FireEye, Inc.
Annual Report 2015

Plain-text annual report

2015 ANNUAL REPORT  THE FIREEYE THREAT MANAGEMENT PLATFORM U N I F I E D CONSOLE E C I V R E S A S A Y T I R U C E S D P R E N S A S E S S A D E T R E A P M A C HINE IN F I REEYE T E L A D V E R I S I S G A H R T Y I N TEL L E T T N A DI V I C TIM IN M A N E C T A N D P R E V E N T A N ALYZE AND R E S P D N O S E C U R I T Y A S A S E R V I C E ORCHEST R A T I O N As attacks change, defense measures must evolve. At FireEye we believe that next-generation security architectures need to be adaptive and nimble to have true long-term relevance. To achieve this, we’ve combined state-of-the-art products, highly skilled security experts and real-time threat intelligence in a comprehensive threat management platform that extends from the endpoint to the network perimeter and into the cloud. The foundation of our platform is an intelligent core that combines FireEye’s patented virtual machine-based detection and analytics technology with Mandiant’s deep incident-derived insights and iSIGHT Partners’ vast threat intelligence gleaned from worldwide tracking of over 16,000 adversaries. Together, these capabilities provide early visibility into new threats and allow organizations to reduce risk across the entire attack lifecycle. FIREEYE AS A SERVICE Around the clock technology, intelligence and expertise MOBILE Identify, analyze and block mobile attacks NETWORK Combat web-based cyber attacks MANAGEMENT AND ORCHESTRATION Correlate, analyze and automate organization-wide ENDPOINT Detect, analyze and resolve incidents on the endpoint FORENSICS Actionable intelligence to improve incident response EMAIL Identify, analyze and block email attacks MANDIANT CONSULTING Empowering organizations to protect their assets ANALYTICS Identify threats and improve response in real time THREAT INTELLIGENCE Intelligence to identify, block and respond to attacks CONTENT Combat malware in data centers and file servers FUEL PARTNER PROGRAM Closing the gaps in today’s security challenges ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||  TO OUR STOCKHOLDERS: BY MANY MEASURES, 2015 WAS AN IMPRESSIVE YEAR FOR FIREEYE. WE DELIVERED STRONG PERFORMANCE IN OUR MOST IMPORTANT OPERATING METRICS, RELEASED POWERFUL ENHANCEMENTS TO OUR ADVANCED THREAT MANAGEMENT PLATFORM, AND EXPANDED OUR REACH WITH NEW STRATEGIC PARTNERS. For the year, revenue grew 46 percent, billings1 were up 35 percent, and cash flow from operations increased to positive $37 million from negative $131 million in 2014. Important key metrics, such as new customer additions, transactions greater than $1 million, and multi-product adoption, demonstrated continued gains across the platform and around the globe. We delivered these results while continuing to build out our global infrastructure and developing a pipeline of innovative cloud-based and cloud-enabled solutions that we plan to launch in the year ahead.2 To best understand what we’re building toward, it’s important to recognize the fundamental changes underway in the security market. 1 Billings are a non-GAAP metric mathematically equivalent to revenue plus the change in deferred revenue. A reconciliation of billings to revenue can be found in the table at the end of this publication. 2 Cautionary statement regarding forward-looking statements in this letter can be found on page 4. FireEye | 2015 ANNUAL REPORT 1 Four significant trends continue to increase the complexity of the cyber security problem and create opportunity for disruption: (cid:81) First, attacks are escalating as the number of sophisticated attackers increases and the attack surface expands with the interconnection of everything from computers to mobile to Internet of Things devices. (cid:81) Second, management of the security environment is becoming increasingly difficult as the number of vendors and feature-specific products multiplies. (cid:81) Third, cyber security and physical security are converging as the networks that control critical infrastructure come under attack. (cid:81) And finally, the transition to “as a service” cloud and hybrid IT architectures is accelerating, shifting the focus from securing the network perimeter to protecting valuable digital assets on the endpoint and in the cloud. FireEye is well positioned to benefit from these trends. History has shown that technology alone cannot solve the problem. While machine learning, big data, analytics, and behavioral analysis are important, it is only through the combination of human intelligence and machine-based intelligence that these highly sophisticated and complex problems will be addressed. Through internal development and strategic acquisition, we have built a scalable threat management platform that can be delivered either on-premise, in the cloud or as a service. The breadth and sophistication of our intelligence-led platform, combined with flexible delivery options, enables us to reduce the risk, mask the complexity and lower the total cost of cyber security for our customers. The market opportunity is significant – Gartner estimates that security spending will grow to more than $100 billion annually by 2019 from $68 billion in 2014. Security services are expected to account for two-thirds of this spending, with security outsourcing representing the fastest growing segment.3 FireEye as a Ser- vice (FaaS), our disruptive investigation and response subscription service, uniquely addresses this opportunity. Over the past two years, we’ve built FaaS into an around- the-clock, around-the-world service capability, delivered from seven advanced threat response centers on four continents. By the end of 2015, we had successfully scaled FireEye as a Service into a global business with hundreds of customers worldwide. The shift to “as a service” delivery of our technology, intelligence and expertise is paralleled by a transition in our financial model. Growing customers’ preference for our cloud-based solutions and FireEye as a Service means that recurring product subscriptions are the fastest growing segment of our business. With our industry 3 Gartner Forecast: Information Security, Worldwide, 2013-2019, 4Q15 Update 2 FireEye | 2015 ANNUAL REPORT leading customer satisfaction scores, high customer retention, and subscription renewal rates above 90 percent, this transition to recurring subscriptions has positive implications for our long term business. At the same time, we have continued to invest resources in the detection, prevention and automation technologies that differentiate our solutions and allow us to deliver FireEye as a Service in a cost effective, margin accretive manner. In the fourth quarter of 2015 we released the next generation of our MVX engine with dramatic improvements in detection capacity and analysis speeds. The new MVX architecture also enables the virtual appliances and cloud-based solutions which expand our addressable market to include millions of remote offices and smaller customers. We made equally significant enhancements to our endpoint, forensics and analytics solutions, and completed the work necessary to internationalize our platform. In the first quarter of 2016, we completed the strategic acquisitions of iSIGHT Partners, a leader in threat intelligence, and Invotas, an innovator in security orchestration and automation. These acquisitions add new intelligence and functionality across our platform of products and services, helping us reduce our customers’ cyber risk and lower the total cost of ownership. Earlier this year we also added strategic partners and launched new services that will play an important role in extending our platform to the networks that control critical infrastructure. In closing, I believe we have an extraordinary opportunity to redefine our industry. Our mission to reduce the impact of cyber attacks for our customers drives our strategy, our growth, and ultimately, our shareholder value. We know there is still much hard work to be done, but when I pause to reflect on how far we’ve come over the past few years and how much further we can go, I couldn’t be more excited and optimistic. 2015 BILLINGS1 BY CATEGORY Professional Services 15% Product 27% Support & Maintenance 17% $797 million Product Subscription 41% 2015 REVENUE BY REGION Rest of World 5% Asia- Pacific 12% EMEA 13% $623 million U.S. 70% HEADCOUNT BY FUNCTION Consulting & Support 26% Research & Development 27% On behalf of the FireEye management team and board of directors, I thank you for your support. 3,100* Sincerely, David G. DeWalt Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer Admin 10% Sales & Marketing 37% * As of 12/31/15. rounded to the nearest hundred. FireEye | 2015 ANNUAL REPORT 3 SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA Balance sheet metrics for year-end 2013 include the net assets, deferred revenue, cash and cash equivalents, and stockholders’ equity of Mandiant, which FireEye acquired on 12/30/13. Dollars in thousands Revenue 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 $33,658 $83,316 $161,552 $425,662 $622,967 Deferred revenue $30,102 $76,406 $187,514 $352,543 $526,998 Cash and cash equivalents and short term investments $10,676 $60,200 $173,918 $402,208 $1,169,877 Cash flow from operations $5,111 $21,500 ($69,762) ($131,270) $37,015 Total assets $35,646 $125,273 $1,376,313 $1,758,881 $2,441,473 Total stockholders’ equity $(14,651) $5,390 $1,048,102 $1,250,828 $1,044,372 CUSTOMERS* 4,400 3,100 2,000 900 500 REVENUE (millions) $623 $426 $162 $83 $34 DEFERRED REVENUE (millions) $527 $353 $188 $76 $30 ‘11 ‘12 ‘13 ‘14 ‘15 ‘11 ‘12 ‘13 ‘14 ‘15 ‘11 ‘12 ‘13 ‘14 ‘15 * As of 12/31. Rounded to nearest hundred. FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS The letter to stockholders contains forward-looking statements, including statements related to expectations and beliefs regarding expected growth, product releases and the security market. These forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties, as well as assumptions which, if they do not fully materialize or prove incorrect, could cause our results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. The risks and uncertainties that could cause such results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements include customer demand and adoption of FireEye’s offerings; real or perceived defects, errors or vulnerabilities in FireEye’s offerings; FireEye’s ability to react to trends and challenges in its business and the markets in which it operates; FireEye’s ability to anticipate market needs or develop new or enhanced offerings to meet those needs; FireEye’s ability to hire and retain critical executives and key employees; and general economic conditions; as well as those risks and uncertainties included under the captions “Risk Factors” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” in FireEye’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 26, 2016, which is available on the Investor Relations section of the company’s website at investors.FireEye.com and on the SEC website at www.sec.gov. All forward-looking statements in the letter are based on information available to FireEye as of the date hereof, and FireEye does not assume any obligation to update the forward-looking statements provided to reflect events that occur or circumstances that exist after the date on which they were made. 4 FireEye | 2015 ANNUAL REPORT P r o x y S t a t e m e n t 2016 PROXY STATEMENT FIREEYE, INC. 1440 McCarthy Blvd. Milpitas, California 95035 NOTICE OF ANNUAL MEETING OF STOCKHOLDERS To Be Held at 11:00 a.m. Pacific Time on Tuesday, June 14, 2016 Dear Stockholder: You are cordially invited to attend the 2016 annual meeting of stockholders (the “Annual Meeting”) of FireEye, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“FireEye”). The Annual Meeting will be held on Tuesday, June 14, 2016 at 11:00 a.m. Pacific Time, at 1390 McCarthy Blvd., Milpitas, California 95035, for the following purposes, as more fully described in the accompanying proxy statement: 1. To elect three Class III directors to serve until the 2019 annual meeting of stockholders or until their successors are duly elected and qualified; 2. To ratify the appointment of Deloitte & Touche LLP as our independent registered public accounting firm for our fiscal year ending December 31, 2016; 3. To conduct an advisory vote to approve the compensation of our named executive officers for our fiscal year ended December 31, 2015, as described in the proxy statement; 4. To conduct an advisory vote on the frequency of future stockholder advisory votes to approve the compensation of our named executive officers; 5. To consider a stockholder proposal requesting majority voting in uncontested elections of directors; and 6. To transact such other business as may properly come before the Annual Meeting or any adjournments or postponements thereof. Our board of directors has fixed the close of business on April 15, 2016 as the record date for the Annual Meeting. Only stockholders of record on April 15, 2016 are entitled to notice of and to vote at the Annual Meeting. Further information regarding voting rights and the matters to be voted upon is presented in the accompanying proxy statement. On or about April 25, 2016, we expect to mail to our stockholders a Notice of Internet Availability of Proxy Materials (the “Notice”) containing instructions on how to access our proxy statement and our annual report. The Notice provides instructions on how to vote via the Internet or by telephone and includes instructions on how to receive a paper copy of our proxy materials by mail. The accompanying proxy statement and our annual report can be accessed directly at the Internet address listed on the Notice. YOUR VOTE IS IMPORTANT. Whether or not you plan to attend the Annual Meeting, we urge you to submit your vote via the Internet, telephone or mail as soon as possible so that your shares can be voted at the Annual Meeting in accordance with your instructions. Thank you for your continued support of FireEye. By order of the Board of Directors, P r o x y S t a t e m e n t Milpitas, California April 25, 2016 David G. DeWalt Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board [THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK] TABLE OF CONTENTS QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ABOUT THE ANNUAL MEETING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BOARD OF DIRECTORS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nominees for Director . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Directors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Director Independence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Board Leadership Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Board Meetings and Committees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Considerations in Evaluating Director Nominees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stockholder Recommendations for Nominations to the Board of Directors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Communications with the Board of Directors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corporate Governance Guidelines and Code of Business Conduct and Ethics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Risk Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Outside Director Compensation Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Director Compensation Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PROPOSAL NO. 1 ELECTION OF DIRECTORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nominees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vote Required . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PROPOSAL NO. 2 RATIFICATION OF APPOINTMENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fees Paid to the Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Auditor Independence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Audit Committee Policy on Pre-Approval of Audit and Permissible Non-Audit Services of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vote Required . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PROPOSAL NO. 3 ADVISORY VOTE TO APPROVE NAMED EXECUTIVE OFFICER COMPENSATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vote Required . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PROPOSAL NO. 4 ADVISORY VOTE ON THE FREQUENCY OF FUTURE ADVISORY VOTES TO APPROVE NAMED EXECUTIVE OFFICER COMPENSATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vote Required . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PROPOSAL NO. 5 STOCKHOLDER PROPOSAL REQUESTING MAJORITY VOTING IN UNCONTESTED ELECTIONS OF DIRECTORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Supporting Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Company’s Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vote Required . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AUDIT COMMITTEE REPORT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EXECUTIVE OFFICERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Compensation Discussion and Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Compensation Committee Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Summary Compensation Table for Fiscal Year 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Grants of Plan-Based Awards Table for Fiscal Year 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Outstanding Equity Awards at 2015 Fiscal Year-End . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Option Exercises and Stock Vested for Fiscal Year 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employment Agreements for Executive Officers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Employment Agreements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Definitions for Offer Letter with Mr. Aziz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Change of Control Severance Policy for Officers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Potential Payments upon a Change of Control, upon Termination or upon Termination Following a Change of Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Equity Compensation Plan Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -i- Page 1 9 9 10 12 13 13 16 16 17 17 17 18 18 19 21 21 21 22 22 22 23 23 24 24 25 25 26 26 26 27 28 29 31 31 55 56 57 59 62 62 64 64 65 66 68 P r o x y S t a t e m e n t TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT . . . . . . . . . . RELATED PERSON TRANSACTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Indemnification Agreements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Policies and Procedures for Related Party Transactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OTHER MATTERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Available Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Company Website . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 69 72 72 72 73 73 73 73 -ii- FIREEYE, INC. PROXY STATEMENT FOR 2016 ANNUAL MEETING OF STOCKHOLDERS To Be Held at 11:00 a.m. Pacific Time on Tuesday, June 14, 2016 This proxy statement and the enclosed form of proxy are furnished in connection with the solicitation of proxies by our board of directors for use at our 2016 annual meeting of stockholders (the “Annual Meeting”), and any postponements, adjournments or continuations thereof. The Annual Meeting will be held on Tuesday, June 14, 2016 at 11:00 a.m. Pacific Time, at 1390 McCarthy Blvd., Milpitas, California 95035. The Notice of Internet Availability of Proxy Materials (the “Notice”) containing instructions on how to access this proxy statement and our annual report is first being mailed on or about April 25, 2016 to all stockholders entitled to receive notice of and to vote at the Annual Meeting. QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ABOUT THE ANNUAL MEETING The information provided in the “question and answer” format below addresses certain frequently asked questions but is not intended to be a summary of all matters contained in this proxy statement. Please read the entire proxy statement carefully before voting your shares. What matters am I voting on? You will be voting on: • • • • • • the election of three Class III directors to hold office until the 2019 annual meeting of stockholders or until their successors are duly elected and qualified; a proposal to ratify the appointment of Deloitte & Touche LLP as our independent registered public accounting firm for our fiscal year ending December 31, 2016; an advisory vote to approve named executive officer compensation; an advisory vote on the frequency of future advisory votes to approve named executive officer compensation; a stockholder proposal requesting majority voting in uncontested elections of directors; and any other business that may properly come before the Annual Meeting or any adjournments or postponements thereof. How does our board of directors recommend that I vote? Our board of directors recommends that you vote: • • • • • FOR the three nominees for election as Class III directors; FOR the ratification of the appointment of Deloitte & Touche LLP as our independent registered public accounting firm for our fiscal year ending December 31, 2016; FOR the approval, on an advisory basis, of named executive officer compensation; For 1 YEAR as the frequency of future advisory votes to approve named executive officer compensation; and As explained below, our board of directors makes no recommendation with respect to voting on the stockholder proposal requesting majority voting in uncontested elections of directors. -1- P r o x y S t a t e m e n t Will there be any other items of business on the agenda? If any other items of business or other matters are properly brought before the Annual Meeting, your proxy gives discretionary authority to the persons named on the proxy card with respect to those items of business or other matters. The persons named on the proxy card intend to vote the proxy in accordance with their best judgment. Our board of directors does not intend to bring any other matters to be voted on at the Annual Meeting, and we are not currently aware of any matters that may be properly presented by others for consideration at the Annual Meeting. Who is entitled to vote at the Annual Meeting? Holders of our common stock at the close of business on April 15, 2016, the record date for the Annual Meeting (the “Record Date”), are entitled to notice of and to vote at the Annual Meeting. Each stockholder is entitled to one vote for each share of our common stock held as of the Record Date. As of the Record Date, there were 166,284,039 shares of common stock outstanding and entitled to vote. Stockholders are not permitted to cumulate votes with respect to the election of directors. What is the difference between holding shares as a stockholder of record and as a beneficial owner? Stockholder of Record: Shares Registered in Your Name. If, at the close of business on the Record Date, your shares were registered directly in your name with American Stock Transfer & Trust Company, LLC, our transfer agent, then you are considered the stockholder of record with respect to those shares. As the stockholder of record, you have the right to grant your voting proxy directly to the individuals listed on the proxy card or to vote in person at the Annual Meeting. Beneficial Owners: Shares Registered in the Name of a Broker, Bank or Other Nominee. If, at the close of business on the Record Date, your shares were held, not in your name, but rather in a stock brokerage account or by a bank or other nominee on your behalf, then you are considered the beneficial owner of shares held in “street name.” As the beneficial owner, you have the right to direct your broker, bank or other nominee how to vote your shares by following the voting instructions your broker, bank or other nominee provides. If you do not provide your broker, bank or other nominee with instructions on how to vote your shares, your broker, bank or other nominee may, in its discretion, vote your shares with respect to routine matters but may not vote your shares with respect to any non-routine matters. Please see “What if I do not specify how my shares are to be voted?” for additional information. Do I have to do anything in advance if I plan to attend the Annual Meeting in person? Stockholder of Record: Shares Registered in Your Name. If you were a stockholder of record at the close of business on the Record Date, you do not need to do anything in advance to attend and/or vote your shares in person at the Annual Meeting, but you will need to present government-issued photo identification for entrance to the Annual Meeting. Beneficial Owners: Shares Registered in the Name of a Broker, Bank or Other Nominee. If you were a beneficial owner at the close of business on the Record Date, you may not vote your shares in person at the Annual Meeting unless you obtain a “legal proxy” from your broker, bank or other nominee who is the stockholder of record with respect to your shares. You may still attend the Annual Meeting even if you do not have a legal proxy. For entrance to the Annual Meeting, you will need to provide proof of beneficial ownership as of the Record Date, such as the notice or voting instructions you received from your broker, bank or other nominee or a brokerage statement reflecting your ownership of shares as of the Record Date, and present government-issued photo identification. Please note that no cameras, recording equipment, large bags, briefcases or packages will be permitted in the Annual Meeting. -2- How do I vote and what are the voting deadlines? Stockholder of Record: Shares Registered in Your Name. If you are a stockholder of record, you can vote in one of the following ways: • • • You may vote via the Internet or by telephone. To vote via the Internet or by telephone, follow the instructions provided in the Notice of Internet Availability of Proxy Materials. If you vote via the Internet or by telephone, you do not need to return a proxy card by mail. Internet and telephone voting are available 24 hours a day. Votes submitted through the Internet or by telephone must be received by 11:59 p.m. Eastern Time on June 13, 2016. Alternatively, you may request a printed proxy card by telephone http://www.amstock.com/proxyservices/ Internet requestmaterials.asp, or by email at info@amstock.com, and then follow the instructions under the heading “You may vote by mail” immediately below. 888-776-9962, over the at at You may vote by mail. If you have received printed proxy materials by mail and would like to vote by mail, you need to complete, date and sign the proxy card that accompanies this proxy statement and promptly mail it to the tabulation agent in the enclosed postage-paid envelope so that it is received no later than June 13, 2016. You do not need to put a stamp on the enclosed envelope if you mail it from within the United States. The persons named in the proxy card will vote the shares you own in accordance with your instructions on the proxy card you mail. If you return the proxy card, but do not give any instructions on a particular matter to be voted on at the Annual Meeting, the persons named in the proxy card will vote the shares you own in accordance with the recommendations of our board of directors. Our board of directors recommends that you vote FOR the three nominees for election as Class III directors, FOR the ratification of the appointment of Deloitte & Touche LLP as our independent registered public accounting firm for our fiscal year ending December 31, 2016, FOR the approval, on an advisory basis, of named executive officer compensation, for 1 YEAR as the frequency of future advisory votes to approve named executive officer compensation, and our board of directors makes no recommendation with respect to voting on the stockholder proposal requesting majority voting in uncontested elections of directors. You may vote in person. If you plan to attend the Annual Meeting, you may vote by delivering your completed proxy card in person or by completing and submitting a ballot, which will be provided at the Annual Meeting. P r o x y S t a t e m e n t Beneficial Owners: Shares Registered in the Name of a Broker, Bank or Other Nominee. If you are the beneficial owner of shares held of record by a broker, bank or other nominee, you will receive voting instructions from your broker, bank or other nominee. You must follow the voting instructions provided by your broker, bank or other nominee in order to instruct your broker, bank or other nominee how to vote your shares. The availability of Internet and telephone voting options will depend on the voting process of your broker, bank or other nominee. As discussed above, if you are a beneficial owner, you may not vote your shares in person at the Annual Meeting unless you obtain a legal proxy from your broker, bank or other nominee. Can I change my vote or revoke my proxy? Stockholder of Record: Shares Registered in Your Name. If you are a stockholder of record, you may revoke your proxy or change your proxy instructions at any time before your proxy is voted at the Annual Meeting by: • • • • entering a new vote by Internet or telephone; signing and returning a new proxy card with a later date; delivering a written revocation to our Secretary at FireEye, Inc., 1440 McCarthy Blvd., Milpitas, California 95035, by 11:59 p.m. Eastern Time on June 13, 2016; or attending the Annual Meeting and voting in person. -3- Beneficial Owners: Shares Registered in the Name of a Broker, Bank or Other Nominee. If you are the beneficial owner of your shares, you must contact the broker, bank or other nominee holding your shares and follow their instructions to change your vote or revoke your proxy. What is the effect of giving a proxy? Proxies are solicited by and on behalf of our board of directors. The persons named in the proxy have been designated as proxy holders by our board of directors. When a proxy is properly dated, executed and returned, the shares represented by the proxy will be voted at the Annual Meeting in accordance with the instructions of the stockholder. If no specific instructions are given, however, the shares will be voted in accordance with the recommendations of our board of directors. If any matters not described in this proxy statement are properly presented at the Annual Meeting, the proxy holders will use their own judgment to determine how to vote your shares. If the Annual Meeting is postponed or adjourned, the proxy holders can vote your shares on the new meeting date, unless you have properly revoked your proxy, as described above. What if I do not specify how my shares are to be voted? Stockholder of Record: Shares Registered in Your Name. If you are a stockholder of record and you submit a proxy but you do not provide voting instructions, your shares will be voted: • • • • • • FOR the three nominees for election as Class III directors (Proposal No. 1); FOR the ratification of the appointment of Deloitte & Touche LLP as our independent registered public accounting firm for our fiscal year ending December 31, 2016 (Proposal No. 2); FOR the approval, on an advisory basis, of named executive officer compensation (Proposal No. 3); For 1 YEAR as the frequency of future advisory votes to approve named executive officer compensation (Proposal No. 4); ABSTAIN with respect to the stockholder proposal requesting majority voting in uncontested elections of directors (Proposal No. 5); and In the discretion of the named proxy holders regarding any other matters properly presented for a vote at the Annual Meeting. Beneficial Owners: Shares Registered in the Name of a Broker, Bank or Other Nominee. If you are a beneficial owner and you do not provide your broker, bank or other nominee that holds your shares with voting instructions, then your broker, bank or other nominee will determine if it has discretion to vote on each matter. Brokers do not have discretion to vote on non-routine matters. Proposal No. 1 (election of directors), Proposal No. 3 (advisory vote to approve named executive officer compensation), Proposal No. 4 (frequency of future advisory votes to approve named executive officer compensation) and Proposal No. 5 (stockholder proposal requesting majority voting in uncontested elections of directors) are non-routine matters, while Proposal No. 2 (ratification of appointment of independent registered public accounting firm) is a routine matter. As a result, if you do not provide voting instructions to your broker, bank or other nominee, then your broker, bank or other nominee may not vote your shares with respect to Proposal No. 1, Proposal No. 3, Proposal No. 4 and Proposal No. 5, which would result in a “broker non-vote,” but your broker, bank or other nominee may, in its discretion, vote your shares with respect to Proposal No. 2. For additional information regarding broker non-votes, see “What are the effects of abstentions and broker non-votes?” below. What is a quorum? A quorum is the minimum number of shares required to be present at the Annual Meeting for the meeting to be properly held under our bylaws and Delaware law. A majority of the shares of common stock outstanding and entitled to vote, in person or by proxy, constitutes a quorum for the transaction of business at the Annual -4- Meeting. As noted above, as of the Record Date, there were a total of 166,284,039 shares of common stock outstanding, which means that 83,142,020 shares of common stock must be represented in person or by proxy at the Annual Meeting to have a quorum. If there is no quorum, a majority of the shares present at the Annual Meeting may adjourn the meeting to a later date. What are the effects of abstentions and broker non-votes? An abstention represents a stockholder’s affirmative choice to decline to vote on a proposal. If a stockholder indicates on its proxy card that it wishes to abstain from voting its shares, or if a broker, bank or other nominee holding its customers’ shares of record causes abstentions to be recorded for shares, these shares will be considered present and entitled to vote at the Annual Meeting. As a result, abstentions will be counted for purposes of determining the presence or absence of a quorum and will also count as votes against a proposal in cases where approval of the proposal requires the affirmative vote of a majority of the shares present and entitled to vote at the Annual Meeting (e.g., Proposal No. 2, Proposal No. 3 and Proposal No. 5). However, because the outcome of Proposal No. 1 (election of directors) and Proposal No. 4 (frequency of future advisory votes to approve named executive officer compensation) will be determined by a plurality vote, abstentions will have no impact on the outcome of such proposal as long as a quorum exists. A broker non-vote occurs when a broker, bank or other nominee holding shares for a beneficial owner does not vote on a particular proposal because the broker, bank or other nominee does not have discretionary voting power with respect to such proposal and has not received voting instructions from the beneficial owner of the shares. Broker non-votes will be counted for purposes of calculating whether a quorum is present at the Annual Meeting but will not be counted for purposes of determining the number of votes cast. Therefore, a broker non- vote will make a quorum more readily attainable but will not otherwise affect the outcome of the vote on any proposal. How many votes are needed for approval of each proposal? • • • • Proposal No. 1: The election of Class III directors requires a plurality vote of the shares of our common stock present in person or by proxy at the Annual Meeting and entitled to vote thereon to be approved. This means that the three nominees who receive the most FOR votes will be elected. You may (i) vote FOR all nominees, (ii) WITHHOLD your vote as to all nominees, or (iii) vote FOR all nominees except for those specific nominees from whom you WITHHOLD your vote. Any shares not voted FOR a particular nominee (whether as a result of voting withheld or a broker non-vote) will not be counted in such nominee’s favor and will have no effect on the outcome of the election. If you WITHHOLD your vote as to all nominees, you will be deemed to have abstained from voting on Proposal No. 1, and such abstention will have no effect on the outcome of the proposal. Proposal No. 2: The ratification of the appointment of Deloitte & Touche LLP requires an affirmative vote of a majority of the shares of our common stock present in person or by proxy at the Annual Meeting and entitled to vote thereon to be approved. You may vote FOR, AGAINST or ABSTAIN. If you ABSTAIN from voting on Proposal No. 2, the abstention will have the same effect as a vote AGAINST the proposal. Proposal No. 3: The approval, on an advisory basis, of named executive officer compensation requires an affirmative vote of a majority of the shares of our common stock present in person or by proxy at the Annual Meeting and entitled to vote thereon to be approved. You may vote FOR, AGAINST or ABSTAIN. If you ABSTAIN from voting on Proposal No. 3, the abstention will have the same effect as a vote AGAINST the proposal. Proposal No. 4: The frequency of future advisory votes to approve named executive officer compensation selected by stockholders requires a plurality vote of the shares of our common stock present in person or by proxy at the Annual Meeting and entitled to vote thereon to be approved. This -5- P r o x y S t a t e m e n t means that the frequency (1 year, 2 years or 3 years) that receives the highest number of votes will be considered as the frequency selected by our stockholders. You may vote 1 YEAR, 2 YEARS, 3 YEARS or ABSTAIN. If you ABSTAIN from voting on Proposal No. 4, the abstention will have no effect on the outcome of the proposal. • Proposal No. 5: The adoption of the stockholder proposal requesting majority voting in uncontested elections of directors requires an affirmative vote of a majority of the shares of our common stock present in person or by proxy at the Annual Meeting and entitled to vote thereon to be approved. You may vote FOR, AGAINST or ABSTAIN. If you ABSTAIN from voting on Proposal No. 5, the abstention will have the same effect as a vote AGAINST the proposal. How are proxies solicited for the Annual Meeting and who is paying for such solicitation? Our board of directors is soliciting proxies for use at the Annual Meeting by means of the proxy materials. We will bear the entire cost of proxy solicitation, including the preparation, assembly, printing, mailing and distribution of the proxy materials. Copies of solicitation materials will also be made available upon request to brokers, banks and other nominees to forward to the beneficial owners of the shares held of record by such brokers, banks or other nominees. The original solicitation of proxies may be supplemented by solicitation by telephone, electronic communication, or other means by our directors, officers, employees or agents. No additional compensation will be paid to these individuals for any such services, although we may reimburse such individuals for their reasonable out-of-pocket expenses in connection with such solicitation. If you choose to access the proxy materials and/or vote over the Internet, you are responsible for Internet access charges you may incur. If you choose to vote by telephone, you are responsible for telephone charges you may incur. Why did I receive a Notice of Internet Availability of Proxy Materials instead of a full set of proxy materials? In accordance with the rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, we have elected to furnish our proxy materials, including this proxy statement and our annual report, primarily via the Internet. Stockholders may request to receive proxy materials in printed form by mail or electronically by e-mail by following the instructions contained in the Notice. We encourage stockholders to take advantage of the availability of our proxy materials on the Internet to help reduce the environmental impact of our annual meetings of stockholders. What does it mean if I received more than one Notice? If you receive more than one Notice, your shares may be registered in more than one name or in different accounts. Please follow the voting instructions on each Notice to ensure that all of your shares are voted. Is my vote confidential? Proxy instructions, ballots and voting tabulations that identify individual stockholders are handled in a manner that protects your voting privacy. Your vote will not be disclosed either within FireEye or to third parties, except as necessary to meet applicable legal requirements, to allow for the tabulation of votes and certification of the vote, or to facilitate a successful proxy solicitation. Will members of the board of directors attend the Annual Meeting? We encourage, but do not require, our board members to attend the Annual Meeting. Those who do attend will be available to answer appropriate questions from stockholders. -6- I share an address with another stockholder, and we received only one paper copy of the proxy materials. How may I obtain an additional copy of the proxy materials? We have adopted an SEC-approved procedure called “householding,” under which we can deliver a single copy of the proxy materials and annual report to multiple stockholders who share the same address unless we received contrary instructions from one or more of the stockholders. This procedure reduces our printing and mailing costs. Stockholders who participate in householding will continue to be able to access and receive separate proxy cards. Upon written or oral request, we will promptly deliver a separate copy of the proxy materials and annual report to any stockholder at a shared address to which we delivered a single copy of any of these documents. To receive a separate copy, or, if you are receiving multiple copies, to request that we only send a single copy of next year’s proxy materials and annual report, you may contact us as follows: FireEye, Inc. Attention: Secretary 1440 McCarthy Blvd. Milpitas, CA 95035 (408) 321-6300 P r o x y S t a t e m e n t Stockholders who hold shares in street name may contact their brokerage firm, bank, broker-dealer or other nominee to request information about householding. How can I find out the results of the voting at the Annual Meeting? Preliminary voting results will be announced at the Annual Meeting. In addition, final voting results will be published in a current report on Form 8-K that we expect to file within four business days after the Annual Meeting. If final voting results are not available to us at that time, we intend to file a Form 8-K to publish preliminary results and, within four business days after the final results are known to us, file an amendment to the Form 8-K to publish the final results. What is the deadline to propose actions for consideration at next year’s annual meeting of stockholders or to nominate individuals to serve as directors? Stockholder Proposals Stockholders may present proper proposals for inclusion in our proxy statement and for consideration at the next annual meeting of stockholders by submitting their proposals in writing to our Secretary in a timely manner. For a stockholder proposal to be considered for inclusion in our proxy statement for our 2017 annual meeting of stockholders, our Secretary must receive the written proposal at our principal executive offices not later than December 26, 2016. In addition, stockholder proposals must comply with the requirements of Rule 14a-8 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, regarding the inclusion of stockholder proposals in company-sponsored proxy materials. Stockholder proposals should be addressed to: FireEye, Inc. Attention: Secretary 1440 McCarthy Blvd. Milpitas, CA 95035 Our bylaws also establish an advance notice procedure for stockholders who wish to present a proposal before an annual meeting of stockholders but do not intend for the proposal to be included in our proxy statement. Our bylaws provide that the only business that may be conducted at an annual meeting is business that is (i) specified in our proxy materials with respect to such meeting, (ii) otherwise properly brought before the annual meeting by or at the direction of our board of directors, or (iii) properly brought before the annual meeting by a stockholder of record entitled to vote at the annual meeting who has delivered timely written notice to our -7- Secretary, which notice must contain the information specified in our bylaws. To be timely for our 2017 annual meeting of stockholders, our Secretary must receive the written notice at our principal executive offices: • • not earlier than February 9, 2017; and not later than March 11, 2017. In the event that we hold our 2017 annual meeting of stockholders more than 30 days before or more than 60 days after the first anniversary of the date of the Annual Meeting, then notice of a stockholder proposal that is not intended to be included in our proxy statement must be received no earlier than the close of business on the 120th day before such annual meeting and no later than the close of business on the later of the following two dates: • • the 90th day prior to such annual meeting; or the 10th day following the day on which public announcement of the date of such annual meeting is first made. If a stockholder who has notified us of his, her or its intention to present a proposal at an annual meeting does not appear to present his, her or its proposal at such annual meeting, we are not required to present the proposal for a vote at such annual meeting. Nomination of Director Candidates You may propose director candidates for consideration by our nominating and corporate governance committee. Any such recommendations should include the nominee’s name and qualifications for membership on our board of directors and should be directed to our Secretary at the address set forth above. For additional information regarding stockholder recommendations for director candidates, see “Board of Directors and Corporate Governance—Stockholder Recommendations for Nominations to the Board of Directors.” In addition, our bylaws permit stockholders to nominate directors for election at an annual meeting of stockholders. To nominate a director, the stockholder must provide the information required by our bylaws. In addition, the stockholder must give timely notice to our Secretary in accordance with our bylaws, which, in general, require that the notice be received by our Secretary within the time period described above under “Stockholder Proposals” for stockholder proposals that are not intended to be included in a proxy statement. Availability of Bylaws A copy of our bylaws may be obtained by accessing our public filings on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. You may also contact our Secretary at our principal executive office for a copy of the relevant bylaw provisions regarding the requirements for making stockholder proposals and nominating director candidates. -8- BOARD OF DIRECTORS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE Our business affairs are managed under the direction of our board of directors, which is currently composed of nine members. Six of our directors are independent within the meaning of the independent director requirements of The NASDAQ Stock Market. Our board of directors is divided into three classes with staggered three-year terms. At each annual meeting of stockholders, a class of directors will be elected for a three-year term to succeed the same class whose term is then expiring. In addition, pursuant to our bylaws, at any time before, on or after the day of the Annual Meeting, our board of directors may increase the authorized number of directors and fill the vacancy or vacancies created thereby with one or more new directors. There are three Class III directors whose current term of office expires at the Annual Meeting: Ronald E. F. Codd, Kevin R. Mandia and Enrique Salem. Our board of directors has nominated Messrs. Codd, Mandia and Salem for re-election at the Annual Meeting to serve as Class III directors until the 2019 annual meeting of stockholders or until their successors are duly elected and qualified. The following table sets forth the names, ages as of April 15, 2016, and certain other information for each of the directors whose terms expire at the Annual Meeting and for each of the directors whose terms do not expire at the Annual Meeting: Name Class Age Position(s) Director Since Current Term Expires Expiration of Term For Which Nominated 1. Directors Whose Terms Expire at the Annual Meeting Ronald E. F. Codd(1)(2) . . . . . . . . Kevin R. Mandia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Enrique Salem(3)(4) . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Directors Whose Terms Do Not Expire at the Annual Meeting Kimberly Alexy(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . William M. Coughran Jr.(2)(3) . . . Stephen Pusey(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deepak Ahuja(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ashar Aziz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . David G. DeWalt(4) . . . . . . . . . . . III III III 60 Director 45 President and Director 50 Lead Independent Director 2012 2016 2013 2016 2016 2016 2019 2019 2019 I I I II II II 45 Director 63 Director 54 Director 53 Director 57 Founder, Chief Strategy Officer and Vice Chairman of the Board 2015 2012 2015 2015 2004 2017 2017 2017 2018 2018 51 Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board 2012 2018 — — — — — — (1) Member of our audit committee (2) Member of our nominating and corporate governance committee (3) Member of our compensation committee (4) Member of our government classified information and security committee Nominees for Director Ronald E. F. Codd has served as a member of our board of directors since July 2012. Mr. Codd has been an independent business consultant since April 2002. From January 1999 to April 2002, Mr. Codd served as President, Chief Executive Officer and a director of Momentum Business Applications, Inc., an enterprise software company. From September 1991 to December 1998, Mr. Codd served as Senior Vice President of Finance and Administration and Chief Financial Officer of PeopleSoft, Inc., a provider of human resource management systems. Mr. Codd has served on the board of directors of ServiceNow, Inc., Rocket Fuel Inc., and -9- P r o x y S t a t e m e n t Veeva Systems Inc. since February 2012. Additionally, Mr. Codd previously served on the boards of directors of numerous information technology companies, including most recently DemandTec, Inc., Interwoven, Inc. and Data Domain, Inc. Mr. Codd holds a B.S. in Accounting from the University of California, Berkeley and an M.M. in Finance and M.I.S. from the Kellogg Graduate School of Management at Northwestern University. Our board of directors believes that Mr. Codd possesses specific attributes that qualify him to serve as a director, including his extensive management and software industry experience, and his experience in finance. Kevin R. Mandia has served as our President since February 2015 and has served as a member of our board of directors since February 2016. He previously served as our Senior Vice President and Chief Operating Officer from the date of FireEye’s acquisition of Mandiant Corporation, or Mandiant, in December 2013 through February 2015. Prior to joining FireEye, Mr. Mandia was the Chief Executive Officer of Mandiant and had served in that capacity since he founded Mandiant in 2004. Prior to forming Mandiant, Mr. Mandia served as the Director of Computer Forensics at Foundstone (later acquired by McAfee Corporation) from 2000 to 2003 and as the Director of Information Security for Sytex (later acquired by Lockheed Martin) from 1998 to 2000. From 1993 to 2000, Mr. Mandia was an officer in the United States Air Force, where he served in various capacities, including as a computer security officer in the 7th Communications Group at the Pentagon, and later as a special agent in the Air Force Office of Special Investigations (AFOSI). Mr. Mandia holds a B.S. in Computer Science from Lafayette College and an M.S. in Forensic Science from The George Washington University. In 2011, Mr. Mandia was named Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the Year for the Greater Washington area. He completed the Harvard Business School’s Owner/President Management Program in February 2013. Mr. Mandia has taught graduate level courses at Carnegie Melon University and The George Washington University and has co- authored two books on responding to security breaches: Incident Response: Performing Computer Forensics (McGraw-Hill, 2003) and Incident Response: Investigating Computer Crime (McGraw-Hill, 2001). Our board of directors believes that Mr. Mandia possesses specific attributes that qualify him to serve as a director, including the perspective and experience he brings as our President and his extensive senior management expertise in the network security industry. Enrique Salem has served as a member of our board of directors since February 2013 and as Lead Independent Director since February 2016. He has been a managing director of Bain Capital Ventures, a venture capital firm, since July 2014. Mr. Salem was president, Chief Executive Officer and a director of Symantec Corporation, a provider of information security, storage and systems management solutions, from April 2009 until July 2012. Mr. Salem was Chief Operating Officer of Symantec Corporation from January 2008 to April 2009, group President, Worldwide Sales and Marketing from April 2007 to January 2008, group President, Consumer Products from May 2006 to April 2007, Senior Vice President, Consumer Products and Solutions from February 2006 to May 2006, Senior Vice President, Security Products and Solutions from January 2006 to February 2006, and Senior Vice President, Network and Gateway Security Solutions from June 2004 to February 2006. Prior to Symantec, from April 2002 to June 2004, Mr. Salem served as President and Chief Executive Officer of Brightmail, Inc., an email filtering company, prior to its acquisition by Symantec in 2004. Mr. Salem also held senior leadership roles at Oblix Inc., Ask Jeeves Inc., Peter Norton Computing, Inc. and Security Pacific Merchant Bank. In March 2011, he was appointed to President Barack Obama’s Management Advisory Board. Mr. Salem previously served on the board of directors of Automatic Data Processing, Inc. from January 2010 to November 2013 and the board of directors of Symantec Corporation from April 2009 to July 2012. Mr. Salem currently serves on the board of directors of multiple private companies. He received the Estrella Award from the Hispanic IT Executive Council in 2010 and was named Entrepreneur of the Year in 2004 by Ernst & Young. Mr. Salem holds an A.B. in Computer Science from Dartmouth College. Our board of directors believes that Mr. Salem possesses specific attributes that qualify him to serve as a director, including his extensive leadership experience, including oversight of global operations, as well as a strong background in information technology, data security, compliance and systems management. Other Directors Deepak Ahuja has served as a member of our board of directors since September 2015. Mr. Ahuja served as the Chief Financial Officer of Tesla Motors, Inc., a designer and manufacturer of premium electric vehicles, from -10- July 2008 to November 2015. Prior to joining Tesla Motors, Mr. Ahuja served in various positions at Ford Motor Company from August 1993 to July 2008, most recently as the Vehicle Line Controller of Small Cars Product Development from July 2006 to July 2008, and as Chief Financial Officer for Ford of Southern Africa from February 2003 to June 2006. Mr. Ahuja also served as the Chief Financial Officer for Auto Alliance International, a joint venture between Ford and Mazda, from September 2000 to February 2003. Mr. Ahuja holds an M.S.I.A. (which was subsequently redesignated as an M.B.A.) from Carnegie Mellon University, an M.S. in materials engineering from Northwestern University and a B. Tech in ceramic engineering from Banaras Hindu University in India. Our board of directors believes that Mr. Ahuja possesses specific attributes that qualify him to serve as a director, including his extensive executive experience and his financial and accounting expertise with international companies. Kimberly Alexy has served as a member of our board of directors since January 2015. Ms. Alexy has served as the Principal of Alexy Capital Management, a private investment management firm that she founded, since June 2005. Ms. Alexy has served on the board of directors of CalAmp Corp. since May 2008, the board of directors of Five9, Inc. since October 2013 and the board of directors of VIZIO, Inc. since September 2015. She previously served on the board of directors of SMART Modular Technologies (WWH), Inc. from September 2009 to August 2011, the board of directors of SouthWest Water Company from August 2009 to September 2010, the board of directors of Dot Hill Systems Corp. from December 2005 to May 2010, and the board of directors of Maxtor Corporation from June 2005 to May 2006. From 2012 to 2014, Ms. Alexy served as an Adjunct Lecturer at San Diego State University in the Graduate School of Business. From 1998 to 2003, she served as Senior Vice President and Managing Director of Equity Research for Prudential Securities, where she served as principal technology hardware analyst for the firm. Prior to joining Prudential, Ms. Alexy served as Vice President of Equity Research at Lehman Brothers, where she covered the computer hardware sector, and Assistant Vice President of Corporate Finance at Wachovia Bank. Ms. Alexy is a Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA), and holds a B.A. in Psychology from Emory University and an M.B.A. with a concentration in Finance and Accounting from the College of William and Mary. Our board of directors believes that Ms. Alexy possesses specific attributes that qualify her to serve as a director, including her accounting expertise, extensive experience on public company boards and her experience in the financial services industry as an investment professional. Ashar Aziz founded FireEye in 2004 and served as our Chief Executive Officer until November 2012. He has served as our Vice Chairman of the Board and Chief Strategy Officer since November 2012 and as a member of our board of directors since February 2004. Mr. Aziz served as our Chief Technical Officer from November 2012 to April 2014. Prior to FireEye, Mr. Aziz founded Terraspring, Inc., a data center automation and virtualization company acquired by Sun Microsystems, Inc., in November 2002 and served as Chief Technology Officer of its N1 program until October 2003. Prior to Terraspring, Inc., Mr. Aziz spent 12 years at Sun Microsystems as a distinguished engineer focused on networking and network security. He currently serves on the board of directors of a number of privately held technology companies. Mr. Aziz holds an S.B. in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science from Massachusetts Institute of Technology and an M.S. in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science from the University of California, Berkeley, where he received the U.C. Regents Fellowship. Our board of directors believes that Mr. Aziz possesses specific attributes that qualify him to serve as a director, including the perspective and experience he brings as our founder and former Chief Executive Officer and as one of our largest stockholders, as well as his extensive experience with technology companies. William M. Coughran Jr. has served as a member of our board of directors since July 2012. Mr. Coughran has been a partner of Sequoia Capital, a venture capital firm, since October 2011. He currently serves on the board of directors of multiple private companies, and he served on the board of directors of Clearwell Systems, Inc. from March 2005 to June 2011, when it was acquired by Symantec, Inc. Prior to joining Sequoia Capital, Mr. Coughran held a number of roles at Google Inc. from April 2003 to September 2011, including Senior Vice President of Engineering. At Google, he was responsible for security efforts as well as serving on the executive committee and as an advisor to the founders and Eric Schmidt. Prior to Google, Mr. Coughran co-founded Entrisphere, Inc., a telecom equipment vendor, and served as its initial Chief Executive Officer and in other roles -11- P r o x y S t a t e m e n t from November 1999 to December 2002. From 1980 to 1999, Mr. Coughran held a number of roles at Bell Labs, Inc. (originally part of AT&T, Inc. and then Lucent Technologies, Inc.), including vice president of the Computing Sciences Research Center, known for key developments in operating and distributed systems as well as early work in networked computer security. Mr. Coughran has held adjunct and visiting faculty roles at Stanford University, Duke University, and ETH Zürich. Mr. Coughran has a B.S. and M.S. in Mathematics from California Institute of Technology and an M.S. and Ph.D. in Computer Science from Stanford University. Our board of directors believes that Mr. Coughran possesses specific attributes that qualify him to serve as a director, including his extensive experience with technology companies and his experience as an investment professional. David G. DeWalt has served as our Chief Executive Officer since November 2012 and has served as our Chairman of the Board since May 2012. Prior to joining FireEye, Mr. DeWalt served as President, Chief Executive Officer and director of McAfee, Inc., a provider of antivirus software and intrusion prevention solutions, from April 2007 until February 2011 when McAfee was acquired by Intel Corporation. Mr. DeWalt served as President of McAfee, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Intel, from February 2011 to August 2011. From December 2003 to March 2007, Mr. DeWalt held various positions at EMC Corporation, a developer and provider of information infrastructure technology and solutions, including Executive Vice President, EMC Software Group and President of EMC’s Documentum and Legato Software divisions. Prior to joining EMC, Mr. DeWalt served as President and Chief Executive Officer of Documentum, Inc. from July 2001 to December 2003, Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer of Documentum from October 2000 to July 2001 and Executive Vice President and General Manager, eBusiness Unit, of Documentum from August 1999 to October 2000. Mr. DeWalt has served on the board of directors of Delta Air Lines, Inc. since November 2011 and the board of directors of Five9, Inc. since April 2012. Mr. DeWalt served on the board of directors of Polycom, Inc. from November 2005 to May 2013 and as its Chairman of the Board from May 2010 to May 2013 and served on the board of directors of Jive Software, Inc. from February 2011 to April 2013. Mr. DeWalt holds a B.S. in Computer Science from the University of Delaware. Our board of directors believes that Mr. DeWalt possesses specific attributes that qualify him to serve as a director, including the perspective and experience he brings as our Chief Executive Officer and his extensive senior management expertise in the network security industry. Stephen Pusey has served as a member of our board of directors since June 2015. Mr. Pusey served as the Group Chief Technology Officer of Vodafone Group Plc, one of the world’s largest telecommunications companies, from September 2006 to August 2015, and as a member of its board of directors from June 2009 to August 2015. From 1982 to August 2006, Mr. Pusey held various positions at Nortel Networks, most recently as Executive Vice President and President, Nortel EMEA. Mr. Pusey has served on the board of directors of Centrica plc since April 2015, and previously served as a Vodafone representative board member of Verizon Wireless from January 2009 to September 2013. Mr. Pusey holds a TEC degree in Communications and Microelectronics from Uxbridge Technical College and a Higher TEC degree in Communications and Microelectronics from Acton Technical College and attended the Advanced Management Program at Harvard University. Our board of directors believes that Mr. Pusey possesses specific attributes that qualify him to serve as a director, including his more than 35 years of international business experience across a number of technology and service provider markets and the perspective and experience he brings as a former group chief technology officer and board member for a large international public company. Director Independence Our common stock is listed on The NASDAQ Global Select Market. Under the rules of The NASDAQ Stock Market, independent directors must comprise a majority of a listed company’s board of directors. In addition, the rules of The NASDAQ Stock Market require that, subject to specified exceptions, each member of a listed company’s audit, compensation, and nominating and corporate governance committees be independent. Under the rules of The NASDAQ Stock Market, a director will only qualify as an “independent director” if, in the opinion of the listed company’s board of directors, the director does not have a relationship that would interfere with the exercise of independent judgment in carrying out the responsibilities of a director. -12- Audit committee members must also satisfy the independence criteria set forth in Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act and the listing requirements of The NASDAQ Stock Market. In addition, compensation committee members must satisfy the independence criteria set forth in Rule 10C-1 under the Exchange Act and the listing requirements of The NASDAQ Stock Market. Our board of directors has undertaken a review of the independence of each director and considered whether such director has a material relationship with us that could compromise his or her ability to exercise independent judgment in carrying out his or her responsibilities. As a result of this review, our board of directors has determined that Ms. Alexy and Messrs. Ahuja, Codd, Coughran, Pusey and Salem are “independent directors” as defined under the applicable rules and regulations of the SEC and the listing requirements and rules of The NASDAQ Stock Market. Board Leadership Structure Mr. DeWalt currently serves as both chairman of our board of directors and our Chief Executive Officer. Our board of directors believes that the current board leadership structure provides effective independent oversight of management while allowing our board of directors and management to benefit from Mr. DeWalt’s leadership and years of experience as an executive in the IT security industry. Mr. DeWalt is best positioned to identify strategic priorities, lead critical discussion and execute our strategy and business plans. Mr. DeWalt possesses detailed in-depth knowledge of the issues, opportunities, and challenges facing us. Our board of directors believes that Mr. DeWalt’s combined role enables strong leadership, creates clear accountability, facilitates information flow between management and our board of directors, and enhances our ability to communicate our message and strategy clearly and consistently to stockholders. Notwithstanding the current combination of the roles of Chief Executive Officer and chairman of the board, our board of directors may, in the future, deem it appropriate to separate the roles in light of our leadership needs. P r o x y S t a t e m e n t Our board of directors believes that our leadership structure is further strengthened by the presence of a Lead Independent Director. Mr. Salem has served as Lead Independent Director since February 2016. Mr. Salem’s principal responsibilities as the Lead Independent Director are to consult with the CEO/chairman of the board regarding the agenda for meetings of our board of directors, schedule and prepare agendas for meetings of independent directors, communicate with the CEO/chairman of the board, act as principal liaison between the independent directors and the CEO/chairman of the board on sensitive issues, and raise issues with management on behalf of the independent directors when appropriate. In addition, each committee of our board of directors has a designated chairperson and, other than our government classified information and security committee, is comprised solely of independent directors. Our board of directors believes that combining the positions of chairman of the board and CEO, selecting a Lead Independent Director to provide independent leadership and maintaining independent committees with individual chairs is the appropriate leadership structure to encourage the effective, efficient and engaged governance of the company by our board of directors and management. Board Meetings and Committees During 2015, our board of directors held 16 meetings (including regularly scheduled and special meetings), and each director attended at least 75% of the aggregate of (i) the total number of meetings of our board of directors held during the period for which he served as a director and (ii) the total number of meetings held by all committees of our board of directors on which he served during the periods that he served. It is the policy of our board of directors to regularly have separate meeting times for independent directors without management. -13- Although we do not have a formal policy regarding attendance by members of our board of directors at annual meetings of stockholders, we encourage, but do not require, our directors to attend. Five of the seven directors who served on the date of our 2015 annual meeting of stockholders attended the meeting. Our board of directors has four standing committees: an audit committee, a compensation committee, a nominating and corporate governance committee and a government classified information and security committee. The composition and responsibilities of each of the committees of our board of directors are described below. Members will serve on these committees until their resignation or until otherwise determined by our board of directors. Audit Committee Our audit committee is comprised of Deepak Ahuja, Kimberly Alexy and Ronald E. F. Codd, each of whom is a non-employee member of our board of directors. Ms. Alexy is the chair of our audit committee. Our board of directors has determined that each of the members of our audit committee satisfies the requirements for independence and financial literacy under the rules and regulations of the SEC, including Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act, and the listing requirements of The NASDAQ Stock Market. In addition, Robert F. Lentz and Stephen Pusey, who each served as a member of the audit committee during a portion of 2015, satisfied the requirements for independence and financial literacy under the rules and regulations of the SEC, including Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act, and the listing requirements of The NASDAQ Stock Market. Our board of directors has also determined that each of Ms. Alexy and Messrs. Ahuja and Codd qualify as an “audit committee financial expert” as defined in the SEC rules and satisfy the financial sophistication requirements of The NASDAQ Stock Market. This designation does not impose on Ms. Alexy and Messrs. Ahuja and Codd any duties, obligations or liabilities that are greater than those generally imposed on members of our audit committee and our board of directors. Our audit committee is responsible for, among other things: • • • • • • • • selecting and hiring our independent registered public accounting firm; evaluating the performance and independence of our independent registered public accounting firm; pre-approving any audit and non-audit services to be performed by our independent registered public accounting firm; reviewing the adequacy and effectiveness of our internal control policies and procedures and our disclosure controls and procedures; overseeing procedures for the treatment of complaints on accounting, internal accounting controls or audit matters; reviewing and discussing with management and the independent registered public accounting firm the results of our annual audit, our quarterly financial statements and our publicly filed reports; reviewing and approving related person transactions; and preparing the audit committee report that the SEC requires in our annual proxy statements. Our audit committee operates under a written charter that satisfies the applicable rules and regulations of the SEC and the listing requirements of The NASDAQ Stock Market. A copy of the charter of our audit committee is available on our website at www.FireEye.com in the Corporate Governance section of our Investor Relations webpage. During 2015, our audit committee held nine meetings. Compensation Committee Our compensation committee is comprised of William M. Coughran Jr., Stephen Pusey and Enrique Salem, each of whom is a non-employee member of our board of directors. Mr. Salem is the chair of our compensation committee. Our board of directors has determined that each member of our compensation committee meets the -14- requirements for independence under the rules and regulations of the SEC, including Rule 10C-1 under the Exchange Act, and the listing requirements of The NASDAQ Stock Market, is a “non-employee director” within the meaning of Rule 16b-3 under the Exchange Act and is an “outside director” within the meaning of Section 162(m) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, or the Code. Our compensation committee is responsible for, among other things: • • • reviewing and approving our Chief Executive Officer’s and other executive officers’ annual base salaries; incentive compensation plans, including the specific goals and amounts; equity compensation, employment agreements, severance arrangements and change in control agreements; and any other benefits, compensation or arrangements; provided that any approvals relating to the Chief Executive Officer’s compensation will be subject to the ratification of our entire board of directors, with any non- independent directors abstaining; administering our equity compensation plans; and overseeing our overall compensation philosophy, compensation plans and benefits programs. Our compensation committee may form subcommittees and may delegate to such subcommittees such power and authority as our compensation committee deems appropriate. Our compensation committee operates under a written charter that satisfies the applicable rules and regulations of the SEC and the listing requirements of The NASDAQ Stock Market. A copy of the charter of our compensation committee is available on our website at www.FireEye.com in the Corporate Governance section of our Investor Relations webpage. During 2015, our compensation committee held seven meetings. Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee Our nominating and corporate governance committee is comprised of Ronald E. F. Codd and William M. Coughran Jr., each of whom is a non-employee member of our board of directors. Mr. Coughran is the chair of our nominating and corporate governance committee. Our board of directors has determined that each member of our nominating and corporate governance committee meets the requirements for independence under the listing requirements of The NASDAQ Stock Market. Our nominating and corporate governance committee is responsible for, among other things: • • • • evaluating and making recommendations regarding the composition, organization, and governance of our board of directors and its committees; evaluating and making recommendations regarding the creation of additional committees or the change in mandate or dissolution of committees; reviewing and making recommendations with regard to our corporate governance guidelines and compliance with laws and regulations; and reviewing and approving conflicts of interest of our directors and corporate officers, other than related person transactions reviewed by the audit committee. Our nominating and corporate governance committee operates under a written charter that satisfies the listing standards of The NASDAQ Stock Market. A copy of the charter of our nominating and corporate governance committee is available on our website at www.FireEye.com in the Corporate Governance section of our Investor Relations webpage. During 2015, our nominating and corporate governance committee held four meetings. P r o x y S t a t e m e n t -15- Government Classified Information and Security Committee Our government classified information and security committee is comprised of David G. DeWalt and Enrique Salem. Mr. DeWalt is the chair of our government classified information and security committee. Our government classified information and security committee is responsible for, among other things: • • reviewing and making recommendations to our board of directors on matters concerning the Company that involve or relate to (i) information or activities that have been classified for purposes of national security by an agency or instrumentality of the government and (ii) the security of the Company’s personnel, data and facilities; and assisting our board of directors in fulfilling its oversight responsibilities relating to such matters. Our government classified information and security committee operates under a written charter. During 2015, our government classified information and security committee did not hold any meetings. Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation During 2015, William M. Coughran Jr. and Enrique Salem served as members of our compensation committee. None of the members of our compensation committee is or has been an officer or employee of our company. None of our executive officers currently serves, or in the past year has served, as a member of the board of directors or compensation committee, or other board committee performing equivalent functions, of any entity that has one or more executive officers serving on our compensation committee or our board of directors. We have had a compensation committee since November 2012. Prior to establishing the compensation committee, our full board of directors made decisions relating to the compensation of our executive officers. Considerations in Evaluating Director Nominees Our nominating and corporate governance committee uses a variety of methods for identifying and evaluating director nominees. In its evaluation of director candidates, our nominating and corporate governance committee will consider the composition of our board of directors, including, without limitation, issues of character, integrity, judgment, diversity, age, independence, expertise, length of service, understanding of our business and other commitments. Members of our board of directors are expected to prepare for, attend, and participate in all board of director and applicable committee meetings. Our nominating and corporate governance committee requires the following minimum qualifications to be satisfied by any nominee for a position on the board of directors: (i) the highest personal and professional ethics and integrity, (ii) proven achievement and competence in the nominee’s field and the ability to exercise sound business judgment, (iii) skills that are complementary to those of the existing board of directors, (iv) the ability to assist and support management and make significant contributions to our success, and (v) an understanding of the fiduciary responsibilities that are required of a member of the board of directors and the commitment of time and energy necessary to diligently carry out those responsibilities. Other than the foregoing, there are no other stated minimum criteria for director nominees, although our nominating and corporate governance committee may also consider such other factors as it may deem, from time to time, are in our and our stockholders’ best interests. Although our board of directors does not maintain a specific policy with respect to board diversity, our board of directors believes that our board of directors should be a diverse body, and our nominating and corporate governance committee considers a broad range of backgrounds and experiences. In making determinations regarding nominations of directors, our nominating and corporate governance committee may take into account the benefits of diverse viewpoints. Our nominating and corporate governance committee also considers these and other factors as it oversees the annual board of director and committee evaluations. After completing its review and evaluation of director candidates, our nominating and corporate governance committee recommends to our full board of directors the director nominees for selection. -16- Stockholder Recommendations for Nominations to the Board of Directors Our nominating and corporate governance committee will consider candidates for directors recommended by stockholders holding at least one percent (1%) of the fully diluted capitalization of the company continuously for at least 12 months prior to the date of the submission of the recommendation. Our nominating and corporate governance committee will evaluate such recommendations in accordance with its charter, our bylaws, our policies and procedures for director candidates, as well as the regular director nominee criteria described above. This process is designed to ensure that our board of directors includes members with diversity of experience, skills and experience, including appropriate financial and other expertise relevant to our business. Stockholders wishing to recommend a candidate for nomination should contact our General Counsel in writing. Such recommendations must information, detailed include the candidate’s name, home and business contact biographical data, relevant qualifications, a signed letter from the candidate confirming willingness to serve on our board of directors, information regarding any relationships between the candidate and FireEye and evidence of the recommending stockholder’s ownership of our common stock. Such recommendations must also include a statement from the recommending stockholder in support of the candidate, particularly within the context of the criteria for board of directors membership. Our nominating and corporate governance committee has discretion to decide which individuals to recommend for nomination as directors. A stockholder can nominate a candidate directly for election to our board of directors by complying with the procedures in Section 2.4(ii) of our bylaws and the rules and regulations of the SEC. Any eligible stockholder who wishes to submit a nomination should review the requirements in the bylaws on nominations by stockholders. Any nomination should be sent in writing to our General Counsel at FireEye, Inc., 1440 McCarthy Blvd., Milpitas, California 95035. To be timely for our 2017 annual meeting of stockholders, our General Counsel must receive the nomination no earlier than February 9, 2017 and no later than March 11, 2017. The notice must state the information required by Section 2.4(ii) of our bylaws and otherwise must comply with applicable federal and state law. Communications with the Board of Directors Stockholders wishing to communicate with our board of directors or with an individual member of our board of directors may do so by writing to our board of directors or to the particular member of our board of directors, and mailing the correspondence to our General Counsel at FireEye, Inc., 1440 McCarthy Blvd., Milpitas, CA 95035. Our General Counsel will review all incoming stockholder communications (excluding mass mailings, product complaints or inquiries, job inquiries, business solicitations and patently offensive or otherwise inappropriate material), and if deemed appropriate, the stockholder communications will be forwarded to the appropriate member or members of our board of directors, or if none is specified, to the chairman of our board of directors. This procedure does not apply to stockholder proposals submitted pursuant to Rule 14a-8 under the Exchange Act. Corporate Governance Guidelines and Code of Business Conduct and Ethics Our board of directors has adopted Corporate Governance Guidelines. These guidelines address items such as the qualifications and responsibilities of our directors and director candidates and corporate governance policies and standards applicable to us in general. In addition, our board of directors has adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics that applies to all of our employees, officers and directors, including our Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, and other executive and senior financial officers. The full text of our Corporate Governance Guidelines and our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics is posted on our website at www.FireEye.com in the Corporate Governance section of our Investor Relations webpage. We intend to post any amendments to our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, and any waivers of our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics for directors and executive officers, on the same website. -17- P r o x y S t a t e m e n t Risk Management Risk is inherent with every business, and we face a number of risks, including strategic, financial, business and operational, legal and compliance, and reputational. We have designed and implemented processes to manage risk in our operations. Management is responsible for the day-to-day management of risks the company faces, while our board of directors, as a whole and assisted by its committees, has responsibility for the oversight of risk management. In its risk oversight role, our board of directors has the responsibility to satisfy itself that the risk management processes designed and implemented by management are appropriate and functioning as designed. Our board of directors believes that open communication between management and our board of directors is essential for effective risk management and oversight. Our board of directors meets with our Chief Executive Officer and other members of the senior management team at quarterly meetings of our board of directors, where, among other topics, they discuss strategy and risks facing the company, as well as at such other times as they deemed appropriate. While our board of directors is ultimately responsible for risk oversight, our board committees assist our board of directors in fulfilling its oversight responsibilities in certain areas of risk. Our audit committee assists our board of directors in fulfilling its oversight responsibilities with respect to risk management in the areas of internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures, legal and regulatory compliance, and discusses with management and the independent auditor guidelines and policies with respect to risk assessment and risk management. Our audit committee also reviews our major financial risk exposures and the steps management has taken to monitor and control these exposures. In addition, our audit committee monitors certain key risks on a regular basis throughout the fiscal year, such as risk associated with internal control over financial reporting and liquidity risk. Our nominating and corporate governance committee assists our board of directors in fulfilling its oversight responsibilities with respect to the management of risk associated with board organization, membership and structure, and corporate governance. Our compensation committee assesses risks created by the incentives inherent in our compensation policies. Finally, our full board of directors reviews strategic and operational risk, including but not limited to cybersecurity risk, in the context of reports from the management team, receives reports on all significant committee activities at each regular meeting, and evaluates the risks inherent in significant transactions. Outside Director Compensation Policy In August 2014, our board of directors approved our Outside Director Compensation Policy. Members of our board of directors who are not employees are eligible for awards under our Outside Director Compensation Policy. Under our Outside Director Compensation Policy, non-employee directors will receive compensation in the form of equity, as described below: Initial Award Upon joining our board of directors, each new non-employee director elected or appointed will automatically receive an equity award of restricted stock units with a total value of $400,000. This award will vest at to 1/3 of the shares subject to the restricted stock units annually over a three-year period, subject to continued service through each vesting date. -18- Annual Awards On the date of each annual meeting of our stockholders, each non-employee director who has been a non- employee director for at least six months will receive an equity award of restricted stock units with a total value based on board and other service as described below, provided that an award will not be granted to any non- employee director who is not continuing as a director following the applicable annual meeting of stockholders. Award Value Board Member: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lead Independent Director (if applicable): $200,000 $20,000 Committee Service: Chair Member . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Audit: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Compensation: Nominating and Corporate Governance: . . . . . . . . . . Government Classified Information and Security: . . . $20,000 $10,000 $6,250 $6,250 $7,000 $5,000 $2,500 $2,500 This award will fully vest upon the earlier of the first anniversary of the grant date or the day prior to the next annual meeting of stockholders, in each case, subject to continued service through the vesting date. For purposes of our Outside Director Compensation Policy, value means the fair market value of the shares subject to the award on the grant date of the award or such other methodology determined by our board of directors or our compensation committee. Director Compensation Table The table below shows equity compensation granted in 2015 to the non-employee directors who served P r o x y S t a t e m e n t during 2015. Name Deepak Ahuja(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kimberly Alexy(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ronald E. F. Codd(4) William M. Coughran Jr.(5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stephen Pusey(6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Enrique Salem(7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Robert F. Lentz(8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stock Awards ($)(1) 399,968(9) 399,975(10) 222,495(11) 211,240(11) 399,994(12) 212,467(11) — Total ($) 399,968 399,975 222,495 211,240 399,994 212,467 — (1) The amount reported in this column represents the aggregate grant date fair value of the awards as computed in accordance with Financial Accounting Standard Board Accounting Standards Codification Topic 718. The assumptions used in calculating the grant date fair value of the awards reported in this column are set forth in the notes to our audited consolidated financial statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K, as filed with the SEC on February 26, 2016. (2) As of December 31, 2015, Mr. Ahuja held 10,851 shares of common stock issuable upon the vesting of restricted stock units. (3) As of December 31, 2015, Ms. Alexy held 13,431 shares of common stock issuable upon the vesting of restricted stock units. (4) As of December 31, 2015, Mr. Codd held (i) an option to purchase 118,000 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $2.48 per share, of which 81,541 shares had vested as of December 31, 2015, and (ii) 4,349 shares of common stock issuable upon the vesting of restricted stock units. (5) As of December 31, 2015, Mr. Coughran held 4,129 shares of common stock issuable upon the vesting of restricted stock units. -19- (6) As of December 31, 2015, Mr. Pusey held 7,530 shares of common stock issuable upon the vesting of restricted stock units. (7) As of December 31, 2015, Mr. Salem held (i) 8,334 shares of restricted common stock that remained subject to a right of repurchase by us as of such date and (ii) 4,153 shares of common stock issuable upon the vesting of restricted stock units. (8) Robert F. Lentz did not receive any equity compensation in 2015 because his term on our board of directors expired at our 2015 annual meeting of stockholders on June 10, 2015 and he was not nominated to stand for re-election at such meeting. (9) Upon his appointment to the Board, Mr. Ahuja was granted restricted stock units with a total value of $399,968. This award will vest at to one-third of the shares subject to the restricted stock units annually over a three-year period, subject to continued service through each vesting date. (10) Upon her appointment to the Board, Ms. Alexy was granted restricted stock units with a total value of $399,975. This award will vest at to one-third of the shares subject to the restricted stock units annually over a three-year period, subject to continued service through each vesting date. (11) In June 2015, we granted restricted stock units with the aggregate grant date fair value reflected in the table above for service on the board of directors in accordance with the Outside Director Compensation Policy. This award will fully vest upon the earlier of the first anniversary of the grant date or the day prior to the next annual meeting of stockholders, in each case, subject to continued service through the vesting date. (12) Upon his appointment to the Board, Mr. Pusey was granted restricted stock units with a total value of $399,994. This award will vest at to one-third of the shares subject to the restricted stock units annually over a three-year period, subject to continued service through each vesting date. See “Executive Compensation” for information about the compensation of directors who are also our employees. -20- PROPOSAL NO. 1 ELECTION OF DIRECTORS Our board of directors is currently composed of nine members. In accordance with our certificate of incorporation, our board of directors is divided into three classes with staggered three-year terms. At the Annual Meeting, three Class III directors will be elected for a three-year term to succeed the same class whose term is then expiring. Each director’s term continues until the election and qualification of such director’s successor, or such director’s earlier death, resignation, or removal. Any increase or decrease in the number of directors will be distributed among the three classes so that, as nearly as possible, each class will consist of one-third of our directors. This classification of our board of directors may have the effect of delaying or preventing changes in control of our company. Nominees Our nominating and corporate governance committee has recommended, and our board of directors has approved, Ronald E. F. Codd, Kevin R. Mandia and Enrique Salem as nominees for election as Class III directors at the Annual Meeting. If elected, each of Messrs. Codd, Mandia and Salem will serve as Class III directors until the 2019 annual meeting of stockholders or until their successors are duly elected and qualified. Each of the nominees is currently a director of our company. For information concerning the nominees, please see the section titled “Board of Directors and Corporate Governance.” If you are a stockholder of record and you sign your proxy card or vote over the Internet or by telephone but do not give instructions with respect to the voting of directors, your shares will be voted FOR the re-election of Messrs. Codd, Mandia and Salem. We expect that Messrs. Codd, Mandia and Salem will accept such nomination; however, in the event that a director nominee is unable or declines to serve as a director at the time of the Annual Meeting, the proxies will be voted for any nominee who shall be designated by our board of directors to fill such vacancy. If you are a beneficial owner of shares of our common stock and you do not give voting instructions to your broker, bank or other nominee, then your broker, bank or other nominee will leave your shares unvoted on this matter. P r o x y S t a t e m e n t Vote Required The election of Class III directors requires a plurality vote of the shares of our common stock present in person or by proxy at the Annual Meeting and entitled to vote thereon to be approved. Broker non-votes will have no effect on this proposal. THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS RECOMMENDS A VOTE “FOR” THE THREE NOMINEES NAMED ABOVE. -21- PROPOSAL NO. 2 RATIFICATION OF APPOINTMENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM Our audit committee has appointed Deloitte & Touche LLP, or Deloitte, as our independent registered public accounting firm to audit our consolidated financial statements for our fiscal year ending December 31, 2016. Deloitte also served as our independent registered public accounting firm for our fiscal year ended December 31, 2015. At the Annual Meeting, stockholders are being asked to ratify the appointment of Deloitte as our independent registered public accounting firm for our fiscal year ending December 31, 2016. Stockholder ratification of the appointment of Deloitte is not required by our bylaws or other applicable legal requirements. However, our board of directors is submitting the appointment of Deloitte to our stockholders for ratification as a matter of good corporate governance. In the event that this appointment is not ratified by the affirmative vote of a majority of the shares present in person or by proxy at the Annual Meeting and entitled to vote, such appointment will be reconsidered by our audit committee. Even if the appointment is ratified, our audit committee, in its sole discretion, may appoint another independent registered public accounting firm at any time during our fiscal year ending December 31, 2016 if our audit committee believes that such a change would be in the best interests of FireEye and its stockholders. A representative of Deloitte is expected to be present at the Annual Meeting, will have an opportunity to make a statement if he or she wishes to do so, and is expected to be available to respond to appropriate questions from stockholders. Fees Paid to the Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm The following table presents fees for professional audit services and other services rendered to us by Deloitte for our fiscal years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014. Audit Fees(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Audit-Related Fees(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tax Fees(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . All Other Fees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $3,208,969 79,000 — — $3,839,374 — — — 2015 2014 $3,287,969 $3,839,374 (1) “Audit Fees” consist of fees billed for professional services rendered in connection with the audit of our annual financial statements, review of our quarterly financial statements, and services that are normally provided by Deloitte in connection with statutory and regulatory filings or engagements for those fiscal years. Fees for 2015 also included fees billed for professional services rendered in connection with our offering memorandum related to our convertible notes offering completed in June 2015. Fees for 2014 also included fees billed for professional services rendered in connection with our Form S-1 registration statement related to our secondary public offering of common stock completed in March 2014 and our Form S-8 registration statements filed during 2014. (2) “Audit-Related Fees” consist of fees billed for professional services for assurance and related services that are reasonably related to the performance of the audit or review of our consolidated financial statements and are not reported under “Audit Fees.” These services include the issuance of a comfort letter in connection with our offering memorandum related to our convertible notes offering completed in June 2015. (3) “Tax Fees” consist of fees billed for professional services rendered by Deloitte for tax compliance, tax advice and tax planning. Auditor Independence In 2015, there were no other professional services provided by Deloitte that would have required our audit committee to consider their compatibility with maintaining the independence of Deloitte. -22- Audit Committee Policy on Pre-Approval of Audit and Permissible Non-Audit Services of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Our audit committee has established a policy governing our use of the services of our independent registered public accounting firm. Under the policy, our audit committee is required to pre-approve all audit and permissible non-audit services performed by our independent registered public accounting firm in order to ensure that the provision of such services does not impair such accounting firm’s independence. All fees paid to Deloitte for our fiscal years ended December 31, 2014 and 2015 were pre-approved by our audit committee. Vote Required The ratification of the appointment of Deloitte requires the affirmative vote of a majority of the shares of our common stock present in person or by proxy at the Annual Meeting and entitled to vote thereon. Abstentions will have the effect of a vote AGAINST the proposal. THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS RECOMMENDS A VOTE “FOR” THE RATIFICATION OF THE APPOINTMENT OF DELOITTE & TOUCHE LLP AS OUR INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM FOR OUR FISCAL YEAR ENDING DECEMBER 31, 2016. P r o x y S t a t e m e n t -23- PROPOSAL NO. 3 ADVISORY VOTE TO APPROVE NAMED EXECUTIVE OFFICER COMPENSATION In accordance with Section 14A of the Exchange Act and the SEC rules, we are providing our stockholders with the opportunity to vote to approve, on an advisory (and non-binding) basis, the compensation of our named executive officers as disclosed in accordance with the SEC’s rules in the “Executive Compensation” section of this proxy statement beginning on page 31 below. This proposal, commonly known as a “say-on-pay” proposal, gives our stockholders the opportunity to express their views on our named executive officers’ compensation as a whole. This vote is not intended to address any specific item of compensation or any specific named executive officer, but rather the overall compensation of all of our named executive officers and the philosophy, policies and practices described in this proxy statement. The say-on-pay vote is advisory, and therefore not binding on FireEye, the compensation committee or our board of directors. The say-on-pay vote will, however, provide information to us regarding investor sentiment about our executive compensation philosophy, policies and practices, which the compensation committee will be able to consider when determining executive compensation for the remainder of the current fiscal year and beyond. Our board of directors and the compensation committee value the opinions of our stockholders and to the extent there is any significant vote against the named executive officer compensation as disclosed in this proxy statement, we will consider our stockholders’ concerns and the compensation committee will evaluate whether any actions are necessary to address those concerns. We believe that the information we’ve provided in the “Executive Compensation” section of this proxy statement, and in particular the information discussed in “Executive Compensation—Compensation Discussion and Analysis—Compensation Philosophy and Objectives” beginning on page 34 below, demonstrates that our executive compensation program was designed appropriately and is working to ensure management’s interests are aligned with our stockholders’ interests to support long-term value creation. Accordingly, we ask our stockholders to vote “FOR” the following resolution at the Annual Meeting: “RESOLVED, that FireEye’s stockholders approve, on an advisory basis, the compensation paid to the named executive officers, as disclosed in FireEye’s proxy statement for the 2016 Annual Meeting pursuant to the compensation disclosure rules of the SEC, including the compensation discussion and analysis, compensation tables and narrative discussion, and other related disclosure.” Vote Required The approval, on an advisory basis, of named executive officer compensation requires an affirmative vote of a majority of the shares of our common stock present in person or by proxy at the Annual Meeting and entitled to vote thereon to be approved. Accordingly, abstentions will have the effect of a vote AGAINST the proposal. Broker non-votes will have no effect on this proposal. THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS RECOMMENDS A VOTE “FOR” THE APPROVAL, ON AN ADVISORY BASIS, OF THE COMPENSATION PAID TO OUR NAMED EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AS DISCLOSED IN THIS PROXY STATEMENT. -24- PROPOSAL NO. 4 ADVISORY VOTE ON THE FREQUENCY OF FUTURE ADVISORY VOTES TO APPROVE NAMED EXECUTIVE OFFICER COMPENSATION Stockholders have the opportunity to advise our board of directors, in an advisory (and non-binding) vote, whether we should conduct an advisory (and non-binding) vote to approve named executive officer compensation (that is, votes similar to the non-binding vote in Proposal No. 3 above) every one, two or three years. While our compensation strategies are related to both short-term and longer-term business outcomes, we realize that compensation decisions are made annually. We also believe that an annual advisory vote to approve named executive officer compensation will give us more frequent feedback on our compensation disclosures and named executive officer compensation program. Our board of directors has determined that holding an advisory vote to approve named executive officer compensation every year is the most appropriate policy for us at this time, and recommends that stockholders vote for future advisory votes to approve named executive officer compensation to occur each year. The frequency that receives the highest number of votes cast will be deemed to be the frequency selected by the stockholders. Because this vote is advisory, it will not be binding on FireEye or our board of directors. However, the compensation committee will consider the outcome of the stockholder vote, along with other relevant factors, in recommending a voting frequency to our board of directors. Vote Required The frequency of future advisory votes to approve named executive officer compensation selected by stockholders requires a plurality vote of the shares of our common stock present in person or by proxy at the Annual Meeting and entitled to vote thereon to be approved. This means that the frequency (1 year, 2 years or 3 years) that receives the highest number of votes will be considered as the frequency selected by our stockholders. Broker non-votes will have no effect on this proposal. THE BOARD RECOMMENDS A VOTE FOR A FREQUENCY OF ONCE EVERY “1 YEAR” FOR FUTURE ADVISORY VOTES TO APPROVE NAMED EXECUTIVE OFFICER COMPENSATION. P r o x y S t a t e m e n t -25- PROPOSAL NO. 5 STOCKHOLDER PROPOSAL REQUESTING MAJORITY VOTING IN UNCONTESTED ELECTIONS OF DIRECTORS The California State Teachers’ Retirement System (“CalSTRS”) has represented it is the beneficial owner of more than $2,000 in market value of shares of our common stock and intends to continue to hold the requisite number of shares of our common stock through the date of the Annual Meeting. We will provide the CalSTRS address and the number of shares of common stock owned by CalSTRS upon receiving an oral or written request by a stockholder for this information. CalSTRS has requested that we include the following resolution in this proxy statement for consideration by our stockholders: BE IT RESOLVED: That the shareholders of FireEye, Inc. hereby request that the Board of Directors initiate the appropriate process to amend the Company’s articles of incorporation and/or bylaws to provide that director nominees shall be elected by the affirmative vote of the majority of votes cast at an annual meeting of shareholders, with a plurality vote standard retained for contested director elections, that is, when the number of director nominees exceeds the number of board seats. CalSTRS has provided the following supporting statement: Supporting Statement In order to provide shareholders a meaningful role in director elections, the Company’s current director election standard should be changed from a plurality vote standard to a majority vote standard. The majority vote standard is the most appropriate voting standard for director elections where only board nominated candidates are on the ballot, and it will establish a challenging vote standard for board nominees to improve the performance of individual directors and entire boards. Under the Company’s current voting system, a nominee for the board can be elected with as little as a single affirmative vote, because “withheld” votes have no legal effect. A majority vote standard would require that a nominee receive a majority of the votes cast in order to be re-elected and continue to serve as a representative for the shareholders. In response to strong shareholder support a substantial number of the nation’s leading companies have adopted a majority vote standard in company bylaws or articles of incorporation. In fact, more than 94% of the companies in the S&P 500 have adopted majority voting for uncontested elections. We believe the Company needs to join the growing list of companies that have already adopted this standard. CalSTRS is a long-term shareholder of the Company and we believe that accountability is of upmost importance. We believe the plurality vote standard currently in place at the Company completely disenfranchises shareholders and makes the shareholder’s role in director elections meaningless. Majority voting in director elections will empower shareholders with the ability to remove poorly performing directors and increase the directors’ accountability to the owners of the Company, its shareholders. In addition, those directors who receive the majority support from shareholders will know they have the backing of the very shareholders they represent. We therefore ask you to join us in requesting that the Board of directors promptly adopt the majority vote standard for director elections. Please vote FOR this proposal. Company’s Response Our board of directors has determined not to make a voting recommendation on this proposal for the following reasons: Our board of directors has considered the proposal set forth above relating to majority voting for uncontested director elections, and has determined to make no voting recommendation to stockholders. Our board of directors recognizes that there are valid arguments in favor of, and in opposition to, majority voting. Our -26- board of directors wants to use this proposal as an opportunity for stockholders to express their views on this subject without being influenced by any recommendation the board might make. Approval of this proposal will not, by itself, implement majority voting. The proposal, which is advisory in nature, would constitute a recommendation to our board of directors if approved by stockholders. Further, in order to implement majority voting in uncontested elections of directors, our bylaws would need to be amended. If the proposal is approved, our board of directors intends to consider whether and in what manner to implement majority voting in director elections. Vote Required The approval of this stockholder proposal requires the affirmative vote of a majority of the shares of our common stock present in person or by proxy at the Annual Meeting and entitled to vote thereon. Abstentions will have the effect of a vote AGAINST the proposal. If a stockholder returns a validly executed proxy solicited by our board of directors, the shares represented by the proxy will be voted on this proposal in the manner specified by the stockholder. If a stockholder does not specify the manner in which shares represented by a validly executed proxy are to be voted on this proposal, such shares will be treated as abstentions. THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS IS NEITHER SUPPORTING NOR OPPOSING THIS PROPOSAL AND MAKES NO VOTING RECOMMENDATION. P r o x y S t a t e m e n t -27- AUDIT COMMITTEE REPORT The information contained in the following Audit Committee Report shall not be deemed to be soliciting material or to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, nor shall such information be incorporated by reference into any future filing under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, except to the extent that FireEye, Inc., or the Company, specifically incorporates it by reference in such filing. The audit committee has reviewed and discussed the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements with management and Deloitte & Touche LLP, or Deloitte, the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm. The audit committee has discussed with Deloitte the matters required to be discussed by Auditing Standard No. 16, Communications with Audit Committees, issued by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board. The audit committee has received and reviewed the written disclosures and the letter from Deloitte required by the applicable requirements of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board regarding Deloitte’s communications with the audit committee concerning independence, and has discussed with Deloitte its independence. Based on the review and discussions referred to above, the audit committee recommended to the board of directors that the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements be included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015 for filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Respectfully submitted by the members of the audit committee of the board of directors: Kimberly Alexy (Chair) Deepak Ahuja Ronald E. F. Codd -28- EXECUTIVE OFFICERS The following table identifies certain information about our executive officers as of April 15, 2016. Each executive officer serves at the discretion of our board of directors and holds office until his or her successor is duly elected and qualified or until his or her earlier resignation or removal. There are no family relationships among any of our directors or executive officers. Name Age Position(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . David G. DeWalt Ashar Aziz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Michael J. Berry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alexa King . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kevin R. Mandia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . John McGee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board 57 52 48 45 52 Founder, Chief Strategy Officer and Vice Chairman of the Board Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary President and Director Senior Vice President of Worldwide Sales David G. DeWalt has served as our Chief Executive Officer since November 2012 and has served as our Chairman of the Board since May 2012. Prior to joining FireEye, Mr. DeWalt served as President, Chief Executive Officer and director of McAfee, Inc., a provider of antivirus software and intrusion prevention solutions, from April 2007 until February 2011 when McAfee was acquired by Intel Corporation. Mr. DeWalt served as President of McAfee, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Intel, from February 2011 to August 2011. From December 2003 to March 2007, Mr. DeWalt held various positions at EMC Corporation, a developer and provider of information infrastructure technology and solutions, including Executive Vice President, EMC Software Group and President of EMC’s Documentum and Legato Software divisions. Prior to joining EMC, Mr. DeWalt served as President and Chief Executive Officer of Documentum, Inc. from July 2001 to December 2003, Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer of Documentum from October 2000 to July 2001 and Executive Vice President and General Manager, eBusiness Unit, of Documentum from August 1999 to October 2000. Mr. DeWalt has served on the board of directors of Delta Air Lines, Inc. since November 2011 and the board of directors of Five9, Inc. since April 2012. Mr. DeWalt served on the board of directors of Polycom, Inc. from November 2005 to May 2013 and as its Chairman of the Board from May 2010 to May 2013 and served on the board of directors of Jive Software, Inc. from February 2011 to April 2013. Mr. DeWalt holds a B.S. in Computer Science from the University of Delaware. Ashar Aziz founded FireEye in 2004 and served as our Chief Executive Officer until November 2012. He has served as our Vice Chairman of the Board and Chief Strategy Officer since November 2012 and as a member of our board of directors since February 2004. Mr. Aziz served as our Chief Technical Officer from November 2012 to April 2014. Prior to FireEye, Mr. Aziz founded Terraspring, Inc., a data center automation and virtualization company acquired by Sun Microsystems, Inc., in November 2002 and served as Chief Technology Officer of its N1 program until October 2003. Prior to Terraspring, Inc., Mr. Aziz spent 12 years at Sun Microsystems as a distinguished engineer focused on networking and network security. He currently serves on the board of directors of a number of privately held technology companies. Mr. Aziz holds an S.B. in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science from Massachusetts Institute of Technology and an M.S. in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science from the University of California, Berkeley, where he received the U.C. Regents Fellowship. Michael Berry has served as our Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer since September 2015. Prior to joining FireEye, Mr. Berry was Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Informatica Corporation from November 2014 to September 2015. Prior to joining Informatica, Mr. Berry served as Chief Financial Officer at IO Data Centers from October 2013 to October 2014. Prior to joining IO, Mr. Berry served as Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer at SolarWinds, Inc. from November 2011 to October 2013, after joining SolarWinds as Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer in March 2010. Mr. Berry was also Executive Vice President, Finance and Accounting, and Chief Financial Officer of i2 Technologies, Inc., from August 2005 to January 2010. Prior to i2, Mr. Berry held various positions at The Reynolds and -29- P r o x y S t a t e m e n t Reynolds Company, Inc., including as Senior Vice President of Solutions Management, Development and Operations and Senior Vice President of Services. Mr. Berry has served on the board of directors of Rapid7, Inc. since November 2012. Mr. Berry holds a B.A. in finance from Augsburg College and an M.B.A. in finance from the University of St. Thomas. Alexa King has served as our Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary since April 2012. Prior to joining FireEye, Ms. King was Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary of Aruba Networks, Inc., a provider of enterprise wireless network software and hardware from December 2005 to April 2012. From 2000 to 2005, Ms. King served as Senior Director of Legal at Siebel Systems, Inc. a software company, and her early career included working at Pillsbury Madison & Sutro (now Pillsbury Winthrop) and Fenwick & West. Additionally, Ms. King served as founding director of Pathbrite, Inc. (f/k/a RippleSend, Inc.) from 2008 to 2009 and as advisor from 2009 to 2011. Ms. King graduated magna cum laude from Harvard College with a degree in Eastern European Studies and received her J.D. from the University of California, Berkeley, Boalt Hall School of Law, where she was named to the Order of the Coif. Kevin R. Mandia has served as our President since February 2015 and has served as a member of our board of directors since February 2016. He previously served as our Senior Vice President and Chief Operating Officer from the date of our acquisition of Mandiant Corporation, or Mandiant, in December 2013 through February 2015. Prior to joining FireEye, Mr. Mandia was the Chief Executive Officer of Mandiant and had served in that capacity since he founded Mandiant in 2004. Prior to forming Mandiant, Mr. Mandia served as the Director of Computer Forensics at Foundstone (later acquired by McAfee Corporation) from 2000 to 2003 and as the Director of Information Security for Sytex (later acquired by Lockheed Martin) from 1998 to 2000. From 1993 to 2000, Mr. Mandia was an officer in the United States Air Force, where he served in various capacities, including as a computer security officer in the 7th Communications Group at the Pentagon, and later as a special agent in the Air Force Office of Special Investigations (AFOSI). Mr. Mandia holds a B.S. in Computer Science from Lafayette College and an M.S. in Forensic Science from The George Washington University. In 2011, Mr. Mandia was named Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the Year for the Greater Washington area. He completed the Harvard Business School’s Owner/President Management Program in February 2013. Mr. Mandia has taught graduate level courses at Carnegie Melon University and The George Washington University and has co- authored two books on responding to security breaches: Incident Response: Performing Computer Forensics (McGraw-Hill, 2003) and Incident Response: Investigating Computer Crime (McGraw-Hill, 2001). John McGee has served as our Senior Vice President of Worldwide Sales since August 2014. Prior to joining FireEye, Mr. McGee was Executive Vice President, Worldwide Field Operations of Informatica Corporation from July 2012 to August 2014. Prior to joining Informatica, Mr. McGee was President and Chief Operating Officer at Thunderhead Ltd. from September 2010 to December 2012. Prior to joining Thunderhead, Mr. McGee was Vice President of Americas Field Operations at Adobe Systems Incorporated from May 2007 to August 2010. Mr. McGee also served as Vice President of Americas Sales at EMC, and held previous sales roles at Documentum and Dun & Bradstreet. Mr. McGee holds a B.S. in Finance from Pennsylvania State University and an M.B.A from Columbia University. -30- EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION Compensation Discussion and Analysis This Compensation Discussion and Analysis provides information regarding the 2015 compensation of our principal executive officer, each individual who served as our principal financial officer in 2015, and the three executive officers (other than our principal executive officer and each individual who served as our principal financial officer in 2015) who were our most highly-compensated executive officers as of the end of 2015. These individuals were: • • David G. DeWalt, our Chief Executive Officer (our “CEO”); Ashar Aziz, our Chief Strategy Officer; • Michael J. Berry, our Senior Vice Senior President and Chief Financial Officer; • • Alexa King, our Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary; Kevin R. Mandia, our President; • Michael J. Sheridan, our former Senior Vice Senior President and Chief Financial Officer; and • Frank Verdecanna, our former Interim Chief Financial Officer (who is currently our Senior Vice President of Finance). These individuals were our named executive officers (the “Named Executive Officers”) for 2015. Management Changes During 2015 Mr. Sheridan resigned from his position of Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer effective August 3, 2015. Mr. Verdecanna, our Senior Vice President of Finance, served as Interim Chief Financial Officer from August 4, 2015 to September 20, 2015. Mr. Berry joined us as our Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer on September 21, 2015. Overview This Compensation Discussion and Analysis describes the material elements of our executive compensation program during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015. It also provides an overview of our executive compensation philosophy, as well as our principal compensation policies and practices. Finally, it analyzes how and why the Compensation Committee of our Board of Directors (the “Compensation Committee”) arrived at the specific compensation decisions for our executive officers, including the Named Executive Officers, in 2015, and discusses the key factors that the Compensation Committee considered in determining the compensation of our Named Executive Officers. Executive Summary We provide a comprehensive solution of products and services for detecting, preventing and resolving advanced cybersecurity threats. We have invented a purpose-built, virtual machine-based security platform that provides real-time protection to enterprises and governments worldwide that are facing the next generation of cyber attacks. Our technology approach represents a paradigm shift in how information technology security has been conducted since the earliest days of the information technology industry. P r o x y S t a t e m e n t -31- 2015 Business Highlights In 2015, we achieved several significant business results, including: • • • • • Billings1: Billings of $797.4 million, an increase of 35% from 2014. Revenue: Total revenue of $623.0 million, an increase of 46% from 2014. Deferred Revenue: Total deferred revenue of $527.0 million, an increase of 49% from the end of 2014. Operating Cash Flow: Positive cash flow from operations of $37.0 million, an improvement of $168.3 million from 2014. Customers: Increased our total number of end-customers by approximately 1,200 from approximately 3,100 at the end of 2014 to over 4,400 at the end of 2015, including more than 680 of the Forbes Global 2000. Although billings, revenue, deferred revenue and operating cash flow are not measures that were used to determine awards under our Employee Incentive Plan, we believe that these financial results provide additional context that may help stockholders in their review of our executive compensation disclosure. 2015-Related Executive Compensation Actions In line with our performance and compensation objectives, the Compensation Committee approved (or, in some cases, recommended that our Board of Directors approve or ratify, with the non-independent directors not voting), the following actions related to the 2015 compensation for the Named Executive Officers: • • • • • Increased the annual base salaries of certain of the Named Executive Officers to reflect competitive market conditions in amounts ranging from 8% to 25%, with our CEO’s annual base salary for 2015 remaining unchanged from his 2014 level; Increased the target annual cash incentive compensation opportunities of certain of the Named Executive Officers to reflect competitive market conditions in amounts ranging from approximately 8% to 38%, with our CEO’s target annual cash incentive compensation opportunity for 2015 remaining unchanged from his 2014 level; Based upon the levels of achievement of the corporate performance objectives and individual performance objectives established for the 2015 annual cash incentive compensation opportunities of the Named Executive Officers, approved cash payouts in 2016 ranging from $129,750 to $380,275, with a cash payout for our CEO in the amount of $324,625 (representing 93 % of his 2015 target annual cash incentive compensation opportunity); Continued the practice of providing long-term incentive compensation in the form of restricted stock unit (“RSU”) awards and performance-based restricted stock unit (“PSU”) awards for shares of our common stock; Granted a combination of RSU and PSU awards to each of the Named Executive Officers, subject to a time-based vesting requirement in the case of RSU awards and subject to both a performance condition and a time-based vesting requirement in the case of PSU awards, with the aggregate grant date fair value of the equity awards granted to each of the Named Executive Officers ranging from $1,460,800 to $15,703,600, with an aggregate grant date fair value of our CEO’s awards in the amount of $15,703,600; and 1 Billings is a non-GAAP financial measure. The reconciliation between billings and revenue is set forth in the “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” section on page 45 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 26, 2016. -32- • Based upon the level of achievement of the performance condition under the PSU awards tied to 2015 performance, determined that 96% of the target number of shares of our common stock subject to the PSU awards for 2015 performance had been earned, subject to the continued service of the Named Executive Officers through the vesting date in February 2016 (in the case of Messrs. Berry and Verdecanna), December 2016 (in the case of Messrs. DeWalt and Mandia), February 2017 (in the case of Mr. Aziz), and 50% in February 2017 and 50% in February 2018 (in the case of Ms. King). 2015 Compensation Reflecting Pay for Performance A significant portion of the compensation provided to our Named Executive Officers is at-risk and subject to our achieving our operating results as follows: • • For each Named Executive Officer, a significant portion of the equity awards granted in 2015 were at- risk and subject to performance-based vesting: 50% in the case of Messrs. DeWalt, Mandia and Berry and 75% in the case of Messrs. Aziz and Sheridan and Ms. King. With respect to Mr. Verdecanna, 50% of his annual “refresh” equity award was subject to performance-based vesting and 100% of his retention equity award was performance-based. If the performance hurdle was not achieved at a threshold level, then none of the shares of our common stock subject to the performance-based equity awards would vest. Our short-term incentive compensation program requires achievement of corporate and/or individual objectives in order for there to be payment thereunder. Executive Compensation-Related Policies and Practices We endeavor to maintain sound executive compensation policies and practices, including compensation- related corporate governance standards that are consistent with our executive compensation philosophy. During 2015, we maintained the following executive compensation policies and practices, including both policies and practices we have implemented to drive performance and policies and practices that either prohibit or minimize behavior that we do not believe serve our stockholders’ long-term interests: What We Do • Maintain a Compensation Committee comprised solely of independent directors who have established effective means for communicating with our stockholders regarding their executive compensation comments and concerns. • • • • • Enable the Compensation Committee to engage and retain its own advisors. During 2015, the Compensation Committee engaged Compensia, Inc., a national compensation consulting firm, to assist with its responsibilities. Support the Compensation Committee in its an annual review of our executive compensation strategy, including its review of the compensation peer group used for comparative purposes, and, to help avoid creating compensation-related risks that would be reasonably likely to have a material adverse effect on us, its annual review of our compensation-related risk profile. Design the equity awards granted to our executive officers to vest or be earned over one year or longer periods, which is consistent with current market practice, and better serves our long-term value creation goals and retention objectives. Prohibit our executive officers and members of our Board of Directors from speculating in our equity securities or engaging in any other hedging transactions with respect to our equity securities. In addition, we prohibit our executive officers and members of our Board of Directors from pledging their equity securities or using such securities as collateral for a loan. Support the Board of Directors in its review of the risks associated with our key executive positions on an annual basis so that we have an adequate succession strategy and plans are in place for our most critical positions. -33- P r o x y S t a t e m e n t • Maintain formal stock ownership guidelines for our executive officers and the non-employee members of our Board of Directors to support these individuals acting as owners of the Company. • Maintain a compensation recovery policy which provides that, in the event we are required to prepare an accounting restatement as a result of fraud or intentional misconduct, we may recover from those current and former executive officers who are subject to the reporting requirements of Section 16 of the Exchange Act and were involved in the fraud or misconduct any incentive compensation erroneously paid or awarded in excess of what would have been paid pursuant to the restated financial statements. What We Do Not Do • • • Offer pension arrangements, defined benefit retirement plans, or nonqualified deferred compensation plans to our executive officers. Reprice options to purchase shares of our common stock without stockholder approval. Provide perquisites and other personal benefits to our executive officers unless they serve a sound business purpose. Compensation Philosophy and Objectives Compensation Philosophy As a cybersecurity provider, we operate in a rapidly evolving industry sector. To succeed in this environment, we must attract and retain a highly talented executive team, including executive officers with strong leadership skills who can run our business functions, achieve results that meet our clients’ objectives, and sell our products and services. We compete with other companies in our industry and other technology companies in the San Francisco Bay Area to attract and retain a skilled management team. We have designed our executive compensation program to accomplish our goals in the highly competitive area for top talent, while at the same time fostering a “pay for performance” environment that aligns the long-term interests of our executive officers with the interests of our stockholders. Compensation Program Objectives To be successful in our industry requires that we continually build on our expertise in the cybersecurity space, expand the breadth and quality of our solutions, continuously enhance our technology platforms, and manage our expanding operations efficiently and effectively. Our executive compensation program is designed to achieve these objectives so that we are able to: • • • • attract and retain talented and experienced executive officers, who possess the knowledge, skills, and leadership criteria critical to our success; motivate these executive officers to achieve our business objectives and uphold our core values; promote teamwork within the executive team, while also recognizing the unique role each executive officer plays in our success; and ensure the alignment of the long-term interests of our executive officers with the interests of our stockholders. As we continue to grow as a new publicly-traded company, we will evaluate our compensation philosophy and program objectives as circumstances require. At a minimum, we expect the Compensation Committee to review executive compensation annually. Further, as part of this review process, we expect the Compensation Committee to apply our values and the objectives described above, while considering the compensation levels needed to ensure that our executive compensation program remains competitive. -34- Compensation-Setting Process Role of Compensation Committee The Compensation Committee oversees our executive compensation and other compensation and benefit programs, administers our equity compensation plans, and reviews, formulates, and determines the design and amount of compensation for our executive officers, including the Named Executive Officers, except that any approvals by the Compensation Committee relating to the compensation of our CEO are subject to the ratification of our Board of Directors (with the non-independent directors abstaining from the vote). At the beginning of each year, the Compensation Committee reviews our executive compensation program, including any incentive compensation plans and arrangements to determine whether they are appropriate, properly coordinated, and achieve their intended purposes and makes any modifications to existing plans and arrangements or adopts new plans or arrangements. The Compensation Committee also conducts an annual review of our executive compensation strategy to ensure that it is appropriately aligned with our business strategy and the achievement of our desired objectives. Further, the Compensation Committee reviews market trends and changes in competitive compensation practices, as further described below. Based on its review and assessment, the Compensation Committee, from time to time, makes changes in our executive compensation program, or recommends changes to our Board of Directors. The factors considered by the Compensation Committee in determining the compensation of our executive officers and developing its recommendations to our Board of Directors for 2015 included: • • • • • • the recommendations of our CEO (except with respect to his own compensation) as described below; our corporate growth and other elements of financial performance; the individual achievement of each executive officer against his or her management objectives; a review of the relevant competitive market data (as described below); the expected future contribution of the individual executive officer; and internal pay equity based on the impact on our business and performance. The Compensation Committee does not weigh these factors in any predetermined manner, nor does it apply any formulas in developing its compensation determinations and recommendations. Rather, in making its determinations and recommendations, the members of the Compensation Committee consider all of this information in light of their individual experience, knowledge of the Company, knowledge of the competitive market, knowledge of each executive officer, and business judgment. The Compensation Committee’s authority, duties, and responsibilities are described in its charter, which is reviewed annually and revised and updated as warranted. The charter is available on our website at www.FireEye.com in the Corporate Governance section of our Investor Relations webpage. Role of Management Our CEO works closely with the Compensation Committee in determining the compensation of our other including the other Named Executive Officers. Typically, our CEO works with the executive officers, Compensation Committee to recommend the structure of the annual cash incentive compensation opportunities, to identify and develop corporate and individual performance objectives for such cash incentive compensation opportunities, and to evaluate actual performance against the selected measures. Our CEO also makes recommendations to the Compensation Committee as described in the following paragraph and is involved in the determination of compensation for the respective executive officers who report to him. At the beginning of each year, our CEO reviews the performance of our other executive officers for the previous year, and then shares these evaluations with, and makes recommendations to, the Compensation Committee for each element of compensation. These recommendations concern the base salary, annual cash incentive compensation, and long-term incentive compensation for each of our executive officers (other than -35- P r o x y S t a t e m e n t himself) based on our results, the individual executive officer’s contribution to these results, and his or her performance toward achieving his or her individual performance objectives. The Compensation Committee then reviews these recommendations and considers the other factors described above and makes decisions as to the target total direct compensation of each executive officer (other than our CEO), as well as each individual compensation element. While the Compensation Committee considers our CEO’s recommendations, it only uses these recommendations as one of several factors in making its decisions with respect to the compensation of our executive officers. In all cases, the final decisions on compensation matters are made by the Compensation Committee or our Board of Directors (with the non-independent directors not voting). Moreover, no executive officer participates in the determination of the amounts or elements of his or her own compensation. At the request of the Compensation Committee, our CEO typically attends a portion of each Compensation including meetings at which the Committee meeting in which executive compensation is discussed, Compensation Committee’s compensation consultant is present. Role of Compensation Consultant Pursuant to its charter, the Compensation Committee has the authority to retain the services of one or more executive compensation advisors, as it determined in its sole discretion, including compensation consultants, legal counsel, accounting, and other advisors, in the creation of our compensation plans and to assist arrangements and related policies and practices. The Compensation Committee makes all determinations regarding the engagement, fees, and services of these external advisors, and any such external advisor reports directly to the Compensation Committee. During 2015, the Compensation Committee engaged Compensia, Inc., a national compensation consulting firm, to provide information, analysis, and other assistance relating to our executive compensation program on an ongoing basis. The nature and scope of the services provided to the Compensation Committee by Compensia in 2015 were as follows: • • • • • • conducted a review and updating of the compensation peer group; conducted an analysis of the levels of overall compensation and each element of compensation for our executive officers; provided advice with respect to compensation best practices and market trends for our executive officers and members of our Board of Directors; assessed our compensation risk profile and reported on this assessment; conducted an analysis of the levels of overall compensation and each element of compensation for the members of our Board of Directors; and provided ad hoc advice and support throughout the year. The Compensation Committee may replace its compensation consultant or hire additional advisors at any time. Representatives of Compensia attend meetings of the Compensation Committee, as requested, and communicate with the Compensation Committee Chair and with management as circumstances warrant. All decisions regarding the compensation of our executive officers, however, are made by the Compensation Committee (provided that any approvals relating to the compensation of our CEO are subject to the ratification of our Board of Directors, with the non-independent directors not voting) or our Board of Directors (with the non- independent directors not voting). Compensia reports directly to the Compensation Committee. The Compensation Committee has assessed the independence of Compensia taking into account, among other things, the enhanced independence standards and factors set forth in Exchange Act Rule 10C-1 and the applicable NASDAQ Listing Standards, and concluded that that there are no conflicts of interest with respect to the work that Compensia performs for the Compensation Committee. -36- Use of Competitive Market Data As part of its deliberations, the Compensation Committee considers competitive market data on executive compensation levels and practices and a related analysis of such data, but does not use this data for benchmarking the compensation of the Named Executive Officers. This market data is drawn from a select group of peer companies developed by the Compensation Committee, as well as compensation survey data. In light of our growth in 2014 and at the direction of the Compensation Committee, Compensia developed a revised compensation peer group in December 2014 to ensure that our executive compensation decisions for 2015 were positioned to be competitive with comparable peer companies. This updated peer group was based on an evaluation of companies that the Compensation Committee believed were comparable to us, taking into consideration the size of each company (based on revenues and market capitalization) and the following additional factors: • • • • • • the comparability of the company’s business model; the company’s business services focus; the comparability of the company’s operating history; the comparability of the company’s organizational complexities and growth attributes; the stage of the company’s maturity curve (which increases its likelihood of attracting the type of executive talent for whom we compete); and the comparability of the company’s operational performance (for consistency with our strategy and future performance expectations). Based on these criteria, the Compensation Committee approved an updated compensation peer group consisting of 18 publicly-traded business services and related technology companies. The selected companies had revenues ranging from approximately $230 million to approximately $724 million, with a median of $409 million, and market capitalizations ranging from approximately $1.7 billion to approximately $9.7 billion, with a median of $4.2 billion. The companies comprising the compensation peer group were as follows: Aspen Technology Concur Technologies Cornerstone OnDemand CoStar Group Fortinet GrubHub Guidewire Software NetSuite Palo Alto Networks ServiceNow Shutterstock SolarWinds Splunk Synchronoss Technologies Tableau Software The Ultimate Software Grp. Yelp Zillow Of the 18 companies in our 2015 compensation peer group, seven were carried over from 2014 (Cornerstone OnDemand, Palo Alto Networks, ServiceNow, Shutterstock, Splunk, Tableau Software and Yelp). The significant turnover of our compensation peer group was a result of the changes in the selection criteria described above, the changes in financial results of the component companies over the previous year and our growth in revenue that was greater than the revenue growth for many companies in our 2014 compensation peer group. P r o x y S t a t e m e n t least in at The Compensation Committee believes that information regarding the compensation practices at other companies is useful the Compensation Committee recognizes that our compensation policies and practices must be competitive in the marketplace. Second, this information is useful in assessing the reasonableness and appropriateness of individual executive compensation elements and of our overall executive compensation packages. This information is only one of several factors that the Compensation Committee considers, however, in making its decisions with respect to the compensation of our executive officers. two respects. First, -37- Compensation Elements Our executive compensation program consists primarily of three elements: base salary, short-term incentive compensation in the form of cash awards, and long-term incentive compensation in the form of equity awards. Our executive officers also participate in several Company-wide welfare and health benefit plans, which are consistent with the arrangements offered to our other employees. Finally, our executive officers are eligible to receive certain post-employment compensation arrangements. We use these compensation elements to make up our executive compensation program because (i) they are consistent with other programs in our competitive market and allow us to effectively compete for highly- qualified talent, (ii) each element supports achievement of one or more of our compensation objectives, and (iii) collectively, they have been and, we believe, will continue to be, effective means for motivating our executive officers. We view the three primary compensation elements as related, but distinct, components of our total compensation program. We do not believe that total compensation should be derived from a single element, or that significant compensation from one element should negate or reduce compensation from other elements. Each of these compensation elements is discussed in detail below, including a description of the particular element and how it fits into our overall executive compensation and a discussion of the amounts of compensation paid to the Named Executive Officers in 2015 under each of these elements. Base Salary We believe that a competitive base salary is necessary to attract and retain a stable executive team. Base salaries for our executive officers are also intended to be competitive with those received by other individuals in similar positions at the companies with which we compete for talent, as well as equitable across the executive team. Generally, we establish the initial base salaries of our executive officers through arm’s-length negotiation at the time we hire the individual executive officer, taking into account his or her position, qualifications, experience, prior salary level, and the base salaries of our other executive officers. Thereafter, the Compensation Committee reviews the base salaries of our executive officers, including the Named Executive Officers, annually and makes adjustments to base salaries as it determines to be necessary or appropriate. In February 2015, the Compensation Committee reviewed the base salaries of our executive officers (other than Messrs. Berry and Verdecanna, who were not executive officers at such time), taking into consideration a competitive market analysis performed by Compensia and the recommendations of our CEO (except with respect to his own base salary), as well as the other factors described above. Following this review, the Compensation Committee determined that adjustments were necessary in some cases to maintain the competitiveness of our executive officers’ target total cash compensation and in those cases decided to increase the base salaries compared to their 2014 levels. Mr. Mandia was promoted to President in February 2015 and the increase in his base salary was partially attributed to his promotion. Mr. Verdecanna’s base salary for 2015 was increased in January 2015 and further increased in November 2015, with the size of the second increase partially attributed to his promotion to Senior Vice President of Finance, in each case with the approval of our CEO. The base salaries of the Named Executive Officers for 2015 compared to 2014 levels were as follows: Named Executive Officer 2014 Base Salary 2015 Base Salary Amount Increase Percentage Increase . . . . . . . . . . . . Mr. DeWalt Mr. Aziz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mr. Berry(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . Ms. King . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mr. Mandia . . . . . . . . . . . . Mr. Sheridan(2) . . . . . . . . . Mr. Verdecanna(3) . . . . . . . $350,000 $300,000 N/A $250,000 $260,000 $265,000 $220,000 $350,000 $300,000 $410,000 $270,000 $325,000 $290,000 $260,000 -38- — — N/A $20,000 $65,000 $25,000 $40,000 — — N/A 8% 25% 9% 18% P r o x y S t a t e m e n t (1) Mr. Berry did not receive his full 2015 base salary because his employment with us commenced on September 21, 2015. (2) Mr. Sheridan did not receive his full 2015 base salary because his employment with us terminated on August 3, 2015. (3) Mr. Verdecanna’s base salary was increased $17,600 on January 1, 2015 and an additional $22,400 on November 15, 2015. The table reflects Mr. Verdecanna’s aggregate increase and ending base salary for 2015. The base salaries of the Named Executive Officers for 2015 are also set forth in the “Summary Compensation Table for Fiscal Year 2015” below. Annual Cash Incentive Compensation—Overview We use annual cash incentive compensation paid under our Employee Incentive Plan (the “Incentive Plan”) to motivate our executive officers, including eligible Named Executive Officers, and designated employees to achieve our short-term financial and operational objectives while making progress towards our longer-term growth and other goals. Consistent with our executive compensation philosophy, this annual cash incentive compensation is intended to help us deliver a competitive total direct compensation opportunity to our executive officers. Under the Incentive Plan, the Compensation Committee establishes annual performance measures and related target levels applicable to any cash incentive compensation opportunity under the Incentive Plan each year. Performance objectives that involve our financial results may be determined in accordance with GAAP or may consist of non-GAAP financial measures, and any actual results may be adjusted by the Compensation Committee for one-time items or unbudgeted or unexpected items when determining whether the performance objectives have been met. Individual performance objectives may be established on the basis of any factors the Compensation Committee determines relevant, and may be adjusted on an individual, divisional, business unit, or Company-wide basis. The performance objectives may differ from participant to participant and from cash incentive compensation opportunity to cash incentive compensation opportunity. The Compensation Committee may, in its sole discretion and at any time, increase, reduce, or eliminate a participant’s actual cash payment, and/or increase, reduce, or eliminate the amount of cash allocated for a particular performance period. The actual cash payment may be below, at, or above a participant’s target cash incentive compensation opportunity, in the Compensation Committee’s sole discretion. The Compensation Committee may determine the amount of any reduction on the basis of such factors as it deems relevant, and it is not required to establish any allocation or weighting with respect to the factors it considers. Actual cash incentive compensation is paid only after it is earned, which usually requires continued employment through the date of payment. The Compensation Committee has the authority to amend, alter, suspend, or terminate annual performance measures and related target levels, provided that such action does not impair the existing rights of any participant with respect to any earned cash incentive compensation. In the case of executive officer participants, the Compensation Committee reviews the performance of each executive officer, including each of the eligible Named Executive Officers, relative to his or her target cash incentive compensation opportunity objectives at its regularly scheduled February meeting. Based on this review, the Compensation Committee determines and approves the cash payment for each of our eligible executive officers. In February 2015, the Compensation Committee reviewed the annual target variable compensation levels of our executive officers (other than Messrs. Berry and Verdecanna, who were not executive officers at such time), taking into consideration a competitive market analysis performed by Compensia and the recommendations of -39- our CEO (except with respect to his own annual target cash incentive compensation opportunity). Following this review, the Compensation Committee determined that adjustments were necessary in some cases to maintain the competitiveness of our executive officers’ cash incentive compensation and in those cases decided to increase the annual target cash incentive compensation opportunities compared to 2014 levels. Mr. Mandia was promoted to President in February 2015 and the increase in his annual target cash incentive compensation opportunity was partially attributed to his promotion. Mr. Verdecanna’s target cash incentive compensation opportunity for 2015 was increased in January 2015 and further increased in November 2015, with the size of the second increase partially attributed to his promotion to Senior Vice President of Finance, in each case with the approval of our CEO. The 2015 annual target cash incentive compensation opportunities of the Named Executive Officers compared to 2014 levels were as follows: Named Executive Officer Mr. DeWalt . . . . . . . . . . . Mr. Aziz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mr. Berry . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ms. King . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mr. Mandia . . . . . . . . . . . Mr. Sheridan . . . . . . . . . . Mr. Verdecanna(1) . . . . . . 2014 Target Cash Incentive Compensation Opportunity 2015 Target Cash Incentive Compensation Opportunity $350,000 $150,000 N/A $125,000 $260,000 $198,800 $ 66,000 $350,000 $150,000 $410,000 $135,000 $325,000 $217,500 $ 91,000 Amount Increase Percentage Increase — — N/A $10,000 $65,000 $18,700 $25,000 — — N/A 8% 25% 9% 38% (1) Mr. Verdecanna’s target cash incentive compensation opportunity was increased by $5,280 on January 1, 2015 and by an additional $19,720 on November 15, 2015. The table reflects Mr. Verdecanna’s aggregate increase and ending target cash incentive compensation opportunity for 2015. Short-Term Incentive Compensation—Executives other than our Former Interim Chief Financial Officer Target Cash Incentive Compensation Opportunities In February 2015, under the terms of the Incentive Plan, the Compensation Committee established annual performance measures and related target levels for potential 2015 cash incentive compensation for our executive officers (the “2015 Incentive Compensation Plan”) (other than Messrs. Berry and Verdecanna). Mr. Berry became eligible to participate in the 2015 Incentive Compensation Plan when his employment commenced in September 2015. Mr. Verdecanna was not eligible to participate in the 2015 Incentive Compensation Plan because he was not an executive officer for most of the year. The 2015 Incentive Compensation Plan provided the eligible executive officers with an opportunity to receive cash incentive compensation in February 2016, subject to the achievement of performance objectives in 2015. Taking into account the increases described above, the target cash incentive compensation opportunities for the eligible Named Executive Officers under the 2015 Incentive Compensation Plan, expressed as a percentage of their annual base salaries, were as follows: Named Executive Officer 2015 Annual Base Salary Mr. DeWalt . . . . . . . Mr. Aziz . . . . . . . . . Mr. Berry . . . . . . . . Ms. King . . . . . . . . . Mr. Mandia . . . . . . . Mr. Sheridan . . . . . . $350,000 $300,000 $410,000 $270,000 $325,000 $290,000 2015 Target Cash Incentive Compensation Opportunity (as a percentage of base salary) 2015 Target Cash Incentive Compensation Opportunity 100% 50% 100% 50% 100% 75% $350,000 $150,000 $410,000 $135,000 $325,000 $217,500 -40- Weighting of Target Cash Incentive Compensation Opportunities Under the 2015 Incentive Compensation Plan, the target cash incentive compensation opportunities of the eligible Named Executive Officers were weighted 75% on corporate performance objectives and 25% on individual performance objectives. The Compensation Committee determined these allocations to be appropriate to focus our executive officers on our short-term financial objectives as reflected in our annual operating plan while, at the same time, recognizing their contributions to the achievement of these objectives and the successful execution of their individual roles and responsibilities. Corporate Performance Objectives For 2015, the Compensation Committee selected bookings, non-GAAP earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization (“non-GAAP EBITDA”), and new customers as the corporate performance measures for the 2015 Incentive Compensation Plan. The Compensation Committee believed these performance measures were appropriate for our business because they provided a balance between generating revenue, managing our expenses, and growing our business, which it believes most directly influences long-term stockholder value. At the same time, for each of these measures, the Compensation Committee established target performance levels that it believed would be challenging, but attainable, through the successful execution of our annual operating plan. For the 2015 Incentive Compensation Plan, each of these corporate performance measures was equally weighted. The minimum level of achievement for each corporate performance measure was 80%, with the actual cash payment with respect to each measure to be determined independently, in accordance with the following schedule: P r o x y S t a t e m e n t Annual Company Achievement Percentage Annual Company Performance Payment Factor 120% or greater At least 101%, but less than 120% At least 90% through 100% At least 80%, but less than 90% Less than 80% 150% 2.5:1 Addition from 101% to 120% achievement Linear 90% through 100% achievement 2:1 Reduction below 90% achievement 0% Under the 2015 Incentive Compensation Plan, the Compensation Committee reserved the right to adjust the target levels for each corporate performance measure in the event of a merger, acquisition, or such other unforeseeable future event occurs. The Compensation Committee established the following target levels for the corporate performance measures based on non-GAAP EBITDA and new customers under the 2015 Incentive Compensation Plan: Financial Measure Fiscal 2015 Target Level Percentage of 2015 Target Cash Incentive Compensation Opportunity Based on Two Financial Measures Non-GAAP EBITDA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . New Customers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ($213.8 million) 1,600 25% 25% The target level for the corporate performance measure based on bookings under the 2015 Incentive Compensation Plan is not disclosed because it is considered an internal measure, the disclosure of which could result in competitive harm to us. -41- Individual Performance Objectives In addition to the corporate performance objectives, the annual cash incentive compensation for our eligible executive officers was also based on each executive officer’s achievement against his or her individual performance objectives. Individual performance objectives for each of these executive officers (other than Mr. Berry) were established at the beginning of the year in discussions with our CEO. The individual performance objectives for Mr. Berry were established in discussions with our CEO upon the commencement of Mr. Berry’s employment. The individual performance objectives could be quantitative or qualitative goals, depending on the organizational priorities for a given year, and typically focused on key departmental or operational objectives or functions. Most of these objectives were intended to provide a set of common goals that facilitated collaborative management and engagement, although our executive officers could also be assigned individual goals. These objectives set expectations for what our CEO and the Compensation Committee anticipated will be the means by which the individual component of cash incentive compensation is determined. In all cases, the individual performance objectives were intended to be challenging, but attainable, and designed to produce annual cash incentive payments that reflect meaningful performance requirements. The 2015 individual performance objectives for the Named Executive Officers eligible to participate in the 2015 Incentive Compensation Plan were as follows: • Mr. DeWalt: The individual performance objectives for Mr. DeWalt that were established at the beginning of 2015 were qualitative and closely linked to his role as our CEO. Mr. DeWalt’s specific goals included customer visits, participating in media and press engagements, providing product strategy and vision overall, and other goals related to achieving our externally-communicated financial targets. • Mr. Aziz: The individual performance objectives for Mr. Aziz that were established at the beginning of 2015 were qualitative and closely linked to his role as our Chief Strategy Officer. Mr. Aziz’s specific goals included providing leadership of our engineering and research and development teams, providing product strategy and vision, customer visits and participating in media and press engagements. • Mr. Berry: The individual performance objectives for Mr. Berry that were established upon the commencement of his employment were qualitative and closely linked to his role as our Chief Financial Officer. Mr. Berry’s specific goals included ramping up in his new position within an accelerated onboarding timeframe to understand the FireEye business in advance of the quarterly earnings call and investor discussions in our fourth quarter, increased business partnering with our identifying additional areas of optimization opportunities, and driving the senior management, completion of our 2016 planning cycle. • Ms. King: The individual performance objectives for Ms. King that were established at the beginning of 2015 were qualitative and closely linked to her role as our General Counsel. Ms. King’s specific goals included supporting our mergers and acquisition activity, developing and building our patent portfolio and trademarks, managing the legal function with respect to corporate and securities matters, and overseeing our litigation. • Mr. Mandia: The individual performance objectives for Mr. Mandia that were established at the beginning of 2015 were qualitative and closely linked to his role as our President. Mr. Mandia’s specific goals included translating global business priorities into operational tactics for FireEye’s products and services, working with investors and analysts, customer engagement activities, and participating in conference keynotes and media interviews as a FireEye trusted security advisor. • Mr. Sheridan: The individual performance objectives for Mr. Sheridan that were established at the beginning of 2015 were qualitative and closely linked to his role as our Chief Financial Officer. Mr. Sheridan’s specific goals included business planning activities, conducting quarterly earnings calls, providing quarterly and annual financial guidance, and working with investors and analysts. The evaluation of each eligible executive officer (other than our CEO) under the 2015 Incentive Compensation Plan was based on an assessment by our CEO against their respective individual performance -42- objectives for the year. Because our CEO is closest to the performance of the other executive officers, our CEO determined if the individual performance objectives were met, how they were met and whether there were other objectives that were more relevant indicators of performance for that individual. Our CEO then made his recommendations about achievement for the individual performance objectives to the Compensation Committee, which the Compensation Committee then takes into consideration. The Compensation Committee had complete discretion to accept our CEO’s recommendation, or to increase, reduce, or eliminate this aspect of an executive officer’s cash incentive compensation based on any factors it deemed relevant. In February 2016, (i) the level of achievement and payment associated with the individual performance objectives established for each executive officer (other than our CEO) were determined by our CEO and then submitted to the Compensation Committee for review and approval and (ii) the level of achievement and payment associated with the individual performance objectives established for our CEO were determined by our the Board of Directors (with the non-independent directors not voting) upon the recommendation of Compensation Committee. Payments for the 2015 Incentive Compensation Plan could be up to 200% of the portion of each executive officer’s target cash incentive compensation opportunity allocated to individual performance. the individual performance component of 2015 Performance Results and Award Decisions In February 2016, the Compensation Committee determined that (i) our actual achievement, and corresponding payment level, of the corporate performance measure based on 2015 bookings under the 2015 Incentive Compensation Plan was achieved at 96%, resulting in a payout level of 96%, and (ii) our actual achievement, and corresponding payment levels, with respect to the other corporate performance objectives under the 2015 Incentive Compensation Plan were as follows: Corporate Performance Measure 2015 Target Level 2015 Actual Result Percentage Achievement against Target Non-GAAP EBITDA . . . . . . . . . New Customers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ($213.8 million) 1,600 ($172.1 million) 1,198 120% 75% Payout Level 150% 0% At that time, the Compensation Committee (with respect to the eligible Named Executive Officers other than the CEO) and our Board of Directors (with respect to the CEO, with our non-independent directors not present at the meeting and therefore not voting) also determined that the individual performance objectives of each executive officer, including each of the Named Executive Officers (other than Mr. Verdecanna, who was not eligible under the 2015 Incentive Compensation Plan), whose cash incentive compensation opportunity was dependent on such individual performance objectives, had been attained at the following percentage levels: Named Executive Officer Individual Performance Objectives Attainment Level Mr. DeWalt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mr. Aziz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mr. Berry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ms. King . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mr. Mandia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mr. Sheridan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125% 100% 125% 150% 125% N/A(1) (1) Mr. Sheridan’s individual performance objective was not considered because his employment with us terminated in August 2015. -43- P r o x y S t a t e m e n t In February 2016, based on its review of our overall performance in 2015 against the corporate performance objectives and, to the extent applicable, the achievement of individual performance objectives of the Named Executive Officers (other than Mr. Verdecanna) as described above, the Compensation Committee determined to award, and, in the case of our CEO, our Board of Directors approved (with the non-independent directors not voting), cash payments under the 2015 Incentive Compensation Plan as follows for the eligible Named Executive Officers: Named Executive Officer Mr. DeWalt . . . . . . . . . . Mr. Aziz . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mr. Berry . . . . . . . . . . . . Ms. King . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mr. Mandia . . . . . . . . . . . Mr. Sheridan . . . . . . . . . . 2015 Target Cash Incentive Compensation Opportunity Amount Related to Corporate Financial Objectives Amount Related to Individual Performance Objectives Actual Cash Incentive Payment Percentage of Target Cash Incentive Compensation Opportunity $350,000 $150,000 $410,000 $135,000 $325,000 $217,500 $262,500 $112,500 $307,500 $101,250 $243,750 $163,125 $ 87,500 $ 37,500 $102,500 $ 33,750 $ 81,250 $ 54,375 $324,625 $129,750 $380,275 $133,650 $301,438 — (1) 93% 87% 93% 99% 93% — (1) Mr. Sheridan did not receive a cash incentive payment for 2015 because his employment with us terminated in August 2015. The cash amounts paid to the eligible Named Executive Officers under the 2015 Incentive Compensation Plan are also set forth in the “Summary Compensation Table for Fiscal Year 2015” below under the heading “Non-Equity Incentive Plan Compensation.” Short-Term Incentive Compensation – Our Former Interim Chief Financial Officer Target Cash Incentive Compensation Opportunity Mr. Verdecanna served as an executive officer on an interim basis from August 4, 2015 to September 20, 2015. As a non-executive officer for most of 2015, Mr. Verdecanna was not eligible to participate in the 2015 Incentive Compensation Plan. Instead, Mr. Verdecanna was eligible to receive quarterly cash bonuses. The quarterly cash bonuses were based 50% on the level of achievement of one corporate performance objective for the quarter and the other 50% based on the achievement of multiple individual performance objectives for the quarter set by Mr. Verdecanna’s manager in consultation with Mr. Verdecanna. Each quarterly corporate performance objective was a bookings target of the Company for the quarter, and the payout for overachievement of the corporate performance objective could be up to 150% of the quarterly target payout amount for such objective. The quarterly individual performance objectives substantially related to Mr. Verdecanna’s primary responsibilities as our Vice President of Finance (with respect to the first three quarters of 2015) or our Senior Vice President of Finance (with respect to the fourth quarter of 2015), and the payout for overachievement of the individual performance objectives could be to up to 200% of the quarterly target payout amount for such objectives. Because Mr. Verdecanna was not an executive officer at the time of determining whether he would be entitled to any quarterly cash bonus in 2015, our CEO had complete discretion to determine if Mr. Verdecanna’s quarterly corporate and individual performance objectives were met, at what level they were met, whether there were other objectives that were more relevant indicators of performance for Mr. Verdecanna, and what level of quarterly payout was appropriate for him. -44- Taking into account that Mr. Verdecanna’s annual base salary and target cash incentive compensation opportunity for 2015 were increased in November 2015, target cash incentive compensation opportunities for Mr. Verdecanna, expressed as a percentage of his blended annual base salary for 2015, was as follows: the blended 2015 annual Named Executive Officer Blended 2015 Annual Base Salary Blended 2015 Target Cash Incentive Compensation Opportunity (as a percentage of base salary) Blended 2015 Annual Target Cash Incentive Compensation Opportunity Mr. Verdecanna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $240,493 31% $73,799 2015 Performance Results and Award Decisions In 2015 (with respect to performance for the first, second and third fiscal quarters of 2015) and in February 2016 (with respect to performance for the fourth fiscal quarter of 2015), based on his review of the achievement of the applicable corporate and individual performance objectives, our CEO (at times when Mr. Verdecanna was not serving as an executive officer) approved total cash bonus payments to Mr. Verdecanna as follows: Named Executive Officer 2015 Aggregate Target Cash Incentive Compensation Opportunities Achievement of 2015 Aggregate Target Cash Incentive Compensation Opportunities Actual Aggregate Cash Incentive Payments Mr. Verdecanna . . . . . . . . . . . . . $73,799 102% $75,150 The aggregate cash bonus amount paid to Mr. Verdecanna for 2015 performance is also set forth in the “Summary Compensation Table for Fiscal Year 2015” below under the heading “Non-Equity Incentive Plan Compensation.” P r o x y S t a t e m e n t Long-Term Incentive Compensation We believe that if our executive officers own shares of our common stock in amounts that are significant to them, they will have an incentive to act to maximize long-term stockholder value. As discussed in the section “Other Compensation Policies” below, we use stock ownership guidelines to complement our long-term incentive compensation arrangements, so our executive officers maintain a strong link to the interests of stockholders and to the movements in our stock price. We also believe that long-term incentive compensation in the form of equity awards is an integral component of our efforts to attract and retain exceptional executive officers. In the past two years, we have relied on restricted stock unit (“RSU”) awards that may be settled for shares of our common stock and performance-based restricted stock unit (“PSU”) awards for shares of our common stock as the principal vehicles for delivering long-term incentive compensation opportunities to our executive officers. We believe this approach enables us to attract and retain key talent in our industry and aligns our executive team’s interests with the long-term interests of our stockholders. Generally, in determining the size of the equity awards granted to our executive officers, the Compensation Committee takes into consideration the recommendations of our CEO (except with respect to his own equity awards), as well as the factors described above. The Compensation Committee also considers the dilutive effect of our long-term incentive compensation practices, and the overall impact that these equity awards, as well as awards to other employees, will have on stockholder value. Equity Awards for Messrs. Aziz, Mandia and Sheridan and Ms. King In February 2015, the Compensation Committee granted equity awards for Messrs. Aziz, Mandia and Sheridan and Ms. King, in recognition of our financial results and each executive officer’s individual performance for 2014. In determining the amount of each executive officer’s equity award, the Compensation -45- Committee and our Board of Directors also took into consideration the recommendations of our CEO, as well as the factors described above. The Compensation Committee also considered the existing equity holdings of each executive officer, including the current economic value of their unvested equity awards and the ability of these unvested holdings to satisfy our retention objectives. These equity awards consisted of both RSU and PSU awards. The RSU awards are subject to a time-based vesting requirement. Pursuant to this vesting requirement, (i) 100% of the shares of our common stock subject to the awards for Messrs. Aziz and Mandia will vest approximately two years (in the case of Mr. Aziz) and 22.5 months (in the case of Mr. Mandia) from the date of grant, and (ii) 50% of the shares of our common stock subject to the awards for Ms. King and Mr. Sheridan will vest approximately two years from the date of grant and the remaining 50% will vest approximately three years from the date of grant, with the vesting in each case being subject to their continued service with us through the applicable vesting date. The PSU awards are subject to both a performance condition and a time-based vesting requirement. Pursuant to the performance condition, the number of shares of our common stock earned under the award is based on pre-established threshold, target, and maximum performance levels for our bookings for 2015. The PSU awards provided that, for the performance period commencing on January 1, 2015 and ending on December 31, 2015: • • • • if we achieved less than 80% of the target performance level, no shares would be earned, if we achieved at least 80% but less than 100% of the target performance level, a portion of the target number of shares granted would be earned, if we achieved 100% of the target performance level, the target number of shares granted would be earned, and if we exceeded the target performance level, up to 150% of the target number of shares granted would be earned. With respect to the time-based vesting requirement, the PSU awards also provided that: • • • in the case of Mr. Aziz, all of his earned shares will vest in February 2017, in the case of Ms. King and Mr. Sheridan, 50% of their earned shares will vest in February 2017 and the remaining 50% will vest in February 2018, and in the case of Mr. Mandia, all of his earned shares will vest in December 31 2016, with the vesting in each case being subject to his or her continued service with us through the applicable vesting date. The equity awards granted in 2015 to Messrs. Aziz, Mandia and Sheridan and Ms. King were as follows: Named Executive Officer Number of Shares Target Number of Shares Maximum Number of Shares (assuming overachievement) RSU Awards PSU Awards Mr. Aziz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ms. King . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mr. Mandia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mr. Sheridan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25,000 10,000 125,000 12,500 75,000 30,000 125,000 37,500 112,500 45,000 187,500 56,250 -46- In February 2016, the Compensation Committee determined that the performance condition under the PSU awards was achieved at the 96% level, equating to a payout of 96% of the target number of shares of our common stock under the PSU awards. The following table sets forth the number of shares earned under the PSU awards granted in 2015 to Messrs. Aziz, Mandia and Sheridan and Ms. King: Named Executive Officer Mr. Aziz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ms. King . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mr. Mandia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mr. Sheridan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Target Number of Shares under PSU Award Payout Level Actual Number of Shares Earned under PSU Award 75,000 30,000 125,000 37,500 96% 96% 96% 96% 72,000 28,800 120,000 — (1) (1) Mr. Sheridan did not earn any shares of our common stock under his PSU award because his employment with us terminated in August 2015. Equity Awards for CEO In February 2015, the Compensation Committee recommended that our Board of Directors grant our CEO an RSU award for 215,000 shares of our common stock and a PSU award for a target of 215,000 shares of our common stock. The Compensation Committee based its recommendation in part on our CEO’s continued effectiveness in overseeing our executive officers efforts to achieve our short-term and long-term business objectives and to set an appropriate tone for our general workforce. In addition to considering his achievements in the previous year and continued effectiveness, in view of our CEO’s importance to us, the Compensation Committee also based its recommendation on the retentive value of the awards to provide an opportunity to earn additional shares of our common stock over a critical period of our growth as a new publicly-traded company. Finally, the Compensation Committee determined that, given his responsibilities, our CEO’s equity award should be larger than the awards of the other executive officers to reflect his greater role and responsibilities. P r o x y S t a t e m e n t Following its consideration of the Compensation Committee’s recommendation, our Board of Directors (with our non-independent directors not present at the meeting and therefore not voting) granted the following equity awards to our CEO: Named Executive Officer Number of Shares Target Number of Shares Maximum Number of Shares (assuming overachievement) Mr. DeWalt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215,000 215,000 322,500 RSU Award PSU Award Our CEO’s RSU award is subject to a time-based vesting requirement. Pursuant to this vesting requirement, 100% of the shares of our common stock subject to this award will vest approximately 22.5 months from the date of grant, subject to his continued service with us through the vesting date. In addition, our CEO’s PSU award is subject to both a performance condition and a time-based vesting requirement. Pursuant to the performance condition, the number of shares of our common stock earned under the award is based on pre-established threshold, target, and maximum performance levels for our bookings for 2015. The PSU award provided that, for the performance period commencing on January 1, 2015 and ending on December 31, 2015: • • • • if we achieved less than 80% of the target performance level, no shares would be earned, if we achieved at least 80% but less than 100% of the target performance level, a portion of the target number of shares granted would be earned, if we achieved 100% of the target performance level, the target number of shares granted would be earned, and if we exceeded the target performance level, up to 150% of the target number of shares granted would be earned. -47- With respect to the time-based vesting requirement, the PSU award also provided that all of his earned shares will vest in December 2016, subject to our CEO’s continued service with us through the vesting date. In February 2016, the Compensation Committee determined that the performance condition under his PSU award was achieved at the 96% level, equating to a payout of 96% of the target number of shares of our common stock under the PSU award. The following table sets forth the number of shares earned by our CEO under his PSU award: Named Executive Officer Target Number of Shares under PSU Award Payout Level Actual Number of Shares Earned under PSU Award Mr. DeWalt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215,000 96% 206,400 Equity Awards for Mr. Berry In November 2015, in connection with his appointment as our Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, the Compensation Committee granted the following equity awards to Mr. Berry: • • an RSU award for 115,000 shares of our common stock that vests in four equal annual installments with the first installment vesting on February 15, 2016, subject to his continued service with us through each vesting date; and a PSU award for a target number of 115,000 shares of our common stock that is to be earned over four consecutive one-year performance periods with the first installment vesting on February 15, 2016. The PSU award is subject to both a performance condition and a time-based vesting requirement, for each of the 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2018 performance years. Pursuant to the performance condition for a performance year, the number of shares of our common stock earned under the PSU award for the performance year is based on pre-established threshold, target, and maximum performance levels for our bookings for the performance year. The PSU award provided that, for each performance year: • • • • if we achieve less than 80% of the target performance level, no shares will be earned for that year, if we achieve at least 80% but less than 100% of the target performance level, a portion of the number of shares allocated to that year will be earned for that year, if we achieve 100% of the target performance level, the number of shares allocated to that year will be earned for that year, and if we exceed the target performance level, up to 150% of the number of shares allocated to that year will be earned for that year. With respect to the time-based vesting requirement, the PSU award also provided that the shares of our common stock earned for a performance year will vest in the February following the applicable performance year, subject to Mr. Berry’s continued service with us through the vesting date. In February 2016, the Compensation Committee determined that the performance condition for the 2015 performance year under the PSU award was achieved at the 96% level, equating to a payout of 96% of the target number of shares for the 2015 performance year under the PSU award. The following table sets forth the number of shares earned under Mr. Berry’s PSU award: Named Executive Officer Target Number of Shares under PSU Award for 2015 Performance Year Payout Level Actual Number of Shares Earned under PSU Award for 2015 Performance Year Mr. Berry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,750 96% 27,600 -48- Equity Awards for Mr. Verdecanna On May 1, 2014, in connection with our annual equity refresh for non-executive employees, the Compensation Committee granted to Mr. Verdecanna a PSU award, which had the target number of 750 shares of our common stock tied 2015 company performance. Pursuant to the performance condition for the 2015 performance year, the number of shares of our common stock earned under the PSU award for the 2015 performance year is based on pre-established threshold, target, and maximum performance levels for our bookings for the performance year. The PSU award provided that (i) if we achieve less than 80% of the target for a performance year, no shares will be earned for that year, (ii) if we achieve at least 80% but less than 100% of the target for the 2015 performance year, a portion of the number of shares allocated to that year will be earned for that year, (iii) if we achieve 100% of the target for the 2015 performance year, the number of shares allocated to that year will be earned for that year, and (iv) if we exceed the target for the 2015 performance year, up to 150% of the number of shares allocated to that year will be earned for that year. Pursuant to the vesting requirement, the PSU award also provided that the shares earned for the 2015 performance year will vest in February 2016, subject to Mr. Verdecanna’ continued service with us through the vesting date. P r o x y S t a t e m e n t On May 27, 2015, in connection with our annual equity refresh for non-executive employees, the Compensation Committee granted the following equity awards to Mr. Verdecanna: • • an RSU award for 6,500 shares of our common stock, with 25% of the shares subject to the award vesting approximately one year from the grant date, and 6.25% of the shares subject to the award vesting each quarter thereafter, in each case subject to his continued service with us through each vesting date; and a PSU award for the target number of 6,500 shares of our common stock that is to be earned in four equal annual installments with the first vesting installment occurring on February 15, 2016. The PSU award is subject to both a performance condition and a time-based vesting requirement, for each of the 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2018 performance years under the PSU award. Pursuant to the performance condition for a performance year, the number of shares of our common stock earned under the PSU award for the performance year is based on pre-established threshold, target, and maximum performance levels for our bookings for the performance year. The PSU award provided that, for each performance year: • • • • if we achieve less than 80% of the target performance level, no shares will be earned for that year, if we achieve at least 80% but less than 100% of the target performance level, a portion of the number of shares allocated to that year will be earned for that year, if we achieve 100% of the target performance level, the number of shares allocated to that year will be earned for that year, and if we exceed the target performance level, up to 150% of the number of shares allocated to that year will be earned for that year. With respect to the time-based vesting requirement, the PSU award also provided that the shares of our common stock earned for a performance year will vest in the February following the applicable performance year, subject to Mr. Verdecanna’ continued service with us through the vesting date. On July 28, 2015, to help retain Mr. Verdecanna in light of the notice of resignation of his manager (i.e., Mr. Sheridan), the Compensation Committee granted Mr. Verdecanna a PSU award for the target number of 25,000 shares of our common stock that is to be earned in two equal annual installments with the first vesting installment occurring on February 15, 2016. The PSU award is subject to both a performance condition and a time-based vesting requirement, for each of the 2015 and 2016 performance years under the PSU award. Pursuant to the performance condition for a performance year, the number of shares of our common stock earned under the PSU award for the performance year is based on pre-established threshold, target, and maximum performance levels for our bookings for the performance year. The PSU award provided that (i) if we achieve -49- less than 80% of the target for a performance year, no shares will be earned for that year, (ii) if we achieve at least 80% but less than 100% of the target for a performance year, a portion of the number of shares allocated to that year will be earned for that year, (iii) if we achieve 100% of the target for a performance year, the number of shares allocated to that year will be earned for that year, and (iv) if we exceed the target for a performance year, up to 150% of the number of shares allocated to that year will be earned for that year. Pursuant to the vesting requirement, the PSU award also provided that the shares earned for a performance year will vest in the February following the applicable performance year, subject to Mr. Verdecanna’s continued service with us through the vesting date. In February 2015, the Compensation Committee determined that the performance condition for the 2015 performance year under the PSU awards were achieved at the 96% level, equating to a payout of 96% of the target number of shares for the 2015 performance year under the PSU awards. The following table sets forth the number of shares earned under Mr. Verdecanna’s PSU awards: Named Executive Officer Target Number of Shares under PSU Awards for 2015 Performance Year Payout Level Actual Number of Shares Earned under PSU Awards for 2015 Performance Year Mr. Verdecanna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,875 96% 14,280 The equity awards granted in 2015 to the Named Executive Officers are set forth in the “Summary Compensation Table for Fiscal Year 2015” and the “Grants of Plan-Based Awards Table for Fiscal Year 2015” below. Welfare and Health Benefits We maintain a tax-qualified retirement plan (the “FireEye 401(k) plan”) under Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code (the “Code”) for our executive officers and other employees who satisfy certain eligibility requirements, including requirements relating to age and length of service. The FireEye 401(k) plan provides eligible employees with an opportunity to save for retirement on a tax-advantaged basis. This plan is intended to qualify under Sections 401(a) and 501(a) of the Code so that contributions by employees to the plans, and income earned on plan contributions, are not taxable to employees until distributed from the applicable plan. In addition, all contributions are deductible by us when made. In 2014, we maintained a tax-qualified Section 401(k) plan for employees of our Mandiant subsidiary that was assumed in connection with our acquisition of Mandiant (the “Mandiant 401(k) plan”). The Mandiant 401(k) Plan was merged into the FireEye 401(k) as of January 1, 2015. All participants’ interests in their deferrals are 100% vested when contributed under the FireEye 401(k) plan. Pre-tax contributions are allocated to each participant’s individual account and are then invested in selected investment alternatives according to the participants’ directions. In 2015, we made no matching contributions into the FireEye 401(k) plan. As part of our acquisition of iSIGHT Partners in January 2016, the iSIGHT 401(k) plan was frozen, with no new contributions or participation from the date of the acquisition. We intend to merge the iSIGHT 401(k) plan into the FireEye 401(k) plan in 2016. In addition, we provide other benefits to our executive officers on the same basis as all of our full-time employees. These benefits include health, dental and vision benefits, health and dependent care flexible spending accounts, short-term and long-term disability insurance, accidental death and dismemberment insurance, and basic life insurance coverage. We also provide flexible time off and other paid holidays to all employees, including our executive officers. We do not offer our employees a non-qualified deferred compensation plan or pension plan. -50- We design our employee benefits programs to be affordable and competitive in relation to the market, as well as compliant with applicable laws and practices. We adjust our employee benefits programs as needed based upon regular monitoring of applicable laws and practices, the competitive market and our employees’ needs. Perquisites and Other Personal Benefits Currently, we do not view perquisites or other personal benefits as a significant component of our executive compensation program. Accordingly, we do not provide perquisites to our executive officers, except in situations where we believe it is appropriate to assist an individual in the performance of his or her duties, to make our executive officers more efficient and effective, for recruitment and retention purposes, or consistent with benefits provided to our other full-time employees. During 2015, none of the Named Executive Officers received perquisites or other personal benefits that were, in the aggregate, $10,000 or more for each Named Executive Officer. In the future, we may provide perquisites or other personal benefits to our executive officers in limited circumstances, such as where we believe it is appropriate to assist an individual executive officer in the performance of his or her duties, to make our executive officers more efficient and effective, for recruitment, motivation or retention purposes, or consistent with benefits provided to our other full-time employees. We do not expect that these perquisites or other personal benefits will be a significant aspect of our executive compensation program. All future practices with respect to perquisites or other personal benefits will be approved and subject to periodic review by the Compensation Committee. Employment Arrangements We have entered into written employment offer letters with each of the Named Executive Officers. Each of these arrangements was approved on our behalf by our Board of Directors or the Compensation Committee, as applicable. We believe that these arrangements were appropriate to induce these individuals to forego other employment opportunities or leave their current employer for the uncertainty of a demanding position in a new and unfamiliar organization. In filling these executive positions, our Board of Directors or the Compensation Committee, as applicable, was aware that it would be necessary to recruit candidates with the requisite experience and skills to manage a growing business in a dynamic and ever-changing industry. Accordingly, it recognized that it would need to develop competitive compensation packages to attract qualified candidates in a highly-competitive labor market. At the same time, our Board of Directors or the Compensation Committee, as applicable, was sensitive to the need to integrate new executive officers into the executive compensation structure that it was seeking to develop, balancing both competitive and internal equity considerations. Each of these employment offer letters provides for “at will” employment and sets forth the initial compensation arrangements for the Named Executive Officer, including an initial base salary, an annual target cash incentive compensation opportunity, and, in some instances, a recommendation for an equity award. For a summary of the material terms and conditions of the employment offer letters with each of the Named Executive Officers, see “—Employment Agreements for Executive Officers” and “—Other Employment Agreements” below. Post-Employment Compensation Prior to July 2013, the employment offer letters that we entered into with the Named Executive Officers provided for certain payments and benefits in the event of their termination of employment under specified circumstances, including following a change in control of the Company. We believed that these arrangements were significant factors in the recruitment of these executive officers and would help these individuals maintain continued focus and dedication to their responsibilities to help maximize stockholder value if there was a potential transaction that could involve a change in control of the Company. -51- P r o x y S t a t e m e n t In July 2013, the Compensation Committee adopted a Change of Control Severance Policy for Officers (the “Severance Policy”), a standardized approach for the payment of severance and change in control benefits to our executive officers. Under the Severance Policy, the rights of our executive officers upon an involuntary termination of employment, including an involuntary termination of employment following a change in control of the Company, were established on a uniform basis. In addition, the post-employment compensation and benefits of our executive officers were established separately from their other compensation elements. The Severance Policy is applicable to all new executive officers hired since July 2013. In addition, our executive officers were given the opportunity to waive the existing severance and change in control protections in their employment offer letters in favor of the Severance Policy. Each of the Named Executive Officers who were employed with us at July 2013, other than Mr. Aziz, agreed to relinquish the severance payments and benefits otherwise provided in his or her employment offer letter in exchange for eligibility to receive payments and benefits under the Severance Policy. We believe the Severance Policy serves several objectives. First, it eliminates the need to negotiate separation payments and benefits on a case-by-case basis. It also helps assure an executive officer that his or her severance payments and benefits are comparable to those of other executive officers with similar levels of responsibility and tenure. Further, it acts as an incentive for our executive officers to remain employed and focused on their responsibilities during the threat or negotiation of a change-in-control transaction, which we believe will help preserve our value and the potential benefit to be received by our stockholders in any such transaction. Finally, the Severance Policy is easier for us to administer, as it requires less time and expense. The Severance Policy contemplates that the payments and benefits in the event of a change in control of the Company are payable only upon a “double trigger”; that is, only following a change in control and a qualifying termination of employment, including a termination of employment without cause or a resignation for good reason, and in each case requires that the executive officer execute a general release of claims in favor of the Company. In addition, the Severance Policy provides payments and benefits to our executive officers for qualified terminations of employment unrelated to a change in control of the Company. For a summary of the material terms and conditions of the Severance Policy, as well as the post- employment compensation arrangements with Mr. Aziz, see “—Change of Control Severance Policy for Officers” and “—Potential Payments upon a Change of Control, upon Termination or upon Termination Following a Change of Control” below. Other Compensation Policies Stock Ownership Guidelines We believe that stock ownership by our executive officers and non-employee members of our Board of Directors is important to link the risks and rewards inherent in stock ownership of these individuals and our stockholders. Our Board of Directors has adopted formal stock ownership guidelines that require our executive officers and non-employee members of our Board of Directors to own a minimum number of shares of our common stock. These mandatory ownership levels are intended to create a clear standard that ties a portion of these individuals’ economic interests to the performance of our stock price. Compliance is evaluated on an annual basis, as determined by the Compensation Committee, and not on an ongoing basis. Shares of our common stock underlying RSU awards that are not then subject to achievement of performance conditions and the shares of our common stock subject to vested stock options (on a net exercise basis) count toward meeting the requirements. The current required ownership levels are as follows: Individual Subject to Ownership Guidelines Minimum Required Level of Stock Ownership Chief Executive Officer Other Executive Officers Non-employee members of Board of Directors 6x base salary 1x base salary 3x annual retainer -52- During any year in which an individual’s required ownership level is not met, he or she is required to retain at least 50% of the net shares following the exercise of stock options, the vesting of RSU awards or the vesting of PSU awards until the required ownership level has been met. The guidelines provide that in the event the annual retainer (or any portion thereof) is paid to a non-employee member of our Board of Directors in equity instead of cash, the annual retainer (or applicable portion thereof) means the grant date fair value of the annual equity award (or applicable portion thereof) for regular service on our Board of Directors. In April 2016, the Compensation Committee evaluated executive officer and director compliance with the guidelines for 2016 and determined that our CEO and each of our other executive officers and two non-employee members of our Board of Directors had satisfied his or her required stock ownership level. Ms. Alexy and Messrs. Ahuja, Coughran and Pusey, who are non-employee members of our Board of Directors, are within a grace period, defined as five years from the date of first becoming subject to the guidelines, and, thus, are still in the process of satisfying their required stock ownership level. Compensation Recovery Policy Our Board of Directors has adopted a compensation recovery policy allowing it to require the repayment or forfeiture of all or part of any performance-based cash incentive compensation, performance-based equity award or other performance-based award paid or granted to our executive officers where the payment, grant or vesting of such compensation or award was based on the achievement of financial results that were subsequently the subject of a financial restatement and where the restatement was the result of fraud or intentional misconduct. This policy only applies to current and former executive officers subject to the reporting requirements of Section 16 of the Exchange Act who were involved in the fraud or misconduct. In addition to the foregoing, our CEO and our Chief Financial Officer are subject to the compensation recovery provisions of Section 304 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. P r o x y S t a t e m e n t Equity Award Grant Policy We maintain an Equity Award Grant Policy that provides the following guidelines to be observed by the Compensation Committee and our Board of Directors when granting equity awards under the Company’s equity compensation plans: • • • • Any equity awards granted by the Compensation Committee to our CEO are subject to the ratification of our Board of Directors (with any non-independent directors abstaining). Generally, equity awards for new hires will be granted on a monthly basis. An equity award granted to a new hire may not have a grant date prior to such individual’s first date of bona fide employment or service. The Compensation Committee, our Board of Directors, and/or the Equity Award Committee (a committee, consisting of our Chief Financial Officer and our General Counsel, to which the Compensation Committee has delegated non-exclusive authority to grant equity awards to employees where the award falls within prescribed guidelines approved by the Compensation Committee) has the authority to grant occasional retention, promotion, or merit equity awards during the year in a manner that is consistent with the terms of this policy. Equity awards should not be timed in relation to the release of material non-public information, and it is the intent of the policy to specify the timing of effectiveness of equity award grants to avoid such timing. Under our current equity compensation plan, the exercise price of any option to purchase shares of our common stock may not be less than the fair market value of our common stock on the date of grant. -53- Derivatives Trading, Hedging, and Pledging Policies Our insider trading policy prohibits our executive officers and members of our Board of Directors from, among other things, derivative securities transactions, including any hedging, with respect to shares of our common stock and from pledging Company securities as collateral or holding Company securities in a margin account. Tax and Accounting Considerations Deductibility of Executive Compensation Section 162(m) of the Code generally disallows a deduction for federal income tax purposes to any publicly- traded corporation for any remuneration in excess of $1 million paid in any taxable year to its chief executive officer and each of the three other most highly-compensated executive officers (other than its chief financial officer). Generally, remuneration in excess of $1 million may be deducted if, among other things, it qualifies as “performance-based compensation” within the meaning of the Code or satisfies the conditions of another exemption. In this regard, the compensation income realized upon the exercise of options to purchase shares of the granting company’s securities granted under a stockholder-approved stock option plan generally will be deductible so long as the options are granted by a committee whose members are outside directors and certain other conditions are satisfied. Prior to our becoming a public company, our Board of Directors had not previously taken the deductibility limit imposed by Section 162(m) into consideration in setting compensation for the covered executive officers. As a publicly-traded company, the Compensation Committee is mindful of the benefits of full deductibility of compensation, and intends to operate our executive compensation program to be most efficient and effective for our stockholders, which may include compliance with Section 162(m) of the Code. The Compensation Committee seeks to qualify the incentive compensation paid to the covered executive officers for the “performance-based compensation” exemption from the deduction limit under Section 162(m) when it believes such action is in our best interests. In approving the amount and form of compensation for our executive officers, the Compensation Committee considers all elements of the cost to us of providing such compensation, including the potential impact of the Section 162(m) deduction limit. However, the Compensation Committee reserves the discretion, in its judgment, to approve compensation payments that do not comply with an exemption from the deduction limit when it believes that such payments are appropriate to attract and retain executive talent. Taxation of Nonqualified Deferred Compensation Section 409A of the Code requires that amounts that qualify as “nonqualified deferred compensation” satisfy requirements with respect to the timing of deferral elections, timing of payments, and certain other matters. Generally, the Compensation Committee intends to administer our executive compensation program and design individual compensation components, as well as the compensation plans and arrangements for our employees generally, so that they are either exempt from, or satisfy the requirements of, Section 409A. From time to time, we may be required to amend some of our compensation plans and arrangements to ensure that they are either exempt from, or compliant with, Section 409A. Taxation of “Parachute” Payments Sections 280G and 4999 of the Code provide that executive officers and directors who hold significant equity interests and certain other service providers may be subject to significant additional taxes if they receive payments or benefits in connection with a change in control of the Company that exceeds certain prescribed limits, and that the Company (or a successor) may forfeit a deduction on the amounts subject to this additional -54- tax. We are not obligated to provide any Named Executive Officer with a “gross-up” or other reimbursement payment for any tax liability that he or she may owe as a result of the application of Sections 280G or 4999 in the event of a change in control of the Company. Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation The Compensation Committee takes accounting considerations into account in designing compensation plans and arrangements for our executive officers and other employees. Chief among these is Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standards Codification Topic 718 (“ASC Topic 718”), the standard which governs the accounting treatment of stock-based compensation awards. ASC Topic 718 requires us to recognize in our financial statements all share-based payment awards to employees, including grants of options to purchase shares of our common stock and restricted stock awards that may be settled for shares of our common stock to our executive officers, based on their fair values. The application of ASC Topic 718 involves significant amounts of judgment in the determination of inputs into the Black-Scholes-Merton valuation model that we use to determine the fair value of stock options. These inputs are based upon assumptions as to the volatility of the underlying stock, risk free interest rates, and the expected life (term) of the options. As required under GAAP, we review our valuation assumptions at each grant date, and, as a result, our valuation assumptions used to value stock options granted in future periods may vary from the valuation assumptions we have used previously. For certain performance-based stock awards, we also must apply judgment in determining the periods when, and if, the achievement of the related performance targets becomes probable. ASC Topic 718 also requires us to recognize the compensation cost of our share-based payment awards in our income statement over the period that an employee, including our executive officers, is required to render service in exchange for the award (which, generally, will correspond to the award’s vesting schedule). Compensation Committee Report The information contained in the following Compensation Committee Report shall not be deemed to be soliciting material or to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, nor shall such information be incorporated by reference into any future filing under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, except to the extent that the Company specifically incorporates it by reference in such filing. The compensation committee has reviewed and discussed the Compensation Discussion and Analysis required by 402(b) of Regulation S-K with management. Based on this review and discussion, the compensation committee recommended to our board of directors that the Compensation Discussion and Analysis be included in this proxy statement. Respectfully submitted by the members of the compensation committee of the board of directors: P r o x y S t a t e m e n t Enrique Salem (Chair) William M. Coughran Jr. Stephen Pusey -55- Summary Compensation Table for Fiscal Year 2015 The following table provides information regarding the compensation awarded to, or earned by, the Named Executive Officers during 2013, 2014 and 2015. Name and Principal Position David G. DeWalt, . . . . . . . Chief Executive Officer Ashar Aziz, . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chief Strategy Officer Michael J. Berry, . . . . . . . . . Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer(4) Alexa King, . . . . . . . . . . . . . Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary Kevin R. Mandia, President(5) . . . . . . . . Michael J. Sheridan, . . . . . . Former Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer(6) Frank Verdecanna, . . . . . . . Former Interim Chief Financial Officer(7) Year 2015 2014 2013 2015 2014 2013 2015 2014 2013 2015 2014 2013 2015 2014 2013 2015 2014 2013 2015 2014 2013 Salary ($) 350,000 350,000 350,000 300,000 300,000 300,000 115,115 — — 270,000 250,000 250,000 325,000 — — 170,282 265,000 265,000 240,493 — — Bonus ($)(1) Stock Awards ($)(2) — — 190,000 15,703,600 12,846,000 — Option Awards ($)(2) — — 431,177 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 3,652,000 2,230,500 — 6,653,900 — — 1,460,800 2,974,001 302,495 9,130,000 — — 1,826,000 2,602,251 302,495 1,727,380 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — Non-Equity Incentive Plan Compensation ($)(3) All Other Compensation ($) 324,625 367,500 — 129,750 155,630 152,869 380,275 — — 133,650 137,500 106,227 301,438 — — — 206,255 147,712 75,150 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 200 — — — — Total ($) 16,378,225 13,563,500 971,177 4,081,750 2,686,130 452,869 7,149,290 — — 1,864,450 3,361,501 658,722 9,756,438 — — 1,996,282 3,073,706 715,207 2,043,023 — — (1) For 2015, 2014 and 2013 (except with respect to Mr. DeWalt), all cash incentive compensation is shown under non-equity incentive plan compensation. (2) The amounts in this column represent the aggregate grant date fair value of the stock options, restricted stock units and performance-based restricted stock units (“PSUs”) as computed in accordance with Financial Accounting Standard Board Accounting Standards Codification Topic 718. The assumptions used in calculating the grant date fair value of the awards reported in this column are set forth in the notes to our audited consolidated financial statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K, as filed with the SEC on February 26, 2016. The PSUs were valued on the target outcome of performance-based conditions (i.e., based on 100% achievement). If the PSUs were instead valued on the maximum outcome of performance-based conditions (i.e., based on 150% achievement), the total amount represented in this column for fiscal year 2015 would be as follows: Mr. DeWalt: $19,629,500; Mr. Aziz: $5,021,500; Mr. Berry: $8,317,375; Ms. King: $2,008,600; Mr. Mandia: $11,412,500; Mr. Sheridan: $2,510,750; and Mr. Verdecanna: $2,451,418. (3) For 2013, 2014 and 2015 (except with respect to Mr. Verdecanna), represents amounts paid under the Employee Incentive Plan. For Mr. Verdecanna, represents amount paid under the FireEye 2015 Incentive Plan. (4) Mr. Berry was appointed as our Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer effective September 21, 2016 and accordingly received no compensation from us during 2013 or 2014. (5) Mr. Mandia was a Named Executive Officer for 2015 and no prior years. Accordingly, only information for 2015 is provided with respect to Mr. Mandia. (6) Mr. Sheridan’s employment with us terminated on August 3, 2015. (7) Mr. Verdecanna was appointed as Interim Chief Financial Officer on August 4, 2015 and accordingly only information for 2015 is provided with respect to Mr. Verdecanna. -56- Grants of Plan-Based Awards Table for Fiscal Year 2015 The following table provides information regarding the amount of equity awards granted to the Named Executive Officers during 2015. Name Grant Date David G. DeWalt . . . . . . . — 2/10/15 2/10/15 Ashar Aziz . . . . . . . . . . . . — 2/10/15 2/10/15 Michael J. Berry . . . . . . . . — 11/3/15 11/3/15 Alexa King . . . . . . . . . . . . — 2/10/15 2/10/15 Kevin R. Mandia . . . . . . . . — 2/10/15 2/10/15 Michael J. Sheridan(6) . . . — 2/10/15 2/10/15 Frank Verdecanna . . . . . . . — 5/27/15 5/27/15 7/28/15 Estimated Future Payouts Under Non-Equity Incentive Plan Awards(1)(2) Estimated Future Payouts Under Equity Incentive Plan Awards(3) Threshold($) Target($) Max($) Target(#) Max(#) All Other Stock Awards: Number of Shares of Stock or Units(#)(4) Grant Date Fair Value of Stock and Option Awards($)(5) — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 350,000 — — 150,000 — — 410,000 — — 135,000 — — 325,000 — — 217,500 — — 73,799 — — — 568,750 — — — 215,000 — — 322,500 — 243,750 — — 666,250 — 75,000 — — 112,500 — — — — 115,000 — — 172,500 — 219,375 — — 528,125 — 30,000 — — 45,000 — — — — 125,000 — — 187,500 — 353,438 — — 129,148 — — — — 37,500 — — 6,500 — 25,000 — 56,250 — — 9,750 — 37,500 — — 215,000 — — 25,000 — — 115,000 — 10,000 — — 125,000 — — 12,500 — — 6,500 — — 7,851,800 7,851,800 — 2,739,000 913,000 — 3,326,950 3,326,950 — 1,095,600 365,200 — 4,565,000 4,565,000 — 1,369,500 456,500 — 292,565 292,565 1,142,250 (1) Amounts in the Estimated Future Payouts Under Non-Equity Incentive Plan Awards columns for Messrs. DeWalt, Aziz, Berry, Mandia and Sheridan and Ms. King relate to amounts payable for the achievement of the 2015 performance metrics established by our compensation committee under our Employee Incentive Plan. The target column assumes the achievement of the corporate performance metrics and the individual performance metrics at the target level. The maximum column assumes the achievement of the corporate performance metrics and the individual performance metrics at the maximum level. Notwithstanding the level of performance achieved by such executives, our compensation committee reserves the right to increase, reduce or eliminate any incentive compensation in its discretion. The actual amounts paid to the Named Executive Officers that are our current and former executive officers are set forth in the Summary Compensation Table for Fiscal Year 2015 above. For more information, see “Compensation Discussion and Analysis—Compensation Elements” above. (2) Amounts in the Estimated Future Payouts Under Non-Equity Incentive Plan Awards columns for Mr. Verdecanna relate to blended amounts payable for the achievement of the 2015 performance metrics established by our CEO under the FireEye 2015 Incentive Plan, taking into account that Mr. Verdecanna’s target cash incentive compensation opportunity for 2015 was increased in November 2015. The target column assumes the achievement of the corporate performance metrics and the individual performance metrics at the target level. The maximum column assumes the achievement of the corporate performance metrics and the individual performance metrics at the maximum level. Notwithstanding the level of -57- P r o x y S t a t e m e n t performance achieved by Mr. Verdecanna, our CEO reserves the right to increase, reduce or eliminate any incentive compensation in his discretion. The actual amounts paid to Mr. Verdecanna are set forth in the Summary Compensation Table for Fiscal Year 2015 above. For more information, see “Compensation Discussion and Analysis—Compensation Elements” above. (3) Represents performance-based restricted stock unit awards which were granted under the FireEye, Inc. 2013 Equity Incentive Plan. For more information, see “Compensation Discussion and Analysis—Compensation Elements” above. (4) Represents restricted stock unit awards which were granted under the FireEye, Inc. 2013 Equity Incentive Plan. (5) The amounts in this column represent the aggregate grant date fair value of the award as computed in accordance with Financial Accounting Standard Board Accounting Standards Codification Topic 718. The assumptions used in calculating the grant date fair value of the awards reported in this column are set forth in the notes to our audited consolidated financial statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K, as filed with the SEC on February 26, 2016. (6) Mr. Sheridan did not receive a cash payment because his employment with us terminated in August 2015. In addition, all of the equity awards granted to Mr. Sheridan in 2015 were automatically cancelled upon the termination of his employment in August 2015. -58- Outstanding Equity Awards at 2015 Fiscal Year-End The following table presents certain information concerning equity awards held by the Named Executive Officers as of December 31, 2015. Option Awards Stock Awards(1) Number of Securities Underlying Unexercised Options (#) Exercisable Number of Securities Underlying Unexercised Options (#) Unexercisable Option Exercise Price ($) Option Expiration Date Number of Shares or Units of Stock that have not Vested (#) — — 41,000 139,944 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 30,700 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 57,292 — — — — — 1.65 — 1.65 5.44 — — — — 0.57 1.65 — — — — 1.65 — — — — — — 3.66 — — — — — 6/14/2022 1/21/2023 5/26/2021 3/29/2022 4/30/2022 765,560 — 28,093 — — — 75,000 — 61,500 — 206,400 — 215,000 47,297 82,314 — 72,000 — 25,000 — 27,600(15) — 115,000 29,167 8,750 — 3,750 — — 21,525 — 28,800 — 10,000 34,256 120,000 125,000 5/24/2022 — 11/10/2022 — — 720(29) — — — — — 12,000(35) 2,250 1,560(32) 6,500 P r o x y S t a t e m e n t Equity incentive plan awards: market or payout value of unearned shares, units or other rights that have not vested($) Equity incentive plan awards: number of unearned shares, units or other rights that have not vested(#) — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 86,250(16) 1,788,825 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — Market Value of Shares or Units of Stock that have not Vested ($)(2) 15,877,714 582,649 — — 1,555,500 1,275,510 4,280,736 4,459,100 980,940 1,707,192 1,493,280 518,500 572,424 2,385,100 604,924 181,475 77,775 446,429 597,312 207,400 710,469 2,488,800 2,592,500 — — 14,933 46,665 32,354 134,810 248,880 — — 1,500(30) — 4,875(33) — 12,500(36) — — 31,110 — 101,108 — 259,250 Name Grant Date David G. DeWalt . . . Ashar Aziz . . . . . . . . Michael J. Berry . . . . Alexa King . . . . . . . . Kevin R. Mandia . . . 5/1/12(3) 5/1/12(4) 6/15/12(5) 1/22/13(6) 3/1/14(7) 3/1/14(8) 2/10/15(9) 2/10/15(10) 5/27/11(11) 3/30/12(12) 2/10/15(13) 2/10/15(14) 11/3/15 11/3/15(17) 5/25/12(18) 2/14/14(19) 2/14/14(20) 2/14/14(21) 2/10/15(22) 2/10/15(23) 7/26/12(24) 2/10/15(25) 2/10/15(26) Michael J. Sheridan(27) . . . . — Frank Verdecanna . . 11/11/12(28) 5/1/14 5/1/14(31) 5/27/15 5/27/15(34) 7/28/15 (1) Unless otherwise described in the footnotes below, represents (i) restricted stock awards, (ii) performance based restricted stock awards and (iii) shares of restricted stock issued upon the early exercise of stock options, in each case that remained unvested as of December 31, 2015. We have a right to repurchase any unvested shares subject to each such award if the holder of the award ceases to provide services to us prior to the date on which all shares subject to the award have vested in accordance with the applicable vesting schedule described in the footnotes below. (2) The market value of unvested shares is calculated by multiplying the number of unvested shares held by the applicable Named Executive Officer by the closing market price of our common stock on The NASDAQ Global Select Market on December 31, 2015, which was $20.74 per share. (3) As modified by the amended and restated offer letter entered into with Mr. DeWalt in November 2012, the shares subject to the award vest in 31 equal monthly installments commencing on April 30, 2014, subject to Mr. DeWalt’s continuous service as our Chief Executive Officer on each such vesting date. For a description of Mr. DeWalt’s offer letter, see “Executive Compensation—Employment Agreements for Executive Officers.” -59- (4) As modified by the amended and restated offer letter entered into with Mr. DeWalt in November 2012, the shares subject to the award vest in 48 equal monthly installments commencing on May 1, 2012, subject to Mr. DeWalt’s continuous status as a member of our board of directors on each such vesting date. For a description of Mr. DeWalt’s offer letter, see “Executive Compensation—Employment Agreements for Executive Officers.” (5) As modified by the amended and restated offer letter entered into with Mr. DeWalt in November 2012, the shares subject to the option are early exercisable and vest in equal monthly installments over 48 months beginning on November 19, 2012, subject to Mr. DeWalt’s continuous status as our Chief Executive Officer as of each such vesting date. For a description of Mr. DeWalt’s offer letter, see “Executive Compensation—Employment Agreements for Executive Officers.” (6) The shares subject to the option are early exercisable and vest in equal monthly installments over 48 months beginning on November 19, 2012, subject to Mr. DeWalt’s continuous status as our Chief Executive Officer as of each such vesting date. (7) 100% of the shares subject to the restricted stock unit award vest on February 15, 2016, subject to Mr. DeWalt’s continuous status as a service provider on such vesting date. (8) Represents the actual number of shares issuable upon the vesting of restricted stock units. The amount earned, which was based on the achievement of certain performance conditions, will vest in February 2016, subject to Mr. DeWalt’s continuous status as a service provider on such vesting date. (9) Represents the actual number of shares issuable upon the vesting of restricted stock units. The amount earned, which was based on the achievement of certain performance conditions, will vest on December 31, 2016, subject to Mr. DeWalt’s continuous status as a service provider on such vesting date. (10) 100% of the shares subject to the restricted stock unit award vest on December 31, 2016, subject to Mr. DeWalt’s continuous status as a service provider on such vesting date. (11) As modified by the offer letter entered into with Mr. Aziz in November 2012, as of December 31, 2015, 508,687 of the shares subject to the award had vested, and 47,297 of the shares subject to the award continue to vest in 12 equal monthly installments, subject to Mr. Aziz’s continuous status as a service provider on each such vesting date. For a description of Mr. Aziz’s offer letter, see “Executive Compensation—Employment Agreements for Executive Officers. (12) As modified by the offer letter entered into with Mr. Aziz in November 2012, as of December 31, 2015, 1, 536,125 of the shares subject to the award had vested, and 82,314 of the shares subject to the award continue to vest in six equal monthly installments, subject to Mr. Aziz’s continuous status as a service provider on each such vesting date. For a description of Mr. Aziz’s offer letter, see “Executive Compensation—Employment Agreements for Executive Officers. (13) Represents the actual number of shares issuable upon the vesting of restricted stock units. The amount earned, which was based on the achievement of certain performance conditions, will vest on February 15, 2017, subject to Mr. Aziz’s continuous status as a service provider on such vesting date. (14) 100% of the shares subject to the restricted stock unit award vest on February 15, 2017, subject to Mr. Aziz’s continuous status as a service provider on such vesting date. (15) Upon the achievement of certain performance conditions, 27,600 of the eligible restricted stock units relating to the 2015 performance year were earned and vested on February 15, 2016. (16) Upon the achievement of the target outcome of certain performance conditions, one-third of the eligible restricted stock units will vest on February 15, 2017, one-third of the eligible restricted stock units will vest on February 15, 2018, and one-third of the eligible restricted stock units will vest on February 15, 2019, in each case subject to Mr. Berry’s continuous status as a service provider on each such vesting date. (17) 25% of the shares subject to the restricted stock unit award vest annually beginning on February 15, 2016, subject to Mr. Berry’s continuous status as a service provider on each such vesting date. (18) 25% of the shares subject to the award vested on April 16, 2013, and the remaining shares subject to the award vest in 36 equal monthly installments thereafter, subject to Ms. King’s continuous status as a service provider on each such vesting date. (19) 100% of the shares subject to the restricted stock unit award vest on February 15, 2017, subject to the holder’s continuous status as a service provider on such vesting date. (20) 25% of the shares subject to the restricted stock unit award vested on February 15, 2015, and the remaining shares subject to the restricted stock unit award will vest annually in three equal installments on the anniversary of such date, subject to Ms. King’s continuous status as a service provider on such date. (21) Represents the actual number of shares issuable upon the vesting of restricted stock units. The amount earned, which was based on the achievement of certain performance conditions, will vest on February 15, 2017, subject to the holder’s continuous status as a service provider on such vesting date. (22) Represents the actual number of shares issuable upon the vesting of restricted stock units. 50% of the amount earned, which was based on the achievement of certain performance conditions, will vest on February 15, 2017, and the remaining 50% of the amount earned will vest on February 15, 2018, in each case subject to Ms. King’s continuous status as a service provider on each such vesting date. -60- (23) 50% of the shares subject to the restricted stock unit award vest annually beginning on February 15, 2017, subject to Ms. King’s continuous status as a service provider on each such vesting date. (24) The shares underlying the restricted stock award vest in equal monthly installments over 32 months beginning on December 26, 2013, subject to Mr. Mandia’s continuous status as our Chief Executive Officer as of each such vesting date. (25) Represents the actual number of shares issuable upon the vesting of restricted stock units. The amount earned, which was based on the achievement of certain performance conditions, will vest on December 31, 2016, subject to Mr. Mandia’s continuous status as a service provider on such vesting date. (26) 100% of the shares subject to the restricted stock unit award vest on December 31, 2016, subject to Mr. Mandia’s continuous status as a service provider on such vesting date. (27) Mr. Sheridan’s employment terminated on August 3, 2015, at which time all then unvested options and unvested restricted stock units previously granted to him were forfeited. (28) 25% of the shares subject to the award vested on November 6, 2013, and the remaining shares subject to the award vest in 36 equal monthly installments thereafter, subject to Mr. Verdecanna’s continuous status as a service provider on each such vesting date. (29) Upon the achievement of certain performance conditions, 720 of the eligible restricted stock units relating to the 2015 performance year were earned and vested on February 15, 2016. (30) Upon the achievement of the target outcome of certain performance conditions, 50% of the eligible restricted stock units will vest on February 15, 2017, and 50% of the eligible restricted stock units will vest on February 15, 2018, in each case subject to Mr. Verdecanna’s continuous status as a service provider on each such vesting date. (31) 25% of the shares subject to the restricted stock unit award vested on May 15, 2015, and the remaining shares subject to the restricted stock unit award will vest annually in three equal installments on the anniversary of such date, subject to Mr. Verdecanna’s continuous status as a service provider on such date. (32) Upon the achievement of certain performance conditions, 1,560 of the eligible restricted stock units relating to the 2015 performance year were earned and vested on February 15, 2016. (33) Upon the achievement of the target outcome of certain performance conditions, one-third of the eligible restricted stock units will vest on February 15, 2017, one-third of the eligible restricted stock units will vest on February 15, 2018, and one-third of the eligible restricted stock units will vest on February 15, 2019, in each case subject to Mr. Verdecanna’s continuous status as a service provider on each such vesting date. (34) 25% of the shares subject to the restricted stock unit award vest on May 15, 2016, and 6.25% of the shares subject to the restricted stock unit award vest quarterly thereafter, subject to Mr. Verdecanna’s continuous status as a service provider on each such vesting date. (35) Upon the achievement of the target outcome of certain performance conditions, 12,000 of the eligible restricted stock units relating to the 2015 performance year were earned and vested on February 15, 2016. (36) Upon the achievement of the target outcome of a performance condition, 100% of the eligible restricted stock units will vest on February 15, 2017, subject to Mr. Verdecanna’s continuous status as a service provider on each such vesting date. P r o x y S t a t e m e n t -61- Option Exercises and Stock Vested for Fiscal Year 2015 The following table sets forth the number of shares acquired and the value realized upon the exercise of stock options and the vesting of restricted stock awards and restricted stock units during fiscal year 2015 by each of the Named Executive Officers. Name David G. DeWalt . . . . Ashar Aziz . . . . . . . . . Alexa King . . . . . . . . Michael J. Berry . . . . Kevin R. Mandia . . . . Michael J. Sheridan . . . . . . . . Frank Verdecanna . . . Option Awards Stock Awards Number of Shares Acquired on Exercise (#) Value Realized on Exercise ($)(1) Number of Shares Acquired on Vesting (#) Value Realized on Vesting ($)(2) — — — — — — 60,325 — — — — — — 2,329,390 902,577 247,100 111,250 — 293,634 175,063 1,365 33,007,316 9,683,954 4,319,148 — 7,121,560 7,180,578 57,017 (1) Based on the market price of the Company’s common stock on the date of exercise less the option exercise price paid for those shares, multiplied by the number of shares for which the option was exercised. (2) Based on the market price of the Company’s common stock on the vesting date, multiplied by the number of shares vested. Employment Agreements for Executive Officers David G. DeWalt Effective November 19, 2012, we entered into an amended and restated offer letter with David G. DeWalt, our Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board. The offer letter has no specific term and provides that Mr. DeWalt is an at-will employee. Mr. DeWalt’s current annual base salary is $350,000, and he is eligible for annual target incentive payments of $350,000 for 2016. In connection with Mr. DeWalt’s commencement of employment as our Chief Executive Officer, the vesting schedule of each of Mr. DeWalt’s equity awards was amended and restated. See “—Outstanding Equity Awards at 2015 Fiscal Year-End” for a description of the vesting of Mr. DeWalt’s equity awards as of December 31, 2015. In August 2013, Mr. DeWalt’s offer letter was amended to provide that any of Mr. DeWalt’s rights to severance, equity acceleration and/or change of control benefits under his offer letter would be superseded by eligibility for severance benefits under our Change of Control Severance Policy for Officers. See the disclosure under “Change of Control Severance Policy for Officers” for additional information. Ashar Aziz Effective November 19, 2012, we entered into an offer letter with Ashar Aziz, our founder, Vice Chairman of the Board and Chief Strategy Officer. The offer letter has no specific term and provides that Mr. Aziz is an at- will employee. Prior to February 16, 2016, Mr. Aziz’s annual base salary for 2016 was $300,000, and he was eligible for annual target incentive payments of $150,000 for 2016. Effective February 16, 2016, at his election, Mr. Aziz’s annual base salary and annual target cash incentive compensation opportunity for 2016 were reduced to zero. The offer letter clarified and confirmed the vesting schedule of each of Mr. Aziz’s equity awards. See “—Outstanding Equity Awards at 2015 Fiscal Year-End” for a description of the vesting of Mr. Aziz’s equity awards as of December 31, 2015. -62- Mr. Aziz’s offer letter also provides for the potential of future vesting acceleration of his equity awards as follows: • • If we are subject to a change in control when Mr. Aziz is not an employee but is a director, then 100% of his unvested equity awards will vest. If we are subject to a change in control when Mr. Aziz is an employee and Mr. Aziz subsequently terminates his employment, then, subject to his execution of a release of claims, Mr. Aziz’s equity awards will vest as if Mr. Aziz had completed an additional 24 months of employment following his termination of employment date. Michael J. Berry Effective August 27, 2015, we entered into an offer letter with Michael J. Berry, our Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer. The offer letter is for no specific term and provides that Mr. Berry is an at-will employee. Mr. Berry’s current annual base salary is $410,000, and he is eligible for annual target incentive payments equal to $410,000 for 2016. Mr. Berry is also eligible for severance benefits under our Change of Control Severance Policy for Officers. Kevin R. Mandia Effective December 30, 2013, we entered into an offer letter with Kevin R. Mandia, our President. The offer letter is for no specific term and provides that Mr. Mandia is an at-will employee. Prior to April 1, 2016, Mr. Mandia’s annual base salary for 2016 was $325,000, and he was eligible for annual target incentive payments equal to $325,000 for 2016. Effective April 1, 2016, Mr. Mandia’s annual base salary for 2016 was increased to $350,000, and his annual target incentive payments was increased to $350,000 for 2016. Mr. Mandia is also eligible for severance benefits under our Change of Control Severance Policy for Officers. The offer letter also contains certain covenants regarding activities that Mr. Mandia cannot engage in while providing services to us. In addition, Mr. Mandia entered into a key employee non-competition agreement, or non-competition agreement, with us, which provides that he will not, for a period of time equal to the later of (a) the period commencing on December 30, 2013 and ending on the second anniversary of such date, or (b) only if he does not work in California, the period commencing on December 30, 2013 and ending 18 months after the termination of his employment or consulting agreement with us or any of our affiliates, compete with us by engaging in any “competing business purpose” (as defined in the non-competition agreement) in the “restricted territory” (as defined in the non-competition agreement). The non-competition agreement also contains standard non-solicitation provisions, preventing Mr. Mandia from (i) soliciting any of our employees (including former Mandiant employees) or consultants to leave his or her employment and (ii) asking any of our employees (including former Mandiant employees) or consultants to engage in any activity which Mr. Mandia is prohibited from engaging in under the terms of the non-competition agreement. Alexa King Effective August 1, 2013, we entered into a confirmatory offer letter with Alexa King, our Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary. The offer letter is for no specific term and provides that Ms. King is an at-will employee. Prior to April 1, 2016, Ms. King’s annual base salary for 2016 was $270,000, and she was eligible for annual target incentive payments equal to $135,000 for 2016. Effective April 1, 2016, Ms. King’s annual base salary for 2016 was increased to $316,667, and her annual target incentive payments was increased to $158,333 for 2016. Ms. King is also eligible for severance benefits under our Change of Control Severance Policy for Officers. John McGee On July 4, 2014, we entered into an offer letter with John McGee, our Senior Vice President of Worldwide Sales. The offer letter is for no specific term and provides that Mr. McGee is an at-will employee. Mr. McGee’s -63- P r o x y S t a t e m e n t current annual base salary is $410,000, and he is eligible for annual target incentive payments equal to $400,000 for 2016. Mr. McGee is also eligible for severance benefits under our Change of Control Severance Policy for Officers. Other Employment Agreements Michael J. Sheridan Effective August 1, 2013, we entered into a confirmatory offer letter with Michael J. Sheridan, our former Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer. The offer letter is for no specific term and provides that Mr. Sheridan is an at-will employee. Mr. Sheridan’s employment with us terminated in August 2015. Frank Verdecanna Effective October 30, 2012, we entered into an offer letter with Frank Verdecanna, our former Interim Chief Financial Officer (who is currently our Senior Vice President of Finance). The offer letter is for no specific term and provides that Mr. Verdecanna is an at-will employee. Mr. Verdecanna’s current annual base salary is $260,000, and he is eligible for annual target incentive payments equal to $91,000 for 2016. Mr. Verdecanna is also eligible for severance benefits under our Change of Control Severance Policy for Officers. Mr. Verdecanna ceased being Interim Chief Financial Officer on September 21, 2015 upon the appointment of Michael J. Berry as Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer. Definitions for Offer Letter with Mr. Aziz For purposes of the offer letter with Mr. Aziz, “cause” means generally: • • • • • • • the unauthorized use or disclosure of our confidential information or trade secrets, which use or disclosure causes material harm to us; the material breach of any agreement between us and the named executive officer; the material failure to comply with our written policies or rules; the conviction of, or plea of “guilty” or “no contest” to, a felony under the laws of the United States or any State; gross negligence or willful misconduct; the continuing failure to perform assigned duties after receiving written notification of the failure from the board of directors; or the failure to cooperate in good faith with a governmental or internal investigation of the company or our directors, officers or employees, if we have requested such cooperation; provided, however, that “cause” will not be deemed to exist in the certain events above unless the named executive officer has been provided with (i) 30 days’ written notice by the board of directors of the act or omission constituting “cause” and (ii) 30 days’ opportunity to cure such act or omission, if capable of cure (as determined by the board of directors in its sole discretion). For purposes of the offer letter with Mr. Aziz, “good reason” means generally any of the following without the named executive officer’s consent: • • a material reduction of base salary as set forth in the agreement or as such base salary may be increased during the course of employment; a material reduction of target bonus as set forth in the agreement or as such target bonus may be increased during the course of employment; -64- • • • • a material reduction in duties, authority, reporting relationship or responsibilities, including (i) in the event of a “change in control,” the assignment of responsibilities, duties, reporting relationship or position that are not at least the substantial functional equivalent of the position occupied immediately including the assignment of responsibilities, duties, reporting preceding such change in control, relationship or position that are not in a substantive area that is consistent with their experience and the position that they occupied prior to such change in control or (ii) a material diminution in the budget and number of subordinates; a requirement to relocate to a location more than 35 miles from the then-current office location; a material violation by us of a material term of any employment, severance or change of control agreement; or a failure by any successor entity to assume the offer letter. A resignation for “good reason” will not be deemed to have occurred unless Mr. Aziz gives us written notice of the condition within 90 days after the condition comes into existence and we fail to remedy the condition within 30 days after receiving the written notice. For purposes of the offer letter with Mr. Aziz, “change in control” means (i) the consummation of a merger or consolidation of us with or into another entity or (ii) the dissolution, liquidation or winding up of our company. The foregoing notwithstanding, a merger or consolidation of our company does not constitute a “change in control” if immediately after the merger or consolidation a majority of the voting power of the capital stock of the continuing or surviving entity, or any direct or indirect parent corporation of the continuing or surviving entity, will be owned by the persons who were our company’s stockholders immediately prior to the merger or consolidation in substantially the same proportions as their ownership of the voting power of our company’s capital stock immediately prior to the merger or consolidation. The foregoing notwithstanding, a transaction will not constitute a “change in control” unless such transaction also constitutes a “change in control event” as defined in Treasury Regulation §1.409A-3(i)(5), without regard to any alternative percentages thereunder. P r o x y S t a t e m e n t Change of Control Severance Policy for Officers In July 2013, our compensation committee adopted and approved a Change of Control Severance Policy for Officers, or the Severance Policy. All of our executive officers and certain non-executive vice presidents (including senior vice presidents) (collectively referred to as “eligible employees”) are generally eligible for severance benefits under the Severance Policy, subject to the conditions described below. Each eligible employee may receive benefits upon a qualified termination of employment three months prior to, or 12 months following a change of control, or the change of control period. In addition, eligible employees may receive severance benefits for qualified terminations of employment unrelated to a change of control. The benefits in the Severance Policy vary based on whether an eligible employee is an executive officer, or Tier 1 Executive, or a non-executive officer, or Tier II Executive. In the event of a termination of employment without “cause” (as generally defined below) outside of the change of control period, an eligible employee will receive the following: • • Tier I Executive: • • lump-sum 12 months base salary payment; and paid COBRA continuation for 12 months. Tier II Executive: • • lump-sum 6 months base salary payment; and paid COBRA continuation for 6 months. -65- In the event of a termination of employment without cause or a resignation for “good reason” (as generally defined below), in each case, during the change of control period, an eligible employee will receive the following: • Tier I Executive: • • • • lump-sum 12 months base salary payment; pro-rata bonus for the year of termination; 100% acceleration of unvested equity awards with performance awards vesting at maximum level; and paid COBRA continuation for 12 months. • Tier II Executive: • • • • lump-sum 12 months base salary payment; pro-rata bonus for the year of termination; 100% acceleration of unvested equity awards with performance awards vesting at maximum level; and paid COBRA continuation for 12 months. To be an eligible employee, the participant must enter into a participation agreement with us. Also, all severance benefits under the Severance Policy are subject to the eligible employee executing a release of clams. Mr. Aziz is not an eligible employee for purposes of the Severance Policy because he elected not to enter into a participation agreement with us. Benefits under the Severance Policy replace any then-existing severance and/or change of control benefit that an eligible employee had previously. For purposes of the Severance Policy, “cause” has the same general meaning as in the offer letter with Mr. Aziz described above. For purposes of the Severance Policy, “good reason” means generally any of the following without an eligible employee’s consent: • • • • • a material reduction in duties, authority, reporting relationship, or responsibilities; a material reduction in annual cash compensation; a requirement to relocate to a location more than twenty miles from the eligible employee’s then- current office location; a material breach by us of the eligible employee’s employment agreement or any other agreement between the eligible employee and us; or a failure by any successor entity to assume the Severance Policy. Potential Payments upon a Change of Control, upon Termination or upon Termination Following a Change of Control Ashar Aziz Pursuant to the terms of Mr. Aziz’s offer letter, if we are subject to a change of control when Mr. Aziz is not an employee but is a director, then 100% of his then unvested equity awards will vest. If a change of control had been effective as of December 31, 2015, the total value of Mr. Aziz’s accelerated awards would have been -66- $4,762,132. If we are subject to a change of control when Mr. Aziz is an employee and Mr. Aziz subsequently terminates his employment, then, subject to his execution of a release of claims, Mr. Aziz’s equity awards will vest as if Mr. Aziz had completed an additional 24 months of employment following the date on which his employment is terminated. If, following a change of control, Mr. Aziz had terminated his employment with us as of December 31, 2015, the total value of Mr. Aziz’s accelerated awards would have been $4,762,132. The actual amounts to be paid in connection with any of the trigger events described above can only be determined at the time the trigger event occurs. Other Named Executive Officers Potential Payments Upon Termination of Employment Outside of the Change of Control Period The table below shows the estimated benefits and compensation that each Named Executive Officer other than Mr. Aziz would have received under the Severance Policy if the Named Executive Officer had been terminated without cause on December 31, 2015, assuming that such termination occurred outside of a change of control period. Name Salary Continuation($) Value of Continued Health Care Premiums($) David G. DeWalt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Michael J. Berry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alexa King . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kevin R. Mandia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Michael J. Sheridan(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Frank Verdecanna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350,000 410,000 270,000 325,000 — 260,000 20,737 20,737 20,737 20,737 — 20,737 Total($) 370,737 430,737 290,737 345,737 — 280,737 P r o x y S t a t e m e n t (1) Mr. Sheridan’s employment with us terminated in August 2015 and he did not receive any payments under the Severance Policy. Potential Payments Upon Termination of Employment During the Change of Control Period The table below shows the estimated benefits and compensation that each Named Executive Officer other than Mr. Aziz would have received under the Severance Policy if the Named Executive Officer had been terminated without cause, or had resigned for good reason, on December 31, 2015, assuming that such termination or resignation for good reason occurred within a change of control period. Acceleration Name Salary Continuation($) Pro rata Cash Incentive($)(1) Option Awards($) Stock Awards($) Value of Continued Health Care Premiums($) David G. DeWalt . . . . . . . . . Michael J. Berry . . . . . . . . . Alexa King . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kevin R. Mandia . . . . . . . . . Michael J. Sheridan(2) . . . . . Frank Verdecanna . . . . . . . . 350,000 410,000 270,000 325,000 — 260,000 350,000 410,000 135,000 325,000 — 91,000 860,026 — — — — 1,188,236 28,209,573 4,746,349 2,140,202 5,895,469 — 869,110 20,737 20,737 20,737 20,737 — 20,737 Total($) 29,790,336 5,587,086 2,565,939 6,566,206 — 2,429,083 (1) Represents amount of target annual cash incentive opportunity as of December 31, 2015. (2) Mr. Sheridan’s employment with us terminated in August 2015 and he did not receive any payments under the Severance Policy. -67- Equity Compensation Plan Information The following table provides information as of December 31, 2015 with respect to shares of our common stock that may be issued under our existing equity compensation plans. The table does not include information with respect to shares of our common stock subject to outstanding stock options that were assumed by us in connection with our acquisition of Mandiant or nPulse Technologies, which originally granted those stock options. However, footnote 3 to the table sets forth the total number of shares of our common stock issuable upon the exercise of those assumed options as of December 31, 2015, and the weighted average exercise price of those assumed stock options. Plan Category (a) Number of Securities to be Issued Upon Exercise of Outstanding Options, Warrants and Rights (b) Weighted Average Exercise Price of Outstanding Options, Warrants and Rights(1) (c) Number of Securities Remaining Available for Future Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans (Excluding Securities Reflected in Column (a)) Equity compensation plans approved by stockholders(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30,060,576 Equity compensation plans not approved by stockholders(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — 30,060,576 $10.947 — $10.947 10,393,147 — 10,393,147 (1) The weighted average exercise price is calculated based solely on outstanding stock options. It does not take (2) into account restricted stock units, which have no exercise price. Includes the following plans: FireEye, Inc. 2008 Stock Plan, FireEye, Inc. 2013 Equity Incentive Plan (“2013 Plan”) and FireEye, Inc. 2013 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”). Our 2013 Plan provides that on the first day of each fiscal year, the number of shares available for issuance thereunder is automatically increased by a number equal to the least of (i) 12,100,000 shares of common stock, (ii) five percent (5.0%) of the aggregate number of shares of common stock outstanding on December 31st of the preceding fiscal year, or (iii) such other amount as may be determined by our board of directors. Our ESPP provides that on the first day of each fiscal year, the number of shares available for issuance thereunder is automatically increased by a number equal to the least of (i) 3,700,000 shares of common stock, (ii) one percent (1.0%) of the aggregate number of shares of common stock outstanding on such date, or (iii) such other amount as may be determined by our board of directors. On January 1, 2016, the number of shares available for issuance under our 2013 Plan and our ESPP increased by 8,082,165 shares and 1,616,433 shares, respectively, pursuant to these provisions. These increases are not reflected in the table above. (3) The table does not include information for the Mandiant Corporation 2006 Equity Incentive Plan, Mandiant Corporation 2011 Equity Incentive Plan, FireEye, Inc. Umbrella Plan for Assumed Options and nPulse Technologies, Inc. 2012 Stock Incentive Plan, which are equity compensation plans governing stock options assumed by us in connection with the acquisitions of Mandiant and nPulse Technologies. As of December 31, 2015, there were a total of 1,139,963 shares subject to outstanding stock options assumed by us in connection with the acquisitions of Mandiant and nPulse Technologies. Those outstanding stock options had a weighted average exercise price of $8.11 per share. No additional awards may be made under those plans. -68- SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT The following table sets forth certain information with respect to the beneficial ownership of our common stock as of April 15, 2016 for: • • • • each of our directors and nominees for director; each of the Named Executive Officers; all of our current directors and current executive officers as a group; and each person or group who is known by us to be the beneficial owner of more than 5% of our common stock. We have determined beneficial ownership in accordance with the rules of the SEC and the information is not necessarily indicative of beneficial ownership for any other purpose. Unless otherwise indicated below, to our knowledge, the persons and entities named in the table have sole voting and sole investment power with respect to all shares that they beneficially owned, subject to community property laws where applicable. We have based our calculation of the percentage of beneficial ownership on 166,284,039 shares of our common stock outstanding as of April 15, 2016. We have deemed shares of our common stock subject to stock options that are currently exercisable or exercisable within 60 days of April 15, 2016, or issuable pursuant to restricted stock units that are subject to vesting conditions expected to occur within 60 days of April 15, 2016, to be outstanding and to be beneficially owned by the person holding the stock option or restricted stock units for the purpose of computing the percentage ownership of that person. We did not deem these shares outstanding, however, for the purpose of computing the percentage ownership of any other person. P r o x y S t a t e m e n t Unless otherwise indicated, the address of each beneficial owner listed in the table below is c/o FireEye, Inc., 1440 McCarthy Blvd., Milpitas, CA 95035. Name of Beneficial Owner+ 5% Stockholders: Number of Shares Beneficially Owned Percentage of Shares Beneficially Owned The Vanguard Group(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,637,630 Directors and Named Executive Officers: David G. DeWalt(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ashar Aziz(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Michael J. Berry(4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alexa King(5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kevin R. Mandia(6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Michael J. Sheridan(7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Frank Verdecanna(8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kimberly Alexy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deepak Ahuja(9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ronald E. F. Codd(10) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . William M. Coughran Jr.(11) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stephen Pusey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Enrique Salem(12) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . All current directors and current executive officers as a 4,822,469 7,763,615 48,394 272,216 2,591,722 1,122,135 77,480 4,477 1,000 224,322 10,553 — 192,123 group (12 persons)(13) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,990,717 5.8% 2.9% 4.7% * * 1.6% * * * * * * — * 9.6% * Represents beneficial ownership of less than one percent (1%) of the outstanding shares of our common stock. -69- + Certain options to purchase shares of our capital stock included in this table are early exercisable, and to the extent such shares are unvested as of a given date, such shares will remain subject to a right of repurchase held by us. (1) As of December 31, 2015, the reporting date of The Vanguard Group’s filing with the SEC on February 10, 2016 pursuant to Section 13(g) of the Exchange Act, The Vanguard Group, as investment advisor, has sole voting power with respect to 126,678 shares of our common stock, shared voting power with respect to 12,300 shares of our common stock, sole dispositive power with respect to 9,488,752 shares of our common stock and shared dispositive power with respect to 148,878 shares of our common stock. Vanguard Fiduciary Trust Company, a wholly-owned subsidiary of The Vanguard Group, Inc., is the beneficial owner of 94,778 shares or .05% of our common stock as a result of its serving as investment manager of collective trust accounts. Vanguard Investments Australia, Ltd., a wholly-owned subsidiary of The Vanguard Group, Inc., is the beneficial owner of 86,000 shares or .05% of our common stock as a result of its serving as investment manager of Australian investment offerings. The address of The Vanguard Group is 100 Vanguard Blvd., Malvern, PA 19355. (2) Consists of (i) 4,181,025 shares held of record by Mr. DeWalt, 417,578 of which were issued upon early exercise of stock options and remained subject to further vesting as of 60 days following April 15, 2016, (ii) 180,944 shares issuable pursuant to outstanding stock options exercisable within 60 days of April 15, 2016, 158,326 of which will be fully vested as of such date, (iii) 219,000 shares held of record by David G. DeWalt and Mary Kathleen DeWalt, trustees of David G. DeWalt 2009 Irrevocable Trust, (iv) 219,000 shares held of record by David G. DeWalt and Mary Kathleen DeWalt, trustees of Mary Kathleen DeWalt 2009 Irrevocable Trust, and (v) 22,500 shares held of record by the DeWalt Family Trust U/A DTD 04/01/2003. Shares issued upon early exercise of stock options remain subject to the vesting schedule applicable to the exercised stock options and we have a right to repurchase any unvested shares issued upon early exercise of stock options at the original exercise price if Mr. DeWalt ceases to provide services to us prior to the date on which all such shares have vested. Mr. DeWalt shares voting and investment power with respect to the shares held of record by (i) David G. DeWalt and Mary Kathleen DeWalt, trustees of the David G. DeWalt 2009 Irrevocable Trust, (ii) David G. DeWalt and Mary Kathleen DeWalt, trustees of the Mary Kathleen DeWalt 2009 Irrevocable Trust, and (iii) DeWalt Family Trust U/A DTD 04/01/2003. (3) Consists of 7,763,615 shares held of record by Mr. Aziz, as Trustee of the Ashar Aziz Family Trust dated March 16, 2012, 52,625 of which were issued upon early exercise of stock options and remained subject to further vesting as of 60 days following April 15, 2016. Shares issued upon early exercise of stock options remain subject to the vesting schedule applicable to the exercised stock options, and we have a right to repurchase any unvested shares issued upon early exercise of stock options at the original exercise price if Mr. Aziz ceases to provide services to us prior to the date on which all such shares have vested. Mr. Aziz, as trustee, has sole voting and investment power with respect to the shares held of record by the Ashar Aziz Family Trust dated March 16, 2012. (4) Consists of (i) 34,894 shares held of record by Mr. Berry and (ii) 13,500 shares held of record jointly by Mr. Berry and his wife. Mr. Berry has shared voting and investment power with respect to the shares held of record jointly by Mr. Berry and his wife. (5) Consists of (i) 18,014 shares held of record by Ms. King and (ii) 254,202 shares held of record by Ms. King and David Yamamoto as community property with the right of survivorship. Ms. King has shared voting and investment power with respect to the shares held of record by Ms. King and David Yamamoto as community property with the right of survivorship. (6) Consists of (i) 2,134,446 shares held of record by Mr. Mandia, 9,787 of which were issued pursuant to a stock grant and remained subject to further vesting as of 60 days following April 15, 2016, (ii) 313,091 shares held of record by Kevin R. Mandia 2011 Irrevocable Trust Dated July 29, 2011, and (iii) 144,185 shares held of record by Mr. Mandia’s wife. The unvested shares issued pursuant to the stock grant are subject to forfeiture if Mr. Mandia ceases to provide services to us prior to the date on which all such shares have vested. Mr. Mandia’s wife, as trustee, has shared voting and investment power with respect to the shares held of record by the Kevin R. Mandia 2011 Irrevocable Trust dated July 29, 2011. Mr. Mandia disclaims beneficial ownership of the shares held of record by the Kevin R. Mandia 2011 Irrevocable Trust dated July 29, 2011 and the shares held of record by Mr. Mandia’s wife. -70- (7) Represents shares held as of August 3, 2015, Mr. Sheridan’s last day of employment with us, consisting of (i) 1,115,135 shares held of record by Mr. Sheridan and (ii) 7,000 shares held of record by Mr. Sheridan, as custodian for the benefit of his minor children. (8) Consists of (i) 13,155 shares held of record by Mr. Verdecanna, (ii) 61,950 shares issuable pursuant to outstanding stock options exercisable within 60 days of April 15, 2016, all of which will be fully vested as of such date, and (iii) 2,375 shares of common stock issuable upon the vesting of restricted stock units within 60 days of April 15, 2016. (9) Consists of 1,000 shares held of record by the Ahuja Family Trust. Mr. Ahuja, as trustee, has shared voting and investment power with respect to such shares. (10) Consists of (i) 101,973 shares held of record by the Codd Revocable Trust Dtd March 6, 1998, (ii) 118,000 shares issuable pursuant to outstanding stock options exercisable within 60 days of April 15, 2016, 107,583 of which will be fully vested as of such date, and (iii) 4,349 shares of common stock issuable upon the vesting of restricted stock units within 60 days of April 15, 2016. Mr. Codd, as trustee, has shared voting and investment power with respect to the shares held of record by the Codd Revocable Trust Dtd March 6, 1998. (11) Consists of (i) 6,424 shares held of record by Mr. Coughran and (ii) 4,129 shares of common stock issuable upon the vesting of restricted stock units within 60 days of April 15, 2016. (12) Consists of (i) 187,970 shares held of record by Mr. Salem and (ii) 4,153 shares of common stock issuable upon the vesting of restricted stock units within 60 days of April 15, 2016. (13) Consists of (i) 15,679,142 shares beneficially owned by our current directors and current executive officers, 479,990 of which remained subject to further vesting as of 60 days following April 15, 2016, (ii) 298,944 shares issuable pursuant to outstanding stock options exercisable within 60 days of April 15, 2016, 265,909 of which will be fully vested as of such date, and (iii) 12,631 shares of common stock issuable upon the vesting of restricted stock units within 60 days of April 15, 2016. P r o x y S t a t e m e n t -71- RELATED PERSON TRANSACTIONS We describe below transactions and series of similar transactions, since the beginning of our last fiscal year, to which we were or will be a party, in which: • • the amounts involved exceeded or will exceed $120,000; and any of our directors, nominees for director, executive officers or holders of more than 5% of our outstanding capital stock, or any immediate family member of, or person sharing the household with, any of these individuals or entities, had or will have a direct or indirect material interest. Other than as described below, there has not been, nor is there any currently proposed, transactions or series of similar transactions to which we have been or will be a party. Indemnification Agreements We have also entered into indemnification agreements with our directors and certain of our executive officers. The indemnification agreements and our certificate of incorporation and bylaws require us to indemnify our directors and officers to the fullest extent permitted by Delaware law. Policies and Procedures for Related Party Transactions Our audit committee has adopted a formal written policy providing that our audit committee is responsible for reviewing “related party transactions,” which are transactions (i) in which we were, are or will be a participant, (ii) in which the aggregate amount involved exceeds or may be expected to exceed $50,000, and (iii) in which a related person had, has or will have a direct or indirect material interest. For purposes of this policy, a related person is defined as a director, nominee for director, executive officer, or greater than 5% beneficial owner of our common stock and their immediate family members. Under this policy, all related party transactions may be consummated or continued only if approved or ratified by our audit committee. In determining whether to approve or ratify any such proposal, our audit committee will take into account, among other factors it deems appropriate, (i) whether the transaction is on terms no less favorable than terms generally available to an unaffiliated third party under the same or similar circumstances and (ii) the extent of the related party’s interest in the transaction. The policy grants standing pre-approval of certain transactions, including (i) certain compensation arrangements of executive officers, (ii) certain director compensation arrangements, (iii) transactions with another company at which a related party’s only relationship is as a non-executive employee, director or beneficial owner of less than 10% of that company’s shares and the aggregate amount involved does not exceed the greater of $500,000 or 2% of the company’s total annual revenue, (iv) transactions where a related party’s interest arises solely from the ownership of our common stock and all holders of our common stock received the same benefit on a pro rata basis, and (v) transactions available to all U.S. employees generally. -72- OTHER MATTERS Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance Section 16(a) of the Exchange Act requires that our executive officers and directors, and persons who own more than 10% of our common stock, file reports of ownership and changes of ownership with the SEC. Such directors, executive officers and 10% stockholders are required by SEC regulation to furnish us with copies of all Section 16(a) forms they file. SEC regulations require us to identify in this proxy statement anyone who filed a required report late during the most recent fiscal year. Based on our review of forms we received, or written representations from reporting persons stating that they were not required to file these forms, we believe that during our fiscal year ended December 31, 2015, all Section 16(a) filing requirements were satisfied on a timely basis, except as previously disclosed and for one late Form 4 filed by Mr. Codd (reporting one transaction). Available Information Our financial statements for our fiscal year ended December 31, 2015 are included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K. This proxy statement and our annual report are posted on the Investor Relations section of our website at investors.FireEye.com and are available from the SEC at its website at www.sec.gov. You may also obtain a copy of our annual report without charge by sending a written request to FireEye, Inc., Attention: Investor Relations, 1440 McCarthy Blvd., Milpitas, California 95035. Company Website We maintain a website at www.FireEye.com. Information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website is not intended to be incorporated by reference into this proxy statement, and references to our website address in this proxy statement are inactive textual references only. P r o x y S t a t e m e n t * * * The board of directors does not know of any other matters to be presented at the Annual Meeting. If any additional matters are properly presented at the Annual Meeting, the persons named on the enclosed proxy card will have discretion to vote the shares of common stock they represent in accordance with their own judgment on such matters. It is important that your shares of common stock be represented at the Annual Meeting, regardless of the number of shares that you hold. You are, therefore, urged to vote over the Internet or by telephone as instructed on the enclosed proxy card or execute and return, at your earliest convenience, the enclosed proxy card in the envelope that has also been provided. THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS Milpitas, California April 25, 2016 -73- [THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK] 2015 ANNUAL REPORT A n n u a l R e p o r t UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 FORM 10-K (Mark One) È ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015 or ‘ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the transition period from to Commission File Number 001-36067 FireEye, Inc. (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) Delaware (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) 20-1548921 (I.R.S. Employer Identification Number) 1440 McCarthy Blvd. Milpitas, CA 95035 (408) 321-6300 (Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of registrant’s principal executive offices) Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of each class Name of each exchange on which registered Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share The NASDAQ Global Select Market Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None Indicate by check mark if the registrant Act. Yes È No ‘ is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”). Yes ‘ No È Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes È No ‘ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes È No ‘ Indicate by a check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. ‘ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one): Large accelerated filer È Non-accelerated filer ‘ (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) ‘ Accelerated filer Smaller reporting company ‘ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ‘ No È As of June 30, 2015, the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, the aggregate market value of the registrant’s common stock held by non-affiliates was approximately $7.0 billion, based on the closing price of such stock reported for such date on The NASDAQ Global Select Market. This calculation does not reflect a determination that persons are affiliates for any other purposes. The number of outstanding shares of the registrant’s common stock was 165,949,541 as of February 24, 2016. DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE Portions of the registrant’s Proxy Statement for the 2016 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the end of the registrant’s fiscal year ended December 31, 2015 are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. A n n u a l R e p o r t PART I Business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 1. Item 1A. Risk Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 2. Legal Proceedings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 3. Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PART II Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 6. Selected Consolidated Financial Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations . . . . Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Financial Statements and Supplementary Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 8. Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure . . . . Item 9A. Controls and Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 9B. Other Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PART III Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 11. Executive Compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Principal Accountant Fees and Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 14. Page 5 18 50 50 50 50 51 54 56 83 84 125 125 127 128 128 128 128 128 Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Signatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exhibit Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 130 131 PART IV 2 SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS This Annual Report on Form 10-K, including the sections entitled “Business,” “Risk Factors,” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” contains forward- looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. The words “believe,” “may,” “will,” “potentially,” “estimate,” “continue,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “could,” “would,” “project,” “plan” “expect,” the negative and plural forms of these words and similar expressions that convey uncertainty of future events or outcomes are intended to identify forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements concerning the following: • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • the evolution of the threat landscape facing our customers and prospects; our ability to educate the market regarding the advantages of our virtual machine-based security solution; our ability to maintain an adequate rate of revenue growth; our future financial and operating results; our business plan and our ability to effectively manage our growth and associated investments; beliefs and objectives for future operations; our ability to expand our leadership position in advanced network security; our ability to attract and retain customers and to expand our solutions footprint within each of these customers; our expectations concerning renewal rates for subscriptions and services by existing customers, including our expectation that revenue from such renewals will increase as a percentage of our total revenue from subscriptions and services; our ability to maintain our competitive technological advantages against new entrants in our industry; our ability to timely and effectively scale and adapt our existing technology; our ability to innovate new products and bring them to market in a timely manner; our ability to maintain, protect, and enhance our brand and intellectual property; our ability to expand internationally; the effects of increased competition in our market and our ability to compete effectively; cost of revenue, including changes in costs associated with production, manufacturing and customer support; operating expenses, including changes in research and development, sales and marketing, and general and administrative expenses; anticipated income tax rates; sufficiency of cash to meet cash needs for at least the next 12 months; our ability to generate cash flows from operations and free cash flows; our ability to capture new, and renew existing, contracts with the United States and international governments; costs associated with defending intellectual property infringement and other claims, such as those claims discussed in “Business—Legal Proceedings”; 3 A n n u a l R e p o r t • • • • • • our expectations concerning relationships with third parties, including channel partners and logistics providers; the release of new products; economic and industry trends or trend analysis; the attraction and retention of qualified employees and key personnel; future acquisitions of or investments in complementary companies, products, subscriptions or technologies; and the effects of seasonal trends on our results of operations. These forward-looking statements are subject to a number of risks, uncertainties, and assumptions, including those described in “Risk Factors” included in Part I, Item 1A and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment, and new risks emerge from time to time. It is not possible for our management to predict all risks, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements we may make. In light of these risks, uncertainties, and assumptions, the forward-looking events and circumstances discussed in this Annual Report on Form 10-K may not occur, or unanticipated events or circumstances that we did not foresee may materialize, either of which could cause actual results to differ materially and adversely from those anticipated or implied in our forward-looking statements. You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in our forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee that the future results, levels of activity, performance or events and circumstances described in the forward-looking statements will be achieved or occur. Moreover, neither we nor any other person assumes responsibility for the accuracy and completeness of the forward-looking statements. We undertake no obligation to update publicly any forward-looking statements for any reason after the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K to conform these statements to actual results or to changes in our expectations, except as required by law. You should read this Annual Report on Form 10-K and the documents that we reference in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and have filed with the SEC as exhibits to this Annual Report on Form 10-K with the understanding that our actual future results, levels of activity, performance and events and circumstances may be materially different from what we expect. 4 Item 1. Business General PART I We provide a comprehensive cybersecurity solution for detecting, preventing, analyzing and resolving today’s advanced cyber-attacks that evade legacy signature-based security products. Our cybersecurity solutions combine our purpose-built virtual-machine technology, threat intelligence, and advanced security expertise in a suite of products and services that reduces our customers’ exposure to attacks by enabling accurate detection and rapid response. Our proprietary virtual machine-based technology delivers high efficacy detection and prevention, while also scaling in response to ever-increasing network performance requirements, to provide real- time protection to enterprises and governments worldwide. Our analysis and forensic solutions, threat intelligence subscriptions, managed services, compromise assessments, incident response and consulting services complement our threat prevention products to help organizations adapt their security profile as threats evolve. This adaptive approach to cybersecurity represents a paradigm shift in how IT security has been conducted since the earliest days of the information technology industry. We believe it is imperative for organizations to invest in this new approach to protect their critical assets from the global pandemic of cybercrime, hacktivism, cyber espionage and cyber warfare. The new generation of cyber-attacks on organizations, including large and small enterprises and governments worldwide, is characterized by an unprecedented escalation in the complexity and scale of advanced malware created by criminal organizations and nation-states. These modern attacks are built on dynamic, stealthy and targeted malware that penetrates defenses in multiple stages and through multiple entry points of an IT network. These highly targeted, “single-use” cyber-attacks easily circumvent security solutions that rely on pattern-matching detection technologies. Additionally, because legacy solutions reference outdated signatures of past threats, they also generate a high number of false-positive alerts. To address the shortcomings of signature-based security solutions, we developed a new threat prevention platform based on our purpose-built, virtual machine-based detection engine, MVX. Our comprehensive platform intelligence network to identify combines our MVX virtual execution engine and our cloud-based threat previously unknown threats and protect organizations at all stages of the attack lifecycle and across all primary threat vectors, including Web, email, file, endpoint and mobile. Our over ten years of research and development in proprietary virtual machine technology, anomaly detection and associated heuristic, or experience-based, algorithms enables MVX to provide real-time, dynamic threat protection without the use of signatures while delivering high efficacy and network performance. Our MVX engine detonates, or “runs,” Web objects, executable code, suspicious attachments and files within virtual environments to detect and block the full array of modern threats, including attacks that leverage unknown vulnerabilities in widely used software programs, also known as “zero-day” attacks. Newly identified threats are quarantined to prevent exposure to the organization’s actual network environment, and information regarding such threats is correlated with other FireEye products within the organization through our management platform and sent to our Dynamic Threat Intelligence, or DTI, cloud. Our DTI cloud enables real-time global sharing of threat intelligence uploaded by our customers’ cloud-connected FireEye appliances. In December 2013, we acquired privately held Mandiant, a leading provider of advanced endpoint security products and professional service solutions. FireEye and Mandiant have been strategic partners with integrated product offerings since April 2012. We believe the combination of the two companies created the industry’s leading advanced threat protection vendor with the ability to find and stop attacks at every stage of the attack life cycle. The combination of our industry-leading security products and threat intelligence with products and services from Mandiant enables us to provide a complete solution for detecting, preventing, analyzing and resolving advanced cybersecurity threats across four distinct disciplines: • First, Mandiant provided endpoint-based threat detection, forensic and response solutions, and we have continued to develop Mandiant’s endpoint technology as part of our comprehensive security platform. 5 A n n u a l R e p o r t The integration of threat intelligence from our endpoint products with our web, email, file and mobile platforms increases security teams’ visibility into attacks and enables faster, more accurate decisions about potential security incidents occurring across an organization’s network and endpoints. • Second, Mandiant brings significant depth in intelligence on next-generation attacks and threat actors, which is continually gathered from ongoing monitoring of more than six million endpoints and through compromise assessments, incident response and remediation teams that serve on the front lines combating the most advanced attacks. When this depth of threat intelligence is paired with the breadth of the FireEye real-time threat intelligence gathered from more than ten million virtual machines every hour, organizations will have robust detection and contextual information about attempted attacks, including the level of risk, the identity of the attackers, and the intended target of the attacks. • Third, Mandiant’s team of highly skilled incident response experts has performed hundreds of incident response investigations across numerous industries at some of the largest organizations in the world. This role as first responder to high profile breaches fosters a trusted advisor relationship with organizations and enables long term strategic relationships. • Fourth, Mandiant brought its Managed Defense monitoring service to FireEye. The addition of these skills and expertise significantly expands our ability to offer value-added services to our customers, and was the basis for our FireEye-as-a-Service advanced security-as-a-service offering. Our cybersecurity platform includes a family of software-based appliances, endpoint agents, cloud-based threat subscription services, support and maintenance, and professional consulting services. Our principal prevention appliance families address critical vectors of attack: Web, email, file, endpoint and mobile. We also offer a cloud-based email threat prevention solution that can be deployed either standalone or in conjunction with our appliance-based email solution. Our management appliances serve as a central nervous system unifying reporting and configuration, while monitoring and correlating attacks that simultaneously cross multiple vectors of the network, thereby increasing the efficacy of our security platform. Our management appliances enable us to cross-correlate intelligence regarding threats detected at the local implementation level with other FireEye appliances deployed across the organization to block multi-vector attacks and the exfiltration of critical data. We maintain the efficacy of our solution by distributing our global threat intelligence through our DTI cloud. We also offer a cloud-based threat analysis platform that allows IT security analysts to analyze and prioritize attack alerts from security devices utilizing our repository of dynamic and contextual threat intelligence. We also provide a family of forensic and analysis appliances and agents to enable investigation and remediation of breaches. Our endpoint forensics solution enables rapid identification and remediation of attacks that have penetrated an organization’s defenses and are residing on an organization’s endpoints, such as desktop computers, laptops or mobile devices. Our network forensics solution pairs high performance packet capture of network data with analysis tools to aid investigation efforts. We also offer a malware analysis appliance that provides IT security analysts with the ability to test, characterize and conduct forensic examinations on next- generation cyber attacks by simulating their execution path with our virtual machine technology. Our cloud- based mobile threat prevention platform identifies and stops mobile threats by analyzing mobile applications within our MVX engine. Finally, we offer both incident response services to assist our customers who have been breached and compromise assessments, security program assessments and consulting services to help customers build and maintain their security programs. Additionally, we offer our FireEye-as-a-Service subscription services for management of FireEye devices and comprehensive monitoring of attacks based on our threat intelligence and security expertise. Our sales model consists of direct and inside sales teams and channel partners that collaborate to identify new sales prospects, sell products and services, and provide post-sale support. We believe this approach allows us to maintain face-to-face connectivity with our customers, including key enterprise accounts, and helps us 6 support our partners, while leveraging their reach and capabilities. Further, we believe our leading incident response, compromise assessment and security program assessment capabilities position us as a trusted advisor to our customers and offer us the opportunity to help customers prevent future breaches through the use of our products and services. As of December 31, 2015, we had over 4,400 end-customers, including more than 680, or approximately 34%, of the Forbes Global 2000. Our customers include leading enterprises in a diverse set of industries, including telecommunications, technology, financial services, public utilities, healthcare and oil and gas, as well as leading U.S. and international governmental agencies. For 2015, 2014 and 2013, our revenue was $623.0 million, $425.7 million and $161.6 million, respectively, representing year-over-year growth of 46% for 2015, 163% for 2014 and 94% for 2013, and our net losses were $539.2 million, $443.8 million and $120.6 million, respectively. We primarily market and sell our intelligence-led security platform to enterprise companies in a broad range of industries and to national, regional and local governments worldwide. Our business is geographically diversified, with 70% of our total revenue from the United States, 13% from Europe, the Middle East, and Africa (EMEA), 12% from Asia Pacific and Japan (APAC), and 5% from other regions in 2015. See Note 16 contained in “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements” in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for more information about customers and revenue and assets by geographic region. We were incorporated in Delaware in February 2004 under the name NetForts, Inc., and changed our name to FireEye, Inc. in September 2005. Our principal executive offices are located at 1440 McCarthy Blvd, Milpitas, California 95035, and our telephone number is (408) 321-6300. Our website is www.fireeye.com. Information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website is not incorporated by reference into this report, and you should not consider information on our website to be part of this report. Our Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and amendments to reports filed or furnished pursuant to Sections 13(a) and 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, are available free of charge on the Investors portion of our web site as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the SEC. We are organized and operate in a single segment. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” included in Part II, Item 7 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our Products, Subscriptions and Services Products • Threat Prevention Platform. Our Threat Prevention Platform consists of vector-specific appliance and cloud-based solutions that provide comprehensive advanced threat protection, from network to endpoint, for both inbound and outbound network traffic that may contain sensitive information. Our portfolio of Threat Prevention solutions includes the following appliances covering the Web, email, endpoint, file and mobile threat vectors: • Network Threat Prevention Platform (NX Series). Our Network Security NX Series appliances scale from 10 Mbps to multiple gigabits of throughput and are deployed in-line at enterprise Internet access points to analyze all web traffic. Utilizing our MVX engine, these appliances identify and block cyber threats deeply embedded inside web traffic, create real-time protection descriptors with the identification of new threats, and capture potential multi-protocol outbound communication data from threats that may already be inside the network. Our MVX engine detects advanced attacks exploiting unknown vulnerabilities as well as malicious code embedded in common Web and multimedia content. Our MVX engine executes suspicious software against a range of browsers, plug-ins, applications, and operating environments that are instrumental in tracking malicious actions. As potential threats can sometimes enter the network via user devices and may have been resident in the network previously, our MVX engine also analyzes outbound traffic for threats that may attempt to extract sensitive information or enable control of devices within the network by communicating with servers. Using our 7 A n n u a l R e p o r t MVX engine, our Network Security platform confirms zero-day attacks, generates real-time security intelligence and captures dynamic callback destinations to defend against attacks. In September 2013, we introduced the NX 10000, a multi-gigabit throughput appliance that can be deployed in-line at Internet egress points to block Web exploits and outbound multi-protocol callbacks. In December 2013, we introduced our NX 900 to enable threat protection at various remote and branch offices as well as at the homes of an organization’s executive officers and key personnel. In June 2014, we added intrusion prevention systems functionality (IPS) to our Network Threat Prevention Platform to allow organizations to consolidate advanced threat prevention with traditional signature-based network security. This allows an organization to optimize security spending, reduce false positives to illuminate actual attacks, and enable compliance. In September 2014, we introduced the NX 7500 with support for Windows and Mac OSX on the same appliance. In February 2015, we introduced the NX 4400 to bridge performance requirements from 1 gigabit to multiple gigabits, and in October 2015, we added decryption capabilities to enable visibility into encrypted network traffic. Email Threat Prevention Platform (EX Series and ETP). Our Email Threat Prevention appliances (EX series) and cloud-based solutions (ETP) detect and stop advanced attacks that exploit unknown operating system, browser, and application vulnerabilities as well as malicious code and attachments included in emails. Using our MVX engine, both the appliance and cloud-based solutions analyze email content as well as email attachments, including all common file and archive formats. In particular, our Email Threat Prevention solutions secure networks against spear phishing emails, which bypass traditional anti-spam and reputation-based technologies. Spear phishing attacks use individually targeted content to trick users into clicking on a malicious link or opening a document, and are frequently used by cybercriminals to extract sensitive information such as user IDs and passwords. Our MVX engine actively executes, and is able to quickly identify, links to compromised websites and malicious attachments and blocks spear-phishing emails. Endpoint Threat Prevention Platform (HX Series). Our Endpoint Threat Prevention Platform is an appliance and endpoint agent system that equips security organizations to detect, analyze and resolve security incidents on desktops, laptops and other end-user devices using the threat detection algorithms intelligence and alerts are correlated between our Network Threat of the MVX engine. Threat Prevention and Endpoint Threat Prevention platforms to provide visibility across an organization and enable rapid containment. Additionally, the HX agent collects forensic data necessary for investigation and analysis of attacks. Our Endpoint Threat Prevention can be configured to sweep for indicators of compromise at regular intervals to identify new attacks and compromised devices and is a component of our FireEye-as-a-Service offering. In November 2015, we introduced HX Endpoint 3.0 with enterprise search and live response, enabling organizations to rapidly search for new threats across as many as 100,000 endpoints. File Content Security (FX Series). Our FX Series appliances analyze network file servers to detect and quarantine malicious software brought into the network through technologies that bypass traditional security solutions, such as online file sharing and associated collaboration tools. These appliances analyze files using our MVX engine and detect malicious code embedded in common file types, including PDF, Microsoft Office documents, archived files, and multimedia content such as QuickTime and other video, audio and image files. Our FX Series appliances perform recursive, scheduled, and on- demand scanning of accessible network file servers to continuously identify and quarantine resident threats. • • • • Mobile Threat Prevention (MX Series). Our Mobile Threat Prevention product allows organizations to identify malicious mobile apps and assess risk levels for other apps for Android and Apple devices. Using our MVX technology, we have threat intelligence from more than nine million mobile applications and assigned security and privacy risk levels for each. Our Mobile Threat Prevention platform includes a downloadable app and a management solution that can integrate with a number of the major mobile device management solutions. The management solution is available as an on- premise appliance or a cloud-based solution. 8 • Security Management Products • Central Management System. Our Central Management System, or CMS, unifies reporting, configuration, and threat intelligence sharing and manages the overall deployment of the components of our Threat Prevention Platform. CMS appliances distribute threat intelligence from the DTI cloud and provide cross-enterprise threat data correlation to identify and block blended attacks across multiple attack vectors. CMS consolidates the management and reporting of activities in a unified security dashboard to provide a real-time view of an organization’s security profile. Customers generally purchase this appliance when they need to manage multiple FireEye appliances. • Security Analysis Products • Threat Analytics Platform (TAP). Our Threat Analytics Platform, or TAP, is a cloud-based solution that enables security teams to identify and effectively respond to cyber threats by correlating enterprise-generated security event data from any security product with real-time threat intelligence from FireEye. The platform is designed to scale by keeping as much data online and searchable as business needs demand. Search results can be exported from the user interface for use in other incident response management tools as needed. • Malware Analysis System (AX Series). Our AX Series of appliances provide a secure environment to test, replay, characterize and document advanced malicious activities by allowing security teams to manually execute and inspect advanced malware, zero-day, and other advanced cyber-attacks embedded in files, email attachments, and Web objects. Using our MVX engine, AX analyzes the execution path of a particular malware sample to generate a dynamic and anonymized profile that can be distributed to other FireEye appliances on the network. Larger customers typically purchase the product to enable advanced and deeper analysis of potential malicious software outside of the real-time traffic scanning done by our Threat Prevention appliances. • Security Forensics Products • • Network Forensics Platform (PX Series). Our Network Forensics Platform appliances complement our Threat Prevention Platform by capturing and indexing full packets at extremely rapid speeds to allow organizations to investigate and resolve security incidents. Using our Network Forensics Platform in conjunction with our Threat Prevention Platform, security analysts can detect threats and view specific packets and sessions before, during, and after the attack to confirm what may have triggered a malware download or callback. This information can be used for rapid response and to develop future protective strategies. Investigation Analysis System (AI Series). Our Investigative Analysis System provides a centralized, easy-to-use analytical interface to the Network Forensics Platform to provide data visualization and in- depth analytics to security analysts in a single centralized dashboard. Our Investigation Analysis System supports a number of configurations for single node and distributed architectures to optimize bandwidth and performance of metadata aggregation, queries, and analytics. • Mandiant Intelligent Response (MIR). The MIR endpoint forensics product enables remote investigation of endpoints and allows security teams to collect targeted forensic data for identification of attacker behavior, tools and techniques. Subscription and Services • Product Subscriptions • Threat Intelligence Subscriptions Dynamic Threat Intelligence Cloud (DTI). Our Dynamic Threat Intelligence, or DTI, cloud interconnects FireEye appliances deployed within customer networks, technology partner networks, and service providers around the world to gather and share real-time threat intelligence. Our DTI cloud is a bi-directional system that collects threat intelligence from our appliances, our global threat gathering network and our security labs, and distributes updated intelligence throughout our installed 9 A n n u a l R e p o r t base of customers to provide real-time detection of advanced attacks. The network effects of a globally distributed, automated threat analysis network improve the efficacy of our Threat Prevention Platform and differentiate our security solutions. Customers are required to purchase either a one or three year subscription to our DTI cloud as part of their initial appliance purchase. Advanced Threat Intelligence (ATI). Our Advanced Threat Intelligence augments our Dynamic Threat Intelligence with contextual information on threats and threat actors, including information on the identity of the attacker, likely motives, and details on attack patterns. This information can be used to search for additional compromises and enhance protective measures to prevent future attacks. ATI is an optional upgrade to our DTI Cloud subscription. Advanced Threat Intelligence Plus (ATI+). ATI+ adds comprehensive dossiers, trends, news, and analysis on advanced cyber threat groups as well as profiles of targeted industries and information about the types of data threat groups are targeting. It also includes community threat sharing, which allows organizations to share threat intelligence with trusted partners to develop personalized community cyber defenses. Customers at this level can also benefit from our 24/7/365 critical alert and detection efficacy monitoring. Email Threat Prevention Attachment/URL Engine. Our Email Threat Prevention Attachment/URL engine analyzes email attachments and URLs embedded in emails for threats. Customers who purchase the Email Threat Prevention appliance are also required to purchase one or three year subscriptions to our DTI cloud and the Email Threat Prevention Attachment/URL engine. Email Threat Prevention Cloud (ETP). Our cloud-based Email Threat Prevention solution (ETP) is a software-as-a-service (SaaS) offering that protects cloud-based mailboxes from advanced threats using our MVX engine and provides anti-spam and anti-virus protection. ETP can be used to complement and extend our FireEye EX Series appliances, whereby the incoming emails are analyzed and quarantined by the anti-spam, anti-virus engine in the cloud to thwart known threats while the on-premise EX Series combats the advanced unknown threats and zero-day attacks. Subscriptions to the DTI cloud and Email Threat Prevention Attachment/URL engine are included in the per mailbox price of ETP. semantic, dynamic, and behavioral characteristics Mobile Threat Prevention (MTP). Our Mobile Threat Prevention solution uses the MVX engine to analyze a combination of to provide a comprehensive risk assessment of mobile applications for Apple iOS and Android devices, and includes an MTP App, MTP Management and MTP Analysis. The MTP App is a lightweight mobile app that alerts mobile users to threats, communicates with the MTP Management appliance to display the threat scores of mobile apps, details malicious or unwanted behavior within each app, and examines factors associated with endpoint device compromise. MTP Management is a hybrid cloud offering that works with the MTP App to enable an enterprise-wide view into mobile device compromise and a customizable enforcement option. MTP Analysis is a standalone subscription that provides for deeper on-demand app forensics and analysis by security analysts. • Security-as-a-Service Offerings • FireEye-as-a-Service. Our FireEye-as-a-Service offering includes our Network Security Platform and our Endpoint Security Platform solutions, managed by our security experts through our security operations centers around the world. Using automated techniques and our advanced threat intelligence, our analysts monitor and analyze network traffic, regularly sweep enterprise endpoints for new malware, and actively hunt for new attacks and adversaries. Customers receive detailed analyses of threats with the context necessary to assess risk and prioritize action, as well as recommendations for containment and response. • Customer Support and Consulting Services • Incident response, compromise assessments and related consulting services. We have a team of cybersecurity experts to quickly respond to customers that have experienced a breach and help them understand the scope of the incident and quickly remediate the attack. Our cybersecurity experts will 10 inform customers who is behind the attack (i.e., organized crime, nation state or malicious insider) and how much damage was done, and will work with them to recover from the incident while minimizing the impact of the event on the organization. We have performed hundreds of successful security investigations across all industries, organization sizes and technical environments. As part of our services, we can help customers scope their own security programs, provide litigation support and forensic analysis. Our cybersecurity experts also perform compromise assessments to analyze network, endpoint and log data to identify indications of present or historical attacker activity. These consulting services are marketed under the Mandiant brand. Training and professional services. We offer training services to our customers and channel partners through our training department and authorized training partners. These services are designed to provide education regarding implementation, use and functionality, and maintenance and support of our products. We also provide training on managing the stages of our sales cycle for our channel partners. We offer professional services to customers for large implementations where expert technical resources are required. We provide professional services both directly to our customers, and indirectly through our authorized partners, who provide similar services to the end-customer. Customer Support and Maintenance Services. We offer technical support on our products and subscriptions. We provide multiple levels of support and have regional support centers located across the globe to help customers solve technical challenges that they may encounter. In addition to post- sales support activities, our support organization works with our product management and engineering teams to ensure the attainment of defined pre-requisite quality levels for our products and services prior to release. Like our subscription services, our support and maintenance contracts have terms of either one or three years. • • Our products are designed to address security requirements for small-to-mid sized businesses, remote offices, large enterprises, governments and service providers. We offer multiple appliance models, each with various features and capabilities. All our appliance products require subscriptions to threat intelligence and support, which are typically priced as a percentage of the appliance price in one or three year subscriptions. FireEye-as-a-Service and cloud-based offerings are offered in one or three year subscriptions and are typically priced based on appropriate use metrics. We typically invoice customers for the full term of the subscription up front. For contributions to total revenue by significant class of revenues, see “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” included in Part II, Item 7 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our Technology Our MVX multi-vector execution engine has been built from the ground up to address today’s modern threats, and is the key threat detection technology underlying our platform and threat intelligence network. Our foundational technologies in the MVX engine are: (i) line rate anomaly detection, (ii) proprietary virtual execution, (iii) exploit stage monitoring, (iv) cross correlation, (v) evolved network security architecture, and (vi) advanced endpoint validation and containment. We have built our technology over 10 years of research and development, and we believe it represents a significant competitive advantage for us. In 2015, we completed a multi-year effort to re-architect the MVX engine that increased overall analysis speed by three-fold and increased detection capacity by five-fold. Custom Anomaly Detector. Commercial anomaly detectors are common-place in IT security. While such anomaly detectors are the foundation for IPS solutions, they generate a significant number of false positives, making their efficacy in detecting IT security threats challenging. We have custom built our anomaly detector with a focus on rapidly and accurately filtering potentially suspicious data from benign traffic, using algorithms based on real-time threat intelligence delivered through our DTI cloud. This filtering allows benign traffic to pass through and forwards suspicious traffic to the MVX detonation chamber to be executed in the target 11 A n n u a l R e p o r t environment. While our virtual machine can process all traffic, using an anomaly detector helps increase network throughput and limit the amount of traffic that requires virtual execution. We are constantly improving the efficacy of our anomaly detector as we discover new threats. In addition to updates from MVX, our anomaly detector also receives updates from our DTI cloud in the attributes, or markers, it looks for when inspecting potentially suspicious data based on our global threat intelligence network. Our line rate anomaly detector minimizes missed attacks (false negatives) by aggressively categorizing traffic as suspicious. False alerts in the output of this system are automatically weeded out by our MVX engine, which confirms whether a suspicious flow or object is malicious. Because we first identify suspicious flows with our line rate anomaly detector and then, through a separate process, use our MVX engine to determine whether such suspicious flows are malicious, our solution is able to achieve negligible false-positive rates and missed attacks, which are the desired results of the ideal detection engine. Proprietary Virtual Execution. Our appliances utilize a proprietary virtual execution engine to execute potentially suspicious software code. We have built our virtual execution engine to take advantage of advances in multi-core processing and run on many-core network processors. As we do not use a commercially available virtual machine technology, we are not encumbered by any incremental overhead beyond the execution of our environments and the detection of threats. We are also free to make rapid modifications to the code base of our virtual execution engine as attackers develop new evasion techniques, which our competitors are not able to do. Our virtual execution engine is capable of mimicking thousands of combinations of operating systems and user configurations, including several popular operating systems, applications and Web browsers. Once suspicious software code identified by the custom anomaly detector is loaded into the target environment, our MVX engine monitors the software’s behavior. Using a proprietary behavior analysis technology, MVX determines if the actions the code is taking in the virtual environment are malicious or benign. We have developed our MVX engine over the past 10 years to provide high performance threat protection through high detection efficacy, negligible false-positive rates, and minimal impact on network performance. Exploit Stage Monitoring. Our appliances are able to monitor the full spectrum of data that enters the network. This allows visibility into all stages of an attack, including the exploit phase, where an attacker first compromises a program through a vulnerability in the software. The exploit object can be embedded in any piece of content, such as an ordinary Web page. This stage of the attack is invisible to network security technologies that are focused on examining files and executables once they are written to the hard drive on a host computer. Today’s threats often encrypt the malware file they download, making detection impossible unless the attack has been monitored at the exploit phase. We are able to detect new exploits by running suspicious software through our MVX virtual execution engine. Additionally, MVX collects the encryption key necessary to properly execute the subsequent malware in a virtual environment. Multi-Vector Cross Correlation. Our appliances, when deployed with the CMS appliance, communicate threat information between appliances in real-time as well as receive updates from our DTI cloud. This awareness allows our appliances, which are specific to threat vectors, to prevent sophisticated multi-vector threats, particularly blended attacks. This cross-fertilization of attack information enables our appliances to piece together separate and seemingly benign components to identify and block a blended or multi-vector attack. Evolved Network Security Architecture. Our solutions are designed to operate as part of a comprehensive architecture to defend networks against today’s advanced threats. This allows appliances to be deployed at the right vectors and have visibility into the traffic streams necessary to detect and block next-generation threats. The ability to monitor all traffic and file stores is critical to detecting next-generation threats that will enter through multiple vectors and move laterally across the network. This is impossible for legacy network security providers to achieve with architectures that were built around traditional threats and file scanning, which do not have visibility into the traffic sources today’s advanced threats utilize during attacks. Advanced Endpoint Validation and Containment. Our Endpoint Threat Prevention System is a hybrid appliance and endpoint agent-based solution that enables real-time, automated validation and investigation of security incidents across thousands of endpoints. Our Endpoint Threat Prevention technology allows customers 12 to uncover attacks in their environment by identifying indicators of compromise, or IOCs, on endpoints left behind by attacker activity. Suspicious hosts are flagged using non-signature based intelligence so security analysts can confirm the scope of the attack, identify and contain all compromised hosts, and quickly secure their networks from further attack. The Endpoint Threat Prevention Platform also enables security operations teams to correlate network and endpoint attack activity and threat intelligence. Organizations can automatically investigate alerts generated by other FireEye Threat Prevention Platforms, log management and network security products, apply proprietary intelligence from FireEye, or sweep for IOCs, to identify the devices that have been compromised and contain compromised endpoints with a single click using our Agent Anywhere technology. Our endpoint validation and containment technologies include: • Automatic creation of indicators of compromise coupled with rapid enterprise-wide search. Security teams are able to generate search parameters based on new threat intelligence, query tens or hundreds of thousands of endpoints to identify critical issues, and contain compromised hosts in a matter of minutes. • Agent Anywhere. Investigate any endpoint event even when the device is disconnected from the network. • Unified endpoint dashboard. In addition, our Endpoint Threat Prevention platform provides a unified dashboard that allows administrators to view malicious activity both on conventional endpoints like PCs as well as mobile devices. Customers Our customer base has grown from approximately 450 end-customers at the end of 2011 to over 4,400 end- including 680 of the Forbes Global 2000. We provide products, customers as of December 31, 2015, subscriptions and services to customers of varying sizes, including enterprises, governmental agencies and educational and nonprofit organizations. Our customers include leading enterprises in a diverse set of industries, including telecommunications providers, financial services entities, Internet search engines, social networking sites, stock exchanges, electrical grid operators, networking vendors, oil and gas companies, healthcare and pharmaceutical companies and leading U.S. and international governmental agencies. Our business is not dependent on any particular end-customer as no end-customer represented more than 10% of our revenue for any of the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 or 2013. For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, one reseller represented 13%, 11% and 11%, respectively, of our total revenue. For the year ended December 31, 2013, another reseller also represented 11% of our total revenue. For the year ended December 31, 2015, one distributor represented 17% of our total revenue. No distributor represented 10% or greater of our total revenue for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013. Backlog Orders for subscriptions and services for multiple years are typically billed in their entirety shortly after receipt of the order and are included in deferred revenue. The timing of revenue recognition for subscriptions and services may vary depending on the contractual service period or when the services are rendered. Products are shipped and billed shortly after receipt of an order. The majority of our product revenue comes from orders that are received and shipped in the same quarter. We do not believe that our product backlog at any particular time is meaningful because it is not necessarily indicative of future revenue in any given period, as the fulfillment of such orders may be delayed. Sales and Marketing Sales. Our sales organization consists of a direct sales team and channel partners who work in collaboration with our direct sales team to identify new sales prospects, sell products, subscriptions and services, and provide post-sale support. Our direct field sales team is responsible for securing enterprise and government accounts 13 A n n u a l R e p o r t globally. Our direct inside sales organization is responsible for securing medium and smaller organizations that are focused on protecting key assets. We also recently built a strategic account management team to support and expand sales within our customer base. Our sales cycle varies by industry and can last multiple months, although some transactions can close in a few weeks when an active breach is discovered. We also have a dedicated team focused on channel sales who manage the relationships with our value-added reseller and distributor partners and work with these channel partners in winning and supporting customers. We believe this direct-touch sales approach allows us to leverage the benefits of broader market coverage provided by a reseller channel as well as maintain a face-to-face connection with our customers, including key enterprise accounts. We have also cultivated alliances with non-traditional partners to generate customer referrals and extend our technologies and sales coverage to new segments. These relationships include relationships with insurance providers, large systems integrators and managed service providers, and we have engaged in joint solution development with leading providers of engineering services and payment systems. Our sales organization is supported by sales engineers with deep technical domain expertise who are responsible for pre-sales technical support, solutions engineering for our customers, proof of concept work and technical training for our channel partners. We believe that, by providing a proof of concept to potential customers, we are able to contrast the effectiveness of our platform versus our competitors in identifying suspicious and potentially malicious software code in their actual IT environments. Our sales engineers also act as the liaison between customers and our marketing and product development organizations. As part of our sales strategy, we often provide prospective customers with our products for a short-term evaluation period. In such cases, our products are deployed within the prospective customer’s network, typically for a period ranging from one week to several months. During this period, the prospective customer conducts evaluations with the assistance of our system engineers and members of our security research team. These evaluations have been part of our ordinary course business practices for the past three years, and we often discover incidents of next-generation threats that successfully evaded the prospective customers’ existing security infrastructure, including traditional firewalls, next-generation firewalls, intrusion prevention systems, anti-virus software, email security and Web filtering appliances. By deploying our platform, organizations can stop inbound attacks and outbound theft of valuable intellectual property and data with a negligible false-positive rate, enabling them to avoid potentially catastrophic financial and intellectual property losses, reputational harm and damage to critical infrastructures at a lower total cost of ownership compared to many other security solutions. Marketing. Our marketing is focused on building our brand reputation and market awareness for our platform, driving customer demand and a strong sales pipeline, and working with our channel partners around the globe. Our marketing team consists primarily of corporate marketing, channel marketing, account/lead development, operations and corporate communications. Marketing activities include demand generation, advertising, product launch activities, managing our corporate Website and partner portal, trade shows and conferences, press and analyst relations, and customer awareness. We are also actively engaged in driving global thought leadership programs through blogs and media and developing rich content such as the global cyber maps and threat reports. Technology Alliance Partners FireEye has built a robust ecosystem of Technology Alliance Partners who, through integration and joint go- to-market efforts, extend the breadth and depth of cybersecurity and protection customers gain from FireEye. Spanning multiple technology categories, including network monitoring vendors, security information and event management vendors, network equipment vendors, forensic software vendors and web application firewall 14 vendors, these partnerships provide for threat intelligence sharing, cross-vendor integrations, and joint solution development. By helping to ease the complications that organizations face when implementing multi-layered security solutions, our technology alliances facilitate integrated solution design, accelerate the time to realize value, and enhance our role as a strategic security partner. Government Affairs We maintain relationships with several governments around the globe. Our thought leadership in defending against next-generation threats has helped to shape the legislative, regulatory and policy environment to better enhance these governments’ individual and collective cyber posture. As part of this effort, we contribute to the evolving standard-making processes, help define best practices in various jurisdictions and help organizations of all sizes better understand the cyber threat landscape. We also help governments identify future needs and requirements. In the United States, David G. DeWalt, our Chief Executive Officer, is a member of President Obama’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee, which provides recommendations to the President on how to assure vital telecommunications links through any event or crisis, and help the nation maintain a reliable, secure and resilient national communications posture. Through these and related activities, we engage on the front lines of emerging cybersecurity related public policy and use our knowledge and insight to improve the cybersecurity of our government and industry customers. Manufacturing The manufacturing of our security products is outsourced to principally one third-party contract manufacturer. This approach allows us to reduce our costs as it reduces our manufacturing overhead and inventory and also allows us to adjust more quickly to changing customer demand. Our manufacturing partner assembles our products using design specifications, quality assurance programs, and standards that we establish, and it procures components and assembles our products based on our demand forecasts. These forecasts represent our estimates of future demand for our products based upon historical trends and analysis from our sales and product management functions as adjusted for overall market conditions. Our primary contract manufacturer is Flextronics Telecom Systems, Ltd., or Flextronics. The manufacturing agreement we have entered into with Flextronics does not provide for any minimum purchase commitments and had an initial term of one year and automatically renews for one-year terms, unless either party gives written notice to the other party not less than 90 days prior to the last day of the applicable term. Additionally, this agreement may be terminated by either party (i) with advance written notice provided to the other party, subject to certain notice period limitations, or (ii) with written notice, subject to applicable cure periods, if the other party has materially breached its obligations under the agreement. Research and Development We invest substantial resources in research and development to enhance our virtual execution engine, build add-on functionality to our products and improve our core technologies. We believe that hardware, software and cloud-based technologies are critical to expanding our leadership in the security industry. Our engineering teams have deep networking and security expertise and work closely with our customers to identify their current and future needs. Additionally, our Mandiant consultants use our products in their incident response and compromise assessment engagements and provide continual feedback to our engineering teams on product performance, detection efficacy, evasion techniques and attack trends. In addition to our focus on platform expansion and enhancement, our research and development teams are focused on developing automation tools and machine learning techniques to reduce the time to discover and distribute new threat intelligence, as well as generate efficiencies in our services offerings. We are also investing in security platform management capabilities to provide unified reporting and security orchestration features to customers in a single dashboard. 15 A n n u a l R e p o r t We maintain research and development activities across the globe with teams located in Germany, India, Ireland, Japan, Singapore and the United States. Research and development expense totaled $279.5 million, $203.2 million and $66.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Competition We operate in the intensely competitive IT security market which is characterized by constant change and innovation. Changes in the threat in evolving customer requirements for security. Several vendors have either introduced new products or incorporated new features into existing products that compete with our solutions. Our current and potential future competitors fall into six general categories: landscape and broader IT infrastructures result • • • • • • large networking vendors such as Cisco and Juniper that may emulate or integrate features similar to ours into their own products; large companies such as Intel, IBM and HPE that have acquired large IT security specialist vendors in recent years and have the technical and financial resources to bring competitive solutions to the market; independent security vendors such as Palo Alto Networks and Trend Micro that offer products that claim to perform similar functions to our platform; small and large companies, including new entrants, that offer point solutions that compete with some of the features present in our platform; providers of traditional IT security solutions, such as Symantec, that we may compete with in the future; and other providers of incident response and compromise assessment services. As our market grows and IT budgets are allocated to support protection from advanced threats, it will attract more highly specialized vendors as well as larger vendors that may continue to acquire or bundle their products more effectively. The principal competitive factors in our market include: • • • • • • • • • • • • ability to deliver the combination of technology, intelligence and expertise necessary to combat the current threat landscape; ability to detect current threats by overcoming the limitations of signature-based approaches, while maintaining a low rate of false-positive alerts; scalability, throughput and overall performance of the virtual machine technology; visibility into all stages of an attack, especially the exploit phase; breadth and richness of the shared threat intelligence, including threat intelligence on cyber crime, cyber espionage, hacktivism, attacks on critical infrastructure and nation-state attacks; flexible deployment options, including on-premise appliances, software in the cloud, or a hybrid of both; brand awareness and reputation; strength of sales and marketing efforts; product extensibility and ability to integrate with other technologies in the network infrastructure; ease of use; price and total cost of ownership; and ability to provide an orchestrated solution of products and services for detecting, preventing and resolving advanced cybersecurity threats across multiple attack vectors. 16 We believe we compete favorably with our competitors on the basis of these factors as a result of the features and performance of our platform, the ease of integration of our products with network infrastructures, the breadth of our services and solution offerings and the relatively low total cost of ownership of our products. However, many of our competitors have substantially greater financial, technical and other resources, greater name recognition, larger sales and marketing budgets, deeper customer relationships, broader distribution, and larger and more mature intellectual property portfolios. Intellectual Property Our success depends in part upon our ability to protect our core technology and intellectual property. We rely on, among other things, patents, trademarks, copyrights and trade secret laws, confidentiality safeguards and procedures, and employee non-disclosure and invention assignment agreements to protect our intellectual property rights. We file patent applications to protect our intellectual property and believe that the duration of our issued patents is sufficient when considering the expected lives of our products. We cannot assure you whether any of our patent applications will result in the issuance of a patent or whether the examination process will result in patents of valuable breadth or applicability. In addition, any patents that may issue may be contested, circumvented, found unenforceable or invalidated, and we may not be able to prevent third parties from infringing them. We also license software from third parties for integration into our products, including open source software and other software available on commercially reasonable terms. We control access to and use of our proprietary software, technology and other proprietary information through the use of internal and external controls, including contractual protections with employees, contractors, end-customers and partners, and our software is protected by U.S. and international copyright, patent and trade secret technology and other proprietary information, unauthorized parties may still copy or otherwise obtain and use our software, technology and other proprietary information. In addition, we intend to expand our international operations, and effective patent, copyright, trademark, and trade secret protection may not be available or may be limited in foreign countries. laws. Despite our efforts to protect our software, Our industry is characterized by the existence of a large number of patents and frequent claims and related litigation regarding patent and other intellectual property rights. If we become more successful, we believe that competitors will be more likely to try to develop products that are similar to ours and that may infringe our proprietary rights. It may also be more likely that competitors or other third parties will claim that our products infringe their proprietary rights. In particular, large and established companies in the IT security industry have extensive patent portfolios and are regularly involved in both offensive and defensive litigation. From time-to- time, third parties, including certain of these large companies and non-practicing entities, may assert patent, copyright, trademark, and other intellectual property rights against us, our channel partners, or our end- customers, whom our standard license and other agreements obligate us to indemnify against such claims. Successful claims of infringement by a third party, if any, could prevent us from distributing certain products or performing certain services, require us to expend time and money to develop non-infringing solutions, or force us to pay substantial damages (including, in the United States, treble damages if we are found to have willfully infringed patents), royalties or other fees. We cannot assure you that we do not currently infringe, or that we will not in the future infringe, upon any third-party patents or other proprietary rights. For example, we are currently a party to claims alleging, among other things, patent infringement, which are in the early stages of litigation. See “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Our Industry—Claims by others that we infringe their proprietary technology or other rights could harm our business” for additional information. Business Seasonality For discussion of seasonal trends, see our quarterly results of operations discussion within “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” included in Part II, Item 7 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. 17 A n n u a l R e p o r t Employees As of December 31, 2015, we had approximately 3,100 employees. None of our employees is represented by a labor organization or is a party to any collective bargaining arrangement. We have never had a work stoppage, and we consider our relationship with our employees to be good. Facilities We currently lease approximately 223,000 square feet of space for our corporate headquarters in Milpitas, California under lease agreements that expire during the year ended December 31, 2018. We maintain additional offices throughout the United States and various international locations including, Australia, Dubai, Germany, India, Ireland, Japan, Singapore and the United Kingdom. We believe that our current facilities are adequate to meet our ongoing needs, and that, if we require additional space, we will be able to obtain additional facilities on commercially reasonable terms. Legal Proceedings The information set forth under “Litigation” in Note 9 contained in the “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements” in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K is incorporated herein by reference. Item 1A. Risk Factors Our operations and financial results are subject to various risks and uncertainties including those described below. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones we face. Additional risks and uncertainties that we are unaware of, or that we currently believe are not material, also may become important factors that affect us. If any of the following risks or others not specified below materialize, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected. In that case, the trading price of our common stock could decline. Risks Related to Our Business and Our Industry If the IT security market does not continue to adopt our virtual machine-based security platform, our sales will not grow as quickly as anticipated, or at all, and our business, results of operations and financial condition would be harmed. Our future success depends on market adoption of our unique approach to IT security. We are seeking to disrupt the IT security market with our virtual machine-based security platform. Our platform interoperates with but does not replace most signature-based IT security products. Enterprises and governments that use signature- based security products, such as firewalls, intrusion prevention systems, or IPS, anti-virus, or AV, and Web and messaging gateways, for their IT security may be hesitant to purchase our virtual machine-based security platform if they believe that signature-based products are more cost effective, provide substantially the same functionality as our platform or provide a level of IT security that is sufficient to meet their needs. Currently, most enterprises and governments have not allocated a fixed portion of their budgets to protect against next- generation advanced cyber attacks. As a result, to expand our customer base, we need to convince potential customers to allocate a portion of their discretionary budgets to purchase our platform. However, even if we are successful in doing so, any future deterioration in general economic conditions may cause our customers to cut their overall IT spending, and such cuts may fall disproportionately on products and services like ours, for which no fixed budgetary allocation has been made. If we do not succeed in convincing customers that our platform should be an integral part of their overall approach to IT security and that a fixed portion of their annual IT budgets should be allocated to our platform, our sales will not grow as quickly as anticipated, or at all, which would have an adverse impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Even if there is significant demand for virtual machine-based security solutions like ours, if our competitors include functionality that is, or is perceived to be, better than or equivalent to that of our platform, we may have difficulty increasing the market penetration of our platform. Furthermore, even if the functionality offered by 18 other IT security providers is different and more limited than the functionality of our platform, organizations may elect to accept such limited functionality in lieu of adding products from additional vendors like us, especially if competitor offerings are free or available at a lower cost. In addition, changes in customer requirements could reduce customer demand for our virtual machine-based security solutions. For example, if customers were to reduce their number of web egress points in order to reduce their cyber attack surface, they would not need to purchase as many of our Network Threat Prevention appliances, which currently account for the largest portion of our threat prevention product revenue. Similarly, if one or more governments share, on a free or nearly free basis, threat intelligence with other governmental agencies or organizations, such as critical infrastructure companies, then those agencies or organizations might have less demand for additional threat intelligence and may purchase less of our threat intelligence offerings. If enterprises and governments do not continue to adopt our virtual machine-based security platform for any of the reasons discussed above or for other reasons not contemplated, our sales would not grow as quickly as anticipated, or at all, and our business, results of operations and financial condition would be harmed. If we fail to effectively manage our growth, our business, financial condition and results of operations would be harmed. Our headcount increased from approximately 2,500 employees as of December 31, 2014 to approximately 3,100 employees as of December 31, 2015. We expect our headcount to continue to grow rapidly. In addition, our number of end-customers increased from approximately 3,100 to over 4,400 over the same period. This rapid growth has placed significant demands on our management and our operational and financial infrastructure. To improve our infrastructure, we continue to enhance our enterprise resource planning system, including revenue recognition and management software, and implement and enhance additional systems and controls. There is no assurance that we will be able to successfully scale improvements to our enterprise resource planning system or implement or scale improvements to our other systems, processes and controls in a manner that keeps pace with our growth or that such systems, processes and controls will be effective in preventing or detecting errors, omissions or fraud. As part of our efforts to improve our internal systems, processes and controls, we have licensed technology from third parties. The support services available for such third-party technology is outside of our control and may be negatively affected by consolidation in the software industry. In addition, if we do not receive adequate support for the software underlying our systems, processes and controls, our ability to provide products and services to our customers in a timely manner may be impaired, which may cause us to lose customers, limit us to smaller deployments of our platform or increase our technical support costs. Many of our expenses are relatively fixed, at least in the short term. If our projections or assumptions on which we base our projections are incorrect, we may not be able to adjust our expenses rapidly enough to avoid an adverse impact on our profitability or cash flows. To manage this growth effectively, we must continue to improve our operational, financial and management systems and controls by, among other things: • • • • effectively attracting, training and integrating a large number of new employees, particularly members of our sales and management teams; further improving our key business applications, processes and IT infrastructure, including our data centers, to support our business needs; continuing to refine our ability to forecast our bookings, billings, revenues, expenses and cash flows; enhancing our information and communication systems to ensure that our employees and offices around the world are well coordinated and can effectively communicate with each other and our growing base of channel partners and customers; 19 A n n u a l R e p o r t • • improving our internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures to ensure timely and accurate reporting of our operational and financial results; and appropriately documenting and testing our IT systems and business processes. These and other improvements in our systems and controls will require significant capital expenditures and the allocation of valuable management and employee resources. If we fail to implement these improvements effectively, our ability to manage our expected growth, ensure uninterrupted operation of key business systems and comply with the rules and regulations applicable to public reporting companies would be impaired, and our business, financial condition and results of operations would be harmed. Real or perceived defects, errors or vulnerabilities in our products or services, the misconfiguration of our products, the failure of our products or services to block malware or prevent a security breach, or the failure of customers to take action on attacks identified by our products could harm our reputation and adversely impact our business, financial position and results of operations. Because our products and services are complex, they have contained and may contain design or manufacturing defects or errors that are not detected until after their deployment. Our products also provide our customers with the ability to customize a multitude of settings, and it is possible that a customer could misconfigure our products or otherwise fail to configure our products in an optimal manner. Such defects and misconfigurations of our products could cause our products or services to be vulnerable to security attacks, cause them to fail to secure networks and detect and block threats, or temporarily interrupt the networking traffic of our customers. In addition, because the techniques used by computer hackers to access or sabotage networks change frequently and generally are not recognized until launched against a target, there is a risk that an advanced attack could emerge that our products and services are unable to detect or prevent. Moreover, as our products and services are adopted by an increasing number of enterprises and governments, it is possible that the individuals and organizations behind advanced malware attacks will begin to focus on finding ways to defeat our products and services. If this happens, our networks, products, services and subscriptions could be targeted by attacks specifically designed to disrupt our business and undermine the perception that our products and services are capable of providing superior IT security, which, in turn, could have a serious impact on our reputation as a provider of virtual machine-based security solutions. Any breach or perceived security breaches of our network could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. If any of our customers becomes infected with malware after using our products or services, such customer could be disappointed with our products and services, regardless of whether our products or services blocked the theft of any of such customer’s data or would have blocked such theft if configured properly. Similarly, if our products detect attacks against a customer but the customer has not permitted our products to block the theft of customer data, customers and the public may erroneously believe that our products were not effective. For any security breaches against customers that use our services, such as customers that have hired us to monitor their networks and endpoints through our own or our co-branded security operation centers, breaches against those customers may result in customers and the public believing that our products and services failed. Furthermore, if any enterprises or governments that are publicly known to use our products or services are the subject of an advanced cyber attack that becomes publicized, our other current or potential customers may look to our competitors for alternatives to our products and services. Real or perceived security breaches of our customers’ networks could cause disruption or damage to their networks or other negative consequences and could result in negative publicity to us, damage to our reputation, declining sales, increased expenses and customer relations issues. Furthermore, our products and services may fail to detect or prevent malware, viruses, worms or similar threats for any number of reasons, including our failure to enhance and expand our products and services to reflect industry trends, new technologies and new operating environments, the complexity of the environment of our clients and the sophistication of malware, viruses and other threats. In addition, from time to time, firms test our products against other security products. Our products may fail to detect or prevent threats in any particular 20 test for a number of reasons, including misconfiguration. To the extent potential customers, industry analysts or testing firms believe that the occurrence of a failure to detect or prevent any particular threat is a flaw or indicates that our products or services do not provide significant value, our reputation and business could be harmed. Failure to keep pace with technological changes in the IT security industry and changes in the threat landscape could adversely affect our ability to protect against security breaches and could cause us to lose customers. In addition, in the event that a customer suffers a cyber attack, we could be subject to claims based on a misunderstanding of the scope of our contractual warranties or the protection afforded by the Support Anti- Terrorism by Fostering Effective Technologies Act of 2002, or the SAFETY Act. Any real or perceived defects, errors or vulnerabilities in our products and services, or any other failure of our products and services to detect an advanced threat, could result in: • • • • • • • a loss of existing or potential customers or channel partners; delayed or lost revenue and harm to our financial condition and results of operations; a delay in attaining, or the failure to attain, market acceptance; the expenditure of significant financial and product development resources in efforts to analyze, correct, eliminate, or work around errors or defects, to address and eliminate vulnerabilities, or to identify and ramp up production with alternative third-party manufacturers; an increase in warranty claims, or an increase in the cost of servicing warranty claims, either of which would adversely affect our gross margins; harm to our reputation or brand; and litigation, regulatory inquiries, or investigations that may be costly and further harm our reputation. Our results of operations are likely to vary significantly from period to period, which could cause the trading price of our common stock to decline. Our results of operations have varied significantly from period to period, and we expect that our results of operations, including, but not limited to our GAAP and non-GAAP measures, will continue to vary as a result of a number of factors, many of which are outside of our control and may be difficult to predict, including: • • • • • • • • • • our ability to attract new and retain existing customers; changes in our mix of products, subscriptions and services sold; the budgeting cycles, seasonal buying patterns and purchasing practices of customers; the timing of shipments of our products and length of our sales cycles; changes in customer or reseller requirements or market needs; changes in the growth rate of the IT security market, particularly the market for threat protection solutions like ours that target next-generation advanced cyber attacks; the timing and success of new product and service introductions by us or our competitors or any other change in the competitive landscape of the IT security market, including consolidation among our customers or competitors; the level of awareness of IT security threats, particularly advanced cyber attacks, and the market adoption of our platform; deferral of orders from customers in anticipation of new products or product enhancements announced by us or our competitors; our ability to successfully expand our business domestically and internationally; 21 A n n u a l R e p o r t • • • • • • • • • • • • reductions in customer renewal rates for our subscriptions; decisions by organizations to purchase IT security solutions from larger, more established security vendors or from their primary IT equipment vendors; changes in our pricing policies or those of our competitors; any disruption in, or termination of, our relationships with channel partners; our inability to fulfill our customers’ orders due to supply chain delays or events that impact our manufacturers or their suppliers; insolvency or credit difficulties confronting our customers, affecting their ability to purchase or pay for our products, subscriptions and services, or confronting our key suppliers, particularly our sole source suppliers, which could disrupt our supply chain; the cost and potential outcomes of existing and future litigation, including, without limitation, the purported stockholder lawsuits described under the “Litigation” subheading in Note 9 Commitments and Contingencies contained in the “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements” in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K; seasonality in our business; general economic conditions, both domestic and in our foreign markets; future accounting pronouncements or changes in our accounting policies or practices; the amount and timing of operating costs and capital expenditures related to the expansion of our business; and increases or decreases in our revenues and expenses caused by fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. Any of the above factors, individually or in the aggregate, may result in significant fluctuations in our financial and other operating results from period to period. For example, as we offer more and more solutions through subscriptions and services, it becomes increasingly difficult for us to predict whether customers will purchase our solutions as a product, a subscription or a service. If customers purchase our solutions through subscriptions and services that have less profit associated with them than our products, our operating results could be harmed. Changes in the mix of offerings sold impacts the timing of recognition of revenue for our sales. Consequently, given the different revenue recognition policies associated with sales of our products, subscriptions and services, customers purchasing more of our subscription and services offerings and less of our product offerings than we anticipated could result in our actual revenue falling below our publicly announced guidance or the expectations of securities analysts and investors, resulting in a decline in our stock price. As a result of this variability, our historical results of operations should not be relied upon as an indication of future performance. Moreover, this variability and unpredictability could result in our failure to meet our operating plan or the expectations of investors or analysts for any period. If we fail to meet such expectations for these or other reasons, the market price of our common stock could fall substantially, and we could face costly lawsuits, including securities class action suits. Recent and future acquisitions and investments could disrupt our business and harm our financial condition and operating results. Our success will depend, in part, on our ability to expand our platform and grow our business in response to changing technologies, customer demands and competitive pressures. In some circumstances, we may decide to do so through the acquisition of complementary businesses and technologies rather than through internal development, including, for example, our acquisition of Mandiant Corporation, or Mandiant, our acquisition of nPulse Technologies, or nPulse, our acquisition of iSIGHT Security, Inc. (d/b/a iSIGHT Partners, Inc.), or 22 iSIGHT, and our acquisition of Invotas International Corporation, or Invotas. The identification of suitable acquisition candidates can be difficult, time-consuming and costly, and we may not be able to successfully complete acquisitions that we target in the future. The risks we face in connection with acquisitions, including our acquisitions of Mandiant, nPulse, iSIGHT and Invotas, include: • • • • • • • • • • • • diversion of management integration challenges; time and focus from operating our business to addressing acquisition coordination of research and development and sales and marketing functions; integration of product and service offerings; retention of key employees from the acquired company; changes in relationships with strategic partners as a result of product acquisitions or strategic positioning resulting from the acquisition; cultural challenges associated with integrating employees from the acquired company into our organization; integration of the acquired company’s accounting, management information, human resources and other administrative systems; the need to implement or improve controls, procedures, and policies at a business that prior to the acquisition may have lacked sufficiently effective controls, procedures and policies; financial reporting, revenue recognition or other financial or control deficiencies of the acquired company that we don’t adequately address and that cause our reported results to be incorrect; liability for activities of the acquired company before the acquisition, including intellectual property infringement claims, violations of laws, commercial disputes, tax liabilities and other known and unknown liabilities; unanticipated write-offs or charges; and litigation or other claims in connection with the acquired company, including claims from terminated employees, customers, former stockholders or other third parties. in dilutive issuances of equity securities. For example, Our failure to address these risks or other problems encountered in connection with our past or future acquisitions and investments could cause us to fail to realize the anticipated benefits of these acquisitions or investments, cause us to incur unanticipated liabilities, and harm our business generally. Future acquisitions could also result in December 2013, we issued approximately 16.9 million shares of common stock and assumed options to purchase approximately 4.6 million shares of our common stock in connection with our acquisition of Mandiant. In May 2014, we issued 295,681 shares of common stock and assumed options to purchase 63,490 shares of common stock in connection with our acquisition of nPulse. In January 2016, we issued 1,793,305 shares of common stock in connection with our acquisition of iSIGHT, to be distributed to certain former stockholders of iSIGHT upon the achievement of a threat intelligence bookings target. In February 2016, we issued 742,026 shares of common stock in connection with our acquisition of Invotas. There is also a risk that future acquisitions will result in the incurrence of debt, contingent liabilities, amortization expenses, incremental operating expenses or the write-off of goodwill, any of which could harm our financial condition or operating results. We have had operating losses each year since our inception, and may not achieve or maintain profitability in the future. We have incurred operating losses each year since 2004, including net losses of $539.2 million, $443.8 million and $120.6 million during the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. We expect our operating expenses to increase in the future as we expand our sales and marketing efforts and continue to 23 A n n u a l R e p o r t invest in research and development of our technologies. These efforts may be more costly than we expect, and we may not be able to increase our revenue to offset our increased operating expenses. Our revenue growth may slow or our revenue may decline for a number of other reasons, including reduced demand for our platform, increased competition, a decrease in the growth or size of the IT security market, particularly the market for solutions that target the next generation of advanced cyber attacks, or any failure to capitalize on growth opportunities. Any failure to increase our revenue as we grow our business could prevent us from achieving or, if achieved, maintaining profitability. If we are unable to meet these risks and challenges as we encounter them, our business, financial condition and results of operations may suffer. In addition, we may have difficulty achieving profitability under U.S. GAAP, due to stock-based compensation, intangible amortization and other non-cash charges. Fluctuating economic conditions make it difficult to predict revenue for a particular period, and a shortfall in revenue may harm our operating results. Our revenue depends significantly on general economic conditions and the demand for products in the IT security market. Economic weakness, customer financial difficulties, and constrained spending on IT security may result in decreased revenue and earnings. Such factors could make it difficult to accurately forecast our sales and operating results and could negatively affect our ability to provide accurate forecasts to our contract manufacturers and manage our inventory purchases, contract manufacturer relationships and other costs and expenses. In addition, concerns regarding the impact of the U.S. federal sequestration on the IT budgets of various agencies of the U.S. government, as well as continued budgetary challenges in the United States and Europe and geopolitical turmoil in many parts of the world have and may continue to put pressure on global economic conditions and overall spending on IT security. General economic weakness may also lead to longer collection cycles for payments due from our customers, an increase in customer bad debt, restructuring initiatives and associated expenses, and impairment of investments. Furthermore, the continued weakness and uncertainty in worldwide credit markets, including the sovereign debt situation in certain countries in the European Union, or EU, may adversely impact the ability of our customers to adequately fund their expected capital expenditures, which could lead to delays or cancellations of planned purchases of our platform. Uncertainty about future economic conditions also makes it difficult to forecast operating results and to make decisions about future investments. Future or continued economic weakness for us or our customers, failure of our customers and markets to recover from such weakness, customer financial difficulties, and reductions in spending on IT security could have a material adverse effect on demand for our platform and consequently on our business, financial condition and results of operations. We face intense competition and could lose market share to our competitors, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. requirements, The market for security products and services is intensely competitive and characterized by rapid changes in technology, customer introductions and improvements. We anticipate continued challenges from current competitors, which in many cases are more established and enjoy greater resources than us, as well as by new entrants into the industry. If we are unable to anticipate or effectively react to these competitive challenges, our competitive position could weaken, and we could experience a decline in our growth rate or revenue that could adversely affect our business and results of operations. industry standards and frequent new product Our competitors and potential competitors include large networking vendors such as Cisco Systems, Inc. and Juniper Networks, Inc. that may emulate or integrate virtual-machine features similar to ours into their own products; large companies such as Intel, IBM, and HPE that have acquired large IT security specialist vendors in recent years and have the technical and financial resources and broad customer bases needed to bring competitive solutions to the market; independent IT security vendors such as Sourcefire (which was acquired by Cisco 24 Systems, Inc.) and Palo Alto Networks that offer products that claim to perform similar functions to our platform; small and large companies that offer point solutions that compete with some of the features present in our platform; and other providers of incident response and compromise assessment services. Other IT providers offer, and may continue to introduce, security features that compete with our platform, either in stand-alone security products or as additional features in their network infrastructure products. Many of our existing competitors have, and some of our potential competitors could have, substantial competitive advantages such as: • • • • • • • • greater name recognition, longer operating histories and larger customer bases; larger sales and marketing budgets and resources; broader distribution and established relationships with channel and distribution partners and customers; greater customer support resources; greater resources to make acquisitions; lower labor and research and development costs; larger and more mature intellectual property portfolios; and substantially greater financial, technical and other resources. In addition, some of our larger competitors have substantially broader product offerings and may be able to leverage their relationships with distribution partners and customers based on other products or incorporate functionality into existing products to gain business in a manner that discourages users from purchasing our products, subscriptions and services, including by selling at zero or negative margins, product bundling or offering closed technology platforms. Potential customers may also prefer to purchase from their existing suppliers rather than a new supplier regardless of product performance or features. As a result, even if the features of our platform are superior, customers may not purchase our products. In addition, new innovative start- up companies, and larger companies that are making significant investments in research and development, may invent similar or superior products and technologies that compete with our platform. Our current and potential competitors may also establish cooperative relationships among themselves or with third parties that may further enhance their resources. Some of our competitors have made or could make acquisitions of businesses that allow them to offer more competitive and comprehensive solutions. As a result of such acquisitions, our current or potential competitors may be able to accelerate the adoption of new technologies that better address end-customer needs, devote greater resources to bring these products and services to market, initiate or withstand substantial price competition, or develop and expand their product and service offerings more quickly than we do. These competitive pressures in our market or our failure to compete effectively may result in price reductions, fewer orders, reduced revenue and gross margins, and loss of market share. If we are unable to compete successfully, or if competing successfully requires us to take costly actions in response to the actions of our competitors, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected. We rely on our management team and other key employees and will need additional personnel to grow our business, and the loss of one or more key employees or our inability to attract and retain qualified personnel, including members for our board of directors, could harm our business. Our future success is substantially dependent on our ability to attract, retain and motivate the members of our management team and other key employees throughout our organization, including key employees obtained team. through our acquisition of Mandiant, and recent additions to our Worldwide Sales management Competition for highly skilled personnel is intense, especially in the San Francisco Bay Area and the Washington D.C. Area, where we have a substantial presence and need for highly skilled personnel. We may not be 25 A n n u a l R e p o r t successful in attracting or retaining qualified personnel to fulfill our current or future needs. We are also substantially dependent on the continued service of our existing engineering personnel because of the complexity of our platform. Our competitors may be successful in recruiting and hiring members of our management team or other key employees, including key employees obtained through our acquisition of Mandiant or iSIGHT, and it may be difficult for us to find suitable replacements on a timely basis, on competitive terms, or at all. Also, to the extent we hire employees from mature public companies with significant financial resources, we may be subject to allegations that such employees have been improperly solicited, or that they have divulged proprietary or other confidential information or that their former employers own such employees’ inventions or other work product. In addition, we believe that it is important to establish and maintain a corporate culture that facilitates the maintenance and transfer of institutional knowledge within our organization and also fosters innovation, teamwork, a passion for customers and a focus on execution. Our Chief Executive Officer, our President, our Chief Financial Officer, our Senior Vice President of Worldwide Sales, our Senior Vice President of Engineering and certain other key members of our management and finance teams have only been working together for a relatively short period of time. If we are not successful in integrating these key employees into our organization, such failure could delay or hinder our product development efforts and the achievement of our strategic objectives, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Our employees, including our executive officers, work for us on an “at-will” basis, which means they may terminate their employment with us at any time. We do not maintain key person life insurance policies on any of our key employees. If one or more of our key employees resigns or otherwise ceases to provide us with their service, our business could be harmed. We expect our revenue growth rate to decline. From the year ended December 31, 2010 to the year ended December 31, 2015, our revenue grew from $11.8 million to $623.0 million, which represents a compounded annual growth rate of approximately 121%. We expect that, to the extent our revenue increases to higher levels, our revenue growth rate will continue to decline. We also expect our costs to increase in future periods, which could negatively affect our future operating results if our revenue does not increase. In particular, we expect to continue to expend substantial financial and other resources on: • • • • research and development related to our platform, development team; including investments in our research and sales and marketing, international markets; including a significant expansion of our sales organization, particularly in international expansion of our business; and expansion of our professional services organization. These investments may not result in increased revenue or growth in our business. If we are unable to increase our revenue at a rate sufficient to offset the expected increase in our costs, our business, financial position and results of operations will be harmed, and we may not be able to achieve or maintain profitability over the long term. Our limited operating history makes it difficult to evaluate our current business and prospects and may increase the risk that we will not be successful. We were founded in 2004, and our first commercially successful product was shipped in 2008. Since then, we have continued to expand our platform, both organically and through acquisitions, including through the addition of Mandiant’s endpoint response and remediation products; advanced threat intelligence capabilities; and incident response and security consulting services. The majority of our revenue threat detection, 26 growth began in 2010. Our limited operating history makes it difficult to evaluate our current business and prospects and plan for and model our future growth. We have encountered and will continue to encounter risks and uncertainties frequently encountered by rapidly growing companies in developing markets. If our assumptions regarding these risks and uncertainties are incorrect or change in response to changes in the IT security market, our results of operations and financial results could differ materially from our plans and forecasts. Although we have experienced rapid growth for the past several years, there is no assurance that such growth will continue. Any success we may experience in the future will depend in large part on our ability to, among other things: • maintain and expand our customer base and the ways in which customers use our products and services; • • • • • expand revenue from existing customers through increased or broader use of our products and services within their organizations; convince customers to allocate a fixed portion of their annual IT budgets to our products and services; improve the performance and capabilities of our platform through research and development; effectively expand our business domestically and internationally, which will require that we rapidly expand our sales force and service professionals and fill key management positions, particularly internationally; and successfully compete with other companies that currently provide, or may in the future provide, solutions like ours that protect against next-generation advanced cyber attacks. If we are unable to achieve our key objectives, including the objectives listed above, our business and results of operations will be adversely affected and the fair market value of our common stock could decline. Seasonality may cause fluctuations in our revenue. We believe there are significant seasonal factors that may cause us to record higher revenue in some quarters compared with others. We believe this variability is largely due to (i) our customers’ budgetary and spending patterns, as many customers spend the unused portions of their discretionary budgets prior to the end of their fiscal years, and (ii) our sales compensation plans, which are typically structured around annual quotas and stair step commission rates. For example, we have historically recorded our highest level of revenue in our fourth quarter, which we believe corresponds to the fourth quarter of a majority of our customers. Similarly, we have historically recorded our second-highest level of revenue in our third quarter, which corresponds to the fourth quarter of U.S. federal agencies and other customers in the U.S. federal government. Our rapid growth rate over the last couple years may have made seasonal fluctuations more difficult to detect. If our rate of growth slows over time, seasonal or cyclical variations in our operations may become more pronounced, and our business, results of operations and financial position may be adversely affected. A n n u a l R e p o r t If we do not effectively expand and train our direct sales force, we may be unable to add new customers or increase sales to our existing customers, and our business will be adversely affected. We continue to be substantially dependent on our direct sales force to obtain new customers and increase sales with existing customers. There is significant competition for sales personnel with the skills and technical knowledge that we require. Our ability to achieve significant revenue growth will depend, in large part, on our success in recruiting, training and retaining sufficient numbers of sales personnel to support our growth, particularly in international markets. New hires require significant training and may take significant time before they achieve full productivity. Our recent hires and planned hires may not become productive as quickly as we expect, and we may be unable to hire or retain sufficient numbers of qualified individuals in the markets where we do business or plan to do business. In addition, because we continue to grow rapidly, a large percentage of our 27 sales force is new to our Company. If we are unable to hire and train a sufficient number of effective sales personnel, or the sales personnel we hire are not successful in obtaining new customers or increasing sales to our existing customer base, our business will be adversely affected. If the general level of advanced cyber attacks declines, or is perceived by our current or potential customers to have declined, our business could be harmed. Our business is substantially dependent on enterprises and governments recognizing that advanced cyber- attacks are pervasive and are not effectively prevented by legacy security solutions. High visibility attacks on prominent enterprises and governments have increased market awareness of the problem of advanced cyber attacks and help to provide an impetus for enterprises and governments to devote resources to protecting against advanced cyber attacks, such as testing our platform, purchasing it, and broadly deploying it within their organizations. If advanced cyber attacks were to decline, or enterprises or governments perceived that the general level of advanced cyber attacks have declined, our ability to attract new customers and expand our offerings within existing customers could be materially and adversely affected. A reduction in the threat landscape, for example, as a result of the recent cybersecurity agreement between China and the U.S., may reduce the demand from customers or prospects for our solutions, and therefore could increase our sales cycles and harm our business, results of operations and financial condition. Our sales cycles can be long and unpredictable, and our sales efforts require considerable time and expense. As a result, our sales, billings and revenue are difficult to predict and may vary substantially from period to period, which may cause our results of operations to fluctuate significantly. Our results of operations may fluctuate, in part, because of the resource intensive nature of our sales efforts, the length and variability of our sales cycle and the short-term difficulty in adjusting our operating expenses. Our results of operations depend in part on sales to large organizations. The length of our sales cycle, from proof of concept to delivery of and payment for our platform, is typically three to nine months but can be more than a year. To the extent our competitors develop products that our prospective customers view as equivalent to ours, our average sales cycle may increase. Because the length of time required to close a sale varies substantially from customer to customer, it is difficult to predict exactly when, or even if, we will make a sale with a potential customer. As a result, large individual sales have, in some cases, occurred in quarters subsequent to or in advance of those we anticipated, or have not occurred at all. We are billing an increasing number of large deals and the loss or delay of one or more of these large transactions in a quarter could impact our results of operations for that quarter and any future quarters for which revenue from that transaction is delayed. Furthermore, some sales (such as product sales) generally result in immediate recognition of revenue, while other sales, such as product subscription sales, require the recognition of revenue over periods of one year or longer typically. As a result of these factors, it is difficult for us to forecast our revenue accurately in any quarter based on our internal forecasts of billings. Because a substantial portion of our expenses are relatively fixed in the short term, our results of operations will suffer if our revenue falls below our or analysts’ expectations in a particular quarter, which could cause the price of our common stock to decline. If we are unable to sell additional products, subscriptions and services, as well as renewals of our subscriptions and services, to our customers, our future revenue and operating results will be harmed. Our future success depends, in part, on our ability to expand the deployment of our platform with existing customers by selling them additional products, subscriptions and services. This may require increasingly sophisticated and costly sales efforts and may not result in additional sales. In addition, the rate at which our customers purchase additional products, subscriptions and services depends on a number of factors, including the perceived need for additional IT security, general economic conditions, and our customers’ satisfaction with our existing solutions they have previously purchased. If our efforts to sell additional products, subscriptions and services to our customers are not successful, our business may suffer. 28 Further, existing customers that purchase our platform have no contractual obligation to renew their subscriptions and support and maintenance services after the initial contract period, and given our limited operating history, we may not be able to accurately predict our renewal rates. Our customers’ renewal rates may decline or fluctuate as a result of a number of factors, including the level of their satisfaction with our platform, our customer support, customer budgets and the pricing of our platform compared with the products and services offered by our competitors. If our customers renew their subscriptions, they may renew for shorter contract lengths or on other terms that are less economically beneficial to us. We cannot assure you that our customers will renew their subscriptions, and if our customers do not renew their subscriptions or renew on less favorable terms, our revenue may grow more slowly than expected, not grow at all, or even decline. We also depend on our installed customer base for future support and maintenance revenue. We offer our support and maintenance agreements for terms that generally range between one and five years. If customers choose not to renew their support and maintenance agreements or seek to renegotiate the terms of their support and maintenance agreements prior to renewing such agreements, our revenue may grow more slowly than expected, not grow at all, or even decline. Reliance on shipments at the end of each quarter could cause our revenue for the applicable period to fall below expected levels. As a result of customer buying patterns and the efforts of our sales force and channel partners to meet or exceed their sales objectives, we have historically received a substantial portion of sales orders and generated a substantial portion of revenue during the last few weeks and days of each quarter. A significant interruption in our IT systems, which manage critical functions such as order processing, revenue recognition, financial forecasts, inventory and supply chain management, and trade compliance reviews, or our supply chain could result in delayed order fulfillment and decreased revenue for that quarter. If expected revenue at the end of any quarter is delayed for any reason, including the failure of anticipated purchase orders to materialize, our logistics or channel partners’ inability to ship products prior to quarter-end to fulfill purchase orders received near the end of the quarter, our failure to manage inventory to meet demand, our inability to release new products on schedule, any failure of our systems related to order review and processing, or any delays in shipments based on trade compliance requirements, our revenue for that quarter could fall below our expectations and the estimates of market analysts, which could adversely impact our business and results of operations and cause a decline in the trading price of our common stock. If we do not accurately anticipate and respond promptly to changes in our customers’ technologies, business plans or security needs, our competitive position and prospects could be harmed. The IT security market has grown quickly and is expected to continue to evolve rapidly. Moreover, many of our customers operate in markets characterized by rapidly changing technologies and business plans, which require them to add numerous network access points and adapt to increasingly complex IT networks, incorporating a variety of hardware, software applications, operating systems and networking protocols. As their technologies and business plans grow more complex, we expect these customers to face new and increasingly sophisticated methods of attack. We face significant challenges in ensuring that our platform effectively identifies and responds to these advanced and evolving attacks without disrupting our customers’ network performance. As a result of the continued rapid innovations in the technology industry, including the rapid growth of smart phones, tablets and other devices, the trend of “bring your own device” in enterprises, and the rapidly evolving Internet of Things (“IOT”), we expect the networks of our customers to continue to change rapidly and become more complex. We have identified a number of new products and enhancements to our platform that we believe are important to our continued success in the IT security market. There can be no assurance that we will be successful in developing and marketing, on a timely basis, such new products or enhancements or that our new products or enhancements will adequately address the changing needs of the marketplace. In addition, some of 29 A n n u a l R e p o r t our new products and enhancements may require us to develop new hardware architectures that involve complex, expensive and time-consuming research and development processes. Although the market expects rapid introduction of new products and enhancements to respond to new threats, the development of these products and enhancements is difficult and the timetable for commercial release and availability is uncertain, as there can be significant time lags between initial beta releases and the commercial availability of new products and enhancements. We may experience unanticipated delays in the availability of new products and enhancements to our platform and fail to meet customer expectations with respect to the timing of such availability. If we do not quickly respond to the rapidly changing and rigorous needs of our customers by developing, releasing and making available on a timely basis new products and enhancements to our platform that can adequately respond to advanced threats and our customers’ needs, our competitive position and business prospects will be harmed. Furthermore, from time to time, we or our competitors may announce new products with capabilities or technologies that could have the potential to replace or shorten the life cycles of our existing products. There can be no assurance that announcements of new products will not cause customers to defer purchasing our existing products. Additionally, the process of developing new technology is expensive, complex and uncertain. The success of new products and enhancements depends on several factors, including appropriate component costs, timely completion and introduction, differentiation of new products and enhancements from those of our competitors, and market acceptance. To maintain our competitive position, we must continue to commit significant resources to developing new products or enhancements to our platform before knowing whether these investments will be cost-effective or achieve the intended results. There can be no assurance that we will successfully identify new product opportunities, develop and bring new products or enhancements to market in a timely manner, or achieve market acceptance of our platform, or that products and technologies developed by others will not render our platform obsolete or noncompetitive. If we expend significant resources on researching and developing products or enhancements to our platform and such products or enhancements are not successful, our business, financial position and results of operations may be adversely affected. Disruptions or other business interruptions that affect the availability of our Dynamic Threat Intelligence, or DTI, cloud or other cloud-based products and services we offer or may offer could adversely impact our customer relationships as well as our overall business. When a customer purchases one or more of our threat prevention appliances, it must also purchase a subscription to our DTI cloud for a term of either one or three years. Our DTI cloud enables global sharing of threat intelligence uploaded by any of our customers’ cloud-connected FireEye appliances. We also offer additional cloud-based platforms such as our Email Threat Prevention, Mobile Threat Prevention and Threat Analytics Platforms and provide security solutions through our own and our co-branded security operation centers. Our customers depend on the continuous availability of our DTI and other cloud-based products and services. Our cloud-based products and services are vulnerable to damage or interruption from a variety of sources, including damage or interruption caused by fire, earthquake, power loss, telecommunications or computer systems failure, cyber attack, human error, terrorist acts and war. Our data centers and networks may experience technical failures and downtime, may fail to distribute appropriate updates, or may fail to meet the increased requirements of a growing customer base, any of which could temporarily or permanently expose our customers’ networks, leaving their networks unprotected against the latest security threats or, in the case of technical failures and downtime of security operation centers, all security threats. In addition, there may also be system or network interruptions if new or upgraded systems are defective or not installed properly. Moreover, interruptions in our subscription updates could result in a failure of our DTI cloud to effectively update customers’ hardware products and thereby leave our customers more vulnerable to attacks. Interruptions or failures in our service delivery could cause customers to terminate their subscriptions with us, could adversely affect our renewal rates, and could harm our ability to attract new customers. Our business would also be harmed if our customers believe that our DTI cloud or other cloud-based products and services are unreliable. 30 In addition, we provide our cloud-based products and services through third-party data center hosting facilities located in the United States and other countries. While we control and have access to our servers and all of the components of our network that are located in our data centers, we do not control the operation of these facilities. The owners of the data center facilities have no obligation to renew their agreements with us on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. If we are unable to renew these agreements on commercially reasonable terms, or if one of our data center operators is acquired, we may be required to transfer our servers and other infrastructure to new data center facilities, and we may incur significant costs and possible service interruption in connection with doing so. If we are unable to maintain successful relationships with our channel partners and technology alliance partners, or if our channel partners or technology alliance partners fail to perform, our ability to market, sell and distribute our platform will be limited, and our business, financial position and results of operations will be harmed. In addition to our direct sales force, we rely on our indirect channel partners to sell and support our platform. We derive a substantial portion of our revenue from sales of our products, subscriptions and services through, or with the assistance of, our indirect channel, and we expect that sales through channel partners will continue to be a significant percentage of our revenue. We also partner with our technology alliance partners to design go-to-market strategies that combine our platform with products or services provided by our technology alliance partners. Our agreements with our channel partners and our technology alliance partners are generally non-exclusive, meaning our partners may offer customers products from several different companies, including products that compete with ours. If our channel partners do not effectively market and sell our platform, choose to use greater efforts to market and sell their own products or those of our competitors, or fail to meet the needs of our customers, our ability to grow our business and sell our platform may be adversely affected. Our channel partners and technology alliance partners may cease marketing our platform with limited or no notice and with little or no penalty, and new channel partners require extensive training and may take several months or more to achieve productivity. The loss of a substantial number of our channel partners, our possible inability to replace them, or the failure to recruit additional channel partners could materially and adversely affect our results of operations. In addition, sales by channel partners are more likely than direct sales to involve collectability concerns, particularly in developing markets. Our channel partner structure could also subject us to lawsuits or reputational harm if, for example, a channel partner misrepresents the functionality of our platform to customers or violates applicable laws or our corporate policies. Our ability to achieve revenue growth in the future will depend in part on our success in maintaining successful relationships with our channel partners, and in training our channel partners to independently sell and deploy our platform. If we are unable to maintain our relationships with these channel partners or otherwise develop and expand our indirect sales channel, or if our channel partners fail to perform, our business, financial position and results of operations could be adversely affected. Our current research and development efforts may not produce successful products or enhancements to our platform that result in significant revenue, cost savings or other benefits in the near future, if at all. We must continue to dedicate significant financial and other resources to our research and development efforts if we are to maintain our competitive position. However, developing products and enhancements to our platform is expensive and time consuming, and there is no assurance that such activities will result in significant new marketable products or enhancements to our platform, design improvements, cost savings, revenue or other expected benefits. If we spend significant resources on research and development and are unable to generate an adequate return on our investment, our business and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected. 31 A n n u a l R e p o r t If we are unable to increase sales of our platform to large organizations while mitigating the risks associated with serving such customers, our business, financial position and results of operations may suffer. Our growth strategy is dependent, in part, upon increasing sales of our platform to large enterprises and governments. Sales to large customers involve risks that may not be present (or that are present to a lesser extent) with sales to smaller entities. These risks include: • increased purchasing power and leverage held by large customers in negotiating contractual arrangements with us; • more stringent or costly requirements imposed upon us in our support service contracts with such customers, including stricter support response times and penalties for any failure to meet support requirements; • more complicated implementation processes; • • longer sales cycles and the associated risk that substantial time and resources may be spent on a potential customer that ultimately elects not to purchase our platform or purchases less than we hoped; closer relationships with, and dependence upon, large technology companies who offer competitive products; and • more pressure for discounts and write-offs. In addition, because security breaches with respect to larger, high-profile enterprises are likely to be heavily publicized, there is increased reputational risk associated with serving such customers. If we are unable to increase sales of our platform to large enterprise and government customers while mitigating the risks associated with serving such customers, our business, financial position and results of operations may suffer. We rely on revenue from subscriptions and service contracts, and because we recognize revenue from subscriptions and service contracts over the term of the relevant subscription or service period, downturns or upturns in sales are not immediately reflected in full in our results of operations. Subscription and services revenue accounts for a significant portion of our total revenue, comprising 65%, 58% and 45% for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Sales of new or renewal subscription and service contracts may decline or fluctuate as a result of a number of factors, including customers’ level of satisfaction with our products and subscriptions, the actual or perceived efficacy of our security solutions, the prices of our products and subscriptions, the prices of products and subscriptions offered by our competitors or reductions in our customers’ spending levels. If our sales of new or renewal subscription and service contracts decline, our revenue and revenue growth rate may decline and adversely affect our business. In addition, we recognize subscription and service revenue ratably over the term of the relevant service period, which is generally between one to five years. As a result, much of the subscription and service revenue we report each quarter is derived from subscription and service contracts that we sold in prior quarters. Consequently, a decline in new or renewed subscription or service contracts in any one quarter will not be fully reflected in revenue in that quarter but will negatively affect our revenue in future quarters. Accordingly, the effect of significant decreases in the market acceptance of, or demand for, our subscriptions or services may not be immediately apparent from our results of operations until future periods. Also, it is difficult for us to rapidly increase our subscription revenue through additional sales in any period, as revenue from new and renewal subscription contracts must be recognized ratably over the applicable service period. Furthermore, any increases in the average term of subscriptions contracts would result in revenue for those subscription contracts being recognized over longer periods of time. Because we depend on a limited number of manufacturers to build the appliances used in our platform, we are susceptible to manufacturing delays and pricing fluctuations that could prevent us from shipping customer orders on time, or on a cost-effective basis, which may result in the loss of sales and customers. We depend on a limited number of third-party manufacturers, primarily Flextronics Telecom Systems, Ltd., as sole source manufacturers for our appliances used in our platform. Our reliance on third-party manufacturers 32 reduces our control over the manufacturing process and exposes us to risks, including reduced control over quality assurance, product costs, product supply and timing. Any manufacturing disruption by these third-party manufacturers could severely impair our ability to fulfill orders on time. If we are unable to manage our relationships with these third-party manufacturers effectively, or if these manufacturers suffer delays or disruptions for any reason, experience increased manufacturing lead-times, capacity constraints or quality control problems in their manufacturing operations, or fail to meet our future requirements for timely delivery, our ability to ship products to our customers would be severely impaired, and our business and results of operations would be harmed. to incur additional costs to comply with the disclosure requirements, In addition, our reliance on third-party manufacturers exposes us to the risk that certain minerals, known as “conflict minerals,” that are contained in our products have originated in the Democratic Republic of the Congo or an adjoining country. As a result of the passage of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010, the SEC adopted disclosure requirements for public companies whose products contain conflict minerals that are necessary to the functionality or production of such products. We have incurred and expect including costs related to determining the source of the conflict minerals used in our products. Moreover, the implementation of these new requirements could adversely affect the sourcing, availability and pricing of materials used in the manufacture of our products to the extent that there may be only a limited number of suppliers offering “conflict free” minerals that can be used in our products. There can be no assurance that we will be able to obtain such minerals in sufficient quantities or at competitive prices. We may also encounter customers who require that all of the components of our products be certified as conflict free. If we are not able to meet customer requirements, such customers may choose to not purchase our products, which could impact our sales. Our third-party manufacturers typically fulfill our supply requirements on the basis of individual orders. We are subject to a risk of supply shortages and changes in pricing terms because we do not have long-term contracts with our third-party manufacturers that guarantee capacity, the continuation of particular pricing terms or the extension of credit limits. Our contract with our primary manufacturer permits it to terminate such contract at its convenience, subject to prior notice requirements. Any production interruptions for any reason, such as a natural disaster, epidemic, capacity shortages, or quality problems at one of our manufacturing partners would negatively affect sales of our products and adversely impact our business and results of operations. We may be unable to protect our intellectual property adequately, which could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. trademark and trade secret We believe that our intellectual property is an essential asset of our business. We rely on a combination of patent, copyright, laws, as well as confidentiality procedures and contractual provisions, to establish and protect our intellectual property rights in the United States and abroad. The efforts we have taken to protect our intellectual property may not be sufficient or effective, and our trademarks, copyrights and patents may be held invalid or unenforceable. Any U.S. or other patents issued to us may not be sufficiently broad to protect our proprietary technologies, and given the costs of obtaining patent protection, we may choose not to seek patent protection for certain of our proprietary technologies. We may not be effective in policing unauthorized use of our intellectual property, and even if we do detect violations, litigation may be necessary to enforce our intellectual property rights. Any enforcement efforts we undertake, including litigation, could be time-consuming and expensive, could divert management’s attention and may result in a court determining that our intellectual property rights are unenforceable. If we are not successful in cost-effectively protecting our intellectual property rights, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be harmed. Claims by others that we infringe their proprietary technology or other rights could harm our business. Technology companies frequently enter into litigation based on allegations of patent infringement or other violations of intellectual property rights. In addition, patent holding companies seek to monetize patents they have purchased or otherwise obtained. As we face increasing competition and gain an increasingly higher profile, the possibility of intellectual property rights claims against us grows. From time to time, third parties have 33 A n n u a l R e p o r t asserted, and we expect that third parties will continue to assert, claims of infringement of intellectual property rights against us. For example, we are currently a party to a suit by a non-practicing entity alleging, among other things, patent infringement, which is in the early stages of litigation. Third parties may in the future also assert claims against our customers or channel partners, whom our standard license and other agreements obligate us to indemnify against claims that our products infringe the intellectual property rights of third parties. While we intend to increase the size of our patent portfolio, many of our competitors and others may now and in the future have significantly larger and more mature patent portfolios than we have. In addition, future litigation may involve patent holding companies or other patent owners who have no relevant product offerings or revenue and against whom our own patents may therefore provide little or no deterrence or protection. Any claim of intellectual property infringement by a third party, even a claim without merit, could cause us to incur substantial costs defending against such claim, could distract our management from our business and could require us to cease use of such intellectual property. Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by the discovery process. Although third parties may offer a license to their technology or other intellectual property, the terms of any offered license may not be acceptable, and the failure to obtain a license or the costs associated with any license could cause our business, financial condition and results of operations to be materially and adversely affected. In addition, some licenses may be non-exclusive, and therefore our competitors may have access to the same technology licensed to us. If a third party does not offer us a license to its technology or other intellectual property on reasonable terms, or at all, we could be enjoined from continued use of such intellectual property. As a result, we may be required to develop alternative, non-infringing technology, which could require significant time (during which we could be unable to continue to offer our affected products, subscriptions or services), effort, and expense and may ultimately not be successful. Furthermore, a successful claimant could secure a judgment or we may agree to a settlement that prevents us from distributing certain products, providing certain subscriptions or performing certain services or that requires us to pay substantial damages, royalties or other fees. Any of these events could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. We incorporate technology from third parties into our products, and our inability to obtain or maintain rights to the technology could harm our business. We incorporate technology from third parties into our products. We cannot be certain that our suppliers and licensors are not infringing the intellectual property rights of third parties or that the suppliers and licensors have sufficient rights to the technology in all jurisdictions in which we may sell our products. Some of our agreements with our suppliers and licensors may be terminated for convenience by them. If we are unable to obtain or maintain rights to any of this technology because of intellectual property infringement claims brought by third parties against our suppliers and licensors or against us, or if we are unable to continue to obtain such technology or enter into new agreements on commercially reasonable terms, our ability to develop and sell products, subscriptions and services containing such technology could be severely limited, and our business could be harmed. Additionally, if we are unable to obtain necessary technology from third parties, including certain sole suppliers, we may be forced to acquire or develop alternative technology, which may require significant time, cost and effort and may be of lower quality or performance standards. This would limit and delay our ability to offer new or competitive products and increase our costs of production. If alternative technology cannot be obtained or developed, we may not be able to offer certain functionality as part of our products, subscriptions and services. As a result, our margins, market share and results of operations could be significantly harmed. Our products and subscriptions contain third-party open source software components, and failure to comply with the terms of the underlying open source software licenses could restrict our ability to sell our products and subscriptions. Our products and subscriptions contain software modules licensed to us by third-party authors under “open source” licenses. The use and distribution of open source software may entail greater risks than the use of third- party commercial software, as open source licensors generally do not provide warranties or other contractual 34 protections regarding infringement claims or the quality of the code. Some open source licenses contain requirements that we make available source code for modifications or derivative works we create based upon the type of open source software we use. If we combine our proprietary software with open source software in a certain manner, we could, under certain open source licenses, be required to release the source code of our proprietary software to the public. This would allow our competitors to create similar products with lower development effort and time and ultimately could result in a loss of sales for us. Although we monitor our use of open source software to avoid subjecting our products and subscriptions to conditions, the terms of many open source licenses have not been interpreted by U.S. courts, and there is a risk that these licenses could be construed in ways that could impose unanticipated conditions or restrictions on our ability to commercialize products and subscriptions incorporating such software. Moreover, we cannot assure you that our processes for controlling our use of open source software in our products and subscriptions will be effective. From time to time, we may face claims from third parties asserting ownership of, or demanding release of, the open source software or derivative works that we developed using such software (which could include our proprietary source code), or otherwise seeking to enforce the terms of the applicable open source license. These claims could result in litigation. If we are held to have breached the terms of an open source software license, we could be required to seek licenses from third parties to continue offering our products on terms that are not economically feasible, to re-engineer our products, to discontinue the sale of our products if re-engineering could not be accomplished on a timely or cost-effective basis, or to make generally available, in source code form, our proprietary code, any of which could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. U.S. federal, state and local government sales are subject to a number of challenges and risks that may adversely impact our business. Sales to U.S. federal, state, and local governmental agencies have accounted for, and may in the future account for, a significant portion of our revenue. Sales to such government entities are subject to the following risks: • • • selling to governmental agencies can be highly competitive, expensive and time consuming, often requiring significant upfront time and expense without any assurance that such efforts will generate a sale; government certification requirements applicable to our products may change and, in doing so, restrict into the U.S. federal government sector until we have attained the revised our ability to sell certification; government demand and payment for our products and services may be impacted by public sector budgetary cycles and funding authorizations, with funding reductions or delays adversely affecting public sector demand for our products and services; • we sell our platform to governmental agencies through our indirect channel partners, and these agencies may have statutory, contractual or other legal rights to terminate contracts with our distributors and resellers for convenience or due to a default, and any such termination may adversely impact our future results of operations; • • governments routinely investigate and audit government contractors’ administrative processes, and any unfavorable audit could result in the government refusing to continue buying our platform, which would adversely impact our revenue and results of operations, or institute fines or civil or criminal liability if the audit were to uncover improper or illegal activities; and governments may require certain products purchased by it to be manufactured in the United States and other relatively high-cost manufacturing locations, and we may not manufacture all products in locations that meet these requirements, affecting our ability to sell these products to governmental agencies. 35 A n n u a l R e p o r t Our ability to maintain customer satisfaction depends in part on the quality of our professional service organization and technical and other support services, including the quality of the support provided on our behalf by certain channel partners. Failure to maintain high-quality customer support could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Once our platform is deployed within our customers’ networks, our customers depend on our technical and other support services, as well as the support of our channel partners, to resolve any issues relating to the implementation and maintenance of our platform. If we or our channel partners do not effectively assist our customers in deploying our platform, succeed in helping our customers quickly resolve post-deployment issues, or provide effective ongoing support, our ability to sell additional products, subscriptions or services as part of our platform to existing customers would be adversely affected and our reputation with potential customers could be damaged. Many larger organizations have more complex networks and require higher levels of support than smaller customers. If we fail to meet the requirements of our larger customers, it may be more difficult to execute on our strategy of upselling and cross selling with these customers. Additionally, if our channel partners do not effectively provide support to the satisfaction of our customers, we may be required to provide this level of support to those customers, which would require us to hire additional personnel and to invest in additional resources. We are also in the process of expanding our professional services organization. It can take significant time and resources to recruit, hire, and train qualified technical support and professional services employees. We may not be able to hire such resources fast enough to keep up with demand, particularly when the sales of our platform exceed our internal forecasts. To the extent that we or our channel partners are unsuccessful in hiring, training, and retaining adequate support resources, our ability and the ability of our channel partners to provide adequate and timely support to our customers will be negatively impacted, and our customers’ satisfaction with our platform will be adversely affected. Additionally, to the extent that we need to rely on our sales engineers to provide post-sales support while we are ramping our professional services organization, our sales productivity will be negatively impacted, which would harm our results of operations. The sales prices of our products, subscriptions and services may decrease, which may reduce our gross profits and adversely impact our financial results. The sales prices for our products, subscriptions and services may decline for a variety of reasons, including competitive pricing pressures, discounts, a change in our mix of products, subscriptions and services, anticipation of the introduction of new products, subscriptions or services, or promotional programs. Competition continues to increase in the market segments in which we participate, and we expect competition to further increase in the future, thereby leading to increased pricing pressures. Larger competitors with more diverse product and service offerings may reduce the price of products or subscriptions that compete with ours or may bundle them with other products and subscriptions. Additionally, although we price our products and subscriptions worldwide in U.S. dollars, currency fluctuations in certain countries and regions may negatively impact actual prices that partners and customers are willing to pay in those countries and regions, or the effective prices we realize in our reporting currency. Furthermore, we anticipate that the sales prices and gross profits for our products will decrease over product life cycles. We cannot assure you that we will be successful in developing and introducing new offerings with enhanced functionality on a timely basis, or that our new product and subscription offerings, if introduced, will enable us to maintain our prices and gross profits at levels that will allow us to maintain positive gross margins and achieve profitability. Managing the supply of our products and their components is complex. Insufficient supply and inventory may result in lost sales opportunities or delayed revenue, while excess inventory may harm our gross margins. Our third-party manufacturers procure components and build our products based on our forecasts, and we generally do not hold inventory for a prolonged period of time. These forecasts are based on estimates of future demand for our products, which are in turn based on historical trends and analyses from our sales and marketing organizations, adjusted for overall market conditions. In order to reduce manufacturing lead times and plan for adequate component supply, from time to time we may issue forecasts for components and products that are non- cancelable and non-returnable. 36 Our inventory management systems and related supply chain visibility tools may be inadequate to enable us to make accurate forecasts and effectively manage the supply of our products and product components. Supply management remains an area of increasing focus as we balance the need to maintain supply levels that are to ensure competitive lead times against the risk of obsolescence because of rapidly changing sufficient technology and customer requirements. If we ultimately determine that we have excess supply, we may have to reduce our prices and write-down inventory, which in turn could result in lower gross margins. Alternatively, insufficient supply levels may lead to shortages that result in delayed revenue or loss of sales opportunities altogether as potential customers turn to competitors’ products that may be readily available. Additionally, any increases in the time required to manufacture or ship our products could result in supply shortfalls. If we are unable to effectively manage our supply and inventory, our results of operations could be adversely affected. Because some of the key components in our products come from limited sources of supply, we are susceptible to supply shortages or supply changes, which could disrupt or delay our scheduled product deliveries to our customers and may result in the loss of sales and customers. Our platform relies on key components, including a motherboard and chassis, which our third-party manufacturers purchase on our behalf from a sole source provider. The manufacturing operations of some of our component suppliers are geographically concentrated in Asia, which makes our supply chain vulnerable to regional disruptions. A localized health risk affecting employees at these facilities, such as the spread of a pandemic influenza, could impair the total volume of components that we are able to obtain, which could result in substantial harm to our results of operations. Similarly, a fire, flood, earthquake, tsunami or other disaster, condition or event such as political instability, terrorist act, civil unrest or a power outage that adversely affects any of these component suppliers’ facilities could significantly affect our ability to obtain the components needed for our products, which could result in a substantial loss of sales and revenue and a substantial harm to our results of operations. We do not have volume purchase contracts with any of our component suppliers, and they could cease selling to us at any time. In addition, our component suppliers change their selling prices frequently in response to market trends, including industry-wide increases in demand, and because we do not have contracts with these suppliers, we are susceptible to price fluctuations related to raw materials and components. If we are unable to pass component price increases along to our customers or maintain stable pricing, our gross margins and results of operations could be negatively impacted. If we are unable to obtain a sufficient quantity of these components in a timely manner for any reason, sales of our products could be delayed or halted or we could be forced to expedite shipment of such components or our products at dramatically increased costs, which would negatively impact our revenue and gross margins. Additionally, poor quality in any of the sole-sourced components in our products could result in lost sales or lost sales opportunities. If the quality of the components does not meet our or our customers’ requirements, if we are unable to obtain components from our existing suppliers on commercially reasonable terms, or if any of our sole source providers cease to remain in business or continue to manufacture such components, we could be forced to redesign our products and qualify new components from alternate suppliers. The resulting stoppage or delay in selling our products and the expense of redesigning our products could result in lost sales opportunities and damage to customer relationships, which would adversely affect our business and results of operations. Our failure to adequately protect personal information could have a material adverse effect on our business. A wide variety of provincial, state, national, and international laws and regulations apply to the collection, use, retention, protection, disclosure, transfer and other processing of personal data. These data protection and privacy-related laws and regulations are evolving and may result in ever-increasing regulatory and public scrutiny and escalating levels of enforcement and sanctions. Our failure to comply with applicable laws and regulations, or to protect such data, could result in enforcement action against us, including fines, imprisonment of company officials and public censure, claims for damages by customers and other affected individuals, damage to our reputation and loss of goodwill (both in relation to existing customers and prospective customers), 37 A n n u a l R e p o r t any of which could have a material adverse effect on our operations, financial performance and business. Evolving and changing definitions of personal data and personal information within the European Union, the United States, and elsewhere, especially relating to classification of IP addresses, machine identification, location data and other information, may limit or inhibit our ability to operate or expand our business, including limiting technology alliance partners that may involve the sharing of data. Even the perception of privacy concerns, whether or not valid, may harm our reputation, inhibit adoption of our products by current and future customers, or adversely impact our ability to attract and retain workforce talent. Our technology alliance partnerships expose us to a range of business risks and uncertainties that could have a material adverse impact on our business and financial results. We have entered, and intend to continue to enter, into technology alliance partnerships with third parties to support our future growth plans. Such relationships include technology licensing, joint technology development and integration, research cooperation, co-marketing activities and sell-through arrangements. We face a number of risks relating to our technology alliance partnerships that could prevent us from realizing the desired benefits from such partnerships on a timely basis or at all, which, in turn, could have a negative impact on our business and financial results. Technology alliance partnerships require significant coordination between the parties involved, particularly if a partner requires that we integrate its products with our products. This could involve a significant commitment of time and resources by our technical staff and their counterparts within our technology alliance partner. The integration of products from different companies may be more difficult than we anticipate, and the risk of integration difficulties, incompatible products and undetected programming errors or defects may be higher than the risks normally associated with the introduction of new products. It may also be more difficult to market and sell products developed through technology alliance partnerships than it would be to market and sell products that we develop on our own. Sales and marketing personnel may require special training, as the new products may be more complex than our other products. We invest significant time, money and resources to establish and maintain relationships with our technology alliance partners, but we have no assurance that any particular relationship will continue for any specific period of time. Generally, our agreements with these technology alliance partners are terminable without cause with no or minimal notice or penalties. If we lose a significant technology alliance partner, we could lose the benefit of our investment of time, money and resources in the relationship. In addition, we could be required to incur significant expenses to develop a new strategic alliance or to determine and implement an alternative plan to pursue the opportunity that we targeted with the former partner. If our estimates or judgments relating to our critical accounting policies are based on assumptions that change or prove to be incorrect, our results of operations could fall below our publicly announced guidance or the expectations of securities analysts and investors, resulting in a decline in our stock price. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles, or GAAP, requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, as provided in the section entitled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets, liabilities, equity, revenue and expenses that are not readily apparent from other sources. Our results of operations may be adversely affected if our assumptions change or if actual circumstances differ from those in our assumptions, which could cause our results of operations to fall below our publicly announced guidance or the expectations of securities analysts and investors, resulting in a decline in our stock price. Significant assumptions and estimates used in preparing our consolidated financial statements include those related to assets, liabilities, revenue, expenses and related disclosures. 38 We are exposed to the credit risk of some of our distributors, resellers and customers and to credit exposure in weakened markets, which could result in material losses. Most of our sales are on an open credit basis. Although we have programs in place that are designed to monitor and mitigate these risks, we cannot assure you these programs will be effective in reducing our credit risks, especially as we expand our business internationally. If we are unable to adequately control these risks, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be harmed. Our failure to raise additional capital or generate the significant capital necessary to expand our operations and invest in new products could reduce our ability to compete and could harm our business. We intend to continue to make investments to support our business growth and may require additional funds to respond to business challenges, including the need to develop new products and enhancements to our platform, improve our operating infrastructure or acquire complementary businesses and technologies. Accordingly, we may need to engage in equity or debt financings to secure additional funds. If we raise additional equity financing, our stockholders may experience significant dilution of their ownership interests and the per share value of our common stock could decline. Furthermore, if we engage in additional debt financing, the holders of debt would have priority over the holders of common stock, and we may be required to accept terms that restrict our ability to incur additional indebtedness. We may also be required to take other actions that would otherwise be in the interests of the debt holders and force us to maintain specified liquidity or other ratios, any of which could harm our business, results of operations, and financial condition. If we need additional capital and cannot raise it on acceptable terms, we may not be able to, among other things: • • • • • • develop or enhance our products and subscriptions; continue to expand our sales and marketing and research and development organizations; acquire complementary technologies, products or businesses; expand operations, in the United States or internationally; hire, train and retain employees; or respond to competitive pressures or unanticipated working capital requirements. Our failure to do any of these things could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. If our products do not effectively interoperate with our customers’ IT infrastructure, installations could be delayed or cancelled, which would harm our business. Our products must effectively interoperate with our customers’ existing or future IT infrastructure, which often has different specifications, utilizes multiple protocol standards, deploys products from multiple vendors, and contains multiple generations of products that have been added over time. As a result, when problems occur in a network, it may be difficult to identify the sources of these problems. If we find errors in the existing software or defects in the hardware used in our customers’ infrastructure or problematic network configurations or settings, we may have to modify our software or hardware so that our products will interoperate with our customers’ infrastructure. In such cases, our products may be unable to provide significant performance improvements for applications deployed in our customers’ infrastructure. These issues could cause longer installation times for our products and could cause order cancellations, either of which would adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. In addition, government and other customers may require our products to comply with certain security or other certifications and standards. If our products are late in achieving or fail to achieve compliance with these certifications and standards, or our competitors achieve compliance with these certifications and standards, we may be disqualified from selling our products to such customers, or may otherwise be at a competitive disadvantage, either of which would harm our business, results of operations, and financial condition. 39 A n n u a l R e p o r t Failure to comply with governmental laws and regulations could harm our business. these regulatory requirements may be more stringent Our business is subject to regulation by various U.S. federal, state, local and foreign governments. In certain jurisdictions, than those in the United States. Noncompliance with applicable regulations or requirements could subject us to investigations, sanctions, mandatory product recalls, enforcement actions, disgorgement of profits, fines, damages, civil and criminal penalties, injunctions or other collateral consequences. If any governmental sanctions are imposed, or if we do not prevail in any possible civil or criminal litigation, our business, results of operations, and financial condition could be materially adversely affected. In addition, responding to any action will likely result in a significant diversion of management’s attention and resources and an increase in professional fees. U.S. regulations surrounding our operating activities in foreign jurisdictions are not always consistent with, and at times are in contravention to, the local regulations or laws in such jurisdictions. Enforcement actions and sanctions could harm our business, reputation, results of operations and financial condition. We generate a significant amount of revenue from sales to resellers, distributors and customers outside of the United States, and we are therefore subject to a number of risks associated with international sales and operations. We have a limited history of marketing, selling, and supporting our platform internationally. As a result, we must hire and train experienced personnel to staff and manage our foreign operations. To the extent that we experience difficulties in recruiting, training, managing, and retaining international employees, particularly managers and other members of our international sales team, we may experience difficulties in sales productivity in, or market penetration of, foreign markets. We also enter into strategic distributor and reseller relationships with companies in certain international markets where we do not have a local presence. If we are not able to maintain successful strategic distributor relationships with our international channel partners or recruit additional channel partners, our future success in these international markets could be limited. Business practices in the international markets that we serve may differ from those in the United States and may require us to include non- standard terms in customer contracts, such as extended payment or warranty terms. To the extent that we enter into customer contracts in the future that include non-standard terms related to payment, warranties, or performance obligations, our results of operations may be adversely impacted. Additionally, our international sales and operations are subject to a number of risks, including the following: • • • greater difficulty in enforcing contracts and managing collections, as well as longer collection periods; higher costs of doing business internationally, including costs incurred in establishing and maintaining office space and equipment for our international operations; fluctuations in exchange rates between the U.S. dollar and foreign currencies in markets where we do business; • management communication and integration problems resulting from cultural and geographic dispersion; • • • • risks associated with trade restrictions and foreign legal requirements, including any importation, certification, and localization of our platform that may be required in foreign countries; greater risk of unexpected changes in tariffs and tax laws and treaties; compliance with anti-bribery laws, including, without limitation, compliance with the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended, the U.S. Travel Act and the UK Bribery Act 2010, violations of which could lead to significant fines, penalties and collateral consequences for our Company; heightened risk of unfair or corrupt business practices in certain geographies and of improper or fraudulent sales arrangements that may impact financial results and result in restatements of, or irregularities in, financial statements; 40 • • • • • the uncertainty of protection for intellectual property rights in some countries; general economic and political conditions in these foreign markets; foreign exchange controls or tax regulations that might prevent us from repatriating cash earned outside the United States; political and economic instability in some countries; and double taxation of our international earnings and potentially adverse tax consequences due to changes in the tax laws of the United States or the foreign jurisdictions in which we operate. Further, the interpretation and application of foreign laws and regulations in many cases is uncertain, and our legal and regulatory obligations in foreign jurisdictions are subject to frequent and unexpected changes, including the potential for various regulatory or other governmental bodies to enact new or additional laws or regulations or to issue rulings that invalidate prior laws or regulations. For example, with regard to transfers of personal data from our European customers and employees to the U.S., we have historically relied on compliance with the U.S.-EU and U.S.-Swiss Safe Harbor Frameworks as agreed to by the U.S. Department of Commerce, and the EU and Switzerland, which established means for legitimizing the transfer of personal data by U.S. companies from the European Economic Area, or EEA, to the U.S. In a recent ruling by the EU Court of Justice in Case C-362/14 (Schrems v. Data Protection Commissioner), or the ECJ Ruling, the U.S.-EU Safe Harbor Framework was deemed an invalid method of compliance with restrictions under EU law regarding the transfer of personal data outside of the EEA. In light of the ECJ Ruling, we anticipate engaging in measures to legitimize our transfers of personal data from the EEA to the United States, and may find it necessary or desirable to make other changes to our personal data handling. We may be unsuccessful in establishing legitimate means for us to transfer such personal data from the EEA or otherwise responding to the ECJ Ruling, and we may experience reluctance or refusal by European customers to use our solutions due to potential risk exposure as a result of the ECJ Ruling. We and our customers may face a risk of enforcement actions taken by EU data protection authorities until the time, if any, that personal data transfers to us and by us from the EEA are legitimized under applicable EU data protection law. These and other factors could harm our ability to generate future international revenue and, consequently, materially impact our business, results of operations and financial condition. We are exposed to fluctuations in currency exchange rates, which could negatively affect our financial condition and results of operations. Our sales contracts are denominated in U.S. dollars, and therefore our revenue is not subject to foreign currency risk. However, strengthening of the U.S. dollar increases the real cost of our products, subscriptions and services to our customers outside of the United States, which could lead to delays in the purchase of our products and services and the lengthening of our sales cycle. If the U.S. dollar continues to strengthen, this could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. In addition, we are incurring an increasing portion of our operating expenses outside the United States. These expenses are denominated in foreign currencies and are subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates. We do not currently hedge against the risks associated with currency fluctuations but may do so in the future. We are subject to governmental export and import controls that could subject us to liability or impair our ability to compete in international markets. Our products are subject to U.S. export controls, specifically the Export Administration Regulations and economic sanctions enforced by the Office of Foreign Assets Control. We incorporate standard encryption algorithms into our products, which, along with the underlying technology, may be exported outside of the U.S. only with the required export authorizations, including by license, license exception or other appropriate 41 A n n u a l R e p o r t government authorizations, which may require the filing of an encryption registration and classification request. Furthermore, U.S. export control laws and economic sanctions prohibit the shipment of certain products and services to countries, governments, and persons targeted by U.S. sanctions. While we have taken precautions to prevent our products and services from being exported in violation of these laws, in certain instances in the past we shipped our encryption products prior to obtaining the required export authorizations and/or submitting the required requests, including a classification request and request for an encryption registration number, resulting in an inadvertent violation of U.S. export control laws. As a result, in February 2013, we filed a Voluntary Self Disclosure with the U.S. Department of Commerce’s Bureau of Industry and Security, or BIS, concerning these potential violations. In June 2013, BIS notified us that it had completed its review of this matter and closed its review with the issuance of a warning letter. No monetary penalties were assessed. Even though we take precautions to ensure that our channel partners comply with all relevant regulations, any failure by our channel partners to comply with such regulations could have negative consequences, including reputational harm, government investigations and penalties. In addition, various countries regulate the import of certain encryption technology, including through import permit and license requirements, and have enacted laws that could limit our ability to distribute our products or could limit our customers’ ability to implement our products in those countries. Changes in our products or changes in export and import regulations may create delays in the introduction of our products into international markets, prevent our customers with international operations from deploying our products globally or, in some cases, prevent the export or import of our products to certain countries, governments or persons altogether. Any change in export or import regulations, economic sanctions or related legislation, shift in the enforcement or scope of existing regulations, or change in the countries, governments, persons or technologies targeted by such regulations, could result in decreased use of our products by, or in our decreased ability to export or sell our products to, existing or potential customers with international operations. Any decreased use of our products or limitation on our ability to export to or sell our products in international markets would likely adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Our business is subject to the risks of earthquakes, fire, power outages, floods and other catastrophic events, and to interruption by man-made problems such as terrorism. A significant natural disaster, such as an earthquake, a fire, a flood, or significant power outage could have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations, and financial condition. Our corporate headquarters and servers hosting our cloud services are located in California, a region known for seismic activity. In addition, natural disasters could affect our supply chain, manufacturing vendors, or logistics providers’ ability to provide materials and perform services such as manufacturing products or assisting with shipments on a timely basis. In the event that our or our service providers’ information technology systems or manufacturing or logistics abilities are hindered by any of the events discussed above, shipments could be delayed, resulting in missed financial targets, such as revenue and shipment targets, for a particular quarter. In addition, acts of terrorism and other geo-political unrest could cause disruptions in our business or the business of our supply chain, manufacturers, logistics providers, partners, or customers or the economy as a whole. Any disruption in the business of our supply chain, manufacturers, logistics providers, partners or end-customers that impacts sales at the end of a fiscal quarter could have a significant adverse impact on our financial results. All of the aforementioned risks may be further increased if the disaster recovery plans for us and our suppliers prove to be inadequate. To the extent that any of the above should result in delays or cancellations of customer orders, or the delay in the manufacture, deployment or shipment of our products, our business, financial condition and results of operations would be adversely affected. If we fail to comply with environmental requirements, our business, financial condition, results of operations and reputation could be adversely affected. We are subject to various environmental laws and regulations including laws governing the hazardous material content of our products and laws relating to the collection and recycling of electrical and electronic equipment. Examples of these laws and regulations include the EU Restrictions on the Use of certain Hazardous 42 Substances in Electronic Equipment Directive and the EU Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive as well as the implementing legislation of the EU member states. Similar laws and regulations have been passed or are pending in China, South Korea and Japan and may be enacted in other regions, including in the United States, and we are, or may in the future be, subject to these laws and regulations. Our failure to comply with past, present, and future laws could result in reduced sales of our products, substantial product inventory write-offs, reputational damage, penalties, and other sanctions, any of which could harm our business and financial condition. We also expect that our products will be affected by new environmental laws and regulations on an ongoing basis. To date, our expenditures for environmental compliance have not had a material impact on our results of operations or cash flows, and although we cannot predict the future impact of such laws or regulations, they will likely result in additional costs and may increase penalties associated with violations or require us to change the content of our products or how they are manufactured, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. The enactment of legislation implementing changes in the U.S. taxation of international business activities or the adoption of other tax reform policies could materially impact our financial position and results of operations. Recent changes to U.S. tax laws, including limitations on the ability of taxpayers to claim and utilize foreign tax credits and the deferral of certain tax deductions until earnings outside of the United States are repatriated to the United States, as well as changes to U.S. tax laws that may be enacted in the future, could impact the tax treatment of our foreign earnings. Due to expansion of our international business activities, any changes in the U.S. taxation of such activities may increase our worldwide effective tax rate and adversely affect our financial condition and operating results. If we do not achieve increased tax benefits as a result of our corporate structure, our operating results and financial condition may be negatively impacted. We generally conduct our international operations through wholly-owned subsidiaries and report our taxable income in various jurisdictions worldwide based upon our business operations in those jurisdictions. In 2013, we completed the reorganization of our corporate structure and intercompany relationships to more closely align our corporate organization with the expansion of our international business activities. Although we anticipate achieving a reduction in our overall effective tax rate in the future as a result of this reorganized corporate structure, we may not realize any benefits. Our intercompany relationships are subject to complex transfer pricing regulations administered by taxing authorities in various jurisdictions. The relevant taxing authorities may disagree with our determinations as to the income and expenses attributable to specific jurisdictions. If such a disagreement were to occur, and our position were not sustained, we could be required to pay additional taxes, interest and penalties, which could result in one-time tax charges, higher effective tax rates, reduced cash flows and lower overall profitability of our operations. In addition, if the intended tax treatment of our reorganized corporate structure is not accepted by the applicable taxing authorities, changes in tax law negatively impact the structure or we do not operate our business consistent with the structure and applicable tax laws and regulations, we may fail to achieve any tax advantages as a result of the reorganized corporate structure, and our future operating results and financial condition may be negatively impacted. We could be subject to additional tax liabilities. We are subject to U.S. federal, state, local and sales taxes in the United States and foreign income taxes, withholding taxes and transaction taxes in numerous foreign jurisdictions. Significant judgment is required in evaluating our tax positions and our worldwide provision for taxes. During the ordinary course of business, there are many activities and transactions for which the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. In addition, our tax obligations and effective tax rates could be adversely affected by changes in the relevant tax, accounting and including those relating to income tax nexus, by other laws, regulations, principles and interpretations, 43 A n n u a l R e p o r t recognizing tax losses or lower than anticipated earnings in jurisdictions where we have lower statutory rates and higher than anticipated earnings in jurisdictions where we have higher statutory rates, by changes in foreign currency exchange rates, or by changes in the valuation of our deferred tax assets and liabilities. We may be audited in various jurisdictions, and such jurisdictions may assess additional taxes, sales taxes and value-added taxes against us. Although we believe our tax estimates are reasonable, the final determination of any tax audits or litigation could be materially different from our historical tax provisions and accruals, which could have a material adverse effect on our operating results or cash flows in the period or periods for which a determination is made. Our ability to use our net operating losses to offset future taxable income may be subject to certain limitations. In general, under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code, a corporation that undergoes an “ownership change” is subject to limitations on its ability to utilize its pre-change net operating losses, or NOLs, to offset future taxable income. Our existing NOLs may be subject to limitations arising from previous ownership changes. Future changes in our stock ownership, some of which are outside of our control, could result in an ownership change under Section 382 of the Code and adversely affect our ability to utilize our NOLs in the future. Furthermore, our ability to utilize NOLs of companies that we may acquire in the future may be subject to limitations. There is also a risk that due to regulatory changes, such as suspensions on the use of NOLs, or other unforeseen reasons, our existing NOLs could expire or otherwise be unavailable to offset future income tax liabilities. For these reasons, we may not be able to utilize a material portion of the NOLs reflected on our balance sheet, even if we attain profitability. Risks Related to Our Convertible Senior Notes We are leveraged financially, which could adversely affect our ability to adjust our business to respond to competitive pressures and to obtain sufficient funds to satisfy our future growth, business needs and development plans. We have substantial existing indebtedness. In June 2015, we issued $920.0 million aggregate principal amount of convertible senior notes (the “convertible notes”). The degree to which we are leveraged could have negative consequences, including, but not limited to, the following: • we may be more vulnerable to economic downturns, less able to withstand competitive pressures and less flexible in responding to changing business and economic conditions; • • our ability to obtain additional financing in the future for working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions, general corporate or other purposes may be limited a substantial portion of our cash flows from operations in the future may be required for the payment of the principal amount of our existing indebtedness when it becomes due; and • we may elect to make cash payments upon any conversion of the convertible notes, which would reduce our cash on hand. Our ability to meet our payment obligations under our convertible notes depends on our ability to generate significant cash flow in the future. This, to some extent, is subject to general economic, financial, competitive, legislative, and regulatory factors as well as other factors that are beyond our control. There can be no assurance that our business will generate cash flow from operations, or that additional capital will be available to us, in an amount sufficient to enable us to meet our debt payment obligations and to fund other liquidity needs. If we are unable to generate sufficient cash flow to service our debt obligations, we may need to refinance or restructure our debt, sell assets, reduce or delay capital investments, or seek to raise additional capital. If we were unable to implement one or more of these alternatives, we may be unable to meet our debt payment obligations, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition. 44 The conditional conversion feature of the convertible notes, if triggered, may adversely affect our financial condition and operating results. In the event the conditional conversion feature of the convertible notes is triggered, holders of such convertible notes will be entitled to convert their convertible notes at any time during specified periods at their option. If one or more holders elect to convert their convertible notes, unless we elect to satisfy our conversion obligation by delivering solely shares of our common stock (other than paying cash in lieu of delivering any fractional share), we would be required to settle a portion or all of our conversion obligation through the payment of cash, which could adversely affect our liquidity. In addition, even if holders do not elect to convert their convertible notes, we could be required under applicable accounting rules to reclassify all or a portion of the outstanding principal of the convertible notes as a current rather than long-term liability, which would result in a material reduction of our net working capital. The accounting method for convertible debt securities that may be settled in cash, such as the convertible notes, is subject to changes that could have a material effect on our reported financial results. In May 2008, the Financial Accounting Standards Board, which we refer to as FASB, issued FASB Staff Position No. APB 14-1, Accounting for Convertible Debt Instruments That May Be Settled in Cash Upon Conversion (Including Partial Cash Settlement), which has subsequently been codified as Accounting Standards Codification 470-20, Debt with Conversion and Other Options, which we refer to as ASC 470-20. Under ASC 470-20, an entity must separately account for the liability and equity components of the convertible debt instruments (such as the convertible notes) that may be settled entirely or partially in cash upon conversion in a manner that reflects the issuer’s economic interest cost. The effect of ASC 470-20 on the accounting for the convertible notes is that the equity component is required to be included in the additional paid-in capital section of stockholders’ equity on our consolidated balance sheet and the value of the equity component would be treated as original issue discount for purposes of accounting for the debt component of the convertible notes. As a result, we will be required to record a greater amount of non-cash interest expense in current periods presented as a result of the amortization of the discounted carrying value of the convertible notes to their face amount over the term of the convertible notes. We will report lower net income in our financial results because ASC 470-20 will require interest to include both the current period’s amortization of the debt discount and the instrument’s non- convertible coupon interest for the convertible notes, which could adversely affect our reported or future financial results and the trading price of our common stock. In addition, under certain circumstances, convertible debt instruments (such as the convertible notes) that may be settled entirely or partly in cash are currently accounted for utilizing the treasury stock method, the effect of which is that any shares issuable upon conversion of the convertible notes are not included in the calculation of diluted earnings per share except to the extent that the conversion value of the convertible notes exceeds their principal amount. Under the treasury stock method, for diluted earnings per share purposes, the transaction is accounted for as if the number of shares of common stock that would be necessary to settle such excess, if we elected to settle such excess in shares, are issued. We cannot be sure that the accounting standards in the future will continue to permit the use of the treasury stock method. If we are unable to use the treasury stock method in accounting for the shares issuable upon conversion of the convertible notes, then our diluted earnings per share would be adversely affected. Conversion of our convertible notes will dilute the ownership interest of existing stockholders and may depress the price of our common stock. The conversion of some or all of our convertible notes will dilute the ownership interests of then-existing stockholders to the extent we deliver shares upon conversion of any of the convertible notes. Any sales in the public market of the common stock issuable upon such conversion could adversely affect prevailing market prices of our common stock. In addition, the existence of the convertible notes may encourage short selling by market participants because the conversion of the convertible notes could be used to satisfy short positions, or anticipated conversion of the convertible notes into shares of our common stock could depress the price of our common stock. 45 A n n u a l R e p o r t Risks Related to Ownership of Our Common Stock If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about our business, or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research reports about our business, our share price and trading volume could decline. The trading market for our common stock, to some extent, depends on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. We do not have any control over these analysts. If one or more of the analysts who cover us should downgrade our shares or change their opinion of our shares, industry sector or products, our share price would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts ceases coverage of our Company or fails to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which could cause our share price or trading volume to decline. We may fail to meet our publicly announced guidance or other expectations about our business and future operating results, which would cause our stock price to decline. We have provided and may continue to provide guidance about our business and future operating results. In developing this guidance, our management must make certain assumptions and judgments about our future performance. Furthermore, analysts and investors may develop and publish their own projections of our business, which may form a consensus about our future performance. Our business results may vary significantly from such guidance or that consensus due to a number of factors, many of which are outside of our control, and which could adversely affect our operations and operating results. Furthermore, if we make downward revisions of our previously announced guidance, or if our publicly announced guidance of future operating results fails to meet expectations of securities analysts, investors or other interested parties, the price of our common stock would decline. The price of our common stock has been and may continue to be volatile, and the value of your investment could decline. The trading price of our common stock has been volatile since our initial public offering, and is likely to continue to be volatile. Since the date of our initial public offering, the price of our common stock has ranged from $11.35 to $97.35 through February 25, 2016, and the last reported sale price on February 25, 2016 was $15.78. The trading price of our common stock may fluctuate widely in response to various factors, some of which are beyond our control. These factors include: • • • • • • • announcements of new products, services or technologies, commercial relationships, acquisitions or other events by us or our competitors; changes in how customers perceive the effectiveness of our platform in protecting against advanced cyber attacks or other reputational harm; publicity concerning cyber attacks in general or high profile cyber attacks against specific organizations; price and volume fluctuations in the overall stock market from time to time; significant volatility in the market price and trading volume of technology and/or growth companies in general and of companies in the IT security industry in particular; fluctuations in the trading volume of our shares or the size of our public float; actual or anticipated changes or fluctuations in our results of operations; • whether our results of operations, and in particular, our revenue growth rates, meet the expectations of securities analysts or investors; • actual or anticipated changes in the expectations of investors or securities analysts, whether as a result of our forward-looking statements, our failure to meet such expectation or otherwise; 46 • • • litigation involving us, our industry, or both; regulatory developments in the United States, foreign countries or both; general economic conditions and trends; • major catastrophic events; • • sales of large blocks of our common stock; and departures of key personnel. In addition, if the market for technology stocks or the stock market in general experiences a loss of investor confidence, the trading price of our common stock could decline for reasons unrelated to our business, results of operations or financial condition. The trading price of our common stock might also decline in reaction to events that affect other companies in our industry even if these events do not directly affect us. In the past, following periods of volatility in the market price of a company’s securities, securities class action litigation has often been brought against that company. The price of our common stock has been highly volatile since our IPO in September 2013, and beginning in June 2014, several lawsuits alleging violations of securities laws were filed against us and certain of our current and former directors and executive officers. This and any future securities litigation could result in substantial costs and divert our management’s attention and resources from our business. This could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Sales of substantial amounts of our common stock in the public markets, or sales of our common stock by our executive officers and directors under Rule 10b5-1 plans, could adversely affect the market price of our common stock. Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market, or the perception that such sales could occur, could adversely affect the market price of our common stock and may make it more difficult for you to sell your common stock at a time and price that you deem appropriate. In addition, certain of our executive officers and directors have adopted, and other executive officers and directors may in the future adopt, written plans, known as “Rule 10b5-1 Plans,” under which they have contracted, or may in the future contract, with a broker to sell shares of our common stock on a periodic basis to diversify their assets and investments. Sales made by our executive officers and directors pursuant to Rule 10b5-1, regardless of the amount of such sales, could adversely affect the market price of our common stock. The issuance of additional stock in connection with financings, acquisitions, investments, our stock incentive plans, conversion of our convertible notes or otherwise will dilute all other stockholders. investment, our stock incentive plans, Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation authorizes us to issue up to 1,000,000,000 shares of common stock and up to 100,000,000 shares of preferred stock with such rights and preferences as may be determined by our board of directors. Subject to compliance with applicable rules and regulations, we may issue shares of common stock or securities convertible into our common stock from time to time in connection with a the conversion of our convertible notes or financing, acquisition, otherwise. For example, in December 2013, we issued approximately 16.9 million shares of common stock and assumed options to purchase approximately 4.6 million shares of our common stock in connection with our acquisition of Mandiant; in May 2014, we issued 295,681 shares of common stock and assumed options to purchase 63,490 shares of our common stock in connection with our acquisition of nPulse Technologies; in January 2016, we issued 1,793,305 shares of common stock in connection with our acquisition of iSIGHT, to be distributed to certain former stockholders of iSIGHT upon the achievement of a threat intelligence bookings target; and in February 2016, we issued 742,026 shares of common stock in connection with our acquisition of Invotas. In addition, in June 2015, we issued $920.0 million aggregate principal amount of convertible senior notes. Any future issuances could result in substantial dilution to our existing stockholders and cause the trading price of our common stock to decline. 47 A n n u a l R e p o r t We do not intend to pay dividends for the foreseeable future. We have never declared or paid any dividends on our common stock. We intend to retain any earnings to finance the operation and expansion of our business, and we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the future. As a result, you may only receive a return on your investment in our common stock if the market price of our common stock increases. The requirements of being a public company may strain our resources, divert management’s attention and affect our ability to attract and retain qualified board members. As a public company, we are subject to the reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, the listing requirements of the NASDAQ Stock Market and other applicable securities rules and regulations. Compliance with these rules and regulations has increased and will continue to increase our legal and financial compliance costs, has made and will continue to make some activities more difficult, time-consuming or costly, and has increased and will continue to increase demand on our systems and resources. Among other things, the Exchange Act requires that we file annual, quarterly and current reports with respect to our business and results of operations and maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting. In order to maintain and, if required, improve our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting to meet this standard, significant resources and management oversight may be required. As a result, management’s attention may be diverted from other business concerns, which could harm our business and results of operations. Although we have already hired additional employees to comply with these requirements, we may need to hire even more employees in the future, which will increase our costs and expenses. We are subject to the independent auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (“Section 404”), enhanced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements, and the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. While we were able to determine in our management’s report for fiscal 2015 that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, as well as provide an unqualified attestation report from our independent registered public accounting firm to that effect, we have and will continue to consume management resources and incur significant expenses for Section 404 compliance on an ongoing basis. In the event that our Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, or independent registered public accounting firm determines in the future that our internal control over to one or more financial reporting is not effective as defined under Section 404, we could be subject investigations or enforcement actions by state or federal regulatory agencies, stockholder lawsuits or other adverse actions requiring us to incur defense costs, pay fines, settlements or judgments and causing investor perceptions to be adversely affected and potentially resulting in a decline in the market price of our stock. In addition, changing laws, regulations and standards relating to corporate governance and public disclosure are creating uncertainty for public companies, increasing legal and financial compliance costs, and making some activities more time consuming. These laws, regulations and standards are subject to varying interpretations, in many cases due to their lack of specificity, and as a result, their application in practice may evolve over time as new guidance is provided by regulatory and governing bodies. This could result in continuing uncertainty regarding compliance matters and higher costs necessitated by ongoing revisions to disclosure and governance practices. We intend to invest resources to comply with evolving laws, regulations, and standards, and this investment will increase our general and administrative expense and a diversion of management’s time and attention from revenue-generating activities to compliance activities. If our efforts to comply with new laws, regulations, and standards are unsuccessful, regulatory authorities may initiate legal proceedings against us and our business may be harmed. We also expect that being a public company and these new rules and regulations will make it more expensive for us to obtain and maintain director and officer liability insurance, and in the future, we may be 48 required to accept reduced coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain coverage. These factors could also make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified executive officers and members of our board of directors, particularly to serve on our audit committee and compensation committee. In addition, as a result of our disclosure obligations as a public company, we have reduced strategic flexibility and are under pressure to focus on short-term results, which may adversely impact our ability to achieve long-term profitability. We are obligated to maintain proper and effective internal control over financial reporting. We may not complete our analysis of our internal control over financial reporting in a timely manner, or this internal control may not be determined to be effective, which may adversely affect investor confidence in our Company and, as a result, the value of our common stock. We are required, pursuant to the Exchange Act, to furnish a report by management on, among other things, the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. This assessment will need to include disclosure of any material weaknesses identified by our management in our internal control over financial reporting, as well as a statement that our auditors have issued an attestation report on our internal controls. While we were able to determine in our management’s report for fiscal 2014 that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, as well as provide an unqualified attestation report from our independent registered public accounting firm to that effect, we may not be able to complete our evaluation, testing, and any required remediation in a timely fashion or our independent registered public accounting firm may not be able to formally attest to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting in the future. During the evaluation and testing process, if we identify one or more material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting that we are unable to remediate before the end of the same fiscal year in which the material weakness is identified, we will be unable to assert that our internal controls are effective. If we are unable to assert that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, or if our independent registered public accounting firm is unable to attest to the effectiveness of our internal controls or determine we have a material weakness in our internal controls, we could lose investor confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports, which would cause the price of our common stock to decline. Our charter documents and Delaware law, as well as certain provisions of our convertible notes, could discourage takeover attempts and lead to management entrenchment, which could also reduce the market price of our common stock. Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws contain provisions that could delay or prevent a change in control of our Company. These provisions could also make it difficult for stockholders to elect directors who are not nominated by the current members of our board of directors or take other corporate actions, including effecting changes in our management. These provisions include: • • • • a classified board of directors with three-year staggered terms, which could delay the ability of stockholders to change the membership of a majority of our board of directors; the ability of our board of directors to issue shares of preferred stock and to determine the price and other terms of those shares, including preferences and voting rights, without stockholder approval, which could be used to significantly dilute the ownership of a hostile acquiror; the exclusive right of our board of directors to elect a director to fill a vacancy created by the expansion of our board of directors or the resignation, death or removal of a director, which prevents stockholders from being able to fill vacancies on our board of directors; a prohibition on stockholder action by written consent, which forces stockholder action to be taken at an annual or special meeting of our stockholders; 49 A n n u a l R e p o r t • • • • the requirement that a special meeting of stockholders may be called only by our board of directors, the chairperson of our board of directors, our Chief Executive Officer or our President (in the absence of a Chief Executive Officer), which could delay the ability of our stockholders to force consideration of a proposal or to take action, including the removal of directors; the requirement for the affirmative vote of holders of at least 66 2/3% of the voting power of all of the then outstanding shares of the voting stock, voting together as a single class, to amend the provisions of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation relating to the management of our business (including our classified board structure) or certain provisions of our amended and restated bylaws, which may inhibit the ability of an acquiror to effect such amendments to facilitate an unsolicited takeover attempt; the ability of our board of directors to amend the bylaws, which may allow our board of directors to take additional actions to prevent an unsolicited takeover and inhibit the ability of an acquiror to amend the bylaws to facilitate an unsolicited takeover attempt; and advance notice procedures with which stockholders must comply to nominate candidates to our board of directors or to propose matters to be acted upon at a stockholders’ meeting, which may discourage or deter a potential acquiror from conducting a solicitation of proxies to elect the acquiror’s own slate of directors or otherwise attempting to obtain control of us. In addition, as a Delaware corporation, we are subject to Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which may prohibit large stockholders, in particular those owning 15% or more of our outstanding voting stock, from merging or combining with us for a specified period of time. Additionally, certain provisions of our convertible notes could make it more difficult or more expensive for a third party to acquire us. The application of Section 203 or certain provisions of our convertible notes also could have the effect of discouraging, delaying or preventing a transaction involving a change in control of us. Any of these provisions could, under certain circumstances, depress the market price of our common stock. Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments None. Item 2. Properties Our corporate headquarters is located in Milpitas, California where we currently lease approximately 223,000 square feet of space under lease agreements that expire during the year ended December 31, 2018. We maintain additional offices throughout the United States and various international locations, including Australia, Dubai, Germany, India, Ireland, Japan, Singapore and the United Kingdom. We believe that our current facilities are adequate to meet our ongoing needs, and that, if we require additional space, we will be able to obtain additional facilities on commercially reasonable terms. Item 3. Legal Proceedings The information set forth under “Litigation” in Note 9 contained in the “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements” in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K is incorporated herein by reference. Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures Not applicable. 50 PART II Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Market Information Our common stock, $0.0001 par value per share, began trading on The NASDAQ Global Select Market on September 20, 2013, where its prices are quoted under the symbol “FEYE.” Holders of Record As of December 31, 2015, there were 114 holders of record of our common stock. Because many of our shares are held by brokers and other institutions on behalf of stockholders, we are unable to estimate the total number of stockholders represented by these record holders. Price Range of Our Common Stock The following table sets forth the reported high and low sales prices of our common stock for the periods indicated, as regularly quoted on The NASDAQ Global Select Market: Year Ended December 31, 2015: First Quarter Second Quarter Third Quarter Fourth Quarter Year Ended December 31, 2014: First Quarter Second Quarter Third Quarter Fourth Quarter Stock Performance Graph High Low $46.44 $55.33 $50.94 $33.15 $29.25 $37.66 $30.15 $19.76 High Low $97.35 $65.65 $41.82 $34.55 $40.41 $25.58 $27.06 $24.81 The following performance graph shall not be deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act or otherwise subject to the liabilities under that Section, and shall not be deemed to be incorporated by reference into any of our filings under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, except as shall be expressly set forth by specific reference in such filing. The following graph compares the cumulative total return of our common stock with the total return for the Standard & Poor’s 500 Index and the Standard & Poor’s Information Technology Index from September 20, 2013 (the date our common stock commenced trading on The NASDAQ Global Select Market) through December 31, 2015. The graph assumes that $100 was invested on September 20, 2013 in our common stock, the Standard & Poor’s 500 Index and the Standard & Poor’s Information Technology Index, and assumes reinvestment of any dividends. The stock price performance on the following graph is not necessarily indicative of future stock price performance. 51 A n n u a l R e p o r t COMPARISON OF 27 MONTH CUMULATIVE TOTAL RETURN* Among FireEye, Inc., the S&P 500 Index, and the S&P Information Technology Index $250 $200 $150 $100 $50 $0 9/13 10/13 12/13 2/14 4/14 6/14 8/14 10/14 12/14 2/15 4/15 6/15 8/15 10/15 12/15 FireEye, Inc. S&P 500 S&P Information Technology *$100 invested on 9/20/13 in stock or 8/31/13 in index, including reinvestment of dividends. Fiscal year ending December 31. 9/13 9/13 10/13 12/13 2/14 4/14 6/14 8/14 10/14 12/14 2/15 4/15 6/15 8/15 10/15 12/15 FireEye, Inc. $100.00 $115.36 $105.28 $121.14 $237.89 $109.06 $112.64 $ 86.50 $ 94.42 $ 87.72 $122.97 $114.72 $135.86 $104.94 $ 72.64 $ 57.61 S&P 500 $100.00 $103.14 $107.88 $113.98 $115.07 $116.90 $122.11 $125.25 $126.51 $129.58 $132.91 $132.07 $131.18 $125.84 $133.08 $131.37 S&P Information Technology $100.00 $102.88 $107.61 $116.52 $118.86 $119.52 $126.94 $133.90 $135.27 $139.96 $145.57 $144.05 $141.03 $137.19 $150.42 $148.25 Dividend Policy We have never declared or paid, and do not anticipate declaring or paying in the foreseeable future, any cash dividends on our capital stock. Any future determination as to the declaration and payment of dividends, if any, will be at the discretion of our board of directors, subject to applicable laws, and will depend on then existing conditions, including our financial condition, operating results, contractual restrictions, capital requirements, business prospects, and other factors our board of directors may deem relevant. Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities There were no sales of unregistered securities during the period covered by this Annual Report, other than those previously reported in a Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q or in a Current Report on Form 8-K. 52 Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities The table below provides information with respect to repurchases of unvested shares of our common stock made pursuant to our 2008 Stock Plan during the fourth quarter of 2015. Period October 1 - October 31, 2015 November 1 - November 30, 2015 December 1 - December 31, 2015 Total Total Number of Shares Purchased (1) Average Price Paid Per Share Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs Maximum Number of Shares that May Yet be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs — — 1,250 1,250 $ — — 1.65 $1.65 — — — — — — — — (1) Under our 2008 Stock Plan, certain participants may exercise options prior to vesting, subject to a right of a repurchase by us. All shares in the above table were shares repurchased as a result of us exercising this right and not pursuant to a publicly announced plan or program. Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans See Item 12 of Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K regarding information about securities authorized for issuance under our equity compensation plans. A n n u a l R e p o r t 53 Item 6. Selected Consolidated Financial Data The following selected historical financial data should be read in conjunction with Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” and our financial statements and the related notes appearing in Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data,” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K to fully understand the factors that may affect the comparability of the information presented below. The statements of operations data for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 and the balance sheet data as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 are derived from our audited financial statements appearing in Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data,” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011 and the balance sheet data as of December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 are derived from audited financial statements not included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected in the future. Consolidated Statements of Operations Data: Revenue: Product Subscription and services Total revenue Cost of revenue: Product(1) Subscription and services Total cost of revenue Total gross profit Operating expenses: Research and development(1) Sales and marketing(1) General and administrative(1) Restructuring charges Total operating expenses Operating loss Interest income Interest expense Other income (expense), net Loss before income taxes Provision for (benefit from) income taxes Year Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 (In thousands, except per share data) $ 216,632 406,335 $ 178,246 247,416 $ 88,253 73,299 $ 52,265 31,051 $ 24,888 8,770 622,967 425,662 161,552 83,316 33,658 74,481 158,723 58,980 116,113 233,204 175,093 28,912 18,853 47,765 389,763 250,569 113,787 279,467 476,166 141,790 — 203,187 401,151 121,099 4,327 66,036 167,466 52,503 — 897,423 729,764 286,005 14,467 3,163 17,630 65,686 16,522 67,562 15,221 — 99,305 5,690 1,590 7,280 26,378 7,275 30,389 4,428 — 42,092 (507,660) 2,935 (27,116) (3,284) (535,125) 4,090 (479,195) 713 (26) (1,936) (480,444) (36,654) (172,218) 68 (525) (7,257) (179,932) (59,297) (33,619) 7 (537) (2,572) (36,721) (965) (15,714) 3 (194) (806) (16,711) 71 Net loss attributable to common stockholders $(539,215) $(443,790) $(120,635) $(35,756) $(16,782) Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted Weighted-average shares used to compute net loss per share attributable to common stockholders $ (3.50) $ (3.12) $ (2.66) $ (3.28) $ (1.99) 154,120 142,176 45,271 10,917 8,447 54 (1) Includes share-based compensation expense as follows: Stock-Based Compensation Expense: Cost of product revenue Cost of subscription and services revenue Research and development Sales and marketing General and administrative Year Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 (In thousands) $ 1,588 29,435 68,329 73,286 49,793 $ 888 17,037 28,968 66,773 38,186 $ 469 2,341 6,958 10,748 8,342 $ 115 55 1,465 1,672 3,536 $ 31 8 148 360 168 Total stock-based compensation expense $222,431 $151,852 $28,858 $6,843 $715 Consolidated Balance Sheet Data: Cash and cash equivalents Total assets Total deferred revenue Total long-term debt, current portion Total long-term debt, non-current portion Total stockholders’ equity (deficit) 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 As of December 31, (In thousands) $ 402,102 2,441,473 526,998 — 706,198 $1,044,372 $ 146,363 1,758,881 352,543 — — $1,250,828 $ 173,918 1,376,313 187,514 — — $1,048,102 $ 60,200 125,273 76,406 1,231 10,916 5,390 $ $ 10,676 35,646 30,102 1,400 4,528 $(14,651) A n n u a l R e p o r t 55 Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form the following discussion contains forward-looking 10-K. In addition to historical statements that reflect our plans, estimates and beliefs. Our actual results could differ materially from those contained in or implied by any forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to these differences include those under “Risk Factors” included in Part I, Item 1A or in other parts of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. information, financial Overview We provide a comprehensive cybersecurity solution for detecting, preventing, analyzing and resolving today’s advanced cyber-attacks that evade legacy signature-based security products. To address the shortcomings of signature-based security solutions, we developed a new threat prevention platform based on our purpose-built, virtual machine-based detection engine, MVX. Our comprehensive platform combines our MVX virtual execution engine and our cloud-based threat intelligence network to identify previously unknown threats and protect organizations at all stages of the attack lifecycle. Our cybersecurity platform includes a family of software-based appliances, endpoint agents, cloud-based subscription services, support and maintenance and professional consulting services. Our principal threat prevention appliance families address critical vectors of attack: Web, email, file, endpoint and mobile. Our products initially require a mandatory subscription agreement that provides access to our DTI cloud which distributes updated intelligence throughout the network to provide real-time detection of advanced attacks, and we offer optional subscription services that provide additional support and functionality. We also offer a cloud-based threat analysis platform that allows IT security analysts to analyze and prioritize attack alerts from security devices utilizing our repository of dynamic and contextual threat intelligence. Additionally, we provide a family of forensic and analysis appliances and agents to enable investigation and remediation of breaches. Due to our team of highly skilled professional services experts, we provide incident response, security program assessment and other consulting services, as well as our FireEye-as- a-Service subscription services for management of our devices and comprehensive monitoring of attacks based on our threat intelligence and security expertise. Our adaptive approach to cybersecurity represents a paradigm shift in how IT security has been conducted since the earliest days of the information technology industry, and we believe it is imperative for organizations to invest in this new approach to protect their critical assets from the global pandemic of cybercrime, hacktivism, cyber-espionage and cyber-warfare. Our Business Model We generate revenue from sales of our products, subscriptions and services. Our product revenue consists primarily of revenue from the sale of our threat prevention platform of vector-specific appliances and cloud- based security solutions, consisting of Network Threat Prevention, Email Threat Prevention, Endpoint Threat Prevention, File Content Security and Mobile Threat Prevention. We also offer security management and analysis products including our Central Management System, Threat Analytics Platform and Malware Analysis System, and security forensics products including our Network Forensics Platform, Investigation Analysis System and Mandiant Intelligent Response. We offer this portfolio as a complete solution to protect customers from the next generation of cyber-attacks at all stages of the attack lifecycle and across all primary threat vectors, including web, email, file, endpoint and mobile. Because the typical customer has more web entry points to protect than email and file entry points, customers that purchase our threat prevention portfolio generally purchase more Network Threat Prevention appliances than any other appliance. As a result, Network Threat Prevention accounts for the largest portion of our threat prevention product revenue. In addition, because most malicious attacks occur through the web threat vector, smaller customers and customers who do not have the budget to purchase the full threat prevention portfolio often only purchase Network Threat Prevention. Prior to June 2014, revenue associated with Email Threat Prevention was recognized ratably over the longer of the contractual term or the estimated period the customer was expected to benefit from the product. Beginning in June 2014, we started shipping all Email Threat Prevention appliances with software that allows customers to 56 benefit from the product without the associated subscription services. As a result, revenue from sales of Email Threat Prevention appliances is now being recognized at the time of shipment, consistent with our other product offerings. We have also experienced steady growth in sales of our Endpoint Threat Prevention and Network Forensics Platform appliances which we began offering early in 2014. We introduced our File Content Security appliance in the second quarter of 2012. We require customers to purchase a subscription to our DTI cloud and support and maintenance services when they purchase any part of our product portfolio. Our customers generally purchase these subscriptions and services for a one or three year term, and revenue from such subscriptions is recognized ratably over the subscription period. Sales of these subscriptions and services have increased our deferred revenue. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, our total deferred revenue was $527.0 million and $352.5 million, respectively. Amortization of this growing deferred revenue has contributed to the increase in our subscription and services revenue as a percentage of total revenue. For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, subscription and services revenue as a percentage of total revenue was 65%, 58%, and 45%, respectively. While most of the growth in our subscription and services revenue during such years relates to the amortization of the initial subscription and services agreements, renewals of such agreements have also contributed to this growth. Our renewal rate for subscriptions expiring in 2015 and 2014 was in excess of 90%, and we expect to maintain high renewal rates in the future due to the significant value we believe these subscriptions and services add to the efficacy of our product portfolio. We also offer FireEye-as-a-Service, which may include our Network Platform, Endpoint Security Platform and Network Forensics Platform solutions, managed by our security experts through our security operations centers around the world. Revenue from this service is recognized ratably over the period the service is provided; typically one to three years. In addition to our product and subscription services, we offer professional services, including incident response and related consulting services for our customers who have experienced a cybersecurity breach or require assistance assessing the vulnerability of their networks. Revenue from these services is recognized as delivered. Key Business Metrics We monitor the key business metrics set forth below to help us evaluate growth trends, establish budgets, measure the effectiveness of our sales and marketing efforts, and assess operational efficiencies. We discuss revenue and gross margin below under “Components of Operating Results.” Deferred revenue, billings, net cash flow provided by (used in) operating activities, and free cash flow are discussed immediately below the following table. Year Ended or as of December 31, 2015 2014 2013 Product revenue Subscription and services revenue Total revenue Year-over-year percentage increase Gross margin percentage Deferred revenue, current Deferred revenue, non-current Billings (non-GAAP) Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities Free cash flow (non-GAAP) $216,632 406,335 (Dollars in thousands) $ 178,246 247,416 $ 88,253 73,299 $622,967 $ 425,662 $ 161,552 46% 63% 163% 59% 94% 70% $ 203,877 $ 110,535 $305,169 $ 148,666 $ 76,979 $221,829 $ 256,561 $ 590,691 $797,422 $ 37,015 $(131,270) $ (69,762) $ (17,534) $(198,985) $(127,322) Deferred revenue. Our deferred revenue consists of amounts that have been invoiced but have not yet been recognized as revenue as of the period end. The majority of our deferred revenue consists of the unamortized balance of revenue from subscriptions to our DTI cloud, FireEye-as-a-Service offerings and support and 57 A n n u a l R e p o r t maintenance contracts. Because invoiced amounts for subscriptions and services can be for multiple years, we classify our deferred revenue as current or non-current depending on when we expect to recognize the related revenue. If the deferred revenue is expected to be recognized within 12 months it is classified as current, otherwise, the deferred revenue is classified as non-current. We monitor our deferred revenue balance because it represents a significant portion of revenue to be recognized in future periods. For the year ended December 31, 2013, deferred revenue includes the addition of $16.1 million of deferred revenue assumed in connection with the Mandiant acquisition. Billings. Billings are a non-GAAP financial metric that we define as revenue recognized in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, or GAAP, plus the change in deferred revenue from the beginning to the end of the period. We consider billings to be a useful metric for management and investors, as a supplement to the corresponding GAAP measure, because billings drive deferred revenue, which is an important indicator of the health and visibility of trends in our business, and represents a significant percentage of future revenue. However, it is important to note that other companies, including companies in our industry, may not use billings, may calculate billings differently, may have different billing frequencies, or may use other financial measures to evaluate their performance, all of which could reduce the usefulness of billings as a comparative measure. For the year ended December 31, 2013, billings exclude the addition of $16.1 million of deferred revenue assumed in connection with the Mandiant acquisition. A reconciliation of billings to revenue, the most directly comparable financial measure calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP, is provided below: Revenue Deferred revenue, end of period Less: deferred revenue, beginning of period Less: Mandiant deferred revenue assumed Billings (non-GAAP) Year ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 $622,967 526,998 352,543 — (in thousands) $425,662 352,543 187,514 — $161,552 187,514 76,406 16,099 $797,422 $590,691 $256,561 Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities. We monitor net cash provided by (used in) operating activities as a measure of our overall business performance. Our net cash provided by (used in) operating activities is driven in large part by sales of our products and from up-front payments for both subscriptions and support and maintenance services. Monitoring net cash provided by (used in) operating activities enables us to analyze our financial performance without the non-cash effects of certain items such as depreciation, amortization, and stock-based compensation costs, thereby allowing us to better understand and manage the cash needs of our business. 58 Free cash flow. Free cash flow is a non-GAAP financial measure we define as net cash provided by (used in) operating activities, the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure, less purchases of property and equipment and demonstration units. We consider free cash flow to be a liquidity measure that provides useful information to management and investors about the amount of cash generated by our business that, after the purchases of property and equipment and demonstration units, can be used by us for strategic opportunities, including investing in our business, making strategic acquisitions and strengthening our balance sheet if and when generated. However, it is important to note that other companies, including companies in our industry, may not use free cash flow, may calculate free cash flow differently, or may use other financial measures to evaluate their performance, all of which could reduce the usefulness of free cash flow as a comparative measure. A reconciliation of free cash flow to cash flow provided by (used in) operating activities is provided below: Cash flow provided by (used in) operating activities Less: purchase of property and equipment and demonstration units Free cash flow (non-GAAP) Net cash used in investing activities Net cash provided by financing activities Factors Affecting our Performance Year Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 $ 37,015 (54,549) (In thousands) $(131,270) $ (69,762) (57,560) (67,715) $ (17,534) $(198,985) $(127,322) $(576,749) $(382,511) $(148,469) $ 795,473 $ 486,226 $ 331,949 Market Adoption. We rely on market education to raise awareness of today’s next-generation cyber attacks and articulate the need for our virtual machine-based security solution and, in particular, the reasons to purchase our products. Our prospective customers often do not have a specific portion of their IT budgets allocated for products that address the next generation of advanced cyber attacks. We invest heavily in sales and marketing efforts to increase market awareness, educate prospective customers and drive adoption of our solution. This market education is critical to creating new IT budget dollars or allocating IT budget dollars across enterprises and governments for next-generation threat protection solutions, and in particular, our platform. Our investment in market education has also increased awareness of us and our solution in international markets. However, we believe that we will need to invest additional resources in targeted international markets to drive awareness and market adoption. The degree to which prospective customers recognize the mission critical need for next- generation threat protection solutions, and subsequently allocate budget dollars for our platform, will drive our ability to acquire new customers and increase renewals and follow-on sales opportunities, which, in turn, will affect our future financial performance. A n n u a l R e p o r t Sales Productivity. Our sales organization consists of a direct sales team, made up of field and inside sales personnel, and indirect channel sales teams to support our channel partner sales. We utilize a direct-touch sales model whereby we work with our channel partners to secure prospects, convert prospects to customers, and pursue follow-on sales opportunities. To date, we have primarily targeted large enterprise and government customers, who typically have sales cycles from three to nine months, but can be more than a year. We have also recently expanded our inside sales teams to pursue customers in the small and medium enterprise, or SME, market. Our growth strategy contemplates increased sales and marketing investments internationally. Newly hired sales and marketing resources will require several months to establish prospect relationships and drive overall sales productivity. In addition, sales teams in certain international markets will face local markets that have not had significant market education about advanced security threats that our platform addresses. All of these factors will influence the timing and overall levels of sales productivity, impacting the rate at which we will be able to convert prospects to sales and drive revenue growth. 59 Renewal Rates. New or existing customers that purchase one of our appliances are required to purchase a one or three year subscription to our DTI cloud and support and maintenance services. New or existing customers that purchase one of our Security Forensic Products System or Central Management System appliances are required to purchase support and maintenance services for a term of one or three years. We believe our renewal rate is an important metric to measure the long-term value of customer agreements and our ability to retain our customers. We calculate our renewal rate by dividing the number of renewing customers that were due for renewal in any rolling 12 month period by the number of customers that were due for renewal in that rolling 12 month period. Our renewal rate at December 31, 2015 and 2014 was in excess of 90%. These high renewal rates are primarily attributable to the incremental value added to our appliances by our cloud subscriptions, support and maintenance and services. As cloud subscriptions, support and maintenance and services represented 65%, 58% and 45% of our total revenue during the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively, we expect our ability to maintain high renewal rates for these subscriptions and services to have a material impact on our future financial performance. Follow-On Sales. After the initial sale to a new customer, we focus on expanding our relationship with such customer to sell additional products, subscriptions and services. To grow our revenue, it is important that our customers make additional purchases of our products, subscriptions and services. Sales to our existing customer base can take the form of incremental sales of appliances, subscriptions and services, either to deploy our platform into additional parts of their network or to protect additional threat vectors. Our opportunity to expand our customer relationships through follow-on sales will increase as we add new customers, broaden our product increase network performance and enhance portfolio to support more threat vectors, add new services, functionality. Follow-on sales lead to increased revenue over the lifecycle of a customer relationship and can significantly increase the return on our sales and marketing investments. With some of our most significant customers, we have realized follow-on sales that were multiples of the value of their initial purchases. Components of Operating Results Revenue We generate revenue from the sales of our products, subscriptions and services. As discussed further in “—Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates—Revenue Recognition” under “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” below, revenue is recognized when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, delivery has occurred, the fee is fixed or determinable, and collectability is reasonably assured. Our total revenue consists of the following: • Product revenue. Our product revenue is generated from sales of our appliances which we generally recognize at the time of shipment, provided that all other revenue recognition criteria have been met. • Subscription and services revenue. Subscription and services revenue is generated primarily from our cloud subscriptions, FireEye-as-a-Service, support and maintenance services and other professional services. We recognize revenue from subscriptions and support and maintenance services over the one or three year contract term, as applicable. Professional services revenue, which includes incident response and compromise assessments, is offered on a time-and-material basis or through a fixed fee arrangement and is recognized as the services are delivered. Cost of Revenue Our total cost of revenue consists of cost of product revenue and cost of subscription and services revenue. Personnel costs associated with our operations and global customer support organizations consist of salaries, benefits, bonuses and stock-based compensation. Overhead costs consist of certain facilities, depreciation and information technology costs. • Cost of product revenue. Cost of product revenue primarily consists of costs paid to our third-party contract manufacturers for our appliances and personnel and other costs in our manufacturing 60 operations department. Our cost of product revenue also includes product testing costs, shipping costs and allocated overhead costs. We expect our cost of product revenue to increase as our product revenue increases. • Cost of subscription and services revenue. Cost of subscription and services revenue consists of personnel costs for our global customer support and services organization and allocated overhead costs. We expect our cost of subscription and services revenue to increase as our customer base grows and as we hire additional support and professional services personnel. Gross Margin Gross margin, or gross profit as a percentage of revenue, has been and will continue to be affected by a variety of factors, including the average sales price of our products, subscriptions and services, manufacturing costs, the mix of products sold, and the mix of revenue among products, subscriptions and services. We expect our gross margins to fluctuate over time depending on these factors. Operating Expenses Our operating expenses consist of research and development, sales and marketing and general and administrative expenses, as well as restructuring charges. Personnel costs are the most significant component of operating expenses and consist of salaries, benefits, bonuses, stock-based compensation and, with regard to sales and marketing expense, sales commissions. Operating expenses also include allocated overhead costs consisting of certain facilities, depreciation and information technology costs. • Research and development. Research and development expense consists primarily of personnel costs and allocated overhead. Research and development expense also includes prototype related expenses. We expect research and development expense to continue to increase in absolute dollars, primarily due to the full year impact of past investments, as well as recent acquisitions in our research and product development efforts to introduce new products, enhance our current product capabilities, address new threat vectors and access new customer markets, although such expense may fluctuate as a percentage of total revenue. • Sales and marketing. Sales and marketing expense consists primarily of personnel costs, incentive commission costs and allocated overhead. We expense commission costs as incurred. Sales and marketing expense also includes costs for market development programs, promotional and other marketing activities, travel, office equipment, depreciation of proof-of-concept evaluation units and outside consulting costs. We expect sales and marketing expense to continue to increase in absolute dollars, primarily due to the full year impact of past investments, as well as recent acquisitions, in our sales and marketing organizations to expand our international operations, although such expense may fluctuate as a percentage of total revenue. • General and administrative. General and administrative expense consists of personnel costs, include our professional services and allocated overhead. General and administrative personnel executive, finance, human resources, facilities and legal organizations. Professional services consist primarily of legal, auditing, accounting and other consulting costs. We expect general and administrative expense to continue to increase in absolute dollars, primarily due to the full year impact of past investments, as well as recent acquisitions which grew our operations. • Restructuring charges. Beginning in August 2014, we initiated a series of business restructuring plans to reduce our cost structure and improve efficiency. The expenses incurred primarily consisted of employee severance charges related to workforce reductions, and real estate and related fixed asset charges for the consolidation of certain leased facilities. We did not initiate any plans related to restructuring activities during the year ended December 31, 2015. 61 A n n u a l R e p o r t Interest Income Interest income consists of interest earned on our cash and cash equivalent and investment balances. We have historically invested our cash in money-market funds and other short-term, high quality securities. We expect interest income to vary each reporting period depending on our average investment balances during the period, types and mix of investments and market interest rates. Interest Expense Interest expense is primarily a result of our convertible senior notes, consisting of interest at the stated rate (coupon) and amortization of discounts and issuance costs. Other Expense, Net Other expense, net includes gains or losses on the disposal of fixed assets, foreign currency re-measurement gains and losses and foreign currency transaction gains and losses. We expect other expense, net to fluctuate depending primarily on foreign exchange rate movements. Provision for (Benefit from) Income Taxes Provision for (benefit from) income taxes consists primarily of federal and state income taxes in the United States and income taxes in certain foreign jurisdictions in which we conduct business. Income in certain countries may be taxed at statutory tax rates that are lower than the U.S. statutory tax rate. As a result, our overall effective tax rate over the long term may be lower than the U.S. federal statutory tax rate due to a larger proportion of net income which was subject to foreign income tax rates that are lower than the U.S. federal statutory rate. Results of Operations The following tables summarize our results of operations for the periods presented and as a percentage of our total revenue for those periods. The period-to-period comparison of results is not necessarily indicative of results for future periods. Revenue: Product Subscription and services Total revenue Cost of revenue: Product Subscription and services Total cost of revenue Total gross profit Operating expenses: Research and development Sales and marketing General and administrative Restructuring charges Total operating expenses Operating loss Interest income Interest expense Other expense, net Loss before income taxes Provision for (benefit from) income taxes Net loss attributable to common stockholders 62 Year Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 (In thousands) $ 216,632 406,335 $ 178,246 247,416 $ 88,253 73,299 622,967 425,662 161,552 74,481 158,723 233,204 389,763 279,467 476,166 141,790 — 897,423 (507,660) 2,935 (27,116) (3,284) (535,125) 4,090 58,980 116,113 175,093 250,569 203,187 401,151 121,099 4,327 729,764 (479,195) 713 (26) (1,936) (480,444) (36,654) 28,912 18,853 47,765 113,787 66,036 167,466 52,503 — 286,005 (172,218) 68 (525) (7,257) (179,932) (59,297) $(539,215) $(443,790) $(120,635) Revenue: Product Subscription and services Total revenue Cost of revenue: Product Subscription and services Total cost of revenue Total gross profit Operating expenses: Research and development Sales and marketing General and administrative Restructuring charges Total operating expenses Operating loss Interest income Interest expense Other expense, net Loss before income taxes Provision for (benefit from) income taxes Net loss attributable to common stockholders Year Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 (As a percentage of total revenue) 35% 65 42% 58 55% 45 100 100 100 12 25 37 63 45 76 23 — 144 (81) — (4) (1) (86) 1 14 27 41 59 48 94 28 1 171 (112) — — (1) (113) (9) 18 12 30 70 41 104 32 — 177 (107) — — (4) (111) (36) (87)% (104)% (75)% Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 Revenue Year Ended December 31, 2015 2014 Change Amount % of Total Revenue Amount % of Total Revenue Amount % (Dollars in thousands) Revenue: Product Subscription and services Total revenue Subscription and services by type: Product subscription Support and maintenance Professional services $216,632 406,335 35% $178,246 247,416 65 42% $ 38,386 158,919 58 $622,967 100% $425,662 100% $197,305 $205,303 89,800 111,232 33% $121,907 53,406 14 72,103 18 29% $ 83,396 36,394 12 39,129 17 Total Subscription and services revenue $406,335 65% $247,416 58% $158,919 22% 64 46% 68% 68 54 64% Revenue by geographic region: United States EMEA APAC Other $439,206 80,960 73,009 29,792 70% $319,144 57,721 13 34,284 12 14,513 5 38% 75% $120,062 23,239 14 40 38,725 113 8 15,279 105 3 Total revenue $622,967 100% $425,662 100% $197,305 46% A n n u a l R e p o r t 63 Product revenue increased by $38.4 million, or 22%, during the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to the year ended December 31, 2014. The increase in product revenue was primarily driven by growth in our installed base of customers, which grew from approximately 3,100 as of December 31, 2014 to over 4,400 as of December 31, 2015, as well as follow-on purchases from customers expanding their initial deployments of our product portfolio. Our Network Threat Prevention and Email Threat Prevention products have historically accounted for the largest portion of our product revenue as customers initially focused on protecting Web and email entry points when building our their security infrastructure. Our product revenue growth rates have declined as new customers began adopting our cloud subscriptions, including FireEye-as-a-Service and ETP. We expect product revenue growth rates to continue to decline as part of this ongoing transition. Subscription and service revenue increased by $158.9 million, or 64%, during the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to the year ended December 31, 2014. This increase is comprised of an increase in subscription revenue of $83.4 million, an increase in professional services revenue of $39.1 million and an increase in support and maintenance revenue of $36.4 million. The increase in subscription revenue of $83.4 million and the increase in support and maintenance revenue of $36.4 million is primarily due to an increase in initial customer purchases of $87.6 million and an increase in the amortization of deferred subscription and support and maintenance revenue related to renewals of $32.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to the year ended December 31, 2014. We expect a continued transition of customers from product sales to our cloud subscriptions. Given our high renewal rate and increasing base of customers, we expect revenue from the amortization of deferred subscription and services revenue related to renewals to increase as a percentage of our total revenue from deferred subscription and services revenue. Our renewal rate for subscription and services agreements expiring in the 12 months ended December 31, 2015 was in excess of 90%. International revenue increased $77.2 million, or 73%, during the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to the year ended December 31, 2014, which reflects our increasing international market presence. Cost of Revenue and Gross Margin Cost of revenue: Product Subscription and services Total cost of revenue Gross margin: Product Subscription and services Total gross margin Year Ended December 31, 2015 2014 Change Amount Gross Margin Amount Gross Margin Amount % (Dollars in thousands) $ 74,481 158,723 $233,204 $ 58,980 116,113 $175,093 $15,501 26% 42,610 37 $58,111 33% 66% 61% 63% 67% 53% 59% The cost of product revenue increased $15.5 million, or 26%, during the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to the year ended December 31, 2014. The increase in cost of product revenue was driven primarily by an increase in product revenue. The cost of subscription and services revenue increased $42.6 million, or 37%, during the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to the year ended December 31, 2014. The increase in cost of subscription and services revenue was driven by a $16.4 million increase in facility and IT costs to support departmental expansion, a $12.4 million increase in stock-based compensation charges, a $6.8 million increase due to higher data hosting services and a $5.4 million increase in depreciation, of which $1.1 million related to accelerated depreciation as a result of changes in the estimated useful life of certain assets to be replaced in the first quarter of 2016. 64 Gross margin increased for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to the year ended December 31, 2014, due to the increase in subscription and services margins. The increase in subscription and services margins is primarily due to the proportion of revenues attributable to subscriptions, which have higher gross margins compared to incident response, compromise assessments and other professional services. Operating Expenses Operating expenses: Research and development Sales and marketing General and administrative Restructuring charges Year Ended December 31, 2015 2014 Change Amount % of Total Revenue Amount % of Total Revenue Amount % (Dollars in thousands) $279,467 476,166 141,790 — 45% $203,187 401,151 76 121,099 23 4,327 — 48% $ 76,280 75,015 94 20,691 28 (4,327) 1 38% 19 17 (100) Total operating expenses $897,423 144% $729,764 171% $167,659 23% Includes stock-based compensation expense of: Research and development Sales and marketing General and administrative Total Research and Development $ 68,329 73,286 49,793 $191,408 $ 28,968 66,773 38,186 $133,927 Research and development expense increased $76.3 million, or 38%, during the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to the year ended December 31, 2014. The increase was primarily driven by a $62.2 million increase in personnel costs, primarily due to a $39.4 million increase in stock-based compensation charges, as well as a 24% increase in headcount. Additionally, $8.8 million of the increase was driven by higher facility and IT costs to support departmental expansion and continued investment in our future product and service offerings. Sales and Marketing Sales and marketing expense increased $75.0 million, or 19%, during the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to the year ended December 31, 2014. The increase was primarily driven by a $38.7 million increase in personnel costs, of which $6.5 million was related to stock-based compensation charges, largely as a result of a 28% increase in headcount, as well as a $23.4 million increase in commissions associated with higher sales. Additionally, $7.5 million of the increase was driven by higher facility and IT costs to support departmental expansion. A n n u a l R e p o r t General and Administrative General and administrative expense increased $20.7 million, or 17%, during the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to the year ended December 31, 2014. The increase was primarily driven by a $21.2 million increase in personnel costs, of which $11.6 million was related to stock-based compensation charges, largely as a result of a 32% increase in headcount. Restructuring Charges During the year ended December 31, 2014, we incurred restructuring charges of $4.3 million, of which $1.6 million related to workforce reductions and $2.7 million related to facility consolidations, as part of our plans initiated in August 2014 to reduce our cost structure and improve efficiency. We incurred no restructuring charges during the year ended December 31, 2015. 65 Interest Income Interest income Year Ended December 31, Change 2015 2014 Amount % (Dollars in thousands) $2,935 $713 $2,222 312% Interest income increased during the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to the year ended December 31, 2014 due to higher average balances in our cash and cash equivalents and investments. Interest Expense Interest expense Year Ended December 31, Change 2015 2014 Amount % (Dollars in thousands) $(27,116) $(26) $27,090 104,192% Interest expense increased during the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to the year ended December 31, 2014 due to cash interest expense of $7.0 million and amortization of discount and issuance costs of $20.1 million from the Convertible Senior Notes issued in June 2015. Other Expense, Net Other expense, net Year Ended December 31, Change 2015 2014 Amount % $(3,284) (Dollars in thousands) $(1,936) $1,348 70% The increase in other expense, net during the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to the year ended December 31, 2014 was primarily due to foreign currency transaction losses caused by unfavorable changes in foreign currency exchange rates. Provision for (Benefit from) Income Taxes Provision for (benefit from) income taxes Effective tax rate Year Ended December 31, 2015 2014 (Dollars in thousands) $4,090 $(36,654) (0.8)% 7.6% The change from a benefit from income taxes to a provision for income taxes during the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to the year ended December 31, 2014 is primarily due to the fact that we no longer have deferred tax liabilities in excess of our deferred tax assets which would be available as a source of income for purposes of determining our valuation allowance. We continue to maintain a full valuation allowance on all of our U.S. and Singapore-based deferred tax assets to the extent that deferred tax liabilities are not available as a source of income as of December 31, 2015. The tax expense for the year ended December 31, 2015 is primarily due to foreign taxes. 66 Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 Revenue Year Ended December 31, 2014 2013 Change Amount % of Total Revenue Amount % of Total Revenue Amount % (Dollars in thousands) Revenue: Product Subscription and services Total revenue Revenue by geographic region: United States EMEA APAC Other $178,246 247,416 42% $ 88,253 73,299 58 55% $ 89,993 45 174,117 238 102% $425,662 100% $161,552 100% $264,110 163% $319,144 57,721 34,284 14,513 75% $116,730 22,845 14 16,004 8 5,973 3 72% $202,414 34,876 14 18,280 10 8,540 4 173% 153 114 143 Total revenue $425,662 100% $161,552 100% $264,110 163% Product revenue increased by $90.0 million, or 102%, during the year ended December 31, 2014 compared to the year ended December 31, 2013. The increase in product revenue was primarily driven by growth in our installed base of customers, which grew from approximately 2,000 as of December 31, 2013 to approximately 3,100 as of December 31, 2014, as well as follow-on purchases from customers expanding their initial deployments of our product portfolio. Our Network Threat Prevention product accounted for the largest portion of our product revenue as customers that purchase our product portfolio generally purchase more Network Threat Prevention appliances than our other appliances, reflecting the fact that their networks typically have more Web entry points than email, file, endpoint or mobile entry points to protect. Subscription and service revenue increased by $174.1 million, or 238%, during the year ended December 31, 2014 compared to the year ended December 31, 2013. This increase is comprised of an increase in subscription revenue of $78.9 million, an increase in professional services revenue of $68.7 million and an increase in support and maintenance revenue of $26.5 million. The increase in subscription revenue of $78.9 million and the increase in support and maintenance revenue of $26.5 million is primarily due to initial customer purchases of $117.9 million and subscription revenue resulting from our acquisition of Mandiant. Additionally, there was an increase of $57.4 million in the amortization of deferred subscription and support and maintenance revenue related to renewals for the year ended December 31, 2014. Given our high renewal rate and increasing base of customers, we expect revenue from the amortization of deferred subscription and services revenue related to renewals to increase as a percentage of our total revenue from deferred subscription and services revenue. Our renewal rate for subscription and services agreements expiring in the 12 months ending December 31, 2014 was in excess of 90%. International revenue increased $61.7 million, or 138%, during the year ended December 31, 2014 compared to the year ended December 31, 2013, which reflects our increasing international market presence. A n n u a l R e p o r t 67 Cost of Revenue and Gross Margin Cost of revenue: Product Subscription and services Total cost of revenue Gross margin: Product Subscription and services Total gross margin Year Ended December 31, 2014 2013 Change Amount Gross Margin Amount Gross Margin Amount % (Dollars in thousands) $ 58,980 116,113 $175,093 $28,912 18,853 $47,765 $ 30,068 104% 97,260 516 $127,328 267% 67% 53% 59% 67% 74% 70% Total cost of product revenue increased $30.1 million, or 104%, during the year ended December 31, 2014 compared to the year ended December 31, 2013. The increase in cost of product revenue was driven primarily by an increase in product revenue and the amortization of intangible assets from our acquisition of Mandiant. The cost of subscription and services revenue increased by $97.3 million, or 516%, during the year ended December 31, 2014 compared to the year ended December 31, 2013. The increase in cost of subscription and services revenue was primarily driven by increased personnel costs, including a 135% increase in headcount driven primarily by the inclusion of the professional services organization from our acquisition of Mandiant, as well as amortization of intangible assets from our acquisition of Mandiant. Gross margin decreased for the year ended December 31, 2014 compared to the year ended December 31, 2013, driven by a substantial shift in our revenue mix wherein subscription and services revenue went from 45% of our total revenues in 2013 to 58% of our total revenues in 2014, coupled with lower margins attributable to sales of our subscription and services relative to sales of our products. The decrease in subscription and services gross margin was primarily due to our increased investment in customer support personnel and infrastructure and by the amortization of intangible assets resulting from our acquisition of Mandiant. Operating Expenses Operating expenses: Research and development Sales and marketing General and administrative Restructuring charges Year Ended December 31, 2014 2013 Change Amount % of Total Revenue Amount % of Total Revenue Amount % (Dollars in thousands) $203,187 401,151 121,099 4,327 48% $ 66,036 167,466 94 52,503 28 — 1 41% $137,151 208% 104 32 — 233,685 140 68,596 131 4,327 100 Total operating expenses $729,764 171% $286,005 177% $443,759 155% Includes stock-based compensation expense of: Research and development Sales and marketing General and administrative Total $ 28,968 66,773 38,186 $133,927 68 $ 6,958 10,748 8,342 $ 26,048 Research and Development Research and development expense increased $137.2 million, or 208%, during the year ended December 31, 2014 compared to the year ended December 31, 2013. The increase was primarily driven by a $103.8 million increase in personnel costs, of which $22.0 million was related to stock-based compensation charges, largely as a result of a 41% increase in headcount, including a full year’s impact of headcount increases resulting from our acquisition of Mandiant, in our future product and service offerings. Additionally, overhead allocations increased by $17.5 million, driven by higher facility and IT costs to support departmental expansion, and depreciation increased by $7.7 million related to increased capital expenditures. to support continued investment Sales and Marketing Sales and marketing expense increased $233.7 million, or 140%, during the year ended December 31, 2014 compared to the year ended December 31, 2013. The increase was primarily driven by a $186.1 million increase in personnel costs, of which $56.0 million was related to stock-based compensation charges, largely as a result of a 73% increase in headcount, including a full year’s impact of headcount increases resulting from our acquisition of Mandiant, as well as a $45.4 million increase in commissions associated with higher sales, and increased travel costs of $11.3 million related to sales trips and attendance at marketing events. In addition, overhead allocations increased by $15.1 million, driven by higher facility and IT costs to support departmental expansion, and amortization of intangibles increased by $12.3 million from customer relationship and trademark intangibles resulting from our acquisition of Mandiant. General and Administrative General and administrative expense increased $68.6 million, or 131%, during the year ended December 31, 2014 compared to the year ended December 31, 2013. The increase was primarily driven by a $53.3 million increase in personnel costs, of which $29.8 million was related to stock-based compensation charges, largely as a result of a 73% increase in headcount, including a full year’s impact of headcount increases resulting from our acquisition of Mandiant. In addition, overhead allocations increased by $5.4 million, driven by higher facility and IT costs to support departmental expansion. Restructuring Charges During the year ended December 31, 2014, we incurred restructuring charges of $4.3 million, of which $1.6 million related to workforce reductions and $2.7 million related to facility consolidations, as part of our plans initiated in August 2014 to reduce our cost structure and improve efficiency. Interest Income Interest income Year Ended December 31, Change 2014 2013 Amount % (Dollars in thousands) $713 $68 $645 949% Interest income increased during the year ended December 31, 2014 compared to the year ended December 31, 2013 due to interest earned on higher average balances in our cash and cash equivalents and investments. As a result of proceeds generated from our initial public offering in September 2013, we were able to pay off our debt in 2013. Interest Expense Interest expense Year Ended December 31, Change 2014 2013 Amount % (Dollars in thousands) $(525) $(499) $(26) (95)% 69 A n n u a l R e p o r t Interest expense decreased during the year ended December 31, 2014 compared to the year ended December 31, 2013 due to lower bank borrowings. Other Expense, Net Other expense, net Year Ended December 31, Change 2014 2013 Amount % (Dollars in thousands) $(1,936) $(7,257) $(5,321) (73)% The decrease in other expense, net during the year ended December 31, 2014 compared to the year ended December 31, 2013 was primarily due to the absence of any expense for the fair value revaluation of our preferred stock warrant liability during the year ended December 31, 2014. Upon the closing of our IPO in September 2013, the preferred stock warrants were converted into common stock warrants, and the warrant liability was then reclassified to stockholders’ equity. Subsequently, we no longer recorded any mark-to-market changes in the fair value of these warrants, and as such, there was no related expense during the year ended December 31, 2014. Benefit from Income Taxes Benefit from income taxes Effective tax rate Year Ended December 31, 2014 2013 (Dollars in thousands) $(36,654) $(59,297) 7.6% 33% The decrease in our tax benefit from income taxes during the year ended December 31, 2014 compared to the year ended December 31, 2013 was primarily due to recognizing fewer U.S. federal and state net operating losses and tax credits for which no valuation allowance is required because we had fewer incremental acquisition-related deferred tax liabilities available as a source of income. Our effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2014 was different from the U.S. statutory tax rate applied to our pretax loss primarily as the result of the recording of certain U.S. federal and state net operating losses and tax credits for which no tax rates in foreign jurisdictions which are valuation allowance is required, partially offset by different indefinitely reinvested. No valuation allowance is required to the extent of our scheduled future reversals of our acquisition-related deferred tax liabilities. Our effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2013 was different from the U.S. statutory tax rate applied to our pretax loss primarily due to tax benefits from the valuation allowance release on U.S. deferred tax assets offset by different tax rates in foreign jurisdictions which are indefinitely reinvested. 70 Quarterly Results of Operations The following unaudited quarterly statements of operations data for each of the eight quarters in the period ended December 31, 2015 have been prepared on a basis consistent with our audited annual financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and include, in our opinion, all normal recurring adjustments necessary for the fair presentation of the financial information contained in those statements. Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected in the future. The following quarterly financial data should be read in conjunction with our audited financial statements and the related notes included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. December 31, 2015 September 30, 2015 June 30, 2015 March 31, 2015 December 31, 2014 September 30, 2014 June 30, 2014 March 31, 2014 Three Months Ended (In thousands) $ 66,598 $ 60,101 $ 49,696 $ 40,237 $ 67,936 $ 48,375 $ 37,683 $ 24,252 118,176 184,774 105,515 97,511 85,133 75,046 65,836 165,616 147,207 125,370 142,982 114,211 56,806 94,489 49,728 73,980 20,915 21,265 17,101 15,200 19,465 15,440 13,749 10,326 42,260 40,606 39,006 36,851 33,827 29,488 27,831 24,967 63,175 61,871 121,599 103,745 56,107 91,100 52,051 73,319 53,292 89,690 44,928 69,283 41,580 52,909 35,293 38,687 71,690 73,374 68,798 65,605 53,102 54,707 53,408 41,970 135,432 117,131 116,008 107,595 118,081 111,625 94,591 76,854 Revenue: Product Subscription and services Total revenue Cost of revenue: Product Subscription and services Total cost of revenue Total gross profit Operating expenses: Research and development Sales and marketing General and administrative 37,978 36,518 34,687 32,607 31,949 30,119 31,931 27,100 Restructuring charges Total operating expenses Operating loss Interest income Interest expense Other expense, net Loss before income taxes Provision for (benefit from) income taxes Net loss attributable to — — — — 1,558 2,769 — — 245,100 (123,501) 1,319 (11,691) (725) 227,023 (123,278) 956 (11,587) (985) 205,807 219,493 (128,393) (132,488) 269 — (768) 391 (3,838) (806) 204,690 (115,000) 257 (9) (917) 199,220 (129,937) 228 (6) (636) 145,924 179,930 (127,021) (107,237) 45 (7) (54) 183 (4) (329) (134,598) (134,894) (132,646) (132,987) (115,669) (130,351) (127,171) (107,253) 1,550 636 927 977 (9,944) (10,320) (10,348) (6,042) A n n u a l R e p o r t common stockholders $(136,148) $(135,530) $(133,573) $(133,964) $(105,725) $(120,031) $(116,823) $(101,211) Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted Weighted average shares used to compute net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted $ (0.87) $ (0.88) $ (0.87) $ (0.88) $ (0.72) $ (0.83) $ (0.82) $ (0.76) 156,137 154,523 154,121 151,651 147,746 144,923 141,895 133,976 71 December 31, 2015 September 30, 2015 June 30, 2015 March 31, 2015 December 31, 2014 September 30, 2014 June 30, 2014 March 31, 2014 Three Months Ended (In thousands) 36% 36% 34% 32% 48% 42% 40% 33% 64 100 64 100 66 100 68 100 52 100 58 100 60 100 67 100 11 23 34 66 39 73 21 13 24 37 63 44 71 22 12 26 38 62 47 79 23 12 30 42 58 52 86 26 — — — — 133 (67) 1 (6) (1) (73) 1 137 (74) 1 (7) (1) (81) 149 (87) — 164 (106) — (3) — — — (90) (106) 1 1 1 13 24 37 63 37 83 22 1 143 (80) — — (1) (81) (7) 13 26 39 61 48 98 26 2 15 29 44 56 56 14 34 48 52 57 100 104 34 36 — — 174 (113) — — (1) (114) 190 (134) — — 197 (145) — — (1) — (135) (145) (9) (11) (8) (74)% (82)% (91)% (107)% (74)% (105)% (124)% (137)% Revenue: Product Subscription and services Total revenue Cost of revenue: Product Subscription and services Total cost of revenue Total gross profit Operating expenses: Research and development Sales and marketing General and administrative Restructuring charges Total operating expenses Operating loss Interest income Interest expense Other expense, net Loss before income taxes Provision for (benefit from) income taxes Net loss attributable to common stockholders Quarterly Revenue Trends Our quarterly revenue increased year-over-year for all periods presented, primarily due to increased sales to new customers and continued growth in our installed base of customers. With the exception of the first quarter of 2015, our revenue increased sequentially for all periods presented as well; however, comparisons of our year- over-year quarterly revenue are more meaningful than comparisons of our sequential results, due to seasonality in the sale of our products. Our fourth quarter has historically been our strongest quarter for sales as a result of large enterprise buying patterns, resulting in the lower sequential revenues for the first quarter of 2015 compared to the fourth quarter of 2014. Though our quarterly results have been affected by seasonal trends in the past, as our mix of sales shifts from products to subscriptions and services, we believe that these seasonal trends will affect our quarterly results less in the future. 72 Quarterly Gross Margin Trends Consistent with our quarterly revenues, quarterly gross profit increased year-over-year for all periods presented, and, with the exception of the first quarter of 2015, our quarterly gross profit also increased sequentially for all periods presented. Total gross margin, or gross profit as a percentage of revenue, steadily increased each sequential quarter within both 2014 and 2015, other than from the fourth quarter of 2014 to the first quarter of 2015, largely due to the shift in sales mix in product and subscriptions and services between these two periods. We expect these shifts in the mix of sales between products and subscriptions and services to result in fluctuations in our quarterly gross margins in the future. Quarterly Expense Trends Total operating expenses increased year-over-year for all periods presented primarily due to the addition of personnel, both through acquisitions and organically, to expand our business and our continuous investment in the system infrastructure required to manage our growth and develop and promote our products and subscription and services. Research and development expense primarily increased on a sequential basis over the periods presented, due to increased headcount to support continued investment in our future product and subscription and services offerings. Sales and marketing expense primarily increased on a sequential basis over the periods presented, due to increased personnel costs related to headcount increases, higher commissions expense related to higher sales, and an increase in overhead allocations associated with the increased headcount. General and administrative expense primarily increased on a sequential basis over the periods presented, due to increased personnel costs associated with greater headcount to support the requirements of operating as a public company. During the third quarter of 2014 we initiated a series of business restructuring plans to reduce our cost structure and improve efficiency, resulting in workforce reductions and facility consolidations. As a result, our sequential quarterly changes during the second half of 2014 did not increase in-line with the expense increases noted above. Liquidity and Capital Resources Cash and cash equivalents Short-term investments Cash provided by (used in) operating activities Cash used in investing activities Cash provided by financing activities Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents As of December 31, 2015 2014 (In thousands) $402,102 767,775 $146,363 255,845 Year Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 $ 37,015 (576,749) 795,473 (In thousands) $(131,270) $ (69,762) (148,469) (382,511) 331,949 486,226 $ 255,739 $ (27,555) $ 113,718 A n n u a l R e p o r t As of December 31, 2015, our cash and cash equivalents of $402.1 million were held for working capital, capital expenditures, investment in technology and business acquisition purposes, of which approximately $76.2 million was held outside of the United States. We consider the undistributed earnings from our foreign subsidiaries as of December 31, 2015 to be indefinitely reinvested outside the United States on the basis of estimates that future domestic cash generation will be sufficient to meet future domestic cash needs and our specific plan for reinvestment of our foreign subsidiaries’ undistributed earnings. Prior to our initial public offering (“IPO”) in September 2013, we financed our operations primarily through private sales of equity securities and, to a lesser extent, proceeds from our bank facility and cash generated from operations. In September 2013, we completed our IPO in which we issued and sold 17,450,000 shares of 73 common stock (inclusive of 2,275,000 shares of common stock from the full exercise of the over-allotment option granted to the underwriters) at a price of $20.00 per share. We received aggregate proceeds of $324.6 million from the sale of shares of common stock, net of underwriters’ discounts and commissions, but before deducting paid and unpaid offering expenses of approximately $3.6 million. On December 30, 2013, we acquired privately held Mandiant, a leading provider of advanced endpoint security products and security incident response management solutions. Under the terms of the merger agreement governing the transaction, we delivered to the former security holders of Mandiant merger consideration with an aggregate value equal to approximately $1.02 billion, consisting of approximately $106.5 million in net cash and an aggregate of 21.5 million shares and options to purchase shares of our common stock. In March 2014, we completed our follow-on public offering in which we issued and sold 5,582,215 shares of common stock at a price of $82.00 per share. We received aggregate proceeds of $446.5 million from the sale of shares of common stock, net of underwriters’ discounts and commissions of $11.2 million, but before deducting offering expenses of approximately $2.2 million. Another 8,417,785 shares were sold by certain selling stockholders, which included 796,846 shares sold pursuant to the exercise of vested outstanding options by our employees. We did not receive any of the proceeds from the sales of shares by the selling stockholders. In May 2014, we acquired privately held nPulse Technologies, a performance leader in network forensics based in Charlottesville, Virginia. This purchase consisted of $55.2 million in cash, $0.1 million of equity awards assumed, and 54,319 shares of our common stock with a fair value of $1.3 million which will vest upon the achievement of certain milestones. In June 2015, we issued $460.0 million principal amount of 1.000% Convertible Senior Notes due 2035 (the “Series A Notes”) and $460.0 million principal amount of 1.625% Convertible Senior Notes due 2035 (the “Series B Notes” and together with the Series A Notes, the “Convertible Senior Notes”), in a private placement to qualified institutional purchasers pursuant to an exemption from registration provided by Section 4(a)(2) and Rule 144A under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. We received total net proceeds after the initial purchasers’ discount and issuance costs of $896.5 million. Although these Notes mature in 2035, under certain circumstances, we may be required to redeem in cash $460.0 million principal amount as early as June 1, 2020 and the other $460.0 million principal amount as early as June 1, 2022. In connection with the issuance of the Convertible Senior Notes, we also entered into privately negotiated prepaid forwards (each a “Prepaid Forward”) with one of the initial purchasers of the Convertible Senior Notes, pursuant to which we paid approximately $150.0 million for approximately 3.3 million shares of our common stock to be settled on or around June 1, 2020 and June 1, 2022, respectively, subject to any early settlement in whole or in part of each Prepaid Forward. We believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments and any cash inflow from operations will be sufficient to meet our anticipated cash needs, including cash we will consume for operations, for at least the next 12 months. Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including our growth rate, the timing and extent of spending to support development efforts, the expansion of sales and marketing activities, the introduction of new and enhanced product and service offerings, the cost of any future acquisitions of technology or businesses, and the continuing market acceptance of our products. In the event that additional financing is required from outside sources, we may not be able to raise such financing on terms acceptable to us or at all. If we are unable to raise additional capital when desired, our business, operating results, and financial condition would be adversely affected. Operating Activities During the year ended December 31, 2015, our operating activities provided cash of $37.0 million. We incurred a net loss of $539.2 million, which included net non-cash expenses of $357.5 million, primarily consisting of stock-based compensation charges, depreciation and amortization expense and non-cash interest expense related to our convertible senior notes. Our net change in operating assets and liabilities provided cash of 74 $218.8 million, primarily sourced from deferred revenue for $174.5 million as a result of increases in sales of subscriptions and support and maintenance services, accounts receivable for $19.1 million resulting from increased collection efforts and early payment incentives, and accrued liabilities and compensation for $22.2 million as a result of growth in our headcount and business expansion. During the year ended December 31, 2014, our operating activities used cash of $131.3 million. We incurred a net loss of $443.8 million, which included net non-cash expenses of $208.4 million, primarily consisting of stock-based compensation charges, depreciation and amortization expense, and deferred tax benefit. Our net change in operating assets and liabilities provided cash of $104.1 million, primarily sourced from deferred revenue for $164.7 million as a result of increases in sales of subscriptions and support and maintenance services, and accrued liabilities and compensation for $35.1 million as a result of the growth in our headcount and business expansion, partially offset by the use of cash related to accounts receivable for $97.2 million resulting from growth in our billings. During the year ended December 31, 2013, our operating activities used cash of $69.8 million. We incurred a net loss of $120.6 million, which included a net non-cash benefit of $4.8 million from our deferred tax benefit, partially offset by stock-based compensation charges and depreciation and amortization. Our net change in operating assets and liabilities provided cash of $55.6 million, primarily sourced from deferred revenue for $95.0 million as a result of increases in sales of subscriptions and support and maintenance services, accounts payable for $11.5 million due to growth in our business and accrued compensation for $19.4 million due to growth in our headcount. Our primary uses of operating cash related to accounts receivable for $35.1 million, resulting from growth in our billings, prepaid and other current assets for $17.2 million, and accrued liabilities for $18.5 million, primarily due to the payment of transaction costs related to the Mandiant acquisition. Investing Activities Cash used in investing activities during the year ended December 31, 2015 was $576.7 million, primarily for the purchase of marketable securities to invest a significant portion of the cash received from our convertible senior notes offering, net of maturities, and, to a lesser extent, for capital expenditures to purchase property and equipment and demonstration units. Cash used in investing activities during the year ended December 31, 2014 was $382.5 million, primarily for the purchase of marketable securities to invest a significant portion of the cash received from our follow-on public offering, net of maturities, and, to a lesser extent, for capital expenditures to purchase property and equipment and demonstration units and for the acquisition of nPulse. This use of cash was partially offset by $31.6 million received from the sale of certain marketable securities. Cash used in investing activities during the year ended December 31, 2013 was $148.5 million, primarily resulting from the acquisition of Mandiant and from capital expenditures to purchase property and equipment and demonstration units. A n n u a l R e p o r t Financing Activities During the year ended December 31, 2015, financing activities provided $795.5 million in cash, primarily from net proceeds of $896.5 million from our convertible senior notes offering, as well as proceeds of $29.1 million from the exercise of employee stock options, net of repurchases. These sources of cash were partially offset by the use of $150.0 million associated with the Prepaid Forward. During the year ended December 31, 2014, financing activities provided $486.2 million in cash, primarily from net proceeds of $444.3 million from our follow-on public offering, as well as proceeds of $22.7 million from the exercise of employee stock options, net of repurchases. 75 During the year ended December 31, 2013, financing activities provided $331.9 million in cash, primarily from net proceeds of $321.4 million from our IPO, $10.0 million from the issuance of convertible preferred stock, additional borrowings of $10.0 million under our line of credit, proceeds of $7.3 million from the collection of notes receivable from stockholders as of December 31, 2012 and proceeds of $5.4 million from the exercise of stock options, partially offset by payments of $22.2 million on bank borrowings. Contractual Obligations and Commitments The following summarizes our contractual obligations and commitments as of December 31, 2015: Convertible Senior Notes Operating leases Purchase obligations Contract manufacturer commitments Total Payments Due by Period Total Less Than 1 Year 1 - 3 Years 3 - 5 Years More Than 5 Years $ 989,288 53,598 35,920 16,884 $12,075 14,513 20,754 16,884 (In thousands) $24,150 19,572 15,166 — $481,850 11,483 — — $471,213 8,030 — — $1,095,690 $64,226 $58,888 $493,333 $479,243 Total future non-cancelable minimum rental payments under operating leases of $53.6 million shown in the table above have not been reduced by future minimum sublease rentals totaling $0.7 million. Total future payments related to our Convertible Senior Notes of $989.3 million shown in the table above is composed of $460.0 million principal amount of Series A Notes, $460.0 million principal amount of Series B Notes and future interest of $69.3 million. Although the Convertible Senior Notes have a stated maturity of June 1, 2035, they have been reflected in the table above assuming repurchase on June 1, 2020 in the case of the Series A Notes and June 1, 2022 in the case of the Series B Notes (the first date holders have the right to require us to repurchase all or any portion of their Convertible Senior Notes) at 100% of the principal amount plus accrued and unpaid interest as of these dates. Due to the uncertainty with respect to the timing of future cash flows associated with our unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2015, we are unable to make reasonably reliable estimates of the period of cash settlement with the respective taxing authorities. Therefore, approximately $2.4 million of unrecognized tax benefits classified as “Other long-term liabilities” in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2015, have been excluded from the contractual obligations table above. Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, we did not have any relationships with unconsolidated entities or financial partnerships, such as structured finance or special purpose entities, that were established for the purpose of facilitating off-balance sheet arrangements or other purposes. Segment Information We have one primary business activity and operate in one reportable segment. Concentration For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, one reseller represented 13%, 11% and 11%, respectively, of our total revenue. For the year ended December 31, 2013, another reseller also represented 11% of our total revenue. For the year ended December 31, 2015, one distributor represented 17% of our total revenue. No distributor represented 10% or greater of our total revenue for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013. Our agreements with these distributors and resellers were made in the ordinary course of our business 76 and may be terminated with or without cause by either party with advance notice. Although we believe we would experience some short-term disruption in the distribution of our products and subscriptions and services if these agreements were terminated, we believe such termination would not have a material adverse effect on our financial results and that alternative resellers and other channel partners exist to deliver our products to our end- customers. Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates Our consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, expenses, and related disclosures. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances. We evaluate our estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis. Actual results may differ from these estimates. To the extent that there are material differences between these estimates and our actual results, our future financial statements will be affected. The critical accounting policies requiring estimates, assumptions, and judgments that we believe have the most significant impact on our consolidated financial statements are described below. Revenue Recognition We generate revenue from the sales of products, subscriptions, support and maintenance, and other services primarily through our indirect relationships with our partners as well as end customers through a direct sales force. Our products include operating system software that is integrated into the appliance hardware and is deemed essential to its functionality. As a result, we account for product revenue in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification 605, Revenue Recognition, and all related interpretations, as all our security appliance deliverables include proprietary operating system software, which together deliver the essential functionality of our products. Revenue is recognized when all of the following criteria are met: • Persuasive Evidence of an Arrangement Exists. We rely upon non-cancelable sales agreements and purchase orders to determine the existence of an arrangement. • Delivery has Occurred. We use shipping documents or transmissions of service contract registration codes to verify delivery. • The Fee is Fixed or Determinable. We assess whether the fee is fixed or determinable based on the payment terms associated with the transaction. • Collectability is Reasonably Assured. We assess collectability based on credit analysis and payment history. A n n u a l R e p o r t Our products include principal security product families that address critical vectors of attack, including Web, email, endpoint, file and mobile. Our Network Threat Prevention, Endpoint Threat Prevention, File Content Security, Malware Analysis System, Network Forensics Platform, Investigation Analysis System and Central Management System, and beginning in June 2014 our Email Threat Prevention, appliances and subscription services qualify as separate units of accounting. Therefore, revenue from the sale of these products is recognized at the time of shipment. Historically, our Email Threat Prevention appliance could not function without the use of our Email Threat Prevention Attachment/URL Engine, which analyzes email attachments and URLs embedded in emails for next-generation threats. As such, our Email Threat Prevention and related services previously did not have stand-alone value and did not qualify as separate units of accounting. Therefore, Email Threat Prevention product revenue had historically been recognized ratably over the longer of the contractual term of the 77 subscription services or the estimated period the customer was expected to benefit from the product, provided that all other revenue recognition criteria had been met. Beginning in June 2014, we started shipping all Email Threat Prevention appliances with software that allows customers to benefit from the product without the associated subscription services, and therefore, consistent with our Network and Endpoint Threat Prevention and File Content Security appliances, revenue from Email Threat Prevention appliances is now recognized at the time of shipment. At the time of shipment, product revenue generally meets the criteria for fixed or determinable fees as our partners receive an order from an end-customer prior to placing an order with us. In addition, payment from our partners is not contingent on the partners’ collection from their end-customers. Our partners do not stock products and do not have any stock rotation rights. We recognize subscription and support and maintenance services revenue ratably over the contractual service period, which is typically one or three years. Professional services revenue, including incident response and related consulting services for our customers who have experienced a cybersecurity breach or who require assistance assessing the vulnerability of their networks, and training services revenue is recognized as the services are rendered. Most of our arrangements, other than renewals of subscriptions and support and maintenance services, are multiple-element arrangements with a combination of product, subscriptions, support and maintenance, and other services. For multiple-element arrangements, we allocate revenue to each unit of accounting based on an estimated selling price at the arrangement inception. The estimated selling price for each element is based upon the following hierarchy: vendor-specific objective evidence, or VSOE, of selling price, if available, third-party evidence, or TPE, of selling price, if VSOE of selling price is not available, or best estimate of selling price, or BESP, if neither VSOE of selling price nor TPE of selling price are available. The total arrangement consideration is allocated to each separate unit of accounting using the relative estimated selling prices of each unit based on the aforementioned selling price hierarchy. We limit the amount of revenue recognized for delivered elements to an amount that is not contingent upon future delivery of additional products or services or meeting of any specified performance conditions. To determine the estimated selling price in multiple-element arrangements, we seek to establish VSOE of selling price using the prices charged for a deliverable when sold separately and, for subscriptions and support and maintenance, based on the renewal rates and discounts offered to partners. If VSOE of selling price cannot be established for a deliverable, we seek to establish TPE of selling price by evaluating similar and interchangeable competitor products or services in standalone arrangements with similarly situated partners. However, as our products contain a significant element of proprietary technology and offer substantially different features and functionality from our competitors, we are unable to obtain comparable pricing of our competitors’ products with similar functionality on a stand-alone basis. Therefore, we have not been able to obtain reliable evidence of TPE of selling price. If neither VSOE nor TPE of selling price can be established for a deliverable, we establish BESP primarily based on historical transaction pricing. Historical transactions are segregated based on our pricing model and our go-to-market strategy, which include factors such as type of sales channel (reseller, distributor, or end-customer), the geographies in which our products and services were sold (domestic or international), offering type (products or services), and whether or not the opportunity was identified by our sales force or by our partners. In analyzing historical transaction pricing, we evaluate whether a majority of the prices charged for a product, as represented by a percentage of list price, fall within a reasonable range. To further support the BESP of selling price as determined by the historical transaction pricing or when such information is unavailable, such as when there are limited sales of a new product, we consider the same factors we have established through our pricing model and go-to-market strategy. The determination of BESP is made through consultation with and approval by our management. We have established the estimated selling price of all of our deliverables using BESP. Shipping charges billed to partners are included in revenue and related costs are included in cost of revenue. Sales commissions and other incremental costs to acquire contracts are also expensed as incurred. After receipt of a partner order, any amounts billed in excess of revenue recognized are recorded as deferred revenue. 78 Stock-Based Compensation Compensation expense related to stock-based transactions, including employee and non-employee director stock options, is measured and recognized in the financial statements based on the fair value of the awards granted. The fair value of each option award is estimated on the grant date using the Black-Scholes option- pricing model and a single option award approach. The fair value of stock options granted to non-employees is remeasured as the stock options vest, and the resulting change in value, if any, is recognized in the statement of operations during the period the related services are rendered. Stock-based compensation expense is recognized, net of forfeitures, over the requisite service periods of the awards, which is generally four years. Our use of the Black-Scholes option-pricing model requires the input of highly subjective assumptions, including the fair value of the underlying common stock prior to our IPO in September 2013, the expected term of the option, the expected volatility of the price of our common stock, risk-free interest rates, and the expected dividend yield of our common stock. The assumptions used in our option-pricing model represent management’s best estimates. These estimates involve inherent uncertainties and the application of management’s judgment. If factors change and different assumptions are used, our stock-based compensation expense could be materially different in the future. These assumptions and estimates are as follows: • Fair Value of Common Stock. Because our common stock was not publicly traded until September 20, 2013, we were required to estimate the fair value of common stock for grants made prior to that date, as discussed in “Common Stock Valuations” below. • Risk-Free Interest Rate. We base the risk-free interest rate used in the Black-Scholes option-pricing model on the implied yield available on U.S. Treasury zero-coupon issues with a remaining term equivalent to that of the options for each option group. • Expected Term. The expected term represents the period that our stock-based awards are expected to be outstanding. We base the expected term assumption on our historical exercise behavior combined with estimates of the post-vesting holding period. • Volatility. We determine the price volatility factor based on the historical volatilities of our publicly traded peer group as we do not have a significant trading history for our common stock. Industry peers consist of several public companies in the technology industry that are similar to us in size, stage of life cycle, and financial leverage. We used the same set of peer group companies in all the relevant valuation estimates. We did not rely on implied volatilities of traded options in our industry peers’ common stock because the volume of activity was relatively low. We intend to continue to consistently apply this process using the same or similar public companies until a sufficient amount of historical information regarding the volatility of our own common stock share price becomes available, or unless circumstances change such that the identified companies are no longer similar to us, in which case, more suitable companies whose share prices are publicly available would be utilized in the calculation. • Dividend Yield. The expected dividend assumption is based on our current expectations about our anticipated dividend policy. Consequently, we used an expected dividend yield of zero. See Note 11 for the assumptions used in the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to determine the fair value of our stock options granted for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013. In addition to the assumptions used in the Black-Scholes option-pricing model, we must also estimate a forfeiture rate to calculate the stock-based compensation expense for our awards. Our estimated forfeiture rate is based on an analysis of our actual forfeitures. We will continue to evaluate the appropriateness of the forfeiture rate based on actual forfeiture experience, analysis of employee turnover, and other factors. Quarterly changes in the estimated forfeiture rate can have a significant impact on our stock-based compensation expense as the cumulative effect of adjusting the rate is recognized in the period the forfeiture estimate is changed. If a revised forfeiture rate is higher than the previously estimated forfeiture rate, an adjustment is made that will result in a 79 A n n u a l R e p o r t decrease to the stock-based compensation expense recognized in the financial statements. If a revised forfeiture rate is lower than the previously estimated forfeiture rate, an adjustment is made that will result in an increase to the stock-based compensation expense recognized in the financial statements. We estimate the fair value of the rights to acquire stock under our ESPP using the Black-Scholes option pricing formula. Our ESPP typically provides for consecutive twelve-month offering periods and we use our peer group volatility data in the valuation of ESPP shares. We recognize such compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. We account for the fair value of restricted stock units (“RSUs”) using the closing market price of our common stock on the date of grant. For new-hire grants, RSUs generally vest ratably on an annual basis over four years. For annual refresh grants, RSUs generally vest ratably on an annual, or combination of annual and quarterly, basis over two to four years. We account for the fair value of performance stock units (“PSUs”) using the closing market price of our common stock on the date of grant. We begin recognizing compensation expense when we conclude that it is probable that the performance conditions will be achieved. We reassess the probability of vesting at each reporting period and adjust our compensation cost based on this probability assessment. We will continue to use judgment in evaluating the assumptions related to our stock-based compensation on a prospective basis. As we continue to accumulate additional data related to our common stock, we may have refinements to our estimates which could materially impact our future stock-based compensation expense. Income Taxes We account for income taxes using the asset and liability method, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in our financial statements or tax returns. In addition, deferred tax assets are recorded for the future benefit of utilizing net operating losses and research and development credit carryforwards. Valuation allowances are provided when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized. We apply the authoritative accounting guidance prescribing a threshold and measurement attribute for the financial recognition and measurement of a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. We recognize liabilities for uncertain tax positions based on a two-step process. The first step is to evaluate the tax position for recognition by determining if the weight of available evidence indicates that it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained on audit, including resolution of related appeals or litigation processes, if any. The second step requires us to estimate and measure the tax benefit as the largest amount that is more than 50% likely to be realized upon ultimate settlement. Significant judgment is required in evaluating our uncertain tax positions and determining our provision for income taxes. Although we believe our reserves are reasonable, no assurance can be given that the final tax outcome of these matters will not be different from that which is reflected in our historical income tax provisions and accruals. We adjust these reserves in light of changing facts and circumstances, such as the closing of a tax audit or the refinement of an estimate. To the extent that the final tax outcome of these matters is different than the amounts recorded, such differences may impact the provision for income taxes in the period in which such determination is made. Significant judgment is also required in determining any valuation allowance recorded against deferred tax assets. In assessing the need for a valuation allowance, we consider all available evidence, including scheduled reversal of deferred tax liabilities, past operating results, estimates of future taxable income, and the feasibility of tax planning strategies. For the year ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, we recorded federal and state and certain foreign valuation allowances on deferred tax assets in excess of the scheduled future reversal of our acquisition-related deferred tax liabilities. 80 Estimates of future taxable income are based on assumptions that are consistent with our plans. Assumptions represent management’s best estimates and involve inherent uncertainties and the application of management’s judgment. Should actual amounts differ from our estimates, the amount of our tax expense and liabilities could be materially impacted. We do not provide for a U.S. income tax liability on undistributed foreign earnings of our foreign subsidiaries. The earnings of non-U.S. subsidiaries are indefinitely reinvested in non-U.S. operations. Contract Manufacturer Liabilities We outsource most of our manufacturing, repair, and supply chain management operations to our independent contract manufacturers and payments to them are a significant portion of our product cost of revenue. Although we could be contractually obligated to purchase manufactured products, we generally do not own the manufactured products. Product title transfers from our independent contract manufacturers to us and immediately to our partners upon shipment. Our independent contract manufacturers assemble our products using design specifications, quality assurance programs, and standards that we establish, and they procure components and assemble our products based on our demand forecasts. These forecasts represent our estimates of future demand for our products based upon historical trends and analysis from our sales and product management functions as adjusted for overall market conditions. If the actual component usage and product demand are significantly lower than forecast, we accrue for costs for contractual manufacturing commitments in excess of our forecasted demand, including costs for excess components or for carrying costs incurred by our contract manufacturers. To date, we have not accrued any significant costs associated with this exposure. Loss Contingencies We are subject to the possibility of various loss contingencies arising in the ordinary course of business. We consider the likelihood of loss or impairment of an asset, or the incurrence of a liability, as well as our ability to reasonably estimate the amount of loss, in determining loss contingencies. An estimated loss contingency is accrued when it is probable that an asset has been impaired or a liability has been incurred and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. If we determine that a loss is possible and the range of the loss can be reasonably determined, then we disclose the range of the possible loss. We regularly evaluate current information available to us to determine whether an accrual is required, an accrual should be adjusted or a range of possible loss should be disclosed. Warranties We generally provide a one-year warranty on hardware. We do not accrue for potential warranty claims as a component of cost of product revenue as all product warranty claims are satisfied under our support and maintenance contracts. Goodwill Goodwill is the excess of the aggregate purchase price paid over the fair value of the net tangible assets acquired. Goodwill is not amortized and is tested for impairment at least annually or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. We have determined that we operate as one reporting unit and have selected December 1 as the date to perform our annual impairment test. In the valuation of our goodwill, we must make assumptions regarding estimated future cash flows to be derived from our business. If these estimates or their related assumptions change in the future, we may be required to record impairment for these assets. The first step of the impairment test involves comparing the fair value of the reporting unit to its net book value, including goodwill. If the net book value exceeds its fair value, then we would perform the second step of the goodwill impairment test to determine the amount of the impairment loss. The impairment loss would be calculated by comparing our implied fair value to our net book value. In calculating our implied fair value of goodwill, our fair value would be allocated to all of the other assets and liabilities based on their fair values. The excess of our fair value over the amount assigned to our other assets and 81 A n n u a l R e p o r t liabilities is the implied fair value of goodwill. An impairment loss would be recognized when the carrying amount of goodwill exceeds its implied fair value. There was no impairment of goodwill recorded for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 or 2013. Business Combinations We account for all of our acquisitions using the acquisition method as required under the provisions of FASB ASC 805, Business Combinations. The fair value of purchase consideration is allocated to the tangible assets acquired, liabilities assumed and intangible assets acquired, based on their estimated fair values. The excess of the fair value of purchase consideration over the values of these identifiable assets and liabilities is recorded as goodwill. When determining the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed, management makes significant estimates and assumptions, especially with respect to intangible assets. Critical estimates in valuing certain identifiable assets include, but are not limited to, expected long-term market growth, customer retention, future expected operating expenses, costs of capital, and appropriate discount rates. Management’s estimates of fair value are based upon assumptions believed to be reasonable, but which are inherently uncertain and unpredictable and, as a result, actual results may differ from estimates. Recent Accounting Pronouncements In November 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-17, Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes. This standard requires companies to present deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities as noncurrent on the Balance Sheet, simplifying current guidance which required separate presentation of deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities as current and noncurrent. The guidance is effective for us beginning in the first quarter of 2017, and may be applied prospectively or retrospectively at the Company’s election. Early adoption is permitted. We elected to early adopt this standard in the fourth quarter of 2015, and have applied the guidance on a prospective basis. As such, prior period financial statements have not been retrospectively adjusted. The adoption of this standard has resulted in the reclassification of our net current deferred tax asset to a net non-current deferred tax asset on the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2015. In September 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-16, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Simplifying the Accounting for Measurement-Period Adjustments. This standard eliminates the requirement that an acquirer in a business combination account for measurement-period adjustments retrospectively. Under this guidance, measurement-period adjustments will be recognized during the period in which they are determined. The guidance is effective for us beginning in the first quarter of 2016. The adoption of this standard is not expected to have a significant impact on our consolidated financial statements. In April 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-03, Interest—Imputation of Interest (Subtopic 835-30)— Simplifying the Presentation of Debt Issuance Costs. This standard requires companies to present debt issuance costs on the balance sheet as a direct deduction from the related liability, consistent with the presentation of debt discounts, rather than as an asset. Amortization of such costs will continue to be reported as interest expense. The guidance is effective for us beginning in the first quarter of 2016, and requires retrospective application to all prior periods presented in the financial statements. Early adoption is permitted. We elected to early adopt this standard in the second quarter of 2015, concurrent with the issuance of our Convertible Senior Notes. As such, the issuance costs determined attributable to the liability component of our Convertible Senior Notes have been recorded as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of the notes liability (See Note 8). The adoption of this standard has no impact on any prior period financial statements presented, as we did not previously incur any debt issuance costs. In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606). This standard provides a single model for revenue arising from contracts with customers and supersedes current revenue recognition guidance. The core principle of the guidance is that an entity should recognize revenue to 82 depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. In July 2015, the FASB decided to defer the effective date by one year, and as a result, the guidance is effective for us beginning in the first quarter of 2018. Early adoption as of the original effective date would be permitted. The guidance permits companies to either apply the requirements retrospectively to all prior periods presented, or apply the requirements in the year of adoption, through a cumulative adjustment. We are currently evaluating the impact the adoption will have on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. In August 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-15, Disclosures of Uncertainties About an Entity’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern. This standard provides guidance on how and when reporting entities must disclose going-concern uncertainties in their financial statements. The guidance is effective for us beginning in the first quarter of 2017. Early adoption is permitted. The adoption of this standard is not expected to have an impact on our consolidated financial statements. Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk Foreign Currency Exchange Risk Our sales contracts are primarily denominated in U.S. dollars. A portion of our operating expenses are incurred outside the United States and are denominated in foreign currencies and are subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates, particularly changes in the Indian Rupee, British Pound Sterling, Japanese Yen and Euro. Additionally, fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates may cause us to recognize transaction gains and losses in our statement of operations. The effect of a hypothetical 10% adverse change in foreign exchange rates on monetary assets and liabilities at December 31, 2015 would not be material to our financial condition or results of operations. To date, foreign currency transaction gains and losses and exchange rate fluctuations have not been material to our financial statements, and we have not engaged in any foreign currency hedging transactions. As our international operations continue to grow, our risks associated with fluctuations in currency rates will become greater, and we will continue to reassess our approach to managing this risk. In addition, currency fluctuations or a weakening U.S. dollar can increase the costs of our international expansion, and the currently strengthening U.S. dollar could slow international demand as products and services priced in U.S. dollars become more expensive. Interest Rate Risk We had cash and cash equivalents and investments of $1,169.9 million and $402.2 million as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively, consisting of bank deposits, money market funds, certificates of deposit and bonds issued by corporate institutions and U.S. government agencies. Such interest-earning instruments carry a degree of interest rate risk. To date, fluctuations in interest income have not been significant. We do not enter into investments for trading or speculative purposes and have not used any derivative financial instruments to manage our interest rate risk exposure. We have not been exposed to, nor do we anticipate being exposed to, material risks due to changes in interest rates. Our cash flow exposure due to changes in interest rates related to our debt is limited as our Convertible Senior Notes have fixed interest rates at 1.000% and 1.625%. The fair value of the Convertible Senior Notes may increase or decrease for various reasons, including fluctuations in the market price of our common stock, fluctuations in market interest rates and fluctuations in general economic conditions. Based upon the quoted market price as of December 31, 2015, the fair value of our Convertible Senior Notes was approximately $766.5 million. We had no debt outstanding as of December 31, 2014 A hypothetical 10% change in interest rates during any of the periods presented would not have had a material impact on our financial statements. 83 A n n u a l R e p o r t Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 . . . . . . . . . Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and Page 85 86 87 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 . . . . . . . . . Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 91 92 Certain supplementary financial information required by this Item 8 is included in Item 7 under the caption “Quarterly Results of Operations.” 84 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of FireEye, Inc. Milpitas, California We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of FireEye, Inc. and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive loss, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2015. Our audits also included the financial statement schedule listed in the Index at Item 15. These financial statements and financial statement schedule are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. In our opinion, such consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of FireEye, Inc. and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2015, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also, in our opinion, such financial statement schedule, when considered in relation to the basic consolidated financial statements taken as a whole, presents fairly, in all material respects, the information set forth therein. We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015, based on the criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission and our report dated February 26, 2016 expressed an unqualified opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. /s/ DELOITTE & TOUCHE LLP San Jose, California February 26, 2016 A n n u a l R e p o r t 85 FIREEYE, INC. Consolidated Balance Sheets (In thousands, except per share data) ASSETS Current assets: Cash and cash equivalents Short-term investments Accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $2,021 and $586 $ 402,102 767,775 $ 146,363 255,845 As of December 31, 2015 2014 at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively Inventories Deferred tax assets, current portion Prepaid expenses and other current assets Total current assets Property and equipment, net Goodwill Intangibles assets, net Deposits and other long-term assets TOTAL ASSETS LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY Current liabilities: Accounts payable Accrued and other current liabilities Accrued compensation Deferred revenue, current portion Total current liabilities Convertible senior notes, net Deferred revenue, non-current portion Deferred tax liabilities, non-current portion Other long-term liabilities Total liabilities Commitments and contingencies (NOTE 9) Stockholders’ equity: Convertible preferred stock, par value of $0.0001 per share; 100,000 shares authorized, none issued or outstanding as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 Common stock, par value of $0.0001 per share; 1,000,000 shares authorized, 161,643 and 152,860 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively Additional paid-in capital Treasury stock, at cost; 3,333 shares and no shares as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively Accumulated other comprehensive loss Accumulated deficit Total stockholders’ equity TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY 172,752 13,747 — 30,883 1,387,259 78,368 750,288 214,560 10,998 193,182 7,952 25,126 28,669 657,137 82,298 750,288 261,625 7,533 $ 2,441,473 $1,758,881 $ 43,650 29,820 79,294 305,169 457,933 706,198 221,829 — 11,141 1,397,101 $ 34,057 24,596 64,551 203,877 327,081 — 148,666 24,903 7,403 508,053 — — 16 2,403,088 15 1,918,546 (150,000) (2,225) (1,206,507) — (441) (667,292) 1,044,372 1,250,828 $ 2,441,473 $1,758,881 See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements. 86 FIREEYE, INC. Consolidated Statements of Operations (In thousands, except per share data) Revenue: Product Subscription and services Total revenue Cost of revenue: Product Subscription and services Total cost of revenue Total gross profit Operating expenses: Research and development Sales and marketing General and administrative Restructuring charges Total operating expenses Operating loss Interest income Interest expense Other expense, net Loss before income taxes Provision for (benefit from) income taxes Year Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 $ 216,632 406,335 $ 178,246 247,416 $ 88,253 73,299 622,967 425,662 161,552 74,481 158,723 58,980 116,113 233,204 175,093 28,912 18,853 47,765 389,763 250,569 113,787 279,467 476,166 141,790 — 897,423 (507,660) 2,935 (27,116) (3,284) (535,125) 4,090 203,187 401,151 121,099 4,327 729,764 (479,195) 713 (26) (1,936) (480,444) (36,654) 66,036 167,466 52,503 — 286,005 (172,218) 68 (525) (7,257) (179,932) (59,297) Net loss attributable to common stockholders $(539,215) $(443,790) $(120,635) Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted $ (3.50) $ (3.12) $ (2.66) Weighted average shares used to compute net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted 154,120 142,176 45,271 A n n u a l R e p o r t See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements. 87 FIREEYE, INC Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss (In thousands) Net loss Change in net unrealized loss on available-for-sale investments, net of tax Comprehensive loss Year Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 $(539,215) $(443,790) $(120,635) (1,784) (441) — $(540,999) $(444,231) $(120,635) See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements. 88 FIREEYE, INC. Consolidated Statement of Stockholders’ Equity (In thousands) Convertible Preferred Stock Common Stock Shares Amount Shares Amount Additional Paid-In Capital Treasury Stock Notes Receivable from Stockholders Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss Accumulated Deficit Total Stockholders’ Equity 64,115 $ 6 22,435 $ 2 $ 109,252 $— $(1,003) $ — $(102,867) $ 5,390 Balance at December 31, 2012 Issuance of common stock in connection with initial public offering, net of offering costs Conversion of convertible preferred stock to common stock in connection with initial public offering Conversion of preferred stock warrant to common stock warrant in connection with initial public offering Issuance of common stock related to the acquisition of Secure DNA Managed Services, Inc. Issuance of common stock related to the acquisition of Mandiant, Inc. Payment of note receivable from stockholder, net of early exercises Net proceeds from issuance of Series F convertible preferred stock Issuance of common stock for equity awards, net of repurchases Vesting of early exercise of equity awards Stock-based compensation Net loss Balance at December 31, 2013 Issuance of common stock in connection with follow-on public offering, net of offering costs Issuance of common stock for equity awards, net of repurchases and tax withholdings Issuance of common stock related to nPulse Technologies, Inc. acquisition Issuance of common stock related to employee stock purchase plan Assumption of vested options related to the acquisition of Mandiant, Inc. Vesting of early exercise of equity awards — Stock-based compensation — Unrealized loss on investments — — Net loss — — 17,450 (64,590) (6) 74,222 2 7 320,977 — (1) — — — — — 10,067 — — — — — — — 475 — 50 — 800 — 16,921 2 791,115 — — — — — 828 — 1,003 4,994 — — — — — — — — — — 6,680 1 2,393 — — — — — — — 2,307 — 28,858 — — — — 137,758 14 1,271,590 — — — 5,582 — 444,295 — — — 8,030 1 20,658 — — — — — — — — — — — 296 — 1,398 — 1,194 — 21,228 — — — — — — — — — — — 3,135 — 4,390 — 151,852 — — — — — 89 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — (441) — — — — — — — — — — — (120,635) 320,979 — 10,067 800 791,117 1,831 4,994 2,394 2,307 28,858 (120,635) (223,502) 1,048,102 — — — — — — — — (443,790) 444,295 20,659 1,398 21,228 3,135 4,390 151,852 (441) (443,790) A n n u a l R e p o r t Convertible Preferred Stock Common Stock Shares Amount Shares Amount Additional Paid-In Capital Treasury Stock Notes Receivable from Stockholders Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss Accumulated Deficit Total Stockholders’ Equity — — 152,860 15 1,918,546 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 7,786 1 27,062 997 — 21,880 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 809 210,401 — (150,000) 2,271 222,119 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — (441) (667,292) 1,250,828 — — — — — — — (1,784) — — — — — — — — — (539,215) 27,063 21,880 809 210,401 (150,000) 2,271 222,119 (1,784) (539,215) Balance at December 31, 2014 Issuance of common stock for equity awards, net of repurchases and tax withholdings Issuance of common stock related to employee stock purchase plan Excess tax benefit on vesting of awards and options exercised Equity component of — — — convertible senior notes, net — Prepaid forward stock purchase — Vesting of early exercise of equity awards — Stock-based compensation — Unrealized loss on investments — — Net loss Balance at December 31, 2015 — $— 161,643 $ 16 $2,403,088 $(150,000) $— $(2,225) $(1,206,507) $1,044,372 See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements. 90 FIREEYE, INC. Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (In thousands) CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES: Net loss Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities: Depreciation and amortization Stock-based compensation Non-cash interest expense related to convertible senior notes Deferred income taxes Other Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of assets acquired and liabilities assumed in business combinations: Accounts receivable Inventories Prepaid expenses and other assets Accounts payable Accrued liabilities Accrued compensation Deferred revenue Other long-term liabilities Year ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 $(539,215) $(443,790) $(120,635) 111,956 222,119 20,069 (1,353) 4,672 19,126 (7,820) (675) 7,705 7,495 14,742 174,455 3,739 94,136 151,852 — (39,869) 2,261 (97,165) (2,024) 1,450 (3,193) 11,403 23,658 164,728 5,283 20,758 28,858 — (61,028) 6,648 (35,145) (3,089) (17,219) 11,504 (18,488) 19,381 95,010 3,683 Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities 37,015 (131,270) (69,762) CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES: Acquisition of business, net of cash acquired Purchase of property and equipment and demonstration units Purchase of short-term investments Maturity of short-term investments Sale of short-term investments Purchase of investment in private company Lease deposits Net cash used in investing activities CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES: Net proceeds from initial public offering Net proceeds from follow-on public offering Net proceeds from issuance of convertible senior notes Prepaid forward stock purchase Borrowing from line of credit Repayment of line of credit Repayment of term loan Net proceeds from issuance of convertible preferred stock Taxes for net settlement of equity awards Proceeds from employee stock purchase plan Proceeds from exercise of equity awards Repayment of notes receivable from stockholders Net cash provided by financing activities Net change in cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year Cash and cash equivalents, end of year SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURES OF CASH FLOW INFORMATION: Cash paid for income taxes Cash paid for interest SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURES OF NON-CASH INVESTING AND FINANCING ACTIVITIES: Deferred initial public offering costs in accounts payable and accrued liabilities Common stock issued in connection with acquisitions Conversion of preferred stock warrants to common stock warrants Purchases of property and equipment and demonstration units in accounts payable A n n u a l R e p o r t — (54,549) (769,097) 245,116 4,807 (1,800) (1,226) (55,058) (67,715) (390,360) 99,541 31,577 — (496) (89,240) (57,560) — — — — (1,669) (576,749) (382,511) (148,469) — — 896,530 (150,000) — — — — (2,027) 21,880 29,090 — 795,473 255,739 146,363 — 444,338 — — — — — — (2,058) 21,228 22,718 — 486,226 (27,555) 173,918 321,389 — — — 10,000 (20,000) (2,150) 9,988 — — 5,428 7,294 331,949 113,718 60,200 $ 402,102 $ 146,363 $ 173,918 $ $ $ $ $ $ 2,686 6,004 $ $ 2,489 27 $ $ 474 578 — $ 43 $ 412 — $ 1,398 $ 791,917 — $ — $ 10,067 8,604 $ 6,716 $ 6,435 See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements. 91 FIREEYE, INC. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 1. Description of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Description of Business FireEye, Inc., with principal executive offices located in Milpitas, California, was incorporated as NetForts, Inc. on February 18, 2004, under the laws of the State of Delaware, and changed its name to FireEye, Inc. on September 7, 2005. FireEye, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries (collectively, the “Company”, “we”, “us” or “our”) is a leader in stopping advanced cyber attacks that use advanced malware, zero-day exploits, and APT (“Advanced Persistent Threat”) tactics. Our solutions supplement traditional and next-generation firewalls, IPS (“Intrusion Prevention Systems”), anti-virus, and gateways, which cannot stop advanced threats, leaving security holes in networks. We offer a solution that detects and blocks attacks across both Web and email threat vectors as well as latent malware resident on file shares. Our solutions address all stages of an attack lifecycle with a signature-less engine utilizing stateful attack analysis to detect zero-day threats. In September 2013, we completed our initial public offering (“IPO”) in which we issued and sold 17,450,000 shares of common stock (inclusive of 2,275,000 shares of common stock from the full exercise of the over-allotment option granted to the underwriters) at a price of $20.00 per share. We received aggregate proceeds of $324.6 million from the sale of shares of common stock, net of underwriters’ discounts and commissions of $24.4 million, but before deducting paid and unpaid offering expenses of approximately $3.6 million. Immediately prior to the closing of the IPO, all shares of our outstanding convertible preferred stock automatically converted into 74,221,533 shares of common stock. On December 30, 2013, we acquired privately held Mandiant Corporation (“Mandiant”), a leading provider of advanced endpoint security products and security incident response management solutions. The operations of Mandiant’s business were integrated with our own and Mandiant’s financial results were included in our consolidated financial statements as of the acquisition date. In March 2014, we completed our follow-on public offering in which we issued and sold 5,582,215 shares of common stock at a price of $82.00 per share. We received aggregate proceeds of $446.5 million from the sale of shares of common stock, net of underwriters’ discounts and commissions of $11.2 million, but before deducting offering expenses of approximately $2.2 million. Another 8,417,785 shares were sold by certain selling stockholders, which included 796,846 shares sold pursuant to the exercise of vested outstanding options by our employees. We did not receive any of the proceeds from the sales of shares by the selling stockholders. In June 2015, we issued $460.0 million principal amount of 1.000% Convertible Senior Notes due 2035 (the “Series A Notes”) and $460.0 million principal amount of 1.625% Convertible Senior Notes due 2035 (the “Series B Notes” and together with the Series A Notes, the “Convertible Senior Notes”), in a private placement to qualified institutional purchasers pursuant to an exemption from registration provided by Section 4(a)(2) and Rule 144A under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”). We recognized total net proceeds after the initial purchasers’ discount and issuance costs of $896.5 million. In connection with the issuance of the Convertible Senior Notes, we also entered into privately negotiated prepaid forward stock purchase transactions (each a “Prepaid Forward”) with one of the initial purchasers of the Convertible Senior Notes, pursuant to which we paid approximately $150.0 million. The amount prepaid is equivalent to approximately 3.3 million shares which are to be settled on or around June 1, 2020 and June 1, 2022, respectively, subject to any early settlement in whole or part of each Prepaid Forward. We sell the majority of our products, subscriptions and services to end-customers through distributors, resellers, and strategic partners, with a lesser percentage of sales directly to end-customers. 92 Basis of Presentation and Consolidation The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of FireEye, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries and have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in States of America (“U.S. GAAP”). All consolidation. Use of Estimates The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Such management estimates include, but are not limited to, the best estimate of selling price for our products, subscriptions and services, commissions expense, bonus expense, future taxable income, contract manufacturer loss liabilities, contingencies, fair value of equity awards, achievement of targets for performance stock units, fair value of the liability and equity components of Convertible Senior Notes and the purchase price allocation of acquired businesses. We base our estimates on historical experience and also on assumptions that we believe are reasonable. Changes in facts or circumstances may cause us to change our assumptions and estimates in future periods, and it is possible that actual results could differ from current or revised future estimates. litigation and settlement costs and other Concentrations Financial instruments that subject us to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments, and accounts receivable. We maintain a substantial portion of our cash and cash equivalents in money market funds invested in U.S. Treasury related obligations. Management believes that these financial institutions are financially sound and, accordingly, are subject to minimal credit risk. Deposits held with banks may exceed the amount of insurance provided on such deposits. Our short-term investments primarily consist of notes and bonds issued by corporate institutions and U.S. Government agencies. All of our investments are highly-rated by credit rating agencies and are issued by organizations with reputable credit, and therefore bear minimal credit risk. Our accounts receivables are primarily derived from a diverse set of customers across various geographical locations. We perform ongoing credit evaluations of our customers and generally do not require collateral on accounts receivable. We maintain an allowance for doubtful accounts for estimated potential credit losses. See Note 16 for information on major customers. We rely primarily on a single contract manufacturer to assemble our products. In some cases we rely on sole suppliers for a certain number of our components. Foreign Currency Translation and Transactions The functional currency of our foreign subsidiaries is the U.S. dollar. We translate all monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies into U.S. dollars using the exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet dates and other assets and liabilities using historical exchange rates. Foreign currency denominated revenue and expenses have been re-measured using the average exchange rates in effect during each period. Foreign currency re-measurement gains and losses have been included in other income (expense) and have not been significant for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013. Cash and Cash Equivalents We consider all highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less at date of purchase to be cash equivalents. We determine the appropriate classification of our investments at the time of purchase, and evaluate such designation at each balance sheet date. 93 A n n u a l R e p o r t Short-term Investments We classify our investments in debt and equity securities as available-for-sale and record these investments at fair value. Investments with an original maturity of three months or less at the date of purchase are considered cash equivalents, while all other investments are classified as short-term or long-term based on the nature of the investments, their maturities, and their availability for use in current operations. Unrealized gains and losses are reported as a component of other comprehensive loss. Realized gains and losses are determined based on the specific identification method, and are reflected in our Consolidated Statements of Operations. We regularly review our investment portfolio to identify and evaluate investments that have indicators of possible impairment. Factors considered in determining whether a loss is other-than-temporary include, but are not limited to: the length of time and extent a security’s fair value has been below its cost, the financial condition and near-term prospects of the investee, the credit quality of the security’s issuer, likelihood of recovery and our intent and ability to hold the security for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery in value. For our debt instruments, we also evaluate whether we have the intent to sell the security or it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the security before recovery of its cost basis. Investments are considered to be impaired when a decline in fair value is judged to be other-than-temporary. Fair value is calculated based on publicly available market information or other estimates determined by management. If the cost of an investment exceeds its fair value, we evaluate, among other factors, general market conditions, credit quality of debt instrument issuers, the duration and extent to which the fair value is less than cost, and whether we have plans to sell the security, or it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the security, before recovery. Once a decline in fair value is determined to be other-than-temporary, an impairment charge is recorded to other income (expense) and a new cost basis in the investment is established. Fair Value of Financial Instruments We define fair value as the price that would be received from selling an asset, or paid to transfer a liability, in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. When determining the fair value measurements for assets and liabilities which are required to be recorded at fair value, we consider the principal or most advantageous market in which to transact and the market-based risk. We apply fair value accounting for all financial assets and liabilities that are recognized or disclosed at fair value in the financial statements on a recurring basis. The carrying amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements approximate the fair value for cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and accrued liabilities, due to their short-term nature. Accounts Receivable Trade accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount, net of allowances for doubtful accounts. The allowance for doubtful accounts is based on our assessment of the collectability of accounts. Management regularly reviews the adequacy of the allowance for doubtful accounts by considering the age of each outstanding invoice, each partner’s expected ability to pay, and the collection history with each partner, when applicable, to determine whether a specific allowance is appropriate. Accounts receivable deemed uncollectible are charged against the allowance for doubtful accounts when identified. Inventories Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or market. Provisions have been made to reduce all slow-moving, obsolete or unusable inventories to their net realizable values. We purchase completed units from contract manufacturers. Accordingly, substantially all inventories are finished goods with an immaterial balance of replacement parts. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the provisions for excess and obsolete inventories were not significant. 94 Deferred Costs of Revenue Deferred cost of revenue consists of direct and incremental costs related to product revenue deferred in accordance with the Company’s revenue recognition policy. Deferred cost of revenue that will be realized within the succeeding 12 month period is classified as current, and included in prepaid expenses and other current assets on the consolidated balance sheets. The remaining balance is classified as non-current, and included in deposits and other long-term assets. Property and Equipment Property and equipment are recorded at cost. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, generally two to five years. The estimated useful lives of property and equipment are described below: Property and Equipment Computer equipment and software Leasehold improvements Furniture and fixtures Machinery and equipment Demonstration Units Useful Life 2 to 5 years Shorter of estimated useful life or remaining lease term 5 years 2 to 5 years Product demonstration units are included in prepaid expenses and other current assets on the consolidated balance sheets. Demonstration units are recorded at cost and are amortized over the estimated useful life from the date of transfer from inventory, generally 12 months. We generally do not resell units that have been used for demonstration purposes. Impairment of Long-Lived Assets We evaluate events and changes in circumstances that could indicate carrying amounts of long-lived assets may not be recoverable. When such events or changes in circumstances occur, we assess the recoverability of long-lived assets by determining whether or not the carrying value of such assets will be recovered through undiscounted expected future cash flows. If the total of the future undiscounted cash flows is less than the carrying amount of an asset, we record an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the fair value of the asset. Through December 31, 2015 we have not written down any of our long- lived assets as a result of impairment. A n n u a l R e p o r t Business Combinations We have accounted for all of our acquisitions using the acquisition method as required under the provisions of FASB ASC 805, Business Combinations. The Company allocates the fair value of purchase consideration to the tangible assets acquired, liabilities assumed and intangible assets acquired, based on their estimated fair values. The excess of the fair value of purchase consideration over the values of these identifiable assets and liabilities is recorded as goodwill. When determining the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed, management makes significant estimates and assumptions, especially with respect to intangible assets. Critical estimates in valuing certain identifiable assets include, but are not limited to, expected long-term market growth, future expected operating expenses, costs of capital, and appropriate discount rates. Management’s estimates of fair value are based upon assumptions believed to be reasonable, but which are inherently uncertain and unpredictable and, as a result, actual results may differ from estimates. 95 Goodwill and Purchased Intangibles Goodwill represents the excess of the aggregate purchase price paid over the fair value of the net tangible assets acquired. Goodwill is not amortized and is tested for impairment at least annually or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. The Company has determined that it operates as one reporting unit and has selected December 1 as the date to perform its annual impairment test. In the valuation of its goodwill, the Company must make assumptions regarding estimated future cash flows to be derived from the Company. If these estimates or their related assumptions change in the future, the Company may be required to record impairment for these assets. The first step of the impairment test involves comparing the fair value of the reporting unit to its net book value, including goodwill. If the net book value exceeds its fair value, then the Company would perform the second step of the goodwill impairment test to determine the amount of the impairment loss. The impairment loss would be calculated by comparing the implied fair value of the Company to its net book value. In calculating the implied fair value of the Company’s goodwill, the fair value of the Company would be allocated to all of the other assets and liabilities based on their fair values. The excess of the fair value of the Company over the amount assigned to its other assets and liabilities is the implied fair value of goodwill. An impairment loss would be recognized when the carrying amount of goodwill exceeds its implied fair value. There was no impairment of goodwill recorded for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 or 2013. Purchased intangible assets with finite lives are carried at cost, less accumulated amortization. Amortization is computed over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets. Purchased intangible assets with indefinite lives are assessed for potential impairment annually or when events or circumstances indicate that their carrying amounts might be impaired. Warranties We generally provide a one-year warranty on hardware. We do not accrue for potential warranty claims as a component of cost of product revenue as all product warranty claims are satisfied under our support and maintenance contracts. Deferred Revenue Deferred revenue consists of amounts that have been invoiced and for which the Company has the right to bill, but that have not been recognized as revenue. Deferred revenue that will be realized during the succeeding 12 month period is recorded as current, and the remaining deferred revenue is recorded as non-current. Contract Manufacturer Liabilities We outsource most of our manufacturing, repair, and supply chain management operations to our independent contract manufacturers and payments to such manufacturers are a significant portion of our product cost of revenue. Although we could be contractually obligated to purchase manufactured products, we generally do not own the manufactured products. Product title transfers from our independent contract manufacturers to us and to our partners upon shipment. Our independent contract manufacturers assemble our products using design specifications, quality assurance programs, and standards that we establish, and they procure components and assemble our products based on our demand forecasts. These forecasts represent our estimates of future demand for our products based upon historical trends and analysis from our sales and product management functions as adjusted for overall market conditions. If the actual component usage and product demand are significantly lower than forecast, we may accrue for costs for contractual manufacturing commitments in excess of our forecasted demand, including costs for excess components or for carrying costs incurred by our contract manufacturers. To date, we have not accrued any significant costs associated with this exposure. 96 Revenue Recognition We generate revenue from the sales of products, subscriptions, support and maintenance, and professional services primarily through our indirect relationships with our partners as well as end customers through our direct sales force. Our products include operating system software that is integrated into the appliance hardware and is deemed essential to its functionality. As a result, we account for product revenue in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification 605, Revenue Recognition, and all related interpretations, as all of our security appliance deliverables include proprietary operating system software, which together delivers the essential functionality of our products. Our professional services consist primarily of time and materials based contracts, and the revenue is recognized as costs are incurred at amounts represented by the agreed-upon billing amounts. Revenue from fixed-price professional services engagements are recognized under the proportional performance method of accounting. Revenue is recognized when all of the following criteria are met: • Persuasive Evidence of an Arrangement Exists. We rely upon non-cancelable sales agreements and purchase orders to determine the existence of an arrangement. • Delivery has Occurred. We use shipping documents or transmissions of service contract registration codes to verify delivery. • The Fee is Fixed or Determinable. We assess whether the fee is fixed or determinable based on the payment terms associated with the transaction. • Collectability is Reasonably Assured. We assess collectability based on credit analysis and payment history. Our products include principal security product families that address critical vectors of attack, including Web, email, endpoint, file and mobile. Our Network Threat Prevention, Endpoint Threat Prevention, File Content Security, Forensic Analysis System and Central Management System appliance and subscription services qualify as separate units of accounting. Therefore, Network Threat Prevention, Endpoint Threat Prevention, File Content Security, Forensic Analysis System and Central Management System appliance product revenue is recognized at the time of shipment. Historically, our Email Threat Prevention appliance could not function without the use of our Email Threat Prevention Attachment/URL Engine, which analyzes email attachments and URLs embedded in emails for next-generation threats. As such, our Email Threat Prevention and related services previously did not have stand-alone value and did not qualify as separate units of accounting. Therefore, Email Threat Prevention product revenue had historically been recognized ratably over the longer of the contractual term of the subscription services or the estimated period the customer was expected to benefit from the product, provided that all other revenue recognition criteria had been met. Beginning in June 2014, we started shipping all Email Threat Prevention appliances with software that allows customers to benefit from the product without the associated subscription services. Consistent with our Network and Endpoint Threat Prevention and File Content Security products, revenue therefore is recognized at the time of shipment. At the time of shipment, product revenue meets the criteria for fixed or determinable fees. In addition, payment from our partners is not contingent on the partners’ collection from their end-customers. Our partners do not stock products and do not have any stock rotation rights. We recognize subscription and support and maintenance service revenue ratably over the contractual service period, which is typically one or three years. Professional services revenue, including incident response and related consulting services for our customers who have experienced a cybersecurity breach or who require assistance assessing the vulnerability of their networks, and training services revenue is recognized as the services are rendered. Most of our arrangements, other than renewals of subscriptions and support and maintenance services, are multiple-element arrangements with a combination of product, subscriptions, support and maintenance, and other services. For multiple-element arrangements, we allocate revenue to each unit of accounting based on an estimated selling price at the arrangement inception. The estimated selling price for each element is based upon 97 A n n u a l R e p o r t the following hierarchy: vendor-specific objective evidence (“VSOE”) of selling price, if available, third-party evidence (“TPE”) of selling price, if VSOE of selling price is not available, or best estimate of selling price (“BESP”), if neither VSOE of selling price nor TPE of selling price are available. The total arrangement consideration is allocated to each separate unit of accounting using the relative estimated selling prices of each unit based on the aforementioned selling price hierarchy. We limit the amount of revenue recognized for delivered elements to an amount that is not contingent upon future delivery of additional products or services or meeting of any specified performance conditions. To determine the estimated selling price in multiple-element arrangements, we seek to establish VSOE of selling price using the prices charged for a deliverable when sold separately and, for subscriptions and support and maintenance, based on the renewal rates and discounts offered to partners. If VSOE of selling price cannot be established for a deliverable, we seek to establish TPE of selling price by evaluating similar and interchangeable competitor products or services in standalone arrangements with similarly situated partners. However, as our products contain a significant element of proprietary technology and offer substantially different features and functionality from our competitors, we are unable to obtain comparable pricing of our competitors’ products with similar functionality on a standalone basis. Therefore, we have not been able to obtain reliable evidence of TPE of selling price. If neither VSOE nor TPE of selling price can be established for a deliverable, we establish BESP primarily based on historical transaction pricing. Historical transactions are segregated based on our pricing model and our go-to-market strategy, which include factors such as type of sales channel (reseller, distributor, or end-customer), the geographies in which our products and services were sold (domestic or international), offering type (products, subscriptions or services), and whether or not the opportunity was identified by our sales force or by our partners. In analyzing historical transaction pricing, we evaluate whether a majority of the prices charged for a product, as represented by a percentage of list price, fall within a reasonable range. To further support the best estimate of selling price as determined by the historical transaction pricing or when such information is unavailable, such as when there are limited sales of a new product, we consider the same factors we have established through our pricing model and go-to-market strategy. The determination of BESP is made through consultation with and approval by our management. We have established the estimated selling price of all of our deliverables using BESP. Shipping charges billed to partners are included in revenue and related costs are included in cost of revenue. Sales commissions and other incremental costs to acquire contracts are also expensed as incurred and are recorded in sales and marketing expense. After receipt of a partner order, any amounts billed in excess of revenue recognized are recorded as deferred revenue. Advertising Costs Advertising costs, which are expensed and included in sales and marketing expense when incurred, were $5.1 million, $2.3 million and $0.8 million during the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Software Development Costs The costs to develop internal-use software are subject to capitalization and begin amortizing once the software is substantially ready for use. During the year ended December 31, 2015, we capitalized $4.3 million of software development costs related to our cloud subscriptions. Software development costs incurred during the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 were not material for capitalization. These costs are included in property and equipment and are amortized over 3 years. Amortization expense related to capitalized software development costs was $0.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2015. All other software development costs are expensed as incurred and included in research and development expense on the consolidated statements of operations. 98 Stock-Based Compensation Compensation expense related to stock-based transactions, including employee and non-employee director awards and our 2013 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “ESPP”), is measured and recognized in the financial statements based on fair value. The fair value of each option award is estimated on the grant date using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model and a single option award approach. This model requires that at the date of grant we determine the fair value of the underlying common stock, the expected term of the award, the expected volatility of the price of our common stock, risk-free interest rates, and expected dividend yield of our common stock. The fair value of restricted stock awards and restricted stock units is based on the closing market price of our common stock on the date of grant. The stock-based compensation expense, net of forfeitures, is recognized using a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the entire awards, which is generally four years, unless the awards are subject to performance conditions, in which case the Company recognizes compensation expense over the requisite service period of each vesting tranche. For performance-based awards, the Company recognizes compensation expense when it becomes probable that the performance criteria set by the Board of Directors will be achieved. We estimate a forfeiture rate to calculate the stock-based compensation for our awards based on an analysis of our actual historical forfeitures. If there is a difference between the forfeiture assumptions used in determining stock-based compensation costs and the actual forfeitures which become known over time, we may change the forfeiture rate. We account for stock options issued to non-employees based on the fair value of the awards determined using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The fair value of stock options granted to non-employees is remeasured as the stock options vest, and the resulting change in value, if any, is recognized in the statement of operations during the period the related services are rendered. Income Taxes We account for income taxes using the asset and liability method, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in our financial statements or tax returns. In addition, deferred tax assets are recorded for the future benefit of utilizing net operating losses and research and development credit carry forwards. Valuation allowances are provided when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized. We apply the authoritative accounting guidance prescribing a threshold and measurement attribute for the financial recognition and measurement of a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. We recognize liabilities for uncertain tax positions based on a two-step process. The first step is to evaluate the tax position for recognition by determining if the weight of available evidence indicates that it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained on audit, including resolution of related appeals or litigation processes, if any. The second step requires us to estimate and measure the tax liability as the largest amount that is more likely than not to be realized upon ultimate settlement. We recognize interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits within the income tax expense line in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. Accrued interest and penalties are included within other long-term liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. Net Loss Per Share Attributable to Common Stockholders We calculate our basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders in conformity with the two-class method required for companies with participating securities. Under the two-class method, in periods when the Company has net income, net income attributable to common stockholders is determined by allocating undistributed earnings, calculated as net income less current period convertible preferred stock non- cumulative dividends, between common stock and the convertible preferred stock. In computing diluted net income attributable to common stockholders, undistributed earnings are re-allocated to reflect the potential impact of dilutive securities. The Company’s basic net loss per share attributable to common stockholders is 99 A n n u a l R e p o r t calculated by dividing the net loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding for the period. The diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders is computed by giving effect to all potential dilutive common stock equivalents outstanding for the period. For purposes of this calculation, options to purchase common stock are considered common stock equivalents, but have been excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders as their effect is anti-dilutive. Convertible Senior Notes We allocated the principal amount of the Convertible Senior Notes between its liability and equity components. The carrying amount of the liability component was determined by measuring the fair value of a similar debt instrument of similar credit quality and maturity that did not have the convert feature. The carrying amount of the equity component, representing the embedded conversion option, was determined by deducting the fair value of the liability component from the principal amount of the Convertible Senior Notes as a whole. The equity component was recorded to additional paid-in capital and is not remeasured as long as it continues to meet the conditions for equity classification. The excess of the principal amount of the Convertible Senior Notes over the carrying amount of the liability component was recorded as a debt discount, and is being amortized to interest expense using the effective interest method through the first date holders have the right to require us to repurchase all or any portion of their Convertible Senior Notes; the first put date (see Note 8). We allocate the total amount of transaction costs incurred to the liability and equity components using the same proportions as the proceeds from the Convertible Senior Notes. Transaction costs attributable to the liability component were recorded as a direct deduction from the liability component of the Convertible Senior Notes, and are being amortized to interest expense using the effective interest method through the first put date. Transaction costs attributable to the equity component were netted with the equity component of the Convertible Senior Notes in additional paid-in capital. Recent Accounting Pronouncements In November 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-17, Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes. This standard requires companies to present deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities as noncurrent on the Balance Sheet, simplifying current guidance which required separate presentation of deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities as current and noncurrent. The guidance is effective for us beginning in the first quarter of 2017, and may be applied prospectively or retrospectively at the Company’s election. Early adoption is permitted. We elected to early adopt this standard in the fourth quarter of 2015, and have applied the guidance on a prospective basis. As such, prior period financial statements have not been retrospectively adjusted. The adoption of this standard has resulted in the reclassification of our net current deferred tax asset to a net non-current deferred tax asset on the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2015. The adoption of this standard was immaterial to our consolidated financial statements. In September 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-16, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Simplifying the Accounting for Measurement-Period Adjustments. This standard eliminates the requirement that an acquirer in a business combination account for measurement-period adjustments retrospectively. Under this guidance, measurement-period adjustments will be recognized during the period in which they are determined. The guidance is effective for us beginning in the first quarter of 2016. The adoption of this standard is not expected to have a significant impact on our consolidated financial statements. In April 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-03, (Subtopic 835-30)—Simplifying the Presentation of Debt Issuance Costs. This standard requires companies to present debt issuance costs on the balance sheet as a direct deduction from the related liability, consistent with the presentation of debt discounts, rather than as an asset. Amortization of such costs will continue to be reported as interest expense. The guidance is effective for us beginning in the first quarter of 2016, and requires retrospective application to all prior periods presented in the financial statements. Early adoption is permitted. Interest—Imputation of Interest 100 We elected to early adopt this standard in the second quarter of 2015, concurrent with the issuance of our Convertible Senior Notes. As such, the issuance costs determined attributable to the liability component of our Convertible Senior Notes have been recorded as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of the notes liability (See Note 8). The adoption of this standard has no impact on any prior period financial statements presented, as we did not previously incur any debt issuance costs. In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606). This standard provides a single model for revenue arising from contracts with customers and supersedes current revenue recognition guidance. The core principle of the guidance is that an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. In July 2015, the FASB decided to defer the effective date by one year, and as a result, the guidance is effective for us beginning in the first quarter of 2018. Early adoption as of the original effective date would be permitted. The guidance permits companies to either apply the requirements retrospectively to all prior periods presented, or apply the requirements in the year of adoption, through a cumulative adjustment. We are currently evaluating the impact the adoption will have on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. In August 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-15, Disclosures of Uncertainties About an Entity’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern. This standard provides guidance on how and when reporting entities must disclose going-concern uncertainties in their financial statements. The guidance is effective for us beginning in the first quarter of 2017. Early adoption is permitted. The adoption of this standard is not expected to have an impact on our consolidated financial statements. 2. Fair Value Measurements The accounting guidance for fair value measurements provides a framework for measuring fair value on either a recurring or nonrecurring basis, whereby the inputs used in our valuation techniques are assigned a hierarchical level. The following are the three levels of inputs to measure fair value: • • • Level 1: Observable inputs that reflect quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets. Level 2: Inputs that reflect quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in less active markets; quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets; benchmark yields, reported trades, broker/dealer quotes, inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the assets or liabilities; or inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data by correlation or other means. Level 3: Unobservable inputs that reflect our own assumptions incorporated in valuation techniques used to measure fair value. These assumptions are required to be consistent with market participant assumptions that are reasonably available. A n n u a l R e p o r t We consider an active market to be one in which transactions for the asset or liability occur with sufficient frequency and volume to provide pricing information on an ongoing basis, and consider an inactive market to be one in which there are infrequent or few transactions for the asset or liability, the prices are not current, or price quotations vary substantially either over time or among market makers. Where appropriate, our own or the counterparty’s non-performance risk is considered in measuring the fair values of assets. 101 The following table presents our financial assets and liabilities measured and recorded at fair value on a recurring basis using the above input categories (in thousands): Description Cash equivalents: Money market funds U.S. Government agencies As of December 31, 2015 As of December 31, 2014 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total $210,533 $ — $— $210,533 $13,069 $ — $— $ 13,069 12,950 — 12,950 — — — — — Total cash equivalents $210,533 $ — $— $210,533 $13,069 $ 12,950 $— $ 26,019 Short-term investments: Certificates of deposit Corporate notes and bonds U.S. Government agencies Total short-term investments Total assets measured at fair — 19,124 — 19,124 — 447,267 — 447,267 — 301,384 — 301,384 4,994 — — 4,994 — 142,984 — 142,984 — 107,867 — 107,867 $ — $767,775 $— $767,775 $ — $255,845 $— $255,845 value $210,533 $767,775 $— $978,308 $13,069 $268,795 $— $281,864 The estimated fair value of the Convertible Senior Notes as of December 31, 2015 was determined to be $766.5 million, based on quoted market prices. We consider the fair value of the Convertible Senior Notes to be a Level 2 measurement as they are not actively traded. The estimated fair value of our equity method investment as of December 31, 2015 was determined to be $1.8 million. We consider the fair value of our equity method investment to be a Level 3 measurement based on the use of unobservable inputs. 3. Investments Our investments in debt and equity securities classified as available-for-sale consisted of the following (in thousands): Certificates of deposit Corporate notes and bonds U.S. Government agencies Amortized Cost $ 19,160 448,688 302,152 Total $770,000 $ As of December 31, 2015 Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Estimated Fair Value Cash and Cash Equivalents — — 2 2 $ (1,421) (770) (36) $ 19,124 447,267 301,384 $(2,227) $767,775 $— — — $— Short-Term Investments $ 19,124 447,267 301,384 $767,775 Certificates of deposit Corporate notes and bonds U.S. Government agencies As of December 31, 2014 Amortized Cost $ 5,000 143,215 121,021 Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses — 4 1 $ (6) (235) (205) Estimated Fair Value $ 4,994 142,984 120,817 Cash and Cash Equivalents $ — — 12,950 Short-Term Investments $ 4,994 142,984 107,867 Total $269,236 $ 5 $(446) $268,795 $12,950 $255,845 102 The following tables present the gross unrealized losses and related fair values of the above investments that have been in a continuous unrealized loss position (in thousands): Certificates of deposit Corporate notes and bonds U.S. Government agencies Less Than 12 Months As of December 31, 2015 Greater Than 12 Months Fair Value $ 18,404 430,466 266,541 Unrealized Loss Fair Value Unrealized Loss $ (1,407) (761) (36) $ — 16,801 8,992 $— (15) (8) Total Fair Value $ 18,404 447,267 275,533 Unrealized Loss (36) $ (1,422) (769) Total $715,411 $(2,204) $25,793 $ (23) $741,204 $(2,227) Certificates of deposit Corporate notes and bonds U.S. Government agencies Total Less Than 12 Months As of December 31, 2014 Greater Than 12 Months Unrealized Loss Fair Value Unrealized Loss Fair Value $ 3,793 130,920 109,868 (6) $ $— (235) — (205) — $244,581 $(446) $— $— — — $— Total Fair Value $ 3,793 130,920 109,868 $244,581 Unrealized Loss $ (6) (235) (205) $(446) Unrealized losses related to these investments are due to interest rate fluctuations as opposed to credit quality. In addition, we do not intend to sell, and it is not more likely than not that we would be required to sell, these investments before recovery of their cost basis. As a result, there is no other-than-temporary impairment for these investments as of December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014. The following table summarizes the contractual maturities of these investments at December 31, 2015 (in thousands): Due within one year Due within one to two years Total Amortized Cost Fair Value $384,370 385,630 $383,858 383,917 $770,000 $767,775 A n n u a l R e p o r t All available-for-sale securities have been classified as current, based on management’s intent and ability to use the funds in current operations. During 2015, we invested in a privately held company, obtaining an initial 12.5% ownership interest. This investment is accounted for under the equity method based on our ability to exercise significant influence over operating and financial policies of the investee, and is classified within deposits and other long-term assets on our consolidated balance sheets. The carrying value of this investment was $1.8 million as of December 31, 2015. 103 4. Property and Equipment Property and equipment, net consisted of the following (in thousands): Computer equipment and software Leasehold improvements Furniture and fixtures Machinery and equipment Total property and equipment Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization Total property and equipment, net As of December 31, 2015 2014 $120,886 41,626 13,470 447 $ 85,171 34,522 12,022 447 176,429 (98,061) 132,162 (49,864) $ 78,368 $ 82,298 Depreciation and amortization expense related to property and equipment and demonstration units during the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 was $61.2 million, $46.8 million and $19.2 million, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2015, we recognized $1.1 million in accelerated depreciation expense associated with changes in the estimated useful life of certain assets to be replaced in the first quarter of 2016. 5. Business Combinations Acquisitions in 2014 On May 9, 2014, we acquired all outstanding shares of privately held nPulse Technologies, Inc. (“nPulse”), a performance leader in network forensics based in Charlottesville, Virginia. The acquisition of nPulse strengthens our position as a leader in advanced threat detection and incident response management solutions. The total purchase consideration of $56.6 million consisted of $55.2 million in cash, $0.1 million of equity awards assumed, and 54,319 shares of our common stock, with a fair value of $1.3 million which will vest upon the achievement of milestones. The number of shares was fixed at the completion of the acquisition, and is the maximum number of shares that can vest over a period of approximately three and half years from the acquisition date. The acquisition of nPulse was accounted for in accordance with the acquisition method of accounting for business combinations with FireEye as the accounting acquirer. We expensed the related acquisition costs of $0.5 million in general and administrative expenses. Under the acquisition method of accounting, the total purchase consideration is allocated to the tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair values. The purchase price was finalized during 2015. Total allocation of the purchase price is as follows (in thousands): Net tangible liabilities assumed Intangible assets Deferred tax asset Deferred tax liability Goodwill Total purchase price allocation None of the goodwill is deductible for U.S. federal income tax purposes. 104 Amount $ (1,833) 24,700 442 (8,368) 41,671 $56,612 Intangible assets consist primarily of developed technology, customer relationships and in-process research and development. Developed technology intangible includes a combination of patented and unpatented technology, trade secrets, computer software and research processes that represent the foundation for the existing and planned new products and services. Customer relationships intangible relates to nPulse’s ability to sell existing, in-process and future products and services to its existing and potential customers. The in-process research and development intangible represents the estimated fair value of acquired research projects which have not reached technological feasibility at acquisition date, but have since been developed into products and services. The estimated useful life and fair values of the identifiable intangible assets are as follows (in thousands): Developed technology Customer relationships In-process research and development Total Estimated Useful Life (in years) 6 8 N/A Amount $10,100 8,000 6,600 $24,700 The results of operations of nPulse have been included in our consolidated statements of operations from the acquisition date. Pro forma results of operations have not been presented because the acquisition was not material to our results of operations. Acquisitions in 2013 On December 30, 2013, we acquired privately held Mandiant Corporation (“Mandiant”), a leading provider of advanced end point security products and security incident response management solutions. We believe this acquisition creates an advanced threat protection vendor with the ability to find and stop attacks at every stage of the attack life cycle. At the closing on December 30, 2013, we acquired all the outstanding shares of capital stock of Mandiant for 16,123,011 shares of our common stock and $106.5 million in cash. Under the terms and conditions of the Merger Agreement, each outstanding share of Mandiant common stock was converted into the right to receive (a) $5.22 in cash, without interest, and subject to applicable withholding tax, and (b) 0.8126 of a share of our common stock. This transaction is referred to herein as the merger. In connection with the merger, all of the outstanding stock options and restricted stock awards of Mandiant were converted into stock options and restricted stock awards, respectively, denominated in shares of our common stock. The common stock issued, along with the fair value of vested equity awards assumed and cash payment, resulted in a purchase price of $900.8 million for accounting purposes. The total purchase consideration is as follows (in thousands): A n n u a l R e p o r t Cash Fair value of common stock Fair value of equity awards assumed Total purchase consideration Amount $106,538 704,414 89,838 $900,790 105 The acquisition of Mandiant was accounted for in accordance with the acquisition method of accounting for business combinations with FireEye as the accounting acquirer. We expensed the related acquisition costs in the amount of $8.5 million in general and administrative expenses. Under the acquisition method of accounting, the total purchase price as shown in the table above is allocated to the tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair values. The total purchase price allocation was finalized in calendar year 2014. Total allocation of the purchase price is as follows (in thousands): Net tangible assets Intangible assets Deferred tax liability Goodwill Total purchase price allocation Amount $ 10,797 276,200 (91,111) 704,904 $900,790 As noted above, in connection with the acquisition, we also assumed and exchanged Mandiant’s outstanding stock options and restricted stock awards. The assumed options and restricted stock awards continue to have the same terms and conditions as set forth in the original stock option and restricted stock award agreements. The fair values of the equity awards assumed were determined using a Black-Scholes-Merton option-pricing model. The fair values of unvested equity awards of $119.5 million is being recorded as operating expense over the remaining requisite service periods as they relate to post-combination services, while the fair values of vested equity based awards of $89.8 million were included in total purchase price as they relate to pre-combination services. None of the goodwill recorded as part of the Mandiant acquisition is deductible for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Intangible assets consist primarily of developed technology, content, customer relationship and other intangible assets. Content intangibles represent threat intelligence, which is continually gathered from ongoing monitoring of endpoints and by incident response and remediation teams. The intangible assets attributable to customer relationships relate to Mandiant’s ability to sell existing, in-process and future versions of its products and services to its existing customers. Developed technology intangibles includes a combination of patented and unpatented technology, trade secrets, and computer software and processes that represent the foundation for planned new products and services. The useful life and fair values of the identifiable intangible assets are as follows (in thousands): Developed technology Customer relationships In-process research and development Content Contract backlog Trade names Total Useful Life (in years) Amount 4 – 6 8 N/A 10 1 – 3 4 $ 54,600 65,400 1,400 128,600 13,800 12,400 $276,200 106 The results of operations of Mandiant have been included in our consolidated statements of operations from the acquisition date, though Mandiant operations made no material contribution to our revenue or expenses for the year ended December 31, 2013. The following table presents pro forma results of operations of the Company and Mandiant as if the companies had been combined as of January 1, 2012, and includes pro forma adjustments related to the amortization of acquired intangible assets and share-based compensation expense. Direct and incremental transaction costs are excluded from the year ended December 31, 2013 pro forma condensed combined financial information presented below. Pro forma revenue Pro forma loss from operations Pro forma net loss Year Ended December 31, 2013 $ 266,458 (296,476) $(246,617) On September 3, 2013, we acquired all outstanding shares of Secure DNA Managed Services, Inc. and certain affiliated entities (collectively, “Secure DNA”), a security solutions provider based in Honolulu, Hawaii, focused on network monitoring and management, secured hosting, cloud e-mail protection, incident response and other network security related services. The acquisition of Secure DNA provides us with the developed technology platform that will facilitate the delivery of the advanced security services for all our products. We accounted for the acquisition of Secure DNA as a purchase of a business. We expensed the related acquisition costs, consisting primarily of legal expenses in the amount of $0.2 million, and these expenses were presented as general and administrative expenses on the consolidated statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2013. Under the acquisition method of accounting, the total purchase price was allocated to the tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed. The total purchase consideration of $4.9 million consisted of $4.1 million in cash and the issuance of 50,000 shares of our common stock with a fair value of $16.00 per share on the acquisition date. We also assumed deferred tax liabilities related to the fair value of the developed technology and customer relationships we obtained in the acquisition as well as other assumed liabilities related to normal operations. Primarily as a result of the deferred tax liabilities assumed in the acquisition, we recognized goodwill of $2.3 million equal to the excess of the purchase consideration over the fair value of the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed. None of the goodwill is deductible for income tax purposes. The acquisition also included a contingent obligation of up to $3.0 million, consisting of 190,000 shares of our common stock with a fair value of $16.00 per share on the acquisition date, to certain employees from Secure DNA if specified product and service milestones are met within the two years of the acquisition date. As the obligation is contingent upon their continuous employment with us, the contingent obligation is being recorded as compensation expense ratably over the respective service periods. As of December 31, 2015, all milestones had been achieved resulting in the vesting of these shares. The following table summarizes the consideration paid and the fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date for the Secure DNA acquisition (in thousands): A n n u a l R e p o r t Developed technology Customer relationships Deferred tax liabilities Net assets acquired Goodwill Fair value of total consideration transferred 107 Amount $ 1,300 1,900 (1,290) 665 2,302 $ 4,877 The results of operations of Secure DNA have been included in our consolidated statements of operations from the acquisition date. Pro forma results of operations have not been presented because the acquisition was not material to our results of operations. Goodwill and Purchased Intangible Assets There were no changes in the carrying amount of goodwill for the year ended December 31, 2015. The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill for the year ended December 31, 2014 are as follows (in thousands): Balance as of December 31, 2013 Goodwill acquired Deferred tax adjustments Other adjustments Balance as of December 31, 2014 Intangible assets consist of the following (in thousands): Developed technology Content Customer relationships Contract backlog Trade names Total intangible assets subject to amortization Less: accumulated amortization Net intangible assets subject to amortization Amount $706,327 41,538 1,156 1,267 $750,288 As of December 31, 2015 2014 $ 78,193 128,600 75,300 13,000 12,400 $ 78,193 128,600 75,300 13,000 12,400 307,493 (92,933) 307,493 (45,868) $214,560 $261,625 The developed technology, content and contract backlog is being amortized to cost of sales over the economic life of the related assets, which was estimated to be three to ten years as of the acquisition date. The customer relationships and trade names is being amortized to sales and marketing expense over the economic life of the related assets, which was estimated to be four to eight years as of the acquisition date. As of December 31, 2015, all in-process research and development obtained in our acquisitions of Mandiant and nPulse was completed. Amortization expense of intangible assets for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 was $47.1 million, $45.2 million and $1.5 million, respectively. The expected annual amortization expense of intangible assets as of December 31, 2015 is presented below (in thousands): Years Ending December 31, 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 and thereafter Total 108 Amount $ 46,448 40,503 29,346 27,574 22,635 48,054 $214,560 6. Restructuring Charges We initiated a series of business restructuring plans beginning in August 2014 to reduce our cost structure and improve efficiency, resulting in workforce reductions and the consolidation of certain real estate facilities. These activities were substantially complete as of December 31, 2014. The following table sets forth a summary of restructuring activities which took place during the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 (in thousands): Balance, December 31, 2013 Provision for restructuring charges Cash payments and other adjustments Balance, December 31, 2014 Provision for restructuring charges Cash payments and other adjustments Balance, December 31, 2015 Severance and related costs Facilities Total $ — $ — $ — 1,583 (1,583) 1,124 (359) 2,707 (1,942) $ — — — $ — $ 765 — (548) $ 765 — (548) $ 217 $ 217 The provision for restructuring charges shown above for the year ended December 31, 2014 excludes $1.6 million of non-cash fixed asset write-offs. The remaining restructuring balance of $0.2 million as of December 31, 2015 relates to non-cancelable lease costs, which we expect to pay over the terms of the related obligations through the third quarter of 2017, less sublease income. 7. Deferred Revenue Deferred revenue consists of the following (in thousands): Product, current Subscription and services, current Total deferred revenue, current Product, non-current Subscription and services, non-current Total deferred revenue, non-current Total deferred revenue 8. Convertible Senior Notes A n n u a l R e p o r t As of December 31, 2015 2014 $ 8,200 296,969 $ 10,718 193,159 305,169 203,877 3,051 218,778 4,891 143,775 221,829 148,666 $526,998 $352,543 to qualified institutional purchasers pursuant In June 2015, we issued $460.0 million principal amount of Series A Notes and $460.0 million principal amount of Series B Notes, including the full exercise of the initial purchasers’ over-allotment option, in a private placement to an exemption from registration provided by Section 4(a)(2) and Rule 144A under the Securities Act. The net proceeds after the initial purchasers’ discount of $23.0 million and issuance costs of $0.5 million from the Convertible Senior Notes were $896.5 million. The Series A Notes and Series B Notes bear interest at 1.000% per year and 1.625% per year, respectively, payable semiannually in arrears on June 1 and December 1 of each year, beginning December 1, 2015. The Convertible Senior Notes mature on June 1, 2035, unless earlier repurchased, redeemed or converted. 109 The Convertible Senior Notes are unsecured obligations and rank senior in right of payment to any of our indebtedness that is expressly subordinated in right of payment to the Convertible Senior Notes. They rank equally in right of payment with all of our existing and future liabilities that are not expressly subordinated to the Convertible Senior Notes and effectively rank junior in right of payment to any of our secured indebtedness to the extent of the value of the assets securing such indebtedness. They are structurally junior to all indebtedness and other liabilities (including trade payables) of our subsidiaries. The Convertible Senior Notes do not contain any financial covenants and do not restrict us from paying dividends or issuing or repurchasing our other securities. The initial conversion rate on each series of Convertible Senior Notes is 16.4572 shares of our common stock per $1,000 principal amount of Convertible Senior Notes, which is equivalent to an initial conversion price of approximately $60.76 per share of common stock. The conversion rate of each series of Convertible Senior Notes may be adjusted upon the occurrence of certain specified events, but not for accrued and unpaid interest. Holders may convert the Convertible Senior Notes at their option in multiples of $1,000 principal amount prior to March 1, 2035, excluding the period from March 1, 2020 to June 1, 2020 in the case of the Series A Notes and March 1, 2022 to June 1, 2022 in the case of the Series B Notes, only under the following circumstances: • • • • during any calendar quarter commencing after the calendar quarter ended on September 30, 2015 (and only during such calendar quarter), if the last reported sale price of the common stock for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during a period of 30 consecutive trading days ending on the last trading day of the immediately preceding calendar quarter is greater than or equal to 130% of the conversion price for the Convertible Senior Notes of the relevant series on each applicable trading day; during the five business day period after any five consecutive trading day period in which the trading price per $1,000 principal amount of Series A Notes or Series B Notes, as applicable, for each trading day of the measurement period was less than 98% of the product of the last reported sale price of our common stock and the conversion rate for the notes of the relevant series on each such trading day; if we call any or all of the Convertible Senior Notes of a series for redemption, at any time prior to the close of business on the scheduled trading day immediately preceding the relevant redemption date; or upon the occurrence of specified corporate events, as specified in each indenture governing the Convertible Senior Notes. Regardless of the foregoing conditions, holders may convert their Convertible Senior Notes at their option in multiples of $1,000 principal amount at any time during the period from March 1, 2020 to June 1, 2020 in the case of the Series A Notes and during the period from March 1, 2022 to June 1, 2022 in the case of the Series B Notes, or after March 1, 2035 until maturity for either series of Convertible Senior Notes. Upon conversion, the Convertible Senior Notes can be settled in cash, shares of our common stock or any combination thereof at our option. We may be required by holders of the Convertible Senior Notes to repurchase all or any portion of their Convertible Senior Notes at 100% of the principal amount plus accrued and unpaid interest, on each of June 1, 2020, June 1, 2025 and June 1, 2030, in the case of the Series A Notes, and each of June 1, 2022, June 1, 2025 and June 1, 2030 in the case of the Series B Notes. Holders may also require us to repurchase the Convertible Senior Notes if we undergo a “fundamental change,” as defined in each indenture governing the Convertible Senior Notes, at a purchase price equal to 100% of the principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest. Additionally, we may redeem for cash all or any portion of the Series A Notes on or after June 1, 2020 until maturity. We may redeem for cash all or any portion of the Series B Notes on or after June 1, 2020 until June 1, 2022 if the last reported sale price of our common stock has been at least 130% of the conversion price then in effect for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during any 30 consecutive trading day period 110 (including the last trading day of such period) ending not more than three trading days immediately preceding the date we provide notice of redemption. We also may redeem for cash all or any portion of the Series B Notes on or after June 1, 2022 until maturity, regardless of the foregoing sale price condition. In accordance with accounting for debt with conversions and other options, we allocated the principal amount of the Convertible Senior Notes into liability and equity components. We also allocated the total amount of initial purchasers’ discount and transaction costs incurred to the liability and equity components using the same proportions as the proceeds from the Convertible Senior Notes. Transaction costs of $0.4 million and $0.1 million and initial purchasers’ discount of $17.6 million and $5.4 million were attributable to the liability component and equity component of the Convertible Senior Notes, respectively. As of December 31, 2015, the liability and equity components of the Convertible Senior Notes consisted of the following (in thousands): Liability component: Principal Less: Convertible senior notes discounts and issuance costs, net of amortization Net carrying amount Equity component, net of issuance costs Series A Notes Series B Notes $460,000 $ 460,000 (93,469) (120,333) $366,531 $ 339,667 $ 92,567 $ 117,834 The unamortized discounts and issuance costs as of December 31, 2015 will be amortized over a weighted- average remaining period of approximately 6 years. Interest expense related to the Convertible Senior Notes consisted of the following for the year ended December 31, 2015 (in thousands): Coupon interest Amortization of convertible senior notes discounts and issuance costs Total interest expense recognized Effective interest rate on the liability component Series A Notes Series B Notes $ 2,683 10,833 $13,516 $ 4,361 9,236 $13,597 6.5% 7.1% A n n u a l R e p o r t Prepaid Forward Stock Purchase the initial purchasers of In connection with the issuance of the Convertible Senior Notes, we also entered into privately negotiated Prepaid Forwards with one of the Convertible Senior Notes (the “Forward Counterparty”), pursuant to which we paid approximately $150.0 million. The amount prepaid is equivalent to approximately 3.3 million shares which are to be settled on or around June 1, 2020 and June 1, 2022, respectively, subject to any early settlement, in whole or in part, of each Prepaid Forward. The Prepaid Forwards are intended to facilitate privately negotiated derivative transactions by which investors in the Convertible Senior Notes will be able to hedge their investment in the Convertible Senior Notes. In the event we pay any cash dividends on our common stock, the Forward Counterparty will pay an equivalent amount back to us. The related shares were accounted for as a repurchase of common stock, and are presented as Treasury Stock in the consolidated balance sheets. The 3.3 million shares of common stock purchased under the Prepaid Forwards are excluded from weighted-average shares outstanding for basic and diluted EPS purposes although they remain legally outstanding. 111 9. Commitments and Contingencies Leases We lease our facilities under various non-cancelable operating leases, which expire on various dates through the year ending December 31, 2024. Rent expense is recognized using the straight-line method over the term of the lease. Rent expense, net of sublease income, was $14.4 million, $10.7 million and $3.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. The aggregate future non-cancelable minimum rental payments on our operating leases, as of December 31, 2015, are as follows (in thousands): Years Ending December 31, 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 and thereafter Total Amount $14,513 12,109 7,463 5,833 5,650 8,030 $53,598 Total future non-cancelable minimum rental payments have not been reduced by future minimum sublease rentals totaling $0.7 million. We are party to letters of credit totaling $1.2 million, $1.9 million and $0.9 million as of December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively, issued primarily in support of operating leases at several of our facilities. These letters of credit are collateralized by a line with our bank. No amounts have been drawn against these letters of credit. Contract Manufacturer Commitments Our independent contract manufacturers procure components and assemble our products based on our forecasts. These forecasts are based on estimates of future demand for our products, which are in turn based on historical trends and an analysis from our sales and product marketing organizations, adjusted for overall market conditions. In order to reduce manufacturing lead times and plan for adequate supply, we may issue forecasts and orders for components and products that are non-cancelable. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, we had non- cancellable open orders of $16.9 million and $23.2 million, respectively. We are required to record a liability for firm, noncancelable and unconditional purchase commitments with contract manufacturers and suppliers for quantities in excess of our future demand forecasts. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, we have not accrued any significant costs for such noncancelable commitments. Purchase Obligations As of December 31, 2015, we had approximately $35.9 million of non-cancellable firm purchase commitments primarily for purchases of software and services. Amounts which we have received delivery of the goods or services under purchase orders outstanding at December 31, 2015, are reflected in the Consolidated Balance Sheet as accounts payable or accrued liabilities, and are excluded from the $35.9 million. Litigation We accrue for contingencies when we believe that a loss is probable and that we can reasonably estimate the amount of any such loss. We have made an assessment of the probability of incurring any such losses and whether or not those losses are estimable. 112 On June 20, 2014, a purported stockholder class action lawsuit was filed in the Superior Court of California, County of Santa Clara, against the Company, current and former members of our Board of Directors, current and former officers, and the underwriters of our March 2014 follow-on public offering. On July 17, 2014, a the same defendants. The actions were substantially similar lawsuit was filed in the same court against consolidated and, on March 4, 2015, an amended complaint was filed, alleging violations of the federal securities laws on behalf of a purported class consisting of purchasers of the Company’s common stock pursuant or traceable to the registration statement and prospectus for the follow-on public offering, and seeking unspecified compensatory damages and other relief. On April 20, 2015, defendants filed demurrers seeking that the amended complaint be dismissed. On August 11, 2015, the court overruled defendants’ demurrers. On November 16, 2015, plaintiffs filed a motion seeking certification of the putative class, currently scheduled for a hearing on May 13, 2016. On January 6, 2016, the Company and the individual defendants filed a motion for judgment on the pleadings seeking that the action be dismissed for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction, currently scheduled for a hearing on April 1, 2016. The Company intends to defend the litigation vigorously. Based on information currently available, the Company has determined that the amount of any possible loss or range of possible loss is not reasonably estimable. On November 24, 2014, a purported stockholder class action lawsuit was filed in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California against the Company and certain of its officers. On June 29, 2015, plaintiffs filed a consolidated complaint alleging violations of the federal securities laws on behalf of a putative class of all persons who purchased or otherwise acquired the Company’s securities between January 2, 2014, and November 4, 2014. Plaintiffs seek, among other things, compensatory damages and attorneys’ fees and costs on behalf of the putative class. On August 21, 2015, defendants filed a motion to dismiss, which was heard on November 12, 2015. No ruling has been issued on the motion. The Company intends to defend the litigation vigorously. Based on information currently available, the Company has determined that the amount of any possible loss or range of possible loss is not reasonably estimable. On January 28, 2015, certain of the Company’s officers and directors were named as defendants in a putative derivative action filed in the Superior Court of California, County of Santa Clara. On April 21, 2015, a substantially similar lawsuit was filed in the same court against the same defendants. The Company is named as a nominal defendant in both actions. The actions were consolidated and a consolidated complaint was filed on June 15, 2015, purporting to allege claims for breach of fiduciary duty and unjust enrichment. On July 15, 2015, defendants filed demurrers to the consolidated complaint. On December 4, 2015, the court sustained defendants’ demurrers on the basis that plaintiffs had failed adequately to allege derivative standing. Plaintiffs were granted leave to amend the complaint within 90 days. Based on information currently available, the Company has determined that the amount of any possible loss or range of possible loss is not reasonably estimable. On December 15, 2015, a lawsuit was filed in the Delaware Court of Chancery by a purported stockholder against the Company, seeking production of certain books and records pursuant to Delaware law. The Company filed its answer on January 11, 2016. A trial is currently scheduled on May 3, 2016. In February 2016, a lawsuit was filed in the Superior Court of California, County of Santa Clara, by one of the plaintiffs in the aforementioned putative derivative action against the Company, seeking production of certain books and records pursuant to Delaware and California law. The Company has not yet been served. We are also subject to legal proceedings, claims and litigation, including intellectual property litigation, arising in the ordinary course of business. Such matters are subject to many uncertainties and outcomes, and are not predictable with assurance. To the extent there is a reasonable possibility that a loss exceeding amounts already recognized may be incurred, and the amount of such additional loss would be material, we will either disclose the estimated additional loss or state that such an estimate cannot be made. We do not currently believe that it is reasonably possible that additional losses in connection with litigation arising in the ordinary course of business would be material. 113 A n n u a l R e p o r t Indemnification Under the indemnification provisions of our standard sales related contracts, we agree to defend our customers against third-party claims asserting infringement of certain intellectual property rights, which may include patents, copyrights, trademarks, or trade secrets, and to pay judgments entered on such claims. Our exposure under these indemnification provisions is generally limited to the total amount paid by our customer under the agreement. However, certain agreements include indemnification provisions that could potentially expose us to losses in excess of the amount received under the agreement. In addition, we indemnify our officers, directors, and certain key employees for actions taken while they are or were serving in good faith in such capacities. Through December 31, 2015, there have been no claims under any indemnification provisions. 10. Common Shares Reserved for Issuance Prior to its IPO, the Company had outstanding 11,164,000 shares designated as Series A convertible preferred stock, 10,985,000 shares designated as Series B convertible preferred stock, 7,049,000 designated as Series C convertible preferred stock, 26,231,000 designated as Series D convertible preferred stock, 4,412,000 designated as Series E convertible preferred stock, and 4,274,000 designated as Series F convertible preferred stock. Immediately prior to the completion of the Company’s IPO in September 2013, all shares of outstanding preferred stock automatically converted into 74,221,553 shares of common stock. After its IPO, the Company had 100,000,000 shares of preferred stock authorized, none of which were issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2015 and 2014. Under our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, we are authorized to issue 1,000,000,000 shares of common stock with a par value of $0.0001 per share as of December 31, 2015 and 2014. Each share of common stock outstanding is entitled to one vote. The holders of common stock are also entitled to receive dividends whenever funds are legally available and when declared by the Board of Directors, subject to the prior rights of holders of all classes of convertible preferred stock outstanding. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, we had reserved shares of common stock for issuance as follows (in thousands): Reserved under stock award plans Convertible Senior Notes ESPP Total 11. Equity Award Plans As of December 31, 2015 2014 38,500 15,141 3,214 38,879 — 2,683 56,855 41,562 We have operated under our 2013 Equity Incentive Plan (“2013 Plan”) since our IPO in September 2013. Our 2013 Plan provides for the issuance of restricted stock and the granting of options, stock appreciation rights, performance shares, performance units and restricted stock units to our employees, officers, directors and consultants. Awards granted under the 2013 Plan vest over the periods determined by the Board of Directors or compensation committee of the Board of Directors, generally four years, and stock options granted under the 2013 Plan expire no more than ten years after the date of grant. In the case of an incentive stock option granted to an employee who at the time of grant owns stock representing more than 10% of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock, the exercise price shall be no less than 110% of the fair value per share on the date of grant, and the award shall expire five years from the date of grant. For options granted to any other employee, the per share exercise price shall be no less than 100% of the fair value per share on the date of grant. In the case of non-statutory stock options and options granted to consultants, the per share exercise price shall be no less than 100% of the fair value per share on the date of grant. Stock that is purchased prior to vesting is subject to our 114 right of repurchase at any time following termination of the participant for so long as such stock remains unvested. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, approximately 7.2 million and 13.3 million shares of our common stock were reserved for future grants under the 2013 Plan. As of January 1, 2016, an additional 8,082,165 shares of common stock became available for future grants under our 2013 Plan pursuant to provisions thereof that automatically increase the share reserve under such plan each year. In August 2013, our Board of Directors adopted, and our stockholders approved, our Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”), which became effective upon adoption. Our ESPP allows eligible employees to acquire shares of our common stock at 85% of the lower of the fair market value of our common stock on the first trading of each offering period or on the exercise date. Each offering period is approximately twelve months starting on the first trading date on or after May 15 and November 15 of each year. Participants may purchase shares of common stock through payroll deductions of up to 15% of their eligible compensation, subject to purchase limits of 3,000 shares for each normal purchase period or $25,000 worth of stock for each calendar year. Our ESPP provides for annual increases in the number of shares available for issuance on the first day of each fiscal year equal to the lesser of: 1% of the outstanding shares of our common stock on the first day of such fiscal year; 3,700,000 shares; or such other amount as may be determined by our Board of Directors. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, approximately 3.2 million and 2.7 million shares of common stock were available for future issuance under our ESPP, respectively. As of January 1, 2016, an additional 1,616,433 shares of common stock became available for future issuance under our ESPP pursuant to the provisions thereof that automatically increase the share reserve under such plan each year. From time to time, we also grant restricted common stock or restricted stock awards outside of our equity incentive plans to certain employees in connection with acquisitions. Stock-Based Compensation We record stock-based compensation based on the fair value of stock options on grant date using the Black- Scholes option-pricing model. We determine the fair value of shares of common stock to be issued under the ESPP using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The fair value of restricted stock units and restricted stock awards equals the market value of the underlying stock on the date of grant. We granted performance-based restricted stock units and restricted stock awards to certain employees which vest upon the achievement of certain performance conditions, subject to the employees’ continued service relationship with us. We assess the probability of vesting at each reporting period and adjust our compensation cost based on this probability assessment. We recognize such compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the service provider’s requisite service period. We determined valuation assumptions as follows: Fair Value of Common Stock Prior to our IPO, the fair value of the common stock underlying the stock option awards was determined by our board of directors. Given the absence of a public trading market, our Board of Directors considered numerous objective and subjective factors to determine the fair value of our common stock at each meeting at which awards were approved. These factors included, but were not limited to (i) contemporaneous third-party valuations of common stock; (ii) the rights and preferences of convertible preferred stock relative to common stock; (iii) the lack of marketability of common stock; (iv) developments in the business; and (v) the likelihood of achieving a liquidity event, such as an initial public offering or sale of the Company, given prevailing market conditions. After the completion of our IPO, we have been using the listed stock price on the date of grant as the fair value of our common stock. Risk-Free Interest Rate We base the risk-free interest rate used in the Black-Scholes option-pricing model on the implied yield available on U.S. Treasury zero-coupon issues with an equivalent expected term of the options for each option group. 115 A n n u a l R e p o r t Expected Term The expected term represents the period that our stock-based awards are expected to be outstanding. We base the expected term assumption on our historical behavior combined with estimates of post-vesting holding periods. Volatility We determine the price volatility factor based on the historical volatilities of our peer group as we do not have sufficient trading history for our common stock. Dividend Yield The expected dividend assumption is based on our current expectations about our anticipated dividend policy. The following table summarizes the assumptions used in the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to determine the fair value of our stock options granted: Fair value of common stock Risk-free interest rate Expected term (in years) Volatility Dividend yield Year Ended December 31, 2014 2013 $27.89 – $75.87 $6.05 – $42.37 1.8% – 2.0% 0.6% – 2.1% 6 51% – 53% — % 4-6 46% – 54% — % No stock options were granted during the year ended December 31, 2015. The following table summarizes the assumptions used in the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to determine fair value of our common shares to be issued under the ESPP: Fair value of common stock Risk-free interest rate Expected term (in years) Volatility Dividend yield Year Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 $19.10 – $35.16 $27.08 – $32.32 0.09% – 0.50% 0.5 – 1.0 38% – 42% — % 0.1% 0.5 – 1.0 35% – 45% — % $ 20.00 0.1% 0.7 –1.2 42% –45% — % Total stock-based compensation expense related to stock options, ESPP and restricted stock units and awards is included in the consolidated statements of operations as follows (in thousands): Cost of product revenue Cost of subscription and services revenue Research and development Sales and marketing General and administrative Total 116 Year Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 $ 1,588 29,435 68,329 73,286 49,793 $ 888 17,037 28,968 66,773 38,186 $ 469 2,341 6,958 10,748 8,342 $222,431 $151,852 $28,858 As of December 31, 2015, total compensation cost related to stock-based awards not yet recognized was $494.7 million, net of estimated forfeitures, which is expected to be amortized over the weighted-average remaining vesting period of approximately 3 years. Stock Option Activity A summary of the activity for our stock option changes during the reporting periods and a summary of information related to options vested and expected to vest and options exercisable are presented below (in thousands, except per share and contractual life amounts and years): Options Outstanding Weighted- Average Exercise Price Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value Weighted- Average Contractual Life (years) Aggregate Intrinsic Value Number of Shares Balance—December 31, 2012 Option granted Options exercised Options canceled Options assumed in acquisition Balance—December 31, 2013 Option granted Options exercised Options canceled Options assumed in acquisition Balance—December 31, 2014 Option granted Options exercised Options cancelled Balance—December 31, 2015 Options vested and expected to vest— December 31, 2015 $ 5.71 $72.60 $ — 17,336 13,182 (6,222) (1,453) 4,579 27,422 676 (7,642) (1,941) 63 18,578 — (5,856) (1,228) 11,494 $ 0.98 9.57 0.88 3.60 5.93 $ 5.82 72.60 2.97 9.10 20.60 $ 9.13 — 4.97 14.57 $10.67 11,376 $10.60 Options exercisable—December 31, 2015 7,226 $ 8.89 8.3 $ 77,250 41,599 8.3 $1,036,224 271,236 7.4 $ 445,636 211,854 $ 149,157 $ 148,013 $ 102,036 6.9 6.8 6.6 In connection with our acquisition of Mandiant in December 2013, we assumed stock options covering an aggregate of 4.6 million shares of our common stock. At the date of the acquisition, 2.1 million of the stock options were vested and its fair value was recorded as part of the purchase consideration. The fair value related to the assumed 2.5 million unvested stock options are recognized as post-combination compensation costs and is being expensed ratably over the respective remaining service periods. A n n u a l R e p o r t 117 Restricted Common Stock, Restricted Stock Awards (“RSA”) and Restricted Stock Units (“RSU”) Activity A summary of the activity for our restricted common stock, RSAs and RSUs during the reporting periods and a summary of information related to unvested restricted common stock, RSAs and RSUs and those expected to vest are presented below (in thousands, except per share data and years): Number of Shares Weighted- Average Grant-Date Fair Value Weighted- Average Contractual Life (years) Aggregate Intrinsic Value Unvested balance—December 31, 2012 Granted Vested Canceled/forfeited Granted in connection with acquisitions Unvested balance—December 31, 2013 Granted Vested Canceled/forfeited Granted in connection with acquisitions Unvested balance—December 31, 2014 Granted Vested Canceled/forfeited Unvested balance—December 31, 2015 3,009 1,949 (2,115) (262) 1,021 3,602 6,734 (1,482) (809) 296 8,341 16,876 (2,783) (2,380) 20,054 $ 2.20 31.59 3.26 6.73 37.65 $27.20 42.12 16.04 40.93 26.44 $39.57 32.25 35.66 41.11 $33.68 Expected to vest—December 31, 2015 18,822 $33.78 1.6 1.6 $415,912 390,359 During the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, we issued 5.3 million, 1.7 million, and 2.1 million shares, respectively, of restricted common stock, restricted stock awards or restricted stock units to certain employees which vest upon the achievement of certain performance conditions in addition to a continued service relationship with the Company. During the year ended December 31, 2015, awards granted includes two cycles of annual refresh grants made to the general employee population. In connection with our acquisition of Mandiant in December 2013, we issued 797,698 shares of our restricted stock at a value of $43.69 per share. These awards had the same terms and conditions as set forth in the original restricted stock award agreements, and vested over the weighted-average remaining vesting period of approximately two years. In connection with our acquisition of nPulse in May 2014, we issued 295,681 restricted stock awards at a value of $26.44 per share. Of these awards, 54,319 were issued to former shareholders as purchase consideration, while the other 241,362 were issued into escrow for employees continuing service with the Company. The vesting of all these awards is over a period of approximately three and a half years from the acquisition date, subject to the achievement of specified performance milestones. For those issued to employees vesting is also contingent upon continued service with the Company. As such, compensation expense is being recorded over the requisite service period of three and half years. As of December 31, 2015, one milestone had been achieved, resulting in the vesting of 135,399 of these awards. 118 12. Income Taxes Loss before income taxes consisted of the following (in thousands): United States Foreign Total Year Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 $(324,805) $(269,426) $ (94,455) (85,477) (211,018) (210,320) $(535,125) $(480,444) $(179,932) The provision for (benefit from) income taxes consisted of the following (in thousands): Federal: Current Deferred State: Current Deferred Foreign: Current Deferred Total Year Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 $ — $ — 11 (36,208) $ — (56,212) (160) — 255 (3,263) 86 (4,564) 5,604 (1,354) 2,945 (394) 1,478 (85) $ 4,090 $(36,654) $(59,297) Reconciliation of the federal statutory income tax rate to the effective tax rate is as follows: Federal statutory rate Effect of: State taxes, net of federal tax benefit Change in valuation allowance Research and development tax credit Convertible preferred stock warrants Stock-based compensation Foreign differential Non-deductible/non-taxable items Other, net Total Year Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 35.0% 35.0% 35.0% — (21.0) 1.1 — (1.1) (14.1) (0.6) (0.1) 0.6 (11.2) 1.2 — (1.9) (15.6) (0.2) (0.3) 2.5 13.4 0.8 (1.3) 2.9 (17.1) — (3.2) (0.8)% 7.6% 33.0% A n n u a l R e p o r t 119 The components of the deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows (in thousands): Deferred tax assets: Net operating loss carryforwards Accruals and reserves Stock-based compensation Fixed assets Deferred revenue Research and development credits Other deferred tax assets Gross deferred tax assets Valuation allowance Total deferred tax assets Deferred tax liabilities: Acquisition related intangibles Other deferred tax liabilities Convertible senior notes Total deferred tax liabilities Total net deferred tax assets As of December 31, 2015 2014 $ 82,201 16,841 59,872 12,122 43,411 23,445 1,017 $ 67,451 9,549 45,843 6,906 23,095 14,959 802 238,909 (81,937) 168,605 (54,872) 156,972 113,733 (81,621) (92) (73,427) (112,928) (326) — (155,140) (113,254) $ 1,832 $ 479 A valuation allowance is provided when it is more likely than not that the deferred tax asset will not be realized. Our valuation allowance increased by approximately $27.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2015, primarily as a result of additional deferred tax assets recorded during the year for stock-based compensation and net operating loss carryforwards. As of December 31, 2015, we had federal and state net operating loss carry forwards of approximately $542.6 million and $675.2 million, respectively, available to reduce future taxable income, if any. If not utilized, the federal net operating loss carry forwards will expire from the years ending December 31, 2024 through 2035 while state net operating loss carry forwards will expire from the years ending December 31, 2016 through 2035. We also have federal and state research and development tax credit carry forwards of approximately $16.2 million and $10.5 million, respectively. If not utilized, the federal credit carry forwards will expire in various amounts from the years ended December 31, 2024 through 2035. The state credit will carry forward indefinitely. Utilization of the net operating loss carry forwards and credits may be subject to an annual limitation due to the ownership change limitations provided by the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and similar state provisions. The annual limitation may result in the expiration of net operating losses and credits before utilization. As a result of certain realization requirements of ASC 718, the table of deferred tax assets shown above does not include certain deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2015 that arose directly from tax deductions related to equity compensation greater than compensation recognized for financial reporting. Equity will be increased by $116.2 million if and when such deferred tax assets are ultimately realized. The Company uses ASC 740 ordering when determining when excess tax benefits have been realized. As of December 31, 2015, we had $31.9 million of unrecognized tax benefits, of which $30.0 million would affect income tax expense if recognized, before consideration of our valuation allowance. As of December 31, 2015, our federal, state, and foreign returns for all years are still open to examination. We do not expect the unrecognized tax benefits to change significantly over the next 12 months. We recognize both interest and penalties associated with uncertain tax positions as a component of income tax expense. During the years ended 120 December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, we recognized interest and penalties of $183,000, $115,000 and $71,000, respectively. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, our total accrual for interest and penalties was $398,000 and $215,000, respectively. The ultimate amount and timing of any future cash settlements cannot be predicted with reasonable certainty. A reconciliation of gross unrecognized tax benefit is as follows (in thousands): Unrecognized tax benefits at the beginning of the period Additions for tax positions related to the current year Increases related to prior year tax positions Decreases related to prior year tax positions Decreases based on settlements with taxing authorities Lapse of statute of limitations Unrecognized tax benefits at the end of the period Year Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 $21,264 10,614 24 — — — $10,887 10,452 — (52) — (23) $ 1,172 8,789 947 — (21) — $31,902 $21,264 $10,887 As of December 31, 2015, we have not made any tax provision for U.S. federal and state income taxes on approximately $12.1 million of undistributed earnings in foreign subsidiaries, which we expect to reinvest outside of the U.S. indefinitely. If we were to repatriate these earnings to the U.S., we would be subject to U.S. income taxes and subject to an adjustment for foreign tax credits and foreign withholding taxes. Determination of the amount of unrecognized deferred tax liability related to these earnings is not practicable. The provision for income taxes for the year ended December 31, 2015 reflects an effective tax rate of (0.8)%. The tax expense is primarily due to foreign taxes. The benefit from income taxes for the year ended December 31, 2014 reflects an effective rate of 7.6%. The tax benefit is primarily due to the portion of the increase in U.S. deferred tax assets primarily related to current year operating losses and stock-based compensation for which no U.S. valuation allowance is required. The valuation allowance is not required to the extent that deferred tax liabilities on acquisition-related intangibles are available as a source of income for the U.S deferred tax assets. The tax benefit was also partially due to the reduction in U.S. deferred tax liabilities previously established in purchase accounting, partially offset by foreign taxes and state minimum taxes. The benefit from income taxes for the year ended December 31, 2013 reflects an effective rate of 33.0%. The tax benefit is primarily due to a reduction of the U.S. valuation allowance resulting from recording a deferred tax liability on the acquisition-related intangibles for which no benefit will be derived, partially offset by foreign taxes and state minimum taxes. A n n u a l R e p o r t 13. Net Loss per Share Basic loss per share is calculated by dividing net loss by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period, less shares subject to repurchase, and excludes any dilutive effects of employee share-based awards and warrants. Diluted net income per common share is computed giving effect to all potential dilutive common shares, including common stock issuable upon exercise of stock options, conversion of the Convertible Senior Notes and unvested restricted common stock and stock units. As we had net losses for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, all potential common shares were determined to be anti- dilutive. 121 The following table sets forth the computation of net loss per common share (in thousands, except per share amounts): Numerator: Net loss Denominator: Year Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 $(539,215) $(443,790) $(120,635) Weighted average number of shares outstanding—basic and diluted 154,120 142,176 45,271 Net loss per share—basic and diluted $ (3.50) $ (3.12) $ (2.66) The following outstanding options, unvested shares and units, ESPP shares, warrants and shares issuable upon the conversion of our Convertible Senior Notes were excluded (as common stock equivalents) from the computation of diluted net loss per common share for the periods presented as their effect would have been anti- dilutive (in thousands): Options to purchase common stock Unvested early exercised common shares Unvested restricted stock awards and units Convertible senior notes Warrants to purchase common stock ESPP shares 14. Employee Benefit Plan As of December 31, 2015 2014 2013 11,494 936 20,054 15,141 — 210 18,578 2,382 8,341 — — 124 27,422 4,877 3,602 — 312 249 We have established a 401(k) tax-deferred savings plan (the “401(k) Plan”), which permits participants to make contributions by salary deduction pursuant to Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended. We maintain the 401(k) Plan that provides our eligible employees with an opportunity to save for retirement on a tax-advantaged basis. In addition, until January 2015 we maintained a tax qualified plan for employees of the Mandiant subsidiary that was assumed in the Mandiant acquisition. All participants’ interests in their deferrals are 100% vested when contributed under both 401(k) plans. We are responsible for administrative costs of the 401(k) Plan and have made no matching contributions into our 401(k) Plan since inception. The Mandiant 401(k) plan had provided for a match of 100% of the first 4% of an eligible employee’s compensation contributed. Matching contributions under the Mandiant 401(k) plan were 100% vested when made. Under both 401(k) plans, pre-tax contributions are allocated to each participant’s individual account and are then invested in selected investment alternatives according to the participants’ directions. Each 401(k) plan is intended to qualify under Sections 401(a) and 501(a) of the Code. As a tax-qualified retirement plan, contributions to each 401(k) plan and earnings on those contributions are not taxable to the employees until distributed from the 401(k) plan, and all contributions are deductible by us when made. Our contributions to the Mandiant 401(k) plan were zero and $2.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. In January 2015, the former Mandiant 401(k) plan was merged into the 401(k) Plan. 15. Related Party Transactions Acquisition of Mandiant Our Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) and Chairman of our board of directors, served as the Chairman of the board of directors of Mandiant from April 2011 to October 2013, and served as an advisor to Mandiant from October 2013 until the closing of the merger in December 2013. In addition, as of immediately prior to the completion of the merger, the CEO held 740,166 shares of Mandiant common stock, of which 328,960 shares 122 were unvested shares subject to forfeiture in the event of his termination as a service provider to Mandiant. Pursuant to the terms of the equity agreements governing the CEO’s shares of Mandiant common stock, all of the CEO’s unvested Mandiant shares immediately vested in connection with the merger. Upon the closing of the merger, after giving effect to the vesting acceleration described in the preceding sentence, the CEO received aggregate merger consideration of approximately $28.6 million, consisting of approximately $3.9 million in cash and 601,439 shares of our common stock, of which 87,335 shares were deposited into a third-party escrow account as partial security for the indemnity obligations of Mandiant and its former stockholders. 16. Segment and Major Customers Information We conduct business globally and are primarily managed on a geographic basis. Our chief executive officer, who is our chief operating decision maker, reviews financial information presented on a consolidated basis accompanied by information about revenue by geographic region for purposes of allocating resources and evaluating financial performance. There are no segment managers who are held accountable for operations, operating results, and plans for levels, components, or types of products or services below the consolidated unit level. Accordingly, we are considered to be in a single reportable segment and operating unit structure. Revenue by geographic region based on the billing address is as follows (in thousands): Revenue: United States EMEA APAC Other Total revenue Year Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 $439,206 80,960 73,009 29,792 $319,144 57,721 34,284 14,513 $116,730 22,845 16,004 5,973 $622,967 $425,662 $161,552 Long lived assets by geographic region based on physical location is as follows (in thousands): Property and Equipment, net: United States International Total As of December 31, 2015 2015 2014 $57,537 20,831 $66,807 15,491 $78,368 $82,298 A n n u a l R e p o r t For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, one reseller represented 13%, 11% and 11%, respectively, of the Company’s total revenue. For the year ended December 31, 2013, another reseller also represented 11% of the Company’s total revenue. For the year ended December 31, 2015, one distributor represented 17% of the Company’s total revenue. No distributor represented 10% or greater of the Company’s total revenue for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, one distributor represented 20% and 15%, respectively, of the Company’s net accounts receivable balance. As of December 31, 2015, another distributor also represented 12% of the Company’s net accounts receivable balance. 17. Subsequent Events On January 14, 2016, we completed the acquisition of iSIGHT Security, Inc. (d/b/a iSIGHT Partners, Inc.), one of the world’s leading providers of cyber threat intelligence for global enterprises. The acquisition extends our intelligence network to create an advanced and comprehensive private cyber threat intelligence operation, 123 providing customers with higher fidelity alerts, context to prioritize threats and the strategic insights to proactively prepare for threats that might target their industry or region. As consideration for the acquisition, we paid approximately $200 million in cash upon closing, subject to adjustment per the terms of the agreement, with an additional $75 million payable in cash and equity contingent upon the achievement of a threat intelligence bookings target on or before the end of the second quarter of 2018. We incurred approximately $7 million in acquisition-related costs, which will be recognized in general and administrative expenses in 2016. On February 1, 2016, we completed the acquisition of Invotas International Corporation, a provider of security automation and orchestration technology. This acquisition enables us to deliver a premier security orchestration capability as part of our global threat management platform to unify cyber attack detection results, threat intelligence and incident response elements of an organization’s security program into a single console, giving enterprises the ability to respond more quickly to attacks through automation. As consideration for the acquisition, we paid approximately $30 million in cash and equity, subject to adjustment per the terms of the agreement. We are currently in the process of completing the preliminary purchase price allocations for these acquisitions, which will be included in our condensed consolidated financial statements for the first quarter of 2016. 124 Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure None. Item 9A. Controls and Procedures Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls In designing and evaluating our disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. In addition, the design of disclosure controls and procedures must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints and that management is required to apply its judgment in evaluating the benefits of possible controls and procedures relative to their costs. Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2015. The term “disclosure controls and procedures,” as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (or the “Exchange Act”), means controls and other procedures of a company that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to management, including our principal executive and principal financial officers, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Based on our evaluation, our chief executive officer and chief financial officer concluded that, as of December 31, 2015, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level. Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015 based on the criteria related to internal control over financial reporting described in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on our evaluation, management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2015. Deloitte & Touche LLP, the independent registered public accounting firm that audited the consolidated financial statements included in this Form 10-K, has issued a report, included herein, on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015. Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting identified in connection with the evaluation required by Rule 13a-15(d) and 15d-15(d) of the Exchange Act that occurred during the quarter ended December 31, 2015 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. 125 A n n u a l R e p o r t REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of FireEye, Inc. Milpitas, California We have audited the internal control over financial reporting of FireEye, Inc. and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2015, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed by, or under the supervision of, the company’s principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, and effected by the company’s board of directors, management, and other personnel to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of the inherent limitations of internal control over financial reporting, including the possibility of collusion or improper management override of controls, material misstatements due to error or fraud may not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. Also, projections of any evaluation of the effectiveness of the internal control over financial reporting to future periods are subject to the risk that the controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015, based on the criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the consolidated financial statements and financial statement schedule as of and for the year ended December 31, 2015 of the Company and our report dated February 26, 2016 expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements and financial statement schedule. /s/ DELOITTE & TOUCHE LLP San Jose, California February 26, 2016 126 Item 9B. Other Information None. A n n u a l R e p o r t 127 PART III Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to our Proxy Statement for our 2016 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015. As part of our system of corporate governance, our board of directors has adopted a code of business conduct and ethics. The code applies to all of our employees, officers (including our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or controller, or persons performing similar functions), agents and representatives, including our independent directors and consultants, who are not employees of ours, with regard to their FireEye-related activities. Our code of business conduct and ethics is available on our website at www.fireeye.com. We will post on this section of our website any amendment to our code of business conduct and ethics, as well as any waivers of our code of business conduct and ethics, that are required to be disclosed by the rules of the SEC or the NASDAQ Stock Market. Item 11. Executive Compensation The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to our Proxy Statement for our 2016 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015. Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to our Proxy Statement for our 2016 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015. Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to our Proxy Statement for our 2016 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015. Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to our Proxy Statement for our 2016 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015. 128 PART IV Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules Documents filed as part of this report are as follows: 1. Consolidated Financial Statements: Our Consolidated Financial Statements are listed in the “Index to Consolidated Financial Statements” in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. 2. Financial Statement Schedules: Schedule II - Valuation and Qualifying Accounts is included below, and should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. All other schedules have been omitted because they are not required, not applicable, or the required information is included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. 3. Exhibits: The documents listed in the Exhibit Index of this Annual Report on Form 10-K are incorporated by reference or are filed with this report, in each case as indicated therein (numbered in accordance with Item 601 of Regulation S-K). SCHEDULE II VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS (in thousands) Allowance for doubtful accounts receivable Year ended December 31, 2013 Year ended December 31, 2014 Year ended December 31, 2015 Balance at beginning of period Charged to cost and expenses $ 20 20 $586 $ — 566 $1,342 Write-offs, net of recoveries Balance at end of period $— — $ 93 $ 20 586 $2,021 A n n u a l R e p o r t 129 Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, on February 26, 2016. SIGNATURES FIREEYE, INC. By: /s/ DAVID G. DEWALT David G. DeWalt Chief Executive Officer POWER OF ATTORNEY KNOW ALL THESE PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints David G. DeWalt, Michael J. Berry and Alexa King, and each of them, his or her attorneys-in-fact, each with full power of substitution, for him or her in any and all capacities, to sign any and all amendments to this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and to file the same, with exhibits thereto and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, hereby ratifying and confirming all that each said attorneys-in-fact or his substitute or substitutes, may do or cause to be done by virtue hereof. Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated. Signature Title Date /S/ DAVID G. DEWALT David G. DeWalt /S/ MICHAEL J. BERRY Michael J. Berry Ashar Aziz /S/ KEVIN R. MANDIA Kevin R. Mandia /S/ DEEPAK AHUJA Deepak Ahuja /S/ KIMBERLY ALEXY Kimberly Alexy /S/ RONALD E. F. CODD Ronald E. F. Codd /S/ WILLIAM M. COUGHRAN JR. William M. Coughran Jr. /S/ STEPHEN PUSEY Stephen Pusey /S/ ENRIQUE SALEM Enrique Salem Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board (Principal Executive Officer) February 26, 2016 Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) February 26, 2016 Founder, Chief Strategy Officer, and Vice Chairman of the Board President and Director February 26, 2016 Director Director Director Director Director Director 130 February 26, 2016 February 26, 2016 February 26, 2016 February 26, 2016 February 26, 2016 February 26, 2016 EXHIBIT INDEX Description of Exhibit Form File No. Exhibit Filing Date Incorporated by Reference Exhibit No. 2.1+ 3.1 3.2 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 10.1† 10.2† 10.3† 10.4† 10.5† 10.6† 10.7† 10.8† 10.9† 10.10† 10.11† 10.12† Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of January 14, 2016, by and among the Registrant, Iris Merger Corporation, iSIGHT Security, Inc. and Shareholder Representative Services LLC. Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant. Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Registrant. Form of the Registrant’s common stock certificate. Indenture, dated as of June 2, 2015, between the Registrant and U.S. Bank National Association. Form of Global 1.000% Convertible Senior Note due 2035 (included in Exhibit 4.2). Indenture, dated as of June 2, 2015, between the Registrant and U.S. Bank National Association. Form of Global 1.625% Convertible Senior Note due 2035 (included in Exhibit 4.4). Form of Indemnification Agreement between the Registrant and certain of its officers and directors. 8-K 001-36067 2.1 January 20, 2016 8-K 001-36067 3.1 September 25, 2013 S-1/A 333-190338 3.4 August 21, 2013 S-1/A 333-190338 4.1 September 9, 2013 8-K 001-36067 4.1 June 5, 2015 8-K 001-36067 4.2 June 5, 2015 8-K 001-36067 4.3 June 5, 2015 8-K 001-36067 4.4 June 5, 2015 S-1 333-190338 10.1 August 2, 2013 Employee Incentive Plan. S-1 333-190338 10.17 August 2, 2013 Change of Control Severance Policy for Officers. 2004 Stock Option Plan, as amended, including form agreements under 2004 Stock Option Plan. 2008 Stock Plan, as amended, including form agreements under 2008 Stock Plan. 2013 Equity Incentive Plan, including form agreements under 2013 Equity Incentive Plan. S-1/A 333-190338 10.27 August 21, 2013 S-1 333-190338 10.5 August 2, 2013 S-1/A 333-190338 10.6 September 9, 2013 S-1/A 333-193717 10.6 March 3, 2014 2013 Employee Stock Purchase Plan. S-1/A 333-190338 10.8 September 9, 2013 A n n u a l R e p o r t Mandiant Corporation 2011 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended, including form agreements under Mandiant Corporation 2011 Equity Incentive Plan. S-1 333-193717 10.8 February 3, 2014 Outside Director Compensation Policy. 10-Q 001-36067 10.1 November 5, 2014 Offer Letter between the Registrant and David DeWalt, dated November 19, 2012, as amended and currently in effect. Offer Letter between the Registrant and Ashar Aziz, dated November 26, 2012. Offer Letter between the Registrant and Enrique Salem, dated February 2, 2013. 131 S-1/A 333-190338 10.9 August 21, 2013 S-1 333-190338 10.10 August 2, 2013 S-1 333-190338 10.11 August 2, 2013 Exhibit No. 10.13† 10.14† 10.15† 10.16† 10.17† 10.18† 10.19† 10.20† 10.21† 10.22 10.23 10.24 10.25 10.26†† 10.27 Description of Exhibit Form File No. Exhibit Filing Date Incorporated by Reference S-1 333-190338 10.12 August 2, 2013 8-K 001-36067 10.1 January 8, 2015 8-K 001-36067 10.1 June 17, 2015 8-K 001-36067 10.2 September 8, 2015 10-Q 001-36067 10.2 November 5, 2014 S-1/A 333-190338 10.16 August 21, 2013 8-K 001-36067 10.1 January 2, 2014 8-K 001-36067 10.1 September 8, 2015 8-K 001-36067 10.3 January 2, 2014 S-1/A 333-190338 10.3 August 21, 2013 10-Q 001-36067 10.3 May 14, 2014 10-Q 001-36067 10.4 May 14, 2014 S-1 333-190338 10.4 August 2, 2013 S-1/A 333-190338 10.19 September 9, 2013 10-Q 001-36067 10.3 November 5, 2014 Offer Letter between the Registrant and Ronald E. F. Codd, dated July 28, 2012. Offer Letter between the Registrant and Kimberly Alexy, dated December 12, 2014. Offer Letter between the Registrant and Stephen Pusey, dated June 12, 2015. Offer Letter between the Registrant and Deepak Ahuja, dated August 27, 2015. Offer Letter between the Registrant and John McGee, dated July 4, 2014. Offer Letter between the Registrant and Alexa King, dated August 1, 2013. Offer Letter, between the Registrant and Kevin Mandia, dated December 24, 2013. Offer Letter between the Registrant and Michael Berry dated August 25, 2015. Key Employee Non-Competition Agreement, dated as of December 30, 2013, by and between Kevin Mandia and the Registrant. Lease, dated as of January 15, 2008, by and between the Registrant and Silicon Valley CA-I, LLC, as amended and currently in effect. Sixth Amendment, dated as of January 23, 2014, to the Lease dated as of January 15, 2008 by and between the Registrant and Silicon Valley CA-I, LLC. Seventh Amendment, dated as of March 24, 2014, to the Lease dated as of January 15, 2008 by and between the Registrant and Silicon Valley CA-I, LLC. Lease, dated as of March 11, 2010, by and between the Registrant and Silicon Valley CA-I, LLC, as amended, assigned and currently in effect. Flextronics Design and Manufacturing Services Agreement, dated as of September 28, 2012, by and between the Registrant and Flextronics Telecom Systems, Ltd. Amendment to Flextronics Design and Manufacturing Services Agreement, effective as of August 1, 2013, by and among the Registrant, FireEye Ireland Limited and Flextronics Telecom Systems, Ltd. 132 Incorporated by Reference File No. Form 10-Q 001-36067 Exhibit 10.4 November 5, 2014 Filing Date 8-K 001-36067 10.1 May 29, 2015 8-K 001-36067 10.2 May 29, 2015 8-K 001-36067 10.3 May 29, 2015 A n n u a l R e p o r t Exhibit No. 10.28 10.29 10.30 10.31 21.1* 23.1* 24.1 31.1* 31.2* 32.1** Description of Exhibit Design Statement of Work A-1 to Flextronics Design and Manufacturing Services Agreement, dated December 4, 2013, by and among the Registrant, FireEye Ireland Limited and Flextronics Telecom Systems, Ltd. Purchase Agreement, dated May 27, 2015, among the Registrant and Morgan Stanley & Co. LLC and J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, as representatives of the several Initial Purchasers named in Schedule I thereto Forward Stock Purchase Transaction, dated May 27, 2015, between the Registrant and Morgan Stanley & Co. LLC. Forward Stock Purchase Transaction, dated May 27, 2015, between the Registrant and Morgan Stanley & Co. LLC. List of subsidiaries of the Registrant. Consent of Deloitte & Touche LLP, independent registered public accounting firm. Power of Attorney (included on the signature page to this Annual Report on Form 10-K). Rule 13a-14(a) / 15(d)-14(a) Certification of Principal Executive Officer. Rule 13a-14(a) / 15(d)-14(a) Certification of Principal Financial Officer. Certifications of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. XBRL Instance Document. 101.INS* 101.SCH* XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document. 101.CAL* XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document. 101.DEF* XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document. 101.LAB* XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase 101.PRE* Document. XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document. Filed herewith. * ** Furnished herewith. + The schedules and other attachments to this exhibit have been omitted. The Registrant agrees to furnish a copy of any omitted schedules or attachments to the SEC upon request. Indicates a management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement. † †† Portions of this exhibit have been granted confidential treatment by the Securities and Exchange Commission. 133 RECONCILIATION OF NON-GAAP BILLINGS TO REVENUE (Unaudited, in thousands) GAAP revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Add change in deferred revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $622,967 174,455 $425,662 165,029 Non-GAAP billings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $797,422 $590,691 46% 6% 35% Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2015 2014 % Increase BILLINGS BREAKOUT (Unaudited, in thousands) Product billings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Product subscription billings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Product billings and product subscription billings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Support and maintenance billings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Professional services billings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $212,233 327,372 539,605 137,447 120,370 Non-GAAP billings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $797,422 Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2015 REVENUE BREAKOUT (Unaudited, in thousands) Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2015 Product revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Product subscription revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Product revenue and product subscription revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Support and maintenance revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Professional services revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $216,632 205,303 421,935 89,800 111,232 Total revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $622,967 FireEye defines billings as revenue recognized plus the change in deferred revenue from the beginning to the end of the period. The company considers billings to be a useful metric for management and investors because billings drive deferred revenue balances, which are an important indicator of the health and visibility of the company’s business. Revenue recognized from deferred revenue represents a significant percentage of quarterly and annual revenue. There are a number of limitations related to the use of billings versus revenue calculated in accordance with GAAP. First, billings include amounts that have not yet been recognized as revenue. Second, FireEye’s calculation of billings may be different from other companies in its industry, some of which may not use billings, may calculate billings differently, may have different billing frequencies, or may use other financial measures to evaluate their performance, all of which could reduce the usefulness of billings as a comparative measure. FireEye compensates for these limitations by providing specific information regarding GAAP revenue and evaluating billings together with revenue calculated in accordance with GAAP. CORPORATE AND STOCKHOLDER INFORMATION Executive Officers David G. DeWalt Board of Directors David G. DeWalt Chairman of the Board and Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer Chief Executive Officer, FireEye, Inc. Corporate Headquarters FireEye, Inc. 1440 McCarthy Blvd. Milpitas, CA 95035 Ashar Aziz Ashar Aziz Founder, Vice Chairman of the Board, Founder, Vice Chairman of the Board, and Chief Strategy Officer and Chief Strategy Officer, FireEye, Inc. Kevin R. Mandia President Kevin R. Mandia President, FireEye, Inc. Michael Berry Deepak Ahuja1 Senior Vice President and Former Chief Financial Officer, Chief Financial Officer Tesla Motors, Inc. John McGee Kimberly Alexy1 Senior Vice President of Principal, Alexy Capital Management Worldwide Sales Alexa King Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary Ronald E. F. Codd1, 2 Independent Business Consultant William M. Coughran Jr.2,3 Partner, Sequoia Capital Stephen Pusey3 Former Group Chief Technology Officer, Vodafone Group Plc Enrique Salem3 Managing Director, Bain Capital Ventures Legal Counsel Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati, PC Palo Alto, California Independent Auditors DELOITTE & TOUCHE LLP San Jose, California Transfer Agent and Registrar American Stock Transfer & Trust Company, LLC 6201 15th Avenue Brooklyn, NY 11219 www.amstock.com Info@amstock.com tel: 7 18 .921. 8124 800.937.5449 1 Audit Committee member 2 Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee member 3 Compensation Committee member Stock Information FireEye common stock is listed on The NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbol FEYE. Investor Relations FireEye welcomes investor interest and maintains a section on its website with investor information, including press releases, stock data, SEC filings, and access to quarterly webcasts. Investors may subscribe to automated email alerts for press releases, events and SEC filings through the site. Website: investors.FireEye.com Email: investor.relations@fireeye.com Annual Stockholders’ Meeting The annual meeting of stockholders will be held at 11 a.m. Pacific Time on June 14, 2016 at FireEye, Inc. 1390 McCarthy Blvd. Milpitas, CA 95035 © 2016 FireEye, Inc. All rights reserved. FireEye, Mandiant, iSIGHT, Invotas, MVX, FireEye as a Service and FaaS are registered trademarks or trademarks of FireEye, Inc. in the United States and other countries. FireEye, Inc. 1440 McCarthy Blvd. Milpitas, CA 95035 408.321.6300 / 877.FIREEYE (347.3393) / info@FireEye.com www.FireEye.com © 2016 FireEye, Inc. All rights reserved. FireEye is a registered trademark of FireEye, Inc. All other brands, products, or service names are or may be trademarks or service marks of their respective owners. 

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