • • sales and marketing, including a significant expansion of our sales organization, both domestically and internationally; research and development related to our platform and applications, including investments in our research and development team; continued international expansion of our business; and general and administration expenses, including legal and accounting expenses related to being a public company. These investments may not result in increased revenue or growth in our business. If we are unable to increase our revenue at a rate sufficient to offset the expected increase in our costs, our business, financial position and results of operations will be harmed, and we may not be able to achieve or maintain profitability over the long term. Additionally, we may encounter unforeseen operating expenses, difficulties, complications, delays and other unknown factors that may result in losses in future periods. If our revenue growth does not meet our expectations in future periods, our financial performance may be harmed, and we may not achieve or maintain profitability in the future. To date, we have derived a substantial portion of our revenue from the sale of our Mass Notification application. If we are unable to renew or increase sales of this application, or if we are unable to increase sales of our other applications, our business and operating results could be adversely affected. While we have introduced several new event management applications over the last few years, we derived 61%, 62% and 74% of our revenue from sales of our Mass Notification application in 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and expect to continue to derive a substantial portion of our revenue from sales of this application in the near term. As a result, our operating results could suffer due to: • • • • • any decline in demand for our Mass Notification application; pricing or other competitive pressures from competing products; the introduction of applications and technologies that serve as a replacement or substitute for, or represent an improvement over, our Mass Notification application; technological innovations or new standards that our Mass Notification application do not address; and sensitivity to current or future prices offered by us or competing solutions. Because of our reliance on our Mass Notification application, our inability to renew or increase sales of this application or a decline in prices of this application would harm our business and operating results more seriously than if we derived significant revenue from a variety of applications. Any factor adversely affecting sales of our historical or new applications, including release cycles, market acceptance, competition, performance and reliability, reputation and economic and market conditions, could adversely affect our business and operating results. 20 If we are unable to develop upgrades to our platform, develop new applications, sell our platform and applications into new markets or further penetrate our existing market, our revenue may not grow. Our ability to increase sales will depend in large part on our ability to enhance and improve our platform and applications, introduce new applications in a timely manner, develop new use cases for our platform and further penetrate our existing market. The success of any enhancement to our platform or new applications depends on several factors, including the timely completion, introduction and market acceptance of enhanced or new applications, the ability to maintain and develop relationships with channel partners and communications carriers, the ability to attract, retain and effectively train sales and marketing personnel and the effectiveness of our marketing programs. Any new application that we develop or acquire may not be introduced in a timely or cost- effective manner, and may not achieve the broad market acceptance necessary to generate significant revenue. Any new markets into which we attempt to sell our applications, including new vertical markets and new countries or regions, may not be receptive. Our ability to further penetrate our existing markets depends on the quality of our platform and applications and our ability to design our platform and applications to meet consumer demand. Any failure to enhance or improve our platform and applications as well as introduce new applications may adversely affect our revenue growth and operating results. If we are unable to attract new customers or sell additional applications to our existing customers, our revenue and revenue growth will be harmed. A part of our growth strategy is to add new customers and sell additional applications to our existing customers. Our ability to maintain existing customers, sell them new applications and to add new customers will depend in significant part on our ability to anticipate industry evolution, practices and standards and to continue to introduce and enhance the applications we offer on a timely basis to keep pace with technological developments. However, we may prove unsuccessful in developing new applications and improving existing applications. In addition, the success of any new application depends on several factors, including the timely completion, introduction and market acceptance of the application. Any new applications we develop or acquire might not be introduced in a timely or cost-effective manner and might not achieve the broad market acceptance necessary to generate significant revenue. If any of our competitors implements new technologies before we are able to implement them or better anticipates market opportunities, those competitors may be able to provide more effective or cheaper products than ours. As a result, we may be unable to renew our agreements with existing customers, attract new customers or grow or maintain our business from existing customers, which could harm our revenue and growth. Failure to effectively develop and expand our sales and marketing capabilities could harm our ability to increase our customer base and achieve broader market acceptance of our platform and applications. To increase total customers and achieve broader market acceptance of our platform and applications, we will need to expand our sales and marketing organization, including the vertical and geographic distribution of our salesforce and our teams of account executives focused on new accounts, account managers responsible for renewal and growth of existing accounts, and business development representatives targeting new and growth business opportunity creation. We will continue to dedicate significant resources to our global sales and marketing organizations. The effectiveness of our sales and marketing teams has varied over time and may vary in the future, and depends in part on our ability to maintain and improve our platform and applications. All of these efforts will require us to invest significant financial and other resources and we are unlikely to see the benefits, if any, of these increases until future periods after incurring these expenses. Our business will be seriously harmed if our efforts do not generate a correspondingly significant increase in revenue. We may not achieve revenue growth from expanding our salesforce if we are unable to hire, develop and retain talented sales personnel, if our new sales personnel are unable to achieve desired productivity levels in a reasonable period of time or if our sales and marketing programs are not effective. 21 The nature of our business exposes us to inherent liability risks. Our applications, including our Mass Notification, Incident Management, IT Alerting, Safety Connection, Community Engagement, Risk Intelligence, Visual Command Center, Crisis Management, Public Warning and Secure Messaging applications, are designed to communicate life-saving or damage-mitigating information to the right people, on the right device, in the right location, at the right time during public safety threats and critical business events. Due to the nature of such applications, we are potentially exposed to greater risks of liability for employee acts or omissions or system failures than may be inherent in other businesses. Although substantially all of our customer agreements contain provisions limiting our liability to our customers, we cannot assure you that these limitations will be enforced or the costs of any litigation related to actual or alleged omissions or failures would have a material adverse effect on us even if we prevail. Further, certain of our insurance policies and the laws of some states may limit or prohibit insurance coverage for punitive or certain other types of damages or liability arising from gross negligence and we cannot assure you that we are adequately insured against the risks that we face. Because we generally recognize revenue ratably over the term of our contract with a customer, downturns or upturns in sales will not be fully reflected in our operating results until future periods. Our revenue is primarily generated from subscriptions to our critical event management applications. Our customers generally do not have the right to take possession of our software platform and applications. Revenue from subscriptions, including additional fees for items such as incremental usage, is recognized ratably over the subscription period beginning on the date that the subscription is made available to the customer. Our agreements with our customers typically range from one to three years. As a result, much of the revenue that we report in each quarter is attributable to agreements entered into during previous quarters. Consequently, a decline in sales, customer renewals or market acceptance of our applications in any one quarter would not necessarily be fully reflected in the revenue in that quarter, and would negatively affect our revenue and profitability in future quarters. This ratable revenue recognition also makes it difficult for us to rapidly increase our revenue through additional sales in any period, as revenue from new customers generally is recognized over the applicable agreement term. We operate in an emerging and evolving market, which may develop more slowly or differently than we expect. If our market does not grow as we expect, or if we cannot expand our platform and applications to meet the demands of this market, our revenue may decline, fail to grow or fail to grow at an accelerated rate, and we may incur operating losses. The market for CEM solutions is in an early stage of development, and it is uncertain whether this market will develop, and even if it does develop, how rapidly or how consistently it will develop or whether our platform and applications will be accepted into the markets in which we operate and plan to operate. Our success will depend, to a substantial extent, on the widespread adoption of our platform and applications as an alternative to historical mass notification systems. Some organizations may be reluctant or unwilling to use our platform and applications for a number of reasons, including concerns about additional costs, uncertainty regarding the reliability and security of cloud-based offerings or lack of awareness of the benefits of our platform and applications. Many organizations have invested substantial personnel and financial resources to integrate traditional on-premise applications into their businesses, and therefore may be reluctant or unwilling to migrate to cloud-based applications. Our ability to expand sales of our platform and applications into new markets depends on several factors, including the awareness of our platform and applications; the timely completion, introduction and market acceptance of enhancements to our platform and applications or new applications that we may introduce; our ability to attract, retain and effectively train sales and marketing personnel; our ability to develop relationships with channel partners and communication carriers; the effectiveness of our marketing programs; the costs of our platform and applications; and the success of our competitors. If we are unsuccessful in developing and marketing our platform and applications into new markets, or if organizations do not perceive or value the benefits of our platform and applications, the market for our platform and applications might not continue to develop or might develop more slowly than we expect, either of which would harm our revenue and growth prospects. 22 Our estimates of market opportunity and forecasts of market growth may prove to be inaccurate, and even if the market in which we compete achieves the forecasted growth, our business could fail to grow at similar rates, if at all. Market opportunity estimates and growth forecasts are subject to significant uncertainty and are based on assumptions and estimates that may not prove to be accurate. Our estimates and forecasts relating to the size and expected growth of our addressable market may prove to be inaccurate. Even if the market in which we compete meets our size estimates and forecasted growth, our business could fail to grow at similar rates, if at all. The markets in which we participate are competitive, and if we do not compete effectively, our operating results could be harmed. The market for critical event management solutions is highly fragmented, competitive and constantly evolving. With the introduction of new technologies and market entrants, we expect that the competitive environment in which we compete will remain intense going forward. Some of our competitors have made or may make acquisitions or may enter into partnerships or other strategic relationships to provide a more comprehensive offering than they individually had offered or achieve greater economies of scale. In addition, new entrants not currently considered to be competitors may enter the market through acquisitions, partnerships or strategic relationships. We compete on the basis of a number of factors, including: • • • • • • • application functionality, including local and multi-modal delivery in international markets; breadth of offerings; performance, security, scalability and reliability; compliance with local regulations and multi-language support; brand recognition, reputation and customer satisfaction; ease of application implementation, use and maintenance; and total cost of ownership. We face competition from in-house solutions, large integrated systems vendors and established and emerging cloud and SaaS and other software providers. Our competitors vary in size and in the breadth and scope of the products and services offered. Many of our competitors and potential competitors have greater name recognition, longer operating histories, more established customer relationships, larger marketing budgets and greater resources than we do. While some of our competitors provide a platform with applications to support one or more use cases, many others provide point-solutions that address a single use case. Further, other potential competitors not currently offering competitive applications may expand their offerings to compete with our solutions. Our competitors may be able to respond more quickly and effectively than we can to new or changing opportunities, technologies, standards and customer requirements. An existing competitor or new entrant could introduce new technology that reduces demand for our solutions. In addition to application and technology competition, we face pricing competition. Some of our competitors offer their applications or services at a lower price, which has resulted in pricing pressures. Some of our larger competitors have the operating flexibility to bundle competing applications and services with other offerings, including offering them at a lower price as part of a larger sale. For all of these reasons, we may not be able to compete successfully and competition could result in reduced sales, reduced margins, losses or the failure of our applications to achieve or maintain market acceptance, any of which could harm our business. We may not be able to scale our business quickly enough to meet our customers’ growing needs and if we are not able to grow efficiently, our operating results could be harmed. As usage of our platform and applications grows, we will need to continue making significant investments to develop and implement new applications, technologies, security features and cloud-based infrastructure operations. In addition, we will need to appropriately scale our internal business systems and our services organization, including customer support and professional services, to serve our growing customer base, particularly as our customer demographics change over time. Any failure of, or delay in, these efforts could impair the performance of our platform and applications and reduce customer satisfaction. Even if we are able to upgrade our systems and expand our staff, any such expansion may be expensive and complex, requiring management’s time and attention. To the extent that we do not effectively scale our platform and operations to meet the growing needs of our customers, we may not be able to grow as quickly as we anticipate, our customers may reduce or cancel use of our applications and professional services, we may be unable to compete effectively and our business and operating results may be harmed. 23 Our quarterly results of operations may fluctuate, and if we fail to meet or exceed the expectations of investors or securities analysts, our stock price could decline. Our quarterly revenue and results of operations have historically varied from period to period, and we expect that they will continue to do so as a result of a variety of factors, including many that are outside of our control. Our future revenue is difficult to predict. Our expense levels are relatively fixed in the short term and are based, in part, on our expectations as to future revenue. If revenue levels are below our expectations, we may incur higher losses and may never attain or maintain consistent profitability. Our operating results may be disproportionately affected by a reduction in revenue because a proportionately smaller amount of our expenses varies with our revenues. If our quarterly revenue or results of operations fall below the expectations of investors or securities analysts, the price of our common stock could decline substantially. Fluctuations in our results of operations may be due to a number of factors, including: • • • • • • • • • • • fluctuations in demand for our platform and applications; changes in our business or pricing policies in response to competitive pricing actions or otherwise; the timing and success of introductions of new applications or upgrades to our platform; the impact of acquisition transaction-related amortization expenses and other certain expenses on our gross profit; competition, including entry into the industry by new competitors and new offerings by existing competitors; changes in the business or pricing policies of our competitors; the amount and timing of expenditures, including those related to expanding our operations, increasing research and development, enhancing our platform, introducing new applications or growing our sales and marketing teams; our ability to effectively manage growth within existing and new markets, both domestically and internationally; our ability to successfully manage any future acquisitions of businesses or technologies; the strength of regional, national and global economies; and the impact of natural disasters or man-made problems such as cyber incidents and terrorism. Due to the foregoing factors and the other risks discussed in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, you should not rely on quarter-to-quarter comparisons of our results of operations as an indication of our future performance nor should you consider our recent revenue growth or results in any single period to be indicative of our future performance. Interruptions or delays in service from our third-party data center providers could impair our ability to make our platform and applications available to our customers, resulting in customer dissatisfaction, damage to our reputation, loss of customers, limited growth and reduction in revenue. We currently serve part of our platform functions from third-party data center hosting facilities operated by Century Link and located in the Los Angeles, California and Denver, Colorado areas. We also rely on Amazon Web Services located in Germany, Ireland, the United Kingdom, Canada, California, and Virginia to host certain of our platform functions and applications. Our operations depend, in part, on our third-party facility providers’ abilities to protect these facilities against damage or interruption from natural disasters, power or telecommunications failures, cyber incidents, criminal acts and similar events. In the event that any of our third-party facilities arrangements are terminated, or if there is a lapse of service or damage to a facility, we could experience interruptions in our platform as well as delays and additional expenses in arranging new facilities and services. Any changes in third-party service levels at our data centers or any errors, defects, disruptions, cyber incidents or other performance problems with our solutions could harm our reputation. 24 Any damage to, or failure of, the systems of our third-party providers could result in interruptions to our platform. Despite precautions taken at our data centers, the occurrence of spikes in usage volume, natural disasters, cyber incidents, acts of terrorism, vandalism or sabotage, closure of a facility without adequate notice or other unanticipated problems could result in lengthy interruptions in the availability of our platform and applications. Problems faced by our third-party data center locations, with the telecommunications network providers with whom they contract, or with the systems by which our telecommunications providers allocate capacity among their customers, including us, could adversely affect the experience of our customers. Because of the nature of the services that we provide to our customers during public safety threats and critical business events, any such interruption may arise when our customers are most reliant on our applications, thereby compounding the impact of any interruption on our business. Interruptions in our services might reduce our revenue, cause us to issue refunds to customers and subject us to potential liability. Further, our insurance policies may not adequately compensate us for any losses that we may incur in the event of damage or interruption. Although we benefit from liability protection under the Support Anti-Terrorism by Fostering Effective Technology Act of 2002, the occurrence of any of the foregoing could reduce our revenue, subject us to liability, cause us to issue credits to customers or cause customers not to renew their subscriptions for our applications, any of which could materially adversely affect our business. Failures or reduced accessibility of third-party software on which we rely could impair the availability of our platform and applications and adversely affect our business. We license software from third parties for integration into our platform and applications, including open source software. These licenses might not continue to be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all. While we are not substantially dependent upon any third-party software, the loss of the right to use all or a significant portion of our third-party software required for the development, maintenance and delivery of our applications could result in delays in the provision of our applications until we develop or identify, obtain and integrate equivalent technology, which could harm our business. Any errors or defects in the hardware or software we use could result in errors, interruptions, cyber incidents or a failure of our applications. Any significant interruption in the availability of all or a significant portion of such software could have an adverse impact on our business unless and until we can replace the functionality provided by these applications at a similar cost. Furthermore, this software may not be available on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. The loss of the right to use all or a significant portion of this software could limit access to our platform and applications. Additionally, we rely upon third parties’ abilities to enhance their current applications, develop new applications on a timely and cost-effective basis and respond to emerging industry standards and other technological changes. We may be unable to effect changes to such third-party technologies, which may prevent us from rapidly responding to evolving customer requirements. We also may be unable to replace the functionality provided by the third-party software currently offered in conjunction with our applications in the event that such software becomes obsolete or incompatible with future versions of our platform and applications or is otherwise not adequately maintained or updated. If we do not or cannot maintain the compatibility of our platform with third-party applications that our customers use in their businesses, our revenue will decline. As a significant percentage of our customers choose to integrate our solutions with certain capabilities provided by third-party providers, the functionality and popularity of our solutions depend, in part, on our ability to integrate our platform and applications with certain third-party systems. Third-party providers may change the features of their technologies, restrict our access to their applications or alter the terms governing use of their applications in an adverse manner. Such changes could functionally limit or terminate our ability to use these third-party technologies in conjunction with our platform and applications, which could negatively impact our solutions and harm our business. If we fail to integrate our solutions with new third-party applications that our customers use, we may not be able to offer the functionality that our customers need, which would negatively impact our ability to generate revenue and adversely impact our business. 25 Changes in the mix of sizes or types of businesses or government agencies that purchase our platform and applications purchased or used by our customers could affect our operating results. We have sold and will continue to sell to enterprises of all sizes, municipal and regional governmental agencies, non-profit organizations, educational institutions and healthcare organizations. Sales to larger organizations may entail longer sales cycles and more significant selling efforts. Selling to small businesses may involve greater credit risk and uncertainty. Changes in the sizes or types of businesses that purchase our applications could cause our operating results to be adversely affected. If our, our customers’ or our third-party providers’ security measures are compromised or unauthorized access to the data of our customers or their employees, customers or constituents is otherwise obtained, our platform may be perceived as not being secure, our customers may be harmed and may curtail or cease their use of our applications, our reputation may be damaged and we may incur significant liabilities. Our operations involve the storage and transmission of data of our customers and their employees, customers and constituents, including personally identifiable information such as contact information and physical location. Security incidents, whether as a result of third-party action, employee or customer error, technology impairment or failure, malfeasance or criminal activity, could result in unauthorized access to, or loss or unauthorized disclosure of, this information, litigation, indemnity obligations and other possible liabilities, as well as negative publicity, which could damage our reputation, impair our sales and harm our customers and our business. Cyber incidents and malicious internet-based activity continue to increase generally, and providers of cloud-based services have been targeted. If third parties with whom we work, such as vendors or developers, violate applicable laws or our security policies, such violations may also put our customers’ information at risk and could in turn have an adverse effect on our business. We may be unable to anticipate or prevent techniques used to obtain unauthorized access or to sabotage systems because they change frequently and often are not detected until after an incident has occurred. As we increase our customer base and our brand becomes more widely known and recognized, third parties may increasingly seek to compromise our security controls or gain unauthorized access to our sensitive corporate information or customers’ data. Further, because of the nature of the services that we provide to our customers during public safety threats and critical business events, we may be a unique target for attacks. Many governments have enacted laws requiring companies to notify individuals of data security incidents or unauthorized transfers involving certain types of personal data. In addition, some of our customers contractually require notification of any data security incident. Accordingly, security incidents experienced by our competitors, by our customers or by us may lead to public disclosures, which may lead to widespread negative publicity. Any security compromise in our industry, whether actual or perceived, could harm our reputation, erode customer confidence in the effectiveness of our security measures, negatively impact our ability to attract new customers, cause existing customers to elect not to renew their subscriptions or subject us to third-party lawsuits, regulatory fines or other action or liability, which could materially and adversely affect our business and operating results. Further, the costs of compliance with notification laws and contractual obligations may be significant and any requirement that we provide such notifications as a result of an actual or alleged compromise could have a material and adverse effect on our business. While we maintain general liability insurance coverage and coverage for errors or omissions, we cannot assure you that such coverage would be adequate or would otherwise protect us from liabilities or damages with respect to claims alleging compromises of personal data or that such coverage will continue to be available on acceptable terms or at all. If our computer systems are or become vulnerable to security breaches or we are unable to comply with our security obligations, we may face reputational damage and lose clients and revenue. The services we provide are often critical to our clients’ businesses. Certain of our client contracts may require us to comply with security obligations, which could include maintaining network security and backup data, ensuring our network is virus-free, maintaining business continuity planning procedures, and verifying the integrity of employees that work with our clients by conducting background checks. Any failure in our systems or breach of security relating to the services we provide to the client could damage our reputation or result in a claim for substantial damages against us. Our liability for breaches of data security requirements, for which we may be required to indemnify our clients, may be extensive. Any significant failure of our equipment or systems, or any major disruption to basic infrastructure like power and telecommunications in the locations in which we operate, could impede our ability to provide services to our clients, have a negative impact on our reputation, cause us to lose clients, and adversely affect our results of operations. 26 In addition, we often have access to or are required to collect and store confidential client and customer data. If any person, including any of our employees or former employees, penetrates our network security, accidentally exposes our data or code, or misappropriates data or code that belongs to us, our clients, or our clients’ customers, we could be subject to significant liability from our clients or from our clients’ customers for breaching contractual confidentiality provisions or privacy laws. Unauthorized disclosure of sensitive or confidential client and customer data, whether through breach of our computer systems, systems failure, loss or theft of confidential information or intellectual property belonging to our clients or our clients’ customers, or otherwise, could damage our reputation, cause us to lose clients and revenues, and result in financial and other potential losses by us. If our applications fail to function in a manner that allows our customers to operate in compliance with regulations and/or industry standards, our revenue and operating results could be harmed. Certain of our customers require applications that ensure secure processing, communication and storage of sensitive information given the nature of the content being distributed and associated applicable regulatory requirements. In particular, our healthcare customers rely on our applications to communicate in a manner that is designed to comply with the requirements of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, the 2009 Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act, the Final Omnibus Rule of January 25, 2013, which are collectively referred to as HIPAA, and which impose privacy and data security standards that protect individually identifiable health information by limiting the uses and disclosures of individually identifiable health information and requiring that certain data security standards be implemented to protect this information. As a “business associate” to “covered entities” that are subject to HIPAA, we also have our own compliance obligations directly under HIPAA and pursuant to the business associate agreements that we are required to enter into with our customers that are HIPAA-covered entities. Governments and industry organizations may also adopt new laws, regulations or requirements, or make changes to existing laws or regulations, that could impact the demand for, or value of, our applications. If we are unable to adapt our applications to changing legal and regulatory standards or other requirements in a timely manner, or if our applications fail to allow our customers to communicate in compliance with applicable laws and regulations, our customers may lose confidence in our applications and could switch to products offered by our competitors, or threaten or bring legal actions against us. In addition, governmental and other customers may require our applications to comply with certain privacy, security or other certifications and standards. For instance, with regard to transfers of personal data, the EU-US Safe Harbor program, which provided a valid legal basis for transfers of personal data from Europe to the United States, was invalidated in October 2015, which had a significant impact on the transfer of data from the European Union to U.S. companies, including us. We are certified under the EU-US Privacy Shield, the successor regime to the EU-US Safe Harbor. While we now have Privacy Shield certification and other legally recognized mechanisms in place that we believe allow for the lawful transfer of EU customer and employee information to the United States, it is possible that these mechanisms may also be challenged or evolve to include new legal requirements that could have an impact on how we move this data. If our applications fail to maintain compliance with these certifications and standards, or our competitors achieve compliance with these certifications and standards, we may be disqualified from selling our applications to such customers, or may otherwise be at a competitive disadvantage, either of which would harm our business, results of operations and financial condition. If our policies and practices are, or are perceived to be, insufficient or if our customers have concerns regarding the transfer of data from the European Union to the United States, we could be subject to enforcement actions or investigations by EU Data Protection Authorities or lawsuits by private parties, and our business could be negatively impacted. If we fail to offer high-quality customer support, our business and reputation may suffer. We offer our customers implementation services and 24/7 support through our customer support centers as well as education, professional development and certification through Everbridge University as well as a range of consulting services. Consulting service offerings include onsite implementation packages, Certified Emergency Management professional operational reviews, dedicated client care representatives, custom web-based training, and development of client-specific communications materials to increase internal awareness of system value. 27 Providing this education, training and support requires that our personnel who manage our training resources or provide customer support have specific experience, knowledge and expertise, making it more difficult for us to hire qualified personnel and to scale up our support operations. The importance of high-quality customer support will increase as we expand our business and pursue new customers and larger organizations. We may be unable to respond quickly enough to accommodate short-term increases in customer demand for support services or scale our services if our business grows. We also may be unable to modify the format of our support services or change our pricing to compete with changes in support services provided by our competitors. Increased customer demand for these services, without corresponding revenue, could increase our costs and harm our operating results. If we do not help our customers use applications within our platform and provide effective ongoing support, our ability to sell additional applications to, or to retain, existing customers may suffer and our reputation with existing or potential customers may be harmed. Our strategy includes pursuing acquisitions, and our potential inability to successfully integrate newly-acquired technologies, assets or businesses may harm our financial results. Future acquisitions of technologies, assets or businesses, which are paid for partially or entirely through the issuance of stock or stock rights, could dilute the ownership of our existing stockholders. We may evaluate and consider potential strategic transactions, including acquisitions of, or investments in, businesses, technologies, services, products and other assets in the future. We also may enter into relationships with other businesses to expand our platform and applications, which could involve preferred or exclusive licenses, additional channels of distribution, discount pricing or investments in other companies. We have acquired businesses and technology in the past. For example, we acquired MissionMode in April 2019, NC4 in August 2019, Connexient and CNL in February 2020 however we cannot be certain that we will be able to complete the tender offer and close the transactions. We believe that part of our continued growth will be driven by acquisitions of other companies or their technologies, assets, businesses and teams. Any acquisitions we complete will give rise to risks, including: • • • • • • • • • • • • incurring higher than anticipated capital expenditures and operating expenses; failing to assimilate the operations and personnel or failing to retain the key personnel of the acquired company or business; failing to integrate the acquired technologies, or incurring significant expense to integrate acquired technologies, into our platform and applications; disrupting our ongoing business; diverting our management’s attention and other company resources; failing to maintain uniform standards, controls and policies; incurring significant accounting charges; impairing relationships with our customers and employees; finding that the acquired technology, asset or business does not further our business strategy, that we overpaid for the technology, asset or business or that we may be required to write off acquired assets or investments partially or entirely; failing to realize the expected synergies of the transaction; being exposed to unforeseen liabilities and contingencies that were not identified prior to acquiring the company; and being unable to generate sufficient revenue and profits from acquisitions to offset the associated acquisition costs. 28 Fully integrating an acquired technology, asset or business into our operations may take a significant amount of time. We may not be successful in overcoming these risks or any other problems encountered with acquisitions. To the extent that we do not successfully avoid or overcome the risks or problems related to any such acquisitions, our results of operations and financial condition could be harmed. Acquisitions also could impact our financial position and capital requirements, or could cause fluctuations in our quarterly and annual results of operations. Acquisitions could include significant goodwill and intangible assets, which may result in future impairment charges that would reduce our stated earnings. In addition, failure to maintain effective financial controls and reporting systems and procedures during and after integration of an acquired business could also impact our ability to produce timely and accurate financial statements. We may incur significant costs in our efforts to engage in strategic transactions and these expenditures may not result in successful acquisitions. We expect that the consideration we might pay for any future acquisitions of technologies, assets, businesses or teams could include stock, rights to purchase stock, cash or some combination of the foregoing. If we issue stock or rights to purchase stock in connection with future acquisitions, net income per share and then-existing holders of our common stock may experience dilution. We rely on the performance of our senior management and highly skilled personnel, and if we are unable to attract, retain and motivate well-qualified employees, our business and results of operations could be harmed. We believe our success has depended, and continues to depend, on the efforts and talents of our senior management and key personnel. Our future success depends on our continuing ability to attract, develop, motivate and retain highly qualified and skilled employees. Qualified individuals are in high demand, and we may incur significant costs to attract them. In addition, the loss of any of our senior management or key personnel could interrupt our ability to execute our business plan, as such individuals may be difficult to replace. If we do not succeed in attracting well-qualified employees or retaining and motivating existing employees, our business and results of operations could be harmed. If we are unable to increase sales of our solutions to large organizations while mitigating the risks associated with serving such customers, our business, financial position and results of operations may suffer. Our growth strategy is dependent, in part, upon increasing sales of our solutions to large enterprises and governments. Sales to large customers involve risks that may not be present (or that are present to a lesser extent) with sales to smaller entities. These risks include: • • • • • • increased purchasing power and leverage held by large customers in negotiating contractual arrangements with us; more stringent and complicated implementation processes, including stricter implementation deadlines and penalties for any failure to meet such deadlines; more stringent or costly requirements imposed upon us in our support service contracts with such customers, including stricter support response times and penalties for any failure to meet support requirements; longer sales cycles and the associated risk that substantial time and resources may be spent on a potential customer that ultimately elects not to purchase our platform or purchases less than we hoped; closer relationships with, and dependence upon, large technology companies who offer competitive products; and more pressure for discounts and write-offs. In addition, because security breaches with respect to larger, high-profile enterprises are likely to be heavily publicized, there is increased reputational risk associated with serving such customers. If we are unable to increase sales of our offerings to large enterprise and government customers while mitigating the risks associated with serving such customers, our business, financial position and results of operations may suffer. 29 Our revenue growth will depend in part on the success of our efforts to augment our direct-sales channels by developing relationships with third parties. We rely largely on the direct-sales model to market our platform. In order to continue to build our business, we plan to continue to develop partnerships to support our sales efforts through referrals and co-selling arrangements. Our efforts to develop relationships with partners are still at an early stage, we have generated limited revenue through these relationships to date, and we cannot assure you that we will be able to develop and maintain successful partnerships or that these partners will be successful in marketing and selling our platform or solutions based upon our platform. Identifying partners, negotiating and supporting relationships with them and maintaining relationships requires a significant commitment of time and resources that may not yield a significant return on our investment. We expect that our partners will have only limited commitments to dedicate resources to marketing and promoting our solutions. In addition, our competitors may be more effective in providing incentives to our partners or prospective partners to favor their products or services over our solutions. If we are unsuccessful in establishing or maintaining our relationships with partners, or if these partners are unsuccessful in marketing or selling our solutions or are unable or unwilling to devote sufficient resources to these activities, our ability to compete in the marketplace or to grow our revenue could be impaired and our operating results may suffer. Further, new or emerging technologies, technological trends or changes in customer requirements may result in certain third parties de-emphasizing their dealings with us or becoming potential competitors in the future. Uncertain or weakened global economic conditions may adversely affect our industry, business and results of operations. Our overall performance depends on domestic and worldwide economic conditions, which may remain challenging for the foreseeable future. Financial developments seemingly unrelated to us or to our industry may adversely affect us and our planned international expansion. The U.S. economy and other key international economies have been impacted by threatened sovereign defaults and ratings downgrades, falling demand for a variety of goods and services, restricted credit, threats to major multinational companies, poor liquidity, reduced corporate profitability, volatility in credit, equity and foreign exchange markets, bankruptcies and overall uncertainty. These conditions affect the rate of information technology spending and could adversely affect our customers’ ability or willingness to purchase our applications and services, delay prospective customers’ purchasing decisions, reduce the value or duration of their subscriptions or affect renewal rates, any of which could adversely affect our operating results. We cannot predict the timing, strength or duration of the economic recovery or any subsequent economic slowdown worldwide, in the United States, or in our industry. Any future litigation against us could be costly and time-consuming to defend. We have in the past and may in the future become subject, from time to time, to legal proceedings and claims that arise in the ordinary course of business such as claims brought by our customers in connection with commercial disputes or employment claims made by our current or former employees. Litigation might result in substantial costs and may divert management’s attention and resources, which might seriously harm our business, overall financial condition and operating results. Insurance might not cover such claims, might not provide sufficient payments to cover all the costs to resolve one or more such claims and might not continue to be available on terms acceptable to us. A claim brought against us that is uninsured or underinsured could result in unanticipated costs, thereby reducing our operating results and leading analysts or potential investors to reduce their expectations of our performance, which could reduce the trading price of our stock. 30 Because our long-term growth strategy involves further expansion of our sales to customers outside the United States, our business will be susceptible to risks associated with international operations. A component of our growth strategy involves the further expansion of our operations and customer base internationally. We opened our first international office in Beijing, China in April 2012 and subsequently opened an office in Windsor, England in September 2012 as part of our geographic expansion. In March 2014, we acquired Vocal Limited, a mass notification company based in Colchester, England. In December 2016, we acquired Svensk Krisledning AB, a SaaS mobile crisis management company based in Norsborg, Sweden. In April 2018, we acquired Unified Messaging Systems ASA, a critical communication and population alerting systems company based in Oslo, Norway. In May 2018, we acquired Respond B.V., a critical communication solutions company based in the Netherlands. In February 2020, we acquired CNL Software Limited, a global provider of physical security information management platform software based in Camberley, United Kingdom. For the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, approximately 22% and 19% of our revenue, respectively, was derived from customers located outside of the United States. We intend to further expand our local presence in regions such as Europe, the Middle East and Asia. Our current international operations and future initiatives will involve a variety of risks, including: • • • • • • • • • • • • • • currency exchange rate fluctuations and the resulting effect on our revenue and expenses, and the cost and risk of entering into hedging transactions if we chose to do so in the future; economic or political instability in foreign markets; greater difficulty in enforcing contracts, accounts receivable collection and longer collection periods; more stringent regulations relating to technology, including with respect to privacy, data security and the unauthorized use of, access to, or deletion of commercial and personal information, particularly in the European Union; difficulties in maintaining our company culture with a dispersed and distant workforce; unexpected changes in regulatory requirements, taxes or trade laws; differing labor regulations, especially in the European Union, where labor laws are generally more advantageous to employees as compared to the United States, including deemed hourly wage and overtime regulations in these locations; challenges inherent in efficiently managing an increased number of employees over large geographic distances, including the need to implement appropriate systems, policies, benefits and compliance programs; difficulties in managing a business in new markets with diverse cultures, languages, customs, legal systems, alternative dispute systems and regulatory systems; limitations on our ability to reinvest earnings from operations in one country to fund the capital needs of our operations in other countries; limited or insufficient intellectual property protection; political instability or terrorist activities; likelihood of potential or actual violations of domestic and international anticorruption laws, such as the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and the U.K. Bribery Act, or of U.S. and international export control and sanctions regulations, which likelihood may increase with an increase of sales or operations in foreign jurisdictions and operations in certain industries; and adverse tax burdens and foreign exchange controls that could make it difficult to repatriate earnings and cash. Our limited experience in operating our business internationally increases the risk that any potential future expansion efforts that we may undertake will not be successful. If we invest substantial time and resources to expand our international operations and are unable to do so successfully and in a timely manner, our business and operating results will suffer. We continue to implement policies and procedures to facilitate our compliance with U.S. laws and regulations applicable to or arising from our international business. Inadequacies in our past or current compliance practices may increase the risk of inadvertent violations of such laws and regulations, which could lead to financial and other penalties that could damage our reputation and impose costs on us. 31 Our business, including the sales of our products and professional services by us and our channel partners, may be subject to foreign governmental regulations, which vary substantially from country to country and change from time to time. Our failure, or the failure by our channel partners, to comply with these regulations could adversely affect our business. Further, in many foreign countries it is common for others to engage in business practices that are prohibited by our internal policies and procedures or U.S. regulations applicable to us. Although we have implemented policies and procedures designed to comply with these laws and policies, there can be no assurance that our employees, contractors, channel partners and agents have complied, or will comply, with these laws and policies. Violations of laws or key control policies by our employees, contractors, channel partners or agents could result in delays in revenue recognition, financial reporting misstatements, fines, penalties or the prohibition of the importation or exportation of our products and could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. If we are unable to successfully manage the challenges of international expansion and operations, our business and operating results could be adversely affected. We are also monitoring developments related to the United Kingdom’s departure from the European Union on January 31, 2020, commonly referred to as “Brexit.” Brexit could have significant implications for our business and could lead to economic and legal uncertainty, including significant volatility in global stock markets and currency exchange rates, and differing laws and regulations as the United Kingdom determines which European Union laws to replace or replicate. Any of these effects of Brexit, among others, could adversely affect our operations in the United Kingdom and our financial results. If we cannot maintain our company culture as we grow, our success and our business may be harmed. We believe our culture has been a key contributor to our success to-date and that the critical nature of the solutions that we provide promotes a sense of greater purpose and fulfillment in our employees. We have invested in building a strong corporate culture and believe it is one of our most important and sustainable sources of competitive advantage. Any failure to preserve our culture could negatively affect our ability to retain and recruit personnel and to effectively focus on and pursue our corporate objectives. As we grow and develop the infrastructure of a public company, we may find it difficult to maintain these important aspects of our company culture. If we fail to maintain our company culture, our business may be adversely impacted. We may be subject to additional obligations to collect and remit sales tax and other taxes, and we may be subject to tax liability for past sales, which could harm our business. State, local and foreign jurisdictions have differing rules and regulations governing sales, use, value added and other taxes, and these rules and regulations are subject to varying interpretations that may change over time. Further, these jurisdictions’ rules regarding tax nexus are complex and vary significantly. If one or more jurisdictions were to assert that we have failed to collect taxes for sales of applications that leverage our platform, we could face the possibility of tax assessments and audits. A successful assertion that we should be collecting additional sales, use, value added or other taxes in those jurisdictions where we have not historically done so and do not accrue for such taxes could result in substantial tax liabilities and related penalties for past sales or otherwise harm our business and operating results. We face exposure to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations. As our international operations expand, our exposure to the effects of fluctuations in currency exchange rates grows. While we have primarily transacted with customers and vendors in U.S. dollars historically, we expect to continue to expand the number of transactions with our customers that are denominated in foreign currencies in the future. Fluctuations in the value of the U.S. dollar and foreign currencies may make our subscriptions more expensive for international customers, which could harm our business. Additionally, we incur expenses for employee compensation and other operating expenses at our non-U.S. locations in the local currency for such locations. Fluctuations in the exchange rates between the U.S. dollar and other currencies could result in an increase to the U.S. dollar equivalent of such expenses. These fluctuations could cause our results of operations to differ from our expectations or the expectations of our investors. Additionally, such foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations could make it more difficult to detect underlying trends in our business and results of operations. 32 We do not currently maintain a program to hedge transactional exposures in foreign currencies. However, in the future, we may use derivative instruments, such as foreign currency forward and option contracts, to hedge certain exposures to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. The use of such hedging activities may not offset any or more than a portion of the adverse financial effects of unfavorable movements in foreign exchange rates over the limited time the hedges are in place. Moreover, the use of hedging instruments may introduce additional risks if we are unable to structure effective hedges with such instruments. Our ability to raise capital in the future may be limited, and our failure to raise capital when needed could prevent us from growing. Our business and operations may consume resources faster than we anticipate. In the future, we may need to raise additional funds to invest in future growth opportunities. Additional financing may not be available on favorable terms, if at all. If adequate funds are not available on acceptable terms, we may be unable to invest in future growth opportunities, which could seriously harm our business and operating results. If we incur debt, the debt holders would have rights senior to common stockholders to make claims on our assets, and the terms of any debt could restrict our operations, including our ability to pay dividends on our common stock. Furthermore, if we issue equity securities, stockholders will experience dilution, and the new equity securities could have rights senior to those of our common stock. Because our decision to issue securities in any future offering will depend on market conditions and other factors beyond our control, we cannot predict or estimate the amount, timing or nature of our future offerings. As a result, our stockholders bear the risk of our future securities offerings reducing the market price of our common stock and diluting their interest. We issued convertible notes that have rights senior to our common stock. In December 2019, we issued $450 million aggregate principal amount of 2024 Notes, which will mature on December 15, 2024, unless earlier redeemed or repurchased by us or converted by the holder pursuant to their terms. In November 2017, we issued $115 million aggregate principal amount of 2022 Notes, which will mature on November 1, 2022, unless earlier redeemed or repurchased by us or converted by the holder pursuant to their terms. In connection with the issuance of the 2024 Notes, we paid $57.8 million to repurchase $23.0 million in aggregate principal amount of the 2022 Notes. The 2024 Notes and 2022 Notes rank senior in right of payment to our common stock and any of our indebtedness that is expressly subordinated in right of payment to the 2024 Notes and 2022 Notes; equal in right of payment to any of our liabilities that are not so subordinated (including to the 2022 Notes, in the case of the 2024 Notes, and to the 2024 Notes, in the case of the 2022 Notes); effectively junior in right of payment to any of our secured indebtedness, to the extent of the value of the assets securing such indebtedness; and structurally junior to all indebtedness and other liabilities (including trade payables) of our subsidiaries. In the event of our bankruptcy, liquidation, reorganization or other winding up, our assets that secure debt ranking senior or equal in right of payment to the 2024 Notes and 2022 Notes will be available to pay obligations on the 2024 Notes and 2022 Notes only after the secured debt has been repaid in full from these assets, and our assets will be available to pay common stockholders only after all debt obligations have been repaid. There may not be sufficient assets remaining to pay amounts due on any or all of the 2024 Notes and 2022 Notes then outstanding or any or all shares of our common stock then outstanding. Servicing our debt requires a significant amount of cash, and we may not have sufficient cash flow from our business to pay our substantial debt. Our ability to make scheduled payments of the principal of, to pay interest on or to refinance our indebtedness, including the 2024 Notes and 2022 Notes, depends on our future performance, which is subject to economic, financial, competitive and other factors beyond our control. Our business may not continue to generate cash flow from operations in the future sufficient to service our debt and make necessary capital expenditures. If we are unable to generate such cash flow, we may be required to adopt one or more alternatives, such as selling assets, restructuring debt or obtaining additional equity capital on terms that may be onerous or highly dilutive. Our ability to refinance our indebtedness will depend on the capital markets and our financial condition at such time. We may not be able to engage in any of these activities or engage in these activities on desirable terms, which could result in a default on our debt obligations. 33 As of December 31, 2019, we had $542 million (undiscounted) principal amount of indebtedness under the 2024 Notes and 2022 Notes. Our indebtedness may: • • • • • • limit our ability to borrow additional funds for working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions or other general business purposes; limit our ability to use our cash flow or obtain additional financing for future working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions or other general business purposes; require us to use a substantial portion of our cash flow from operations to make debt service payments; limit our flexibility to plan for, or react to, changes in our business and industry; place us at a competitive disadvantage compared to our less leveraged competitors; and increase our vulnerability to the impact of adverse economic and industry conditions. In addition, any future indebtedness that we may incur may contain financial and other restrictive covenants that limit our ability to operate our business, raise capital or make payments under our other indebtedness. If we fail to comply with these covenants or to make payments under our indebtedness when due, then we would be in default under that indebtedness, which could, in turn, result in that and our other indebtedness becoming immediately payable in full. The accounting method for convertible debt securities that may be settled in cash, such as the 2024 Notes and 2022 Notes, could have a material effect on our reported financial results. In May 2008, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued FASB Staff Position No. APB 14-1, Accounting for Convertible Debt Instruments That May Be Settled in Cash Upon Conversion (Including Partial Cash Settlement), which has subsequently been codified as Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 470-20, Debt with Conversion and Other Options. Under ASC 470-20, an entity must separately account for the liability and equity components of the convertible debt instruments (such as the 2024 Notes and 2022 Notes) that may be settled entirely or partially in cash upon conversion in a manner that reflects the issuer’s economic interest cost. The effect of ASC 470-20 on the accounting for the 2024 Notes and 2022 Notes is that the equity component is required to be included in the additional paid-in capital section of stockholders’ equity on our consolidated balance sheet, and the value of the equity component was treated as original issue discount for purposes of accounting for the debt component of the 2024 Notes and 2022 Notes. As a result, we recorded a greater amount of non-cash interest expense in current periods presented as a result of the amortization of the discounted carrying value of the 2024 Notes and 2022 Notes to their face amount over the term of the 2024 Notes and 2022 Notes. We reported lower net income in our financial results because ASC 470-20 requires interest to include both the current period’s amortization of the debt discount and the instrument’s coupon interest, which could adversely affect our reported or future financial results, the trading price of our common stock and the trading price of the 2024 Notes and 2022 Notes. The conditional conversion feature of the 2024 Notes and 2022 Notes, may adversely affect our financial condition and operating results. In the event the conditional conversion feature of the 2024 Notes or the 2022 Notes is triggered, holders of the 2024 Notes or the 2022 Notes, as the case may be, will be entitled to convert the 2024 Notes or the 2022 Notes at any time during specified periods at their option. Based on the market price of our common stock during the 30 trading days preceding June 30, 2018, the 2022 Notes are convertible at the option of the debt holder as of September 30, 2018 and continue to be convertible at the option of the debt holder as of December 31, 2019. 2024 Notes were not convertible during the year ended December 31, 2019, but will be convertible under certain circumstances. If one or more holders elect to convert their 2022 Notes or their 2024 Notes, as the case may be, unless we elect to satisfy our conversion obligation by delivering solely shares of our common stock (other than paying cash in lieu of delivering any fractional share), we would be required to settle a portion or all of our conversion obligation through the payment of cash, which could adversely affect our liquidity. In addition, even if holders do not elect to convert their 2022 Notes or their 2024 Notes, as the case may be, we could be required under applicable accounting rules to reclassify all or a portion of the outstanding principal of the 2022 Notes or the 2024 notes, as applicable, as a current rather than long-term liability, which would result in a material reduction of our net working capital. 34 Our sales cycle can be unpredictable, time-consuming and costly, which could harm our business and operating results. Our sales process involves educating prospective customers and existing customers about the use, technical capabilities and benefits of our platform and applications. Prospective customers, especially larger organizations, often undertake a prolonged evaluation process, which typically involves not only our solutions, but also those of our competitors and lasts from four to nine months or longer. We may spend substantial time, effort and money on our sales and marketing efforts without any assurance that our efforts will produce any sales. Events affecting our customers’ businesses may occur during the sales cycle that could affect the size or timing of a purchase, contributing to more unpredictability in our business and operating results. As a result of these factors, we may face greater costs, longer sales cycles and less predictability in the future. Our ability to use our net operating losses to offset future taxable income may be subject to certain limitations. As of December 31, 2019, we had federal and state net operating loss carryforwards (“NOL”s) of $165.0 million and $134.3 million, respectively, due to prior period losses, which expire in various years beginning in 2026 if not utilized. In general, under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code, a corporation that undergoes an “ownership change” is subject to limitations on its ability to utilize its NOLs to offset future taxable income. Our existing NOLs may be subject to limitations arising from previous ownership changes. Future changes in our stock ownership, some of which are outside of our control, could result in an ownership change. There is also a risk that due to regulatory changes, such as suspensions on the use of NOLs, or other unforeseen reasons, our existing NOLs could expire or otherwise be unavailable to offset future income tax liabilities. We completed a Section 382 study for the period through March 31, 2019 and determined that a Section 382 ownership change occurred on December 31, 2017 subjecting all pre-Tax Act losses to a utilization limitation. The Company also has $9.0 million of net operating loss carryovers from the acquisition of MissionMode which are subject to limitations under Section 382. Additionally, state NOLs generated in one state cannot be used to offset income generated in another state. For these reasons, we may not be able to realize a tax benefit from the use of our NOLs, whether or not we attain profitability. Changes in our effective tax rate or tax liability may have an adverse effect on our results of operations Our effective tax rate could be adversely impacted by several factors, including: • • • • • • Changes in the relative amounts of income before taxes in the various jurisdictions in which we operate that have differing statutory tax rates; Changes in tax laws, tax treaties and regulations or the interpretation of them; Changes to our assessment about the realizability of our deferred tax assets that are based on estimates of our future results, the prudence and feasibility of possible tax planning strategies, and the economic and political environments in which we do business; The outcome of current and future tax audits, examinations or administrative appeals; Changes in generally accepted accounting principles that affect the accounting for taxes; and Limitations or adverse findings regarding our ability to do business in some jurisdictions. We may have additional tax liabilities We are subject to income taxes in the U.S. and many foreign jurisdictions and are commonly audited by various tax authorities. In the ordinary course of our business, there are many transactions and calculations where the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. Significant judgment is required in determining our worldwide provision for income taxes. Although we believe our tax estimates are reasonable, the final determination of tax audits and any related litigation could be materially different from our historical income tax provisions and accruals. The results of an audit or litigation could have a material effect on our financial statements in the period or periods for which that determination is made. 35 Tax laws or regulations could be enacted or changed and existing tax laws or regulations could be applied to us or to our customers in a manner that could increase the costs of our software solutions and adversely impact our operating results. The application of federal, state, local and foreign tax laws to services provided electronically is continuously evolving. New income, sales, use or other tax laws, statutes, rules, regulations or ordinances could be enacted or amended at any time, possibly with retroactive effect, and could be applied solely or disproportionately to services provided over the Internet. These enactments or amendments could adversely affect our sales activity due to the inherent cost increase the taxes would represent and could ultimately result in a negative impact on our operating results. In addition, existing tax laws, statutes, rules, regulations or ordinances could be interpreted, modified or applied adversely to us, possibly with retroactive effect, which could require us or our customers to pay additional tax amounts, as well as require us or our customers to pay fines or penalties, as well as interest on past amounts. If we are unsuccessful in collecting such taxes due from our customers, we could be held liable for such costs, thereby adversely impacting our operating results. Our business is subject to the risks of earthquakes, fires, floods and other natural catastrophic events and to interruption by man-made problems such as cyber incidents or terrorism. Our business and operations are vulnerable to damage or interruption from earthquakes, fires, floods, power losses, telecommunications failures, terrorist attacks, acts of war, human errors, break-ins and similar events affecting us or third-party vendors we rely on, any of which could have a material adverse impact on our business, operating results and financial condition. Acts of terrorism, which may be targeted at metropolitan areas that have higher population density than rural areas, could cause disruptions in our or our customers’ businesses or the economy as a whole. Our servers and those of our third-party vendors may also be vulnerable to cyber incidents, break-ins and similar disruptions from unauthorized tampering with our computer systems, which could lead to interruptions, delays, loss of critical data or the unauthorized disclosure of confidential customer data. We or our customers may not have sufficient protection or recovery plans in place, and our business interruption insurance may be insufficient to compensate us for losses that may occur. As we rely heavily on our servers, computer and communications systems, that of third parties and the Internet to conduct our business and provide high quality customer service, such disruptions could have an adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial condition. Legislative actions and new accounting pronouncements are likely to impact our future financial position or results of operations. Future changes in financial accounting standards may cause adverse, unexpected revenue fluctuations and affect our financial position or results of operations. New pronouncements and varying interpretations of pronouncements have occurred with frequency in the past and are expected to occur again in the future and as a result we may be required to make changes in our accounting policies. Those changes could adversely affect our reported revenues and expenses, future profitability or financial position. Compliance with new regulations regarding corporate governance and public disclosure may result in additional expenses. For example, in February 2016, the FASB, issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), which replaced previous lease guidance under U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“GAAP”) when it became effective for us on January 1, 2019. ASU 2016-02 requires us to recognize most leases on the balance sheet, while recognition on the statement of operations will remain similar to current lease accounting. The application of existing or future financial accounting standards, particularly those relating to the way we account for revenues and costs, could have a significant impact on our reported results. In addition, compliance with new regulations regarding corporate governance and public disclosure may result in additional expenses. As a result, we intend to invest all reasonably necessary resources to comply with evolving standards, and this investment may result in increased general and administrative expenses and a diversion of management time and attention from business activities to compliance activities. 36 Impairment of goodwill and other intangible assets would result in a decrease in our earnings. Current accounting rules provide that goodwill and other intangible assets with indefinite useful lives may not be amortized but instead must be tested for impairment at least annually. These rules also require that intangible assets with definite useful lives be amortized over their respective estimated useful lives to their estimated residual values, and reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable. We have substantial goodwill and other intangible assets, and we would be required to record a significant charge to earnings in our consolidated financial statements during the period in which any impairment of our goodwill or intangible assets is determined. Any impairment charges or changes to the estimated amortization periods would result in a decrease in our earnings. Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property If we fail to protect our intellectual property and proprietary rights adequately, our business could be harmed. Our future success and competitive position depend in part on our ability to protect our intellectual property and proprietary technologies. To safeguard these rights, we rely on a combination of patent, trademark, copyright and trade secret laws and contractual protections in the United States and other jurisdictions, some of which afford only limited protection. We have numerous issued patents and patent applications pending as of December 31, 2019. We cannot assure you that any patents will issue from any patent applications, that patents that issue from such applications will give us the protection that we seek or that any such patents will not be challenged, invalidated, or circumvented. Any patents that may issue in the future from our pending or future patent applications may not provide sufficiently broad protection and may not be enforceable in actions against alleged infringers. In addition, we have registered the “Everbridge” and “Nixle” names in the United States, and have registered the “Everbridge” name in the European Union. We have registrations and/or pending applications for additional marks in the United States and various other countries; however, we cannot assure you that any future trademark registrations will be issued for pending or future applications or that any registered trademarks will be enforceable or provide adequate protection of our proprietary rights. In order to protect our unpatented proprietary technologies and processes, we rely on trade secret laws and confidentiality agreements with our employees, consultants, vendors and others. Despite our efforts to protect our proprietary technology and trade secrets, unauthorized parties may attempt to misappropriate, reverse engineer or otherwise obtain and use them. In addition, others may independently discover our trade secrets, in which case we would not be able to assert trade secret rights, or develop similar technologies and processes. Further, the contractual provisions that we enter into may not prevent unauthorized use or disclosure of our proprietary technology or intellectual property rights and may not provide an adequate remedy in the event of unauthorized use or disclosure of our proprietary technology or intellectual property rights. Effective trade secret protection may not be available in every country in which our services are available or where we have employees or independent contractors. The loss of trade secret protection could make it easier for third parties to compete with our solutions by copying functionality. In addition, any changes in, or unexpected interpretations of, the trade secret and employment laws in any country in which we operate may compromise our ability to enforce our trade secret and intellectual property rights. Costly and time- consuming litigation could be necessary to enforce and determine the scope of our proprietary rights, and failure to obtain or maintain trade secret protection could adversely affect our competitive business position. In addition, to protect our intellectual property rights, we may be required to spend significant resources to monitor and protect these rights. Litigation brought to protect and enforce our intellectual property rights could be costly, time-consuming and distracting to management and could result in the impairment or loss of portions of our intellectual property. Failure to adequately enforce our intellectual property rights could also result in the impairment or loss of those rights. Furthermore, our efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights may be met with defenses, counterclaims and countersuits attacking the validity and enforceability of our intellectual property rights. Patent, copyright, trademark and trade secret laws offer us only limited protection and the laws of many of the countries in which we sell our services do not protect proprietary rights to the same extent as the United States and Europe. Accordingly, defense of our trademarks and proprietary technology may become an increasingly important issue as we continue to expand our operations and solution development into countries that provide a 37 lower level of intellectual property protection than the United States or Europe. Policing unauthorized use of our intellectual property and technology is difficult and the steps we take may not prevent misappropriation of the intellectual property or technology on which we rely. For example, in the event of inadvertent or malicious disclosure of our proprietary technology, trade secret laws may no longer afford protection to our intellectual property rights in the areas not otherwise covered by patents or copyrights. Accordingly, we may not be able to prevent third parties from infringing upon or misappropriating our intellectual property. We may elect to initiate litigation in the future to enforce or protect our proprietary rights or to determine the validity and scope of the rights of others. That litigation may not be ultimately successful and could result in substantial costs to us, the reduction or loss in intellectual property protection for our technology, the diversion of our management’s attention and harm to our reputation, any of which could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations. Our failure or inability to adequately protect our intellectual property and proprietary rights could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. An assertion by a third party that we are infringing its intellectual property could subject us to costly and time-consuming litigation or expensive licenses that could harm our business and results of operations. Patent and other intellectual property disputes are common in our industry and we have been involved in such disputes from time to time in the ordinary course of our business. Some companies, including some of our competitors, own large numbers of patents, copyrights and trademarks, which they may use to assert claims against us. Third parties may in the future assert claims of infringement, misappropriation or other violations of intellectual property rights against us. They may also assert such claims against our customers whom we typically indemnify against claims that our solution infringes, misappropriates or otherwise violates the intellectual property rights of third parties. As the numbers of products and competitors in our market increase and overlaps occur, claims of infringement, misappropriation and other violations of intellectual property rights may increase. Any claim of infringement, misappropriation or other violation of intellectual property rights by a third party, even those without merit, could cause us to incur substantial costs defending against the claim and could distract our management from our business. As we seek to extend our platform and applications, we could be constrained by the intellectual property rights of others and it may also be more likely that competitors or other third parties will claim that our solutions infringe their proprietary rights. We might not prevail in any intellectual property infringement litigation given the complex technical issues and inherent uncertainties in such litigation. Defending such claims, regardless of their merit, could be time- consuming and distracting to management, result in costly litigation or settlement, cause development delays or require us to enter into royalty or licensing agreements. In addition, we currently have a limited portfolio of issued patents compared to our larger competitors, and therefore may not be able to effectively utilize our intellectual property portfolio to assert defenses or counterclaims in response to patent infringement claims or litigation brought against us by third parties. Further, litigation may involve patent holding companies or other adverse patent owners who have no relevant applications or revenue and against which our potential patents provide no deterrence, and many other potential litigants have the capability to dedicate substantially greater resources to enforce their intellectual property rights and to defend claims that may be brought against them. If our platform or any of our applications exceed the scope of in-bound licenses or violate any third-party proprietary rights, we could be required to withdraw those applications from the market, re-develop those applications or seek to obtain licenses from third parties, which might not be available on reasonable terms or at all. Any efforts to re-develop our platform and our applications, obtain licenses from third parties on favorable terms or license a substitute technology might not be successful and, in any case, might substantially increase our costs and harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. If we were compelled to withdraw any of our applications from the market, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be harmed. 38 We have indemnity obligations to our customers and certain of our channel partners for certain expenses and liabilities resulting from intellectual property infringement claims regarding our platform and our applications, which could force us to incur substantial costs. We have indemnity obligations to our customers and certain of our channel partners for intellectual property infringement claims regarding our platform and our applications. As a result, in the case of infringement claims against these customers and channel partners, we could be required to indemnify them for losses resulting from such claims or to refund amounts they have paid to us. We also expect that some of our channel partners with whom we do not have express contractual obligations to indemnify for intellectual property infringement claims may seek indemnification from us in connection with infringement claims brought against them. We may elect to indemnify these channel partners where we have no contractual obligation to indemnify them and we will evaluate each such request on a case-by-case basis. If a channel partner elects to invest resources in enforcing a claim for indemnification against us, we could incur significant costs disputing it. If we do not succeed in disputing it, we could face substantial liability. We may be subject to damages resulting from claims that our employees or contractors have wrongfully used or disclosed alleged trade secrets of their former employers or other parties. We have in the past and may in the future be subject to claims that employees or contractors, or we, have inadvertently or otherwise used or disclosed trade secrets or other proprietary information of our competitors or other parties. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims. If we fail in defending against such claims, a court could order us to pay substantial damages and prohibit us from using technologies or features that are essential to our solutions, if such technologies or features are found to incorporate or be derived from the trade secrets or other proprietary information of these parties. In addition, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights or personnel. A loss of key personnel or their work product could hamper or prevent our ability to develop, market and support potential solutions or enhancements, which could severely harm our business. Even if we are successful in defending against these claims, such litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management. The use of open source software in our platform and applications may expose us to additional risks and harm our intellectual property. Our platform and some of our applications use or incorporate software that is subject to one or more open source licenses and we may incorporate additional open source software in the future. Open source software is typically freely accessible, usable and modifiable; however, certain open source software licenses require a user who intends to distribute the open source software as a component of the user’s software to disclose publicly part or all of the source code to the user’s software. In addition, certain open source software licenses require the user of such software to make any modifications or derivative works of the open source code available to others on potentially unfavorable terms or at no cost. Use and distribution of open source software may entail greater risks than use of third-party commercial software, as open source licensors generally do not provide warranties or other contractual protections regarding infringement claims or the quality of the code. The terms of many open source licenses to which we are subject have not been interpreted by U.S. or foreign courts, and accordingly there is a risk that those licenses could be construed in a manner that imposes unanticipated conditions or restrictions on our ability to commercialize our platform and applications. In that event, we could be required to seek licenses from third parties in order to continue offering our platform and applications, to re-develop our platform and applications, to discontinue sales of our platform and applications or to release our proprietary software code in source code form under the terms of an open source license, any of which could harm our business. Further, given the nature of open source software, it may be more likely that third parties might assert copyright and other intellectual property infringement claims against us based on our use of these open source software programs. Litigation could be costly for us to defend, have a negative effect on our operating results and financial condition or require us to devote additional research and development resources to change our applications. Although we are not aware of any use of open source software in our platform and applications that would require us to disclose all or a portion of the source code underlying our core applications, it is possible that such use may have inadvertently occurred in deploying our platform and applications, or that persons or entities may claim such disclosure to be required. Disclosing our proprietary source code could allow our competitors to create similar 39 products with lower development effort and time and ultimately could result in a loss of sales for us. Disclosing the source code of our proprietary software could also make it easier for cyber attackers and other third parties to discover vulnerabilities in or to defeat the protections of our products, which could result in our products failing to provide our customers with the security they expect. Any of these events could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial condition. Additionally, if a third-party software provider has incorporated certain types of open source software into software we license from such third party for our platform and applications without our knowledge, we could, under certain circumstances, be required to disclose the source code to our platform and applications. This could harm our intellectual property position and our business, results of operations and financial condition. Risks Related to Government Regulation Failure to comply with governmental laws and regulations could harm our business. Our business is subject to regulation by various federal, state, local and foreign governments. For example, the Telephone Consumer Protection Act of 1991 (“TCPA”), restricts telemarketing and the use of automatic text messages without proper consent. The scope and interpretation of the laws that are or may be applicable to the delivery of text messages are continuously evolving and developing. If we do not comply with these laws or regulations or if we become liable under these laws or regulations due to the failure of our customers to comply with these laws by obtaining proper consent, we could face direct liability. In certain jurisdictions, these regulatory requirements may be more stringent than those in the United States. Noncompliance with applicable regulations or requirements could subject us to investigations, sanctions, enforcement actions, disgorgement of profits, fines, damages, civil and criminal penalties, injunctions or other collateral consequences. If any governmental sanctions are imposed, or if we do not prevail in any possible civil or criminal litigation, our business, results of operations, and financial condition could be materially adversely affected. In addition, responding to any action will likely result in a significant diversion of management’s attention and resources and an increase in professional fees. Enforcement actions and sanctions could harm our business, reputation, results of operations and financial condition. A portion of our revenue is generated by subscriptions sold to governmental entities and heavily regulated organizations, which are subject to a number of challenges and risks. A portion of our revenue is generated by subscriptions sold to government entities. Additionally, many of our current and prospective customers, such as those in the financial services, and healthcare and life sciences industries, are highly regulated and may be required to comply with more stringent regulations in connection with subscribing to and implementing our applications. Selling subscriptions to these entities can be highly competitive, expensive and time consuming, often requiring significant upfront time and expense without any assurance that we will successfully complete a sale. Furthermore, engaging in sales activities to foreign governments introduces additional compliance risks specific to the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, the U.K. Bribery Act and other similar statutory requirements prohibiting bribery and corruption in the jurisdictions in which we operate. Governmental and highly regulated entities often require contract terms that differ from our standard arrangements. For example, the federal government provides grants to certain state and local governments for our applications and if such governmental entities do not continue to receive these grants, they have the ability to terminate their contracts without penalty. Governmental and highly regulated entities impose compliance requirements that are complicated, require preferential pricing or “most favored nation” terms and conditions, or are otherwise time consuming and expensive to satisfy. If we undertake to meet special standards or requirements and do not meet them, we could be subject to increased liability from our customers or regulators. Even if we do meet these special standards or requirements, the additional costs associated with providing our applications to government and highly regulated customers could harm our margins. Moreover, changes in the underlying regulatory conditions that affect these types of customers could harm our ability to efficiently provide our applications to them and to grow or maintain our customer base. Governmental demand and payment for our applications may also be impacted by public sector budgetary cycles and funding authorizations, with funding reductions or delays adversely affecting public sector demand for our solutions. 40 We are subject to governmental regulation and other legal obligations, particularly related to privacy, data protection and information security, and our actual or perceived failure to comply with such obligations could harm our business. Compliance with such laws could also impair our efforts to maintain and expand our customer base, and thereby decrease our revenue. Our handling and storage of data is subject to a variety of laws and regulations, including regulation by various government agencies, including the U.S. Federal Trade Commission (“FTC”), and various state, local and foreign agencies. We collect personally identifiable information and other data directly from our customers and through our channel partners. We also process or otherwise handle personally identifiable information about our customers’ employees, customers and constituents in certain circumstances. We use this information to provide applications to our customers and to support, expand and improve our business. We may also share customers’ personally identifiable information with third parties as described in our privacy policy and/or as otherwise authorized by our customers. The U.S. federal and various state and foreign governments have adopted or proposed legislation that regulates the collection, distribution, use and storage of personal information of individuals and that mandates security requirements with respect to certain personally identifiable information. In the United States, the FTC and numerous state attorneys general are imposing standards for the online collection, distribution, use and storage of data by applying federal and state consumer protection laws. The lack of a clear and universal standard for protecting such information means, however, that these obligations may be interpreted and applied in a manner that is inconsistent from one jurisdiction to another and may conflict with other requirements or our practices. Any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with privacy or security laws, policies, legal obligations or industry standards or any security incident that results in the unauthorized release or transfer of sensitive corporate information, personally identifiable information or other customer data may result in governmental enforcement actions, litigation, fines and penalties and/or adverse publicity, and could cause our customers to lose trust in us, which could have an adverse effect on our reputation and business. Some proposed laws or regulations concerning privacy, data protection and information security are in their early stages, and we cannot yet determine how these laws and regulations may be interpreted nor can we determine the impact these proposed laws and regulations, may have on our business. Such proposed laws and regulations may require companies to implement privacy and security policies, permit users to access, correct and delete personal information stored or maintained by such companies, inform individuals of security breaches that affect their personal information, and, in some cases, obtain individuals’ consent to use personal information for certain purposes. In addition, a foreign government could require that any personal information collected in a country not be disseminated outside of that country, and we may not be currently equipped to comply with such a requirement. Our failure to comply with federal, state and international data privacy laws and regulators could harm our ability to successfully operate our business and pursue our business goals. In addition, several foreign countries and governmental bodies, including the European Union and Canada, have regulations governing the collection and use of personal information obtained from their residents, which are often more restrictive than those in the United States. Laws and regulations in these jurisdictions apply broadly to the collection, use, storage, disclosure and security of personal information that identifies or may be used to identify an individual, such as names, email addresses and in some jurisdictions, Internet Protocol, or IP, addresses. Such regulations and laws may be modified and new laws may be enacted in the future. Within the European Union, legislators have adopted the General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”), which went into effect in May 2018. The GDPR includes more stringent operational requirements on entities that process personal data (as compared to existing EU law), including significant penalties for non-compliance, more robust obligations on data processors and data controllers, greater rights for data subjects (potentially requiring significant changes to both our technology and operations), and heavier documentation requirements for data protection compliance programs. Specifically, the GDPR introduces numerous privacy-related changes for companies operating in the EU, including greater control over personal data by data subjects (e.g., the “right to be forgotten”), increased data portability for EU consumers, data breach notification requirements and increased fines. Under the GDPR, fines of up to 20 million euros or up to 4% of the annual global revenue of the noncompliant company, whichever is greater, could be imposed for violations of certain GDPR requirements. The GDPR requirements apply not only to third-party transactions, but also to transfers of information between us and our subsidiaries, including employee information. 41 Further, Brexit could lead to additional legislative and regulatory changes. The United Kingdom Data Protection Act that substantially implements the GDPR became law in May 2018 and was subject to statutory amendments in 2019 that further align it with the GDPR. The development of United Kingdom data protection laws or regulations and regulation of data transfers to and from the United Kingdom in the medium to longer term, however, remain unclear and could impact our ability to sell our products and services to customers in the United Kingdom. California enacted legislation in 2018, the California Consumer Privacy Act (the “CCPA”), that became operative on January 1, 2020. The CCPA requires covered companies to, among other things, provide new disclosures to California consumers, and affords such consumers new abilities to opt-out of certain sales of personal information. The CCPA is the subject of proposed regulations of the California Attorney General that were released on October 10, 2019 but have yet to be finalized. Aspects of the CCPA and its interpretation remain unclear at this time. We cannot fully predict the impact of the CCPA on our business or operations, but it may require us to modify our data processing practices and policies and to incur substantial costs and expenses in an effort to comply. While we have taken steps to mitigate the impact of the GDPR on us, such as implementing standard contractual clauses and self-certifying under the EU-US Privacy Shield, the efficacy and longevity of these mechanisms remains uncertain. Potential or actual legal proceedings could lead to one or both of these mechanisms being declared invalid. Further, despite our ongoing efforts to maintain compliance with the GDPR, we may not be successful either due to various factors within our control (such as limited financial or human resources) or outside our control (such as a lack of vendor cooperation). It’s also possible that local data protection authorities (DPAs) may have different interpretations of the GDPR, leading to potential inconsistencies amongst various EU states. Globally, governments and agencies have adopted and could in the future adopt, modify, apply or enforce laws, policies, regulations, and standards covering user privacy, data security, technologies such as cookies that are used to collect, store and/or process data, marketing online, the use of data to inform marketing, the taxation of products and services, unfair and deceptive practices, and the collection (including the collection of information), use, processing, transfer, storage and/or disclosure of data associated with unique individual internet users. New regulation or legislative actions (or new interpretations of existing laws, regulations or standards) regarding data privacy and security, together with applicable industry standards, may increase the costs of doing business and could have a material adverse impact on our operations. If our privacy or data security measures fail to comply with current or future laws and regulations, we may be subject to litigation, regulatory investigations, fines or other liabilities, as well as negative publicity and a potential loss of business, which could have a material adverse effect on our reputation and business. Moreover, if future laws and regulations limit our customers’ ability to use and share personal information or our ability to store, process and share personal information, demand for our applications could decrease, our costs could increase, and our business, results of operations and financial condition could be harmed. Potential regulatory requirements placed on our applications and content could impose increased costs on us, delay or prevent our introduction of new applications, and impair the function or value of our existing applications. Certain of our existing applications, such as CareConverge, a tailored version of our Secure Messaging application that is designed to comply with HIPAA, are and are likely to continue to be subject to increasing regulatory requirements in a number of ways and as we continue to introduce new applications, we may be subject to additional regulatory requirements and other risks that could be costly and difficult to comply with or that could harm our business. In addition, we market our applications and professional services in certain countries outside of the United States and plan to expand our local presence in regions such as Europe, the Middle East and Asia. If additional legal and/or regulatory requirements are implemented in the foreign countries in which we provide our services, the cost of developing or selling our applications may increase. As these requirements proliferate and as existing legal requirements become subject to new interpretations, we must change or adapt our applications and professional services to comply. Changing regulatory requirements might render certain of our applications obsolete or might block us from accomplishing our work or from developing new applications. This might in turn impose additional costs upon us to comply or to further develop our applications. It might also make introduction of new applications or service types more costly or more time-consuming than we currently anticipate. It might even prevent introduction by us of new applications or cause the continuation of our existing applications or professional services to become unprofitable or impossible. 42 Risks Related to Ownership of Our Common Stock Our stock price may be volatile and you may lose some or all of your investment. The market price of our common stock may be highly volatile and may fluctuate substantially as a result of a variety of factors, some of which are related in complex ways. Our stock price has ranged from an intraday low of $51.79 to an intraday high of $104.22 for the year ended December 31, 2019. Factors that may affect the market price of our common stock include: • • • • • • • • • • • • actual or anticipated fluctuations in our financial condition and operating results; variance in our financial performance from expectations of securities analysts; changes in the prices of our applications; changes in our projected operating and financial results; changes in laws or regulations applicable to our platform and applications; announcements by us or our competitors of significant business developments, acquisitions or new applications; our involvement in any litigation; our sale of our common stock or other securities in the future; changes in senior management or key personnel; trading volume of our common stock; changes in the anticipated future size and growth rate of our market; and general economic, regulatory and market conditions. Recently, the stock markets have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have affected and continue to affect the market prices of equity securities of many companies. These fluctuations have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of those companies. Broad market and industry fluctuations, as well as general economic, political, regulatory and market conditions, may negatively impact the market price of our common stock. In the past, companies that have experienced volatility in the market price of their securities have been subject to securities class action litigation. We may be the target of this type of litigation in the future, which could result in substantial costs and divert our management’s attention. Conversion of the 2024 Notes and 2022 Notes will dilute the ownership interest of existing stockholders, including holders who had previously converted their Notes, or may otherwise depress the price of our common stock. The conversion of some or all of the convertible 2024 Notes and 2022 Notes will dilute the ownership interests of existing stockholders to the extent we deliver shares upon conversion of any of the 2024 Notes and 2022 Notes. Based on the market price of our common stock during the 30 trading days preceding June 30, 2018, the 2022 Notes are convertible at the option of the debt holder as of September 30, 2018 and continue to be convertible at the option of the debt holder as of December 31, 2019. The 2024 Notes were not convertible during the year ended December 31, 2019. Any sales in the public market of the common stock issuable upon such conversion could adversely affect prevailing market prices of our common stock. In addition, the existence of the 2024 Notes and 2022 Notes may encourage short selling by market participants because the conversion of the 2024 Notes and 2022 Notes could be used to satisfy short positions, or anticipated conversion of the 2024 Notes and 2022 Notes into shares of our common stock could depress the price of our common stock. 43 The capped call transactions entered into when we issued the convertible notes may affect the value of our common stock. In connection with the issuances of the 2024 Notes and 2022 Notes, we entered into capped call transactions with the respective option counterparties. The capped call transactions are expected generally to reduce the potential dilution upon conversion of the 2024 Notes and 2022 Notes and/or offset any cash payments we are required to make in excess of the principal amount of converted 2024 Notes and 2022 Notes, as the case may be, with such reduction and/or offset subject to a cap. In connection with establishing their initial hedges of the capped call transactions, the option counterparties or their respective affiliates entered into various derivative transactions with respect to our common stock concurrently with or shortly after the pricing of the 2024 Notes and 2022 Notes. The option counterparties or their respective affiliates may modify their hedge positions by entering into or unwinding derivatives with respect to our common stock and/or purchasing or selling our common stock or other securities of ours in secondary market transactions prior to the maturity of the 2024 Notes and 2022 Notes (and are likely to do so during any observation period related to a conversion of 2024 Notes and 2022 Notes). This activity could cause or avoid an increase or a decrease in the market price of our common stock. We are obligated to maintain a system of effective internal control over financial reporting and any failure to maintain the adequacy of these internal controls may harm investor confidence in our company and, as a result, the value of our common stock. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 requires that we maintain effective internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures. We are required, pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, to furnish a report by management on, among other things, the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. This assessment includes disclosure of any material weaknesses identified by our management in our internal control over financial reporting. Our compliance with Section 404 necessitates that we incur substantial accounting expense and expend significant management efforts. We will continue to dedicate internal resources, engage outside consultants and adopt a detailed work plan to assess and document the adequacy of internal control over financial reporting, continue steps to improve control processes as appropriate, validate through testing that controls are functioning as documented and implement a continuous reporting and improvement process for internal control over financial reporting and to compile the system and process documentation necessary to perform the evaluation needed to comply with Section 404. However, we cannot assure you that our independent registered public accounting firm will be able to attest to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. We may not be able to remediate any material weaknesses that may be identified, or to complete our evaluation, testing and any required remediation in a timely fashion and our independent registered public accounting firm may issue a report that is adverse in the event it is not satisfied with the level at which our controls are documented, designed or operating. Any failure to maintain adequate internal controls over financial reporting could severely inhibit our ability to accurately report our financial condition or results of operations. If we are unable to assert that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, or if our auditors are unable to express an opinion on the effectiveness of our internal controls when they are required to issue such opinion, investors could lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports, the market price of our common stock could decline, and we could be subject to sanctions or investigations by the Nasdaq Stock Market, the SEC or other regulatory authorities. Failure to remedy any material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting, or to implement or maintain other effective control systems required of public companies, could also restrict our future access to the capital markets. If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about our business, or if they issue an adverse or misleading opinion regarding our stock, our stock price and trading volume could decline. The trading market for our common stock will be influenced by the research and reports that industry or securities analysts publish about us or our business. We do not have any control over these analysts. If any of the analysts who cover us issue an adverse or misleading opinion regarding us, our business model, our intellectual property or our stock performance, or if operating results fail to meet the expectations of analysts, our stock price would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of us or fail to publish reports on us regularly, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which in turn could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline. 44 We do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future, and accordingly, stockholders must rely on stock appreciation for any return on their investment. We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our common stock and do not intend to pay any cash dividends to holders of our common stock in the foreseeable future. As a result, capital appreciation, if any, of our common stock will be your sole source of gain for the foreseeable future. Anti-takeover provisions in our charter documents and under Delaware law could make an acquisition of us more difficult, limit attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management and limit the market price of our common stock. Provisions in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and our amended and restated bylaws may have the effect of delaying or preventing a change in control or changes in our management. Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws include provisions that: • • • • • • • authorize our board of directors to issue preferred stock, without further stockholder action and with voting liquidation, dividend and other rights superior to our common stock; require that any action to be taken by our stockholders be affected at a duly called annual or special meeting and not by written consent, and limit the ability of our stockholders to call special meetings; establish an advance notice procedure for stockholder proposals to be brought before an annual meeting, including proposed nominations of persons for director nominees; establish that our board of directors is divided into three classes, with directors in each class serving three-year staggered terms; require the approval of holders of two-thirds of the shares entitled to vote at an election of directors to adopt, amend or repeal our bylaws or amend or repeal the provisions of our certificate of incorporation regarding the election and removal of directors and the ability of stockholders to take action by written consent or call a special meeting; prohibit cumulative voting in the election of directors; and provide that vacancies on our board of directors may be filled only by the vote of a majority of directors then in office, even though less than a quorum. These provisions may frustrate or prevent any attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management by making it more difficult for stockholders to replace members of our board of directors, which is responsible for appointing the members of our management. In addition, because we are incorporated in Delaware, we are governed by the provisions of Section 203 of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware, which generally prohibits a Delaware corporation from engaging in any of a broad range of business combinations with any “interested” stockholder for a period of three years following the date on which the stockholder became an “interested” stockholder. Any of the foregoing provisions could limit the price that investors might be willing to pay in the future for shares of our common stock, and they could deter potential acquirers of our company, thereby reducing the likelihood that you would receive a premium for your common stock in an acquisition. Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation designates the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware as the exclusive forum for certain litigation that may be initiated by our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us. Pursuant to our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware is the sole and exclusive forum for (1) any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf, (2) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any of our directors, officers or other employees to us or our stockholders, (3) any action asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of the Delaware General Corporation Law, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation or our amended and restated bylaws, or (4) any action asserting a claim governed by the internal affairs doctrine. Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation further provides that any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in shares of our common stock is deemed to have notice of and consented to the foregoing provision. The forum selection clause in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation may limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us. 45 Future sales of our common stock in the public market could cause our share price to decline. Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market, or the perception that these sales might occur, could depress the market price of our common stock and could impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of additional equity securities. We are unable to predict the effect that sales, particularly sales by our directors, executive officers and significant stockholders, may have on the prevailing market price of our common stock. Additionally, the shares of common stock subject to outstanding options under our equity incentive plans and the shares reserved for future issuance under our equity incentive plans, as well as shares issuable upon vesting of restricted stock awards, will become eligible for sale in the public market in the future, subject to certain legal and contractual limitations. In addition, in the future, we may issue common stock or other securities if we need to raise additional capital. The number of new shares of our common stock issued in connection with raising additional capital could constitute a material portion of our then-outstanding shares of our common stock. Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments. None Item 2. Properties. Our principal executive offices are located in Burlington, Massachusetts, where we occupy an approximately 73,500 square-foot facility under a lease expiring on May 31, 2024, and in Pasadena, California, where we occupy an approximately 19,000 square-foot facility under a lease expiring on December 31, 2023. We also have offices in San Francisco, California; Lansing, Michigan; Colchester, United Kingdom; London, United Kingdom; Bangalore, India; McLean, Virginia; Singapore; Beijing, China; Tilburg, the Netherlands; Oslo, Norway; and Norsborg, Sweden. We believe that our current facilities are suitable and adequate to meet our current needs. We intend to add new facilities or expand existing facilities as we add employees, and we believe that suitable additional or substitute space will be available as needed to accommodate any such expansion of our operations. Item 3. Legal Proceedings. From time to time we may become involved in legal proceedings or be subject to claims arising in the ordinary course of our business. We are not presently a party to any legal proceedings that, if determined adversely to us, would individually or taken together have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, financial condition or cash flows. Regardless of the outcome, litigation can have an adverse impact on us because of defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources and other factors. Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures. Not applicable 46 Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities. Market Information Our common stock, is listed on The Nasdaq Global Market under the symbol “EVBG.” PART II As of December 31, 2019, there were 177 holders of record of our common stock. Because many of our shares are held by brokers and other institutions on behalf of stockholders, we are unable to estimate the total number of stockholders represented by these record holders. Stock Performance Graph This section is not “soliciting material,” is not deemed “filed” with the SEC and shall not be deemed incorporated by reference into any of our other filings under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, (the “Securities Act”) whether made before or after the date hereof and irrespective of any general incorporation language in any such filing The following graph compares the cumulative total return for an investment of $100 in our common stock, the S&P 500 Stock Index and the S&P 500 Information Technology Index. Data for the S&P 500 Stock Index and the S&P 500 Information Technology Index assume reinvestment of dividends. The comparisons in the graph below are based upon historical data and are not indicative of, nor intended to forecast, future performance of our common stock. Everbridge, Inc. S&P 500 Stock Index S&P 500 Information Technology Index $ $ $ September 16, 2016 December 31, 2016 December 31, 2017 December 31, 2018 December 31, 2019 100.00 100.00 $ $ 121.00 105.00 $ $ 195.00 $ 125.00 $ 372.00 $ 117.00 $ 512.00 151.00 100.00 $ 102.00 $ 140.00 $ 138.00 $ 204.00 47 Recent Sale of Unregistered Securities On July 29, 2019, we issued 320,998 shares of our common stock to Celerium Group Inc. as partial consideration for our purchase of NC4 Inc. and NC4 Public Sector LLC. The offer, sale and issuance of these shares was deemed to be exempt from registration under the Securities Act in reliance on Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act as a transaction by an issuer not involving a public offering. The recipient of the shares acquired them for investment only and not with a view to or for sale in connection with any distribution thereof and appropriate legends were affixed to these shares. The recipient was an accredited investor within the meaning of Rule 501 of Regulation D under the Securities Act and had adequate access to information about us. No underwriters or placement agents were involved in this transaction. On February 7, 2020, we issued 96,611 shares of our common stock to various persons and entities as partial consideration for our purchase of Connexient, Inc. The offer, sale and issuance of these shares was deemed to be exempt from registration under the Securities Act in reliance on Rule 506 of Regulation D. The recipients of the shares acquired them for investment only and not with a view to or for sale in connection with any distribution thereof and appropriate legends were affixed to these shares. The recipients were all accredited investors within the meaning of Rule 501 of Regulation D under the Securities Act and had adequate access to information about us. No underwriters or placement agents were involved in this transaction. On February 25, 2020, we issued 153,217 shares of our common stock to various persons as partial consideration for our purchase of CNL Software Limited. The offer, sale and issuance of these shares was deemed to be exempt from registration under the Securities Act in reliance on Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act as a transaction by an issuer not involving a public offering. The recipients of the shares acquired them for investment only and not with a view to or for sale in connection with any distribution thereof and appropriate legends were affixed to these shares. The recipients were all accredited investors within the meaning of Rule 501 of Regulation D under the Securities Act and had adequate access to information about us. No underwriters or placement agents were involved in this transaction. Purchase of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers None. Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans Information about securities authorized for issuance under our equity compensation plan is incorporated herein by reference to Item 12 of Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. 48 Item 6. Selected Financial Data. SELECTED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL DATA The following selected historical financial data should be read in conjunction with Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” and our consolidated financial statements and the related notes appearing in Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data,” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K to fully understand the factors that may affect the comparability of the information presented below. The selected consolidated financial data in this section are not intended to replace the consolidated financial statements and are qualified in their entirety by the consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The following selected consolidated statements of operations data for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, and the consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The consolidated statements of operations data for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 and the consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements not included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The selected consolidated financial data for the year ended December 31, 2019 and as of December 31, 2019 reflects the adoption of ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842). The selected consolidated financial data for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 and as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 reflects the adoption of ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. See Notes 15 and 18 of the notes to consolidated financial statements for a summary of adjustments. The summary consolidated financial data for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, 2016 and 2015 and as of December 31, 2018, 2017, 2016 and 2015 does not reflect the adoption of ASU 2016-02. The summary consolidated financial data for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 and as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 does not reflect the adoption of ASU 2014-09. Revenue Cost of revenue(1) Gross profit Operating expenses: Sales and marketing(1) Research and development(1) General and administrative(1) Total operating expenses Operating loss Other expenses, net Loss before income taxes (Provision for) benefit from income taxes Net loss Net loss per share attributable to common shareholders - basic and diluted Weighted average shares outstanding - basic and diluted 2019 Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 (in thousands, except shares and per share data) 2016 $ 200,882 $ 63,535 137,347 147,094 $ 46,810 100,284 104,352 $ 31,503 72,849 76,846 $ 23,767 53,079 87,731 50,024 46,820 184,575 (47,228) (4,597) (51,825) (425) (52,250) $ 69,608 41,305 31,462 142,375 (42,091) (4,628) (46,719) (796) (47,515) $ 46,998 22,241 22,895 92,134 (19,285) (302) (19,587) (47) (19,634) $ 34,847 14,765 14,293 63,905 (10,826) (484) (11,310) 24 (11,286) $ 2015 58,720 19,789 38,931 25,925 11,521 12,272 49,718 (10,787) (599) (11,386) 562 (10,824) (1.58) $ (1.63) $ (0.70) $ (0.68) $ (0.88) 33,161,656 29,107,267 27,862,375 16,659,561 12,257,413 49 $ $ (1) Includes stock-based compensation expense and depreciation and amortization expense as follows: Stock-based compensation expense: Cost of revenue Sales and marketing Research and development General and administrative Total Depreciation and amortization expense: Cost of revenue Sales and marketing Research and development General and administrative Total Consolidated Balance Sheet Data: Cash and cash equivalents Working capital, excluding deferred revenue Total assets Total deferred revenue Total debt Total liabilities Total stockholders’ equity (deficit) $ $ $ $ $ 2019 2018 Year Ended December 31, 2017 (in thousands) 2016 2015 1,966 $ 9,983 7,820 13,720 33,489 $ 2,306 $ 9,282 7,106 7,131 25,825 $ 578 $ 2,419 1,514 4,788 9,299 $ 180 $ 725 348 1,848 3,101 $ 150 315 297 760 1,522 2019 2018 Year Ended December 31, 2017 (in thousands) 2016 2015 9,434 $ 752 502 8,983 19,671 $ 7,741 $ 384 309 5,259 13,693 $ 7,263 $ 304 203 2,437 10,207 $ 6,247 $ 208 265 1,022 7,742 $ 4,457 227 134 1,158 5,976 2019 2018 As of December 31, 2017 (in thousands) 2016 2015 531,575 $ 585,759 837,296 133,466 430,282 616,984 220,312 59,978 $ 135,206 262,180 95,636 94,524 220,022 42,158 102,754 $ 166,589 236,413 73,072 89,481 180,422 55,991 60,765 $ 70,488 108,322 52,634 — 65,970 42,352 8,578 15,160 53,509 40,467 16,970 69,560 (16,051) 50 Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. In addition to historical financial information, the following discussion contains forward-looking statements that reflect our plans, estimates and beliefs. Our actual results could differ materially from those contained in or implied by any forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to these differences include those under “Risk Factors” included in Part I, Item 1A or in other parts of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Overview Everbridge is a global software company that provides enterprise software applications that automate and accelerate organizations’ operational response to critical events in order to keep people safe and businesses running. During public safety threats such as active shooter situations, terrorist attacks or severe weather conditions, as well as critical business events such as IT outages, cyber-attacks or other incidents such as product recalls or supply-chain interruptions, customers rely on our Critical Event Management platform to quickly and reliably aggregate and assess threat data, locate people at risk and responders able to assist, automate the execution of pre-defined communications processes and track progress on executing response plans. Our customers use our platform to identify and assess hundreds of different types of threats to their organizations, people, assets or brand. Our solutions enable organizations to deliver intelligent, contextual messages to, and receive verification of delivery from, hundreds of millions of recipients, across multiple communications modalities such as voice, SMS and e-mail, in over 200 countries and territories, in 22 languages and dialects – all simultaneously. Our Critical Event Management platform is comprised of a comprehensive set of software applications that address the full spectrum of tasks an organization has to perform to manage a critical event, including Mass Notification, Incident Management, Safety Connection, IT Alerting, Visual Command Center, Public Warning, Crisis Management, Community Engagement, Risk Intelligence and Secure Messaging. We believe that our broad suite of integrated, enterprise applications delivered via a single global platform is a significant competitive advantage in the market for Critical Event Management solutions, which we refer to generally as CEM. Our customer base has grown from 867 customers at the end of 2011 to more than 5,000 customers as of December 31, 2019. As of December 31, 2019, our customers were based in 50 countries and included eight of the 10 largest U.S. cities, eight of the 10 largest U.S.-based investment banks, 46 of the 50 busiest North American airports, nine of the 10 largest global consulting firms, seven of the 10 largest global automakers, all four of the largest global accounting firms, nine of the 10 largest U.S.-based health care providers, and six of the 10 largest U.S.-based health insurers. We provide our applications to customers of varying sizes, including enterprises, small businesses, non-profit organizations, educational institutions and governmental agencies. Our customers span a wide variety of industries including technology, energy, financial services, healthcare and life sciences, manufacturing, media and entertainment, retail, higher education and professional services. We sell all of our critical event management applications on a subscription basis. We generally enter into contracts that range from one to three years in length, with an average contract duration of 2.0 years as of December 31, 2019, and generally bill and collect payment annually in advance. We derive most of our revenue from subscriptions to applications. Over 92% of the revenue that we recognized in each of the eight most recently completed quarters was generated from contracts entered into in prior quarters or renewals of those contracts; the balance of the revenue that we recognized in each such quarter was generated from contracts entered into with new customers or new contracts, other than renewals, entered into with existing customers in such quarter. Historically, we derived more than 61% of our revenue in each of the last three fiscal years from sales of our Mass Notification application. Our pricing model is based on the number of applications subscribed to and, per application, the number of people, locations and things connected to our platform as well as the volume of communications. We also offer premium services including data feeds for social media, threat intelligence and weather. We generate additional revenue by expanding the number of applications that our customers subscribe to and the number of contacts and devices connected to our platform. We generated revenue of $200.9 million in 2019, $147.1 million in 2018, $104.4 million in 2017 and $76.8 million in 2016, representing year-over-year increases of 37% in 2019, 41% in 2018 and 36% in 2017. We had net losses of $52.3 million, $47.5 million, $19.6 million and $11.3 million in 2019, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. As of December 31, 2019, and 2018, 23% and 19% of our customers, respectively, were located outside of the United States and these customers generated 22% and 19% of our total revenue for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. 51 We have focused on rapidly growing our business and believe that the future growth of our business is dependent on many factors, including our ability to increase the functionality of our platform and applications, expand our customer base, accelerate adoption of our applications beyond Mass Notification within our existing customer base and expand our international presence. Our future growth will also depend on the growth in the market for critical event management solutions and our ability to effectively compete. In order to further penetrate the market for critical event management solutions and capitalize on what we believe to be a significant opportunity, we intend to continue to invest in research and development, build-out our data center infrastructure and services capabilities and hire additional sales representatives, both domestically and internationally, to drive sales to new customers and incremental sales of new applications to existing customers. Nevertheless, we expect to continue to incur losses in the near term and, if we are unable to achieve our growth objectives, we may not be able to achieve profitability. Recent Developments In April 2019, we acquired all of the issued and outstanding shares of stock of MissionMode Solutions, Inc. (“MissionMode”) for base consideration of $6.8 million. There is also a potential contingent payment of up to $1.0 million that can be earned in addition to the base consideration by the sellers based on successfully converting MissionMode’s customers to our products; however, at December 31, 2019, it was determined to not be probable that MissionMode would meet the threshold to convert MissionMode’s customers to our products. Our acquisition of MissionMode was made primarily to expand our customer base and to a lesser extent to complement some of the existing facets of MissionMode’s business with our existing customers. In July 2019, we entered into a Membership Interest Purchase Agreement with NC4 Inc., NC4 Public Sector LLC, and Celerium Group Inc., pursuant to which we purchased all of the issued and outstanding membership interest of NC4 Inc. and NC4 Public Sector LLC (collectively, “NC4”) for total consideration of approximately $84.5 million. We paid approximately $51.7 million in cash at closing and paid the remaining purchase price with 320,998 newly issued shares of our common stock. On the date of this acquisition, the price of our common stock on the Nasdaq Global Market was $102.18 per share. Our acquisition of NC4 was made primarily to expand our customer base and to a lesser extent to complement some of the existing facets of NC4’s business with our existing products. In December 2019, we issued $450 million aggregate principal amount of 0.125% convertible senior notes due December 15, 2024 (the “2024 Notes”), including $75 million aggregate principal amount of 2024 Notes issued upon exercise in full by the initial purchasers of their option to purchase additional 2024 Notes. The 2024 Notes will mature on December 15, 2024, unless earlier redeemed or repurchased by us or converted by the holder pursuant to their terms. In connection with the issuance of the 2024 Notes, we entered into capped call transactions with certain counterparties affiliated with the initial purchasers and other financial institutions. The cost of the purchased capped calls was $44.9 million. The capped call transactions are expected to reduce potential dilution of earnings per share upon conversion of the 2024 Notes. In connection with the issuance of the 2024 Notes in December 2019, we paid $57.8 million to repurchase $23.0 million in aggregate principal amount of our 1.50% convertible senior notes due November 1, 2022 (the “2022 Notes”). We also partially terminated capped call options entered into in connection with the 2022 Notes during fiscal year 2019 and received $5.8 million. On February 7, 2020, we entered into a Stock Purchase Agreement with Connexient, Inc. (“Connexient”) pursuant to which we purchased all of the issued and outstanding shares of stock of Connexient for a base consideration of $20.5 million. We paid $11.4 million in cash at closing and paid the remaining purchase price with 96,611 newly issued shares of our common stock. In addition to the base purchase price, there is also a potential contingent payment of up to $6.0 million that can be earned in addition to the base consideration by the sellers based on fiscal year 2020 revenue metrics. We acquired Connexient for its strategic technology assets to enhance our CEM suite of solutions to broaden support for Internet of Things (“IoT”) applications. On February 25, 2020, we entered into a Stock Purchase Agreement with CNL Software Limited (“CNL”) for a base consideration of approximately $35.7 million. We paid approximately $19.8 million in cash at closing and paid the remaining purchase price with 153,217 newly issued shares of our common stock. We acquired CNL for its strategic technology assets to enhance our CEM suite of solutions to broaden support for IoT applications. 52 Presentation of Financial Statements Our consolidated financial statements include the accounts of our wholly-owned subsidiaries. Business acquisitions are included in our consolidated financial statements from the date of the acquisition. Our purchase accounting resulted in all assets and liabilities of acquired businesses being recorded at their estimated fair values on the acquisition dates. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. We report our financial results as one operating segment. Our operating results are regularly reviewed on a consolidated basis by our chief executive officer, who is our chief operating decision maker, principally to make strategic decisions regarding how we allocate our resources and to assess our consolidated operating performance. Components of Results of Operations Revenue We derive substantially all of our revenue from the sale of subscriptions to our critical event management and enterprise safety applications. We generally bill and collect payment for our subscriptions annually in advance. All revenue billed in advance of services being delivered is recorded in deferred revenue. The initial subscription period typically ranges from one to three years. We offer varying levels of customer support based on customer needs and the complexity of their businesses, including the level of usage by a customer in terms of minutes or the amount of data used to transmit the notifications. Our pricing model is based on the number of applications subscribed to and, per application, the number of people, locations and things connected to our platform as well as the volume of communications. We also offer premium services including data feeds for social media, threat intelligence and weather. We generate additional revenue by expanding the number of premium features and applications that our customers subscribe to and the number of contacts connected to our platform. We also sell professional services, which primarily consist of fees for deployment and optimization services as well as training. In addition, on occasion we may sell our software and related post contract support for on premise usage which is outside of our core business. These sales have been to a limited number of customers and is not a significant revenue stream for us. Cost of Revenue Cost of revenue includes expenses related to the fulfillment of our subscription services, consisting primarily of employee-related expenses for data center operations and customer support, including salaries, bonuses, benefits and stock-based compensation expense. Cost of revenue also includes hosting costs, messaging costs and depreciation and amortization. As we add data center capacity and support personnel in advance of anticipated growth, our cost of revenue will increase and, if anticipated revenue growth does not occur, our gross profit will be adversely affected. Operating Expenses Operating expenses consist of sales and marketing, research and development and general and administrative expenses. Salaries, bonuses, stock-based compensation expense and other personnel costs are the most significant components of each of these expense categories. We include stock-based compensation expense incurred in connection with the grant of stock options within the applicable operating expense category based on the equity award recipient’s functional area. Sales and Marketing Sales and marketing expense primarily consists of employee-related expenses for sales, marketing and public relations employees, including salaries, bonuses, commissions, benefits and stock-based compensation expense. Sales and marketing expense also includes trade show, market research, advertising and other related external marketing expense as well as office and software related costs to support sales. We defer certain sales commissions related to acquiring new customers or services and amortize these expenses ratably over the period of benefit that we have determined to be four years. Sales commissions attributable to professional services are expensed within 53 twelve months of selling the service to the customer. We plan to continue to expand our sales and marketing functions to grow our customer base and increase sales to existing customers. This growth will include adding sales personnel and expanding our marketing activities to continue to generate additional leads and build brand awareness. In the near term, we expect our sales and marketing expense to increase on an absolute dollar basis as we hire new sales representatives in the United States and worldwide and grow our marketing staff. Research and Development Research and development expense primarily consists of employee-related expenses for research and development staff, including salaries, bonuses, benefits and stock-based compensation expense. Research and development expense also includes the cost of certain third-party services, office related costs to support research and development activities, software subscriptions and hosting costs. We capitalize certain software development costs that are attributable to developing new applications and adding incremental functionality to our platform and amortize these costs over the estimated life of the new application or incremental functionality, which is generally three years. We focus our research and development efforts on improving our applications, developing new applications and delivering new functionality. In the near term, we expect our research and development expense to increase on an absolute dollar basis as we continue to increase the functionality of our platform and applications. General and Administrative General and administrative expense primarily consists of employee-related expenses for administrative, legal, finance and human resource personnel, including salaries, bonuses, benefits and stock-based compensation expense. General and administrative expense also includes professional fees, insurance premiums, corporate expenses, transaction-related costs, office-related expenses, facility costs, depreciation and amortization and software license costs. In the near term, we expect our general and administrative expense to increase on an absolute dollar basis as we incur the costs associated with being a publicly traded company. Interest and Investment Income Interest income consists of interest earned on our cash balances held at financial institutions. Investment income consist of interest earned on our short-term investments which consist of U.S. treasuries, U.S. government agency obligations and money market funds. Interest Expense Interest expense consists of interest on our outstanding debt obligations including amortization of debt discounts and offering costs. Loss on Extinguishment of Convertible Notes Loss on Extinguishment of Convertible Notes relates to the partial extinguishment of our 2022 Notes. Other Income and Expense, Net Other Income and Expense, net consists primarily of realized foreign currency gains and losses. 54 Results of Operations The following tables set forth our results of operations for the periods presented and as a percentage of our total revenue for those periods. The results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2019 and as of December 31, 2019 reflects the adoption of ASU 2016-02, Leases (“Topic 842”). See Notes 2 and 18 of the notes to consolidated financial statements for more information. Financial data for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 and as of December 31, 2018 does not reflect the adoption of Topic 842. The results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 and as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 reflect the adoption of ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers ("Topic 606"). See Notes 2 and 15 of the notes to consolidated financial statements for more information. Financial data for the year ended December 31, 2017 does not reflect the adoption of Topic 606.The period-to-period comparison of our historical results is not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected in the future (in thousands): Revenue Cost of revenue(1) Gross profit Operating expenses: Sales and marketing(1) Research and development(1) General and administrative(1) Total operating expenses Operating loss Other income (expense), net Loss before income taxes Provision for income taxes Net loss 2019 Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 $ 200,882 $ 147,094 $ 63,535 137,347 87,731 50,024 46,820 184,575 (47,228) (4,597) (51,825) (425) (52,250) $ 46,810 100,284 69,608 41,305 31,462 142,375 (42,091) (4,628) (46,719) (796) (47,515) $ $ 104,352 31,503 72,849 46,998 22,241 22,895 92,134 (19,285) (302) (19,587) (47) (19,634) (1) Includes stock-based compensation expense and depreciation and amortization of acquired intangible assets as follows (in thousands): Stock-based compensation expense: Cost of revenue Sales and marketing Research and development General and administrative Total Depreciation and amortization expense: Cost of revenue Sales and marketing Research and development General and administrative Total 2019 Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 1,966 9,983 7,820 13,720 33,489 $ $ 2,306 9,282 7,106 7,131 25,825 2019 Year Ended December 31, 2018 9,434 752 502 8,983 19,671 $ $ 7,741 384 309 5,259 13,693 $ $ $ $ 578 2,419 1,514 4,788 9,299 7,263 304 203 2,437 10,207 2017 $ $ $ $ 55 The following table sets forth our consolidated statements of operations as a percentage of revenue (1): Revenue Cost of revenue Gross profit Operating expenses: Sales and marketing Research and development General and administrative Total operating expenses Operating loss Other income (expense), net Loss before income taxes Provision for income taxes Net loss (1) * Columns may not add up to 100% due to rounding. Represents less than 0.5% of revenue. Year Ended December 31, 2019 Compared to the Year Ended December 31, 2018 2019 Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 100% 32% 68% 44% 25% 23% 92% (24)% (2)% (26)% * (26)% 100% 32% 68% 47% 28% 21% 97% (29)% (3)% (32)% * (32)% 100% 30% 70% 45% 21% 22% 88% (18)% (0)% (19)% * (19)% Revenue Revenue Year Ended December 31, 2018 2019 $ (dollars in thousands) 147,094 $ Change % 53,788 36.6% $ 200,882 $ Revenue increased by $53.8 million in 2019 compared to 2018. The increase was due to a $53.8 million increase in sales of our solutions driven by expansion of our customer base from 4,422 customers as of December 31, 2018 to 5,024 as of December 31, 2019, including increased sales to larger organizations with greater numbers of contacts and locations. Cost of Revenue Cost of revenue Gross margin % Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 Change $ % $ 63,535 $ (dollars in thousands) 46,810 $ 16,725 35.7% 68% 68% Cost of revenue increased by $16.7 million in 2019 compared to 2018. The increase was primarily due to a $9.5 million increase in hosting, software and messaging costs and a $5.7 million increase in employee-related costs, which includes stock-based compensation, associated with our increased headcount from 173 employees as of December 31, 2018 to 238 employees as of December 31, 2019. The remaining increase was principally the result of a $1.7 million increase in depreciation and amortization expense attributable to our acquired intangible assets and a $0.7 million increase attributed to office related expenses to support revenue generating activities. These increases were offset by a $1.0 million increase in capitalized internally developed software costs. Gross margin percentage remained flat in 2019 as compared to 2018. 56 Operating Expenses Sales and Marketing Expense Sales and marketing % of revenue Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 Change $ % $ 87,731 $ (dollars in thousands) 69,608 $ 18,123 26.0% 44% 47% Sales and marketing expense increased by $18.1 million in 2019 compared to 2018. The increase was primarily due to a $15.5 million increase in employee- related costs, which includes stock-based compensation, associated with our increased headcount from 286 employees as of December 31, 2018 to 345 employees as of December 31, 2019. The remaining increase was principally the result of a $1.2 million increase in trade show and advertising costs and a $1.0 million increase attributed to office related expenses to support the sales team. Research and Development Expense Research and development % of revenue Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 Change $ % $ 50,024 $ (dollars in thousands) 41,305 $ 8,719 21.1% 25% 28% Research and development expense increased by $8.7 million in 2019 compared to 2018. The increase was primarily due to a $5.4 million increase in employee-related costs, which includes stock-based compensation, associated with our increased headcount from 229 employees as of December 31, 2018 to 252 employees as of December 31, 2019, a $1.3 million increase in hosting and software related cost to support research and development activities and an increase of $0.4 million in office related expenses to support research and development activities. In addition, a total of $6.5 million of internally-developed software costs during 2019 and $7.7 million of internally-developed software costs during 2018 were capitalized, resulting in an increase of the expense by $1.2 million compared to 2018. General and Administrative Expense General and administrative % of revenue Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 Change $ % $ 46,820 $ (dollars in thousands) 31,462 $ 15,358 48.8% 23% 21% General and administrative expense increased by $15.4 million in 2019 compared to 2018. The increase was primarily due to a $9.8 million increase in employee-related costs, which includes stock-based compensation, associated with our increased headcount from 89 employees as of December 31, 2018 to 113 employees as of December 31, 2019. There was an additional increase of $3.7 million in depreciation and amortization, $0.8 million to support compliance as a public company, a $0.6 million increase in office related expenses to support the administrative team, and an increase of $0.2 million in software subscription costs. Other Income (Expense), Net Other expense, net % of revenue Year Ended December 31, 2018 2019 Change $ % (dollars in thousands) $ 4,597 $ 4,628 $ (31) (0.7)% 2% 3% 57 Other expense, net decreased by $31 thousand in 2019 compared to 2018 as a result of the recognition of a $1.4 million loss on extinguishment related to the partial repurchase of our 2022 Notes and a $1.1 million increase in interest expense related to our convertible senior notes, offset by an increase of $2.7 million of interest income earned on our investment as a result of proceeds invested from our convertible note and common stock offerings. Income Taxes Provision for income taxes % of revenue Year Ended December 31, 2018 2019 Change $ % $ 425 $ 0% (dollars in thousands) 796 $ 1% (371) (46.6)% Income tax expense decreased by $0.4 million in 2019 compared to 2018. The decrease in taxes was primarily related to a reduction in our foreign tax expense. Year Ended December 31, 2018 Compared to the Year Ended December 31, 2017 Revenue Revenue Year Ended December 31, 2017 2018 $ (dollars in thousands) 104,352 $ Change % 42,742 41.0% $ 147,094 $ Revenue increased by $42.7 million in 2018 compared to 2017. The increase was primarily due to a $42.7 million increase in sales of our solutions driven by expansion of our customer base from 3,711 customers as of December 31, 2017 to 4,422 as of December 31, 2018, including increased sales to larger organizations with greater numbers of contacts and locations. Cost of Revenue Cost of revenue Gross margin % Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 Change $ % $ 46,810 $ 68% (dollars in thousands) 31,503 $ 70% 15,307 48.6% Cost of revenue increased by $15.3 million in 2018 compared to 2017. The increase was primarily due to a $7.2 million increase in employee-related costs, which includes stock-based compensation, associated with our increased headcount from 128 employees as of December 31, 2017 to 173 employees as of December 31, 2018. The remaining increase was principally the result of a $7.0 million increase in hosting, software and messaging costs, a $0.6 million increase attributed to office related expenses to support revenue generating activities and a $0.4 million increase in depreciation and amortization expense attributable to our acquired intangible assets. Gross margin percentage decreased due to our continued investment in personnel and infrastructure to support our growth in revenue. 58 Operating Expenses Sales and Marketing Expense Sales and marketing % of revenue Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 Change $ % $ 69,608 $ 47% (dollars in thousands) 46,998 $ 45% 22,610 48.1% Sales and marketing expense increased by $22.6 million in 2018 compared to 2017. The increase was primarily due to a $20.0 million increase in employee- related costs, which includes stock-based compensation, associated with our increased headcount from 215 employees as of December 31, 2017 to 286 employees as of December 31, 2018. The remaining increase was principally the result of a $1.8 million increase in trade show and advertising costs and a $0.8 million increase attributed to office related expenses to support the sales team. The adoption of ASC 606 did not have a material impact on the change in commission expense when compared to year over year. Research and Development Expense Research and development % of revenue Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 Change $ % $ 41,305 $ 28% (dollars in thousands) 22,241 $ 21% 19,064 85.7% Research and development expense increased by $19.1 million in 2018 compared to 2017. The increase was primarily due to a $18.1 million increase in employee-related costs, which includes stock-based compensation, associated with our increased headcount from 159 employees as of December 31, 2017 to 229 employees as of December 31, 2018. The remaining increase was principally the result of a $2.9 million increase in hosting and software related cost to support research and development activities and an increase of $0.3 million in software subscription cost which was offset by a $1.0 million decrease in office related expenses to support research and development activities. A total of $7.8 million of internally-developed software costs during 2018 and $6.3 million of internally-developed software costs during 2017 were capitalized, resulting in a decrease of the expense by $1.4 million compared to 2017. General and Administrative Expense General and administrative % of revenue Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 Change $ % $ 31,462 $ 21% (dollars in thousands) 22,895 $ 22% 8,567 37.4% General and administrative expense increased by $8.6 million in 2018 compared to 2017. The increase was primarily due to a $3.7 million increase in employee-related costs, which includes stock-based compensation, associated with our increased headcount from 79 employees as of December 31, 2017 to 89 employees as of December 31, 2018. There was an additional increase of $2.8 million in depreciation and amortization, an increase of $1.5 million to support compliance as a public company, an increase of $0.4 million in software subscription cost and a $0.2 million increase in office related expenses to support the administrative team. 59 Other Expense, Net Other expense, net % of revenue Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 Change $ % $ 4,628 $ 3% (dollars in thousands) 302 $ 0% 4,326 1432.5% Other expense, net decreased by $4.3 million in 2018 compared to 2017 as a result of an increase in interest expense of $5.7 million related to interest expense due under our convertible senior notes. This increase was offset by an increase of $1.4 million of interest income earned on our short-term investments. Income Taxes Provision for income taxes % of revenue Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 Change $ % $ 796 $ 1% (dollars in thousands) 47 $ 0% 749 1593.6% Income tax expense increased by $0.7 million in 2018 compared to 2017. The increase in taxes was primarily related to an increase in foreign taxes resulting from the acquisitions of UMS and Respond. Other Metrics We regularly monitor a number of financial and operating metrics including the following key metrics to evaluate our business, measure our performance, identify trends affecting our business, formulate business plans, and make strategic decisions. Our other business metrics may be calculated in a manner different than similar other business metrics used by other companies (in thousands): Adjusted EBITDA Adjusted gross margin Free cash flow 2019 Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 $ 5,720 $ (2,697) $ 141,427 (2,771) 103,858 (6,925) 135 75,041 (2,964) • Adjusted EBITDA. Adjusted EBITDA represents our net loss before interest and investment income, net and interest expense, provision for income taxes, depreciation and amortization expense, loss on extinguishment of convertible notes and stock-based compensation expense. We do not consider these items to be indicative of our core operating performance. The items that are non-cash include depreciation and amortization expense and stock-based compensation expense. Adjusted EBITDA is a measure used by management to understand and evaluate our core operating performance and trends and to generate future operating plans, make strategic decisions regarding the allocation of capital and invest in initiatives that are focused on cultivating new markets for our solutions. In particular, the exclusion of certain expenses in calculating adjusted EBITDA facilitates comparisons of our operating performance on a period-to-period basis. Adjusted EBITDA is not a measure calculated in accordance with GAAP. We believe that adjusted EBITDA provides useful information to investors and others in understanding and evaluating our operating results in the same manner as our management and board of directors. Nevertheless, use of adjusted EBITDA has limitations as an analytical tool, and you should not consider it in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of our financial results as reported under GAAP. Some of these limitations are: (1) although depreciation and amortization are non-cash charges, the capitalized software that is amortized will need to be replaced in the future, and adjusted EBITDA does not reflect cash capital expenditure requirements for such replacements or for new capital expenditure requirements; (2) adjusted EBITDA does not reflect changes in, or cash requirements for, our working capital needs; (3) adjusted EBITDA does not reflect the potentially dilutive impact of 60 equity-based compensation; (4) adjusted EBITDA does not reflect tax payments or receipts that may represent a reduction or increase in cash available to us; and (5) other companies, including companies in our industry, may calculate adjusted EBITDA or similarly titled measures differently, which reduces the usefulness of the metric as a comparative measure. Because of these and other limitations, you should consider adjusted EBITDA alongside our other GAAP-based financial performance measures, net loss and our other GAAP financial results. The following table presents a reconciliation of adjusted EBITDA to net loss, the most directly comparable GAAP measure, for each of the periods indicated (in thousands): Net loss Interest and investment (income) expense, net Provision for income taxes Depreciation and amortization Loss on extinguishment of convertible notes Stock-based compensation Adjusted EBITDA 2019 Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 (52,250) $ 2,979 425 19,671 1,406 33,489 5,720 $ (47,515) $ 4,504 796 13,693 — 25,825 (2,697) $ (19,634) 216 47 10,207 — 9,299 135 $ $ • Adjusted Gross Margin. Adjusted gross margin represents gross profit plus amortization of acquired intangibles and stock-based compensation. Adjusted gross margin is a measure used by management to understand and evaluate our core operating performance and trends and to generate future operating plans. The exclusion of stock-based compensation expense and amortization of acquired intangibles facilitates comparisons of our operating performance on a period-to-period basis. In the near term, we expect these expenses to continue to negatively impact our gross profit. Adjusted gross margin is not a measure calculated in accordance with GAAP. We believe that adjusted gross margin provides useful information to investors and others in understanding and evaluating our operating results in the same manner as our management and board of directors. Nevertheless, our use of adjusted gross margin has limitations as an analytical tool, and you should not consider it in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of our financial results as reported under GAAP. You should consider adjusted gross margin alongside our other GAAP-based financial performance measures, gross profit and our other GAAP financial results. The following table presents a reconciliation of adjusted gross margin to gross profit, the most directly comparable GAAP measure, for each of the periods indicated (in thousands): Gross profit Amortization of acquired intangibles Stock-based compensation Adjusted gross margin 2019 Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 $ $ 137,347 $ 2,114 1,966 141,427 $ 100,284 $ 1,268 2,306 103,858 $ 72,849 1,614 578 75,041 61 • Free Cash Flow. Free cash flow represents net cash provided by operating activities minus capital expenditures and capitalized software development costs. Free cash flow is a measure used by management to understand and evaluate our core operating performance and trends and to generate future operating plans. The exclusion of capital expenditures and amounts capitalized for internally-developed software facilitates comparisons of our operating performance on a period-to-period basis and excludes items that we do not consider to be indicative of our core operating performance. Free cash flow is not a measure calculated in accordance with GAAP. We believe that free cash flow provides useful information to investors and others in understanding and evaluating our operating results in the same manner as our management and board of directors. Nevertheless, our use of free cash flow has limitations as an analytical tool, and you should not consider it in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of our financial results as reported under GAAP. You should consider free cash flow alongside our other GAAP-based financial performance measures, net cash provided by operating activities, and our other GAAP financial results. The following table presents a reconciliation of free cash flow to net cash for operating activities, the most directly comparable GAAP measure, for each of the periods indicated (in thousands): Net cash provided by operating activities Capital expenditures Capitalized software development costs Free cash flow 2019 Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 $ $ 10,317 $ (5,269) (7,819) (2,771) $ 3,295 $ (1,721) (8,499) (6,925) $ 4,863 (1,667) (6,160) (2,964) Additional Supplemental Non-GAAP Financial Measures To supplement our consolidated financial statements, which are prepared and presented in accordance with GAAP, we provide investors with certain additional supplemental non-GAAP financial measures, including non-GAAP cost of revenue, non-GAAP gross profit, non-GAAP sales and marketing expense, non-GAAP research and development expense, non-GAAP general and administrative expense, non-GAAP total operating expenses, non-GAAP operating loss and non-GAAP net loss, which we collectively refer to as non-GAAP financial measures. These non-GAAP financial measures exclude all or a combination of the following (as reflected in the following reconciliation tables): stock-based compensation expense, amortization of acquired intangibles and loss on extinguishment of convertible notes. The presentation of the non-GAAP financial measures is not intended to be considered in isolation or as a substitute for, or superior to, the financial information prepared and presented in accordance with GAAP. We use these non-GAAP financial measures for financial and operational decision-making purposes and as a means to evaluate period-to-period comparisons. We believe that these non-GAAP financial measures provide useful information about our operating results, enhance the overall understanding of past financial performance and future prospects and allow for greater transparency with respect to metrics used by our management in its financial and operational decision making. While our non-GAAP financial measures are an important tool for financial and operational decision making and for evaluating our own operating results over different periods of time, you should consider our non-GAAP financial measures alongside our GAAP financial results. We exclude stock-based compensation expense which can vary based on plan design, share price, share price volatility, and the expected lives of equity instruments granted. We believe that providing non-GAAP financial measures that exclude stock-based compensation expense allow for more meaningful comparisons between our operating results from period to period. We believe that excluding the impact of amortization of acquired intangibles allows for more meaningful comparisons between operating results from period to period as the intangibles are valued at the time of acquisition and are amortized over a period of several years after the acquisition. We believe that excluding loss on extinguishment of convertible notes allows for more meaningful comparisons between operating results from period to period as the repurchase of the 2022 Notes was a discrete event. The Company does not engage in the repurchase of convertible notes on a regular basis or in the ordinary course of business. Accordingly, we believe that excluding these expenses provides investors and management with greater visibility of the underlying performance of our business operations, facilitates comparison of our results with other periods and may also facilitate comparison with the results of other companies in our industry. 62 There are limitations in using non-GAAP financial measures because the non-GAAP financial measures are not prepared in accordance with GAAP, may be different from non-GAAP financial measures used by other companies and exclude expenses that may have a material impact upon our reported financial results. Further, stock-based compensation expense has been and will continue to be for the foreseeable future a significant recurring expense in our business and an important part of the compensation provided to our employees. The following table reconciles our GAAP to non-GAAP financial measures for the years ended 2019, 2018 and 2017: 2019 Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 Cost of revenue Amortization of acquired intangibles Stock-based compensation expense Non-GAAP cost of revenue Gross profit Amortization of acquired intangibles Stock-based compensation expense Non-GAAP gross profit Non-GAAP gross margin Sales and marketing expense Stock-based compensation expense Non-GAAP sales and marketing Research and development expense Stock-based compensation expense Non-GAAP research and development General and administrative expense Amortization of acquired intangibles Stock-based compensation expense Non-GAAP general and administrative Total operating expenses Amortization of acquired intangibles Stock-based compensation expense Non-GAAP total operating expenses Operating loss Amortization of acquired intangibles Stock-based compensation expense Non-GAAP operating loss Net loss Amortization of acquired intangibles Stock-based compensation expense Loss on extinguishment of convertible notes Non-GAAP net loss Liquidity and Capital Resources $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 63,535 (2,114) (1,966) 59,455 $ $ $ 137,347 2,114 1,966 141,427 $ 70.40% 46,810 (1,268) (2,306) 43,236 $ $ $ 100,284 1,268 2,306 103,858 $ 70.61% 87,731 (9,983) 77,748 50,024 (7,820) 42,204 46,820 (8,301) (13,720) 24,799 184,575 (8,301) (31,523) 144,751 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 69,608 (9,282) 60,326 41,305 (7,106) 34,199 31,462 (4,667) (7,131) 19,664 142,375 (4,667) (23,519) 114,189 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ (47,228) 10,415 33,489 (3,324) $ $ (52,250) 10,415 33,489 1,406 (6,940) $ $ (42,091) 5,935 25,825 (10,331) $ $ (47,515) 5,935 25,825 — (15,755) $ 31,503 (1,614) (578) 29,311 72,849 1,614 578 75,041 71.91% 46,998 (2,419) 44,579 22,241 (1,514) 20,727 22,895 (2,123) (4,788) 15,984 92,134 (2,123) (8,721) 81,290 (19,285) 3,737 9,299 (6,249) (19,634) 3,737 9,299 — (6,598) To date, we have financed our operations primarily through cash from sales to our customers, along with equity issuances and debt financing arrangements. Our principal source of liquidity is cash and cash equivalents totaling $531.6 million as of December 31, 2019, which includes $340.4 million received in December 2019 for our 2024 Notes after deducting debt issuance cost, the cost for the capped call transactions entered into in connection with the 63 note offering, payment for the partial repurchase of our 2022 Notes and cash received for the partial termination of the 2022 Notes capped call options as well as a significant portion of the $139.1 million received in January 2019 as a result of our public offering of common stock. We have generated significant losses since inception and expect to continue to generate losses for the foreseeable future. We believe that our cash and cash equivalent balances and the cash flows generated by our operations will be sufficient to satisfy our anticipated cash needs for working capital and capital expenditures for at least the next 12 months. However, our belief may prove to be incorrect, and we could utilize our available financial resources sooner than we currently expect. Our future capital requirements and the adequacy of available funds will depend on many factors, including those set forth in the section of this Annual Report on Form 10-K titled “Risk Factors.” We cannot assure you that we will be able to raise additional capital on acceptable terms or at all. In addition, if we fail to meet our operating plan during the next 12 months, our liquidity could be adversely affected. Cash Flows The following table summarizes our cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 (in thousands): Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period Cash provided by operating activities Cash used in investing activities Cash provided by financing activities Effects of exchange rates on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period 2019 Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 60,068 $ 10,317 (24,574) 494,101 (250) 539,662 $ 103,051 $ 3,295 (48,413) 3,099 (964) 60,068 $ 60,765 4,863 (70,972) 108,475 (80) 103,051 $ $ At December 31, 2019, $6.7 million of the $539.7 million of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash was held by foreign subsidiaries. Our intention is to indefinitely reinvest foreign earnings in our foreign subsidiaries. If these earnings were used to fund domestic operations, they would be subject to additional income taxes upon repatriation. Sources of Funds Follow-On Public Offering In January 2019, we completed a follow-on public offering in which we sold 2,645,000 shares of our common stock, which included 345,000 shares sold pursuant to the exercise by the underwriters of an option to purchase additional shares, at a public offering price of $55.25 per share. We received net proceeds of $139.1 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions. Convertible Senior Notes In December 2019, we issued $450.0 million aggregate principal amount of the 2024 Notes, including $75.0 million in principal amount of Notes issued upon exercise in full by the initial purchasers of their option to purchase additional 2024 Notes. The 2024 Notes have an initial conversion rate of 8.8999 shares of common stock per $1,000 principal amount of 2024 Notes. This represents an initial effective conversion price of approximately $112.36 per share of common stock and approximately 4.0 million shares issuable upon conversion. Throughout the term of the 2024 Notes, the conversion rate may be adjusted upon the occurrence of certain events. Holders of the 2024 Notes will not receive any cash payment representing accrued and unpaid interest, if any, upon conversion of a 2024 Note, except in limited circumstances. Accrued but unpaid interest will be deemed to be paid by cash, shares of our common stock or a combination of cash and shares of our common stock paid or delivered, as the case may be, to the holder upon conversion of a 2024 Note. 64 In connection with the issuance of the 2024 Notes, we purchased capped call options that in the aggregate relate to the total number of shares of our common stock underlying the 2024 Notes, with an initial strike price of approximately $112.36 per share, which corresponds to the initial conversion price of the 2024 Notes and is subject to anti-dilution adjustments substantially similar to those applicable to the conversion rate of the 2024 Notes, and have a cap price of approximately $166.46. The cost of the purchased capped calls was $44.9 million. In November 2017, we completed a public offering of $115.0 million aggregate principal amount of the 2022 Notes, including $15.0 million in principal amount of 2022 Notes issued upon exercise in full by the underwriters of their option to purchase additional 2022 Notes. The 2022 Notes have an initial conversion rate of 29.6626 shares of common stock per $1,000 principal amount of 2022 Notes. This represents an initial effective conversion price of approximately $33.71 per share of common stock and initially approximately 3.4 million shares issuable upon conversion. Throughout the term of the 2022 Notes, the conversion rate may be adjusted upon the occurrence of certain events. Holders of the 2022 Notes will not receive any cash payment representing accrued and unpaid interest, if any, upon conversion of a 2022 Note, except in limited circumstances. Accrued but unpaid interest will be deemed to be paid by cash, shares of our common stock or a combination of cash and shares of our common stock paid or delivered, as the case may be, to the holder upon conversion of a 2022 Note. In connection with the issuance of the 2022 Notes, we purchased capped call options that in the aggregate relate to the total number of shares of our common stock underlying the 2022 Notes, with an initial strike price of approximately $33.71 per share, which corresponds to the initial conversion price of the 2022 Notes and is subject to anti-dilution adjustments substantially similar to those applicable to the conversion rate of the 2022 Notes, and have a cap price of approximately $47.20. The cost of the purchased capped calls was $12.9 million. Based on the market price of our common stock during the 30 trading days preceding June 30, 2018, the 2022 Notes are convertible at the option of the debt holder as of September 30, 2018 and continue to be convertible at the option of the debt holder as of December 31, 2019. No debt holders have exercised their right for conversion as of December 31, 2019. During fiscal year 2019, we paid $57.8 million to repurchase $23.0 million aggregate principal amount of the 2022 Notes. We also partially terminated capped call options entered into in connection with the 2022 Notes during fiscal year 2019 and received $5.8 million. Credit Facility During 2018, we had a revolving line of credit agreement with Western Alliance Bank, which provided for a $15.0 million revolving secured credit facility that matured on September 28, 2018. During the year ended December 31, 2018, we had no amounts drawn under the credit facility. As of December 31, 2018, the line of credit had expired and was not renewed. Uses of Funds Our historical uses of cash have primarily consisted of cash used for operating activities, such as expansion of our sales and marketing operations, research and development activities and other working capital needs. Operating Activities Our net loss and cash flows provided by or used in operating activities are significantly influenced by our investments in headcount and infrastructure to support our growth, marketing and sponsorship expenses, and our ability to bill and collect in a timely manner. Our net loss has been significantly greater than our use of cash for operating activities due to the inclusion of non-cash expenses and charges. Operating activities provided $10.3 million in net cash in 2019, primarily from $68.2 million in non-cash operating expenses, which was partially offset by a $5.7 million decrease in changes in operating assets and liabilities and by our net loss of $52.3 million. Specifically, we recognized non-cash charges aggregating $33.5 million for stock-based compensation expense, $19.7 million for depreciation and amortization of intangible assets, capitalized software development costs and property and equipment, $8.0 million in amortization of commissions, $5.7 million 65 of accretion on the convertible notes, $1.4 million loss on extinguishment of convertible notes and $0.7 million for the increase in our provision for doubtful accounts and sales return reserve, offset by $0.6 million related to the change in fair value of contingent consideration. The change in operating assets and liabilities reflected a $25.6 million increase in accounts receivable, a $15.3 million increase in deferred cost due to timing of payments made for commissions, a $3.5 million increase in prepaid expenses, a $1.4 million decrease in other liabilities, and a $1.3 million decrease in accrued expenses due to timing of payments made to vendors. These changes were partially offset by a $29.7 million increase in deferred revenue, a $5.3 million increase in accounts payable due to the timing of payments made, a $4.5 million increase in accrued employee-related expenses due to timing of payments and a $1.8 million decrease in other assets. Operating activities provided $3.3 million in net cash in 2018, primarily from $49.1 million in non-cash operating expenses, which was increased by $1.7 million in changes in operating assets and liabilities and partially offset by our net loss of $47.5 million. Specifically, we recognized non-cash charges aggregating $13.7 million for depreciation and amortization of intangible assets, capitalized software development costs and property and equipment, $25.6 million for stock-based compensation expense, $5.5 million in amortization of commissions, $4.6 million of accretion on the 2022 Notes and $0.3 million for the increase in our accounts receivable provision and sales return reserve, offset by a $0.5 million decrease in our non-cash investment income and $0.3 million related to the change in fair value of contingent consideration. The change in operating assets and liabilities reflected a $13.2 million increase in deferred revenue, a $4.7 million increase in accrued employee-related expenses due to timing of payments, a $1.7 million increase in other liabilities and a $0.3 million increase in accrued expenses due to timing of payments made to vendors. These increases were partially offset by a $2.6 million increase in accounts receivable, a $2.0 million increase in prepaid expenses, a $8.3 million increase in deferred cost due to timing of payments made for commissions, a $4.0 million increase in other assets and a $1.3 million decrease in accounts payable due to the timing of payments made. Investing Activities Our investing activities consist primarily of capital expenditures for capitalized software development costs, business acquisitions, property and equipment expenses and purchase and sales of short-term investments. Investing activities used $24.6 million in 2019, primarily for our acquisitions of NC4 and MissionMode for an aggregate of $58.4 million, investment in software development of $7.8 million, our purchase of property and equipment of $5.3 million, and purchase of short-term investments of $2.0 million. These were offset by cash provided of $47.8 million in maturities of our short-term investments and $1.1 million attributed to a landlord reimbursement. Investing activities used $48.4 million in 2018, primarily from our purchase of UMS, PlanetRisk and Respond for an aggregate of $35.9 million, purchase of short-term investments of $87.2 million, investment in software development of $8.5 million, our purchase of property and equipment of $1.7 million and $0.2 million in purchases of intangible assets. This was offset by cash provided of $85.1 million in maturities of our short-term investments. Financing Activities Cash generated by financing activities includes proceeds from the issuance of common stock from our follow-on public offering, borrowings under the 2024 Notes and 2022 Notes, exercise of employee stock options and contributions to our employee stock purchase plan. Cash used in financing activities includes payments for debt and offering issuance costs, extinguishment of debt, payment of contingent consideration and employee withholding liabilities from the exercise of market based restricted stock units. Financing activities provided $494.1 million of cash in 2019, which reflects proceeds of $392.4 million from our 2024 Notes offering after deducting debt issuance cost and the cost for the capped call transactions entered into in connection with the note offering, $139.1 million from our common stock offering, $17.4 million from the exercise of stock options and $2.3 million from the issuance of stock under our employee stock purchase plan. These amounts were offset by a $52.0 million payment for the 20 percent repurchase of our 2022 Notes offset by cash received for the partial termination of the 2022 Notes capped call options and a $4.6 million payment for restricted stock unit employee withholding taxes. 66 Financing activities provided $3.1 million of cash in 2018, which reflects proceeds of $1.8 million from the issuance of stock under our employee stock purchase plan and proceeds of $10.1 million from the exercise of stock options. This amount was offset by a $7.9 million payment for employee withholding taxes, $0.4 million of contingent consideration related to acquisitions and $0.3 million in offering costs paid in 2018 related to our 2019 follow-on offering. Contractual Obligations and Commitments The following table summarizes our commitments to settle contractual obligations as of December 31, 2019 (in thousands): Less than 1 Year 1 to 3 Years 3 to 5 Years More than 5 Years Debt obligations (1) Operating leases (2) $ $ — $ 4,649 $ 4,649 92,000 $ 8,504 $ 100,504 450,000 $ 5,552 $ 455,552 — $ 778 $ 778 Total 542,000 19,483 561,483 (1) (2) Debt obligations include the principal amount of the 2024 Notes and 2022 Notes, but exclude interest payments to be made under the 2024 Notes and 2022 Notes. Although the 2024 Notes and 2022 Notes mature in 2024 and 2022, respectively, they can be converted into cash and shares of our common stock prior to maturity if certain conditions are met. Any conversion prior to maturity can result in repayments of the principal amounts sooner than the scheduled repayments as indicated in the table. The 2024 Notes and 2022 Notes balance excludes $98.9 million and $12.8 million, respectively, of debt discount capitalized on our balance sheet and shown net of our debt obligations. Please see Note 9 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements for more information on the terms of the 2024 Notes and 2022 Notes. Operating leases include total future minimum rent payments under non-cancelable operating lease agreements as described in Note 18 of our consolidated financial statements. The commitment amounts are associated with contracts that are enforceable and legally binding and that specify all significant terms, including fixed or minimum services to be used, fixed, minimum or variable price provisions and the approximate timing of the actions under the contracts. The commitment amounts do not include obligations under agreements that we can cancel without a significant penalty. Backlog We generally sell all of our critical communications applications on a subscription basis. We generally enter into contracts that range from one to three years in length, with an average contract duration of 2.0 years as of December 31, 2019, and generally bill and collect payment annually in advance. Since we bill many of our customers at the beginning of each contract year, there can be amounts that we have not yet been contractually able to invoice. Until such time as these amounts are invoiced, they are not recorded in revenue, deferred revenue or elsewhere in our consolidated financial statements. We expect that the amount of backlog relative to the total value of our subscription agreements will change from year to year for several reasons, including the specific timing and duration of customer agreements, varying invoicing cycles of agreements, the specific timing of customer renewals and changes in customer financial circumstances. In addition, because revenue for any period is a function of revenue recognized from deferred revenue under contracts in existence at the beginning of the period, as well as contracts that are renewed and new customer contracts that are entered into during the period, backlog at the beginning of any period is not necessarily indicative of future performance. Our presentation of backlog may also differ from that of other companies in our industry. Due to these factors, as well as variances in billing arrangements with customers, we do not utilize backlog as a key management metric internally. Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements We do not have any relationships with unconsolidated entities or financial partnerships, including entities sometimes referred to as structured finance or special purpose entities that were established for the purpose of facilitating off-balance sheet arrangements or other contractually narrow or limited purposes. We do not engage in off-balance sheet financing arrangements. In addition, we do not engage in trading activities involving non-exchange traded contracts. 67 Critical Accounting Policies Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of our consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates, assumptions and judgments that affect the reported amounts of revenue, assets, liabilities, costs and expenses. We base our estimates and assumptions on historical experience and other factors that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. We evaluate our estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis. Our actual results may differ from these estimates. Our most critical accounting policies are summarized below. Revenue Recognition We derive our revenues primarily from subscription services and professional services. In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers ("Topic 606"). Topic 606 superseded the revenue recognition requirements in ASC Topic 605, Revenue Recognition ("Topic 605"), and requires the recognition of revenue when promised goods or services are transferred to customers in an amount that reflects the considerations to which the entity expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. Topic 606 also includes Subtopic 340-40, Other Assets and Deferred Costs - Contracts with Customers, which requires the deferral of incremental costs of obtaining a contract with a customer. Collectively, we refer to Topic 606 and Subtopic 340-40 as the "new revenue standard" or “ASC 606.” We adopted the requirements of the new revenue standard as of January 1, 2018, using the modified retrospective method. Under the new revenue standard, we recognize revenues when control of these services is transferred to our customers, in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to be entitled to in exchange for those services. We determine revenue recognition through the following steps: • • • • • identification of the contract, or contracts, with a customer; identification of the performance obligations in the contract; determination of the transaction price; allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and recognition of revenue when, or as, we satisfy a performance obligation. Subscription Services Revenues Subscription services revenues primarily consist of fees that provide customers access to one or more of our hosted applications for critical event management, with routine customer support. Revenue is generally recognized over time on a ratable basis over the contract term beginning on the date that our service is made available to the customer. All services are recognized using an output measure of progress looking at time elapsed as the contract generally provides the customer equal benefit throughout the contract period. Our subscription contracts are generally two years or longer in length, billed annually in advance, and non-cancelable. Professional Services Revenues Professional services revenues primarily consist of fees for deployment and optimization services, as well as training. The majority of our consulting contracts revenue is recognized over time as the services are performed. For contracts billed on a fixed price basis, revenue is recognized over time based on the proportion performed. Software License Revenues On occasion we may sell software and related post contract support for on premise usage as well as professional services which is outside of our core business. These sales have been to a limited number of customers and is not a significant revenue stream for us. Our on premise license transactions are perpetual in nature and are recognized at a point in time when made available to the customer. Significant judgment is required to determine the standalone selling prices for each distinct performance obligation in order to allocate the transaction price for purposes of 68 revenue recognition. Making this judgment of estimating a standalone selling price involves consideration of overall pricing objectives, market conditions and other factors, including the value of our other similar contracts, the applications sold, customer demographics, geographic locations, and the number and types of users within our contracts. The significant judgment was primarily due to using such considerations to estimate the price that each distinct performance obligation would be sold for on a standalone basis because such performance obligations are typically sold together on a bundled basis. Changes in these estimates of standalone selling prices can have a material effect on the amount of revenue recognized from each distinct performance obligation. Contracts with Multiple Performance Obligations Most of our contracts with customers contain multiple performance obligations. For these contracts, we account for individual performance obligations separately if they are distinct. The transaction price is allocated to the separate performance obligations on a relative standalone selling price basis for those performance obligations with stable observable prices and then the residual method applied for any performance obligation that has pricing which is highly variable. We determine the standalone selling prices based on our overall pricing objectives, taking into consideration market conditions and other factors, including the value of our contracts, pricing when certain services are sold on a standalone basis, the applications sold, customer demographics, geographic locations, and the volume of services and users purchased. Deferred Costs Sales commissions earned by our sales force are considered incremental and recoverable costs of obtaining a contract with a customer. For periods beginning January 1, 2018, in accordance with the new revenue standard, these costs are deferred and then amortized on a straight-line basis over a period of benefit that we have determined to be four years. Sales commissions attributable to professional services are expensed within twelve months of selling the service to the customer. We determined the period of benefit by taking into consideration our customer contracts, our technology and other factors. Amortization of deferred commissions is included in sales and marketing expenses in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. For periods prior to January 1, 2018, sales commission costs were recorded over a one year period. Stock-Based Compensation We recognize compensation expense for option awards and restricted stock unit awards (“RSUs”) based on the fair value of the award and on a straight-line basis over the vesting period of the award based on the estimated portion of the award that is expected to vest. Inherent in the valuation and recording of stock-based compensation for option awards, are several estimates that we made in regard to valuation and expense that will be incurred. We use the Black-Scholes option pricing model to measure the fair value of our option awards when they are granted. For RSUs, our board of directors determines the fair value based on the closing price of our common stock as reported on the Nasdaq Global Market on the date of grant. We primarily use the daily historical volatility of companies we consider to be our peers. To determine our peer companies, we use the following criteria: software or software-as-a-service companies; similar histories and relatively comparable financial leverage; sufficient public company trading history; and in similar businesses and geographical markets. We use the peers’ stock price volatility over the expected life of our granted options to calculate the expected volatility. The expected term of employee option awards is determined using the average midpoint between vesting and the contractual term for outstanding awards, because we do not yet have a sufficient history of option exercises. We consider this appropriate as we expect to see changes to our equity structure in the future and there is no other method that would be more indicative of exercise activity. The risk-free interest rate is based on the rate on U.S. Treasury securities with maturities consistent with the estimated expected term of the awards. We have not paid dividends and do not anticipate paying a cash dividend in the foreseeable future and, accordingly, use an expected dividend yield of zero. In 2017 and 2018, we granted market-based RSUs that vest upon satisfaction of certain market-based conditions. These RSUs were valued using the Monte- Carlo simulation model. These RSUs vested based on our common stock achieving certain stock price thresholds which range from $35 per share to $65 per share for 30 consecutive trading days as reported on the Nasdaq Stock Global Market, subject to the employee’s continued employment with us through the date of achievement. The share price of our common stock on the date of issuance of the market-based RSUs was between $33.06 and $45.17 per share. The fair value was based on values calculated under the Monte 69 Carlo simulation model on the grant date. The key estimates used in the Monte-Carlo simulation were a risk-free rate of 2.26% to 2.90%, dividend yield of zero, expected term of 10 years and volatility of 50% to 60%. We recognized the compensation expense associated with the market-based RSUs over the implied requisite service period subject to acceleration based on meeting the market-based condition. No market-based RSUs were granted during the year ended December 31, 2019. In 2018 and 2019, we granted performance-based RSUs (“PSUs”), that vest upon satisfaction of certain performance-based conditions. The PSUs generally vest based on us achieving certain revenue growth thresholds which range from 20% to 40% compounded annual growth over a measurement period of two years for the first 50% of PSUs and three years for the remaining PSUs. The vesting of the PSUs is subject to the employee’s continued employment with us through the date of achievement. During the year ended December 31, 2019, the share price of our common stock on the date of issuance of the PSUs ranged from $54.83 to $98.92 per share. The fair value is based on the value of our common stock at the date of issuance and the probability of achieving the performance metric. We have assessed the probability of achievement of the award as highly probable based on past performance of achievement of the performance metric. Compensation cost is recognized under the accelerated method and is adjusted in future periods for subsequent changes in the expected outcome of the performance related conditions. Business Combinations The results of businesses acquired in a business combination are included in our consolidated financial statements from the date of the acquisition. Purchase accounting results in assets and liabilities of an acquired business being recorded at their estimated fair values on the acquisition date. Any excess consideration over the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed is recognized as goodwill. We perform valuations of assets acquired and liabilities assumed on each acquisition accounted for as a business combination in order to record the tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on our best estimate of fair value. Determining the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed requires management to use significant judgment and estimates including the selection of valuation methodologies, estimates of future revenue and cash flows, discount rates and selection of comparable companies. Significant estimation is required in determining the fair value of the customer relationship intangible assets and technology-related intangible assets. The significant estimation is primarily due to the judgmental nature of the inputs to the valuation models used to measure the fair value of these intangible assets, as well as the sensitivity of the respective fair values to the underlying significant assumptions. We use the income approach to measure the fair value of intangible assets. The significant assumptions used to estimate the fair value of the intangible assets include revenue growth rates, customer attrition rates, amount and expected period of cash flows and discount rates. These significant assumptions are forward-looking and could be affected by future economic and market conditions. We engage the assistance of valuation specialists in concluding on fair value measurements in connection with determining fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination. Transaction costs associated with business combinations are expensed as incurred and are included in general and administrative expense in our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. Goodwill Impairment Goodwill represents the excess of the aggregate purchase price paid over the fair value of the net assets acquired in our business combinations. Goodwill is not amortized and is tested for impairment at least annually or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. We performed our annual impairment assessment on November 30, 2019. We operate under one reporting unit and as a result, evaluate goodwill impairment based on our fair value as a whole. To determine the number of operating segments and reporting units that are present, we analyzed whether there is any customer, product or geographic information that drives the chief operating decision maker’s (our chief executive officer) decisions on how to allocate resources and whether any segment management exists. Management has concluded that operating decisions are made at the consolidated company level and there is no segment management in place that reviews results of operations with the chief operating decision maker. 70 In assessing goodwill for impairment, an entity has the option to assess qualitative factors to determine whether events or circumstances indicate that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If, after assessing the totality of events or circumstances, it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is greater than its carrying value, then performing the two-step impairment test is unnecessary. An entity can choose not to perform a qualitative assessment for any of its reporting units and proceed directly to the use of the two-step impairment test. When assessing goodwill for impairment for the year ended December 31, 2019, we first performed a qualitative assessment to determine whether it was necessary to perform the two-step quantitative analysis. Based on the qualitative assessment we determined it was unlikely that our reporting unit fair value was less than its carrying value and the two-step impairment test was not required. Based on the results of our most recent annual qualitative assessment performed on November 30, 2019, there was no impairment of goodwill recorded. Capitalized Software Development Costs We capitalize certain costs related to the development of our platform and other software applications for internal use. In accordance with authoritative guidance, we begin to capitalize our costs to develop software when preliminary development efforts are successfully completed, management has authorized and committed project funding, and it is probable that the project will be completed and the software will be used as intended. We stop capitalizing these costs when the software is substantially complete and ready for its intended use, including the completion of all significant testing. These costs are amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of the related asset, generally estimated to be three years. We also capitalize costs related to specific upgrades and enhancements when it is probable the expenditure will result in additional functionality and expense costs incurred for maintenance and minor upgrades and enhancements. Costs incurred prior to meeting these criteria together with costs incurred for training and maintenance are expensed as incurred and recorded within product development expenses in our consolidated statements of operations. We exercise judgment in determining the point at which various projects may be capitalized, in assessing the ongoing value of the capitalized costs and in determining the estimated useful lives over which the costs are amortized. To the extent that we change the manner in which we develop and test new features and functionalities related to our platform, assess the ongoing value of capitalized assets or determine the estimated useful lives over which the costs are amortized, the amount of internal-use software development costs we capitalize and amortize could change in future periods. Convertible Senior Notes Significant judgment is required in determining the liability component of the related convertible senior notes as well as the balance sheet classification of the elements of the convertible senior notes. We accounted for the convertible senior notes and the partial repurchase of the 2022 Notes as separate liability and equity components, determining the fair value of the respective liability components based on an estimate of the fair value of a similar liability without a conversion option and assigning the residual value to the equity component. We estimated the fair value of the liability component of the convertible senior notes using a discounted cash flow model with a risk adjusted yield for similar debt instruments, absent any embedded conversion feature. In estimating the risk adjusted yield, we utilized both an income and market approach. For the income approach, we used a convertible bond pricing model, which included several assumptions including volatility and the risk-free rate. For the market approach, we performed an evaluation of issuances of convertible debt securities issued by other comparable companies. Additionally, a detailed analysis of the terms of the convertible senior notes transactions was required to determine existence of any derivatives that may require separate mark-to-market accounting under applicable accounting guidance. Recent Accounting Pronouncements For information regarding recent accounting pronouncements, refer to Note 2 of our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk. Market risk represents the risk of loss that may impact our financial position due to adverse changes in financial market prices and rates. Our market risk exposure is primarily the result of fluctuations in interest rates and foreign exchange rates as well as, to a lesser extent, inflation. 71 Interest Rate Risk Our investment portfolio is exposed to market risk from changes in interest rates. The fair market value of fixed rate securities may be adversely impacted by fluctuations in interest rates while income earned on floating rate securities may decline as a result of decreases in interest rates. Under our current policies, we do not use interest rate derivative instruments to manage exposure to interest rate changes. We attempt to ensure the safety and preservation of our invested principal funds by limiting default risk, market risk and reinvestment risk. We mitigate default risk by investing in investment grade securities. We have historically maintained a relatively short average maturity for our investment portfolio, and we believe a hypothetical 100 basis point adverse move in interest rates along the entire interest rate yield curve would not change the fair value of our interest sensitive financial instruments by a material amount. In addition, if a 100-basis point change in overall interest rates were to occur in 2019, our interest income would not change significantly in relation to amounts we would expect to earn, based on our cash, cash equivalents, and investments as of December 31, 2019. Changes in interest rates may also impact gains or losses from the conversion of our outstanding convertible senior notes. In December 2019, we issued $450 million in aggregate principal amount of our 2024 Notes. In November 2017, we issued $115 million in aggregate principal amount of our 2022 Notes. The 2024 Notes and 2022 Notes are convertible under certain circumstances, including trading price conditions related to our common stock, and upon conversion, we will pay or deliver, as the case may be, cash, shares of our common stock, or a combination of cash and shares of our common stock in each case under certain circumstances, including trading price conditions related to our common stock. In the second quarter of 2018, the trading price of our common stock reached a price for a sustained period at 130% above the conversion price of $33.71, resulting in the 2022 Notes becoming convertible at the option of the holder during the third quarter of 2018. The 2022 Notes were still convertible at the option of the holder at December 31, 2019. No 2022 Notes holders have exercised their right for conversion as of December 31, 2019. The 2024 Notes were not convertible during the year ended December 31, 2019. Upon conversion, we are required to record a gain or loss for the difference between the fair value of the debt to be extinguished and its corresponding net carrying value. The fair value of the debt to be extinguished depends on our then-current incremental borrowing rate. If our incremental borrowing rate at the time of conversion is higher or lower than the implied interest rate of the 2024 Notes and 2022 Notes, we will record a gain or loss in our consolidated statement of operations during the period in which the 2024 Notes and 2022 Notes are converted. An incremental borrowing rate that is a hypothetical 100 basis points lower than the implicit interest rate upon conversion of the 2024 Notes and 2022 Notes would result in a loss of approximately $5.4 million. We are exposed to interest rate risk in the ordinary course of our business. Our cash, cash equivalents and investments include cash in readily available checking and money market accounts and marketable securities. These securities are not dependent on interest rate fluctuations that may cause the principal amount of these assets to fluctuate. We had cash and cash equivalents of $531.6 million as of December 31, 2019, which consisted of bank deposits and money market funds. To date, fluctuations in interest income have not been significant. We do not enter into investments for trading or speculative purposes and have not used any derivative financial instruments to manage our interest rate risk exposure. Foreign Currency Exchange Risk We have foreign currency risks related to our revenue and operating expenses denominated in currencies other than our functional currency, the U.S. dollar, principally British Pounds, Euro, Norwegian Krone and Swedish Kronor. Movements in foreign currencies in which we transact business could significantly affect future net earnings. We do not currently engage in any hedging activity to reduce our potential exposure to currency fluctuations, although we may choose to do so in the future. A hypothetical 10% change in foreign exchange rates during any of the periods presented would not have had a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. As our international operations grow, we will continue to reassess our approach to manage our risk relating to fluctuations in foreign currency rate. Inflation Risk We do not believe that inflation has had a material effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. If our costs were to become subject to significant inflationary pressures, we may not be able to fully offset such higher costs through price increases. Our inability or failure to do so could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. 72 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data. Financial Statements The financial statements required to be filed pursuant to this Item 8 are appended to this report. An index of those financial statements is found in Item 15. Supplementary Data The following table sets forth our unaudited quarterly consolidated statements of operations data for each of the eight quarters in the period ended December 31, 2019. We have prepared the quarterly financial data on the same basis as the audited consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. In our opinion, the quarterly financial data reflects all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustment that we consider necessary for a fair presentation of this data. This quarterly financial data should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected in the future. Consolidated Statements of Operations Data: Revenue Cost of revenue Gross Profit Operating expenses: Sales and marketing Research and development General and administrative Total operating expense Operating loss Other income (expense), net Loss before (provision for) benefit from income taxes (Provision for) benefit from income taxes Net loss Other Metrics: Adjusted EBITDA(1) March 31, 2018 June 30, 2018 September 30, 2018 December 31, 2018 March 31, 2019 June 30, 2019 September 30, 2019 December 31, 2019 Three Months Ended (in thousands) $ $ 30,519 9,660 20,859 $ 35,822 11,532 24,290 $ 38,925 12,296 26,629 $ 41,828 13,322 28,506 $ 42,819 13,981 28,838 $ 48,405 14,739 33,666 $ 52,547 16,454 36,093 15,776 8,171 7,844 31,791 (10,932) (1,314) 19,179 12,027 8,635 39,841 (15,551) (1,178) 16,348 10,350 7,130 33,828 (7,199) (1,165) 18,305 10,757 7,853 36,915 (8,409) (971) 20,071 11,485 10,558 42,114 (13,276) (564) 22,015 12,802 10,464 45,281 (11,615) (310) 21,903 12,877 13,435 48,215 (12,122) (700) 57,111 18,361 38,750 23,742 12,860 12,363 48,965 (10,215) (3,023) (12,246) (16,729) (8,364) (9,380) (13,840) (11,925) (12,822) (13,238) (96) (12,342) $ (189) (16,918) $ (86) (8,450) $ (425) (9,805) $ (294) (14,134) $ (138) (12,063) $ (99) (12,921) $ 106 (13,132) (1,798) $ (1,845) $ 153 $ 793 $ (1,892) $ 400 $ 1,636 $ 5,576 $ $ (1) Adjusted EBITDA represents our net loss before interest and investment income and interest expense, income tax expense and benefit, depreciation and amortization expense, loss on extinguishment of convertible notes and stock-based compensation expense. We do not consider these items to be indicative of our core operating performance. The items that are non- cash include depreciation and amortization expense and stock-based compensation expense. Adjusted EBITDA is a measure used by management to understand and evaluate our core operating performance and trends and to generate future operating plans, make strategic decisions regarding the allocation of capital and invest in initiatives that are focused on cultivating new markets for our solutions. In particular, the exclusion of certain expenses in calculating adjusted EBITDA facilitates comparisons of our operating performance on a period-to-period basis. Adjusted EBITDA is not a measure calculated in accordance with GAAP. The following table presents a reconciliation of adjusted EBITDA to net loss, the most directly comparable GAAP measure, for each of the periods indicated. See “Management’s Discussion & Analysis of Financial Conditions and Results of Operations—Other Metrics” for a discussion of the limitations of adjusted EBITDA. Net loss Interest and investment (income) expense, net Provision for (benefit from) income taxes Depreciation and amortization expense Loss on extinguishment of convertible notes Stock-based compensation expense Adjusted EBITDA March 31, 2018 June 30, 2018 September 30, 2018 December 31, 2018 March 31, 2019 June 30, 2019 September 30, 2019 December 31, 2019 $ (12,342) $ (16,918) $ (8,450) $ (9,805) $ (14,134) $ (12,063) $ (12,921) $ (13,132) (in thousands) Three Months Ended 1,116 96 2,638 1,172 189 3,690 — 6,694 (1,798) $ — 10,022 (1,845) $ $ 1,132 86 3,844 — 3,541 153 $ 1,084 425 3,521 — 5,568 793 458 294 3,705 — 7,785 (1,892) $ $ 322 138 3,995 — 8,008 400 $ 665 99 5,492 — 8,301 1,636 $ 1,534 (106) 6,479 1,406 9,395 5,576 73 Quarterly Trends in Revenue and Gross Margin The sequential increases in our quarterly revenue was due primarily to increases in our number of new customers as well as increased revenue from existing customers as they expanded their use of our solutions. Our gross profit has increased sequentially for the periods presented due primarily to greater growth in revenue than expenses, which expenses are primarily related to our increase in headcount as we invest in the growth of our business. The increase in revenue was partially offset by increases in amortization expense attributed to our acquisitions, capitalized software development costs and stock-based compensation. Quarterly Trends in Operating Expenses Our operating expenses generally have increased sequentially for the periods presented due primarily to increases in headcount and other office and infrastructure related expenses to support our growth and becoming a public company. We anticipate our operating expenses will continue to increase in absolute dollar terms as we invest in the long-term growth of our business. Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure. None Item 9A. Controls and Procedures. Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures We maintain “disclosure controls and procedures,” as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the company’s management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Our management, with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Based on such evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer have concluded that as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at a reasonable assurance level as of December 31, 2019. Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting We are responsible for establishing and maintaining internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act). Our management, under the supervision and with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019. In making this assessment, our management used the Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) as issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations (COSO) of the Treadway Commission. Based on this assessment, management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting is effective as of December 31, 2019. During 2019, we completed the acquisitions of MissionMode Solutions, Inc. as well as NC4 Inc. and NC4 Public Sector (the “Acquisitions”). As permitted by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, we excluded the Acquisitions from our assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, since it was not practical for management to conduct an assessment of internal control over financial reporting for these entities between the acquisition dates and the date of management's assessment. Excluded from our assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019 were total assets and net revenues of approximately 7% and 4%, respectively, of our consolidated total assets and net revenues as of and for the year ended December 31, 2019. 74 This Annual Report includes an attestation report regarding our internal control over financial reporting by our registered public accounting firm, which appears in the appendix to this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Inherent Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls Our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, does not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures or our internal control over financial reporting will prevent or detect all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within our organization have been detected. The design of any system of controls also is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions. Over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected. Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting identified in connection with the evaluation required by Rules 13(a)-15(d) and 15d- 15(d) under the Exchange Act that occurred during the quarter ended December 31, 2019 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. Item 9B. Other Information. None 75 Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance. PART III The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to our Proxy Statement for our 2020 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019. As part of our system of corporate governance, our board of directors has adopted a code of business conduct and ethics. The code applies to all of our employees, officers (including our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or controller, or persons performing similar functions), agents and representatives, including our independent directors and consultants, who are not employees of ours, with regard to their activities related to our business. Our code of business conduct and ethics is available on our website at www.Everbridge.com. We intend to post on this section of our website any amendment to our code of business conduct and ethics, as well as any waivers of our code of business conduct and ethics, that are required to be disclosed by the rules of the SEC or the Nasdaq Stock Market. Item 11. Executive Compensation. The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to our Proxy Statement for our 2020 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019. Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters. The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to our Proxy Statement for our 2020 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019. Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence. The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to our Proxy Statement for our 2020 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019. Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services. The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to our Proxy Statement for our 2020 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019. 76 Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules. PART IV 1. 2. 3. (b) Exhibits: Exhibit Number 2.1 2.2 3.1 3.2 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Financial Statements. The financial statements as set forth under Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K are incorporated herein. Financial Statement Schedules. All financial statement schedules have been omitted because they are not applicable, not required, or the information is shown in the financial statements or related notes. Exhibits. See (b) below. Exhibit Index Exhibit Description Transaction Agreement dated February 13, 2018, by and among Everbridge, Inc., Everbridge Holdings Limited, and Unified Messaging Systems ASA Membership Interest Purchase Agreement dated July 29, 2019, by and among Everbridge, Inc., NC4 Inc., NC4 Public Sector LLC, and Celerium Group Inc. Fifth Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Everbridge, Inc. Amended and Restated Bylaws of Everbridge, Inc. Form of common stock certificate of Everbridge, Inc. Base Indenture, dated November 20, 2017, between Everbridge, Inc. and U.S. Bank National Association, as Trustee. First Supplemental Indenture, Dated November 20, 2017, between Everbridge, Inc. and U.S. Bank, National Association, as Trustee (including the form of 1.5% convertible senior notes due 2022). Indenture, dated December 13, 2019, between Everbridge, Inc. and U.S. Bank National Association, as Trustee. Filed Herewith Form File No. Exhibit Filing Date Incorporated by Reference 8-K 001-37874 2.1 4/9/18 8-K 001-37874 2.1 8/2/19 8-K 001-37874 8-K 001-37874 S-1/A 333-213217 8-K 001-37874 3.1 3.2 4.1 4.1 9/21/16 9/21/16 9/6/16 11/20/17 8-K 001-37874 4.2 11/20/17 8-K 001-37874 4.1 12/13/19 Description of securities registered pursuant to Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. X 10.1 Lease Agreement, dated as of April 26, 2018 by and between Everbridge, Inc. and PR 155 North Lake, LLC. 10-K 001-37874 10.1 3/1/19 77 Exhibit Description Filed Herewith Form File No. Exhibit Filing Date Incorporated by Reference Exhibit Number 10.2+ 10.3+ 10.4+ 2008 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended and as currently in effect, and Forms of Stock Option Agreement and Notice of Exercise thereunder. 2016 Equity Incentive Plan and Forms of Stock Option Agreement, Notice of Exercise and Stock Option Grant Notice thereunder. Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement under the Everbridge, Inc. 2016 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended. 10.5+ 2016 Employee Stock Purchase Plan. 10.6+ Non-Employee Director Compensation Plan. 10.7+ 10.8+ 10.9+ 10.10+ 10.11+ 10.12+ 10.13+ 10.14+ 10.15+ 10.16+ 10.17+ Form of Indemnification Agreement by and between Everbridge, Inc. and each of its directors and executive officers. Employment Agreement, dated as of July 26, 2012, by and between Everbridge, Inc. and Jaime Ellertson. Employment Agreement, dated as of April 13, 2016, by and between Everbridge, Inc. and Kenneth S. Goldman. Employment Agreement, dated as of July 27, 2012, by and between Everbridge, Inc. and Imad Mouline. Employment Agreement, dated as of November 3, 2016, by and between Everbridge, Inc. and Elliot J. Mark. Employment Agreement, dated February 14, 2018, by and between Everbridge, Inc. and Robert Hughes. Amendment to Employment Agreement, dated as of July 16, 2018, by and between Everbridge, Inc. and Robert Hughes Employment Agreement, dated as of May 15, 2018, by and between Everbridge, Inc. and James Totton. Employment Agreement, dated as of February 4, 2019, by and between Everbridge, Inc. and Patrick Brickley. Employment Agreement, dated as of May 25, 2019, by and between Everbridge, Inc. and David Meredith. Employment Agreement, dated as of August 19, 2019, by and between Everbridge, Inc. and Vernon Irvin. 78 S-1/A 333-213217 10.3 9/6/16 S-1/A 333-213217 10.4 9/6/16 10-Q 001-37874 S-1/A 333-213217 S-1/A 333-213217 S-1 333-213217 10.1 10.5 10.6 10.9 8/14/17 9/6/16 9/6/16 8/19/16 S-1 333-213217 10.10 8/19/16 S-1 333-213217 10.11 8/19/16 S-1 333-213217 10.15 8/19/16 S-1/A 333-213217 10.17 9/6/16 10-Q 001-37874 10.1 5/10/18 8-K 001-37874 10.1 7/20/18 10-Q 001-37874 10.1 8/9/18 8-K 001-37874 10.1 3/1/19 8-K 001-37874 10.1 6/18/19 10-Q 001-37874 10.2 11/8/19 Exhibit Description Filed Herewith Form File No. Exhibit Filing Date Incorporated by Reference S-1 333-213217 10.19 8/19/17 10-Q 001-37874 10-Q 001-37874 10-Q 001-37874 10-Q 001-37874 10.2 10.3 10.1 10.1 8/9/18 8/14/17 11/9/18 8/9/19 10-K 001-37874 10.20 3/23/17 10-K 001-37874 10.20 3/1/19 Exhibit Number 10.18 10.19 Loan and Security Agreement, dated as of June 30, 2016, by and between Everbridge, Inc. and Western Alliance Bank, as amended. Loan and Security Modification Agreement, dated as of June 27, 2018, by and between Everbridge, Inc. and Western Alliance Bank. 10.20+ 2017 Bonus Plan of Everbridge, Inc. 10.21+ 2018 Bonus Plan of Everbridge, Inc. 10.22+ 2019 Management Incentive Plan of Everbridge, Inc. 10.23 10.24 21.1 23.1 23.2 31.1 31.2 32.1* 32.2* Lease, dated as of December 16, 2016, by and between Everbridge, Inc. and Burlington Centre Owner, LLC. First Amendment to Lease, dated as of February 6, 2018, by and between Everbridge, Inc. and 25 Corporate Drive LLC. Subsidiaries of Everbridge, Inc. Consent of KPMG, LLP. Consent of Ernst & Young, LLP. Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a- 14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a- 14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes- Oxley Act of 2002. Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes- Oxley Act of 2002. 101.INS Inline XBRL Instance Document – the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document. 101.SCH Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document 79 X X X X X X X X X Exhibit Number Exhibit Description Filed Herewith Form File No. Exhibit Filing Date Incorporated by Reference 101.CAL Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document 101.DEF Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document 101.LAB Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document 101.PRE Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document 104 Cover Page Interactive Data File - the cover page interactive data is embedded within the Inline XBRL document or included within the Exhibit 101 attachments X X X X X * + This certification is deemed not filed for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or otherwise subject to the liability of that section, nor shall it be deemed incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Indicates management contract or compensatory plan. Item 16. Form 10-K Summary. None. 80 Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the registrant has duly caused this Report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. SIGNATURES Date: February 28, 2020 Date: February 28, 2020 Everbridge, Inc. By: /s/ David Meredith David Meredith Chief Executive Officer By: /s/ Patrick Brickley Patrick Brickley Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant in the capacities and on the dates indicated. Signature Title /s/ David Meredith David Meredith /s/ Patrick Brickley Patrick Brickley /s/ Phillip E. Huff Phillip E. Huff /s/ Richard D’Amore Richard D’Amore /s/ Alison Dean Alison Dean /s/ Jaime Ellertson Jaime Ellertson /s/ Bruns Grayson Bruns Grayson /s/ Kent Mathy Kent Mathy /s/ Simon Paris Simon Paris /s/ Sharon Rowlands Sharon Rowlands Chief Executive Officer and Director (Principal Executive Officer) Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) Vice President, Corporate Controller and Chief Accounting Officer (Principal Accounting Officer) Director Director Date February 28, 2020 February 28, 2020 February 28, 2020 February 28, 2020 February 28, 2020 Executive Chairman of the Board of Directors February 28, 2020 Director Director Director Director 81 February 28, 2020 February 28, 2020 February 28, 2020 February 28, 2020 EVERBRIDGE, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Consolidated Financial Statements: Consolidated Balance Sheets Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements F-1 Page F-2 F-9 F-10 F-11 F-12 F-13 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Everbridge, Inc. Opinion on the Financial Statements We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Everbridge, Inc. and Subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, stockholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2019, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2019 and 2018, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2019, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) and our report dated February 28, 2020 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. Adoption of ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers As discussed in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company changed its method for recognizing revenue as a result of the adoption of Accounting Standard Update (ASU) No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), and the amendments in ASUs 2015-14, 2016-08, 2016-10 and 2016-12 effective January 1, 2018. Adoption of ASU No. 2016-02, Leases As discussed in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company changed its method of accounting for leases as a result of the adoption of Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) effective January 1, 2019. Basis for Opinion These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. Critical Audit Matters The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate. F-2 Accounting for Acquisitions Description of the Matter As described in Note 8 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company completed two acquisitions during 2019 for total consideration of $91.8 million. The most significant was the acquisition of all outstanding equity of NC4 Inc. and NC4 Public Sector LLC (collectively “NC4”) for consideration of $84.5 million. The financial statement accounts primarily affected by these transactions were intangible assets, goodwill, and deferred revenue. Auditing the Company's accounting for its acquisition of NC4 was especially challenging due to the significant estimation required by management in determining the fair value of the customer relationship intangible assets, trade names and technology-related intangible assets of $35.5 million, $8.6 million and $5.2 million, respectively (collectively, “the intangible assets”). The significant estimation was primarily due to the judgmental nature of the inputs to the valuation models used to measure the fair value of these intangible assets, as well as the sensitivity of the respective fair values to the underlying significant assumptions. The Company used the income approach to measure the fair value of these intangible assets. The significant assumptions used to estimate the fair value of the intangible assets included revenue growth rates, customer attrition rates, amount and expected period of cash flows and discount rates. These significant assumptions are forward-looking and could be affected by future economic and market conditions. How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit We obtained an understanding, evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of the controls over the Company’s accounting for acquisitions. We tested controls over the valuation of intangible assets, including the valuation models and underlying assumptions used to develop such estimates. To test the fair value of the acquired intangible assets, our audit procedures included, among others, evaluating the Company's use of valuation models, evaluating the significant assumptions used, and testing the completeness and accuracy of underlying data. We tested the valuation modeling used to value the acquired intangible assets. Our testing procedures over the significant assumptions included, among others, comparing them to current industry, market and economic trends, historical results of the acquired business and to other relevant factors. We also performed sensitivity analyses of the significant assumptions to evaluate the change in the fair value resulting from changes in the assumptions. Accounting for Software Revenue Contracts Description of the Matter As discussed in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, during fiscal 2019, the Company entered into contracts to sell software licenses, post-contract support and professional services to certain customers. The financial statement accounts primarily affected by these transactions were revenue and deferred revenue. Auditing these accounts was especially challenging because of the significant judgment required by management to determine the standalone selling prices for each distinct performance obligation in order to allocate the transaction price for purposes of revenue recognition. Making this judgment of estimating a standalone selling price involves consideration of overall pricing objectives, market conditions and other factors, including the value of the Company’s other similar contracts, the applications sold, customer demographics, geographic locations, and the number and types of users within the Company’s contracts. The significant judgment was primarily due to using such considerations to estimate the price that each distinct performance obligation would be sold for on a standalone basis because such performance obligations are typically sold together on a bundled basis. Changes in these estimates of standalone selling prices can have a material effect on the amount of revenue recognized from each distinct performance obligation. F-3 How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit We obtained an understanding, evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of controls over the revenue recognition process for software licenses, including controls over the determination of standalone selling prices for distinct performance obligations. Our audit procedures included, among others, evaluating the Company’s judgments related to the estimate of standalone selling price of each performance obligation. We tested management’s estimate of stand-alone selling price of each performance obligation, including an evaluation of the assumptions applied by the Company in the estimates by comparing those significant assumptions to the Company’s overall pricing objectives, market conditions and other factors, including the value of the Company’s other similar contracts, the applications sold, customer demographics, geographic locations, and the number and types of users within the Company’s contracts. We met with the project managers for the significant contracts to discuss and evaluate those estimates. We also performed a sensitivity analysis of the significant assumptions to evaluate the impact that the change in the standalone selling price of each identified performance obligation resulting from changes in the assumptions would have on revenue recognized during the period. Description of the Matter Accounting for Convertible Notes As discussed in Note 9 to the consolidated financial statements, in December 2019 the Company issued $450 million of convertible senior notes due December 15, 2024 (2024 Notes), which permits the Company to settle in cash or stock at its option. Concurrent with the offering of the 2024 Notes, the Company entered into separate capped call transactions to reduce potential dilution upon conversion of the 2024 Notes. Simultaneous with the issuance of the 2024 Notes, the Company repurchased a portion of the convertible notes issued in November 2017, due November 1, 2022 (2022 Note Partial Repurchase), accounting for this transaction as a debt extinguishment. These transactions are collectively referred to as the Convertible Notes Transactions. The financial statement accounts primarily affected by these transactions were debt, equity and other expense. Auditing the Company’s accounting for the 2024 Notes and the 2022 Notes Partial Repurchase was complex due to the significant judgment required in determining the liability component of the related convertible notes as well as the balance sheet classification of the elements of the 2024 Notes. The Company accounted for the 2024 Notes and the 2022 Notes Partial Repurchase as separate liability and equity components, determining the fair value of the respective liability components based on an estimate of the fair value of a similar liability without a conversion option and assigning the residual value to the equity component. The Company estimated the fair value of the liability component of the 2024 Notes and 2022 Notes using a discounted cash flow model with a risk adjusted yield for similar debt instruments, absent any embedded conversion feature. In estimating the risk adjusted yield, the Company utilized both an income and market approach. For the income approach, the Company used a convertible bond pricing model, which included several assumptions including volatility and the risk-free rate. For the market approach, the Company performed an evaluation of issuances of convertible debt securities issued by other comparable companies. Additionally, a detailed analysis of the terms of the Convertible Notes Transactions was required to determine existence of any derivatives that may require separate mark-to-market accounting under applicable accounting guidance. F-4 How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit We obtained an understanding, evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of controls over the Company’s Convertible Notes Transactions. For example, we tested the Company’s controls over the initial recognition and measurement of the Convertible Notes Transactions, including the recording of the associated liability and equity components. Our testing of the Company’s initial accounting for the Convertible Notes Transactions, among other procedures, included reading the underlying agreements and evaluating the Company’s accounting analysis of the initial accounting of the Convertible Notes Transactions, including the determination of the balance sheet classification of each transaction, identification of any derivatives included in the arrangements and determination that the 2022 Notes Partial Repurchase was a debt extinguishment. Our testing of the fair value of the liability components of the 2024 Notes and the 2022 Notes Partial Repurchase, included, among other procedures, evaluating the Company's selection of the valuation methodology and significant assumptions used by the Company and evaluating the completeness and accuracy of the underlying data supporting the significant assumptions and estimates. Specifically, when assessing the key assumptions, we focused on the Company’s assumptions used to determine the risk adjusted yield, which was based on a calibration to the convertible notes’ issuance price and corroborated by an analysis of comparable issuances of debt securities by other companies. In addition, we involved a valuation professional to assist in our evaluation of the methodology used by the Company and significant assumptions. /s/ Ernst & Young LLP We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2018. Boston, Massachusetts February 28, 2020 F-5 To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Everbridge, Inc. Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting We have audited Everbridge, Inc. and Subsidiaries’ internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, Everbridge, Inc. and Subsidiaries (the Company) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on the COSO criteria. As indicated in the accompanying Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting, management's assessment of and conclusion on the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting did not include the internal controls of MissionMode Solutions, Inc. and NC4 Inc. and NC4 Public Sector LLC (collectively “NC4”), which are included in the 2019 consolidated financial statements of the Company and constituted 7% and 4%, respectively, of consolidated total assets and revenue as of December 31, 2019 and for the year then ended. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting of the Company also did not include an evaluation of the internal control over financial reporting of MissionMode Solutions, Inc. and NC4. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2019, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”), and our report dated February 28, 2020 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. Basis for Opinion The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. F-6 Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. /s/ Ernst & Young LLP Boston, Massachusetts February 28, 2020 F-7 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm To the Stockholders and Board of Directors Everbridge, Inc.: Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows of Everbridge, Inc. and subsidiaries (the Company) for the year ended December 31, 2017, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the results of operations of the Company and its cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2017, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. Basis for Opinion These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audit included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audit also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. /s/ KPMG LLP We served as the Company’s auditor from 2012 to 2018. Los Angeles, California March 12, 2018 F-8 EVERBRIDGE, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES Consolidated Balance Sheets (in thousands, except share data) Assets As of December 31, 2019 2018 Current assets: Cash and cash equivalents Restricted cash Short-term investments Accounts receivable, net Prepaid expenses Deferred costs and other current assets Total current assets Property and equipment, net Capitalized software development costs, net Goodwill Intangible assets, net Restricted cash Deferred tax assets Prepaid expenses Deferred costs and other assets Total assets Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity Current liabilities: Accounts payable Accrued payroll and employee related liabilities Accrued expenses Deferred revenue Note payable Other current liabilities Total current liabilities Long-term liabilities: Deferred revenue, noncurrent Convertible senior notes Deferred tax liabilities Other long term liabilities Total liabilities Commitments and contingencies Stockholders’ equity: Preferred stock, par value $0.001, 10,000,000 shares authorized, no shares issued or outstanding as of December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively Common stock, $0.001 par value, 100,000,000 shares authorized, 33,848,627 and 29,700,192 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively Additional paid-in capital Accumulated deficit Accumulated other comprehensive loss Total stockholders’ equity Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 531,575 4,737 — 68,642 6,675 13,501 625,130 6,284 14,287 91,421 67,100 3,350 — 2,009 27,715 837,296 7,808 22,248 4,496 129,995 — 4,819 169,366 3,471 430,282 2,002 11,863 616,984 59,978 90 45,541 41,107 4,890 10,909 162,515 4,650 12,893 48,382 23,197 — 83 — 10,460 262,180 2,719 17,108 5,565 92,738 427 1,490 120,047 2,898 94,097 1,032 1,948 220,022 — — 34 425,945 (199,920) (5,747) 220,312 837,296 $ 30 194,866 (147,670) (5,068) 42,158 262,180 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. F-9 EVERBRIDGE, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss (In thousands, except share and per share data) 2019 Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 $ 200,882 $ 63,535 137,347 147,094 $ 46,810 100,284 Revenue Cost of revenue Gross profit Operating expenses: Sales and marketing Research and development General and administrative Total operating expenses Operating loss Other income (expense), net: Interest income Interest expense Loss on extinguishment of convertible notes Other expenses, net Total other income (expense), net Loss before income taxes Provision for income taxes Net loss Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders: Basic Diluted Weighted-average common shares outstanding: Basic Diluted Other comprehensive income (loss): Foreign currency translation adjustment, net of taxes Total other comprehensive income (loss) Total comprehensive loss 87,731 50,024 46,820 184,575 (47,228) 4,499 (7,478) (1,406) (212) (4,597) (51,825) (425) (52,250) $ (1.58) $ (1.58) $ 69,608 41,305 31,462 142,375 (42,091) 1,842 (6,346) — (124) (4,628) (46,719) (796) (47,515) $ (1.63) $ (1.63) $ 104,352 31,503 72,849 46,998 22,241 22,895 92,134 (19,285) 475 (691) — (86) (302) (19,587) (47) (19,634) (0.70) (0.70) 33,161,656 33,161,656 29,107,267 29,107,267 27,862,375 27,862,375 (679) (679) (52,929) $ (5,288) (5,288) (52,803) $ 523 523 (19,111) $ $ $ $ See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. F-10 Balance at January 1, 2017 Stock-based compensation Issuance of common stock in follow-on offering, net of issuance costs Purchase of convertible note capped call hedge Equity component of convertible notes Exercise of stock options Issuance of shares under employee stock purchase plan Other comprehensive income Net loss Balance at December 31, 2017 Cumulative effect of adoption of ASU 2014-09, net of taxes Stock-based compensation Vesting of restricted stock units Restricted stock units withheld to settle employee tax withholding liability Exercise of stock options Issuance of shares under employee stock purchase plan Other comprehensive loss Net loss Balance at December 31, 2018 Issuance of common stock, net of cost Issuance of common stock in connection with the acquisition of NC4 Stock-based compensation Vesting of restricted stock units Restricted stock units withheld to settle employee tax withholding liability Exercise of stock options Issuance of shares under employee stock purchase plan Equity component of the convertible notes due 2024, net of allocated issuance costs and taxes Purchase of capped call hedge for the convertible notes due 2024, including issuance costs Equity component of repurchased convertible notes due 2022 Termination of capped call hedge for the convertible notes due 2022 Other comprehensive loss Net loss Balance at December 31, 2019 EVERBRIDGE, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity (in thousands, except share data) Common stock Shares Par value 27,150,674 — $ 553,825 — — 497,175 128,786 — — 28,330,460 — — 671,412 (154,567 ) 778,370 74,517 — — 29,700,192 2,645,000 320,998 — 275,680 (54,312 ) 918,588 42,481 — — — — — — 33,848,627 $ Additional paid-in capital Accumulated deficit $ 132,246 9,299 $ (89,618 ) $ — 9,869 (12,922 ) 22,094 2,869 1,540 — — 164,995 — 25,825 — (7,925 ) 10,148 1,823 — — 194,866 138,831 32,798 33,989 — (4,602 ) 17,410 2,337 86,133 (44,948 ) (36,649 ) 5,780 — — 425,945 $ $ — — — — — — (19,634 ) (109,252 ) 9,097 — — — — — — (47,515 ) (147,670 ) — — — — — — — — — — — — (52,250 ) (199,920 ) $ 27 — 1 — — — — — — 28 — — 1 — 1 — — — 30 3 — — — — 1 — — — — — — — 34 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. F-11 Accumulated- other comprehensive income (loss) (303 ) $ Total — — — — — — 523 — 220 — — — — — — (5,288 ) — (5,068 ) — — — — — — — — — — — (679 ) — (5,747 ) $ 42,352 9,299 9,870 (12,922 ) 22,094 2,869 1,540 523 (19,634 ) 55,991 9,097 25,825 1 (7,925 ) 10,149 1,823 (5,288 ) (47,515 ) 42,158 138,834 32,798 33,989 — (4,602 ) 17,411 2,337 86,133 (44,948 ) (36,649 ) 5,780 (679 ) (52,250 ) 220,312 EVERBRIDGE, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (In thousands) Cash flows from operating activities: Net loss Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by operating activities: Depreciation and amortization Amortization of deferred costs Accretion of interest on debt Loss on extinguishment of convertible notes Provision for doubtful accounts and sales return reserve Stock-based compensation Change in fair value of contingent consideration obligation Other non-cash adjustments Change in operating assets and liabilities: Accounts receivable Prepaid expenses Deferred costs Other assets Accounts payable Accrued payroll and employee related liabilities Accrued expenses Deferred revenue Other liabilities Net cash provided by operating activities Cash flows from investing activities: Capital expenditures Proceeds from landlord reimbursement Proceeds from sale leaseback transaction Payments for acquisition of business, net of acquired cash Additions to capitalized software development costs Purchase of short-term investments Maturities of short-term investments Purchase of intangibles Net cash used in investing activities Cash flows from financing activities: Proceeds from public offering, net of costs Proceeds from issuance of convertible notes Payments of debt issuance costs Purchase of convertible notes capped call hedge Repurchase of convertible notes Proceeds from termination of convertible notes capped call hedge Restricted stock units withheld to settle employee tax withholding liability Payments of contingent consideration obligation Proceeds from employee stock purchase plan Proceeds from option exercises Other Effect of exchange rates on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash Net cash provided by financing activities Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash—beginning of year Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash—end of year Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information: Cash paid during the year for: Interest Taxes, net of refunds received Supplemental disclosure of non-cash activities Capitalized assets included in accounts payable and accrued expenses Capitalized development costs included in accounts payable and accrued expenses Debt issuance costs included in accounts payable and other assets, net Deferred offering costs in accounts payable and accrued expenses Common stock issued in connection with acquisition Stock-based compensation capitalized for software development Note payable issued for asset acquisition Note payable issued for business acquisition 2019 2018 2017 Year Ended December 31, $ (52,250 ) $ (47,515 ) $ (19,634 ) 19,671 7,982 5,711 1,406 661 33,489 (550 ) (132 ) (25,558 ) (3,481 ) (15,293 ) 1,758 5,312 4,548 (1,308 ) 29,704 (1,353 ) 10,317 (5,269 ) 1,143 — (58,419 ) (7,819 ) (1,975 ) 47,765 — (24,574 ) 139,110 450,000 (12,686 ) (44,910 ) (57,791 ) 5,780 (4,602 ) — 2,337 17,411 (548 ) 494,101 (250 ) 479,594 60,068 539,662 1,766 90 136 71 131 — 32,798 500 — — $ $ 13,693 5,472 4,616 — 252 25,589 (250 ) (261 ) (2,623 ) (1,952 ) (8,285 ) (4,014 ) (1,263 ) 4,686 298 13,164 1,688 3,295 (1,721 ) — — (35,857 ) (8,499 ) (87,204 ) 85,069 (201 ) (48,413 ) (276 ) — (84 ) — — — (7,925 ) (431 ) 1,823 10,150 (158 ) 3,099 (964 ) (42,983 ) 103,051 60,068 1,634 113 1,609 — — 21 — 236 52 383 $ $ 10,207 5,947 493 — 637 9,218 (1,020 ) (236 ) (13,067 ) (551 ) (89 ) (6,643 ) (90 ) 3,596 (132 ) 16,378 (151 ) 4,863 (1,667 ) — 794 (21,235 ) (6,160 ) (60,764 ) 18,060 — (70,972 ) 9,572 115,000 (3,834 ) (12,922 ) — — — (3,750 ) 1,540 2,869 — 108,475 (80 ) 42,286 60,765 103,051 — 28 73 — 84 — — 81 — — $ $ See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. F-12 Everbridge, Inc. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (1) Business and Nature of Operations Everbridge, Inc., a Delaware corporation (together with its wholly-owned subsidiaries, referred to as “Everbridge” or the “Company”), is a global software company that provides enterprise software applications that automate and accelerate organizations’ operational response to critical events in order to keep people safe and businesses running. The Company’s SaaS-based platform enables the Company’s customers to quickly and reliably deliver messaging to a large group of people during critical situations. The Company’s enterprise applications, such as Mass Notification, Incident Management, Safety Connection, IT Alerting, Visual Command Center, Public Warning, Crisis Management, Community Engagement, Risk Intelligence and Secure Messaging, automate numerous critical event management processes. The Company generates revenue primarily from subscription fees to the Company’s enterprise applications. The Company has operations in the United States, Norway, India, the Netherlands, Sweden, England, Germany and China. Follow-On Public Offering In January 2019, the Company completed a follow-on public offering in which the Company sold 2,645,000 shares of its common stock, which included 345,000 shares sold pursuant to the exercise by the underwriters of an option to purchase additional shares, at a public offering price of $55.25 per share. The Company received net proceeds of $139.1 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions. Convertible Senior Notes In December 2019, the Company issued $450 million aggregate principal amount of 0.125% convertible senior notes due December 15, 2024 (the “2024 Notes”). The 2024 Notes will mature on December 15, 2024, unless earlier redeemed or repurchased by the Company or converted by the holder pursuant to their terms. In connection with the issuance of the 2024 Notes, the Company entered into capped call transactions with certain counterparties affiliated with the initial purchasers and other financial institutions. The cost of the purchased capped calls was $44.9 million. The capped call transactions are expected to reduce potential dilution of earnings per share upon conversion of the 2024 Notes. In connection with the issuance of the 2024 Notes in December 2019, the Company paid $57.8 million to repurchase $23.0 million principal balance of its 1.50% convertible senior notes due 2022 (the “2022 Notes”). The Company also partially terminated capped call options entered into in connection with the 2022 Notes during fiscal year 2019 and received $5.8 million. (2) Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Basis of Presentation The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the Company’s results of operations and those of its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation. The Company’s accounting and financial reporting policies conform to generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”). Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current year’s presentation. Current Deferred costs of $6.5 million and noncurrent Deferred costs of $10.3 million as of December 31, 2018 are reported in Deferred costs and other current assets and Deferred costs and other assets, respectively, with no effect on Total current assets or Total assets, respectively. Effective January 1, 2019, the Company adopted the requirements of Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2016-02, Leases, as discussed in this Note 2 and Note 18. F-13 Everbridge, Inc. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued) Principles of Consolidation The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. Business acquisitions are included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements from the date of the acquisition. The Company’s purchase accounting resulted in all assets and liabilities of acquired businesses being recorded at their estimated fair values on the acquisition dates. Use of Estimates The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements, and the reported amount of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Assets and liabilities which are subject to judgment and use of estimates include the determination of the period of benefit for deferred commissions, relative stand-alone selling price for identified performance obligations in our revenue transactions, allowances for doubtful accounts, the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed in business combinations, the recoverability of goodwill and long-lived assets, valuation allowances with respect to deferred tax assets, useful lives associated with property and equipment and intangible assets, contingencies, and the valuation and assumptions underlying stock-based compensation. On an ongoing basis, the Company evaluates its estimates compared to historical experience and trends, which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities. In addition, the Company engages valuation specialists to assist with management’s determination of the valuation of its fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed in business combinations, convertible senior notes, and certain market-based performance equity awards. Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements ASU No. 2014-09 In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers ("Topic 606"). Topic 606 supersedes the revenue recognition requirements in Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") Topic 605, Revenue Recognition ("Topic 605"), and requires the recognition of revenue when promised goods or services are transferred to customers in an amount that reflects the considerations to which the entity expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. Topic 606 also includes Subtopic 340-40, Other Assets and Deferred Costs - Contracts with Customers, which requires the deferral of incremental costs of obtaining a contract with a customer. Collectively, the Company refers to Topic 606 and Subtopic 340-40 as the "new revenue standard" or “ASC 606.” The Company adopted the requirements of the new revenue standard as of January 1, 2018, utilizing the modified retrospective method of transition. Adoption of the new revenue standard resulted in changes to the Company’s accounting policies for revenue recognition and deferred commissions as detailed below. The Company applied the new revenue standard using a practical expedient where the consideration allocated to the remaining performance obligations or an explanation of when the Company expects to recognize that amount as revenue for all reporting periods presented before the date of the initial application is not disclosed. Based on the results of the Company’s evaluation, the adoption of the new revenue standard did not have a material impact on its revenue for the year ended December 31, 2018. The primary impact of adopting the new revenue standard relates to the deferral of incremental commission costs of obtaining subscription contracts. Under Topic 605, the Company deferred only direct and incremental commission costs to obtain a contract and amortized those costs over one year. Under the new revenue standard, the Company defers all incremental commission costs to obtain the contract. The Company amortizes costs for subscription-related commissions over a period of benefit that the Company has determined to be four years. Sales commissions attributable to professional services are expensed within twelve months of selling the service to the customer. Adoption of the new revenue standard had no impact on total cash provided from or used in operating, financing, or investing activities in the Company’s consolidated statements of cash flows. For details on the impact of the Company’s adoption of the new revenue standard, see Note 15. F-14 Everbridge, Inc. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued) ASU No. 2016-02 In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), to require lessees to recognize most leases on the balance sheet, while recognition on the statement of operations will remain similar to current lease accounting. The ASU requires lessees to recognize a liability for lease obligations, which represents the discounted obligation to make future lease payments, and a corresponding right-of-use (“ROU”) asset on the balance sheet. The guidance requires disclosure of key information about leasing arrangements that is intended to enable the assessment of the amount, timing and potential uncertainty of cash flows related to leases. The ASU also eliminates real estate-specific provisions and modifies certain aspects of lessor accounting. The Company adopted the standard on January 1, 2019 using the modified retrospective approach. The Company elected to apply the transition method that allows companies to continue applying the guidance under the lease standard in effect at that time in the comparative periods presented in the consolidated financial statements and recognize a cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings on the date of adoption. The Company also elected the “package of practical expedients”, which permits the Company not to reassess under the new standard its prior conclusions about lease identification, lease classification and initial direct costs. Results for reporting periods beginning after January 1, 2019 are presented under the new standard, while prior period amounts are not adjusted and continue to be reported under the accounting standards in effect for the prior period. Upon adoption of the new lease standard, on January 1, 2019, the Company capitalized ROU assets of $14.7 million and $16.9 million of lease liabilities, within the Company’s consolidated balance sheets upon adoption. Additionally, the Company reversed its deferred rent liability of $2.2 million, which upon adoption became a component of the ROU asset. The adoption of this standard did not have an impact on the Company’s consolidated statement of operations or cash flows and did not result in a cumulative catch-up adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings. ASU No. 2018-02 In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-02, Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income. The amendments in this update allow a reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings for stranded tax effects resulting from the U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017. The Company adopted ASU 2018-02 effective January 1, 2019. The adoption of this standard did not have an impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. ASU No. 2018-07 In June 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-07, Improvements to Nonemployee Share Based Payments. The improvement expands stock-based compensation guidance to include share-based payment transactions for acquiring goods and services from nonemployees. The pronouncement is effective for fiscal years, and for interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2018. The Company adopted ASU 2018-07 effective January 1, 2019. The adoption of this standard did not have an impact on its consolidated financial statements. ASU 2019-12 In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes. ASU 2019-12 simplifies aspects of the income tax accounting guidance including requirements related to separate financial statements of entities not subject to tax, the intraperiod tax allocation exception to the incremental approach, interim-period accounting for enacted changes in tax law and the year-to-date loss limitation in interim- period tax accounting. The guidance includes retrospective, modified retrospective and prospective basis application dependent on the requirements of specific amendments. The Company early adopted ASU 2019-12 in the fourth quarter of 2019 using the prospective approach. The adoption did not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements. F-15 Everbridge, Inc. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued) Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted ASU 2016-13 In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13 (as amended through November 2019), Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. ASU 2016-13 introduces a new forward-looking approach, based on expected losses, to estimate credit losses on certain types of financial instruments, including trade receivables and held-to-maturity debt securities, which will require entities to incorporate considerations of historical information, current information and reasonable and supportable forecasts. This ASU also expands disclosure requirements. ASU 2016-13 is effective for the Company beginning in the first quarter of 2020. The guidance will be applied using the modified-retrospective approach. The Company is currently assessing the impact this standard will have on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. ASU 2018-13 In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13, Disclosure Framework - Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurements, which eliminates, adds and modifies certain disclosure requirements for fair value measurements as part of the FASB’s disclosure framework project. ASU 2018-13 is effective for the Company beginning in the first quarter of 2020. The Company is currently assessing the impact this standard will have on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. ASU 2018-15 In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-15, Customer's Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract, a new standard on a customer's accounting for implementation, set-up, and other upfront costs incurred in a cloud computing arrangement (“CCA”). Under the new guidance, customers will assess if a CCA includes a software license and if a CCA does include a software license, implementation and set-up costs will be accounted for consistent with existing internal-use software implementation guidance. Implementation costs associated with a CCA that do not include a software license would be expensed to operating expenses. The standard also provides classification guidance on these implementation costs as well as additional quantitative and qualitative disclosures. ASU 2018-15 is effective for the Company beginning in the first quarter of 2020. Entities can choose to adopt the new guidance prospectively or retrospectively. The Company is currently assessing the impact this standard will have on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. ASU 2020-01 In January 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-01, Clarifying the Interactions Between Topic 321, Topic 323, and Topic 815. ASU 2020-01 addresses the accounting for the transition into and out of the equity method and measuring certain purchased options and forward contracts to acquire investments. Observable transactions that require a company to either apply or discontinue the equity method of accounting for the purposes of applying the measurement alternative in accordance with ASC 321, Investments – Equity Securities, should be considered immediately before applying or upon discontinuing the equity method. Certain non-derivative forward contracts or purchased call options to acquire equity securities generally will be measured using the fair value principles of ASC 321 before settlement or exercise and consideration shall not be given to how entities will account for the resulting investments on eventual settlement or exercise. ASU 2020-01 is effective for the Company beginning in the first quarter of 2021 and early adoption is permitted. ASU 2020-01 should be applied prospectively. The Company is currently assessing the impact this standard will have on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. Other accounting standard updates effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 31, 2019 are not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s financial position, results of operations or cash flows. Fair Value Measurements Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. F-16 Everbridge, Inc. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued) Valuation techniques used to measure fair value must maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. Accounting standards describe a fair value hierarchy based on three levels of inputs, of which the first two are considered observable and the last unobservable, that may be used to measure fair value which are the following: Level 1—Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities or funds. Level 2—Inputs other than Level 1 that are observable, either directly or indirectly, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities. Level 3—Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities. A financial instrument’s level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of any input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Concentrations of Credit and Business Risk Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to a concentration of credit risk consist of cash, cash equivalents and accounts receivable. The Company maintains cash and cash equivalent balances at several banks. Accounts located in the United States are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”), up to $250,000. From time to time, balances may exceed amounts insured by the FDIC. The Company has not experienced any losses in such amounts. The Company’s accounts receivable are generally unsecured and are derived from revenue earned from customers primarily located in the United States, Norway, Netherlands and the United Kingdom and are generally denominated in U.S. dollars, Norwegian Krone, Euro or British pounds. Each reporting period, the Company reevaluates each customer’s ability to satisfy credit obligations and maintains an allowance for doubtful accounts based on the evaluations. No single customer comprised more than 10% of the Company’s total revenue for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017. No single customer comprised more than 10% of the Company’s total accounts receivable balance at December 31, 2019 and 2018. Cash and Cash Equivalents The Company considers all highly liquid instruments with original maturities of three months or less at the date of purchase to be cash equivalents. Cash equivalents consist of funds deposited into money market funds. Cash and cash equivalents are recorded at cost, which approximates fair value. Restricted Cash The Company’s restricted cash balance primarily consists of cash held at a financial institution for collateral against performance on the Company’s customer contracts and certain other cash deposits for specific purposes. Short-Term Investments Short-term investments consist of highly liquid investments, primarily commercial paper, U.S. Treasury and U.S. agency securities, with maturities over three months from the date of purchase and less than 12 months from the date of the balance sheet. Debt securities, money market funds and U.S. agency bonds that the Company has the ability and positive intent to hold to maturity are carried at amortized cost, which approximates fair value. There were no short-term investments at December 31, 2019. Short-term investments of $45.5 million at December 31, 2018 were classified as held-to-maturity and primarily comprised of U.S. treasury and U.S. government and agency securities. F-17 Everbridge, Inc. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued) Accounts Receivable Accounts receivable includes trade accounts receivables from the Company’s customers, net of an allowance for doubtful accounts. Accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount and do not bear interest. Allowance for doubtful accounts is established based on various factors including credit profiles of the Company’s customers, historical payments and current economic trends. The Company reviews its allowance by assessing individual accounts receivable over a specific aging and amount and all other balances are pooled based on historical collection experience. Accounts receivable are written-off on a case by case basis, net of any amounts that may be collected. Deferred Offering Costs Deferred offering costs consist primarily of direct incremental costs related to the Company’s follow on offerings of its common stock, which were completed in April 2017 and January 2019. Upon completion of the Company’s follow-on offering in April 2017, $0.6 million was offset against the proceeds of the offering. The Company incurred $0.1 million and $0.3 million of offering cost during the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 related to the January 2019 offering. Property and Equipment, Net Property and equipment are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, which is generally three years for computer software, office computers and system software, five years for system hardware and furniture and equipment, and over the shorter of lease term or useful life of the assets for leasehold improvements. Maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred. When assets are retired or otherwise disposed of, the cost and related accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts and any resulting gain or loss is reflected in the Company’s results of operations. Depreciation expense is computed using the straight-line method over the shorter of the estimated useful lives of the asset or the period of the related lease for leasehold improvements. Capitalized Software Development Costs The Company capitalizes the costs of software developed or obtained for internal use in accordance with FASB ASC 350-40, Internal Use Software. Capitalized software development costs consist of costs incurred during the application development stage and include purchased software licenses, implementation costs, consulting costs, and payroll-related costs for projects that qualify for capitalization. These costs relate to major new functionality. All other costs, primarily related to maintenance and minor software fixes, are expensed as incurred. The Company amortizes the capitalized software development costs on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of the software, which is generally three years, beginning when the asset is substantially ready for use. The amortization of capitalized software development costs is reflected in cost of revenue. For software licenses for on premise usage, software development costs are capitalized in accordance with ASC 985-20, Costs of Software to be Sold, Leased or Marketed. The Company capitalizes software development costs incurred after technological feasibility of the software is established or for development costs that have alternative future uses. Under the Company’s current practice, the technological feasibility of the underlying software is not established until substantially all product development and testing is complete, which generally includes the development of a working model. Software development costs that have been capitalized to date have not been material. Business Combinations The results of businesses acquired in a business combination are included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements from the date of acquisition. Purchase accounting results in assets and liabilities of an acquired business being recorded at their estimated fair values on the acquisition date. Any excess consideration over the value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed is recognized as goodwill. F-18 Everbridge, Inc. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued) The Company performs valuations of assets acquired and liabilities assumed on each acquisition accounted for as a business combination, and allocates the purchase price to the tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on its best estimate of fair value. Acquired intangible assets include: tradenames, customer relationships, and developed technology. The Company determines the appropriate useful life of intangible assets by performing an analysis of cash flows based on historical experience of the acquired businesses. Intangible assets are amortized over their estimated useful lives based on the pattern in which the economic benefits associated with the asset are expected to be consumed, which to date has approximated the straight- line method of amortization. The estimated useful lives for tradenames, customer relationships, and technology are generally, one to seven years, five to seven years, and three years, respectively. Segment Information The Company's Chief Executive Officer is the chief operating decision maker, who reviews the Company's financial information presented on a consolidated basis for purposes of allocating resources and evaluating the Company's financial performance. Accordingly, the Company has determined that it operates in a single reporting segment. Long-Lived Assets The Company evaluates the recoverability of its long-lived assets with finite useful lives for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amounts may not be recoverable. Long-lived assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the asset may not be recoverable or that the useful lives of those assets are no longer appropriate. Management considers the following potential indicators of impairment of its long-lived assets (asset group): a substantial decrease in the Company’s stock price, a significant adverse change in the extent or manner in which a long-lived asset (asset group) is being used, a significant adverse change in legal factors or in the business climate that could affect the value of the long-lived asset (asset group), an accumulation of costs significantly in excess of the amount originally expected for the acquisition or construction of a long-lived asset (asset group), and a current expectation that, more likely than not, a long lived asset (asset group) will be sold or otherwise disposed of significantly before the end of its previously estimated useful life. When such events occur, the Company compares the carrying amounts of the assets group to their undiscounted expected future cash flows. If this comparison indicates that there may be an impairment, the amount of the impairment is calculated as the difference between the carrying value and fair value. For the years presented, the Company did not recognize an impairment charge. Intangible Assets Intangible assets consist of patents, tradename, customer relationships and acquired technology. The Company records acquired intangible assets at fair value on the date of acquisition. and amortize such assets using the straight-line method over the expected useful life of the asset. The estimated useful life of acquired intangible assets is one to seven years. The Company evaluates the useful lives of these assets on an annual basis and tests for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances occur that could impact the recoverability of these assets in accordance with the long-lived assets policy states above. If the estimate of an intangible asset’s remaining useful life is changed, the Company amortizes the remaining carrying value of the intangible asset prospectively over the revised remaining useful life. Goodwill Goodwill represents the excess of the aggregate purchase price paid over the fair value of the net assets acquired in business combinations. Goodwill is not amortized and is tested for impairment at least annually or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. Events or changes in circumstances that could trigger an impairment review include a significant adverse change in business climate, an adverse action or assessment by a regulator, unanticipated competition, a loss of key personnel, significant changes in the manner of use of the acquired assets or the strategy for the Company’s overall business, significant negative industry or economic trends, or significant underperformance relative to expected historical or projected future results of operations. The Company has the option to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether the existence of events or circumstances leads to a determination that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value, including goodwill. If, after assessing the totality of events or circumstances, the Company determines that it is not more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, additional impairment testing is not required. The Company tests for goodwill impairment annually on November 30. F-19 Everbridge, Inc. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued) The Company performed a qualitative goodwill assessment at November 30, 2019 and concluded there was no impairment based on consideration of a number of factors, including the improvement in the Company’s key operating metrics over the prior year, improvement in the strength of the general economy and the Company’s continued execution against its overall strategic objectives. Debt Issuance Costs Debt issuance costs related to convertible senior notes recorded as a reduction of the carrying amount of the debt are amortized to interest expense using the effective interest method. Revenue Recognition The Company derives its revenues primarily from subscription services and professional services. The Company adopted the requirements of the ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, as of January 1, 2018. See Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements above. Under the ASC 606, revenues are recognized when control of services is transferred to the Company’s customers in an amount that reflects the consideration it expects to be entitled to in exchange for those services. The Company determines revenue recognition through the following steps: • • • • • Identification of the contract, or contracts, with a customer; Identification of the performance obligations in the contract; Determination of the transaction price; Allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and Recognition of revenue when, or as, the Company satisfies a performance obligation. Identify the customer contract A customer contract is generally identified when the Company and a customer have executed an arrangement that calls for the Company to grant access to its online software products and provide professional services in exchange for consideration from the customer. Identify performance obligations that are distinct A performance obligation is a promise to provide a distinct good or service or a series of distinct goods or services. A good or service that is promised to a customer is distinct if the customer can benefit from the good or service either on its own or together with other resources that are readily available to the customer, and a company’s promise to transfer the good or service to the customer is separately identifiable from other promises in the contract. The Company has determined that subscriptions for its online software products are distinct because, once a customer has access to the online software product that it purchased, the online software product is fully functional and does not require any additional development, modification, or customization. Professional services sold are distinct because the customer benefits from the on-boarding and training to make better use of the online software products it purchased. Determine the transaction price The transaction price is the amount of consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring goods or services to a customer, excluding sales taxes that are collected on behalf of government agencies. The Company estimates any variable consideration to which it will be entitled at contract inception, and reassesses at each reporting date, when determining the transaction price. The Company does not include variable consideration to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will occur when any uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is resolved. Variable consideration revenue was not material for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018. F-20 Everbridge, Inc. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued) Allocate the transaction price to the distinct performance obligations The transaction price is allocated to the separate performance obligation on a relative standalone selling prices (“SSP”) basis for those performance obligations with stable observable prices and then the residual method is applied for any performance obligation that has pricing which is highly variable. The Company determines the SSP of its goods and services based upon their average sales price or using other observable inputs, such as similar products or services. Recognize revenue as the performance obligations are satisfied Revenues are recognized when or as control of the promised goods or services is transferred to customers. Revenue from subscriptions to the Company’s critical event management and enterprise safety applications is recognized ratably over the subscription period beginning on the date the Company’s online software products are made available to customers. Most subscription contracts are two years or more. The Company recognizes revenue from professional services as the services are provided. Disaggregation of Revenue The Company provides disaggregation of revenue based on geographic region (see Note 15) and based on the subscription versus professional services and other classification on the consolidated statements of operations as it believes this best depict how the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows are affected by economic factors. Subscription Services Revenues Subscription services revenues primarily consist of fees that provide customers access to one or more of the Company’s hosted applications for critical event management, with routine customer support. Revenue is generally recognized over time on a ratable basis over the contract term beginning on the date that the Company’s service is made available to the customer. All services are recognized using an output measure of progress looking at time elapsed as the contract generally provides the customer equal benefit throughout the contract period. The Company’s subscription contracts are generally two years or longer in length, billed annually in advance, and non-cancelable. Professional Services Revenues Professional services revenues primarily consist of fees for deployment and optimization services, as well as training. The majority of the Company’s consulting contracts revenue is recognized over time as the services are performed. For contracts billed on a fixed price basis, revenue is recognized over time based on the proportion performed. Software License Revenues On occasion the Company may sell software and related post contract support for on premise usage as well as professional services which is outside of the Company’s core business. These sales have been to a limited number of customers and is not a significant revenue stream for the Company. The Company’s on premise license transactions are perpetual in nature and are recognized at a point in time when made available to the customer. Significant judgment is required to determine the standalone selling prices for each distinct performance obligation in order to allocate the transaction price for purposes of revenue recognition. Making this judgment of estimating a standalone selling price involves consideration of overall pricing objectives, market conditions and other factors, including the value of our other similar contracts, the applications sold, customer demographics, geographic locations, and the number and types of users within the Company’s contracts. The significant judgment was primarily due to using such considerations to estimate the price that each distinct performance obligation would be sold for on a standalone basis because such performance obligations are typically sold together on a bundled basis. Changes in these estimates of standalone selling prices can have a material effect on the amount of revenue recognized from each distinct performance obligation. F-21 Everbridge, Inc. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued) Contracts with Multiple Performance Obligations Most of the Company’s contracts with customers contain multiple performance obligations. For these contracts, the Company accounts for individual performance obligations separately if they are distinct. The transaction price is allocated to the separate performance obligations on a relative standalone selling price basis for those performance obligations with stable observable prices and then the residual method applied for any performance obligation that has pricing which is highly variable. The Company determines the standalone selling prices based on the Company’s overall pricing objectives, taking into consideration market conditions and other factors, including the value of the Company’s contracts, pricing when certain services are sold on a standalone basis, the applications sold, customer demographics, geographic locations, and the volume of services and users purchased. Returns The Company does not offer rights of return for its products and services in the normal course of business. Customer Acceptance The Company’s contracts with customers generally do not include customer acceptance clauses. Trade and Other Receivables Trade and other receivables are primarily comprised of trade receivables that are recorded at the invoice amount, net of an allowance for doubtful accounts, which is not material. Other receivables represent unbilled receivables related to subscription and professional services contracts. Deferred Costs Sales commissions earned by the Company’s sales force are considered incremental and recoverable costs of obtaining a contract with a customer. Subscription-related commissions costs are deferred and then amortized on a straight-line basis over a period of benefit that the Company has determined to be four years. Sales commissions attributable to professional services are expensed within twelve months of selling the service to the customer. The Company has determined the period of benefit by taking into consideration its customer contracts, its technology and other factors. Sales commissions attributed to renewals are not material and are not commensurate with initial and growth sales. Amortization of deferred commissions is included in sales and marketing expenses in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. For periods prior to January 1, 2018, sales commission costs were recorded over a one year period. Deferred Revenue Deferred revenue consists of amounts that have been invoiced and for which the Company has the right to bill, but that have not been recognized as revenue because the related goods or services have not been transferred. Deferred revenue that will be realized during the succeeding 12-month period is recorded as current, and the remaining deferred revenue is recorded as non-current. In instances where the timing of revenue recognition differs from the timing of invoicing, the Company has determined its contracts generally do not include a significant financing component. The primary purpose of the Company’s invoicing terms is to provide customers with simplified and predictable ways of purchasing the Company’s products and services, not to receive financing from its customers or to provide customers with financing. Examples include invoicing at the beginning of a subscription term with revenue recognized ratably over the contract period. Advertising Expenses Advertising expenses to promote the Company’s services are expensed as incurred. Advertising expenses included in sales and marketing expense were $1.9 million, $1.4 million and $1.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. F-22 Everbridge, Inc. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued) Research and Development Research and development expenses primarily consist of employee-related costs for research and development staff, including salaries, bonuses, benefits and stock-based compensation and the cost of certain third-party service providers related to the development of the Company’s solutions that do not meet the criteria to be capitalized under ASC 350-40, Internal Use Software or ASC 985-20, Costs of Software to be Sold, Leased or Marketed. Stock-Based Compensation Stock-based compensation expense is comprised of stock options, and restricted stock units (“RSUs”), performance-based and market-based RSUs and employee stock purchase plan awards. Stock-based compensation related to stock options and RSUs is measured at the grant date based on the fair value of the award and is recognized straight-line as expense, net of estimated forfeitures, over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period of the respective award. The Company utilizes the Black-Scholes pricing model for determining the estimated fair value of the stock options and employee stock purchase plan awards. The Black-Scholes pricing model requires the use of subjective assumptions including the option’s expected term, the volatility of the underlying stock, the fair value of the stock and the expected forfeiture rate. In 2017 and 2018, the Company granted market-based RSUs that vest upon satisfaction of certain market-based conditions. These RSUs were valued using the Monte-Carlo simulation model. No market-based RSUs were granted during the year ended December 31, 2019. The Company recognized compensation expense associated with the market-based RSUs over the implied requisite service period subject to acceleration based on meeting the market-based condition. In 2018 and 2019, the Company granted performance-based RSUs (“PSUs”), that vest upon satisfaction of certain performance-based conditions. Vesting of PSUs is subject to the employee’s continued employment with the Company through the date of achievement. Fair value is based on value of the Company’s common stock at the date of issuance and the probability of achieving the performance metric. The Company has assessed the probability of achievement as highly probable based on past performance of achievement of the performance metric. Compensation cost is recognized under the accelerated method and is adjusted in future periods for subsequent changes in the expected outcome of the performance related conditions. Income Taxes The Company accounts for income taxes using the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes in which deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized as income in the period that includes the enactment date. A valuation allowance is established if it is more likely than not that all or a portion of the deferred tax asset will not be realized. The calculation of the Company’s tax liabilities involves dealing with uncertainties of the application of complex tax regulations. The Company recognizes liabilities for uncertain tax positions based on a two-step approach. The first step is to evaluate the tax position for recognition by determining if the weight of available evidence indicates it is more likely than not, that the position will be sustained on audit, including resolution of related appeals or litigation processes, if any. The second step is to measure the tax benefit as the largest amount, which is more than 50% likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement. The Company considers many factors when evaluating and estimating its tax positions and tax benefits, which may require periodic adjustments. Foreign Currency Translation The functional currency for the Company’s foreign subsidiaries is the local currency. For those subsidiaries, the assets and liabilities are translated into U.S. dollars at the exchange rate method at the balance sheet date. Income and expenses are translated at the average exchange rates for the period. Foreign currency exchange gain and losses are recorded in other expenses. F-23 Everbridge, Inc. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued) Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) For all periods presented, the Company’s other comprehensive income (loss) is comprised of foreign currency translation adjustments related to the Company’s foreign subsidiaries. Net Loss Per Share Attributable to Common Stockholders Basic net loss per share attributable to common stockholders is computed by dividing the Company’s net loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common shares used in the loss per share calculation during the period. Diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders is computed by giving effect to all potentially dilutive securities, including stock options and restricted stock awards. Basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders was the same for all periods presented as the inclusion of all potentially dilutive securities outstanding was anti-dilutive. (3) Accounts Receivable, Net Accounts receivable, net, is as follows (in thousands): Accounts receivable Allowance for doubtful accounts Net accounts receivable As of December 31, 2019 2018 $ $ $ 69,767 (1,125) 68,642 $ 41,818 (711) 41,107 Bad debt expense for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 was $0.7 million, $0.1 million and $0.6 million, respectively. The following table summarizes the changes in the allowance for doubtful accounts (in thousands): Balance, beginning of period Additions Write-offs Balance, end of period The following table summarizes the changes in the sales reserve (in thousands): Balance, beginning of period (Additions) reductions Write-offs Balance, end of period F-24 2019 Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 (711) $ (971) 557 (1,125) $ (863) $ (58) 210 (711) $ 2019 Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 (200) $ 16 9 (175) $ (100) $ (193) 93 (200) $ (374) (558) 69 (863) (45) (79) 24 (100) $ $ $ $ Everbridge, Inc. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued) (4) Property and Equipment Property and equipment consist of the following (in thousands): Furniture and equipment Leasehold improvements (1) System hardware Office computers Computer and system software Less accumulated depreciation and amortization Property and equipment, net Useful life in years 5 5 5 3 3 As of December 31, 2019 2018 1,785 $ 4,074 1,596 5,309 1,451 14,215 (7,931) 6,284 $ 1,189 2,776 1,404 3,745 1,385 10,499 (5,849) 4,650 $ $ (1) Lesser of the lease term or the estimated useful lives of the improvements, which generally may be up to 5 years. Depreciation and amortization expense for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 was $2.2 million, $1.8 million and $1.9 million, respectively. (5) Capitalized Software Development Costs Capitalized software development costs consisted of the following (in thousands): Capitalized software development costs Total capitalized software development costs Capitalized software development costs Total capitalized software development costs Gross carrying amount $ $ 49,909 49,909 Amortization period 3 years As of December 31, 2019 Net carrying amount Accumulated amortization $ $ (35,622) $ (35,622) $ 14,287 14,287 Gross carrying amount $ $ 45,677 45,677 Amortization period 3 years As of December 31, 2018 Net carrying amount Accumulated amortization $ $ (32,784) $ (32,784) $ 12,893 12,893 The Company capitalized software development costs of $8.8 million, $8.8 million and $6.2 million during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Amortized expense for capitalized software development costs was $7.0 million, $5.9 million and $5.0 million during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Amortization of capitalized software development costs is classified within cost of revenue in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company retired $4.6 million of fully amortized capitalized software development costs. The expected amortization, as of December 31, 2019, for each of the next three years is as follows (in thousands): 2020 2021 2022 $ $ 7,069 4,573 2,645 14,287 F-25 Everbridge, Inc. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued) (6) Fair Value Measurements The carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments, accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued liabilities approximate fair value because of the short maturity of these items. Certain assets, including long-lived assets, goodwill and intangible assets are also subject to measurement at fair value on a non-recurring basis if they are deemed to be impaired as a result of an impairment review. For the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, no impairments were identified of those assets requiring measurement at fair value on a non-recurring basis. The Company classifies and discloses fair value measurements in one of the following three categories of fair value hierarchy: Level 1 liabilities. Level 2 indirectly. Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for identical, unrestricted assets and Quoted prices in markets that are not active or financial instruments for which all significant inputs are observable, either directly or Level 3 Prices or valuations that require inputs that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable. A financial instrument’s level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of any input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The Company considers all highly liquid investments purchased with a remaining maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents. The fair value of the Company’s investments in certain money market funds is their face value and such instruments are classified as Level 1 and are included in cash and cash equivalents on the consolidated balance sheets. At December 31, 2018, the Company’s Level 2 securities were priced by pricing vendors. These pricing vendors utilize the most recent observable market information in pricing these securities or, if specific prices are not available for these securities, use other observable inputs like market transactions involving identical or comparable securities. There were no Level 2 securities at December 31, 2019. F-26 Everbridge, Inc. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued) The following table summarizes the Company's financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis at December 31, 2019 and 2018 by level within the fair value hierarchy. Financial assets and financial liabilities are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement (in thousands): Assets: Cash equivalents: Money market funds Total financial assets Assets: Cash equivalents: Money market funds U.S. government and agency securities Short-term investments: U.S. treasury securities U.S. government and agency securities Total financial assets As of December 31, 2019 Quoted Prices in Active Markets (Level 1) Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) Total Fair Value $ $ 511,436 $ 511,436 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 511,436 511,436 As of December 31, 2018 Quoted Prices in Active Markets (Level 1) Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) Total Fair Value $ $ 47,258 $ — — — 47,258 $ — $ 2,272 38,809 6,732 47,813 $ — $ — — — — $ 47,258 2,272 38,809 6,732 95,071 Investments classified as cash equivalents approximate the fair value due to the short term nature of these investments. For the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, gains or losses realized on the sale of investments were not material. Investments are reviewed periodically to identify possible other- than-temporary impairments. As the Company has the ability and intent to hold these investments with unrealized losses for a reasonable period of time sufficient for the recovery of fair value, which may be maturity, the Company does not consider these investments to be other-than-temporarily impaired for any of the periods presented. The following table summarizes the changes in Level 3 financial instruments (in thousands): Fair value at December 31, 2017 Foreign currency translation Change in fair value of contingent consideration obligation from IDV acquisition Payments made during the year from IDV acquisition Fair value at December 31, 2018 Contingent consideration from MissionMode acquisition Change in fair value of contingent consideration obligation from MissionMode acquisition Fair value at December 31, 2019 F-27 $ $ 682 (1) (250) (431) — 550 (550) — Everbridge, Inc. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued) The Company estimates the fair value of the convertible senior notes based on their last actively traded prices (Level 1) or market-observable inputs (Level 2). As of December 31, 2019, the fair value of the 2024 Notes was determined to be $450.4 million, and the carrying value of the notes was $351.1 million. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the fair value of the 2022 Notes was determined to be $215.8 million and $189.8 million, respectively, and the carrying value of the 2022 Notes was $79.2 million and $94.1 million, respectively. See Note 9. (7) Goodwill and Intangible Assets Goodwill was $91.4 million and $48.4 million as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. There were no impairments recorded against goodwill in 2019, 2018 or 2017. The following table displays the changes in the gross carrying amount of goodwill (in thousands): Balance at December 31, 2017 Change due to acquisitions Foreign currency translation Balance at December 31, 2018 Change due to acquisitions Foreign currency translation Balance at December 31, 2019 Intangible assets consisted of the following (in thousands): Amortizable intangible assets: Developed technology Tradenames Customer relationships Total intangible assets Amortizable intangible assets: Developed technology Tradenames Non-compete Customer relationships Total intangible assets $ $ 31,328 19,699 (2,645) 48,382 43,302 (263) 91,421 Gross carrying amount Weighted- average life (years) As of December 31, 2019 Net carrying amount Accumulated amortization 9,485 11,437 63,667 84,589 3.00 $ 3.50 6.84 $ (4,232) $ (2,724) (10,533) (17,489) $ 5,253 8,713 53,134 67,100 Gross carrying amount Weighted- average life (years) As of December 31, 2018 Net carrying amount Accumulated amortization 5,090 3,193 240 26,990 35,513 3.04 $ 4.51 2.00 6.39 $ (3,225) $ (1,526) (230) (7,335) (12,316) $ 1,865 1,667 10 19,655 23,197 $ $ $ $ Amortization expense for intangible assets was $10.4 million, $5.9 million and $3.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Amortization expense of tradenames and customer relationships is included within general and administrative expenses, while amortization of developed technology is included in cost of revenue. The Company recorded amortization expense attributed to developed technology of $2.1 million, $1.3 million and $1.1 million for the period ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company retired $5.3 million of fully amortized intangible assets. F-28 Everbridge, Inc. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued) The expected amortization of the intangible assets, as of December 31, 2019, for each of the next five years and thereafter is as follows (in thousands): 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Thereafter (8) Business Combinations $ $ 14,893 14,510 11,290 8,469 8,366 9,572 67,100 The Company accounted for the following acquisitions using the acquisition method of accounting for business combinations under ASC 805, Business Combinations, which required that the assets acquired and liabilities assumed be recognized on the balance sheet at their fair values as of the acquisition date. The excess of the purchase price over the net fair value of the assets and liabilities was recorded as goodwill. 2019 Acquisitions MissionMode Solutions, Inc. On April 1, 2019, the Company entered into a Stock Purchase Agreement with MissionMode Solutions, Inc. (“MissionMode”) pursuant to which the Company purchased all of the issued and outstanding shares of stock of MissionMode for base consideration of $6.8 million. There is also a potential contingent payment of up to $1.0 million that can be earned in addition to the base consideration by the sellers based on successfully converting MissionMode’s customers to the Company’s products. At the date of the acquisition, the Company assessed the probabilities of MissionMode meeting the threshold to convert MissionMode’s customers to the Company’s products required for the seller to earn the contingent payment. Therefore, contingent consideration was recorded as part of the purchase price allocation and the fair value of the contingent consideration was determined to be $0.6 million. At December 31, 2019, it was determined to not be probable that MissionMode would meet the threshold to convert MissionMode’s customers to the Company’s products which resulted in a decrease of the contingent consideration obligation in the amount of $0.6 million recognized in general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The Company’s acquisition of MissionMode was made primarily to expand the Company’s customer base and to a lesser extent to complement some of the existing facets of MissionMode’s business with the Company’s existing products. Fair value estimates are based on a complex series of judgments about future events and uncertainties and rely heavily on estimates and assumptions. The judgments used to determine the estimated fair value assigned to each class of assets acquired and liabilities assumed, as well as asset lives and the expected future cash flows and related discount rates, can materially impact the Company’s results of operations. Significant inputs used for the model included the amount of cash flows, the expected period of the cash flows and the discount rates. F-29 Everbridge, Inc. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued) The following table summarizes the estimated fair value of the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed as well as the aggregate consideration during the year ended December 31, 2019 for the acquisition of MissionMode made by the Company (in thousands): Assets acquired Accounts receivable Other assets Property and equipment Trade names Acquired technology Customer relationships Goodwill Total assets acquired Liabilities assumed Accounts payable and accrued expenses Deferred revenue Other liabilities Net assets acquired Consideration paid Cash paid, net of cash acquired Contingent consideration Total MissionMode $ $ $ $ 295 7 6 220 310 4,600 2,918 8,356 152 880 10 7,314 6,764 550 7,314 The weighted average useful life of all identified acquired intangible assets is 6.50 years. The weighted average useful lives for acquired technologies, customer relationships and trade names are 3.0 years, 7.0 years and 1.0 year, respectively. Identifiable intangible assets with definite lives are amortized over the period of estimated benefit using the straight-line method and the estimated useful lives of one to seven years. The straight-line method of amortization represents the Company’s best estimate of the distribution of the economic value of the identifiable intangible assets. As a result of the acquisition, the Company recorded $2.9 million of goodwill. The goodwill balance is primarily attributed to the anticipated synergies from the acquisition and expanded market opportunities with respect to the integration of MissionMode’s products with the Company's other solutions. The Company believes that the factors listed above in relation to the purchase of MissionMode support the amount of goodwill recorded as a result of the purchase price paid for the acquisition, in relation to other acquired tangible and intangible assets. The resulting goodwill from the MissionMode acquisition is not deductible for income tax purposes. For the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company incurred transaction costs of $0.1 million in connection with the MissionMode acquisition, which were expensed as incurred and included in general and administrative expenses within the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. Neither the investment in the assets nor the results of operations of the acquisition of MissionMode was significant to the Company’s consolidated financial position or results of operations, and thus pro forma information is not presented. NC4 Inc. and NC4 Public Sector On July 29, 2019, the Company entered into a Membership Interest Purchase Agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”) with NC4 Inc., NC4 Public Sector LLC, and Celerium Group Inc., pursuant to which the Company purchased all of the outstanding membership interest of NC4 Inc. and NC4 Public Sector LLC (collectively, “NC4”) for total consideration of approximately $84.5 million. The Company paid approximately $51.7 million in cash at closing from the Company’s cash and cash equivalents. The remaining purchase price was paid with 320,998 newly issued shares of the Company’s common stock. On the date of this acquisition the average price of the Company’s common stock on the Nasdaq Global Market was $102.18 per share. On August 1, 2019, the Acquisition was F-30 Everbridge, Inc. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued) consummated pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, except for the transfer of the NC4 Public Sector business which was consummated on September 30, 2019. The Company determined that the two transactions should be accounted for as a single transaction in accordance with ASC 810-10-40- 6, Consolidation, as the transactions were entered in contemplation of one another and were essentially a single transaction designed to achieve an overall commercial effect. The Company’s acquisition of NC4 was made primarily to expand the Company’s customer base and to a lesser extent to complement some of the existing facets of NC4’s business with the Company’s existing products. Fair value estimates are based on a complex series of judgments about future events and uncertainties and rely heavily on estimates and assumptions. The judgments used to determine the estimated fair value assigned to each class of assets acquired and liabilities assumed, as well as asset lives and the expected future cash flows and related discount rates, can materially impact the Company’s results of operations. Significant inputs used for the model included the amount of cash flows, the expected period of the cash flows and the discount rates. Significant estimation was required by management in determining the fair value of the customer relationship intangible assets and technology-related intangible assets. The significant estimation was primarily due to the judgmental nature of the inputs to the valuation models used to measure the fair value of these intangible assets, as well as the sensitivity of the respective fair values to the underlying significant assumptions. The Company used the income approach to measure the fair value of these intangible assets. The significant assumptions used to estimate the fair value of the intangible assets included revenue growth rates, customer attrition rates, amount and expected period of cash flows and discount rates. These significant assumptions are forward-looking and could be affected by future economic and market conditions. The following table summarizes the estimated fair value of the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed as well as the aggregate consideration during the year ended December 31, 2019 for the acquisition of NC4 made by the Company (in thousands): Assets acquired Accounts receivable Other current assets Property and equipment Acquired technology Trade names Customer relationships Goodwill Total assets acquired Liabilities assumed Deferred revenue Other current liabilities Net assets acquired Consideration paid Cash paid Fair value of common stock issued Total NC4 $ $ $ $ 2,611 530 75 5,210 8,610 35,490 40,384 92,910 7,540 917 84,453 51,655 32,798 84,453 The weighted average useful life of all identified acquired intangible assets is 5.88 years. The average useful lives for acquired technologies, customer relationships and trade names are 3.0 years, 7.0 years and 3.0 years, respectively. Identifiable intangible assets with definite lives are amortized over the period of estimated benefit using the straight-line method and the estimated useful lives of three to seven years. The straight-line method of amortization represents the Company’s best estimate of the period of expected cash flows of the identifiable intangible assets. F-31 Everbridge, Inc. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued) As a result of the acquisition, the Company recorded $40.4 million of goodwill. The goodwill balance is primarily attributed to the anticipated synergies from the acquisition and expanded market opportunities with respect to the integration of NC4’s products with the Company's other solutions. The Company believes that the factors listed above in relation to the purchase of NC4 support the amount of goodwill recorded as a result of the purchase price paid for the acquisition, in relation to other acquired tangible and intangible assets. The resulting goodwill from the NC4 acquisition is deductible for income tax purposes. For the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company incurred transaction costs of $0.2 million in connection with the NC4 acquisition, which were expensed as incurred and included in general and administrative expenses within the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. Unaudited Pro Forma Financial Information The following tables reflect the results of acquired business included in the Company’s unaudited financial information for the year ended December 31, 2019 as well as the unaudited pro forma combined results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 as if the acquisition of NC4 had taken place on January 1, 2018. The unaudited pro forma financial information includes the effects of certain adjustments, including the amortization of acquired intangible assets and the associated tax effect and the elimination of the Company’s and the acquiree’s non-recurring acquisition related expenses (in thousands, except per share amounts): From the acquisition date to December 31, 2019 For the year ended December 31, 2019 pro forma For the year ended December 31, 2018 pro forma Basic and diluted loss per share pro forma $ Revenue Net loss 6,404 $ 211,830 163,435 (3,079) (55,659) (55,753) Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 $ (1.67) $ (1.89) The unaudited pro forma information presented does not purport to be indicative of the results that would have been achieved had the acquisition been consummated at January 1, 2018 nor of the results which may occur in the future. The pro forma adjustments are based upon available information and certain assumptions that the Company believes are reasonable. 2018 Acquisitions For the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company acquired Unified Messaging Systems ASA, PlanetRisk, Inc. and Respond B.V. and accounted for the acquisitions using the acquisition method of accounting for business combinations under ASC 805. The acquisitions were not material individually or on a consolidated basis. Unified Messaging Systems ASA On April 3, 2018, the Company acquired Unified Messaging Systems ASA (“UMS”) in exchange for cash consideration of $31.9 million, net of cash acquired. UMS is an industry leader in the area of critical communication and population alerting systems and is headquartered in Oslo, Norway. The Company acquired UMS for its customer base and to complement some of the existing facets of UMS’ business with the Company’s existing products. F-32 Everbridge, Inc. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued) The following table summarizes the allocation of the purchase consideration and acquisition date fair values of the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed for the acquisition of UMS made by the Company. The following table also summarizes the aggregate consideration for UMS (in thousands): Assets acquired Accounts receivable Other assets Property and equipment Trade names Acquired technology Customer relationships Goodwill Total assets acquired Liabilities assumed Accounts payable and accrued expenses Deferred revenue Other liabilities Net assets acquired Consideration paid Cash paid, net of cash acquired Total UMS $ $ $ $ 3,793 2,069 27 470 930 16,400 18,278 41,967 3,852 6,130 101 31,884 31,884 31,884 The weighted average useful life of all identified acquired intangible assets was 6.63 years. The weighted average useful lives for acquired technologies, customer relationships and trade names are 3.0 years, 7.0 years and 1.0 year, respectively. The straight-line method of amortization represents the Company’s best estimate of the distribution of the economic value of the identifiable intangible assets. As a result of the acquisition, the Company recorded $18.3 million of goodwill. The goodwill balance was primarily attributed to the anticipated synergies from the acquisition and expanded market opportunities with respect to the integration of UMS’s products with the Company's other solutions. The Company believes that the factors listed above in relation to the purchase of UMS support the amount of goodwill recorded as a result of the purchase price paid for the acquisition, in relation to other acquired tangible and intangible assets. The resulting goodwill from the UMS acquisition is not deductible for income tax purposes. For the twelve months ended December 31, 2018, the Company incurred transaction costs of $0.4 million in connection with the UMS acquisition, which were expensed as incurred and included in general and administrative expenses within the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. PlanetRisk, Inc. On May 1, 2018, the Company acquired certain assets from PlanetRisk, Inc. (“PlanetRisk”) in exchange for cash consideration of $2.0 million. PlanetRisk is a provider of data analytics and visualization solutions. The Company acquired these assets from PlanetRisk for its customer base and to complement some of the existing facets of PlanetRisk’s business with the Company’s existing products. F-33 Everbridge, Inc. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued) The following table summarizes the allocation of the purchase consideration and acquisition date fair values of the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed for the acquisition of PlanetRisk made by the Company. The following table also summarizes the aggregate consideration for PlanetRisk (in thousands): Assets acquired Accounts receivable Property and equipment Acquired technology Customer relationships Goodwill Total assets acquired Liabilities assumed Accounts payable and accrued expenses Deferred revenue Other liabilities Net assets acquired Consideration paid Cash paid, net of cash acquired Total PlanetRisk 2,862 488 110 2,300 228 5,988 717 3,030 220 2,021 2,021 2,021 $ $ $ $ The weighted average useful life of all identified acquired intangible assets was 6.825 years. The weighted average useful lives for acquired technologies and customer relationships are 3.0 years and 7.0 years, respectively. The straight-line method of amortization represents the Company’s best estimate of the distribution of the economic value of the identifiable intangible assets. As a result of the acquisition, the Company recorded $0.2 million of goodwill. The goodwill balance was primarily attributed to the anticipated synergies from the acquisition and expanded market opportunities with respect to the integration of PlanetRisk’s products with the Company's other solutions. The Company believes that the factors listed above in relation to the purchase of PlanetRisk support the amount of goodwill recorded as a result of the purchase price paid for the acquisition, in relation to other acquired tangible and intangible assets. The resulting goodwill from the PlanetRisk acquisition is deductible for income tax purposes. For the twelve months ended December 31, 2018, the Company incurred transaction costs of $0.1 million in connection with the PlanetRisk acquisition, which were expensed as incurred and included in general and administrative expenses within the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. Respond Acquisition On May 18, 2018, the Company acquired Respond B.V. (“Respond”) in exchange for current cash consideration of $2.0 million, net of cash acquired and issued a note to be paid one year after the transaction date in the amount of $0.4 million, for a total purchase price of $2.3 million. Respond is a provider of critical communication solutions and is headquartered in the Netherlands. The Company acquired Respond for its customer base and to complement some of the existing facets of Respond’s business with the Company’s existing products. F-34 Everbridge, Inc. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued) The following table summarizes the allocation of the purchase consideration and acquisition date fair values of the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed for the acquisition of Respond made by the Company. The following table also summarizes the aggregate consideration for Respond (in thousands): Assets acquired Accounts receivable Other assets Property and equipment Trade names Acquired technology Customer relationships Goodwill Total assets acquired Liabilities assumed Accounts payable and accrued expenses Deferred revenue Other liabilities Net assets acquired Consideration paid Cash paid, net of cash acquired Note payable Total Respond $ $ $ $ 86 87 19 90 140 1,600 1,193 3,215 226 240 414 2,335 1,952 383 2,335 The weighted average useful life of all identified acquired intangible assets is 6.40 years. The weighted average useful lives for acquired technologies, customer relationships and trade names are 3.0 years, 7.0 years and 1.0 year, respectively. The straight-line method of amortization represents the Company’s best estimate of the distribution of the economic value of the identifiable intangible assets. As a result of the acquisition, the Company recorded $1.2 million of goodwill. The goodwill balance is primarily attributed to the anticipated synergies from the acquisition and expanded market opportunities with respect to the integration of Respond’s products with the Company's other solutions. The Company believes that the factors listed above in relation to the purchase of Respond support the amount of goodwill recorded as a result of the purchase price paid for the acquisition, in relation to other acquired tangible and intangible assets. The resulting goodwill from the Respond acquisition is not deductible for income tax purposes. For the twelve months ended December 31, 2018, the Company incurred transaction costs of $0.1 million in connection with the Respond acquisition, which were expensed as incurred and included in general and administrative expenses within the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. Neither the investment in the assets nor the results of operations of the acquisition of UMS, PlanetRisk and Respond was significant to the Company’s consolidated financial position or results of operations, and thus pro forma information is not presented. F-35 Everbridge, Inc. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued) (9) Convertible Senior Notes 0.125% Convertible Senior Notes Due 2024 In December 2019, the Company issued $450.0 million aggregate principal amount of 0.125% convertible senior notes due 2024 (the “2024 Notes”), including $75.0 million aggregate principal amount of 2024 Notes issued upon the initial purchasers’ exercise in full of their option to purchase additional 2024 Notes. The 2024 Notes will mature on December 15, 2024, unless earlier redeemed or repurchased by the Company or converted by the holder pursuant to their terms. Interest is payable semiannually in arrears on June 15 and December 15 of each year, commencing on June 15, 2020. The 2024 Notes are governed by an Indenture between the Company, as issuer, and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee (the “2024 Notes Indenture”). The 2024 Notes are unsecured and rank: senior in right of payment to the Company’s indebtedness that is expressly subordinated in right of payment to the 2024 Notes; equal in right of payment to the Company’s existing and future indebtedness that is not so subordinated, including its 1.50% convertible senior notes due 2022 (see 1.50% Convertible Senior Notes Due 2022 below); effectively junior in right of payment to any of the Company’s secured indebtedness to the extent of the value of the assets securing such indebtedness; and structurally junior to all existing and future indebtedness and other liabilities incurred by the Company’s subsidiaries. Upon conversion, the Company will pay or deliver, as the case may be, cash, shares of the Company’s common stock or a combination of cash and shares of common stock, at the Company’s election. The 2024 Notes have an initial conversion rate of 8.8999 shares of common stock per $1,000 principal amount of 2024 Notes. This represents an initial effective conversion price of approximately $112.36 per share of common stock and approximately 4.0 million shares issuable upon conversion. Throughout the term of the 2024 Notes, the conversion rate may be adjusted upon the occurrence of certain events. Holders of the 2024 Notes will not receive any cash payment representing accrued and unpaid interest, if any, upon conversion of a 2024 Note, except in limited circumstances. Accrued but unpaid interest will be deemed to be paid by cash, shares of the Company’s common stock or a combination of cash and shares of the Company’s common stock paid or delivered, as the case may be, to the holder upon conversion of a 2024 Note. Holders may convert all or a portion of their 2024 Notes prior to the close of business on the business day immediately preceding June 15, 2024, in multiples of $1,000 principal amount, only under the following circumstances: • • • • during any calendar quarter commencing after the calendar quarter ending on March 31, 2020 (and only during such calendar quarter), if the last reported sale price of the Company’s common stock for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during a period of 30 consecutive trading days ending on, and including, the last trading day of the immediately preceding calendar quarter is greater than or equal to 130% of the conversion price on each applicable trading day; during the five business day period after any ten consecutive trading day period (the “2024 Notes Measurement Period”), in which the “trading price” (as the term is defined in the 2024 Notes Indenture) per $1,000 principal amount of notes for each trading day of such 2024 Notes Measurement Period was less than 98% of the product of the last reported sale price of the Company’s common stock and the conversion rate on each such trading day; if the Company calls such notes for redemption, at any time prior to the close of business on the scheduled trading day immediately preceding the redemption date; or upon the occurrence of specified corporate events. F-36 Everbridge, Inc. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued) On or after June 15, 2024 until the close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately preceding the maturity date, holders may convert all or any portion of their 2024 Notes at the conversion rate at any time regardless of whether the conditions set forth below have been met. As of December 31, 2019, the 2024 Notes are not yet convertible. The 2024 Notes are classified as long-term on the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2019 as it is the Company’s intent to settle all of the debt at maturity or to settle in shares if exercised by the debt holder prior to maturity. The 2024 Notes are not redeemable by the Company prior to December 20, 2022. The Company may redeem for cash all or any portion of the 2024 Notes, at its option, on or after December 20, 2022 if the last reported sale price of the Company's common stock has been at least 130% of the conversion price then in effect for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive), including the trading day immediately preceding the date on which the Company provides notice of redemption, during any 30 consecutive trading day period ending on, and including, the trading day immediately preceding the date on which the Company provides notice of redemption at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2024 Notes to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the redemption date. Based on market data available for publicly traded, senior, unsecured corporate bonds issued by companies in the same industry and with similar maturity, the Company estimated the implied interest rate of its 2024 Notes to be approximately 5.16%, assuming no conversion option. Assumptions used in the estimate represent what market participants would use in pricing the equity component, including market interest rates, credit standing, and yield curves, all of which are defined as Level 2 observable inputs. The estimated implied interest rate was applied to the 2024 Notes, which resulted in a fair value of the liability component of $360.4 million upon issuance, calculated as the present value of implied future payments based on the $450.0 million aggregate principal amount. The excess of the principal amount of the liability component over its carrying amount, or the debt discount, is amortized to interest expense over the term of the 2024 Notes. The $89.6 million difference between the aggregate principal amount of $450.0 million and the estimated fair value of the liability component was recorded in additional paid-in capital as the 2024 Notes were not considered redeemable. Significant judgment is required in determining the liability component of the related convertible senior notes as well as the balance sheet classification of the elements of the convertible senior notes. The Company accounted for the convertible senior notes and the partial repurchase of the 2022 Notes, discussed below, as separate liability and equity components, determining the fair value of the respective liability components based on an estimate of the fair value of a similar liability without a conversion option and assigning the residual value to the equity component. The Company estimated the fair value of the liability component of the convertible senior notes using a discounted cash flow model with a risk adjusted yield for similar debt instruments, absent any embedded conversion feature. In estimating the risk adjusted yield, the Company utilized both an income and market approach. For the income approach, the Company used a convertible bond pricing model, which included several assumptions including volatility and the risk-free rate. For the market approach, the Company performed an evaluation of issuances of convertible debt securities issued by other comparable companies. Additionally, a detailed analysis of the terms of the convertible senior notes transactions was required to determine existence of any derivatives that may require separate mark-to-market accounting under applicable accounting guidance. In accounting for the transaction costs related to the issuance of the 2024 Notes, the Company allocated the total amount incurred to the liability and equity components based on their estimated relative fair values. Transaction costs attributable to the liability component, totaling $10.2 million, are being amortized to expense over the term of the 2024 Notes, and transaction costs attributable to the equity component, totaling $2.6 million, and were netted with the equity component in shareholders’ equity. F-37 Everbridge, Inc. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued) The 2024 Notes consist of the following (in thousands): Liability component: Principal Less: debt discount, net of amortization Net carrying amount Equity component (1) As of December 31, 2019 $ $ 450,000 (98,942) 351,058 86,133 (1) Recorded in the consolidated balance sheet within additional paid-in capital, net of $2.6 million transaction costs in equity and net of $0.9 million for taxes. The following table sets forth total interest expense recognized related to the 2024 Notes (in thousands): 0.125% coupon Amortization of debt discount and transaction costs Year Ended December 31, 2019 27 827 854 $ $ As of December 31, 2019, the fair value of the 2024 Notes, which was determined based on inputs that are observable in the market or that could be derived from, or corroborated with, observable market data, quoted price of the 2024 Notes in an over-the-counter market (Level 2), and carrying value of debt instruments (carrying value excludes the equity component of the Company’s 2024 Notes classified in equity) were as follows (in thousands): 2024 Notes As of December 31, 2019 Fair Value Carrying Value $ 450,414 $ 351,058 In connection with the issuance of the 2024 Notes, the Company entered into capped call transactions with certain counterparties affiliated with the initial purchasers and other financial institutions. The capped call transactions are expected to reduce potential dilution of earnings per share upon conversion of the 2024 Notes. Under the capped call transactions, the Company purchased capped call options that in the aggregate relate to the total number of shares of the Company’s common stock underlying the 2024 Notes, with an initial strike price of approximately $112.36 per share, which corresponds to the initial conversion price of the 2024 Notes and is subject to anti-dilution adjustments substantially similar to those applicable to the conversion rate of the 2024 Notes, and with a cap price of approximately $166.46. The cost of the purchased capped calls of $44.9 million was recorded to shareholders’ equity and will not be re-measured. Based on the closing price of the Company’s common stock of $78.08 on December 31, 2019, the if-converted value of the 2024 Notes was less than their respective principal amounts. 1.50% Convertible Senior Notes Due 2022 In November 2017, the Company issued $115.0 million aggregate principal amount of 1.50% convertible senior notes due 2022 (the “2022 Notes”). including $15.0 million aggregate principal amount of 2022 Notes issued upon the initial purchasers’ exercise in full of their option to purchase additional 2022 Notes. The 2022 Notes will mature on November 1, 2022, unless earlier redeemed or repurchased by the Company or converted by the holder pursuant to their terms. Interest is payable semiannually in arrears on May 1 and November 1 of each year, commencing on May 1, 2018. The 2022 Notes are governed by an Indenture between the Company, as issuer, and U.S. Bank, National Association, as trustee (the “2022 Notes Indenture”). The 2022 Notes are unsecured and rank: senior in right of payment to the Company’s future indebtedness that is expressly subordinated in right of payment to the 2022 Notes; F-38 Everbridge, Inc. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued) equal in right of payment to the Company’s existing and future indebtedness that is not so subordinated, including the Company’s 2024 Notes; effectively subordinated in right of payment to any of the Company’s secured indebtedness to the extent of the value of the assets securing such indebtedness; and structurally subordinated to all existing and future indebtedness and other liabilities incurred by the Company’s subsidiaries. Upon conversion, the Company will pay or deliver, as the case may be, cash, shares of the Company’s common stock or a combination of cash and shares of common stock, at the Company’s election. The Company’s current intention is to settle the conversion in shares of common stock if a conversion were to occur. The 2022 Notes have an initial conversion rate of 29.6626 shares of common stock per $1,000 principal amount of 2022 Notes. This represents an initial effective conversion price of approximately $33.71 per share of common stock and initially approximately 3.4 million shares issuable upon conversion. Throughout the term of the 2022 Notes, the conversion rate may be adjusted upon the occurrence of certain events. Holders of the 2022 Notes will not receive any cash payment representing accrued and unpaid interest, if any, upon conversion of a 2022 Note, except in limited circumstances. Accrued but unpaid interest will be deemed to be paid by cash, shares of the Company’s common stock or a combination of cash and shares of the Company’s common stock paid or delivered, as the case may be, to the holder upon conversion of a 2022 Note. Holders may convert all or a portion of their 2022 Notes prior to the close of business on the business day immediately preceding May 1, 2022, in multiples of $1,000 principal amount, only under the following circumstances: • • • • during any calendar quarter commencing after the calendar quarter ending on March 31, 2018 (and only during such calendar quarter), if the last reported sale price of the Company’s common stock for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during a period of 30 consecutive trading days ending on the last trading day of the immediately preceding calendar quarter is greater than or equal to 130% of the conversion price on each applicable trading day; during the five business day period after any five consecutive trading day period (the “2022 Notes Measurement Period”), in which the “trading price” (as the term is defined in the 2022 Notes Indenture) per $1,000 principal amount of notes for each trading day of such 2022 Notes Measurement Period was less than 98% of the product of the last reported sale price of the Company’s common stock on such trading day and the conversion rate on each such trading day; if the Company calls any or all of the notes for redemption, at any time prior to the close of business on the scheduled trading day immediately preceding the maturity date; or upon the occurrence of specified corporate events. On or after May 1, 2022, until the close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately preceding the maturity date, holders may convert all or any portion of their 2022 Notes at the conversion rate at any time regardless of whether the conditions set forth below have been met. The 2022 Notes are not redeemable by the Company prior to November 6, 2020. The Company may redeem for cash all or any portion of the 2022 Notes, at its option, on or after November 6, 2020 if the last reported sale price of the Company's common stock has been at least 130% of the conversion price then in effect for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive), including the trading day immediately preceding the date on which the Company provides notice of redemption, during any 30 consecutive trading day period ending on, and including, the trading day immediately preceding the date on which the Company provides notice of redemption at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2022 Notes to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the redemption date. F-39 Everbridge, Inc. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued) Based on the market price of the Company’s common stock during the 30 trading days preceding June 30, 2018, the 2022 Notes are convertible at the option of the debt holder as of September 30, 2018 and continue to be convertible at the option of the debt holder as of December 31, 2019. In connection with the issuance of the 2024 Notes in December 2019, the Company paid $57.8 million to repurchase $23.0 million aggregate principal amount of the 2022 Notes. The Company determined the fair value of the liability portion being extinguished immediately prior to extinguishment. Based on market data available for publicly traded, senior, unsecured corporate bonds issued by companies in the same industry and with similar maturity, the Company estimated the implied interest rate of its 2022 Notes to be approximately 4.64%. The fair value of such liability portion was then deducted from the amount of consideration transferred and allocated to the liability component. The difference between the fair value of the liability and its carrying value, inclusive of any unamortized debt issue costs, were recognized as an extinguishment loss in the amount of $1.4 million in Loss on extinguishment of convertible notes on the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss. The remaining consideration was allocated to the reacquisition of the equity component and recognized as a reduction of Additional paid-in capital on the consolidated balance sheet in the amount of $36.7 million. The Company also partially terminated capped call options entered into in connection with the 2022 Notes during fiscal year 2019 and received $5.8 million recorded to additional paid-in capital on the consolidated balance sheet. No debt holders have exercised their right for conversion as of December 31, 2019. The 2022 Notes are classified as long-term on the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2019. The Company may repurchase the 2022 Notes prior to maturity and intends to settle in shares if exercised by the debt holder prior to maturity. Based on market data available for publicly traded, senior, unsecured corporate bonds issued by companies in the same industry and with similar maturity, the Company estimated the implied interest rate of its 2022 Notes to be approximately 6.93%, assuming no conversion option. Assumptions used in the estimate represent what market participants would use in pricing the equity component, including market interest rates, credit standing, and yield curves, all of which are defined as Level 2 observable inputs. The estimated implied interest rate was applied to the 2022 Notes, which resulted in a fair value of the liability component of $92.1 million upon issuance, calculated as the present value of implied future payments based on the $115.0 million aggregate principal amount. The excess of the principal amount of the liability component over its carrying amount, or the debt discount, is amortized to interest expense over the term of the 2022 Notes. The $22.9 million difference between the aggregate principal amount of $115.0 million and the estimated fair value of the liability component was recorded in additional paid-in capital as the 2022 Notes were not considered redeemable. In accounting for the transaction costs related to the issuance of the 2022 Notes, the Company allocated the total amount incurred to the liability and equity components based on their estimated relative fair values. Transaction costs attributable to the liability component on the remaining outstanding notes as of the issuance date, totaling $2.5 million, are being amortized to expense over the term of the 2022 Notes, and transaction costs attributable to the equity component as of the issuance date, totaling $0.8 million, and were netted with the equity component in shareholders’ equity. The 2022 Notes consist of the following (in thousands): Liability component: Principal Less: debt discount, net of amortization Net carrying amount Equity component (1) As of December 31, 2019 2018 $ $ 92,000 $ (12,776) 79,224 $ (14,555) 115,000 (20,903) 94,097 22,094 (1) Recorded in the consolidated balance sheet within additional paid-in capital, net of $0.8 million transaction costs in equity. December 31, 2019 also includes $36.7 million market premium representing the excess of the total consideration delivered over the fair value of the liability recognized related to the $23.0 million principal balance repurchase of the 2022 Notes. F-40 Everbridge, Inc. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued) The following table sets forth total interest expense recognized related to the 2022 Notes (in thousands): 1.50% coupon Amortization of debt discount and transaction costs Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 $ $ 1,709 $ 4,884 6,593 $ 1,725 4,616 6,341 As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the fair value of the 2022 Notes, which was determined based on inputs that are observable in the market or that could be derived from, or corroborated with, observable market data, quoted price of the 2022 Notes in an over-the-counter market (Level 2), and carrying value of debt instruments (carrying value excludes the equity component of the Company’s convertible notes classified in equity) were as follows (in thousands): As of December 31, 2019 2018 2022 Notes $ 215,801 $ 79,224 $ 189,802 $ Fair Value Carrying Value Fair Value Carrying Value 94,097 In connection with the issuance of the 2022 Notes, the Company entered into capped call transactions with certain counterparties affiliated with the initial purchasers and others. The capped call transactions are expected to reduce potential dilution of earnings per share upon conversion of the 2022 Notes. Under the capped call transactions, the Company purchased capped call options that in the aggregate relate to the total number of shares of the Company’s common stock underlying the 2022 Notes, with an initial strike price of approximately $33.71 per share, which corresponds to the initial conversion price of the 2022 Notes and is subject to anti-dilution adjustments substantially similar to those applicable to the conversion rate of the 2022 Notes, and have a cap price of approximately $47.20. The cost of the purchased capped calls of $12.9 million was recorded to shareholders’ equity and will not be re-measured. Based on the closing price of the Company’s common stock of $78.08 on December 31, 2019, the if-converted value of the 2022 Notes was more than their respective principal amounts. The following table summarizes the Company’s debt obligations at December 31, 2019 (in thousands): Debt obligations Less than 1 Year 1 to 3 Years 3 to 5 Years More than 5 Years $ — $ 92,000 $ 450,000 $ — $ Total 542,000 Debt obligations include the principal amount of the 2024 Notes and 2022 Notes, but exclude interest payments to be made under the 2024 Notes and 2022 Notes. Although the 2024 Notes and 2022 Notes mature in 2024 and 2022, respectively, they can be converted into cash and shares of our common stock prior to maturity if certain conditions are met. Any conversion prior to maturity can result in repayments of the principal amounts sooner than the scheduled repayments as indicated in the table. The 2024 Notes and 2022 Notes balance excludes $98.9 million and $12.8 million, respectively, of debt discount capitalized on the balance sheet and shown net of our debt obligations. (10) Stockholders’ Equity Preferred Stock As of December 31, 2019, the Company had authorized 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock, par value $0.001, of which no shares were outstanding. Common Stock Holders of the Company’s common stock are entitled to one vote per share. F-41 Everbridge, Inc. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued) As of December 31, 2019, the Company had authorized 100,000,000 shares of common stock, par value $0.001. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, there are 33,848,627 and 29,700,192 shares of common stock issued and outstanding, respectively. (11) Stock Plans and Stock-Based Compensation The Company’s 2016 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2016 Plan”), became effective on September 15, 2016. The 2016 Plan provides for the grant of incentive stock options, non-qualified stock options, restricted stock awards, restricted stock unit awards, stock appreciation rights and performance share awards to employees, directors and consultants of the Company. The number of shares of common stock reserved for issuance under the 2016 Plan will automatically increase on January 1 of each year, beginning on January 1, 2017, by 3% of the number of shares of the Company’s capital stock outstanding on the immediately preceding December 31, or such lesser number of shares as determined by the Company’s board of directors. Employee Stock Purchase Plan The Company’s Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“2016 ESPP”) became effective on September 15, 2016. A total of 500,000 shares of the Company’s common stock were initially reserved for issuance under the 2016 Plan. The number of shares reserved for issuance under the 2016 ESPP will automatically increase on January 1 of each year, beginning on January 1, 2017, by the lesser of 200,000 shares of the Company’s common stock, 1% of the number of shares of the Company’s common stock outstanding on the immediately preceding December 31, or such lesser number of shares as determined by the Company’s board of directors. The 2016 ESPP allows eligible employees to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock at a discount of up to 15% through payroll deductions of their eligible compensation, subject to any plan limitations. The 2016 ESPP provides for separate six-month offering periods beginning each March and September of each fiscal year. On each purchase date, eligible employees will purchase the Company’s stock at a price per share equal to 85% of the lesser of (i) the fair market value of the Company’s common stock on the offering date or (ii) the fair market value of the Company’s common stock on the purchase date. For the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, 42,481, 74,517, and 128,786 shares of common stock, respectively, were purchased under the 2016 ESPP. As of December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, total recognized compensation cost was $0.9 million, $0.7 million, and $0.6 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2019, unrecognized compensation cost related to the 2016 ESPP was $0.2 million which will be amortized over a weighted-average period of 0.25 years. The 2016 ESPP is considered compensatory for purposes of stock-based compensation expense. Stock Options Stock option awards are granted with an exercise price equal to the fair market value of the Company’s common stock at the date of grant based on the closing market price of its common stock as reported on The Nasdaq Global Market. The option awards generally vest over four years and are exercisable any time after vesting. The stock options expire ten years after the date of grant. The weighted-average grant-date fair value per share of stock options granted for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, was $35.00 and $22.84, respectively. There were no stock options granted during the year ended December 31, 2019. The Company recorded stock-based compensation expense of $5.7 million, $7.7 million and $5.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively, attributed to stock options. The total intrinsic value of options exercised in 2019, 2018 and 2017 was $48.2 million, $25.7 million and $9.1 million, respectively. This intrinsic value represents the difference between the fair market value of the Company’s common stock on the date of exercise and the exercise price of each option. Based on the fair market value of the Company’s common stock at December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 the total intrinsic value of all outstanding options was $37.3 million, $59.9 million and $32.1 million. F-42 Everbridge, Inc. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued) There were no excess tax benefits realized for the tax deductions from stock options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017. The fair value of stock option grants and shares issuable under the ESPP is determined using the Black-Scholes option pricing model with the following weighted-average assumptions: Employee Stock Options: Fair value of common stock Expected term (in years) (1) Expected volatility (2) Risk-free interest rate (3) Dividend rate (4) Employee Stock Purchase Plan: Expected term (in years) (1) Expected volatility (2) Risk-free interest rate (3) Dividend rate (4) 2019 — — — — — 0.50 45% 1.93% - 2.52% 0% Year Ended December 31, 2018 $33.06 - $58.75 6.00 45% - 50% 2.72% - 2.98% 0% 0.50 40% - 60% 1.18% - 2.33% 0% 2017 $18.05 - $26.50 6.00 - 6.11 50% - 60% 1.82% - 2.47% 0% 0.50 60% 0.45% - 1.18% 0% (1) (2) (3) (4) The expected term represents the period that the stock-based compensation awards are expected to be outstanding. Since the Company did not have sufficient historical information to develop reasonable expectations about future exercise behavior, the Company used the simplified method to compute expected term, which reflects the average of the time-to-vesting and the contractual life; The expected volatility of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant is based on the weighted-average of the Company’s historical volatility as a public company and the volatilities of publicly traded peer companies that are reasonably comparable to the Company’s own operations; The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant for zero coupon U.S. Treasury notes with maturities approximately equal to the expected term of the grant; and The expected dividend yield is assumed to be zero as the Company has never paid dividends and has no current plans to pay any dividends on the Company’s common stock. Total unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested stock options was approximately $6.6 million as of December 31, 2019 and is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.9 years. The amount of cash received from the exercise of stock options in 2019, 2018 and 2017 was $17.4 million, $10.2 million, and $2.9 million, respectively. The following table summarizes the Company’s stock option activity: Outstanding at December 31, 2018 Granted Exercised Forfeited Outstanding at December 31, 2019 F-43 Stock options outstanding Weighted average exercise price $ 1,746,073 — (918,588) (104,102) 723,383 22.43 — 18.96 24.44 26.56 Everbridge, Inc. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued) Stock options outstanding, vested and expected to vest and exercisable are as follows: Outstanding Vested and expected to vest Exercisable Vested and nonvested stock option activity was as follows: Outstanding at December 31, 2019 Restricted Stock Units As of December 31, 2019 Remaining contractual life (years) Weighted- average exercise price $ 7.42 7.40 6.44 26.56 26.44 19.31 Number of shares 723,383 707,428 231,344 Vested Nonvested Weighted average exercise price Options outstanding Weighted average exercise price Options outstanding 231,344 $ 19.31 492,039 $ 29.97 During the years ended December 31, 2019, the Company granted 420,149 RSUs to members of its senior management and certain other employees pursuant to the 2016 Plan. The Company accounts for RSUs issued to employees at fair value, based on the market price of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant. The weighted-average grant date fair values of RSUs granted during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017 were $80.16, $52.11 and $26.19 respectively. The fair values of RSUs that vested during the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, were $11.9 million and $3.1 million, respectively. No RSUs vested during the year ended December 31, 2017. During the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, the Company recorded $16.3 million, $5.4 million, and $1.1 million respectively, of stock-based compensation related to the RSUs that had been issued to-date. There were 275,023 RSUs which vested during the year ended December 31, 2019. As of December 31, 2019, there was $34.7 million of unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested RSUs which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 2.5 years. For RSUs subject to graded vesting, the Company recognizes compensation cost on a straight-line basis over the service period for the entire award. Performance-Based Restricted Stock Units During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company granted 389,018 PSUs to members of its management pursuant to the 2016 Plan. The PSUs generally vest based on the Company achieving certain revenue growth thresholds which range from 20% to 40% compounded annual growth over a measurement period of two years for the first 50% of PSUs and three years for the remaining PSUs. The vesting of the PSUs is subject to the employee’s continued employment with the Company through the date of achievement. During the year ended December 31, 2019, the share price of the Company’s common stock on the date of issuance of the PSUs ranged from $54.83 to $98.92 per share. The fair value is based on the value of the Company’s common stock at the date of issuance and the probability of achieving the performance metric. The Company has assessed the probability of achievement of the award at 100% based on past performance of achievement of the performance metric. Compensation cost is adjusted in future periods for subsequent changes in the expected outcome of the performance related conditions. The weighted-average grant date fair value of PSUs granted during the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 was $80.87 and $55.99, respectively. No PSUs vested during the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018. For the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company recognized $10.6 million and $1.5 million, respectively, of stock compensation expense in connection with the PSU awards. F-44 Everbridge, Inc. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued) As of December 31, 2019, there was $30.3 million of unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested PSUs which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 2.0 years. Compensation cost is recognized under the accelerated method and is adjusted in future periods for subsequent changes in the expected outcome of the performance related conditions. Market-Based Restricted Stock Units During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company granted no market-based RSUs pursuant to the 2016 Plan. The market-based RSUs granted prior to the year ended December 31, 2019 vested based on the Company achieving certain stock price thresholds, which ranged from $35 per share to $65 per share for 30 consecutive trading days as reported by The Nasdaq Stock Market, LLC, subject to the employee’s continued employment with the Company through the date of achievement. The share price of the Company’s common stock on the date of issuance of the market-based RSUs was between $33.06 and $45.17 per share. The fair value was based on values calculated under the Monte Carlo simulation model on the grant date. The key estimates used in the Monte- Carlo simulation were a risk-free rate of 2.26% to 2.90%, dividend yield of zero, expected term of 10 years and volatility of 50% to 60%. Compensation cost is not adjusted in future periods for subsequent changes in the expected outcome of market related conditions. During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company recognized no stock compensation expense in connection with these awards. During the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company recognized $10.5 million and $2.9 million, respectively, of stock compensation expense in connection with these awards. As of December 31, 2019, there was no unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested market-based awards. There were 657 market-based RSUs that vested during the year ended December 31, 2019 as the Company achieved the market-based target and achieved vesting at 125%. The following table summarizes the Company’s RSU, market-based RSU and PSU activity for the year ended December 31, 2019: Outstanding at December 31, 2018 Granted Vested Forfeited Outstanding at December 31, 2019 Stock-Based Compensation Expense Number of Shares 904,033 809,167 (275,680) (122,729) 1,314,791 The Company recorded the total stock-based compensation expense as follows (in thousands): Cost of revenue Sales and marketing Research and development General and administrative Total 2019 Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 $ $ 1,966 $ 9,983 7,820 13,720 33,489 $ 2,306 $ 9,282 7,106 7,131 25,825 $ 578 2,419 1,514 4,788 9,299 Stock-based compensation expense is recognized over the award’s expected vesting schedule, which is reduced for forfeitures. F-45 Everbridge, Inc. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued) (12) Basic and Diluted Net Loss per Share Basic net loss per common share is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Diluted net loss per share is computed by giving effect to all potential dilutive shares of common stock. Basic and diluted net loss per share of common stock were the same for all periods presented as the impact of all potentially dilutive securities outstanding was anti-dilutive. The Company uses the if converted method for calculating any potential dilutive effect on diluted loss per share. The following common equivalent shares were excluded from the diluted net loss per share calculation because their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive: Convertible senior notes Stock-based compensation grants Total 2019 6,733,914 2,038,174 8,772,088 Year Ended December 31, 2018 3,411,199 2,562,274 5,973,473 2017 3,411,199 3,268,610 6,679,809 In connection with the issuance of the 2024 Notes in December 2019, the Company paid $44.9 million to enter into capped call option agreements to reduce the potential dilution to holders of the Company’s common stock upon conversion of the 2024 Notes. In connection with the issuance of the 2022 Notes in November 2017, the Company paid $12.9 million to enter into capped call option agreements to reduce the potential dilution to holders of the Company’s common stock upon conversion of the 2022 Notes. In December 2019, the Company partially terminated capped call options related to the 2022 Notes and received $5.8 million. The capped call option agreements are excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders as their effect is antidilutive. Reserve for Unissued Shares of Common Stock The Company is required to reserve and keep available out of its authorized but unissued shares of common stock such number of shares sufficient for the exercise of all shares granted and available for grant under the Company’s 2008 Plan, 2016 Plan and 2016 ESPP. The amount of such shares of the Company’s common stock reserved for these purposes at December 31, 2019 was 4.4 million shares. Additionally, the Company is required to reserve and keep available out of its authorized but unissued shares of common stock shares that become issuable pursuant to the terms of the 2024 Notes and 2022 Notes. (13) Income Taxes The components of loss before income taxes are as follows (in thousands): Domestic Foreign Total 2019 Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 $ $ (47,218) $ (4,607) (51,825) $ (41,985) $ (4,734) (46,719) $ (16,642) (2,945) (19,587) F-46 Everbridge, Inc. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued) For purposes of reconciling the Company’s provision for income taxes at the statutory rate and the Company’s provision (benefit) for income taxes at the effective tax rate, a notional 26% tax rate was applied as follows (in thousands): Income tax at federal statutory rate Increase (decrease) in tax resulting from: State income tax expense, net of federal tax effect Nondeductible permanent items Foreign rate differential Tax rate change Adjustment to deferred taxes Change in valuation allowance Uncertain tax positions Nonqualified stock option and performance award windfall upon exercise Other Total 2019 Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 $ (10,883) $ (9,811) $ (6,659) (3,657) 3,522 (367) — (1,904) 22,481 128 (2,749) (1,522) 552 134 307 15,805 143 (9,128) 233 425 $ (1,983) (80) 796 $ $ (421) 1,506 599 7,226 37 (2,291) 76 — (26) 47 The difference between the statutory federal income tax rate and the Company’s effective tax rate in 2019, 2018 and 2017 is primarily attributable to the effect of state income taxes, difference between the U.S. and foreign tax rates, deferred tax state rate adjustment, share-based compensation, true up of deferred taxes, other non-deductible permanent items, and change in valuation allowance. In addition, the Company’s foreign subsidiaries are subject to varied applicable statutory income tax rates for the periods presented. The provision for (benefit from) income taxes is as follows (in thousands): Current: Federal State Foreign Deferred: Federal State Foreign Change in valuation allowance Total 2019 Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 $ $ — $ 139 116 255 (16,460) (5,100) (751) (22,311) 22,481 425 $ — $ 48 753 801 (11,425) (3,250) (1,135) (15,810) 15,805 796 $ (23) 51 31 59 3,307 (669) (359) 2,279 (2,291) 47 F-47 Everbridge, Inc. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued) The net deferred tax assets (liabilities) are comprised of the following (in thousands): Deferred tax assets Lease liability AMT credit Accrued expenses Deferred revenue Net operating loss carryforward Other assets Property and equipment Intangible assets Valuation allowance Total net deferred tax assets Deferred tax liabilities Deferred commissions Deferred revenue Intangible assets Property and equipment Debt discount Right-of-use asset Deferred state taxes Other Total deferred tax liabilities Total non-current deferred income tax liabilities As of December 31, 2019 2018 $ $ 4,295 $ 9 2,837 — 50,950 6,967 — 2,416 (24,637) 42,837 (4,308) (336) (7,948) (296) (26,589) (3,909) (1,101) (352) (44,839) (2,002) $ 278 11 2,057 549 34,662 2,343 123 836 (25,079) 15,780 (3,215) — (7,295) — (4,986) — (1,233) — (16,729) (949) A valuation allowance is recorded to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount that is more likely than not to be realized based on an assessment of positive and negative evidence, including estimates of future taxable income necessary to realize future deductible amounts. A significant piece of objective negative evidence evaluated was the cumulative loss incurred over the three-year period ended December 31, 2019. Such objective evidence limits the ability to consider other subjective evidence such as its projections for future growth. On the basis of this evaluation, at December 31, 2019 and 2018, a valuation allowance of $24.6 million and $25.1 million, respectively, has been recorded. As of December 31, 2019, the Company has accumulated federal and state net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforwards of $165.0 million and $134.3 million, respectively. Of the $165.0 million of federal NOL carryforwards, $57.9 million was generated before January 1, 2018 and is subject to the 20-year carryforward period (“pre-Tax Act losses”). The remaining $107.1 million (“post-Tax Act losses”) can be carried forward indefinitely but is subject to the 80% taxable income limitation. The pre-Tax Act U.S. federal and state net operating loss carryforwards will expire in varying amounts through 2037. The Company completed a Section 382 study for the period through March 31, 2019 and determined that a Section 382 ownership change occurred on December 31, 2017 subjecting all pre-Tax Act losses to a utilization limitation; however, such limitation is not expected to result in NOLs expiring unused. Any future annual limitation may result in the expiration of NOLs before utilization. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company had combined foreign net operating loss carry-forwards available to reduce future taxable income of approximately $25.6 million and $25.5 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, valuation allowances of $24.6 million and $25.1 million, respectively, had been recorded against the related deferred tax assets for those loss carry-forwards that are not more likely than not to be fully utilized in reducing future taxable income. F-48 Everbridge, Inc. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued) The following changes occurred in the amount of unrecognized tax benefits (in thousands): Beginning balance of unrecognized tax benefits Additions for current year tax positions Reductions for prior year tax positions Ending balance (excluding interest and penalties) Interest and penalties Total 2019 Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 $ $ 469 $ 106 — 575 22 597 $ 326 $ 142 (14) 454 15 469 $ 250 65 — 315 11 326 For the year ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, the Company has recorded income tax expense of $128,000, $143,000 and $76,000, respectively, related to uncertain tax positions. The Company’s policy is to recognize potential interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits associated with uncertain tax positions, if any, in the income tax provision. At December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, the Company had accrued $22,000, $15,000 and $11,000 in interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions. The Company is subject to taxation in the United States and various states along with other foreign countries. The Company has not been notified that it is under audit by the IRS or any state or foreign taxing authorities, however, due to the presence of NOL carryforwards, all of the income tax years remain open for examination in each of these jurisdictions. The Company does not believe that it is reasonably possible that the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits will significantly increase or decrease in the next 12 months. Deferred income taxes have not been provided for undistributed earnings of the Company’s consolidated foreign subsidiaries because of the Company’s intent to reinvest such earnings indefinitely in active foreign operations. At December 31, 2019, the Company had $0.6 million in unremitted earnings that were permanently reinvested related to its consolidated foreign subsidiaries. (14) Segment information The Company operates as one operating segment. Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise for which separate financial information is evaluated regularly by the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”), who is the Company’s chief executive officer, in deciding how to allocate resources and assess the Company’s financial and operational performance. While the Company has applications that address multiple use cases, all of the Company’s applications operate on and leverage a single technology platform and are deployed and sold in an identical way. In addition, the Company’s CODM evaluates the Company’s financial information and resources and assesses the performance of these resources on a consolidated basis. As a result, the Company has determined that the Company’s business operates in a single operating segment. Since the Company operates as one operating segment, all required financial segment information can be found in the consolidated financial statements. (15) Revenue Recognition On January 1, 2018, the Company adopted ASC 606 and applied it to all contracts using the modified retrospective method. The Company recognized the cumulative effect of initially applying the new revenue standard as an adjustment to the opening balance of accumulated deficit. The comparative information has not been restated and continues to be reported under the accounting standards in effect for those periods. F-49 Everbridge, Inc. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued) The cumulative effect of the changes made to the Company’s consolidated January 1, 2018 balance sheet for the adoption of the new revenue standard was as follows (in thousands): BALANCE SHEET Assets Accounts receivable, net Deferred costs Deferred costs (non-current) Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity Other current liabilities Deferred revenue (current and non-current) Accumulated deficit Balance at December 31, 2017 Adjustments Due to ASC 606 Balance at January 1, 2018 $ $ 31,699 2,429 — 808 73,072 (109,252) $ 100 2,132 6,965 100 — 9,097 31,799 4,561 6,965 908 73,072 (100,155) The following table disaggregates the Company’s revenue by geography which provides information as to the major source of revenue (in thousands): Primary Geographic Markets United States International Total Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 $ $ 157,039 $ 43,843 200,882 $ 119,589 27,505 147,094 The following table presents the Company’s revenues disaggregated by revenue source (in thousands): Subscription services Professional services Software licenses Total Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 2017(1) $ $ 179,934 17,187 3,761 200,882 $ $ 137,260 9,538 296 147,094 $ $ 100,000 4,352 — 104,352 (1) As noted above, prior period amounts have not been adjusted under the modified retrospective method. Contract Assets The Company does not have material amounts of contract assets since revenue is recognized as control of goods is transferred or as services are performed. There are a small number of professional services that may occur over a period of time, but that period of time is generally very short in duration. Any contract assets that may arise are recorded in other assets in the Company’s consolidated balance sheet. As of December 31, 2019, the Company had $2.0 million in receivables related to services performed which were not billed. Contract Liabilities The Company’s contract liabilities consist of advance payments and deferred revenue. The Company’s contract liabilities are reported in a net position on a contract-by-contract basis at the end of each reporting period. The Company classifies advance payments and deferred revenue as current or noncurrent based on the timing of when it expects to recognize revenue. Generally, all contract liabilities are expected to be recognized within one year and are included in deferred revenue in the Company’s consolidated balance sheet. The noncurrent portion of deferred revenue is included and separately disclosed in the Company’s consolidated balance sheet. F-50 Everbridge, Inc. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued) Deferred Costs Current deferred costs, which primarily consist of deferred sales commissions, were $9.9 million and $6.5 million as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Noncurrent deferred costs, which primarily consist of deferred sales commissions, were $14.2 million and $10.3 million as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, amortization expense for the deferred costs was $8.0 million and $5.5 million, respectively. There was no impairment loss in relation to the costs capitalized. During the year ended December 31, 2017, amortization expense for the deferred costs based on the Company’s policy under Topic 605 was $5.9 million and capitalized commissions totaled $2.4 million. Deferred Revenue $86.2 million and $62.5 million of subscription services revenue was recognized during the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and was included in the deferred revenue balances at the beginning of the respective period. $6.0 million of professional services revenue was recognized during the year ended December 31, 2019 and was included in the deferred revenue balance at the beginning of the period. As of December 31, 2019, approximately $290.8 million of revenue is expected to be recognized from remaining performance obligations for subscription and other contracts. The Company expects to recognize revenue on approximately $162.3 million of these remaining performance obligations over the next 12 months, with the balance recognized thereafter. As of December 31, 2019, approximately $6.9 million of revenue is expected to be recognized from remaining performance obligations for professional services contracts. The Company expects to recognize revenue on approximately $5.5 million of these remaining performance obligations over the next 12 months, with the balance recognized thereafter. (16) Geographic Concentrations Revenue by location is determined by the billing address of the customer. Approximately 78%, 81% and 90% of the Company’s revenue was from the United States for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. No other individual country comprised more than 5% of total revenue for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017. Property and equipment by geographic location is based on the location of the legal entity that owns the asset. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, more than 91% of the Company’s property and equipment was located in the United States. (17) Employee Benefit Plan The Company maintains a 401(k) plan for the benefit of the Company’s eligible employees. The plan covers all employees who have attained minimum service requirements. The 401(k) plan allows each participant to contribute up to an amount not to exceed an annual statutory maximum. The Company may, at its discretion, make matching contributions to the 401(k) plan. There was $1.2 million and $0.6 million cash contributions made to the plan by the Company for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Contribution expense recognized for the 401(k) plan was $1.2 million, $0.5 million and $0.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017, respectively. (18) Leases The Company’s leases relate primarily to office facilities that expire on various dates from 2020 through 2029. The terms of the Company's non-cancelable operating lease arrangements typically contain fixed lease payment which increases over the term of the lease at fixed rates, rent holidays and provide for additional renewal periods. Lease expense is recognized over the term of the lease on a straight-line basis. All of the Company’s leases are classified as operating leases. The Company has determined that periods covered by options to extend the Company’s leases are excluded from the lease term as the Company is not reasonably certain the Company will exercise such options. Operating lease expense, including expenses related to short-term leases, were $4.8 million, $3.8 million and $2.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. F-51 Everbridge, Inc. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued) Subsequent to the adoption of ASC 842, the Company records its ROU Assets within other assets (long term) and its operating lease liabilities within other current and long-term liabilities. Additional information related to the Company’s leases as of and for the year ended December31, 2019, is as follows (in thousands, except lease term and discount rate): Balance sheet information ROU assets Lease liabilities, current Lease liabilities, non-current Total lease liabilities Supplemental data Weighted average remaining lease term Weighted average discount rate Cash paid for amounts included in lease liabilities ROU assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations Maturities of lease liabilities as of December 31, 2019 were as follows (in thousands): Year ending December 31, 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Thereafter Total undiscounted lease payments Less: imputed interest Total lease liabilities The following table presents components of lease expense for the year ended December 31, 2019 (in thousands): Operating lease expense Short-term lease expense(1) Less: Sublease income Total lease expense December 31, 2019 13,071 3,567 11,823 15,390 4.11 years 7.00% 3,986 17,724 4,524 4,402 4,102 3,985 1,567 778 19,358 (3,968) 15,390 Year Ended December 31, 2019 3,879 958 4,837 (91) 4,746 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ (1) Short-term lease expense includes all leases with lease terms ranging from less than one month to one year. As of December 31, 2019, the Company does not have any leases that have not yet commenced that create significant rights and obligations. F-52 Everbridge, Inc. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued) Lease commitments in accordance with prior guidance Future minimum lease payments under non-cancelable operating leases, including short-term leases as of December 31, 2019 were as follows (in thousands): 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Thereafter Total minimum lease payments (19) Commitments and Contingencies $ $ 4,649 4,402 4,102 3,985 1,567 778 19,483 For a summary of the Company’s debt and lease obligations, see Notes 9 and 18, respectively. (a) Litigation From time to time the Company may become involved in legal proceedings or be subject to claims arising in the ordinary course of business. Although the results of litigation and claims cannot be predicted with certainty, the Company currently believes that the final outcome of these ordinary course matters will not have a material adverse effect on its business, operating results, financial condition or cash flows. Regardless of the outcome, litigation can have an adverse impact because of defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources and other factors. (b) Employee Contracts The Company has entered into employment contracts with certain of the Company’s executive officers which provide for at-will employment. However, under the provisions of the contracts, the Company would incur severance obligations of up to twelve months of the executive’s annual base salary for certain events, such as involuntary terminations. (20) Subsequent Events On February 7, 2020, the Company entered into a Stock Purchase Agreement with Connexient, Inc. (“Connexient”) pursuant to which the Company purchased all of the issued and outstanding shares of stock of Connexient for a base consideration of $20.5 million. The Company paid $11.4 million in cash at closing and paid the remaining purchase price with 96,611 newly issued shares of the Company’s common stock. In addition to the base purchase price, there is also a potential contingent payment of up to $6.0 million that can be earned in addition to the base consideration by the sellers based on fiscal year 2020 revenue metrics. The Company acquired Connexient for its strategic technology assets to enhance the Company’s CEM suite of solutions to broaden support for Internet of Things (“IoT”) applications. On February 25, 2020, the Company entered into a Stock Purchase Agreement with CNL Software Limited (“CNL”) for a base consideration of approximately $35.7 million. The Company paid approximately $19.8 million in cash at closing and paid the remaining purchase price with 153,217 newly issued shares of the Company’s common stock. The Company acquired CNL for its strategic technology assets to enhance the Company’s CEM suite of solutions to broaden support for IoT applications. F-53 Exhibit 4.5 DESCRIPTION OF THE REGISTRANT'S SECURITIES REGISTERED PURSUANT TO SECTION 12 OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 The following description sets forth certain material terms and provisions of the securities of Everbridge, Inc. (the “Company”) that are registered under Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. This description also summarizes relevant provisions of Delaware law. The following summary does not purport to be complete and is subject to, and is qualified in its entirety by reference to, the applicable provisions of Delaware law and our certificate of incorporation and our bylaws, copies of which are incorporated by reference as an exhibit to the Annual Report on Form 10-K of which this Exhibit 4.5 is a part. We encourage you to read our certificate of incorporation, our bylaws and the applicable provisions of Delaware law for additional information. Our certificate of incorporation authorizes us to issue up to 100,000,000 shares of common stock, par value $0.001 per share, and 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock, par value $0.001 per share, in one or more series. Holders of our common stock are entitled to one vote per share on all matters to be voted upon by the stockholders. Subject to the preferences that may be applicable to any outstanding shares of preferred stock, common stockholders are entitled to receive ratably such dividends, if any, as may be declared from time to time by our board of directors out of funds legally available for that purpose. In the event of our liquidation, dissolution or winding up, the common stockholders are entitled to share ratably in all assets remaining after payment of liabilities, subject to prior distribution rights of any shares of preferred stock then outstanding. Common stockholders have no preemptive or conversion rights or other subscription rights. There are no redemption or sinking fund provisions applicable to the common stock. The common stock currently outstanding is fully paid and nonassessable. The transfer agent and registrar for the common stock is Computershare. Our common stock is listed on The Nasdaq Global Market under the trading symbol “EVBG.” Our board of directors is authorized, without any action by the stockholders, subject to any limitations prescribed by law, to designate and issue preferred stock in one or more series and to designate the powers, preferences and rights of each series, which may be greater than the rights of the common stock. It is not possible to state the actual effect of the issuance of any shares of preferred stock upon the rights of holders of the common stock until our board of directors determines the specific rights of the holders of such preferred stock. However, the effects might include, among other things: • • • • impairing the dividend rights of the common stock; diluting the voting power of the common stock; impairing the liquidation rights of the common stock; and delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control. Anti-Takeover Provisions Certain provisions of Delaware law and our certificate of incorporation and bylaws could make the following more difficult: • • • our acquisition by means of a tender offer; acquisition of control by means of a proxy contest or otherwise; and removal of our incumbent officers and directors. These provisions, summarized below, are expected to discourage certain types of coercive takeover practices and inadequate takeover bids, and are designed to encourage persons seeking to acquire control of the Company to negotiate with the board of directors. The Company believes that the benefits of increased protection against an unfriendly or unsolicited proposal to acquire or restructure the Company outweigh the disadvantages of discouraging such proposals. Among other things, negotiation of such proposals could result in an improvement of their terms. Delaware Anti-Takeover Law. Delaware corporations may elect not to be governed by Section 203 of the General Corporation Law of Delaware (the “DGCL”), i.e., Delaware’s anti-takeover law. The Company has not made this election. Delaware’s anti-takeover law provides that an “interested stockholder,” defined as a person who owns 15% or more of the outstanding voting stock of a corporation or a person who is an associate or affiliate of the corporation and, within the preceding three-year period, owned 15% or more of the outstanding voting stock, may not engage in specified business combinations with the corporation for a period of three years after the date on which the person became an interested stockholder. The law defines the term “business combination” to encompass a wide variety of transactions with or caused by an interested stockholder, including mergers, asset sales and transactions in which the interested stockholder receives or could receive a benefit on other than a pro rata basis with other shareholders. With the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the voting power of all then-outstanding shares of our capital stock entitled to vote in the election of directors, voting together as a single class, we may amend its Certificate of Incorporation in the future to no longer be governed by the anti-takeover law. This amendment would have the effect of allowing any person who owns at least 15% of our outstanding voting stock to pursue a takeover transaction that was not approved by our board of directors. However, because the Company has not elected to opt-out of this provision, for transactions not approved in advance by our board of directors, the provision might discourage takeover attempts that might result in a premium over the market price for shares of our common stock. Limitations of Director Liability and Indemnification. Our certificate of incorporation provides that directors shall not be personally liable to the corporation or to its shareholders for monetary damages for breach of fiduciary duty as a director, except to the extent such exemption from liability or limitation thereof is not permitted under the DGCL. Delaware law currently provides that this waiver may not apply to liability: • • • • for any breach of the director’s duty of loyalty to us or our shareholders; for acts or omissions not in good faith or that involve intentional misconduct or a knowing violation of law; under Section 174 of the DGCL (governing distributions to shareholders); or for any transaction from which the director derived any improper personal benefit. In the event the DGCL is amended to authorize corporate action further eliminating or limiting the personal liability of directors, then the liability of our directors will be eliminated or limited to the fullest extent permitted by the DGCL, as so amended. Our bylaws further provide that we will indemnify each of our directors and officers, trustees, fiduciaries, employees and agents to the fullest extent permitted by Delaware law. Election and Removal of Directors. Our board of directors is divided into three classes of directors, each serving staggered three-year terms. As a result, only a portion of the board of directors will be elected each year. Directors elected at any annual meeting of stockholders will serve three-year terms, unless such director resigns or is otherwise removed from the board of directors in accordance with our certificate of incorporation and Delaware law. Our certificate of incorporation provides that a director can only be removed from the board of directors for cause and only by the affirmative vote of stockholders holding two- thirds of the outstanding voting power of all classes of stock entitled to vote in an election of directors, voting together as a single class. The board of directors has the exclusive right to increase or decrease the size of the board and to fill vacancies on the board. These provisions may tend to discourage a third party from making a tender offer or otherwise attempting to obtain control of the Company because they generally make it more difficult for stockholders to replace a majority of the directors. Stockholder Meetings. Under our certificate of incorporation, only our chairman of the board, chief executive officer, president or board of directors may call a special meeting of stockholders pursuant to a resolution adopted by at least a majority of the total number of authorized directors. Requirements for Advance Notification of Stockholder Nominations and Proposals. Our bylaws contain advance notice procedures with respect to stockholder proposals and the nomination of candidates for election as directors, other than nominations made by or at the direction of the board of directors or a committee of the board of directors. Elimination of Stockholder Action by Written Consent. Our certificate of incorporation eliminates the right of stockholders to act by written consent without a meeting. This provision will make it more difficult for stockholders to take action opposed by the board of directors. No Cumulative Voting. Our certificate of incorporation does not provide for cumulative voting in the election of directors, which, under Delaware law, precludes stockholders from cumulating their votes in the election of directors, frustrating the ability of minority stockholders to obtain representation on the board of directors. Undesignated Preferred Stock. The authorization of undesignated preferred stock makes it possible for the board of directors, without stockholder approval, to issue preferred stock with voting or other rights or preferences that could impede the success of any attempt to obtain control of the Company. These and other provisions may have the effect of deferring hostile takeovers or delaying changes in the control or management of the Company. Amendment of Provisions in the Certificate of Incorporation. Our certificate of incorporation requires the affirmative vote of the holders of at least two- thirds of the outstanding voting power of our stock to amend or repeal any provision of the certificate of incorporation concerning the: • • • • • • • • • • • absence of the necessity of the directors to be elected by written ballot; management of the business of the Company by the board of directors; absence of the authority of stockholders to act by written consent; authority to call a special meeting of stockholders; number of directors and structure of the board of directors; removal of directors and the filling of vacancies on the board of directors; authority of the bylaws to govern advance notice provisions with respect to nominations by stockholders for the election of directors and other business to be brought before any meeting of stockholders; the method of amending and authority to amend the bylaws and certificate of incorporation of the Company; personal liability of directors to the Company and the stockholders; indemnification of the directors, officers, employees and agents of the Company; and authority or vote required to amend or repeal the section of the certificate of incorporation providing for the right to amend or repeal provisions of the certificate of incorporation. Amendment of Provisions in the Bylaws. The certificate of incorporation requires the affirmative vote of the holders of at least two-thirds of the outstanding voting power of our stock to amend any provision of the bylaws concerning: • • • • • • meetings of or actions taken by stockholders; number of directors and their term of office; election and qualification of directors; removal of directors and the filling of vacancies on the board of directors; indemnification of the directors, officers, employees and agents of the Company; and amendments to the bylaws. List of Subsidiaries of Everbridge, Inc. Exhibit 21.1 Company Name Beijing Wan Qiao Da Guan Information & Technology Ltd. Everbridge Holdings Limited Everbridge Europe Limited Everbridge Securities Corporation Microtech USA LLC Svensk Krisledning AB Everbridge Norway AS UMS AB Everbridge Denmark ApS Everbridge France SAS UMS Limited Everbridge Finland OY Unified Messaging Systems & Services Private Limited UMS Americas, LLC Previstar, Inc. Previstar Private Limited Everbridge Netherlands Holdings B.V. Everbridge Netherlands B.V. Everbridge Asia Pte. Ltd. NC4, LLC NC4 Public Sector, LLC MissionMode, Inc. MissionMode Solutions Limited Jurisdiction China United Kingdom United Kingdom Massachusetts Delaware Sweden Norway Sweden Denmark France United Kingdom Finland India Florida Delaware India Netherlands Netherlands Singapore Delaware Delaware Minnesota United Kingdom Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Exhibit 23.1 The Board of Directors Everbridge, Inc. We consent to the incorporation by reference in the registration statements on Form S-3 (No. 333-220777 and 333-229239) and on Form S-8 (No. 333-213679, 333-216909, 333-227502 and 333-230032) of Everbridge, Inc. of our report dated March 12, 2018, with respect to the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows of Everbridge, Inc. and subsidiaries for the year ended December 31, 2017, and the related consolidated notes, which report appears in the December 31, 2019 annual report on Form 10-K of Everbridge, Inc. /s/ KPMG LLP Los Angeles, California February 28, 2020 Exhibit 23.2 Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm We consent to the incorporation by reference in the following Registration Statements: (1) Registration Statement (Form S-3 No. 333-229239 and 333-220777) of Everbridge, Inc, (2) Registration Statement (Form S-8 Nos. 333-230032, 333-227502 and 333-216909) pertaining to the 2016 Equity Incentive Plan and the 2016 Employee Stock Purchase Plan of Everbridge, Inc., and (3) Registration Statement (Form S-8 No. 333-213679) pertaining to the 2008 Equity Incentive Plan, the 2016 Equity Incentive Plan, and the 2016 Employee Stock Purchase Plan of Everbridge, Inc., of our reports dated February 28, 2020, with respect to the consolidated financial statements of Everbridge, Inc. and the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting of Everbridge, Inc. included in this Annual Report (Form 10-K) of Everbridge, Inc. for the year ended December 31, 2019. /s/ Ernst & Young LLP Boston, Massachusetts February 28, 2020 CERTIFICATION OF PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE OFFICER PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 Exhibit 31.1 I, David Meredith, certify that: 1. 2. 3. 4. I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of Everbridge, Inc.; Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d- 15(f)) for the registrant and have: (a) (b) (c) (d) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): (a) (b) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. Date: February 28, 2020 By: /s/ David Meredith Name: David Meredith Title: Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) CERTIFICATION OF PRINCIPAL FINANCIAL OFFICER PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 Exhibit 31.2 I, Patrick Brickley, certify that: 1. 2. 3. 4. I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of Everbridge, Inc.; Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d- 15(f)) for the registrant and have: (a) (b) (c) (d) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): (a) (b) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. Date: February 28, 2020 By: /s/ Patrick Brickley Name: Patrick Brickley Title: Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 Exhibit 32.1 I, David Meredith, Chief Executive Officer of Everbridge, Inc., do hereby certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to the best of my knowledge, the Annual Report on Form 10-K of Everbridge, Inc. for the year ended December 31, 2019 (the “Report”): (1) (2) fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of Everbridge, Inc. Date: February 28, 2020 By: /s/ David Meredith Name: David Meredith Title: Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 Exhibit 32.2 I, Patrick Brickley, Chief Financial Officer of Everbridge, Inc., do hereby certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to the best of my knowledge, the Annual Report on Form 10-K of Everbridge, Inc. for the year ended December 31, 2019 (the “Report”): (1) (2) fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of Everbridge, Inc. Date: February 28, 2020 By: /s/ Patrick Brickley Name: Patrick Brickley Title: Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) 

Continue reading text version or see original annual report in PDF format above