Genworth Financial
Annual Report 2018

Plain-text annual report

2018 Annual Report Genworth Financial, Inc. UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549 FORM 10-K È ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018 OR ‘ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the transition period from to Commission file number 001-32195 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) Delaware (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) 6620 West Broad Street Richmond, Virginia (Address of principal executive offices) 80-0873306 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) 23230 (Zip Code) (804) 281-6000 (Registrant’s telephone number, including area code) Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act Title of Each Class Name of each exchange on which registered Class A Common Stock, par value $.001 per share New York Stock Exchange Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act None Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes È No ‘ Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ‘ No È Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports) and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes È No ‘ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes È No ‘ Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. È Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one): Large accelerated filer È Non-accelerated filer ‘ ‘ Accelerated filer Smaller reporting company ‘ Emerging growth company ‘ If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ‘ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ‘ No È As of February 19, 2019, 500,900,866 shares of Class A Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share were outstanding. The aggregate market value of the common equity (based on the closing price of the Class A Common Stock on the New York Stock Exchange) held by non-affiliates of the registrant on June 30, 2018, the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, was approximately $2.2 billion. All executive officers and directors of the registrant have been deemed, solely for the purpose of the foregoing calculation, to be “affiliates” of the registrant. Certain portions of the registrant’s definitive proxy statement pursuant to Regulation 14A of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 in connection with the 2019 annual meeting of the registrant’s stockholders are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE Table of Contents PART I Item 1. Business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 1A. Risk Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 2. Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Legal Proceedings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 3. Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PART II Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 6. Selected Financial Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations . . . . . Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 9. Changes In and Disagreements With Accountants On Accounting and Financial Disclosure . . . . Item 9A. Controls and Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 9B. Other Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PART III Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 11. Executive Compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 4 53 95 96 96 96 97 99 102 207 214 369 369 372 373 377 377 377 378 PART IV Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379 2 Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-looking Statements This Annual Report on Form 10-K, including Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, contains certain “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements may be identified by words such as “expects,” “intends,” “anticipates,” “plans,” “believes,” “seeks,” “estimates,” “will,” or words of similar meaning and include, but are not limited to, statements regarding the outlook for our future business and financial performance. Examples of forward-looking statements include statements we make relating to the China Oceanwide transaction. Forward-looking statements are based on management’s current expectations and assumptions, which are subject to inherent uncertainties, risks and changes in circumstances that are difficult to predict. Actual outcomes and results may differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements due to global political, economic, business, competitive, market, regulatory and other factors and risks, including the items identified under “Part I—Item 1A—Risk Factors.” We therefore caution you against relying on any forward-looking statements. We undertake no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise. 3 In this Annual Report on Form 10-K, unless the context otherwise requires, “Genworth Financial,” “Genworth,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer to Genworth Financial, Inc. and its subsidiaries. PART I Item 1. Business Strategic Update We continue to focus on improving business performance, addressing financial leverage and increasing financial and strategic flexibility across the organization. Our strategy includes maximizing our opportunities in our mortgage insurance businesses and stabilizing our U.S. life insurance businesses. China Oceanwide Transaction On October 21, 2016, Genworth Financial, Inc. (“Genworth Financial”) entered into an agreement and plan of merger (the “Merger Agreement”) with Asia Pacific Global Capital Co., Ltd. (“Parent”), a limited liability company incorporated in the People’s Republic of China and a subsidiary of China Oceanwide Holdings Group Co., Ltd., a limited liability company incorporated in the People’s Republic of China (together with its affiliates, “China Oceanwide”), and Asia Pacific Global Capital USA Corporation (“Merger Sub”), a Delaware corporation and an indirect, wholly-owned subsidiary of Asia Pacific Insurance USA Holdings LLC (“Asia Pacific Insurance”), which is a Delaware limited liability company and owned by China Oceanwide, pursuant to which, subject to the terms and conditions set forth therein, Merger Sub would merge with and into Genworth Financial with Genworth Financial surviving the merger as an indirect, wholly-owned subsidiary of Asia Pacific Insurance (the “Merger”). China Oceanwide has agreed to acquire all of our outstanding common stock for a total transaction value of approximately $2.7 billion, or $5.43 per share in cash. At a special meeting held on March 7, 2017, Genworth Financial’s stockholders voted on and approved a proposal to adopt the Merger Agreement. Genworth Financial and China Oceanwide continue to work towards satisfying the closing conditions of the Merger as soon as possible. In December 2018 and January 2019, we received the remaining approvals from our U.S. domestic insurance regulators. These approvals had multiple conditions, including but not limited to, the Merger being consummated without the purchase of Genworth Life and Annuity Insurance Company (“GLAIC”) from Genworth Life Insurance Company (“GLIC”) by a Genworth intermediate holding company, which had been initially proposed and which we refer to as the “GLAIC unstacking.” Our U.S. domestic regulatory approvals included the approval from the Delaware Department of Insurance (“DDOI”). Genworth Financial and China Oceanwide worked with the DDOI and other regulators to obtain approval of the Merger without the GLAIC unstacking throughout the second half of 2018. As part of the DDOI approval, Genworth Financial and China Oceanwide agreed, following the Merger, Genworth Holdings, Inc. (“Genworth Holdings”) will contribute $175 million to GLIC, which was previously committed by Genworth Financial to be used as partial consideration for the GLAIC unstacking. The $175 million will be contributed in three equal tranches, with the first contribution completed by the end of March 2019, the second contribution completed by the end of September 2019 and the final contribution completed by the end of January 2020. In addition, at or before the closing of the Merger, GLAIC will purchase from GLIC an intercompany note with a principal amount of $200 million. This intercompany note was issued by Genworth Holdings to GLIC, with Genworth Holdings obligated to pay the principal amount on the maturity date of March 2020. The purchase price will be at fair value, but not less than $200 million. No changes will be made to the existing terms of the intercompany note, other than Genworth Holdings will now pay GLAIC the principal amount of the note at maturity. Likewise, the amount will continue to be eliminated in consolidation. In October 2018, the National Development and Reform Commission (“NDRC”) of the People’s Republic of China accepted China Oceanwide’s filing in connection with the Merger Agreement, which concluded NDRC’s review process and enables China Oceanwide to move forward with the clearance in China for currency conversion and the transfer of funds. 4 In June 2018, the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (“CFIUS”) completed its review of the proposed transaction and concluded that there are no unresolved national security concerns with respect to the proposed transaction. The completion of the CFIUS review satisfied one of the conditions to closing the proposed transaction. In connection with the CFIUS review of the proposed transaction, Genworth Financial and China Oceanwide entered into an agreement to implement a data security risk mitigation plan, which includes, among other things, the use of a U.S. third-party service provider and an independent security monitor to protect the personal data of Genworth Financial’s policyholders and customers in the United States. The closing of the Merger remains subject to other conditions, including the required regulatory approval in Canada. Approval by the U.S. Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) remains outstanding, but pursuant to FINRA rules, the transaction may proceed and closing may occur before such approval is obtained. In addition, China Oceanwide will need to receive clearance in China for currency conversion and the transfer of funds. On January 30, 2019, Genworth Financial, Parent and Merger Sub entered into an eighth waiver and agreement (“Eighth Waiver and Agreement”) pursuant to which Genworth Financial and Parent each agreed to waive until March 15, 2019 its right to terminate the Merger Agreement and abandon the Merger in accordance with the terms of the Merger Agreement. The Eighth Waiver and Agreement extended the seventh waiver and agreement extension deadline of January 31, 2019 to allow additional time for the remaining regulatory approval and clearance processes. On August 14, 2018, under the sixth waiver and agreement, Genworth Financial and China Oceanwide waived, among other things: (i) the parties’ obligation to effect the GLAIC unstacking and China Oceanwide’s obligation to contribute to us $525 million for such purpose; and (ii) China Oceanwide’s obligation to contribute $600 million for the purpose of retiring our senior unsecured notes due in May 2018 (the “May 2018 senior notes”). These waivers are discussed further below. As part of the transaction, China Oceanwide originally committed in the Merger Agreement to contribute $525 million of cash for the purpose of facilitating the GLAIC unstacking. This contribution combined with $175 million of cash previously committed by Genworth Holdings was intended to enable a Genworth intermediate holding company to purchase GLAIC from GLIC, a Delaware-domiciled insurance entity, for a purchase price of $700 million and complete the GLAIC unstacking. After extensive discussions with the DDOI on different methodologies for establishing the fair market value for GLAIC, the parties and the DDOI were unable to agree on the fair market value of GLAIC. Therefore, the parties decided to forgo the GLAIC unstacking and, accordingly under the sixth waiver and agreement, Genworth Financial and China Oceanwide waived the Merger Agreement provisions related to the GLAIC unstacking including China Oceanwide’s obligation to make the originally contemplated $525 million contribution. China Oceanwide originally committed in the Merger Agreement to contribute $600 million of cash to Genworth, subject to the consummation of the Merger, to address the May 2018 senior notes on or before their maturity. Due to the delays in the completion of the transaction, Genworth entered into the $450 million senior secured term loan facility (“Term Loan”), as discussed below. Instead of the $600 million contribution from China Oceanwide, the proceeds of the Term Loan, together with $175 million of cash on hand, were used to retire the May 2018 senior notes. Therefore, under the sixth waiver and agreement, Genworth Financial and China Oceanwide waived the $600 million contribution for the May 2018 senior notes and accordingly China Oceanwide did not, and is no longer obligated to, make the originally contemplated $600 million contribution. China Oceanwide and Genworth have agreed on a capital investment plan under which China Oceanwide and/or its affiliates will contribute an aggregate of $1.5 billion to Genworth over time following consummation of the Merger, with the final amounts of the plan expected to be contributed by December 31, 2019. This contribution is subject to the closing of the Merger and the receipt of required regulatory approvals. The $1.5 billion contribution would be used to further improve our financial stability, which could include retiring debt due in 2020 and 2021 or enabling future growth opportunities. 5 At this time Genworth Financial and China Oceanwide remain committed to satisfying the closing conditions under the Merger Agreement as soon as possible. However, if the parties are unable to satisfy the closing conditions by March 15, 2019 and are unable to reach an agreement as to a further extension of the deadline, then either party may terminate the Merger Agreement pursuant to its terms. If the China Oceanwide transaction is completed, we will be a standalone subsidiary and our senior management team will continue to lead the business from our current headquarters in Richmond, Virginia. Likewise, we intend to maintain our existing portfolio of businesses, including our mortgage insurance businesses in Australia and Canada. Except for the specific monitoring and reporting required under the CFIUS data security risk mitigation plan, our day-to-day operations are not expected to change as a result of this transaction. Restructuring of U.S. Life Insurance Businesses One of our previous strategic objectives was to separate, through the GLAIC unstacking, and then isolate, through a series of internal transactions, our long-term care insurance business from our other U.S. life insurance businesses. Our goal under the plan had been to align substantially all of our non-New York in-force life insurance and annuity business under GLAIC, our Virginia domiciled life insurance company, and substantially all of our non-New York long-term care insurance business under GLIC, our Delaware domiciled life insurance company. On August 14, 2018, Genworth Financial and China Oceanwide entered into the sixth waiver and agreement, pursuant to which the parties waived the provisions in the Merger Agreement related to the GLAIC unstacking. Because of the decision by Genworth Financial and China Oceanwide not to pursue the GLAIC unstacking at this time in connection with the Merger, it is now contemplated that we will not pursue the GLAIC unstacking as a part of our strategic objective to restructure our U.S. life insurance businesses for the foreseeable future. However, we will continue to work to stabilize our long-term care insurance business primarily through our multi-year long-term care insurance in-force rate action plan. Increased premiums and associated benefit reductions on our legacy long-term care insurance policies are critical to support the policy claims of the business. Given that Genworth Financial and China Oceanwide will no longer pursue the GLAIC unstacking, and in line with Genworth Financial’s strategic objective to restructure its U.S. life insurance businesses through isolating the long-term care insurance business, Genworth Holdings completed a bond consent solicitation on October 4, 2018 to amend its senior notes indenture to clarify that GLAIC and the subsidiaries of GLIC, GLAIC and Genworth Life Insurance Company of New York (“GLICNY”) are excluded from the class of subsidiaries for which a bankruptcy, insolvency or other similar proceeding would result in an event of default under the indenture with respect to certain outstanding senior notes. China Oceanwide has no current intention or future obligation to contribute additional capital to support our legacy long-term care insurance business. The parties have agreed, however, that following the closing of the Merger, Genworth Holdings would contribute $175 million in aggregate to GLIC over time. Term Loan Due to the delay in the closing of the China Oceanwide transaction, we entered into the Term Loan with an aggregate principal amount of $450 million that closed in March 2018. Proceeds of $441 million from the Term Loan were used together with $175 million of cash on hand to retire the principal and accrued interest of the May 2018 senior notes. An affiliate of China Oceanwide was the lead investor in the transaction. This affiliate sold its $60 million investment in the Term Loan during the fourth quarter of 2018. The Term Loan includes a limited recourse guarantee secured by the publicly listed shares of Genworth MI Canada Inc. (“Genworth Canada”), held by Genworth Financial International Holdings, LLC (“GFIH”), an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of Genworth Financial. 6 Strategic Alternatives If the China Oceanwide transaction is not completed, we will continue to explore strategic alternatives and financing options to address our ongoing challenges. As a result of the recent performance of our long-term care and life insurance businesses and the charges we recorded in the third quarter of 2016 and fourth quarters of 2016, 2017 and 2018, absent any alternative commitment of external capital, we believe there would be: increased pressure on and potential further downgrades of our financial strength ratings, particularly for our mortgage insurance businesses, which could affect our ability to maintain our market share of the U.S. mortgage insurance industry; limitations on our ability to continue to write new long-term care insurance policies; and other limitations on our holding company liquidity and ability to service and/or refinance our holding company debt. In the absence of the transaction with China Oceanwide, which we can neither predict nor guarantee, we may need to pursue strategic asset sales to address our debt maturities, including potential sales of our mortgage insurance businesses in Canada and/or Australia. We have and would continue to evaluate options to insulate our U.S. mortgage insurance business from additional ratings pressure, including a potential partial sale, in the event the transaction with China Oceanwide cannot be completed. Changes to our financial projections, including changes that anticipate planned asset sales, may negatively impact our ability to realize certain foreign tax credits or other deferred tax assets and have a resulting material adverse effect on our results of operations. Ongoing Priorities Stabilizing our U.S. life insurance businesses continues to be one of our long-term goals. We will continue to execute against this objective primarily through our multi-year long-term care insurance in-force rate action plan. Increased premiums and associated benefit reductions on our legacy long-term care insurance policies are critical to support the policy claims of the business. In addition, reducing debt will remain a high priority. We believe that increased financial support and our strengthened financial foundation resulting from the China Oceanwide transaction would provide us with more options to manage our debt maturities and reduce overall indebtedness, which in turn is intended to improve our credit and ratings profile over time. Finally, we also believe that the completion of the China Oceanwide transaction would allow us to place greater focus on the future of our long-term care and mortgage insurance businesses while continuing to service our existing policyholders. For a discussion of the risks associated with the China Oceanwide transaction and our strategic alternatives, see “Item 1A—Risk Factors—The proposed transaction with China Oceanwide may not be completed or may not be completed within the timeframe, terms or in the manner currently anticipated, which could have a material adverse effect on us and our stock price.” For a discussion of our multi-year long-term care insurance in-force rate action plan, see “Item 7— Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Significant Developments.” U.S. Mortgage Insurance Through our U.S. Mortgage Insurance segment, we provide private mortgage insurance. Private mortgage insurance enables borrowers to buy homes with a down payment of less than 20% of the home’s value (“low down payment mortgages” or “high loan-to-value mortgages”). Mortgage insurance protects lenders against loss in the event of a borrower’s default. It also generally aids financial institutions in managing their capital efficiently by, in some cases, reducing the capital required for low down payment mortgages. If a borrower defaults on mortgage payments, private mortgage insurance reduces and may eliminate losses to the insured institution. Private mortgage insurance may also facilitate the sale of mortgage loans in the secondary mortgage market because of the credit enhancement it provides. Our mortgage insurance products predominantly insure prime-based, individually underwritten residential mortgage loans (“flow mortgage insurance”). We selectively 7 provide mortgage insurance on a bulk basis (“bulk mortgage insurance”) with essentially all of our bulk writings being prime-based. We have been providing mortgage insurance products and services in the United States since 1981 and operate in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. Our principal mortgage insurance customers are originators of residential mortgage loans who typically determine which mortgage insurer or insurers they will use for the placement of mortgage insurance written on loans they originate. For the year ended December 31, 2018, approximately 21% of new insurance written in our U.S. mortgage insurance business was attributable to our largest five lender customers, with no customer representing more than 10% of new insurance written. The U.S. private mortgage insurance industry is affected in part by the requirements and practices of the Federal National Mortgage Association (“Fannie Mae”) and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“Freddie Mac”). Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac are government-sponsored enterprises and we refer to them collectively as the “GSEs.” The GSEs purchase and provide guarantees on residential mortgages as part of their governmental mandate to provide liquidity through the secondary mortgage market. The GSEs may purchase mortgages with unpaid principal amounts up to a specified maximum, known as the “conforming loan limit,” which is currently $484,350 (up to $726,525 in certain high-cost geographic areas of the country) and subject to annual adjustment. Each GSE’s Congressional charter generally prohibits it from purchasing a mortgage where the loan-to-value ratio exceeds 80% of the home value unless the portion of the unpaid principal balance of the mortgage in excess of 80% of the value of the property securing the mortgage is protected against default by lender recourse, participation or by a qualified insurer. Much of the demand for private mortgage insurance is a function of the requirements of the GSEs. The GSEs purchased the majority of the flow loans we insured as of December 31, 2018. The GSEs specify mortgage insurance coverage levels and also have the authority to change the pricing arrangements for purchasing retained-participation mortgages, or mortgages with lender recourse, as compared to insured mortgages, increase or reduce required mortgage insurance coverage percentages, and alter or liberalize underwriting standards and pricing terms on low down payment mortgages they purchase. In furtherance of their respective charter requirements, each GSE maintains eligibility criteria to establish when a mortgage insurer is qualified to issue coverage that will be acceptable to the GSEs for high loan-to-value mortgages they acquire. For more information about the financial and other requirements of the GSEs for our U.S. mortgage insurance subsidiaries, see “—Regulation—Mortgage Insurance Regulation—Other U.S. regulation.” Selected financial information and operating performance measures regarding our U.S. Mortgage Insurance segment are included under “Part II—Item 7—Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—U.S. Mortgage Insurance segment.” Products and services The majority of our U.S. mortgage insurance policies provide primary default loss protection on a portion (typically 10% to 40%, known as the “coverage percentage”) of the outstanding principal balance of an individual mortgage loan plus specified expenses. The lender selects the coverage percentage at the time the loan is originated, often to comply with loan investor requirements. Primary mortgage insurance is placed through flow or bulk mortgage insurance policies. Flow insurance applications are submitted on a loan by loan basis, either before or shortly after the loan closes (usually no more than 120 days from loan closing). The loan amount and coverage percentage determine our risk in-force on each insured loan. The lender may require the borrower to pay for the mortgage insurance under the terms of the mortgage in which case the premium is typically included in the borrower’s monthly mortgage payment (“borrower paid mortgage insurance”). Lenders also may offer to finance the premium by including it in the loan balance and disbursing funds to the mortgage insurer at the loan closing. Lenders may also directly fund the insurance premium (“lender paid mortgage insurance”) and may seek to recover that 8 expense from the interest or fees charged on the mortgage. Our primary mortgage insurance policies are predominantly flow mortgage insurance policies. In addition to flow primary mortgage insurance, we have in prior years written mortgage insurance on a bulk and pool basis. Bulk mortgage insurance transactions provide coverage on a finite set of individual loans identified by the bulk policy. Bulk policies may contain coverage percentages and provisions limiting the insurer’s obligation to pay claims until a threshold amount is reached (known as a “deductible”) or capping the insurer’s potential aggregate liability for claims payments (a “stop loss”). Under pool insurance, the mortgage insurer provides coverage for 100% of the loss on a loan (i.e., without the application of a coverage percentage on individual loans within the pool). Bulk and pool insurance typically are secondary coverage to any primary insurance that may be on a loan and the insurer typically is no longer required to cover losses above the stop loss. Lenders negotiate the terms and conditions of bulk and pool coverage including loan type eligibility, stop losses, premium amounts and coverage termination. We also perform fee-based contract underwriting services for mortgage lenders. The provision of underwriting services by mortgage insurers eliminates the duplicative lender and mortgage insurer underwriting activities and expedites the approval process. Under the terms of our contract underwriting agreements, we agree to indemnify the lender against losses incurred in the event we make material errors in determining whether loans processed by our contract underwriters meet specified underwriting or purchase criteria, subject to contractual limitations on liability. Underwriting and pricing Insurance applications comprised in part of information from the loan application file for all flow loans we insure are reviewed to determine eligibility based on underwriting guidelines we approve as well as to establish the applicable premium. We evaluate each borrower’s credit strength and history, the characteristics of the loan and the value of the underlying property. Loan applications for flow mortgage insurance are either directly reviewed by us (or our contract underwriters), or as noted below, by lenders under delegated authority and in either case may utilize automated underwriting systems. A substantial number of our mortgage lender customers underwrite loan applications for mortgage insurance under a delegated underwriting program, in which we permit approved lenders to commit us to insure loans using our pre-approved underwriting guidelines, including credit scores. When underwriting bulk mortgage insurance transactions, we evaluate characteristics of the loans in the portfolio, including credit scores, and examine all or a sample of loan files. We set premiums at the time a certificate of insurance is issued based on our expectations regarding likely performance of a loan. Once a certificate of coverage is issued, we are not able to alter the premium charged or cancel coverage without cause. We continue to monitor current housing conditions and the performance of our books of business to determine if we need to make further changes in our pricing or underwriting guidelines and practices. Fair Isaac Company (“FICO”) developed the FICO credit scoring model to calculate a score based upon a borrower’s credit history. We use the FICO credit score as one indicator of a borrower’s credit quality. Typically, a borrower with a higher credit score has a lower likelihood of defaulting on a loan. FICO credit scores range up to 850, with a score of 620 or more generally viewed as a “prime” loan and a score below 620 generally viewed as a “sub-prime” loan. “A minus” loans generally are loans where the borrowers have FICO credit scores between 575 and 660, and where the borrower has a blemished credit history. As of December 31, 2018, on a risk in-force basis and at the time of loan closing, approximately 99% of our primary insurance loans were “prime” in credit quality with FICO credit scores of at least 620. Loss mitigation Under our flow master policies, upon receipt of a valid claim we are generally required to pay the coverage percentage specified in the certificate of insurance and related expenses, but we also have the option to pay the lender an amount equal to the total unpaid loan principal (i.e., without applying the coverage percentage), delinquent interest and other expenses incurred with the default and foreclosure, and acquire title to the property. 9 If a property is sold by the lender to a third party with our approval, the claim amount may be reduced or eliminated. We work closely with lenders who identify and monitor delinquent borrowers. When a delinquency cannot be cured through basic collections, we have the right to approve loan modifications and seek the cooperation of servicers in modifying the terms and conditions of delinquent mortgage loans so as to enable borrowers to stay in their home and avoid foreclosure, thereby potentially reducing our claims. We have granted loss mitigation delegation to servicers whereby they perform loss mitigation efforts on our behalf. Moreover, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau’s (“CFPB”) mortgage servicing rule obligates servicers to engage in loss mitigation efforts with a borrower prior to foreclosure. These efforts have traditionally involved loan modifications intended to enable qualified borrowers to make restructured loan payments or efforts to sell the property thereby potentially reducing claim amounts to us. After a delinquency is reported to us, we review, and where appropriate conduct further investigations. Under our master policies, we may request specified documentation concerning the origination, closing and servicing of an insured loan. Failure to deliver required documentation or our review of such documentation may result in rescission, cancellation or claims curtailment or denial. We will consider an insured’s appeal of our decision and if we agree with the appeal we take the necessary steps to reinstate uninterrupted insurance coverage and reactivate the loan certificate or otherwise address the issues raised in the appeal. If the parties are unable to agree on the outcome of the appeal, the insured may choose to pursue arbitration or litigation under the master policies and challenge the results. If arbitrated, ultimate resolution of the dispute would be pursuant to a panel’s binding arbitration award. Subject to applicable limitations in the master policies, legal challenges to our actions may be brought several years later. For additional information regarding our master policies, see “—Regulation—U.S. Insurance Regulation—Policy forms.” From time to time, we enter into agreements with policyholders to accelerate claims and negotiate an agreed upon payment amount for claims on an identified group of delinquent loans. In exchange for our accelerated claim payment, mortgage insurance is cancelled and we are discharged from any further liability on the identified loans. Distribution We distribute our mortgage insurance products through our dedicated sales force throughout the United States. This sales force primarily markets to financial institutions and mortgage originators which impose a requirement for mortgage insurance as part of the borrower’s financing. In addition to our field sales force, we also distribute our products through a telephone sales force serving our smaller lenders, as well as through our “Action Center” which provides live phone support for all customer segments. Competition Our principal sources of competition are U.S. and state government agencies and other private mortgage insurers. We also compete with mortgage lenders and other investors, the GSEs, structured transactions in the capital markets, reinsurers and with other financial instruments designed to mitigate credit risk. U.S. and state government agencies. We and other private mortgage insurers compete for flow mortgage insurance business directly with U.S. federal and state governmental and quasi-governmental agencies, principally the Federal Housing Administration (“FHA”) and the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (“VA”). In addition to competition from the FHA and the VA, we and other private mortgage insurers face competition from certain local- and state-level housing finance agencies. Private mortgage insurers. The U.S. private mortgage insurance industry remains highly competitive. There are currently six active mortgage insurers, including us. Mortgage lenders, the GSEs, reinsurers and other participants in the mortgage finance industry. We have experienced competition in recent years from various participants in the mortgage finance industry including loan originators, the GSEs, investment banks and other purchasers of interests in mortgages as well as reinsurers and 10 other participants in the capital markets. Competition from lenders has been in the form of self-insurance or origination of simultaneous second mortgages used to bring the loan-to-value ratio of a first mortgage below the level where mortgage insurance is required by the GSEs. The GSEs have continued to enter into risk sharing transactions with financial institutions other than mortgage insurers designed to reduce the risk of their mortgage portfolios partly in response to their conservator, the Federal Housing Finance Agency (“FHFA”). Third-party reinsurers have historically entered into transactions with mortgage insurers, including with our U.S. mortgage insurance subsidiaries, pursuant to which the third-party reinsurer assumes mortgage insurance risk for a fee. We may also compete with structured transactions in the capital markets and other financial instruments designed to mitigate the risk of mortgage defaults, such as credit default swaps and credit linked notes. Canada Mortgage Insurance We entered the Canadian mortgage insurance market in 1995 and operate in every province and territory. We are currently the leading private mortgage insurer in the Canadian market. In July 2009, Genworth Canada, our indirect subsidiary, completed an initial public offering (“IPO”) of its common shares and we currently hold approximately 57.0% of the outstanding common shares of Genworth Canada on a consolidated basis, with GFIH holding 40.5% and our U.S. mortgage insurance business holding 16.5%. See note 23 in our consolidated financial statements under “Part II—Item 8—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for additional information. Selected financial information and operating performance measures regarding our Canada Mortgage Insurance segment are included under “Part II—Item 7—Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Canada Mortgage Insurance segment.” Products Our main products are primary flow and bulk mortgage insurance. In both primary flow and bulk mortgage insurance, our mortgage insurance in Canada provides insurance coverage for 100% of the unpaid loan balance, including interest, selling costs and expenses. Regulations in Canada require the use of mortgage insurance for all high loan-to-value mortgage loans extended by federally incorporated banks, trust companies and insurers, where the loan-to-value ratio exceeds 80%. Most mortgage lenders in Canada offer both fixed rate and variable rate mortgages. High loan-to-value mortgages insured by our mortgage insurance business in Canada tend to be predominantly fixed rate mortgages of at least a five-year term, at the end of which the mortgages can be renewed. Most mortgage lenders in Canada offer a portability feature, which allows borrowers to transfer their original mortgage loan to a new property, subject to certain criteria. Our flow mortgage insurance policies contain a portability feature which allows borrowers to also transfer the mortgage default insurance associated with the mortgage loan. We also provide bulk mortgage insurance to lenders that have originated loans with loan-to-value ratios of less than or equal to 80%. These policies provide lenders with immediate capital relief from applicable bank regulatory capital requirements and facilitate the securitization of mortgages in the Canadian market. Government guarantee eligibility We are subject to regulation under the Protection of Residential Mortgage or Hypothecary Insurance Act (Canada) (“PRMHIA”). Under the terms of PRMHIA, the Canadian government guarantees the benefits payable under a mortgage insurance policy, less 10% of the original principal amount of an insured loan, in the event that we fail to make claim payments with respect to that loan because of insolvency. We pay the Canadian government a risk fee for this guarantee. Because banks are not required to maintain regulatory capital on an asset backed by a sovereign guarantee, our 90% sovereign guarantee permits lenders purchasing our mortgage insurance to reduce their regulatory capital charges for credit risks on mortgages by 90%. Our primary government-sponsored competitor receives a 100% sovereign guarantee. The maximum outstanding insured 11 exposure for private insured mortgages is CAD$350.0 billion, and the risk fee that we and other private mortgage insurers pay to the Canadian government is equal to 2.25% of gross premiums written. Over the past several years, the Canadian government implemented a series of revisions to the rules for government guaranteed mortgages. We have incorporated these revisions into our underwriting guidelines. For more information about PRMHIA, see “—Regulation—Mortgage Insurance Regulation—Canada regulation.” Underwriting and pricing We review loan applications for all flow mortgage insurance loans we insure in Canada to evaluate each individual borrower’s credit strength and history, the characteristics of the loan and the value of the underlying property. We evaluate the credit strength of a borrower by reviewing his or her credit history and credit score. We employ internal mortgage scoring models in the underwriting processes, as well as automated valuation models to evaluate property risk and fraud application prevention and management tools. When underwriting bulk mortgage insurance transactions, we evaluate characteristics of the loans in the portfolio and examine loan files on a sample basis. Loan applications for flow mortgage insurance in Canada are processed through a system that analyzes the data based on pre-established criteria and systematically determines the approval status. Our employees manually review loans that do not meet the criteria for automated decisioning. We have established an audit plan to review underwritten loans to ensure that documentation supports the data provided by lenders. Our audit teams request and review samples (statistically valid and/or stratified) of performing loans. Once an audit review has been completed, our audit teams summarize and evaluate their findings against policy. If our audit teams detect non-compliance issues, we work with the lender to develop appropriate corrective actions. We regularly evaluate our new business risk profile, which includes: reviewing underwriting guidelines, product restrictions and reducing new business in geographic areas we believe are more economically sensitive. We believe these underwriting actions have improved our performance on our more recent books of business. Loss mitigation In Canada, we work closely with lenders to identify and monitor delinquent borrowers. When a delinquency cannot be cured through basic collections, we work with the lender and, if permitted, with the borrower to identify an optimal loan workout solution. If it is determined that the borrower has the capacity to make a modified mortgage payment, we work with the lender to implement the most appropriate payment plan to address the borrower’s hardship situation. If the borrower does not have the capacity to make payments on a modified loan, we work with the lender and borrower to sell the property at the best price to minimize the severity of our claim and provide the borrower with a reasonable resolution. We continue to execute a strategy to accelerate and facilitate the conveyance of real estate properties to us in selected circumstances. This strategy allows for better control of the remediation and marketing processes, reduction in carrying costs during the sale process and potential realization of a higher sales price with the cumulative impact being lower losses. After a delinquency is reported to us, or after a claim is received, we review, and where appropriate conduct further investigations, to determine if there has been an event of underwriting non-compliance, non-disclosure of relevant information or any misrepresentation of information provided during the underwriting process. Our master policies provide that we may rescind coverage if there has been any failure to comply with agreed underwriting criteria or in the event of fraud or misrepresentation involving the lender or an agent of the lender. If such issues are identified, the claim or delinquent loan file is reviewed to determine the appropriate action, including potentially reducing the claim amount to be paid or rescinding the coverage. Generally, the issues we have initially identified are reviewed with the lender and the lender has an opportunity to provide further information or documentation to resolve the issue. Additionally, we may pursue recoveries from borrowers for paid claims within the time period permitted by law and use third-party collection agencies to assist in these recoveries. 12 Distribution and customers We maintain a dedicated sales force that markets our mortgage insurance products in Canada to lenders. Our sales force markets to financial institutions and mortgage originators, who in turn offer mortgage insurance products to borrowers. Residential mortgage financing in Canada is concentrated in the country’s largest five banks and a limited number of other mortgage originators. The majority of our business in Canada comes from this group of residential mortgage originators. For example, two individual lender customers represented approximately 10% and 11% of total gross written premiums in our mortgage insurance business in Canada for the year ended December 31, 2018. No other lender customer accounted for 10% or more of gross written premiums in 2018. Competition Our primary mortgage insurance competitor in Canada is the Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (“CMHC”) which is owned by the Canadian government, although we currently have one other private competitor in the Canadian market. CMHC’s mortgage insurance provides lenders with 100% capital relief from bank regulatory requirements. We compete with CMHC primarily based upon our reputation for high quality customer service, meeting customer service-level agreements for decision making on insurance applications, strong underwriting expertise and provision of support services. Australia Mortgage Insurance We entered the Australian mortgage insurance market in 1997. In 2018, we were a leading provider of mortgage insurance in Australia based upon flow new insurance written. In May 2014, Genworth Mortgage Insurance Australia Limited (“Genworth Australia”), a holding company for Genworth’s Australian mortgage insurance business, completed an IPO of its common shares and we currently beneficially own approximately 52.0% of the ordinary shares of Genworth Australia through our subsidiaries. See note 23 in our consolidated financial statements under “Part II—Item 8—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for additional information. Selected financial information and operating performance measures regarding our Australia Mortgage Insurance segment are included under “Part II—Item 7—Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Australia Mortgage Insurance segment.” Products In Australia, our main products are primary flow mortgage insurance, also known as lenders mortgage insurance (“LMI”), and bulk mortgage insurance, as well as structured insurance transactions where we provide excess of loss cover for bulk portfolios. LMI is similar to the single premium primary flow mortgage insurance we offer in Canada with 100% coverage. Residential mortgage loans in Australia are predominantly variable rate loans with 25 to 30 year terms. Lenders remit the single premium to us as the mortgage insurer following settlement of the loan and, generally, either collect the equivalent amount from the borrower at the time the loan proceeds are advanced or capitalize it in the loan. Banks, building societies and credit unions generally acquire LMI only for residential mortgage loans with loan-to-value ratios above 80%. The Australian Prudential Regulation Authority (“APRA”) makes and enforces the rules which govern authorized deposit-taking institutions (“ADIs”). APRA uses an application of international capital standards issued by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (“Basel Committee”), which are collectively termed the Basel framework, that generally allow for reduced capital requirements for high loan-to-value residential mortgage loans if they have been insured by a mortgage insurance company regulated by APRA. APRA’s application of the Basel framework for ADIs uses an internal ratings-based (“IRB”) approach in which the IRB models must be APRA approved. The IRB models may or may not allocate capital credit for LMI. We do not believe that the IRB ADIs currently benefit from an explicit reduction in their capital 13 requirements for mortgage loans covered by mortgage insurance. We also believe that APRA and the IRB ADIs have not yet finalized internal models for residential mortgage risk. APRA’s insurance authorization conditions require Australian mortgage insurance companies, including ours, to be monoline insurers, which are insurance companies that offer just one type of insurance product. We also provide bulk mortgage insurance in Australia mainly to APRA-regulated lenders that intend to securitize Australian residential loans they have originated. Bulk mortgage insurance serves as an important source of credit enhancement for the Australian securitization market, and our bulk coverage is generally purchased for low loan-to-value, seasoned loans, and accounted for approximately 10% of new insurance written in our Australian mortgage insurance business for the year ended December 31, 2018. Underwriting and pricing Loan applications for all flow loans we insure in Australia are reviewed either by us or approved lenders under delegated underwriting authority to evaluate each individual borrower’s credit strength and history, the characteristics of the loan and the value of the underlying property. Unlike in the United States where FICO credit scores are broadly used in evaluating a borrower’s credit strength, standardized credit scores are not widely used in Australia. We employ internal scoring models in the underwriting process and use risk rules models to enhance the underwriter’s ability to evaluate the loan risk and make consistent underwriting decisions. Additional tools used by our mortgage insurance business in Australia include automated valuation models to evaluate property risk and fraud application prevention and management tools. When underwriting bulk mortgage insurance transactions, we evaluate characteristics of the loans in the portfolio and examine loan files on a sample basis. Our delegated underwriting program, in which loan applications for flow mortgage insurance are reviewed by employees of qualified mortgage lender customers who underwrite loan applications for mortgage insurance, permits approved lenders to commit us to insure loans using underwriting guidelines we have previously approved. We have established an audit plan to review delegated underwritten loans to ensure compliance with the approved underwriting guidelines, operational procedures and master policy requirements. Our audit teams request and review samples (statistically valid and/or stratified) of performing loans. Once an audit review has been completed, our audit teams summarize and evaluate their findings against policy. If our audit teams detect non-compliance issues, we work with the lender to develop appropriate corrective actions. We regularly take actions to reduce our new business risk profile, which include: reviewing underwriting guidelines, product restrictions, reducing new business in geographic areas we believe are more economically sensitive, and terminating commercial relationships as a result of weaker business performance. We have also increased prices for certain products based on periodic reviews of performance, with a focus on higher risk segments. We believe these underwriting and pricing actions have improved our performance on newer books of business. Loss mitigation In Australia, we work closely with lenders to identify and monitor delinquent borrowers. When a delinquency cannot be cured through basic collections, we work with the lender to identify an optimal loan workout solution. If it is determined that the borrower has the capacity to make a modified mortgage loan payment, we work with the lender to implement the most appropriate payment plan to address the borrower’s hardship situation. If the borrower does not have the capacity to make payments on a modified loan, we work with the lender and borrower to sell the property at the best price to minimize the severity of our claim and provide the borrower with a reasonable resolution. After a delinquency is reported to us, or after a claim is received, we review, and where appropriate conduct further investigations, to determine if there has been an event of underwriting non-compliance, non-disclosure of 14 relevant information or any misrepresentation of information provided during the underwriting process. Our master policies provide that we may rescind coverage if there has been any failure to comply with agreed underwriting criteria or in the event of fraud or misrepresentation involving the lender or an agent of the lender. If such issues are identified, the claim or delinquent loan file is reviewed to determine the appropriate action, including potentially reducing the claim amount to be paid or rescinding the coverage. Generally, the issues we have initially identified are reviewed with the lender and the lender has an opportunity to provide further information or documentation to resolve the issue. We may also review a group or portfolio of insured loans if we believe there may be systemic misrepresentations or non-compliance issues. If such issues are detected, we generally will work with the lender to develop an agreed settlement in respect of the group of loans so identified. Additionally, we may pursue recoveries from borrowers for paid claims within the time period permitted by law and use third-party collection agencies to assist in these recoveries. Distribution and customers We maintain a dedicated sales force that markets our mortgage insurance products in Australia to lenders. Our sales force markets to financial institutions and mortgage originators. There is concentration among a small group of banks that write most of the residential mortgage loans in Australia. We maintain strong relationships within the major bank and regional bank channels, as well as building societies, credit unions and non-bank mortgage originators called mortgage managers. The four largest mortgage originators in Australia provide the majority of the financing for residential mortgages in that country. Our mortgage insurance business in Australia is concentrated in a small number of key customers. For instance, for the year ended December 31, 2018, our largest customer represented approximately 55% of gross written premiums. In November 2016, we entered into a new contract with our largest customer, effective January 1, 2017, with a term of three years. In November 2018, we entered into a new contract with our second largest customer, effective November 21, 2018, with a term of two years and the option to extend for an additional year at the customer’s discretion. This customer represented approximately 16% of our gross written premiums for the year ended December 31, 2018. No other customer represented 10% or more of gross written premiums in 2018. These banks continue to evaluate the utilization of mortgage insurance in connection with the implementation of the bank capital standards in Australia based on the standards of the Basel Committee, and this could impact both the size of the private mortgage insurance market in Australia and our market share. The response of banks to the new capital standards will develop over time and this response could impact our Australian mortgage insurance business. Competition The Australian flow mortgage insurance market is primarily served by us and one other private mortgage insurance company, as well as certain lender-affiliated captive mortgage insurance companies. In addition, some lenders self-insure certain high loan-to-value mortgage risks. On January 17, 2019, APRA authorized a third private mortgage insurance company to conduct business in Australia. It is too early to determine the impact this additional competitor will have on our market share. We compete primarily based upon our reputation for high quality customer service, meeting customer service-level agreements for decision making on insurance applications, strong underwriting expertise and flexibility in terms of product development and provision of support services. U.S. Life Insurance Through our U.S. Life Insurance segment, we offer long-term care insurance products. On March 7, 2016, we suspended sales of our traditional life insurance and fixed annuity products. While we no longer solicit sales of these products, we continue to service our existing retained and reinsured blocks of business. On April 1, 15 2017, we acquired a North Carolina domiciled life insurance company, Securitas Financial Life Insurance Company, which we renamed Genworth Insurance Company, for a net purchase price of $5 million. During 2018 and 2017, we contributed capital of $6 million and $11 million, respectively, to this company. We plan to offer new long-term care solutions from this new life insurance company following the China Oceanwide transaction. Selected financial information and operating performance measures regarding our U.S. Life Insurance segment are included under “Part II—Item 7—Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—U.S. Life Insurance segment.” Long-term care insurance We established ourselves as a leader in long-term care insurance over 40 years ago and remain a leading insurer. We believe our experience, hedging strategies and reinsurance reduce some of the risks associated with these products. Products Our individual and group long-term care insurance products provide defined levels of protection against the significant costs of long-term care services provided in the insured’s home or in assisted living or nursing facilities. In contrast to health insurance, long-term care insurance provides coverage for skilled and custodial care provided outside of a hospital or health-related facility. Despite our low sales levels in our long-term care insurance business given our current ratings, we continue to evaluate new products and market trends to meet consumer needs. Underwriting We employ medical underwriting procedures to assess and quantify risks before we issue our individual long-term care insurance policies. Our group long-term care insurance product utilizes various underwriting processes, including modified guaranteed underwriting for actively at work employees and full medical underwriting for employees outside their enrollment window, retirees or others, including spouses of actively at work employees. We periodically review our underwriting requirements and have made, and may make changes to processes as needed. Pricing We have accumulated extensive pricing and claims experience. The overall financial performance of our long-term care insurance business depends primarily on the accuracy of our pricing assumptions, including for morbidity and mortality experience, persistency and investment yields. Our claims database provides us with substantial data that has helped us develop pricing methodologies for our newer policies. We tailor pricing based on segmented risk categories, including couples, gender, medical history and other factors. Financial performance on older policies issued without the full benefit of this experience has been worse than initially assumed in pricing of those blocks. We continually monitor trends and developments and update assumptions that may affect the risk, pricing and profitability of our long-term care insurance products and adjust our new product pricing and other terms, as appropriate. We also work with medical advisors and health industry experts which provide insights on emerging morbidity and medical trends, enabling us to be more proactive in our risk segmentation, pricing and product development strategies. 16 In-force rate actions As part of our strategy for our long-term care insurance business, we have been implementing, and expect to continue to pursue, significant premium rate increases and associated benefit reductions on older generation blocks of business in order to bring those blocks closer to a break-even point over time and reduce the strain on earnings and capital. We are also requesting premium rate increases and associated benefit reductions on newer blocks of business, as needed, some of which may be significant, to help bring their loss ratios back towards their original pricing. For all of these in-force rate action filings, we received 120 filing approvals from 33 states in 2018, representing a weighted-average increase of 45% on approximately $875 million in annualized in-force premiums. We also submitted 97 new filings in 30 states in 2018 on approximately $848 million in annualized in-force premiums. As of December 31, 2018, we have suspended sales in Hawaii, Massachusetts, Montana, New Hampshire and Vermont, and will consider taking similar actions in the future in other states where we are unable to obtain satisfactory rate increases on in-force policies and/or unable to obtain approval for new products. We will also consider litigation against states that decline actuarially justified rate increases. As of December 31, 2018, we were in litigation with one state that has refused to approve actuarially justified in-force rate actions. The approval process for in-force premium rate increases and the amount and timing of the rate increases approved vary by state. In certain states, the decision to approve or disapprove a rate increase can take several years. Upon approval, insureds are provided with written notice of the increase and increases are generally applied on the insured’s next policy anniversary date. As a result, the benefits of any in-force rate increase are not fully realized until the implementation cycle is complete and are, therefore, expected to be realized over time. For certain risks related to our long-term care insurance premiums and in-force rate increases, see “Item 1A— Risk Factors—Our financial condition, results of operations, long-term care insurance products and/or our reputation in the market may be adversely affected if we are not able to increase premiums and associated benefit reductions on our in-force long-term care insurance policies by enough or quickly enough; and the increased premiums or associated benefit reductions currently being implemented, as well as any future in-force rate actions, may lower product demand.” Distribution Currently, we distribute our products primarily through appointed independent producers and employer groups. We work to develop existing relationships with select distribution partners whose priorities closely align with ours. Additionally, we intend to focus on forming new partnerships that may incrementally expand our customer reach, especially to those in the middle market. Across all channels, we expect to prioritize closer relationships with consumers. Our lower ratings from rating agency actions have resulted in distributor suspensions. We expect that our sales will continue to be adversely impacted by our current ratings. Future adverse ratings announcements or actions could further negatively impact our sales levels. Competition Competition in the long-term care insurance industry is primarily from a limited number of insurance companies. Our products compete by providing consumers with an array of long-term care coverage solutions. A broad set of insurers compete in the combination product market whereby they offer life insurance products with riders that accelerate or enhance benefits based upon a long-term care need, and other combination products. We expect that continued changes in the competitive landscape of the long-term care insurance market as well as our financial strength ratings will continue to impact our sales levels. 17 Life insurance Life insurance products provide protection against financial hardship after the death of an insured. Some of these products also offer a savings element that can help accumulate funds to meet future financial needs. We previously sold traditional life insurance product offerings including universal and term life insurance. We also previously sold an index universal life insurance product and linked-benefit products, combining a universal life insurance contract with a long-term care insurance rider. We continue to hold in-force blocks of these products, as well as in-force blocks of term universal life and whole life insurance. Fixed annuities Fixed annuity products help individuals create dependable income streams for life or for a specified period of time and help them save and invest to achieve financial goals. We previously sold traditional fixed annuity product offerings, including single premium deferred annuities, single premium immediate annuities and structured settlements. We continue to hold in-force blocks of these products. Single premium deferred annuities Fixed single premium deferred annuities require a single premium payment at time of issue and provide an accumulation period and an annuity payout period. The annuity payout period in these products may be either a defined number of years, the annuitant’s lifetime or the longer of a defined number of years and the annuitant’s lifetime. During the accumulation period, we credit the account value of the annuity with interest earned at a crediting rate guaranteed for no less than one year at issue, but which may be guaranteed for up to seven years, and thereafter is subject to annual crediting rate resets at our discretion. The crediting rate is based upon many factors including prevailing market rates, spreads and targeted returns, subject to statutory and contractual minimums. The majority of our fixed single premium deferred annuity contractholders retain their contracts for five to ten years. Fixed indexed annuities have been part of our product suite of single premium deferred annuities. Fixed indexed annuities provide an annual crediting rate that is based on the performance of a defined external index rather than a rate that is declared by the insurance company. The external indices we use are the S&P 500® and the Barclay’s U.S. Low Volatility ER II Index. Our fixed indexed annuity product also may provide guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefits (“GMWBs”). Single premium immediate annuities Single premium immediate annuities provide a fixed amount of income for either a defined number of years, the annuitant’s lifetime or the longer of a defined number of years and the annuitant’s lifetime in exchange for a single premium. Structured settlements Structured settlement annuity contracts provide an alternative to a lump sum settlement, generally in a personal injury lawsuit or workers compensation claim, and typically are purchased by property and casualty insurance companies for the benefit of an injured claimant. The structured settlements provide scheduled payments over a fixed period or, in the case of a life-contingent structured settlement, for the life of the claimant with a guaranteed minimum period of payments. Runoff The Runoff segment includes the results of non-strategic products which have not been actively sold since 2011 but we continue to service our existing blocks of business. Our non-strategic products primarily include variable annuity, variable life insurance, institutional, corporate-owned life insurance and other accident and health insurance products. Institutional products consist of funding agreements and funding agreements backing notes (“FABNs”). 18 Selected financial information and operating performance measures regarding our Runoff segment are included under “Part II—Item 7—Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Runoff segment.” Products Variable annuities and variable life insurance Our variable annuities provide contractholders the ability to allocate purchase payments and contract value to underlying investment options available in a separate account format. The contractholder bears the risk associated with the performance of investments in the separate account. In addition, some of our variable annuities permit customers to allocate assets to a guaranteed interest account managed within our general account. Certain of our variable annuity products provide contractholders with lifetime guaranteed income benefits. Our variable annuity products generally provide guaranteed minimum death benefits (“GMDBs”) and may provide GMWBs and certain types of guaranteed annuitization benefits. Variable annuities generally provide us fees including mortality and expense risk charges and, in some cases, administrative charges. The fees equal a percentage of the contractholder’s policy account value or related benefit base value, and as of December 31, 2018, ranged from 0.75% to 4.20% per annum depending on the features and options within a contract. Our variable annuity contracts with a basic GMDB provide a minimum benefit to be paid upon the annuitant’s death, usually equal to the larger of the annuitant’s account value or the amount of net deposits. Some contractholders also have riders that provide enhanced death benefits. Assuming every annuitant died on December 31, 2018, as of that date, contracts with death benefit features not covered by reinsurance had an account value of $3,907 million and a related death benefit exposure, or net amount at risk, of $209 million. Some of our variable annuity products provide the contractholder with a guaranteed minimum income stream that they cannot outlive, along with an opportunity to participate in market appreciation. We no longer solicit sales of our variable annuity or variable life insurance products; however, we continue to service our existing block of business and accept deposits on existing contracts and policies. Institutional Our institutional products consist of funding agreements and FABNs, deposit-type contracts that allow funds to accumulate at a guaranteed rate of return over a specified period of time. We explore periodic issuance of our institutional products for asset-liability management and liquidity purposes. Corporate-owned life insurance We no longer offer our corporate-owned life insurance product; however, we continue to manage our existing block of business. Other accident and health insurance Our other accident and health insurance includes Medicare supplement insurance reinsured to a third party, and certain disability, accident and health insurance that we no longer sell but continue to manage our existing block of business. Corporate and Other Activities Our Corporate and Other activities include debt financing expenses that are incurred at the Genworth Holdings level, unallocated corporate income and expenses, eliminations of inter-segment transactions and the results of other businesses that are managed outside our operating segments, including certain smaller 19 international mortgage insurance businesses and discontinued operations. We have a presence in the private mortgage insurance market in Mexico and maintained a license in South Korea through the end of 2017. In January 2018, we terminated our license in South Korea. We are also a minority shareholder of a joint venture partnership in India that offers mortgage guarantees against borrower defaults on housing loans from mortgage lenders in India. The financial impact of this joint venture was minimal during 2018, 2017 and 2016. Corporate and Other activities also previously included our mortgage insurance businesses in Europe. On May 9, 2016, Genworth Mortgage Insurance Corporation (“GMICO”) completed the sale of our European mortgage insurance business to AmTrust Financial Services, Inc. and received net proceeds of approximately $50 million. See note 24 in our consolidated financial statements under “Part II—Item 8—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for additional information. On December 1, 2015, we sold our lifestyle protection insurance business to AXA for approximately $493 million. This business was accounted for as discontinued operations and its financial position, results of operations and cash flows were separately reported for all periods presented. We received net proceeds of approximately $400 million from the sale. See note 24 in our consolidated financial statements under “Part II— Item 8—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for additional information. Selected financial information regarding our Corporate and Other activities is included under “Part II— Item 7—Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Corporate and Other activities.” International Operations Our total revenues attributed to international operations for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 were approximately $1.0 billion, $0.7 billion and $1.1 billion, respectively. More information regarding our international operations and revenue in our largest countries is presented in note 19 to the consolidated financial statements under “Part II—Item 8—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” Risk Management Risk management is a critical part of our business. We have an enterprise risk management framework that includes risk management processes relating to economic capital analysis, strategic initiatives, product development and pricing, management of in-force business, including certain mitigating strategies and claims risk management, credit risk management, asset-liability management, liquidity management, investment activities, model risk management, portfolio diversification, underwriting and loss mitigation, financial databases and information systems, information technology risk management, data security and cybersecurity, business acquisitions and dispositions, operational risk assessment capabilities and overall operational risk management. We have identified the following as the most significant risk types to our business: credit risk, market risk, insurance risk, housing risk, operational risk, model risk and information technology risk. Related to these identified risk types, we have classified our top risks and frequently report those risks to both senior management and the risk committee of our Board of Directors. In addition, we have developed a process to identify and manage emerging risks and developed a model that seeks to quantify and calibrate all risks in their event of probability. Our risk management framework includes seven key components: risk type key attributes (to ensure full coverage); identification of risk exposures to identify top risks; business strategy and planning; governance; risk quantification (both qualitative and quantitative); risk appetite; and stress testing. Our risk management framework also includes an assessment and implementation of company and business risk appetites, the identification and assessment of risks, a proactive decision process to determine which risks are acceptable to be 20 retained (based on risk and reward considerations, among other factors) and the ongoing management, monitoring and reporting of material risks. Our risk management practices are an important component in the management of our legacy long-term care insurance in-force blocks of business. We continue to pursue significant premium rate increases and associated benefit reductions on our older generation long-term care insurance in-force block. In support of this initiative, we have developed processes that include experience studies to analyze emerging experience, reviews of in-force product performance, overviews of assumption review processes, and comprehensive monitoring and reporting. In connection with these processes, our risk management team works closely with the U.S. life insurance business to enhance proper governance and to better align the development of assumptions with the identified risks. As part of our evaluation of overall in-force product performance, new product initiatives and risk mitigation alternatives, we monitor regulatory and rating agency capital models as well as internal economic capital models to determine the appropriate level of risk-adjusted capital required. We utilize our internal economic capital model to assess the risk of loss to our capital resources based upon the portfolio of risks we underwrite and retain and upon our asset and operational risk profiles. Our commitment to risk management involves the ongoing review and expansion of internal risk management capabilities with a focus on improving infrastructure and modeling. Product development and management Our risk management process includes the development and introduction of new products and services. We have established a product development process that specifies a series of required analyses, reviews and approvals for any new product. For each proposed product, this process includes a review of the market opportunity and competitive landscape, major pricing assumptions and methodologies, return expectations and variability of returns, sensitivity analysis, asset-liability management, reinsurance and other risk mitigating strategies, underwriting criteria, legal, compliance and business risks and potential mitigating actions. Before we introduce a new product, we establish a monitoring program with specific performance targets and leading indicators, which we monitor frequently to identify any deviations from expected performance so that we can take corrective action if necessary. Significant product introductions, measured either by volume, level or type of risk, require approval by our senior management team at either the business or enterprise level. We use a similar process to introduce changes to existing products and to offer existing products in new markets and through new distribution channels. Product performance reviews include an analysis of the major drivers of profitability, underwriting performance and variations from expected results, including an in-depth experience analysis of the product’s major risk factors. Other areas of focus include the regulatory and competitive environments and other emerging factors that may affect product performance. In addition, we initiate special reviews when a product’s performance fails to meet the indicators we established during that product’s introductory review process for subsequent reviews of in-force blocks of business. If a product does not meet our performance criteria, we consider adjustments in pricing, design and marketing or ultimately discontinuing sales of that product. We review our underwriting, pricing, distribution and risk selection strategies on a regular basis in an effort to ensure that our products remain competitive and consistent with our marketing and profitability objectives. For example, in our mortgage insurance businesses, we review the profitability of lender accounts to assess whether our business with these lenders is achieving anticipated performance levels and to identify trends requiring remedial action, including changes to underwriting guidelines, product mix or other customer performance. We adhere to risk management disciplines and aim to leverage these efforts in our distribution and management of our products. 21 Asset-liability management We maintain segmented investment portfolios for the majority of our product lines. This enables us to perform an ongoing analysis of the interest rate, foreign exchange, equity, volatility and liquidity risks associated with each major product line, in addition to credit risks for our overall enterprise versus approved limits. We analyze the behavior of our liability cash flows across a wide variety of scenarios, reflecting policy features and expected policyholder behavior. Similarly, we analyze the potential cash flow variability of our asset portfolios across a wide variety of scenarios. We believe this analysis shows the sensitivity of both our assets and liabilities to changes in economic environments and enables us to manage our assets and liabilities more effectively, including but not limited to, investing in assets that have maturities that align more closely with our longer duration liabilities. In addition, we deploy hedging programs to mitigate certain economic risks associated with our assets, liabilities and capital. For example, we partially hedge the equity, interest rate and market volatility risks in our variable annuity products, as well as interest rate risks in our long-term care insurance products. Liquidity management We monitor the cash and highly marketable investment positions in each of our operating companies against operating targets that are designed to ensure that we will have the cash necessary to meet our obligations as they come due. The targets are set based on stress scenarios that have the effect of increasing our expected cash outflows and decreasing our expected cash inflows. In addition, we monitor the ability of our operating companies to provide the dividends needed to meet the cash needs of our holding companies and analyze the impact of reduced dividend levels and other potential factors under stress scenarios that may impact the liquidity priorities of our holding companies, in particular Genworth Holdings (the holder of our outstanding debt). Portfolio diversification and investments We use new business and in-force product limits to manage our risk concentrations and to manage product, business level, geographic and other risk exposures. We manage unique product exposures in our business segments. For example, in managing our mortgage insurance risk exposure, we monitor geographic concentrations in our portfolio and the condition of housing markets in each major area in the countries in which we operate. We also monitor fundamental price indicators and factors that affect home prices and their affordability at the national and regional levels. In addition, our assets are managed within limitations to control credit risk and to avoid excessive concentration in our investment portfolio using defined investment and concentration guidelines that help ensure disciplined underwriting and oversight standards. We seek diversification in our investment portfolio by investing in multiple asset classes and limiting size of exposures. The portfolios are tailored to match, as closely as possible, the cash flow characteristics of our liabilities. We actively monitor exposures, changes in credit characteristics and shifts in markets. We utilize surveillance and quantitative credit risk analytics to identify concentrations and drive diversification of portfolio risks with respect to issuer, sector, rating and geographic concentration. Issuer credit limits for the investment portfolios of each of our businesses (based on business capital, portfolio size and relative issuer cumulative default risk) govern and control credit concentrations in our portfolio. Derivatives counterparty risk and reinsurer credit exposure are integrated into issuer limits as well. We also limit and actively monitor country and sovereign exposures in our global portfolio and evaluate and adjust our risk profiles, where needed, in response to geopolitical and economic developments in the relevant areas. Underwriting and loss mitigation Underwriting guidelines for all products are routinely reviewed and adjusted as necessary with the aim of providing policyholders with the appropriate premium and benefit structure. We have separate underwriting units in our businesses that develop ongoing processes to assess the effectiveness of underwriting guidelines against 22 original pricing assumptions and any impacts to actual product performance and profitability. We seek external reviews from the reinsurance and consulting communities and utilize their experience to calibrate our risk taking to expected outcomes. Our risk and loss mitigation activities include ensuring that new policies are issued based on accurate information and policy benefit payments are paid in accordance with the policy contract terms. We also have quality assurance programs that test policies and products to assess whether established underwriting guidelines are followed. Financial databases and information systems Our financial databases and information systems technology are important tools in our risk management. For example, we have substantial experience in offering long-term care and individual life insurance products with large databases of claims experience. We have extensive data on the performance of mortgage originations in the United States and other major markets we operate in which we use to assess the drivers and distributions of delinquency and claims experience. We use technology, in some cases proprietary technology, to manage variations in our underwriting process. For example, in our mortgage insurance businesses, we use borrower credit bureau information, proprietary mortgage scoring models and/or our extensive database of mortgage insurance experience along with external data including rating agency data to evaluate new products and portfolio performance. In the United States and Canada, our proprietary mortgage scoring models use the borrower’s credit score and additional data concerning the borrower, the loan and the property, including but not limited to: loan-to-value ratio; loan type; loan amount; property type; occupancy status and borrower employment, to predict the likelihood of having to pay a claim. In addition, our models take into consideration macroeconomic variables such as unemployment, interest rate and home price changes. We believe assessing housing market and mortgage loan attributes across a range of economic outcomes enhances our ability to manage and price for risk. We perform portfolio analysis on an ongoing basis to determine if modifications are required to our product offerings, underwriting guidelines or premium rates. Model risk management We rely extensively on complex models to calculate the value of assets and liabilities (including reserves), capital levels and other financial metrics, as well as for other purposes. We have a model risk management framework in place that is designed to ensure model risks are appropriately identified, appropriate governance is in place, key models are maintained, model validation programs exist (that include relevant model issues and remediation plans, if necessary) and model risk is reported to management and our Board of Directors on a timely basis. Independent model validation teams assess on a systematic basis the appropriate use of models, taking into account the risks associated with assumptions, algorithms and process controls supporting the use of the models. See “Item 1A—Risk Factors—If the models used in our businesses are inaccurate or there are differences and/or variability in loss development compared to our model estimates and actuarial assumptions, it could have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition.” Business dispositions When we consider a disposition of a block/book of business or entity, we use various business, financial and risk management disciplines to evaluate the merits of the proposals and assess its strategic fit with our current business model. We have a review process that includes a series of required analyses, reviews and approvals similar to those employed for new product introductions. For additional information on potential sales of assets and/or businesses, see “Item 1—Business—Strategic Update—Strategic Alternatives.” 23 Operational risk management We have risk management programs in place to review the ongoing operation of our businesses in the event of loss or other adverse consequences on business outcomes resulting from inadequate or failed internal processes, people and systems or from external events. We provide risk assessments, together with control reviews, to provide an indication as to how the risks need to be managed. Significant events impacting our businesses are assessed in terms of their impact on our risk profile. Controls are used to mitigate or minimize the consequence of the risk if it did occur. Investigative teams are maintained in our various locations to address potential operational risk incidents from both internal and external sources. Information technology risk management Technology continues to expand and plays an ever increasing role in our business. To help mitigate some of the rising levels of risk, in 2018 we identified information technology risk management as a separate risk type and have dedicated more time and resources to this risk area. We have established an independent risk profile for information technology and routinely report our assessments to the risk committee of our Board of Directors. Our internal audit department works closely with our risk management team on audit planning, audit findings and overall adherence to our information technology programs and procedures. This collaborative effort seeks to mitigate some of the growing threats in our information technology environment. Information security Technology plays a critical role in our business operations. To protect the confidentiality, integrity and availability of our technology infrastructure and information, we leverage the operational risk and technology risk management programs to identify, monitor and manage risk. Information security involves the protection of information assets against unacceptable risks and cybersecurity threats. Information assets include both information itself in the form of computer data, written materials, knowledge and supporting processes, and the information technology systems, networks, other electronic devices and storage media used to store, process, retrieve and transmit that information. These information assets play a vital role in our business conduct. As more information is used and shared by our employees, customers and suppliers, both within and outside our company, a concerted effort must be made to protect that information. Confidentiality, integrity and availability of information are essential to maintaining our reputation, legal position and ability to conduct our operations. We strive to adhere to high standards of information security governance, treating information security as a critical business issue and creating a security- conscious environment. We also strive to demonstrate to our customers and third parties that we deal with information security in a proactive manner and apply fundamental principles, such as assuming ultimate responsibility for information security, implementing controls and cybersecurity programs that are proportionate to risk. We have attempted to design our cybersecurity program to protect and preserve the confidentiality, integrity and availability of data and systems, although there can be no guarantees to the success of our cybersecurity program. See “Item 1A—Risk Factors—Our computer systems may fail or be compromised, and unanticipated problems could materially adversely impact our disaster recovery systems and business continuity plans, which could damage our reputation, impair our ability to conduct business effectively and materially adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations” for a discussion of the risks relating to information security. Operations and Technology Service and support In our mortgage insurance businesses, we have introduced technology enabled services to help our customers (lenders and servicers) as well as our consumers (borrowers and homeowners). Technology advancements have allowed us to reduce application approval turn-times, error rates and enhance our customers’ ease of doing business with us. Through our secure internet-enabled information systems and data warehouses, servicers can transact business with us in a timely manner. In the United States, proprietary decision models have 24 helped generate loss mitigation strategies for distressed borrowers. Our models use information from various third-party sources, such as consumer credit agencies, to indicate borrower willingness and capacity to fulfill debt obligations. Identification of specific borrower groups that are likely to work their loans out allows us to create custom outreach strategies to achieve a favorable loss mitigation outcome. Operating centers We have established scalable, low-cost operating centers in Virginia and North Carolina. In addition, through an arrangement with an outsourcing provider, we have a team of professionals in India and the Philippines who provide a variety of services primarily to our U.S. life insurance businesses and certain corporate functions, including data entry, transaction processing and functional support. Reinsurance We reinsure a portion of our annuity, life insurance, long-term care insurance and mortgage insurance with unaffiliated reinsurers. In a reinsurance transaction, a reinsurer agrees to indemnify another insurer for part or all of its liability under a policy or policies it has issued for an agreed upon premium. We participate in reinsurance activities in order to minimize exposure to significant risks, limit losses, and provide additional capacity for future growth. We also obtain reinsurance to meet certain capital requirements, including sometimes utilizing intercompany reinsurance agreements to manage our statutory capital positions. However, these intercompany agreements do not have an effect on our consolidated U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”) financial statements. We enter into various agreements with reinsurers that cover individual risks, group risks or defined blocks of business, primarily on a coinsurance, yearly renewable term, excess of loss or catastrophe excess basis. These reinsurance agreements spread risk and minimize the effect of losses. For example, in addition to reinsuring mortality risk on our life insurance products, we have executed external reinsurance agreements to reinsure 20% of all sales of our individual long-term care insurance products that have been introduced since early 2013. The extent of each risk retained by us depends on our evaluation of the specific risk, subject, in certain circumstances, to maximum retention limits based on the characteristics of coverages. Under the terms of the reinsurance agreements, the reinsurer agrees to reimburse us for the ceded amount in the event a claim is paid. Cessions under reinsurance agreements do not discharge our obligations as the primary insurer. In the event that reinsurers do not meet their obligations under the terms of the reinsurance agreements, reinsurance recoverable balances could become uncollectible. Our amounts recoverable from reinsurers represent receivables from and/or reserves ceded to reinsurers. The amounts recoverable from reinsurers were $17.3 billion and $17.6 billion as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. We focus on obtaining reinsurance from a diverse group of reinsurers. We regularly evaluate the financial condition of our reinsurers and monitor concentration risk with our reinsurers at least annually. Our U.S. life insurance subsidiaries have established standards and criteria for our use and selection of reinsurers. In order for a new reinsurer to participate in our current program, without collateralization, we require the reinsurer to have a Standard & Poor’s Financial Services, LLC’s (“S&P”) rating of “A-” or better or a Moody’s Investors Service, Inc. (“Moody’s”) rating of “A3” or better and a minimum capital and surplus level of $350 million. If the reinsurer does not have these ratings, we generally require them to post collateral as described below. In addition, we may require collateral from a reinsurer to mitigate credit/collectability risk. Typically, in such cases, the reinsurer must either maintain minimum specified ratings and risk-based capital (“RBC”) ratios or provide the specified quality and quantity of collateral. Similarly, we have also required collateral in connection with books of business sold pursuant to indemnity reinsurance agreements. We have been required to post collateral when purchasing books of business. Reinsurers that are not licensed, accredited or authorized in the state of domicile of the reinsured (“ceding company”) are required to post statutorily prescribed forms of collateral for the ceding company to receive 25 reinsurance credit. The three primary forms of collateral are: (i) qualifying assets held in a reserve credit trust; (ii) irrevocable, unconditional, evergreen letters of credit issued by a qualified U.S. financial institution; and (iii) assets held by the ceding company in a segregated funds withheld account. Collateral must be maintained in accordance with the rules of the ceding company’s state of domicile and must be readily accessible by the ceding company to cover claims under the reinsurance agreement. Accordingly, our U.S. life insurance subsidiaries require unauthorized reinsurers that are not so licensed, accredited or authorized to post acceptable forms of collateral to support their reinsurance obligations to us. On September 22, 2017, U.S. federal authorities signed a covered agreement with the European Union (“EU”), on matters including reinsurance collateral. This agreement requires U.S. states to adopt, within five years from the execution of the covered agreement, laws removing reinsurance collateral requirements for reinsurance ceded to a qualifying non-U.S. reinsurer domiciled in an EU jurisdiction. The National Association of Insurance Commissioners (the “NAIC”) is currently revising the Credit for Reinsurance Model Law and Model Regulation in order to bring them into compliance with the terms of the covered agreement. Additionally, in late December 2018, the U.S. Department of the Treasury and the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative entered into a covered agreement with the U.K., which will extend the benefits of the U.S., EU covered agreement to the U.K. after the withdrawal of the U.K. from the EU, commonly known as Brexit. We cannot currently predict the impact of these changes to the law or whether any other covered agreements will be successfully adopted, and cannot currently estimate the impact of these changes to the law and any such adopted covered agreements on our business, financial condition or operating results. The following table sets forth our exposure to our principal reinsurers in our U.S. life insurance subsidiaries as of December 31, 2018: (Amounts in millions) UFLIC (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RGA Reinsurance Company . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Riversource Life Insurance Company . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General Re Life Corporation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Munich American Reassurance Company . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reinsurance recoverable $13,975 $ 1,423 458 $ 458 $ 435 $ (1) We have several significant reinsurance transactions with Union Fidelity Life Insurance Company (“UFLIC”), an affiliate of our former parent, General Electric Company (“GE”), which results in a significant concentration of reinsurance risk. UFLIC’s obligations to us are secured by trust accounts. See note 8 in our consolidated financial statements under “Part II—Item 8—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” We reinsure a portion of our U.S. mortgage insurance risk in order to obtain credit towards the financial requirements of the private mortgage insurer eligibility requirements (“PMIERs”). Reinsurance transactions provided an aggregate of approximately $515 million of PMIERs capital credit as of December 31, 2018. The reinsurance coverage is provided by a panel of reinsurance partners each currently rated “A-” or better by S&P or A.M. Best Company, Inc. (“A.M. Best”). The transactions are structured as excess of loss coverage where both the attachment and detachment points of the ceded risk tier are within the PMIERs capital requirements at inception. Each reinsurance treaty has a term of 10 years and grants to Genworth a unilateral right to commute prior to the full term, subject to certain performance triggers. In our mortgage insurance business in Australia, all of the reinsurance treaties that cover its flow insurance business are on an excess of loss basis that are designed to attach only under stress loss events and are renewable (with the agreement of both us and the relevant reinsurers) on a periodic basis. As of December 31, 2018, our Australian mortgage insurance business had five excess of loss treaties, all with a one year base term with options to extend for five to nine years, with an aggregate coverage limit of AUD$800 million. This coverage is provided by approximately 20 reinsurance partners, each currently rated “A-” or better by S&P and/or A.M. Best. 26 All of the treaties qualify for full capital credit offset within APRA’s regulatory capital requirements. In early 2018, our mortgage insurance business in Australia also obtained reinsurance on a quota-share basis for a structured insurance transaction where it is in a secondary loss position. For additional information related to reinsurance, see note 8 in our consolidated financial statements under “Part II—Item 8—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” Financial Strength Ratings Ratings with respect to the financial strength of operating subsidiaries are an important factor in establishing the competitive position of insurance companies. Ratings are important to maintaining public confidence in us and our ability to market our products. Rating organizations review the financial performance and condition of most insurers and provide opinions regarding financial strength, operating performance and ability to meet obligations to policyholders. As of February 14, 2019, our principal mortgage insurance subsidiaries were rated in terms of financial strength by S&P, Moody’s and Dominion Bond Rating Service (“DBRS”) as follows: Company S&P rating Moody’s rating DBRS rating Genworth Mortgage Insurance Corporation . . . . . . . . . BB+ (Marginal) Ba1 (Questionable) Genworth Financial Mortgage Insurance Company Not rated Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A+ (Strong) Not rated AA (Superior) Genworth Financial Mortgage Insurance Pty Limited (Australia) (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A+ (Strong) Baa1 (Adequate) Not rated (1) Also rated “A+” by Fitch Ratings (“Fitch”). As of February 14, 2019, our principal life insurance subsidiaries were rated in terms of financial strength by S&P, Moody’s and A.M. Best as follows: Company S&P rating Moody’s rating A.M. Best rating Genworth Life Insurance Company . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B- (Weak) B- (Fair) Genworth Life and Annuity Insurance Company . . . . . . . . . . . . . B- (Weak) Ba3 (Questionable) B+ (Good) B- (Fair) Genworth Life Insurance Company of New York . . . . . . . . . . . . B- (Weak) B3 (Poor) B3 (Poor) The S&P, Moody’s, DBRS and A.M. Best financial strength ratings of our operating companies are not designed to be, and do not serve as, measures of protection or valuation offered to investors. These financial strength ratings should not be relied on with respect to making an investment in our securities. S&P states that insurers rated “A” (Strong), “BB” (Marginal) or “B” (Weak) have strong, marginal or weak financial security characteristics, respectively. The “A,” “BB” and “B” ranges are the third-, fifth- and sixth- highest of nine financial strength rating ranges assigned by S&P, which range from “AAA” to “R.” A plus (+) or minus (-) shows relative standing within a major rating category. These suffixes are not added to ratings in the “AAA” category or to ratings below the “CCC” category. Accordingly, the “A+,” “BB+” and “B-” ratings are the fifth-, eleventh- and sixteenth-highest of S&P’s 21 ratings categories. Moody’s states that insurance companies rated “Baa” (Adequate) offer adequate financial security and that insurance companies rated “Ba” (Questionable) or “B” (Poor) offer questionable financial security. The “Baa” (Adequate), “Ba” (Questionable) and “B” (Poor) ranges are the fourth-, fifth- and sixth-highest, respectively, of nine financial strength rating ranges assigned by Moody’s, which range from “Aaa” to “C.” Numeric modifiers are used to refer to the ranking within the group, with 1 being the highest and 3 being the lowest. These modifiers are not added to ratings in the “Aaa” category or to ratings below the “Caa” category. Accordingly, the “Baa1,” “Ba1,” “Ba3” and “B3” ratings are the eighth-, eleventh-, thirteenth- and sixteenth-highest, respectively, of Moody’s 21 ratings categories. 27 DBRS states that long-term obligations rated “AA” are of superior credit quality. The capacity for the payment of financial obligations is considered high and unlikely to be significantly vulnerable to future events. Credit quality differs from “AAA” only to a small degree. On July 21, 2017, DBRS confirmed the financial strength rating of Genworth Financial Mortgage Insurance Company Canada at “AA” (Superior). The financial strength rating confirmation reflects the company’s market position, insurance portfolio and risk analytics, as well as its capital position relative to the capital required to meet insurance claim obligations. A.M. Best states that the “B+” (Good) rating is assigned to those companies that have, in its opinion, a good ability to meet their ongoing insurance obligations while “B-” (Fair) is assigned to those companies that have, in its opinion, a fair ability to meet their ongoing insurance obligations. The “B+” (Good) and “B-” (Fair) ratings are the sixth- and eighth-highest of 15 ratings assigned by A.M. Best, which range from “A++” to “F.” We also solicit a rating from Fitch for our Australian mortgage insurance subsidiary. Fitch states that “A” (Strong) rated insurance companies are viewed as possessing strong capacity to meet policyholder and contract obligations. The “A” rating category is the third-highest of nine financial strength rating categories, which range from “AAA” to “C.” The symbol (+) or (-) may be appended to a rating to indicate the relative position of a credit within a rating category. These suffixes are not added to ratings in the “AAA” category or to ratings below the “B” category. Accordingly, the “A+” rating is the fifth-highest of Fitch’s 21 ratings categories. We also solicit a rating from HR Ratings on a local scale for Genworth Seguros de Credito a la Vivienda S.A. de C.V., our Mexican mortgage insurance subsidiary, with a short-term rating of “HR1” and long-term rating of “HR AA.” For short-term ratings, HR Ratings states that “HR1” rated companies are viewed as exhibiting high capacity for timely payment of debt obligations in the short-term and maintain low credit risk. The “HR1” short-term rating category is the highest of six short-term rating categories, which range from “HR1” to “HR D.” For long-term ratings, HR Ratings states that “HR AA” rated companies are viewed as having high credit quality and offer high safety for timely payment of debt obligations and maintain low credit risk under adverse economic scenarios. The “HR AA” long-term rating is the second-highest of HR Rating’s eight long- term rating categories, which range from “HR AAA” to “HR D.” Ratings actions On February 13, 2019, Moody’s affirmed the unsecured debt rating of Genworth Holdings and maintained a negative outlook. In addition, Moody’s placed our principal life insurance subsidiaries, GLIC, GLICNY and GLAIC under review for downgrade. Moody’s actions were based upon liquidity concerns at Genworth Holdings and our ability to service debt maturities given our current cash and liquid asset position, along with our modest dividend capacity in relation to our overall debt obligations. Moody’s actions were also based on our long-term care and life insurance business results in the fourth quarter of 2018, which included higher than expected operating losses due mostly to our annual assumption reviews, and due to further delays in obtaining regulatory approvals in connection with the completion of the China Oceanwide transaction. On September 26, 2018, S&P downgraded the financial strength rating of our principal life insurance subsidiaries, GLIC, GLICNY and GLAIC, from “B+” (Weak) to “B-” (Weak). S&P also revised the CreditWatch status of Genworth Financial, Genworth Holdings and GMICO from negative implications to developing. S&P’s rating actions were based mostly on their negative view of the creditworthiness of our holding companies and principal life insurance subsidiaries, whereas the revised CreditWatch status was principally from the continued uncertainty around the closing of the China Oceanwide transaction and the associated regulatory review, and the timing of the deal close. On July 25, 2018, A.M. Best affirmed the financial strength ratings of our principal life insurance subsidiaries and the credit rating of Genworth Financial and Genworth Holdings. Likewise, A.M. Best removed the under review with developing implications status on all existing Genworth ratings and assigned a stable outlook. These actions were taken by A.M. Best primarily from the outcome of the CFIUS review and our ability to address our May 2018 senior notes. 28 On February 12, 2018, Moody’s downgraded the financial strength ratings of GLIC and GLICNY from “B2” (Poor) to “B3” (Poor) and downgraded the financial strength rating of GLAIC from “Ba1” (Questionable) to “Ba3” (Questionable). The downgrades of GLIC, GLICNY and GLAIC reflect uncertain financial flexibility at Genworth Holdings. In addition, the downgrades of GLIC and GLICNY also reflect concern around our ability to achieve in-force rate actions on our long-term care insurance policies and risks associated with the long-term care insurance market. The downgrade of GLAIC was predominantly focused on earnings volatility due to adverse mortality, reserve increases and accelerated deferred acquisition costs (“DAC”) amortization after our annual review of assumptions. Moody’s revised our ratings outlook from review for downgrade to negative mostly reflecting execution risk associated with the closing of the China Oceanwide transaction and continued liquidity risk due to our material debt maturities over the next five years. On February 12, 2018, A.M. Best downgraded the financial strength rating of GLAIC from “B++” (Good) to “B+” (Good) and downgraded the financial strength ratings of GLIC and GLICNY from “B” (Fair) to “B-” (Fair). A.M. Best also announced that all ratings will remain under review pending the outcome of the China Oceanwide transaction; however, they revised their ratings outlook from negative implications to developing implications in response to our actions to address upcoming debt maturities. The A.M. Best downgrade of GLIC reflects their views on the lack of balance sheet strength along with marginal operating performance with limited product offerings as a result of our decision to discontinue new sales of traditional life and annuity products in 2016. Additionally, for GLIC and GLICNY, the A.M. Best downgrade also reflects limited growth potential as future growth is mainly based on continued in-force rate actions on our long-term care insurance products, and the dependence on the long-term care insurance market, which A.M. Best views as higher risk. Conversely, A.M. Best believes the balance sheet of GLAIC is adequate but is mostly muted by marginal operating performance and its limited business profile. In addition to the financial strength ratings for our operating subsidiaries, rating agencies also assign credit ratings to the debt issued by our intermediate holding company, Genworth Holdings. These ratings are typically notched lower than the financial strength ratings of our primary operating subsidiaries, reflecting Genworth Holdings’ reliance on dividends from the operating subsidiaries to service its debt obligations. The unsecured debt ratings may be used in evaluating Genworth Holdings’ debt as a fixed income investment. On February 12, 2018, S&P rated the proposed Term Loan B+ (Weak) with a negative CreditWatch status, one notch higher than Genworth Holding’s unsecured debt rating of B (Weak), negative CreditWatch status, reflecting the collateral pool of GFIH’s ownership interest in Genworth Canada. On February 12, 2018, Moody’s rated the proposed Term Loan Ba3 (Questionable), two notches higher than Genworth Holdings’ unsecured debt rating of B2 (Poor), also reflecting the underlying collateral. Moody’s outlook is negative on our debt ratings. S&P, Moody’s, DBRS, A.M. Best, Fitch and HR Ratings review their ratings on a regular basis and we cannot assure you that we will maintain our current ratings in the future. Other agencies may also rate our company or our insurance subsidiaries on a solicited or an unsolicited basis. We do not provide information to agencies issuing unsolicited ratings and we cannot ensure that any agencies that rate our company or our insurance subsidiaries on an unsolicited basis will continue to do so. For information on adverse credit rating actions related to Genworth Holdings, see “Item 1A— Risk Factors—Adverse rating agency actions have resulted in a loss of business and adversely affected our results of operations, financial condition and business and future adverse rating actions could have a further and more significant adverse impact on us.” Investments Organization Our investment department includes asset management, portfolio management, derivatives, risk management, operations, accounting and other functions. Under the direction of our Chief Investment Officer, it is responsible for managing the assets in our various portfolios, including establishing investment and derivatives 29 policies and strategies, reviewing asset-liability management, performing asset allocation for our domestic subsidiaries and coordinating investment activities with our international subsidiaries. We use both internal and external asset managers to take advantage of expertise in particular asset classes or to leverage country-specific investing capabilities. We internally manage certain asset classes for our domestic insurance operations, including public government, municipal and corporate securities, structured securities, commercial mortgage loans, privately placed debt securities, equity securities and derivatives. We utilize external asset managers for most of our international portfolios, as well as select asset classes. Management of investments for our international operations is overseen by the investment committees reporting to the boards of directors of the applicable non-U.S. legal entities in consultation with our Chief Investment Officer. The majority of the assets in our Canadian and Australian mortgage insurance businesses are managed by unaffiliated investment managers located in their respective countries. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, approximately 10% of our invested assets were held by our international businesses and were invested primarily in non-U.S.- denominated securities. We manage our assets to meet diversification, credit quality, yield and liquidity requirements of our policy and contract liabilities by investing primarily in fixed maturity securities, including government, municipal and corporate bonds and mortgage-backed and other asset-backed securities. We also hold mortgage loans on commercial real estate and other invested assets, which include derivatives, bank loans, limited partnerships and short-term investments. Investments for our particular insurance company subsidiaries are required to comply with our risk management requirements, as well as applicable laws and insurance regulations. For a discussion of our investments, see “Part II—Item 7—Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Consolidated Balance Sheets.” Our primary investment objective is to meet our obligations to policyholders and contractholders while increasing value to our stockholders by investing in a diversified, high quality portfolio, comprised primarily of income producing securities and other assets. Our investment strategy focuses on: • managing interest rate risk, as appropriate, through monitoring asset durations relative to policyholder and contractholder obligations; selecting assets based on fundamental, research-driven strategies; emphasizing fixed-income, low-volatility assets while pursuing active strategies to enhance yield; • • • maintaining sufficient liquidity to meet unexpected financial obligations; • • regularly evaluating our asset class mix and pursuing additional investment classes when prudent; and continuously monitoring asset quality and market conditions that could affect our assets. We are exposed to two primary sources of investment risk: • • credit risk relating to the uncertainty associated with the continued ability of a given issuer to make timely payments of principal and interest and interest rate risk relating to the market price and cash flow variability associated with changes in market interest rates. We manage credit risk by analyzing issuers, transaction structures and any associated collateral. We continually evaluate the probability of credit default and estimated loss in the event of such a default, which provides us with early notification of worsening credits. We also manage credit risk through industry and issuer diversification and asset allocation practices. For commercial mortgage loans, we manage credit risk through property type, geographic region and product type diversification and asset allocation. We manage interest rate risk by monitoring the relationship between the duration of our assets and the duration of our liabilities, seeking to manage interest rate risk in both rising and falling interest rate 30 environments, and utilizing various derivative strategies, where appropriate and available. For further information on our management of interest rate risk, see “Part II—Item 7A—Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.” Fixed maturity securities Fixed maturity securities, which are classified as available-for-sale, including tax-exempt bonds, consisting principally of publicly traded and privately placed debt securities, represent 83% of total cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and invested assets as of December 31, 2018 and 2017. We invest in privately placed fixed maturity securities to increase diversification and obtain higher yields than can ordinarily be obtained with comparable public market securities. Generally, private placements provide us with protective covenants, call protection features and, where applicable, a higher level of collateral. However, our private placements are not as freely transferable as public securities because of restrictions imposed by federal and state securities laws, the terms of the securities and the characteristics of the private market. The following table presents our public, private and total fixed maturity securities by the Nationally Recognized Statistical Rating Organizations (“NRSRO”) designations and/or equivalent ratings, as well as the percentage, based upon fair value that each designation comprises. Certain fixed maturity securities that are not rated by an NRSRO are shown based upon internally prepared credit evaluations. (Amounts in millions) NRSRO designation December 31, 2018 2017 Amortized cost Fair value % of total Amortized cost Fair value % of total Public fixed maturity securities AAA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BBB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CCC and lower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $10,113 3,974 11,261 13,508 1,180 97 14 $10,799 4,117 12,005 13,669 1,149 26% $11,973 4,114 10 11,730 29 12,132 32 1,265 3 106 93 — 28 25 — $13,248 4,380 13,261 13,271 1,356 29% 10 29 29 3 109 — 40 — Total public fixed maturity securities . . . . . . . . . . . $40,147 $41,857 100% $41,348 $45,665 100% Private fixed maturity securities AAA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BBB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CCC and lower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 2,526 2,173 4,824 7,486 764 61 — $ 2,540 2,198 4,866 7,407 737 54 — 2 — 14% $ 1,816 2,064 13 4,605 27 6,865 42 740 4 48 6 11% 13 29 43 4 $ 1,848 2,148 4,856 7,185 765 48 — 10 — Total private fixed maturity securities . . . . . . . . . . $17,834 $17,804 100% $16,144 $16,860 100% Total fixed maturity securities AAA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BBB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CCC and lower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $12,639 6,147 16,085 20,994 1,944 158 14 $13,339 6,315 16,871 21,076 1,886 22% $13,789 6,178 11 16,335 28 18,997 36 2,005 3 154 147 — 34 27 — $15,096 6,528 18,117 20,456 2,121 24% 11 29 33 3 157 — 50 — Total fixed maturity securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $57,981 $59,661 100% $57,492 $62,525 100% 31 Based upon fair value, public fixed maturity securities represented 70% and 73%, respectively, of total fixed maturity securities as of December 31, 2018 and 2017. Private fixed maturity securities represented 30% and 27%, respectively, of total fixed maturity securities as of December 31, 2018 and 2017. We diversify our corporate securities by industry and issuer. As of December 31, 2018, our combined holdings in the 10 corporate issuers to which we had the greatest exposure was $2.2 billion, which was approximately 3% of our total cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and invested assets. The exposure to the largest single corporate issuer held as of December 31, 2018 was $337 million, which was less than 1% of our total cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and invested assets. See note 4 to our consolidated financial statements under “Part II—Item 8—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for additional information on diversification by sector. We do not have material unhedged exposure to foreign currency risk in our invested assets. In our international insurance operations, both our assets and liabilities are generally denominated in local currencies. For certain invested assets in our international insurance operations that are denominated in currencies other than their respective local currency, we have effectively hedged the exposure to foreign currency risk. Further analysis related to our investments portfolio as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 is included under “Part II—Item 7—Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations— Investments and Derivative Instruments.” Commercial mortgage loans and other invested assets Our mortgage loans are collateralized by commercial properties, including multi-family residential buildings. Commercial mortgage loans are primarily stated at principal amounts outstanding, net of deferred expenses and allowance for loan losses. We diversify our commercial mortgage loans by both property type and geographic region. See note 4 to our consolidated financial statements under “Part II—Item 8—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for additional information on distribution across property type and geographic region for commercial mortgage loans, as well as information on our interest in equity securities and other invested assets. Selected financial information regarding our other invested assets and derivative instruments as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 is included under “Part II—Item 7—Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Investments and Derivative Instruments.” Regulation Our businesses are subject to extensive regulation and supervision. General Our insurance operations are subject to a wide variety of laws and regulations. State insurance laws and regulations (“Insurance Laws”) regulate most aspects of our U.S. insurance businesses, and our U.S. insurers are regulated by the insurance departments of the states in which they are domiciled and licensed. Our non-U.S. insurance operations are principally regulated by insurance regulatory authorities in the jurisdictions in which they are domiciled. Our insurance products and businesses also are affected by U.S. federal, state and local tax laws, and the tax laws of non-U.S. jurisdictions. Our securities operations, including our insurance products that are regulated as securities, such as variable annuities and variable life insurance, also are subject to U.S. federal and state and non-U.S. securities laws and regulations. The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), FINRA, state securities authorities and similar non-U.S. authorities regulate and supervise these products. The primary purpose of the Insurance Laws regulating our insurance businesses and their equivalents in the other countries in which we operate, and the securities laws affecting our variable annuity products, variable life 32 insurance products, registered FABNs and our broker/dealer, is to protect our policyholders, contractholders and clients, not our stockholders. These laws and regulations are regularly re-examined and any changes to these laws or new laws may be more restrictive or otherwise adversely affect our operations. Insurance and securities regulatory authorities (including state law enforcement agencies and attorneys general or their non-U.S. equivalents) periodically make inquiries regarding compliance with insurance, securities and other laws and regulations, and we cooperate with such inquiries and take corrective action when warranted. Our distributors and institutional customers also operate in regulated environments. Changes in the regulations that affect their operations may affect our business relationships with them and their decision to distribute or purchase our subsidiaries’ products. In addition, the Insurance Laws of our U.S. insurers’ domiciliary jurisdictions and the equivalent laws in Australia, Canada and certain other jurisdictions in which we operate require that a person obtain the approval of the applicable insurance regulator prior to acquiring control, and in some cases prior to divesting its control, of an insurer. These laws may discourage potential acquisition proposals and may delay, deter or prevent an investment in or a change of control involving us, or one or more of our regulated subsidiaries, including transactions that our management and some or all of our stockholders might consider desirable. U.S. Insurance Regulation Our U.S. insurers are licensed and regulated in all jurisdictions in which they conduct insurance business. The extent of this regulation varies, but Insurance Laws generally govern the financial condition of insurers, including standards of solvency, types and concentrations of permissible investments, establishment and maintenance of reserves, credit for reinsurance and requirements of capital adequacy, and the business conduct of insurers, including marketing and sales practices and claims handling. In addition, Insurance Laws usually require the licensing of insurers and agents, and the approval of policy forms, related materials and the rates for certain lines of insurance. For example, in most states where our U.S. mortgage insurance subsidiaries are licensed, we are required to file rates before we are authorized to charge premiums. In some states, these rates must be approved before their use. Likewise, changes in rates must be filed and receive approval. In general, states may require actuarial justification on the basis of the insurer’s loss experience, expenses and future projections. In addition, states may consider general default experience in the U.S. mortgage insurance industry in assessing the premium rates charged by U.S. mortgage insurers. The Insurance Laws applicable to us or our U.S. insurers are described below. Our U.S. mortgage insurers are also subject to additional Insurance Laws applicable specifically to mortgage insurers discussed below under “—Mortgage Insurance Regulation.” Insurance holding company regulation All U.S. jurisdictions in which our U.S. insurers conduct business have enacted legislation requiring each U.S. insurer (except captive insurers) in a holding company system to register with the insurance regulatory authority of its domiciliary jurisdiction and furnish that regulatory authority various information concerning the operations of, and the interrelationships and transactions among, companies within its holding company system that may materially affect the operations, management or financial condition of the insurers within the system. These Insurance Laws regulate transactions between insurers and their affiliates, sometimes mandating prior notice to the regulator and/or regulatory approval. Generally, these Insurance Laws require that all transactions between an insurer and an affiliate be fair and reasonable, and that the insurer’s statutory surplus following such transaction be reasonable in relation to its outstanding liabilities and adequate to its financial needs. Our U.S. subsidiary insurers’ payment of dividends or other distributions to our holding company is regulated by the Insurance Laws of their respective domiciliary states, and insurers may not pay an 33 “extraordinary” dividend or distribution, or pay a dividend except out of earned surplus, without prior regulatory approval. In general, an “extraordinary” dividend or distribution is defined as a dividend or distribution that, together with other dividends and distributions made within the preceding 12 months, exceeds the greater (or, in some jurisdictions, the lesser) of: • • 10% of the insurer’s statutory surplus as of the immediately prior year end or the statutory net gain from the insurer’s operations (if a life insurer) or the statutory net income (loss) (if not a life insurer) during the prior calendar year. In addition, insurance regulators may prohibit the payment of ordinary dividends or other payments by our insurers (such as a payment under a tax sharing agreement or for employment or other services) if they determine that such payment could be adverse to our policyholders or contractholders. The Insurance Laws require that a person obtain the approval of the insurance commissioner of an insurer’s domiciliary jurisdiction prior to acquiring control of such insurer. Control of an insurer is generally presumed to exist if any person, directly or indirectly, owns, controls, holds with the power to vote, or holds proxies representing 10% or more of the voting securities of the insurer or any parent company of the insurer. In considering an application to acquire control of an insurer, the insurance commissioner generally considers factors such as the experience, competence and financial strength of the applicant, the integrity of the applicant’s board of directors and executive officers, the acquirer’s plans for the management and operation of the insurer, and any anti-competitive results that may arise from the acquisition. Many states require a person seeking to acquire control of an insurer licensed but not domiciled in that state to make a filing prior to completing an acquisition if the acquirer and its affiliates and the target insurer and its affiliates have specified market shares in the same lines of insurance in that state. These provisions may not require acquisition approval but can lead to imposition of conditions on an acquisition that could delay or prevent its consummation. The Insurance Laws require that an insurance holding company system’s ultimate controlling person submit annually to its lead state insurance regulator an “enterprise risk report” that identifies activities, circumstances or events involving one or more affiliates of an insurer that, if not remedied properly, are likely to have a material adverse effect upon the financial condition or liquidity of the insurer or its insurance holding company system as a whole. The Insurance Laws also require that a controlling person of an insurer submit prior notice to the insurer’s domiciliary insurance regulator of a divestiture of control. Finally, most states have adopted insurance regulations setting forth detailed requirements for cost sharing and management agreements between an insurer and its affiliates. The NAIC adopted the Risk Management and Own Risk and Solvency Assessment Model Act (the “ORSA Model Act”). The ORSA Model Act requires an insurance holding company system’s Chief Risk Officer to submit annually to its lead state insurance regulator an Own Risk and Solvency Assessment (“ORSA”) Summary Report. The ORSA is a confidential internal assessment appropriate to the nature, scale and complexity of an insurer, conducted by that insurer of the material and relevant risks identified enterprise wide by the insurer associated with an insurer’s current business plan and the sufficiency of capital and liquidity resources to support those risks. Most states have adopted the ORSA Model Act. Under ORSA, we are required to: • • • regularly, no less than annually, conduct an ORSA to assess the adequacy of our risk management framework, including enhancements and updates to such framework, and current and estimated projected future solvency position; internally document the process and results of the assessment; and provide a confidential high-level ORSA Summary Report annually to the lead state commissioner if the insurer is a member of an insurance group and make such report available, upon request, to other domiciliary state regulators within the holding company group. The NAIC has adopted several model laws and regulations as part of its now completed Solvency Modernization Initiative. For example, the NAIC adopted the Corporate Governance Annual Disclosure Model 34 Act and the Corporate Governance Annual Disclosure Model Regulation (the “Corporate Governance Model Act and Regulation”), that would require insurers to disclose detailed information regarding their governance practices. The Corporate Governance Model Act (as opposed to the corresponding regulation) has been adopted in 26 states, but in only two states where our insurance subsidiaries are domiciled. In addition, the NAIC adopted amendments to the insurance holding company model act and regulations (the “NAIC Holding Company Amendments”) that would authorize U.S. regulators to, among other items, lead or participate in the group-wide supervision of certain international insurance groups. The NAIC Holding Company Amendments must be adopted by individual state legislatures in order to be effective in a particular state. To date, the amendments to the Insurance Holding Company System Regulatory Act (as opposed to the corresponding regulation) have been adopted in Delaware, but not in Virginia, North Carolina or New York. During 2014, the NAIC approved a regulatory framework applicable to the use of captive insurers in connection with Regulation XXX and Regulation AXXX transactions. Among other things, the framework calls for more disclosure of an insurer’s use of captives in its statutory financial statements, and narrows the types of assets permitted to back statutory reserves that are required to support the insurer’s future obligations. The NAIC implemented the framework through an actuarial guideline (“AG 48”), which requires the actuary of the ceding insurer that opines on the insurer’s reserves to issue a qualified opinion if the framework is not followed. The requirements of AG 48 became effective as of January 1, 2015 in all states, without any further action necessary by state legislatures or insurance regulators to implement it, other than to refer to the revised NAIC Accounting Practices and Procedures Manual, which included the new requirements of AG 48. In December 2016, the NAIC adopted a revised version of AG 48 (“Updated AG 48”), with revisions applicable to new policies issued and new reinsurance transactions entered into on or after January 1, 2017. AG 48 and Updated AG 48 do not affect reinsurance arrangements that were pre-existing as of January 1, 2015, and the changes set forth in Updated AG 48 do not affect reinsurance arrangements that were pre-existing as of January 1, 2017. In December 2016, the NAIC also adopted the Term and Universal Life Insurance Reserve Financing Model Regulation, which subsequent to the adoption date, codified the provisions of AG 48 and Updated AG 48. The states have started to adopt this model regulation. It is not clear what additional changes or state variations may emerge as the states adopt this model regulation. In 2017, Virginia adopted its rules governing Term and Universal Life Insurance Reserve Financing, which was effective for GLAIC on January 1, 2018. Virginia is among four states to adopt the new rules under the Term and Universal Life Insurance Reserve Financing Model Regulation. Periodic reporting Our U.S. insurers must file reports, including detailed annual financial statements, with insurance regulatory authorities in each jurisdiction in which they do business, and their operations and accounts are subject to periodic examination by such authorities. Policy forms Our U.S. insurers’ policy forms are subject to regulation in every U.S. jurisdiction in which they transact insurance business. In most U.S. jurisdictions, policy forms must be filed prior to their use, and in some U.S. jurisdictions, forms must be approved by insurance regulatory authorities prior to use. Market conduct regulation The Insurance Laws of U.S. jurisdictions govern the marketplace activities of insurers, affecting the form and content of disclosure to consumers, product illustrations, advertising, product replacement, sales and underwriting practices, and complaint and claims handling, and these provisions are generally enforced through periodic market conduct examinations. Statutory examinations Insurance departments in U.S. jurisdictions conduct periodic detailed examinations of the books, records, accounts and business practices of domestic insurers. These examinations generally are conducted in cooperation 35 with insurance departments of two or three other states or jurisdictions representing each of the NAIC zones, under guidelines promulgated by the NAIC. Guaranty associations and similar arrangements Most jurisdictions in which our U.S. insurers are licensed require those insurers to participate in guaranty associations which pay contractual benefits owed under the policies of impaired or insolvent insurers. These associations levy assessments, up to prescribed limits, on each member insurer in a jurisdiction on the basis of the proportionate share of the premiums written by such insurer in the lines of business in which the impaired, insolvent or failed insurer is engaged. Some jurisdictions permit member insurers to recover assessments paid through full or partial premium tax offsets. On March 1, 2017, the Pennsylvania Commonwealth Court approved petitions to liquidate Penn Treaty Network America Insurance Company and American Network Insurance Company (“Penn Treaty”) due to financial difficulties that could not be resolved through rehabilitation. As a result, we received guaranty fund assessments of $32 million related to Penn Treaty in 2017, of which our long-term care insurance business recorded the majority of the expense. Aggregate assessments levied against our U.S. insurers were not significant to our consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2016. Policy and contract reserve sufficiency analysis The Insurance Laws of their domiciliary jurisdictions require our U.S. life insurers to conduct annual analyses of the sufficiency of their life and health insurance and annuity reserves. Other jurisdictions where insurers are licensed may have certain reserve requirements that differ from those of their domiciliary jurisdictions. In each case, a qualified actuary must submit an opinion stating that the aggregate statutory reserves, when considered in light of the assets held with respect to such reserves, make good and sufficient provision for the insurer’s associated contractual obligations and related expenses. If such an opinion cannot be provided, the insurer must establish additional reserves by transferring funds from surplus. Our U.S. life insurers submit these opinions annually to their insurance regulatory authorities. We annually conduct a statutory cash flow testing process to support our opinions. Different reserve requirements exist for our U.S. mortgage insurance subsidiaries. See “—Mortgage Insurance Regulation—State regulation—Reserves.” Surplus and capital requirements Insurance regulators have the discretionary authority, in connection with maintaining the licensing of our U.S. insurers, to limit or restrict insurers from issuing new policies, or policies having a dollar value over certain thresholds, if, in the regulators’ judgment, the insurer is not maintaining a sufficient amount of surplus or is in a hazardous financial condition. We seek to maintain new business and capital management strategies to support meeting related regulatory requirements. Risk-based capital The NAIC has established RBC standards for U.S. life insurers, as well as a risk-based capital model act (“RBC Model Act”). All 50 states and the District of Columbia have adopted the RBC Model Act or a substantially similar law or regulation. The RBC Model Act requires that life insurers annually submit a report to state regulators regarding their RBC based upon four categories of risk: asset risk, insurance risk, interest rate and market risk, and business risk. The capital requirement for each is generally determined by applying factors which vary based upon the degree of risk to various asset, premium and reserve items. The formula is an early warning tool to identify possible weakly capitalized companies for purposes of initiating further regulatory action. 36 Regulatory compliance is determined by a ratio of a company’s total adjusted capital (“TAC”) to its authorized control level RBC (“ACL RBC”). The minimum level of TAC before corrective action commences (“Company Action Level”) is two times the ACL RBC or three times the ACL RBC with a negative trend. If an insurer’s ACL RBC falls below specified levels, it would be subject to different degrees of regulatory action depending upon the level, ranging from requiring the insurer to propose actions to correct the capital deficiency to placing the insurer under regulatory control. Our reported RBC ratio measures the ratio of TAC to our Company Action Level. As of December 31, 2018, the RBC of each of our U.S. life insurance subsidiaries exceeded the level of RBC that would require any of them to take or become subject to any corrective action in their respective domiciliary state. The consolidated RBC ratio of our U.S. domiciled life insurance subsidiaries was approximately 199% and 282% as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Group capital The NAIC and international insurance regulators, including the International Association of Insurance Supervisors (“IAIS”), are continuing to develop group capital standards. The NAIC is developing a group capital calculation tool using an RBC aggregation methodology for all entities within the insurance holding company system. The NAIC expects to enter the field testing phase in early 2019. The IAIS has been developing a risk- based global insurance capital standard (“ICS”) based upon 10 key principles, which might impact internationally active insurance groups and current global systemically important insurers, as defined by the IAIS. The IAIS expects to adopt the ICS in November 2019, to be followed by a five-year monitoring period prior to implementation. It is unclear how the development of group capital measures by the NAIC and IAIS will interact with existing capital requirements for insurance companies in the United States and with international capital standards. It is possible that we may be required to hold additional capital as a result of these developments. Statutory accounting principles U.S. insurance regulators developed statutory accounting principles (“SAP”) as a basis of accounting used to monitor and regulate the solvency of insurers. Since insurance regulators are primarily concerned with ensuring an insurer’s ability to pay its current and future obligations to policyholders, statutory accounting conservatively values the assets and liabilities of insurers, generally in accordance with standards specified by the insurer’s domiciliary jurisdiction. Uniform statutory accounting practices are established by the NAIC and are generally adopted by regulators in the various U.S. jurisdictions. Due to differences in methodology between SAP and U.S. GAAP, the values for assets, liabilities and equity reflected in financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP are materially different from those reflected in financial statements prepared under SAP. Regulation of investments Each of our U.S. insurers is subject to Insurance Laws that require diversification of its investment portfolio and which limit the proportion of investments in different asset categories. Assets invested contrary to such regulatory limitations must be treated as non-admitted assets for purposes of measuring surplus, and, in some instances, regulations require divestiture of such non-complying investments. We believe the investments made by our U.S. insurers comply with these Insurance Laws. The NAIC continues to review the investment risk factors for fixed income assets that are applied in the NAIC’s RBC formula for life insurers. In August 2017, the NAIC’s Investment Risk-Based Capital Working Group exposed new factors for comment with the expectation that the proposed factors would be effective for the year ending 2019. The proposed factors are applied to 20 different ratings categories versus the current six 37 ratings categories, thereby providing additional granularity to the risk charges applied across insurer investment portfolios. Generally, the proposed factors are higher than the current factors for more highly rated fixed income assets and are lower than current factors for lower rated fixed income assets. The NAIC is still targeting year-end 2019 for the implementation date, although it is more likely that the revisions will become effective by year-end 2020. Additional time is needed for the NAIC to update its systems so that it can accept the 20 new ratings categories. If the proposed factors are adopted, we believe our required capital will increase. In addition, the proposed factors may encourage insurers to invest more of their portfolios in lower rated fixed income assets to benefit from the lower risk charges. Federal regulation of insurance products Most of our variable annuity products, some of our fixed guaranteed products, and all of our variable life insurance products, as well as our FABNs issued as part of our registered notes program are “securities” within the meaning of federal and state securities laws, are registered under the Securities Act of 1933 and are subject to regulation by the SEC. See “—Other Laws and Regulations—Securities regulation.” The entities that offer these products that are broker/dealers, as defined by the SEC, are also regulated by FINRA and may be regulated by state securities authorities. Federal and state securities regulation similar to that discussed below under “—Other Laws and Regulations—Securities regulation” affects investment advice and sales and related activities with respect to these products. U.S. mortgage insurance products and insurers are also subject to federal regulation discussed below under “—Mortgage Insurance Regulation.” In addition, although the federal government does not comprehensively regulate the business of insurance, federal legislation and administrative policies in several areas, including taxation, financial services regulation, and pension and welfare benefits regulation, can also significantly affect the insurance industry. Dodd-Frank Act and other federal initiatives Although the federal government generally does not directly regulate the insurance business, federal initiatives often have an impact on the business in a variety of ways, including limitations on antitrust immunity, tax incentives for lifetime annuity payouts, simplification bills affecting tax-advantaged or tax-exempt savings and retirement vehicles, and proposals to modify the estate tax. In addition, various forms of direct federal regulation of insurance have been proposed in recent years. The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the “Dodd-Frank Act”) made extensive changes to the laws regulating financial services firms and required various federal agencies to adopt a broad range of new implementing rules and regulations, many of which have taken effect. Among other provisions, the Dodd-Frank Act established a new framework of regulation of the over-the-counter (“OTC”) derivatives markets. The clearing requirements under the Dodd-Frank Act require us to post with a futures commission merchant highly liquid securities or cash as initial margin and cash to meet variation margin requirements for most interest rate derivatives we trade. As the new marketplace continues to evolve, we may have to alter or limit the way we use derivatives in the future, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. We are subject to similar trade reporting, documentation, central trading and clearing and OTC margining requirements when we transact with foreign derivatives counterparties. In addition, regulations adopted by federal banking regulators that will begin to take effect in 2019 will require certain bank-regulated counterparties and certain of their affiliates to include in certain financial contracts, including many derivatives contracts, terms that delay or restrict the rights of counterparties, such as us, to terminate such contracts, foreclose upon collateral, exercise other default rights or restrict transfers of affiliate credit enhancements (such as guarantees) in the event that the bank-regulated counterparty and/or its affiliates are subject to certain types of resolution or insolvency proceedings. It is possible that these new requirements, as well as potential additional government regulation and other developments in the market, could adversely affect our ability to terminate existing derivatives agreements or to realize amounts to be received 38 under such agreements. The Dodd-Frank Act and related federal regulations and foreign derivatives requirements expose us to operational, compliance, execution and other risks, including central counterparty insolvency risk. In the case of our U.S. mortgage insurance business, the Dodd-Frank Act prohibited a creditor from making a residential mortgage loan unless the creditor makes a reasonable and good faith determination that, at the time the loan is consummated, the consumer has a reasonable ability to repay the loan. In addition, the Dodd-Frank Act created the CFPB, which regulates certain aspects of the offering and provision of consumer financial products or services but not the business of insurance. Certain rules established by the CFPB require mortgage lenders to demonstrate that they have effectively considered the consumer’s ability to repay a mortgage loan, establish when a mortgage may be classified as a Qualified Mortgage and determine when a lender is eligible for a safe harbor as a presumption that the lender has complied with the ability-to-repay requirements. The Dodd-Frank Act also established a Financial Stability Oversight Council (“FSOC”), which is authorized to subject non-bank financial companies, which may include insurance companies, deemed systemically significant to stricter prudential standards and other requirements and to subject such companies to a special orderly liquidation process outside the federal Bankruptcy Code, administered by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. We have not been, nor do we believe we will be, designated as systemically significant by FSOC. FSOC’s potential recommendation of measures to address systemic financial risk could affect our insurance operations. A future determination that we or our counterparties are systemically significant could impose significant burdens on us, impact the way we conduct our business, increase compliance costs, duplicate state regulation and result in a competitive disadvantage. The Dodd-Frank Act established a Federal Insurance Office (“FIO”) within the Department of the Treasury. While not having a general supervisory or regulatory authority over the business of insurance, the director of this office performs various functions with respect to insurance, including serving as a non-voting member of the FSOC and making recommendations to the FSOC regarding insurers to be designated for more stringent regulation. In December 2018, the SEC adopted a final rule related to certain provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act. The new rule requires companies to describe practices and policies pertaining to transactions that hedge, or are designed to hedge, the market value of equity securities granted as compensation to any employee, including officers or directors. The new rule and related disclosures are required in a proxy statement or information statement related to an election of directors and such disclosures should be by category of employee. Likewise, if a company does not have any such practices or policies, disclosure of that fact must be included in such filings. This final rule is effective in proxy statements or information statements during fiscal years beginning on or after July 1, 2019. On May 24, 2018, the Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief, and Consumer Protection Act (“Reform Act”) was signed into law. Instead of repealing the Dodd-Frank Act, the Reform Act focused largely on providing relief for smaller banking institutions with total assets below $10 billion and re-defining asset thresholds for a systemically important financial institution. The Reform Act also directs the Director of FIO and the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve to support increased transparency at global insurance or international standard- setting regulatory or supervisory forums, and to achieve consensus positions with the states through the NAIC prior to taking a position on any insurance proposal by a global insurance regulatory or supervisory forum. We cannot predict the requirements of all of the regulations adopted under the Dodd-Frank Act or the Reform Act, the effect such legislation or regulations will have on financial markets generally, or on our businesses specifically, the additional costs associated with compliance with such regulations or legislation, or any changes to our operations that may be necessary to comply with the Dodd-Frank Act and the regulations thereunder, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows or financial condition. We also cannot predict whether other federal initiatives will be adopted or what impact, if any, such initiatives, if adopted as laws, may have on our business, financial condition or results of operations. 39 Changes in tax laws On December 22, 2017, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“TCJA”) was signed into law. The enactment of the new law signified the first major overhaul of the U.S. federal income tax system in more than 30 years. In addition to the law’s corporate income tax rate reduction, several other provisions are pertinent to our financial statements and related disclosures, and will have an impact on our deferred taxes in future years. The TCJA has also had an immediate impact to our capital through a reduction in the statutory admitted deferred tax asset and an impact to certain cash flow scenario testing included in the RBC calculation. Following the reduction in the federal corporate income tax rate, the NAIC revised the factors used for calculating the RBC of insurance companies, which was effective in 2018. The revised factors negatively impacted the RBC ratio of our life insurance subsidiaries by approximately 10 points. In addition to the changes discussed above pertaining to capital and RBC ratios, the following provisions have the most significant impact: • Corporate tax rate; • • International tax provisions; Policyholder reserves; • Capitalization of certain policy acquisition expenses; • Dividends received deduction and life insurance company share; and • Net operating losses and operations loss deductions. During 2018, we finalized the accounting for provisions of the TCJA and related guidance, namely through Staff Accounting Bulletin (“SAB”) 118. This guidance was issued by the SEC to provide relief to companies due to the complexities involved in accounting for the TCJA. See note 13 in our consolidated financial statements under “Item 8—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for additional information. In addition, during 2018 several clarifying and tax guidance related items were issued from the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) and the U.S. Department of the Treasury on certain aspects of the TCJA. Although we have finalized the accounting for the TCJA and SAB 118, we are in the process of evaluating these new tax related items and the impact it will have on our results of operations and financial condition. See “Item 1A—Risk Factors—Changes in tax laws could have a material adverse effect on our business, cash flows, results of operations or financial condition.” Corporate Tax Rate Prior to the recent TCJA, the top U.S. corporate federal income tax rate was 35% for corporations with taxable income greater than $10 million. The TCJA reduced the U.S. corporate federal income tax rate to 21% effective for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017. Included in our 2017 benefit for income taxes is $154 million of tax benefits associated with revaluing our deferred tax assets and liabilities to the new rate on the date of enactment. International Tax Provisions Prior to the TCJA, a U.S. shareholder was generally not required to include in income the earnings and profits (“E&P”) of a controlled foreign corporation (“CFC”), other than income taxed under Subpart F, until distributed, or repatriated, to the U.S. shareholder. To the extent the U.S. shareholder determined its “pool” of accumulated E&P were positive, any subsequent distributions were taxable to the U.S. shareholder as a dividend when paid. The TCJA established a participation exemption system for the taxation of foreign income which generally allows for a 100% deduction for dividends received from CFCs, however, income from CFCs still may be included on a U.S. shareholder’s return through Subpart F or Global Intangible Low Taxed Income (“GILTI”) 40 provisions. As a transition to the new participation exemption system, for the last taxable year of a foreign corporation beginning before January 1, 2018, all U.S. shareholders of any CFC or other foreign corporation that is at least 10% U.S.-owned but not controlled must include in income its pro rata share of the accumulated post- 1986 deferred foreign income that was not previously taxed. A portion of that pro rata share of deferred foreign income is deductible depending on whether the deferred foreign income is held in the form of liquid or illiquid assets. The net of the income inclusion and deduction effectively results in a tax of 15.5% and 8% on deferred foreign income held in liquid and illiquid assets, respectively (herein referred to as the “transition tax”). Foreign taxes paid or deemed to have been paid are creditable against the additional liability in the same proportion as the net U.S. income inclusion bears to undistributed E&P of the foreign corporation. Any net increase to the tax liability may be paid over an eight-year period. We included in our 2017 U.S. federal income tax return the effects of this provision, however, it resulted in no current tax liability and no amounts are due to be paid over the eight-year period. Included in our 2017 results is $63 million of tax expense related to the transition tax, offset by $127 million of income tax benefit from the write-off of our shareholder tax liability, which represented the tax liability on book over tax basis differences that would have been owed under old tax law. Together, these items represent a net $64 million tax benefit associated with changes in the international provisions. In 2018, we recorded a tax benefit of $10 million as we refined our calculations of post-1986 foreign E&P, related tax pools and the amounts held in cash and other specified assets. The TCJA provides for an election not to apply net operating losses (“NOL”) deductions against the deferred foreign income recognized as a result of the deemed repatriation. The TCJA also includes a provision by which a taxpayer can make an election to increase the percentage (but not greater than 100%) of domestic taxable income offset by any pre-2018 unused overall domestic loss (“ODL”) and recharacterized as foreign source income. The provision applies to any ODL generated in a qualified taxable year beginning before January 1, 2018 which has not already been recharacterized. The change in the ODL limitation was a contributing factor to the $258 million release of our valuation allowance during 2017. Policyholder Reserves Prior to the TCJA, life insurance reserves for any contract were the greater of the net surrender value of the contract or the reserves determined under federally prescribed rules, not to exceed the statutory reserve with respect to the contract. The TCJA provides that for purposes of determining the deduction for increases in certain reserves of a life insurance company, the amount of the life insurance reserves for any contract (other than certain variable contracts) is the greater of either the net surrender value of the contract (if any) or 92.81% of the amount determined using the tax reserve method otherwise applicable to the contract as of the date the reserve is determined. In the case of a variable contract, the amount of life insurance reserves for the contract is; (1) the sum of the greater of either the net surrender value of the contract or the separate-account reserve amount for the contract, plus (2) 92.81% of the excess (if any) of the amount determined using the tax reserve method otherwise applicable to the contract as of the date the reserve is determined over the amount determined in item (1). Tax reserves cannot exceed the amount which would be taken into account in determining statutory reserves. Asset adequacy or deficiency reserves are not deductible for tax purposes, consistent with prescribed treatment prior to the TCJA. The provision applies to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017. For the first taxable year beginning after December 31, 2017, the difference in the amount of the reserve with respect to any contract at the end of the preceding taxable year and the amount of such reserve determined as if the TCJA were applied for that year is taken into account ratably over eight taxable years. Prior to the TCJA, changes in the basis for determining life insurance company reserves were taken into account ratably over 10 years. Under the TCJA, the income or loss resulting from a change in method of computing life insurance company reserves will be taken into account consistent with IRS procedures, which provide that negative adjustments are deducted from income in the year of the change whereas positive 41 adjustments are required to be included in income ratably over four taxable years. Per recent IRS guidance, the taxpayer may only effect such a change upon proper filing of an application for a change in tax accounting method. The provision applies to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017. As these changes relate to temporary differences, there will be no impact on our provision (benefit) for income taxes in the future. Capitalization of Certain Policy Acquisition Expenses Under the TCJA, specified policy acquisition expenses as modified in the bill are computed as the sum of 2.09% of the net premiums on annuity contracts, 2.45% of net premiums on group life insurance policies and 9.20% of net premiums on other life insurance policies not specified as annuity contracts or group life policies. These capitalization rates were 1.75%, 2.05% and 7.70%, respectively, prior to the TCJA. The amortization period was modified from a 120-month to a 180-month period beginning with the first month in the second half of the taxable year. The provision applies to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017 with no change to the amortization period of capitalized expenses as of December 31, 2017. As these changes relate to temporary differences, there will be no impact on our provision (benefit) for income taxes in the future. Dividends Received Deduction and Life Insurance Company Share Corporations are allowed a deduction with respect to dividends received from other taxable domestic corporations, referred to as the dividends received deduction (“DRD”). Prior to the TCJA, the amount of the deduction was generally equal to 70% of the dividends received. In the case of any dividends received from a 20% owned corporation, the amount of the deduction was equal to 80% of the dividend received. As a result of the corporate income tax rate reduction from a top rate of 35% to 21%, the bill reduced the 70% DRD to 50% and the 80% DRD to 65%. The treatment of dividends received from a corporation that is a member of the same affiliated group was unchanged. Life insurance companies are subject to proration rules for certain deductions which could be viewed as funded proportionately out of taxable and tax-exempt income. Similarly, under the proration rules, a life insurance company is allowed a DRD from nonaffiliates in proportion to the company’s share of such dividends, thus excluding the policyholder’s share from the amount of dividends eligible for the DRD. Prior to the TCJA, the determination of the company’s share and policyholder’s share was a complex computation obtained by analyzing the company’s share of net investment income in proportion to the total net investment income for the taxable year. Under the TCJA, the special rules for determining the company’s share for purposes of the DRD were replaced with a universal 70% rate for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017. This provision did not have an impact on the 2017 financial statements and had an immaterial impact on 2018 results. Net Operating Losses and Operations Loss Deductions Prior to the TCJA, NOLs could generally be carried back two years and forward 20 years to offset taxable income in such years. For life insurance companies, there was a special rule which provided that operations loss deductions (“OLDs”) could be carried back three years and forward 15 years to offset life insurance company taxable income. NOLs and OLDs could be utilized to reduce regular taxable income and life insurance company taxable income, respectively, to zero. Under the TCJA, the special rule for life insurance company OLDs was repealed, thus conforming life insurance companies to other non-insurance corporations with regard to the treatment of NOLs. The bill further modified the NOL rules by limiting the NOL deduction to 80% of taxable income (determined without regard to the deduction), for losses arising in taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017. The provision repealed the two-year carryback but provided for indefinite carryovers for losses arising in taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017. This provision has no impact on our existing U.S. NOLs of $1.3 billion as of December 31, 2018. Future NOLs would be limited to 80% utilization in the year of loss, or can be carried forward indefinitely, as there is no expiration period. Property and casualty insurance companies are still subject to the old carryback/ carryforward rules. 42 Mortgage Insurance Regulation State regulation General Mortgage insurers generally are limited by Insurance Laws to directly writing only mortgage insurance business to the exclusion of other types of insurance. Mortgage insurers are not subject to the NAIC’s RBC requirements but certain states and other regulators impose another form of capital requirement on mortgage insurers, requiring maintenance of a risk-to-capital ratio not to exceed 25:1. GMICO, our primary U.S. mortgage insurance subsidiary, had a risk-to-capital ratio of 12.5:1 and 12.9:1 as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The North Carolina Department of Insurance’s (“NCDOI”) current regulatory framework by which GMICO’s risk-to-capital ratio is calculated differs from the capital requirements of the GSEs as discussed under “—Other U.S. regulation.” The NAIC established a Mortgage Guaranty Insurance Working Group (the “MGIWG”) to determine and make recommendations to the NAIC’s Financial Condition Committee as to what, if any, changes to make to the solvency and other regulations relating to mortgage guaranty insurers. The MGIWG continues to work on revisions to the NAIC’s Mortgage Guaranty Insurance Model Act (the “MGI Model”). The proposed amendments of the MGI Model relate to, among other things: (i) capital and reserve standards, including increased minimum capital and surplus requirements, mortgage guaranty-specific RBC standards, dividend restrictions and contingency and premium deficiency reserves; (ii) limitations on the geographic concentration of mortgage guaranty risk, including state-based limitations; (iii) restrictions on mortgage insurers’ investments in notes secured by mortgages; (iv) prudent underwriting standards and formal underwriting guidelines to be approved by the insurer’s board; (v) the establishment of formal, internal “Mortgage Guaranty Quality Control Programs” with respect to in-force business; (vi) prohibitions on captive reinsurance arrangements; and (vii) incorporation of an NAIC “Mortgage Guaranty Insurance Standards Manual.” The MGIWG is currently working on the development of the mortgage guaranty insurance capital model, which is needed to determine the RBC and loan-level capital standards for the amended MGI Model. At this time, we cannot predict the outcome of this process, the effect changes, if any, will have on the mortgage guaranty insurance market generally, or on our businesses specifically, the additional costs associated with compliance with any such changes, or any changes to our operations that may be necessary to comply, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows or financial condition. We also cannot predict whether other regulatory initiatives will be adopted or what impact, if any, such initiatives, if adopted as laws, may have on our business, financial condition or results of operations. Reserves Insurance Laws require our U.S. mortgage insurers to establish a special statutory contingency reserve in their statutory financial statements to provide for losses in the event of significant economic declines. Annual additions to the statutory contingency reserve must be at least 50% of net earned premiums as defined by Insurance Laws. These contingency reserves generally are held until the earlier of (i) the time that loss ratios exceed 35% or (ii) 10 years, although regulators have granted discretionary releases from time to time. However, approval by the NCDOI, our primary domiciliary regulator, is required for contingency reserve releases when loss ratios exceed 35%. This reserve reduces the policyholder surplus of our U.S. mortgage insurers, and therefore, their ability to pay dividends to us. The statutory contingency reserve for our U.S. mortgage insurers was approximately $1,591 million as of December 31, 2018. Federal regulation In addition to federal laws directly applicable to mortgage insurers, the laws and regulations applicable to mortgage originators and lenders, purchasers of mortgage loans such as Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae, and governmental insurers such as the FHA and VA indirectly affect mortgage insurers. For example, changes in 43 federal housing legislation and other laws and regulations that affect the demand for private mortgage insurance, or the way in which such laws and regulations are interpreted or applied, may have a material effect on private mortgage insurers. Legislation or regulation that increases the number of people eligible for FHA or VA mortgages could have a materially adverse effect on our ability to compete with the FHA or VA. The Homeowners Protection Act of 1998 (the “Homeowners Protection Act”) provides for the automatic termination, or cancellation upon a borrower’s request, of the borrower’s obligation to pay for private mortgage insurance upon satisfaction of certain conditions, although mortgage servicers may continue to keep the coverage in place at their expense. The Homeowners Protection Act applies to owner-occupied residential mortgage loans regardless of lien priority and to borrower-paid mortgage insurance closed after July 29, 1999. FHA loans are not covered by the Homeowners Protection Act. Under the Homeowners Protection Act, automatic termination of the borrower’s obligation to pay for mortgage insurance would generally occur once the loan-to-value ratio reaches 78%. A borrower generally may request cancellation of mortgage insurance once the actual payments reduce the loan balance to 80% of the home’s original value. For borrower-initiated cancellation of mortgage insurance, the borrower must have a “good payment history” as defined by the Homeowners Protection Act. The Real Estate Settlement and Procedures Act of 1974 (“RESPA”) applies to most residential mortgages insured by private mortgage insurers. Mortgage insurance has been considered in some cases to be a “settlement service” for purposes of loans subject to RESPA. Subject to limited exceptions, RESPA precludes us from providing services to mortgage lenders free of charge, charging fees for services that are lower than their reasonable or fair market value, and paying fees for services that others provide that are higher than their reasonable or fair market value. In addition, RESPA prohibits persons from giving or accepting any portion or percentage of a charge for a real estate settlement service, other than for services actually performed. Although many states prohibit mortgage insurers from giving rebates, RESPA has been interpreted to cover many non-fee services as well. Mortgage insurers and their customers are subject to the possible sanctions of this law, which may be enforced by the CFPB, state insurance departments, state attorneys general and other enforcement authorities. The Equal Credit Opportunity Act (“ECOA”) and the Fair Credit Reporting Act (“FCRA”) also affect the business of mortgage insurance in various ways. ECOA, for example, prohibits discrimination against certain protected classes in credit transactions. FCRA governs the access and use of consumer credit information in credit transactions and requires notices to consumers in certain circumstances. Other U.S. regulation Effective December 31, 2015, each GSE adopted revised PMIERs, which set forth operational and financial requirements that mortgage insurers must meet in order to remain eligible. Each approved mortgage insurer is required to provide the GSEs with an annual certification and a quarterly report as to its compliance with PMIERs. The financial requirements of PMIERs mandate that a mortgage insurer’s “Available Assets” (generally only the most liquid assets of an insurer) must meet or exceed “Minimum Required Assets” (which are based on an insurer’s risk in-force and are calculated from tables of factors with several risk dimensions and are subject to a floor amount). The operational PMIERs requirements include standards that govern the relationship between the GSEs and approved insurers and are designed to ensure that approved insurers operate under uniform guidelines, such as claim processing timelines. They include quality control requirements that are designed to ensure that approved insurers have a strong internal risk management infrastructure that emphasizes continuous process improvement and senior management oversight. The GSEs subsequently issued revisions to PMIERs, referred to as “PMIERs 2.0,” on September 27, 2018 with an effective date of March 31, 2019. As of December 31, 2018, we estimate our U.S. mortgage insurance business had available assets of approximately 129% of the required assets under the current PMIERs compared to approximately 121% as of December 31, 2017. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the current PMIERs sufficiency ratios were in excess of $750 million and $550 million, respectively, of available assets above the PMIERs requirements. The increase 44 during 2018 was driven, in part, by positive operating cash flows and the reduction in delinquent loans. If PMIERs 2.0 had been effective as of December 31, 2018, we estimate that GMICO’s sufficiency ratio would have been approximately 120%, or more than $550 million of available assets above the PMIERs 2.0 requirements. This difference is primarily due to the elimination of any credit for future premiums in PMIERs 2.0 that had previously been allowed on insurance policies written in 2008 or earlier. In their respective letters approving credit for reinsurance against PMIERs financial requirements, the GSEs require our U.S. mortgage insurance subsidiary to maintain a maximum statutory risk to capital ratio of 18:1 or they reserve the right to reevaluate the amount of PMIERs credit indicated in their approval letters. Freddie Mac has also imposed additional requirements on our option to commute these reinsurance agreements. Both GSEs reserved the right to periodically review the reinsurance transactions for treatment under PMIERs. Canada regulation The Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions (“OSFI”) provides oversight to all federally incorporated financial institutions, including our Canadian mortgage insurance companies, which are indirect wholly-owned subsidiaries of Genworth Canada. OSFI also has oversight responsibility for CMHC, our main competitor. OSFI does not have enforcement powers over market conduct issues in the insurance industry, which are a provincial responsibility. The Bank Act, Insurance Companies Act and Trust and Loan Companies Act prohibit Canadian banks, trust companies and insurers from extending mortgage loans where the loan value exceeds 80% of the property’s value, unless mortgage insurance is obtained in connection with the loan. As a result, all mortgages issued by these financial institutions with a loan-to-value ratio exceeding 80% must be insured by a qualified insurer, which includes CMHC. Legislation prohibits such financial institutions from charging borrowers amounts for mortgage insurance that exceed the lender’s actual costs and impose disclosure obligations in respect of mortgage insurance. As discussed in “—Business—Canada Mortgage Insurance—Government guarantee eligibility,” government guaranteed mortgage insurers, including our Canadian mortgage insurance companies, are subject to PRMHIA regulation, which restricts our direct insurance activities to insuring mortgages that meet the government’s mortgage insurance eligibility. Reinsurance business is not subject to these restrictions. We are required to hold certain regulatory capital under PRMHIA and the Insurance Companies Act (Canada) to support our outstanding mortgage insurance in-force. Under PRMHIA, the regulations establish the following criteria that a mortgage must meet in order to be insured: • • a maximum mortgage amortization of 25 years; insurance of mortgages limited to loans with a loan-to-value of 95% or less; • minimum down payment of 10% required for house prices above CAD$500,000; • • • • • insurance of purchase mortgages only; insurance of mortgages for investment properties limited to 80% or less; capping the maximum gross debt service ratios at 39% and total debt service ratios at 44%; capping home purchase price to less than CAD$1 million; and setting a minimum credit score of 600. As part of our regulatory requirements, we developed and implemented our own risk and solvency assessment (“Canada ORSA”). Our Canada ORSA is a process that links our risk management framework to our business strategy and decision-making framework. Our Canada ORSA provides a baseline assessment of identified risks and the supporting risk management activities. Additionally, our Canada ORSA documents our 45 risk exposure relative to our risk appetite and calculates the capital required to support those risks under certain pre-defined stress events. The implementation of our Canada ORSA did not result in a significant change to our practices of evaluating and managing risks. Effective July 1, 2016, bulk mortgage insurance is only available on mortgages used in the CMHC securitization programs and is prohibited on mortgages used in private securitizations after a phase-in period. In addition, effective November 30, 2016, additional regulatory changes were implemented that prohibit insuring bulk refinances and most investor mortgages originated by lenders on or after October 17, 2016. While there was a one-time increase in bulk insurance volumes in the first quarter of 2017 primarily due to the closing of several large bulk insurance transactions on applications received in the fourth quarter of 2016, bulk insurance volumes have decreased, principally attributable to lower demand due in part to these regulatory changes. Certain jurisdictions in Canada have introduced measures focused on housing markets. On July 25, 2016, in an effort to improve housing affordability, the British Columbia government introduced a plan that included an additional land transfer tax on foreign buyers of property in Metro Vancouver. In addition, on February 20, 2018, the British Columbia government released a plan to further address housing affordability in the province. Among other measures, the plan included an increase and expansion of the existing foreign buyer’s tax and the introduction of a speculation tax applicable to both foreign and domestic buyers. On April 20, 2017, the Ontario Government released its Fair Housing Plan designed to temper the real estate market. The plan included a non-resident speculation tax that targets affordability in the purchase and rental housing markets in the Greater Toronto Area and surrounding areas. Following these housing policy changes, home sales have decreased in British Columbia and Ontario. On October 3, 2016, the Minister of Finance announced changes intended to reinforce the Canadian housing finance system. These changes primarily included more restrictive qualification guidelines on homebuyers seeking mortgage insurance and new requirements on insured mortgage loans using bulk or other discretionary low loan-to-value mortgage insurance that previously only applied to high loan-to-value insured mortgages. Effective October 17, 2016, all insured homebuyers must qualify for mortgage insurance at an interest rate that is the greater of their contract mortgage rate or the Bank of Canada’s conventional five-year fixed posted rate. To qualify for mortgage insurance, borrower debt-servicing ratios cannot exceed the maximum allowable levels of 39% and 44% for gross debt service ratio and total debt service ratio, respectively. Effective November 30, 2016, for insured mortgages with a loan-to-value ratio less than or equal to 80%, new requirements were introduced that previously only applied to high loan-to-value insured mortgages. These changes in regulatory requirements have resulted in a smaller flow mortgage insurance market and lower demand for bulk insurance. Under PRMHIA and the Insurance Companies Act (Canada), our mortgage insurance business in Canada is required to meet a minimum capital test (“MCT”) to support its outstanding mortgage insurance in-force per the guideline titled “Minimum Capital Test for Federally Regulated Property and Casualty Insurance Companies” (“MCT Guideline”). The MCT ratio is calculated based on a methodology prescribed by OSFI. On January 1, 2017, the capital advisory titled “Capital Requirements for Federally Regulated Mortgage Insurers” became effective. The advisory provides a standard framework for determining the capital requirements for residential mortgage insurance companies. Under this regulatory capital framework, the OSFI Supervisory MCT target and PRMHIA requirement are both 150%. As of December 31, 2018, our MCT ratio under the framework was approximately 172%, which was above the supervisory target. The framework is more risk sensitive than the prior framework and incorporates additional risk attributes, including credit score, remaining amortization and outstanding loan balance. The advisory includes supplementary capital requirements on new business in areas where home prices are high relative to borrower incomes upon origination. On August 9, 2018, OSFI released the guideline “Mortgage Insurer Capital Adequacy Test” (“MICAT”), which was effective January 1, 2019 and replaces the current advisory and MCT Guideline. The OSFI supervisory MICAT target ratio and the minimum MICAT ratio under PRMHIA remain at 150% for 2019. The MICAT primarily consolidates existing guidance and is not expected to have a material impact on regulatory 46 capital. The primary changes include a 5% increase of the total asset requirement relative to the current calculation, elimination of the requirement to use updated 2016 credit scores for 2015 and prior books in the calculation of the total asset requirement and a transitional arrangement that provides a phase-in period for the increased capital required for insurance risk on outstanding insured mortgages at December 31, 2018. We expect that in 2019, the impact of the elimination of the 2016 credit score update should more than offset the 5% increase in the total asset requirement on existing insurance in-force. We were fully compliant with MICAT on the effective date of January 1, 2019. On October 17, 2017, OSFI released the final version of Guideline B-20 Residential Mortgage Underwriting Practices and Procedures (the “B-20 Guideline”), which applies to all federally-regulated financial institutions that are engaged in residential mortgage underwriting and/or the acquisition of residential mortgage loan assets in Canada. The guideline was effective January 1, 2018, and requires enhanced underwriting practices for all uninsured mortgages, including the application of a qualifying mortgage rate stress test. The B-20 Guideline does not directly impact the regulatory requirements for our mortgage insurance business in Canada, as it is governed by OSFI’s Guideline B-21 Residential Mortgage Insurance Underwriting Practices and Procedures. Based on housing resale activity and mortgage origination volume in 2018, we believe the B-20 Guideline reduced the total 2018 mortgage originations in Canada by approximately 10% to 15% as compared to 2017 levels, including a decline of approximately 5% in the high loan-to-value market size in Canada in 2018 even though qualifying insured mortgages have been subject to a similar mortgage rate stress test since October 17, 2016. The Insurance Companies Act (Canada) provides that dividends may only be declared by the board of directors of the Canadian insurer and paid if there are reasonable grounds to believe that the payment of the dividend would not cause the insurer to be in violation of its minimum capital and liquidity requirements. Also, we are required to notify OSFI prior to the dividend payment. As a public company that is traded on the Toronto Stock Exchange (the “TSX”), Genworth Canada is subject to securities laws and regulation in each province in Canada, as well as the reporting requirements of the TSX. Australia regulation APRA regulates all ADIs, life insurance, general and mortgage insurance companies in Australia. APRA’s authorization conditions require Australian mortgage insurers to be monoline insurers, which are insurers offering just one type of insurance product. APRA’s prudential standards apply to individual authorized insurers and to the relevant Australian-based holding company and group. APRA also sets minimum capital levels and monitors corporate governance requirements, including the risk management strategy for our Australian mortgage insurance business. In this regard, APRA reviews our management, controls, processes, reporting and methods by which all risks are managed, including an annual financial condition report and an annual report on insurance liabilities by an appointed actuary. APRA also requires us to submit our risk and reinsurance management strategy, which outlines the use of reinsurance in Australia, annually and more frequently if there are material changes. In setting minimum capital levels, APRA requires mortgage insurers to ensure they have sufficient capital to withstand a hypothetical three-year stress loss scenario defined by APRA. APRA’s prudential standards provide for increased mortgage insurers’ capital requirements for insured loans that are considered to be non-standard. Non-standard mortgages are generally those loans where the lender has not formally verified the borrower’s income and employment or where the borrower has not passed standard credit checks. Non-standard mortgages accounted for approximately 1% of our insurance in-force as of December 31, 2018 in our mortgage insurance business in Australia. APRA also imposes quarterly reporting obligations on mortgage insurers with respect to risk profiles, reinsurance arrangements and financial position. We evaluate the capital position of our mortgage insurance business in Australia in relation to the Prescribed Capital Amount (“PCA”) as determined by APRA, utilizing the Internal Capital Adequacy Assessment Process (“ICAAP”) as the framework to ensure that our 47 Australia group of companies as a whole, and each regulated entity, are independently capitalized to meet regulatory requirements. As of December 31, 2018, our PCA ratio was 194%, which is above APRA’s capital holding requirements. In addition, APRA determines the capital requirements for ADIs and has reduced capital requirements for certain ADIs that insure residential mortgages with an “acceptable” mortgage insurer for all non-standard mortgages and for standard mortgages with a loan-to-value ratio above 80%. APRA’s prudential standards currently set out a number of circumstances in which a loan may be considered to be non-standard from an ADI’s perspective. The capital levels for Australian IRB ADIs are determined by their APRA-approved IRB models, which may or may not allocate capital credit for LMI. We believe that APRA and the IRB ADIs have not yet finalized internal models for residential mortgage risk, so we do not believe that the IRB ADIs currently benefit from an explicit reduction in their capital requirements for mortgages covered by mortgage insurance. APRA’s prudential standards also provide that LMI on a non-performing loan (90 days plus arrears) protects most ADIs from having to increase the regulatory capital on the loan to a risk-weighting of 100%. These prudential standards include a definition of an “acceptable” mortgage insurer and eliminate the reduced capital requirements for ADIs in the event that the mortgage insurer has contractual recourse to the ADI or a member of the ADI’s consolidated group. In December 2017, the Basel Committee released its revised framework. Given the broad reach and complexity of the latest Basel reforms, APRA has stated it will give due consideration to appropriate adjustments to the implementation of these reforms to reflect Australian conditions. APRA has stated that it expects to finalize proposed changes to its suite of prudential standards in 2019. In March 2017, APRA announced changes to reinforce sound mortgage lending practices, focusing on slowing investor growth and limiting the flow of new interest-only lending. These changes resulted in a decline in new insurance written volumes in 2017 and 2018. In December 2018, APRA announced its intention to remove the investor loan growth and interest-only lending benchmarks effective January 1, 2019, subject to certain assurances from ADIs as to the strength of their lending standards. APRA has the power to impose restrictions on the ability of our Australian mortgage insurance business to declare and pay dividends based on a number of factors, including the impact on the minimum regulatory capital ratio of that business. On November 30, 2017, the Australia Government announced the establishment of a Royal Commission that will consider the conduct of Australia’s Banking, Superannuation and Financial Services industry and to further ensure its financial system is working efficiently and effectively. The Royal Commission delivered its final report on February 4, 2019. At this time, it is too early to determine what impact, if any, the outcome of this Royal Commission will have on our mortgage insurance business in Australia. On August 3, 2018, the Australian Government’s Productivity Commission released its final report on Competition in the Australian Financial System, which included findings and recommendations related to mortgage insurance. The government has not yet provided a timeframe on when it will release its response. At this time, it is too early to determine what impact, if any, the outcome of the Productivity Commission’s report and recommendations will have on our mortgage insurance business in Australia. As a public company that is traded on the Australian Securities Exchange (the “ASX”), Genworth Australia is subject to Australian securities laws and regulation, as well as the reporting requirements of the ASX. Other Non-U.S. Insurance Regulation We operate in a number of countries around the world in addition to the United States, Canada and Australia. Generally, our subsidiaries (and in some cases our branches) conducting business in these countries must obtain licenses from local regulatory authorities and satisfy local regulatory requirements, including those relating to rates, forms, capital, reserves and financial reporting. 48 Other Laws and Regulations Securities regulation Certain of our U.S. subsidiaries and certain policies, contracts and services offered by them, are subject to regulation under federal and state securities laws and regulations of the SEC, state securities regulators and FINRA. Most of our insurance company separate accounts are registered under the Investment Company Act of 1940. Most of our variable annuity contracts and all of our variable life insurance policies, as well as our FABNs issued by one of our U.S. subsidiaries as part of our registered notes program are registered under the Securities Act of 1933. One of our U.S. subsidiaries is registered and regulated as a broker/dealer under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and is a member of, and subject to regulation by FINRA, as well as by various state and local regulators. The registered representatives of our broker/dealer are also regulated by the SEC and FINRA and are subject to applicable state and local laws. These laws and regulations are primarily intended to protect investors in the securities markets and generally grant supervisory agencies broad administrative powers, including the power to limit or restrict the conduct of business for failure to comply with such laws and regulations. In such event, the possible sanctions that may be imposed include suspension of individual employees, limitations on the activities in which the broker/dealer may engage, suspension or revocation of the investment adviser or broker/dealer registration, censure or fines. We may also be subject to similar laws and regulations in the states and other countries in which we offer the products described above or conduct other securities-related activities. The SEC, FINRA, state attorneys general, other federal offices and the New York Stock Exchange may conduct periodic examinations, in addition to special or targeted examinations of us and/or specific products. These examinations or inquiries may include, but are not necessarily limited to, product disclosures and sales issues, financial and accounting disclosure and operational issues. Often examinations are “sweep exams” whereby the regulator reviews current issues facing the financial or insurance industry as a whole. Environmental considerations As an owner and operator of real property, we are subject to extensive U.S. federal and state and non-U.S. environmental laws and regulations. Potential environmental liabilities and costs in connection with any required remediation of our properties is also an inherent risk in property ownership and operation. In addition, we hold equity interests in companies, and have made loans secured by properties, that could potentially be subject to environmental liabilities. We routinely have environmental assessments performed with respect to real estate being acquired for investment and real property to be acquired through foreclosure. We cannot provide assurance that unexpected environmental liabilities will not arise. However, based upon information currently available to us, we believe that any costs associated with compliance with environmental laws and regulations or any remediation of such properties will not have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. ERISA considerations We provide certain products and services to employee benefit plans that are subject to the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (“ERISA”) or the Internal Revenue Code. As such, our activities are subject to the restrictions imposed by ERISA and the Internal Revenue Code, including the requirement under ERISA that fiduciaries must perform their duties solely in the interests of ERISA plan participants and beneficiaries, and fiduciaries may not cause or permit a covered plan to engage in certain prohibited transactions with persons who have certain relationships with respect to such plans. The applicable provisions of ERISA and the Internal Revenue Code are subject to enforcement by the U.S. Department of Labor (“DOL”), the IRS and the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation. On April 6, 2016, the DOL published its final regulations on the definition of fiduciary for purposes of ERISA and the prohibited transaction rules under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986. The final regulations, 49 among other things, expand the circumstances in which sales personnel, such as insurance agents, are considered fiduciaries with respect to qualified plans and Individual Retirement Accounts. The DOL also issued two new prohibited transaction exemptions (“PTEs”) and amended several other existing PTEs. The final rule, new exemptions and amendments generally became applicable on June 9, 2017, but the DOL provided an initial compliance transition period until January 1, 2018 for certain provisions of the rule. On June 21, 2018, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit issued an order vacating the DOL fiduciary rule. It is possible, however, that the vacated fiduciary rule may be modified and reinstated or otherwise replaced at some point in the future. Therefore, it is not possible to predict what the impact, if any, the new rules may have on our insurance companies, our financial condition or results of operations. USA PATRIOT Act The USA PATRIOT Act of 2001 (the “Patriot Act”), enacted in response to the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, contains anti-money laundering and financial transparency laws and mandates the implementation of various regulations applicable to broker/dealers and other financial services companies, including insurance companies. The Patriot Act seeks to promote cooperation among financial institutions, regulators and law enforcement entities in identifying parties who may be involved in terrorism or money laundering. Anti-money laundering laws outside of the United States contain similar provisions. The increased obligations of financial institutions to identify their customers, watch for and report suspicious transactions, respond to requests for information by regulatory authorities and law enforcement agencies, and share information with other financial institutions, require the implementation and maintenance of internal practices, procedures and controls. We believe that we have implemented, and that we maintain, appropriate internal practices, procedures and controls to enable us to comply with the provisions of the Patriot Act. Certain additional requirements became applicable under the Patriot Act in May 2006 through a U.S. Treasury regulation which required that certain insurers have anti-money laundering compliance plans in place. We believe our internal practices, procedures and controls comply with these requirements. Cybersecurity In October 2018, the SEC issued a report of investigation regarding certain cybersecurity frauds perpetrated against public companies and internal control requirements. Although the SEC determined not to pursue enforcement, the SEC did emphasize the importance of maintaining a system of internal control to mitigate the escalating risks associated with cybersecurity threats. Furthermore, the SEC stressed that companies need to devise and maintain internal controls that reasonably safeguard company and investor assets from cybersecurity frauds, which includes: (i) ensuring transactions are executed in accordance with management’s general and specific authorization; and (ii) access to assets is permitted only in accordance with management’s general or specific authorization. Finally, in light of the ever-growing threats from cybersecurity fraud, internal controls may need to be reassessed or strengthened, and employee training should be enhanced to educate all employees of these threats. In February 2018, the SEC released interpretive guidance on cybersecurity disclosures. The release outlines the views of the SEC on cybersecurity disclosure requirements and provided enhancements to existing cybersecurity guidance. Among the enhancements, was clarifying disclosure controls and procedures to help public companies identify cybersecurity risks and incidents, assess and analyze their implications and make timely disclosures. It also stressed the importance of materiality assessments when considering cybersecurity disclosures, maintaining discipline around insider trading if a cybersecurity event occurs and board oversight of cybersecurity risks. The area of cybersecurity has also come under increased scrutiny by insurance regulators. For example, New York’s cybersecurity regulation, discussed further below, for financial services institutions, including banking and insurance entities, under its jurisdiction became effective on March 1, 2017, and is being implemented in stages. Among other things, this new regulation requires these entities to establish and maintain a 50 cybersecurity program designed to protect consumers’ private data. In addition, the NAIC adopted the Insurance Data Security Model Law (the “Cybersecurity Model Law”) on October 24, 2017, which is similar to New York’s cybersecurity regulation and establishes standards for data security and for the investigation of and notification of insurance commissioners of cybersecurity events involving unauthorized access to, or the misuse of, certain nonpublic information. The Cybersecurity Model Law imposes significant new regulatory burdens intended to protect the confidentiality, integrity and availability of information systems. In March 2017, the New York State Department of Financial Services (“NYDFS”) issued a cybersecurity regulation specific to financial services companies. The intent of the regulation was to allow cybersecurity programs to match the relevant risks while keeping pace with technological advances and was designed to promote the protection of customer information as well as the information technology systems of companies. This regulation requires company’s cybersecurity programs to include; access privileges, application security, policies and procedures for the disposal of nonpublic information, regular cybersecurity awareness training, encryption of nonpublic information and an incident response plan. The incident response plan should be designed to respond to and recover from any cybersecurity event materially affecting the confidentiality, integrity or availability of the company’s information system in a timely manner. Notice of a cybersecurity event needs to occur as quickly as possible but no later than 72 hours from the determination of the cybersecurity event. Companies shall also implement and maintain written policies approved by a senior officer of the company to protect its information systems and nonpublic information, appoint a chief information security officer and perform periodic risk assessments. Privacy of Consumer Information In the United States, federal and state laws and regulations require financial institutions, including insurance companies, to protect the security and confidentiality of consumer financial information and to notify consumers about policies and practices relating to the collection and disclosure of consumer information and policies relating to protecting the security and confidentiality of that information. Similarly, federal and state laws and regulations govern the disclosure and security of consumer health information. In particular, regulations promulgated by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Federal Trade Commission and various states regulate the disclosure and use of protected health information by health insurers and other covered entities, the physical and procedural safeguards employed to protect the security of that information, and the electronic transmission of such information. From time to time, Congress and state legislatures consider additional legislation relating to privacy and other aspects of consumer information. We cannot predict whether such legislation will be enacted, or what impact, if any, such legislation may have on our business, financial condition or results of operations. The California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018 (the “CCPA”) was signed into law on June 28, 2018, and amended shortly thereafter on September 12, 2018. The CCPA grants all California residents the right to know what information a business has collected from them and the sourcing and sharing of that information, as well as a right to have a business delete their personal information (with some exceptions). Its definition of “personal information” is more expansive than those found in other privacy laws applicable to us in the United States. Failure to comply with the CCPA risks regulatory fines, and the law grants a private right of action for any unauthorized disclosure of personal information as a result of failure to maintain reasonable security procedures. The CCPA is expected to become operational on January 1, 2020, but California’s Attorney General is expected to delay enforcement actions until six months after a final regulation is promulgated or July 1, 2020, whichever is sooner. Similar laws and regulations protecting the security and confidentiality of consumer and financial information are also in effect in Canada, Australia and other countries in which we operate. Employees As of December 31, 2018, we employed approximately 3,500 full-time and part-time employees. 51 Directors and Executive Officers See Part III, Item 10 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for information about our directors and executive officers. Available Information Our Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act are available, without charge, on our website, www.genworth.com, as soon as reasonably practicable after we file or furnish such reports with the SEC. The public may read and copy any electronic materials we file or furnish with the SEC at the SEC’s website, www.sec.gov. Copies of our SEC filed or furnished reports are also available, without charge, from Genworth Investor Relations, 6620 West Broad Street, Richmond, VA 23230. Our website also includes the charters of our Audit Committee, Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee, Risk Committee, and Management Development and Compensation Committee, any key practices of these committees, our Governance Principles, and our company’s code of ethics. Copies of these materials also are available, without charge, from Genworth Investor Relations, at the above address. Within the time period required by the SEC and the New York Stock Exchange, we will post on our website any amendment to our code of ethics and any waiver applicable to any of our directors, executive officers or senior financial officers. On December 18, 2018, our President and Chief Executive Officer certified to the New York Stock Exchange that he was not aware of any violation by us of the New York Stock Exchange’s corporate governance listing standards. Transfer Agent and Registrar Our Transfer Agent and Registrar is Computershare Shareowner Services LLC, P.O. Box 30170, College Station, TX 77842-3170. Telephone: 866-229-8413; 201-680-6578 (outside the United States and Canada may call collect); and 800-231-5469 (for hearing impaired). 52 Item 1A. Risk Factors You should carefully consider the following risks. These risks could materially affect our business, results of operations or financial condition, cause the trading price of our common stock to decline materially or cause our actual results to differ materially from those expected or those expressed in any forward-looking statements made by us or on our behalf. These risks are not exclusive, and additional risks to which we are subject include, but are not limited to, the factors mentioned under “Cautionary note regarding forward-looking statements” and the risks of our businesses described elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018. Strategic Risks The proposed transaction with China Oceanwide may not be completed or may not be completed within the timeframe, terms or in the manner currently anticipated, which could have a material adverse effect on us and our stock price. On October 21, 2016, we entered into a definitive agreement with China Oceanwide, under which China Oceanwide has agreed to acquire all of our outstanding common stock for a total transaction value of approximately $2.7 billion, or $5.43 per share in cash. As part of the transaction, China Oceanwide and/or its affiliates, has additionally committed to contribute an aggregate of $1.5 billion to us over time following consummation of the Merger, with the final amounts of the plan expected to be contributed by December 31, 2019. The transaction and this contribution are subject to the closing of the Merger and the receipt of required regulatory approvals, as well as other closing conditions. The transaction remains subject to required regulatory approvals/clearances under the terms of the existing agreement with China Oceanwide, in Canada and China, along with other closing conditions. See “Item 1—Business—Strategic Update.” In addition, the transaction is conditioned on there not having been a change or the public announcement of a change in the financial strength rating assigned to GMICO to below “BB (negative outlook)” by S&P that is primarily and directly attributable to the actions or inactions by Genworth, its affiliates or their respective representatives that do not relate to an “excluded effect” (as defined in the Merger Agreement), or an adverse change in the condition (financial or otherwise) of GMICO and its businesses not resulting from or arising out of an excluded effect. There are numerous risks related to the transaction, including the following: • • • • • • • the risk that the parties will not be able to obtain the required regulatory approvals or clearance or that the regulatory process may further delay the transaction beyond March 15, 2019 (and either or both of the parties may not be willing to further waive their end date termination rights beyond March 15, 2019) or that materially burdensome or adverse regulatory conditions may be imposed or undesirable measures may be required in connection with any such regulatory approvals or clearances (including those conditions or measures that either or both of the parties may be unwilling to accept or undertake, as applicable); the risk that the parties will not be able to obtain other regulatory approvals, including in connection with a potential alternative funding structure or the current geo-political environment; the parties’ inability to obtain any necessary regulatory approvals or clearances for the post-closing capital plan; the risk that a closing condition of the transaction may not be satisfied; existing and potential legal proceedings may be instituted against us that may delay the transaction, make it more costly or ultimately preclude it; the risk that the proposed transaction disrupts Genworth’s current plans and operations as a result of the announcement and consummation of the transaction; certain restrictions during the pendency of the transaction that may impact Genworth’s ability to pursue certain business opportunities or strategic transactions; 53 • • • • • • • • • continued availability of capital and financing to Genworth before, or in the absence of, the consummation of the transaction; further rating agency actions and downgrades in Genworth’s debt or financial strength ratings; changes in applicable laws or regulations; our ability to recognize the anticipated benefits of the transaction; the amount of the costs, fees, expenses and other charges related to the transaction, including costs and expenses related to conditions imposed in connection with regulatory approvals, which may be material; the risks related to diverting management’s attention from our ongoing business operations; the Merger Agreement may be terminated in circumstances that would require us to pay China Oceanwide a fee; our ability to attract, recruit, retain and motivate current and prospective employees may be adversely affected; and disruptions and uncertainty relating to the transaction, whether or not it is completed, may harm our relationships with our employees, customers, distributors, vendors or other business partners, and may result in a negative impact on our business. There is no assurance that the conditions to the transaction will be satisfied in a timely manner, on the terms set forth in our existing agreement with China Oceanwide or at all. If the transaction is not completed, we would likely suffer a number of consequences that could adversely affect our stock price, business, results of operations and financial condition, including: • • • greater difficulty in stabilizing our U.S. life insurance businesses, which would negatively impact our strategy of increasing the liquidity of the holding company and isolating long-term care insurance risks from the rest of our businesses; increased pressure on and potential further downgrades of our debt and financial strength ratings, particularly for our mortgage insurance businesses, which could have an adverse impact on our mortgage insurance businesses; a negative impact on our holding company liquidity and ability to reduce, service and/or refinance our holding company debt; and • we likely would pursue strategic alternatives that would materially impact our business, including potential sales of our mortgage insurance businesses in Canada and Australia and/or a partial sale of our U.S. mortgage insurance business. Potential consequences of these risks would likely include, among other things, business disruption, operational problems, financial loss, legal liability to third parties and similar risks, any of which could have a material adverse effect on Genworth’s consolidated financial condition, results of operations, credit ratings or liquidity. In addition, we have incurred, and will continue to incur, significant costs, expenses and fees for professional services and other transaction costs in connection with the transaction, and these fees and costs are payable by us regardless of whether the transaction is consummated. We may be unable to successfully execute strategic plans to effectively address our current business challenges. We continue to pursue our overall strategy with a focus on improving business performance and increasing financial and strategic flexibility across the organization. Our strategy includes maximizing our opportunities in our mortgage insurance businesses and stabilizing our U.S. life insurance businesses. See “Item 1—Business— Strategic Update.” 54 We cannot be sure we will be able to successfully execute on any of our strategic plans to effectively address our current business challenges (including with respect to stabilizing our U.S. life insurance businesses, debt obligations, cost savings, ratings and capital), including as a result of: (a) a failure to complete the China Oceanwide transaction or the inability to pursue alternative strategic plans pending the transaction; (b) an inability to continue to sell long-term care insurance policies; (c) an inability to attract buyers for any businesses or other assets we may seek to sell, or securities we may seek to issue, in each case, in a timely manner and on anticipated terms; (d) an inability to increase the capital needed in our businesses in a timely manner and on anticipated terms, including through improved business performance, reinsurance or similar transactions, asset sales, securities offerings or otherwise, in each case as and when required; (e) a failure to obtain any required regulatory, stockholder, noteholder approvals and/or other third-party approvals or consents for such alternative strategic plans; (f) our challenges changing or being more costly or difficult to successfully address than currently anticipated or the benefits achieved being less than anticipated; (g) an inability to achieve anticipated cost-savings in a timely manner; and (h) adverse tax or accounting charges. If the proposed transaction with China Oceanwide is not completed, we will continue to remain open to other feasible alternatives and actively assess our strategic options, which could include selling additional blocks of business and/or reducing ownership of or selling businesses, including in transactions that would be material to us. We may be unable to complete any sale of additional blocks of business, or reduce ownership of or sell businesses on terms anticipated or at all. Even if we are successful in executing our strategic plans or alternative plans, the execution of these plans may have expected or unexpected adverse consequences, including adverse rating actions and adverse tax and accounting charges (such as significant losses on sale of businesses or assets or DAC or deferred tax asset write offs). We may decide to take additional measures to increase our financial flexibility, in the absence of the China Oceanwide transaction, including issuing equity at Genworth Financial which would be dilutive to our shareholders, or additional debt at Genworth Financial or Genworth Holdings (including debt convertible into equity of Genworth Financial), which could increase our leverage. The availability of any additional debt or equity funding will depend on a variety of factors, including, market conditions, regulatory considerations, the general availability of credit and particularly, to the financial services industry, our credit ratings and credit capacity and the performance of and outlook for our company and our businesses. Market conditions may make it difficult to obtain funding or complete asset sales to generate additional liquidity, especially on short notice and when the demand for additional funding in the market is high. Our access to funding may be further impaired by our credit or financial strength ratings and our financial condition. See “—Our internal sources of liquidity may be insufficient to meet our needs and our access to capital may be limited or unavailable. Under such conditions, we may seek additional capital but may be unable to obtain it.” We may be unable to maintain or increase the capital needed in our businesses in a timely manner, on anticipated terms or at all, including through improved business performance, reinsurance or similar transactions, asset sales, securities offerings or otherwise, in each case as and when required. Additional capital has been provided in the past, and if conditions require we expect additional capital could be provided in the future, to our mortgage insurance businesses as necessary (and to the extent we determine it is appropriate to do so) to meet regulatory or GSE capital requirements, comply with rating agency criteria to maintain ratings and provide capital and liquidity buffers for these businesses to operate and meet unexpected cash flow obligations. We may not be able to fund or raise the required capital as and when required and the amount of capital required may be higher than anticipated, particularly in the absence of the China Oceanwide transaction. Our inability to fund or raise the capital required in the anticipated timeframes and on the anticipated terms, could have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition, including causing us to reduce our business levels or be subject to a variety of regulatory actions. See “—Our internal sources of liquidity may be insufficient to meet our needs and our access to capital may be limited or unavailable. Under such conditions, we may seek additional capital but may be unable to obtain it.” 55 Our U.S. life insurance businesses are currently unable to pay dividends to the holding company due to the capital needs of these businesses. In addition, we intend to continue to support the increased capital needs of our U.S. mortgage insurance business resulting from PMIERs and any further support that might be necessary under PMIERs 2.0. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, our U.S. mortgage insurance business met the current PMIERs financial and operational requirements, and holds a reasonable amount in excess of the financial requirements. In order to continue to provide a prudent level of financial flexibility in connection with the current PMIERs capital requirements given the dynamic nature of asset and requirement valuations over time, our U.S. mortgage insurance business may be required, particularly in the absence of the China Oceanwide transaction, to execute future capital transactions, including additional reinsurance transactions and contributions of holding company cash. See “—If we are unable to continue to meet the requirements mandated by PMIERs or PMIERs 2.0 because the GSEs amend them or the GSEs’ interpretation of the financial requirements requires us to hold amounts of capital that are higher than we have planned or otherwise, we may not be eligible to write new insurance on loans acquired by the GSEs, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.” The implementation of any further reinsurance transactions all depend on the completion of the China Oceanwide transaction, market conditions, third-party approvals or other actions (including approval by regulators and the GSEs), and other factors which are outside of our control, and therefore we cannot be sure we will be able to successfully implement these actions on the anticipated timetable and terms or at all, or achieve the anticipated benefits. For a discussion of risks related to our strategic plans, see “—We may be unable to successfully execute strategic plans to effectively address our current business challenges.” Risks Relating to Estimates, Assumptions and Valuations If our reserves for future policy claims are inadequate, we may be required to increase our reserves, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. We calculate and maintain reserves for estimated future payments of claims to our policyholders and contractholders in accordance with U.S. GAAP and industry accounting practices. We release these reserves as those future obligations are paid, experience changes or policies lapse. The reserves we establish reflect estimates and actuarial assumptions with regard to our future experience. These estimates and actuarial assumptions involve the exercise of significant judgment. Our future financial results depend significantly upon the extent to which our actual future experience is consistent with the assumptions and methodologies we have used in pricing our products and calculating our reserves. Small changes in assumptions or small deviations of actual experience from assumptions can have, and in the past had, material impacts on our reserves, results of operations and financial condition. Many factors, and changes in these factors, can affect future experience, including, but not limited to: interest rates; investment returns and volatility; economic and social conditions, such as inflation, unemployment, home price appreciation or depreciation, and health care experience (including type of care and cost of care); policyholder persistency or lapses (i.e., the probability that a policy or contract will remain in-force from one period to the next); insured mortality (i.e., life expectancy or longevity); insured morbidity (i.e., frequency and severity of claim, including claim termination rates and benefit utilization rates); future premium rate increases and associated benefit reductions; expenses; and doctrines of legal liability and damage awards in litigation. Because these factors are not known in advance, change over time, are difficult to accurately predict and are inherently uncertain, we cannot determine with precision the ultimate amounts we will pay for actual claims or the timing of those payments. For information regarding adequacy of reserves specifically related to our long-term care insurance, life insurance and annuities businesses, see “—We may be required to increase our reserves in our long-term care insurance, life insurance and/or annuity businesses as a result of deviations from our estimates and actuarial assumptions or other reasons, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.” 56 We regularly review our reserves and associated assumptions as part of our ongoing assessment of our business performance and risks. If we conclude that our reserves are insufficient to cover actual or expected policy and contract benefits and claim payments as a result of changes in experience, assumptions or otherwise, we would be required to increase our reserves and incur charges in the period in which we make the determination. The amounts of such increases may be significant and this could materially adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. For additional information on reserves, including the financial impact of some of these risks, see “Part II— Item 7—Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Critical Accounting Estimates—Insurance liabilities and reserves.” If the models used in our businesses are inaccurate or there are differences and/or variability in loss development compared to our model estimates and actuarial assumptions, it could have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition. We employ models to, among other uses, price products, calculate reserves, value assets and generate projections used to estimate future pre-tax income, such as the timing of the recognition of earned premium in our mortgage insurance businesses that offer single premium insurance contracts, and to evaluate loss recognition testing, as well as to evaluate risk, determine internal capital requirements and perform stress testing. These models rely on estimates and projections that are inherently uncertain, may use data and/or assumptions that do not adequately reflect recent experience and relevant industry data, and may not operate as intended. In addition, from time to time we seek to improve certain actuarial and financial models, and the conversion process may result in material changes to assumptions and financial results. The models we employ are complex, which increases our risk of error in their design, implementation or use. Also, the associated input data, assumptions and calculations and the controls we have in place to mitigate these risks may not be effective in all cases. The risks related to our models often increase when we change assumptions and/or methodologies, add or change modeling platforms or implement model changes under time constraints. These risks are exacerbated when the process for assumption changes strains our overall governance and timing around our financial reporting. We intend to continue developing our modeling capabilities in our various businesses, including for our long-term care insurance projections where we migrated substantially all of our retained long-term care insurance business to a new modeling system in 2016 and 2017. The new modeling system values and forecasts associated liability cash flows and policyholder behavior at a more granular level than our previous system. The new modeling system is intended to segregate and refine assumptions based upon healthy and disabled insured lives, as compared to our total insured lives estimate we have historically used. During or after the implementation of these enhancements, we may discover errors or other deficiencies in existing models, assumptions and/or methodologies. Moreover, we may either use additional, more granular and more detailed information we expect to receive through enhancements in our reserving and other processes or we may employ more simplified approaches in the future, either of which may cause us to refine or otherwise change existing assumptions and/or methodologies and thus associated reserve levels, which in turn could have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition. For our mortgage insurance businesses that offer single premium insurance contracts, recognition of earned premiums involves significant estimates and assumptions as to future loss development and policy cancellations. These assumptions are based on our historical experience and our expectations of future performance, which are highly dependent on modeling assumptions as to long-term macroeconomic conditions including interest rates, home price appreciation and the rate of unemployment. In our mortgage insurance businesses in Canada and Australia, the majority of our insurance contracts have a single premium, which is paid at the beginning of the contract. For single premium insurance contracts, we recognize premiums over the policy life in accordance with the expected pattern of risk emergence. We recognize a portion of the revenue in premiums earned in the current period, while the remaining portion is deferred as unearned premiums and earned over time in accordance with the expected pattern of risk emergence. 57 As of December 31, 2018, we had $3.5 billion of unearned premiums, of which $1.5 billion and $1.1 billion related to our mortgage insurance businesses in Canada and Australia, respectively. We regularly review our expected pattern of risk emergence and make adjustments based on actual experience and changes in our expectation of future performance with any adjustments reflected in current period income (loss). For example, our mortgage insurance business in Australia completed a review of its premium earnings pattern in the fourth quarter of 2017. The review indicated an observed and expected continuation of a longer duration between policy inception and first loss event. This was primarily attributable to the economic downturn in mining regions, which comprised a large proportion of incurred losses in 2017, and a prolonged low interest rate environment resulting in robust housing markets in other parts of the country. This adjustment resulted in a decrease to earned premiums of $468 million, an increase to unearned premiums of $468 million, a decrease to DAC amortization of $18 million, and an unfavorable adjustment to net income (loss) of $152 million, net of taxes and noncontrolling interests. As a result of these changes, earned premiums and amortization of DAC increased in 2018 and are expected to remain at this higher level over the next several years on our existing insurance in-force as compared to 2017, but normalize thereafter as the premiums will be earned over a longer period of time. Our mortgage insurance business in Australia completed its 2018 premium earnings pattern review in the fourth quarter of 2018 and concluded that no changes to the premium recognition factors were required. Although we did not have a similar adjustment in 2018, our expected pattern of risk emergence for our mortgage insurance businesses in Canada and Australia is subject to change given the inherent uncertainty as to the underlying loss development and policy cancellation assumptions and the long duration of our international mortgage insurance policy contracts. Therefore, actual future experience that is different than expected loss development or policy cancellations could result in further material increases or decreases in the recognition of earned premiums, increases or decreases in unearned premiums and additional after-tax charges to operating results depending on the magnitude of the difference between actual and expected experience. We may be required to increase our reserves in our long-term care insurance, life insurance and/or annuity businesses as a result of deviations from our estimates and actuarial assumptions or other reasons, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. The expected future profitability and prices of our long-term care insurance, life insurance and some annuity products are based upon expected estimated claims and payment patterns, using assumptions for, among other things, projected interest rates and investment returns, morbidity rates, mortality rates, persistency, lapses and expenses. The long-term profitability of these products depends upon how our actual experience compares with our pricing and valuation assumptions. If any of our assumptions prove to be inaccurate, our reserves may be inadequate, which in the past has had, and may in the future have, a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition and business. For example, if morbidity rates are higher than our valuation assumptions, we could be required to make greater payments and thus establish additional reserves under our long-term care insurance policies than we had expected, and such amounts could be significant. Likewise, if mortality rates are lower than our valuation assumptions, we could be required to make greater payments and thus establish additional reserves under both our long-term care insurance policies and annuity contracts and such amounts could be significant. Conversely, if mortality rates are higher than our pricing and valuation assumptions, we could be required to make greater payments under our life insurance policies and annuity contracts with GMDBs than we had projected. Moreover, changes in the assumptions we use can have a material adverse effect on our results of operations. Even small changes in assumptions or small deviations of actual experience from assumptions can have, and in the past have had, material impacts on our DAC amortization, reserve levels, results of operations and financial condition. For example, we have increased our reserves for our long-term care and/or life insurance products following completion of our annual review of assumptions in 2018, 2017 and 2016, which have materially impacted our results of operations. See “Part II—Item 7—Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Critical Accounting Estimates” for additional information. Increases to our reserves may, among other things, limit our ability to execute our alternative strategic plans if the proposed transaction with China Oceanwide is not completed; reduce our liquidity; and adversely impact our debt or financial strength 58 ratings. Any of these results could have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition. The risk that our claims experience may differ significantly from our valuation assumptions is particularly significant for our long-term care insurance products. Long-term care insurance policies provide for long- duration coverage and, therefore, our actual claims experience will emerge over many years, or decades, after both pricing and locked-in valuation assumptions have been established. For example, among other factors, changes in economic and interest rate risk, socio-demographics, behavioral trends (e.g., location of care and level of benefit use) and medical advances, may have a material adverse impact on our future claims trends. Moreover, long-term care insurance does not have the extensive claims experience history of life insurance. As a consequence, given that recent experience will represent a larger proportion of total experience, our long-term care insurance assumptions will be more heavily influenced by recent experience. It follows that our ability to forecast future claim costs for long-term care insurance is more limited than for life insurance. For additional information on our long-term care insurance reserves, including the significant historical financial impact of some of these risks, see “Part II—Item 7—Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Critical Accounting Estimates—Insurance liabilities and reserves.” Our loss recognition testing for our long-term care insurance products is reviewed in the aggregate, excluding our acquired block of long-term care insurance, which is tested separately. Our long-term care insurance business, excluding the acquired block, has positive margin and is highly dependent on the assumptions we have regarding our ability to successfully implement our in-force management strategy involving premium increases and associated benefit reductions. As of December 31, 2018, the assumption for future in-force rate actions (anticipated to be approved, including premium rate increases and associated benefit reductions not yet filed) increased our margin on our long-term care insurance, excluding the acquired block, by approximately $6.2 billion. For our long-term care insurance block, excluding the acquired block, any adverse changes in assumptions would only be reflected in net income (loss) to the extent the margin was reduced below zero. The margin of our long-term care insurance block, excluding the acquired block, decreased from a range of approximately $0.4 billion to $0.8 billion as of December 31, 2017 to approximately $0.3 billion to $0.6 billion as of December 31, 2018 primarily from moderately higher expected future claims, mostly offset by an increase in expected benefits of in-force rate actions. Our assumptions are sensitive to slight variability in actual experience and small changes in assumptions could result in the margin of our long-term care insurance block, excluding the acquired block to decrease to at/or below zero in future years. To the extent, based on reviews, our margin is negative, we would be required to recognize a loss, by amortizing more DAC and/or establishing additional benefit reserves, the impact of which may be material. A significant decrease in our loss recognition testing margin, the need to amortize a significant amount of DAC and/or the need to significantly increase reserves could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. We include future in-force rate actions in our loss recognition testing which includes assumptions for significant premium rate increases and associated benefit reductions that have been approved or are anticipated to be approved (including premium rate increases and associated benefit reductions not yet filed). A change in the expected amount of increased premiums and associated benefit reductions would impact the results of our long- term care insurance margin testing, whereby any unexpected reduction in the amount of future in-force rate actions would negatively impact our margins and could result in a premium deficiency which would have a materially adverse effect on our results of operations, capital levels, RBC and financial condition. There is no guarantee that we will be able to obtain regulatory approval for the future in-force rate actions we have assumed in connection with our loss recognition testing. Favorable impacts on our margin from in-force rate actions would primarily impact our long-term care insurance block, excluding the acquired block. Our acquired block would not benefit significantly from future in-force rate actions as it is older. For our acquired block of long-term care insurance, the impacts of any adverse changes in assumptions are more likely to be recorded as a loss as our margin for this block has been zero in the past and currently has a relatively thin margin of approximately $200 million to $400 million as of December 31, 2018, an increase from December 31, 2017 when the margin was approximately $100 million to $200 million. 59 As part of our annual loss recognition testing, we also review assumptions for incidence and interest rates, among other assumptions. We regularly review our methodologies and assumptions in light of emerging experience and may be required to make further adjustments to our long-term care insurance claim reserves in the future, which could also impact our loss recognition testing results, as described above. In addition, we will also continue to monitor our experience and assumptions closely and make changes to our assumptions and methodologies, as appropriate, for other U.S. life insurance products. We also perform cash flow testing or “asset adequacy analysis” separately for each of our U.S. life insurance companies on a statutory accounting basis. To the extent that the cash flow testing margin is negative in any of our U.S. life insurance companies, we would need to increase statutory reserves, which would decrease our RBC ratios. The NYDFS, which regulates GLICNY, has required specific adequacy testing scenarios that are generally more severe than those deemed acceptable in other states. Moreover, the required testing scenarios by the NYDFS have a disproportionate impact on our long-term care insurance products. GLICNY did not record any additional statutory reserves in the fourth quarter of 2016 as a result of its year end 2016 asset adequacy analysis. However, in the second quarter of 2017, the NYDFS required GLICNY to record an additional $58 million of statutory reserves related to its 2016 asset adequacy analysis. As of December 31, 2016, GLICNY had expected to record approximately $110 million of additional statutory reserves over the following two years due to year end 2016 asset adequacy analysis results. However, aggregated cash flow testing for GLICNY in 2017 resulted in incremental negative margin of approximately $400 million. As a result, GLICNY recorded an additional $188 million of statutory reserves in the fourth quarter of 2017. Following its recording of the additional statutory reserves in the fourth quarter of 2017, GLICNY had a remaining asset adequacy deficit of approximately $302 million, which was previously agreed with the NYDFS to phase in over a two-year period. During 2018, the NYDFS approved a previously filed in-force rate increase. Therefore, we incorporated this approved in-force rate increase along with other assumption and methodology updates into our 2018 cash flow testing. As a result, no incremental additional asset adequacy analysis reserves were recorded for the year ended December 31, 2018. The NYDFS currently does not allow in-force rate increases for long-term care insurance business to be used in asset adequacy analysis until such increases have been approved. As a part of our cash flow testing process for our non-New York domiciled life insurance subsidiaries, we consider incremental benefits from expected future in-force rate actions that would help mitigate the impact of deteriorating experience. There is no guarantee that we will be able to obtain regulatory approval for the future in-force rate actions we assumed in connection with our cash flow testing for our non-New York life insurance subsidiaries. A need to significantly further increase statutory reserves could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. For additional information regarding impacts to statutory capital as a result of reserve increases, see “—An adverse change in our regulatory requirements, including risk-based capital, could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations, financial condition and business.” During 2018, 2017 and 2016, we also established $120 million, $284 million and $76 million, respectively, of additional statutory reserves resulting from updates to our universal and term universal life insurance products with secondary guarantees in our Virginia and Delaware licensed life insurance subsidiaries. The effect of persistency on profitability varies for different products. For most of our life insurance and deferred annuity products, actual persistency that is lower than our persistency assumptions could have an adverse impact on profitability, primarily because we would be required to accelerate the amortization of expenses we deferred in connection with the acquisition of the policy or contract. For our deferred annuities with GMWBs and guaranteed annuitization benefits, actual persistency that is higher than our persistency assumptions could have an adverse impact on profitability because we could be required to make withdrawal or annuitization payments for a longer period of time than the account value would support. For our universal life insurance policies, increased persistency that is the result of the sale of policies by the insured to third parties that continue 60 to make premium payments on policies that would otherwise have lapsed, also known as life settlements, could have an adverse impact on profitability because of the higher claims rate associated with settled policies. For our long-term care insurance policies, actual persistency in later policy durations that is higher than our persistency assumptions could have a negative impact on profitability. If these policies remain in-force longer than we assumed, then we could be required to make greater benefit payments than we had anticipated when we priced these products. This risk is particularly significant in our long-term care insurance business because we do not have the experience history that we have in many of our other businesses. As a result, our ability to predict persistency and resulting benefit experience for long-term care insurance is more limited than for many other products. A significant number of our long-term care insurance policies have experienced higher persistency than we had originally assumed, which has resulted in higher claims and an adverse effect on the profitability of that business. In addition, the impact of inflation on claims could be more pronounced for our long-term care insurance business than our other businesses given the “long tail” nature of this business. To the extent inflation causes these health care costs to increase, we will be required to increase our claim reserves which would also negatively impact our loss recognition testing results and could result in a premium deficiency. Although we consider the potential effects of inflation when setting premium rates, our premiums may not fully offset the effects of inflation and may result in our underpricing of the risks we insure. The risk that our lapse experience may differ significantly from our valuation assumptions is significant for our term life and term universal life insurance policies. These policies generally have a level premium period for a specified period of years (e.g., 10 years to 30 years) after which the premium increases, which may be significant. The level premium period for a significant portion of our term life insurance policies will end in the next few years and policyholders may lapse with greater frequency than we anticipated in our reserve assumptions. In addition, it may be that healthy policyholders are the ones who lapse (as they can more easily replace coverage at a lower cost), creating adverse selection where less healthy policyholders remain in our portfolio. If the frequency of lapses is higher than our reserve assumptions, we would experience higher DAC amortization and lower premiums and could experience higher benefit costs. We have somewhat limited experience on which to base both the lapse assumption and the mortality assumption after the end of the level premium period, which increases the uncertainty associated with our assumptions and reserve levels. However, we have experienced both a greater frequency of policyholder lapses and more severe adverse selection, after the level premium period, and this experience could continue or worsen. Between 1999 and 2009, we had a significant increase in term life insurance sales, as compared to 1998 and prior years. As our 15-year level premium period term life insurance policies written in 1999 and 2000 transitioned to their post-level guaranteed premium rate period, we have experienced lower persistency compared to our pricing and valuation assumptions. The blocks of business issued since 2000 vary in size as compared to the 1999 and 2000 blocks of business. Accordingly, in the future, as additional 10-, 15- and 20-year level premium period blocks enter their post-level guaranteed premium rate period, we expect to experience volatility in DAC amortization, premiums and mortality experience, which we expect to reduce profitability in our term life insurance products, in amounts that could be material, if persistency is lower than our original assumptions as it has been on our 10- and 15-year level premium period business written in 1999 and 2000. For example, in 2018 and 2017, we experienced higher lapses and accelerated DAC amortization associated with our large 15-year and 20-year level premium period term life insurance blocks entering their post-level guaranteed premium rate periods. We anticipate this trend will continue with accompanying higher DAC amortization and lower profitability as larger blocks reach the end of their level premium periods through 2020, especially for our 2000 block, and will continue as our other blocks reach their post guaranteed level premium rate period. In addition, the margin on our term and whole life insurance products, excluding our acquired block, and our acquired block of term and whole life insurance products is relatively thin, with a combined margin of approximately zero to $500 million as of December 31, 2018. Any adverse changes in our assumptions are therefore more likely to result in the combined margin of our term and whole life insurance products to decrease below zero in future years. To the extent, based on reviews, our margin is negative, for either our term and whole life insurance products, excluding our acquired block, or our acquired block of term and whole life insurance 61 products, we would be required to recognize a loss, by amortizing more DAC and/or present value of future profits (“PVFP”) as well as the establishment of additional future policy benefit reserves if the DAC and/or PVFP was fully written off. A significant decrease in our loss recognition testing margin, the need to amortize a significant amount of DAC and/or PVFP or the need to significantly increase reserves could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. For additional information on our term life insurance reserves, including select sensitivities, see “—Critical Accounting Estimates—Insurance liabilities and reserves.” Although some of our products permit us to increase premiums during the life of the policy or contract, we cannot guarantee that these increases would be sufficient to maintain profitability or that such increases would be approved by regulators or approved in a timely manner, where approval is required. Moreover, many of our products either do not permit us to increase premiums or limit those increases during the life of the policy or contract. Significant deviations in experience from pricing expectations could have an adverse effect on the profitability of our products. In addition to our annual reviews, we regularly review our methodologies and assumptions in light of emerging experience and may be required to make further adjustments to reserves in our long-term care insurance, life insurance and/or annuities businesses in the future. Any changes to these reserves may have a materially negative impact on our results of operations, financial condition and business. We may be required to accelerate the amortization of deferred acquisition costs and the present value of future profits, which would increase our expenses and reduce profitability. DAC represents costs related to the successful acquisition of our insurance policies and investment contracts, which are deferred and amortized over the estimated life of the related insurance policies and investment contracts. These costs primarily consist of commissions in excess of ultimate renewal commissions and underwriting and contract and policy issuance expenses incurred on policies and contracts successfully acquired. Under U.S. GAAP, DAC is subsequently amortized to income, over the lives of the underlying contracts, in relation to the anticipated recognition of premiums or gross profits. In addition, when we acquire a block of insurance policies or investment contracts, we assign a portion of the purchase price to the right to receive future net cash flows from the acquired block of insurance and investment contracts and policies. This intangible asset, called PVFP, represents the actuarially estimated present value of future cash flows from the acquired policies. We amortize the value of this intangible asset in a manner similar to the amortization of DAC. Our amortization of DAC and PVFP generally depends upon, among other items, anticipated profits from investments, surrender and other policy and contract charges, mortality, morbidity and maintenance expense margins. Unfavorable experience with regard to expected expenses, investment returns, mortality, morbidity, withdrawals or lapses may cause us to increase the amortization of DAC or PVFP, or both, or to record a charge to increase benefit reserves, and such increases could be material. We regularly review DAC and PVFP to determine if they are recoverable from future income. If these costs are not recoverable, they are charged as expenses in the financial period in which we make this determination. For example, if we determine that we are unable to recover DAC from profits over the life of a block of insurance policies or annuity contracts, or if withdrawals or surrender charges associated with early withdrawals do not fully offset the unamortized acquisition costs related to those policies or annuities, we would be required to recognize the additional DAC amortization as an expense in the current period. Equity market volatility could result in losses in our variable annuity products and associated hedging program which could challenge our ability to recover DAC on these products and could lead to further write-offs of DAC. For additional information on DAC and PVFP, including the significant historical financial impact of some of these risks, see “Part II—Item 7—Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Critical Accounting Estimates—Deferred acquisition costs/ Present value of future profits.” 62 When we have projected profits in earlier years followed by projected losses in later years (as is currently the case with our long-term care insurance business), we are required to increase our reserve liabilities over time to offset the projected future losses, which could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. We calculate and maintain reserves for estimated future payments of claims to our policyholders and contractholders in accordance with U.S. GAAP and industry accounting practices. When we conclude that our reserves are insufficient by line of business to cover actual or expected policy and contract benefits and claim payments as a result of changes in experience, assumptions or otherwise, we are required to increase our reserves and incur charges in the period in which we make the determination. For certain long-duration products in our U.S. Life Insurance segment, we are also required to accrue additional reserves over time when the overall reserve is adequate by line of business, but profits are projected in earlier years followed by losses projected in later years. When this pattern of profits followed by losses exists for these products, and we determine that an additional reserve liability is required, we increase reserves in the years we expect to be profitable by the amounts necessary to offset losses projected in later years. In our long-term care insurance products, projected profits followed by projected losses are anticipated to occur because U.S. GAAP requires that original assumptions be used in determining reserves for future policy claims unless and until a premium deficiency exists. Our existing locked-in reserve assumptions do not include assumptions for premium rate increases and associated benefit reductions, which if included in reserves, could reduce or eliminate future projected losses. As a result of this pattern of projected profits followed by projected losses, we are required to accrue additional future policy benefit reserves in the profitable years, currently expected to be through 2032, by the amounts necessary to offset losses in later years. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, we accrued future policy benefit reserves of $110 million and $102 million, respectively, in our consolidated balance sheet for profits followed by losses in our long-term care insurance business. The accrual was impacted by the reserve pattern and present value of expected future losses and is updated annually at the time in which we perform loss recognition testing. The amount required to accrue for additional future policy benefits in the profitable years may be significant and this could materially adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. For additional information, including the significant historical financial impact of some of these risks, see “Part II—Item 7—Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Critical Accounting Estimates—Future policy benefits.” Our valuation of fixed maturity, equity and trading securities uses methodologies, estimations and assumptions that are subject to change and differing interpretations which could result in changes to investment valuations that may materially adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. We report fixed maturity, equity and trading securities at fair value on our consolidated balance sheets. These securities represent the majority of our total cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and invested assets. Our portfolio of fixed maturity securities consists primarily of investment grade securities. Valuations use inputs and assumptions that are less observable or require greater estimation, as well as valuation methods that are more complex or require greater estimation, thereby resulting in values that are less certain and may vary significantly from the value at which the investments may be ultimately sold. The methodologies, estimates and assumptions we use in valuing our investment securities evolve over time and are subject to different interpretation (including based on developments in relevant accounting literature), all of which can lead to changes in the value of our investment securities. Rapidly changing and unanticipated interest rate, external macroeconomic, credit and equity market conditions could materially impact the valuation of investment securities as reported within our consolidated financial statements, and the period-to-period changes in value could vary significantly. Decreases in value may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition. 63 Risks Relating to Economic, Market and Political Conditions Downturns and volatility in global economies and equity and credit markets could materially adversely affect our business and results of operations. Our results of operations are materially affected by the state of the global economies in which we operate and conditions in the capital markets we access. Factors such as high unemployment, low consumer spending, low business investment, high government spending, home price appreciation or depreciation, the volatility and strength of the global capital markets, and inflation all affect the business and economic environment and, ultimately, the demand for and terms of our products and results of operations of our business. In the past, a recessionary state and the volatility of many economies fueled uncertainty and downturns in global markets and contributed to increased volatility in our business and results of operations. This uncertainty and volatility has impacted, and may impact in the future, the demand for certain financial and insurance products. As a result, we may experience an elevated incidence of claims and lapses or surrenders of policies, and some of our policyholders may choose to defer paying insurance premiums or stop paying insurance premiums altogether. Rising unemployment or underemployment rates can, for example, negatively impact a borrower’s ability to pay his or her mortgage, thereby increasing the likelihood that we could incur additional losses in our mortgage insurance businesses. We set loss reserves for our mortgage insurance businesses based in part on expected claims and delinquency cure rate patterns. These expectations reflect our assumptions regarding unemployment and underemployment levels. If unemployment levels are higher than those within our loss reserving assumptions, the claims frequency and severity for our mortgage insurance businesses could be higher than we had projected. In addition, a return to low or negative home prices, coupled with weakened economic conditions, could cause further increases in our incurred losses and related loss ratios. Our loss experience may also increase as policies continue to age. If the claim frequency on the risk in-force significantly exceeds the claim frequency that was assumed in setting premium rates, our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows would be materially adversely affected. Downturns and volatility in equity markets may also cause some existing customers to withdraw cash values or reduce investments in our separate account products, which include variable annuities. In addition, if the performance of the underlying mutual funds in our separate account products experience downturns and volatility for an extended period of time, the payment of any living benefit guarantee available in certain variable annuity products may have an adverse effect on us, because more payments will be required to come from general account assets than from contractholder separate account investments. Continued equity market volatility could result in additional losses in our variable annuity products and associated hedging program, which will further challenge our ability to recover DAC on these products and could lead to additional write-offs of DAC, as well as increased hedging costs. Interest rates and changes in rates could materially adversely affect our business and profitability. Our insurance and investment products are sensitive to interest rate fluctuations and expose us to the risk that falling interest rates or tightening credit spreads will reduce our interest rate margin (the difference between the returns we earn on the investments that support our obligations under these products and the amounts that we must pay to policyholders and contractholders). We may reduce the interest rates we credit on most of these products only at limited, pre-established intervals, and some contracts have guaranteed minimum interest crediting rates. As a result, historic low interest rates in the past have adversely impacted our business and profitability, and if interest rates decline to previous historic lows, our future profitability and business would be adversely impacted. During periods of increasing market interest rates, we may offer higher crediting rates on interest-sensitive products, such as universal life insurance and fixed annuities, and we may increase crediting rates on in-force products to keep these products competitive. In addition, rapidly rising interest rates may cause unrealized losses 64 on our investment portfolios, increased policy surrenders, withdrawals from life insurance policies and annuity contracts and requests for policy loans, as policyholders and contractholders shift assets into higher yielding investments. Increases in crediting rates, as well as surrenders and withdrawals, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations, including the requirement to liquidate fixed-income investments in an unrealized loss position to satisfy surrenders or withdrawals. Our life insurance, long-term care insurance and fixed annuity products, as well as our guaranteed benefits on variable annuities, also expose us to the risk of interest rate fluctuations. The pricing and expected future profitability of these products are based in part on expected investment returns. Over time, life and long-term care insurance products are expected to generally produce positive cash flows as customers pay periodic premiums, which we invest as they are received. Low interest rates increase reinvestment risk and reduce our ability to achieve our targeted investment margins and may adversely affect the profitability of our life insurance, long-term care insurance and fixed annuity products and may increase hedging costs on our in-force block of variable annuity products. A low interest rate environment negatively impacts the sufficiency of our margins on both our DAC and PVFP. If interest rates return to historic lows and remain there for a prolonged period, it could result in an impairment of these assets, and may reduce funds available to pay claims, including life and long- term care insurance claims, requiring an increase in our reserve liabilities, which could be significant (as has been the case with our long-term care and life insurance businesses in the past). In addition, certain statutory capital requirements are based on models that consider interest rates. Prolonged periods of low interest rates may increase the statutory reserves we are required to hold as well as the amount of assets and capital we must maintain to support amounts of statutory reserves. In addition, our insurance and annuity products are sensitive to inflation rate fluctuations. For example, a sustained increase in the inflation rate may result in an increase in nominal market interest rates. A failure to accurately anticipate higher inflation and factor it into our product pricing assumptions may result in mispricing of our products, which could materially and adversely impact our results of operations. In our long-term care insurance, life insurance and annuity products, low interest rates reduce the returns we earn on the investments that support our obligations under these products, which increases reinvestment risk and reduces our ability to achieve our targeted investment returns. Given the average life of our assets is shorter than the average life of the liabilities on these products, our reinvestment risk is greater in low interest rate environments as a significant portion of cash flows used to pay benefits to our policyholders and contractholders comes from investment returns. Because we may reduce the interest rates we credit on most of these products only at limited, pre-established intervals, and because many contracts have guaranteed minimum interest crediting rates, declines in earned investment returns can impact the profitability of these products. In both the United States and international mortgage markets, rising interest rates generally reduce the volume of new mortgage originations. A decline in the volume of new mortgage originations would have an adverse effect on our new insurance written. Rising interest rates also can increase the monthly mortgage payments for insured homeowners with adjustable rate mortgages (“ARMs”) that could have the effect of increasing default rates on ARM loans, thereby increasing our exposure on our mortgage insurance policies. This is particularly relevant in our international mortgage insurance businesses where ARMs and shorter-term fixed rate loans are the predominant mortgage product. Higher interest rates can lead to an increase in defaults as borrowers at risk of default will find it harder to qualify for a replacement loan. Declining interest rates historically have increased the rate at which borrowers refinance their existing mortgages in the United States, thereby resulting in cancellations of the mortgage insurance covering the refinanced loans. Declining interest rates historically have also contributed to home price appreciation, which may provide borrowers in the United States with the option of cancelling their mortgage insurance coverage earlier than we anticipated when pricing that coverage. These cancellations could have a material adverse effect on the results of our U.S. mortgage insurance business. 65 Interest rate fluctuations could impact our capital or solvency ratios specifically in our international mortgage insurance businesses where the required or available capital could be adversely impacted by increases in interest rates. Interest rate fluctuations could also have an adverse effect on the results of our investment portfolio. During periods of declining market interest rates, the interest we receive on variable interest rate investments decreases. In addition, during those periods, we reinvest the cash we receive as interest or return of principal on our investments in lower-yielding high-grade instruments or in lower-credit instruments to maintain comparable returns. Issuers of fixed-income securities may also decide to prepay their obligations in order to borrow at lower market rates, which exacerbates the risk that we have to invest the cash proceeds of these securities in lower- yielding or lower-credit instruments. During periods of increasing interest rates, market values of lower-yielding assets will decline. In addition, our interest rate hedges could decline which would require us to post additional collateral with our derivative counterparties. Posting this collateral could materially adversely affect our financial condition and results of operation by reducing our liquidity and net investment income, to the extent that the additional collateral posting requires us to invest in higher-quality, lower-yielding investments. See “Part II—Item 7A—Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk” for additional information about interest rate risk. A deterioration in economic conditions or a decline in home prices may adversely affect our loss experience in our mortgage insurance businesses. Losses in our mortgage insurance businesses generally result from events, such as a borrower’s reduction of income, unemployment, underemployment, divorce, illness, inability to manage credit, or a change in interest rate levels or home values, that reduce a borrower’s willingness or ability to continue to make mortgage payments. The amount of the loss we suffer, if any, depends in part on whether the home of a borrower who defaults on a mortgage can be sold for an amount that will cover unpaid principal and interest and the expenses of the sale. A deterioration in economic conditions generally increases the likelihood that borrowers will not have sufficient income to pay their mortgages and can also adversely affect housing values, which increases our risk of loss. A decline in home prices, whether or not in conjunction with deteriorating economic conditions, may also increase our risk of loss. Furthermore, our estimates of claims-paying resources and claim obligations are based on various assumptions, which include the timing of the receipt of claims on loans in our delinquency inventory and future claims that we anticipate will ultimately be received, our anticipated loss mitigation activities, premiums, housing prices and unemployment rates. These assumptions are subject to inherent uncertainty and require judgment by management. In the past, the United States, in particular, experienced an economic slowdown and saw a pronounced weakness in its housing markets, as well as declines in home prices. This slowdown and the resulting impact on the housing markets have been reflected in past elevated level of delinquencies. Any delays in foreclosure processes could cause our losses to increase as expenses accrue for longer periods or if the value of foreclosed homes further decline during such delays. If we experience an increase in the number or the cost of delinquencies that are higher than expected, our financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected. In the past, low commodity prices, particularly oil, have resulted in a rise in unemployment in countries and certain regions within those countries where we conduct business. The adverse economic conditions in these countries and certain regions within those countries could deteriorate like we have experienced in the past which could impact the broader economies in those countries as well as the global economy, resulting in higher delinquencies as well as declines in home prices, which could have an unfavorable impact on the results of our operations for those businesses affected. 66 We have significant international operations that could be adversely affected by changes in political or economic stability or government policies where we operate. Global economic and regulatory developments could affect our business in many ways. For example, our international operations are subject to local laws and regulations, which in many ways are similar to the U.S. state laws and regulations outlined below. Many of our international customers and independent sales intermediaries also operate in regulated environments. Changes in the regulations that affect their operations also may affect our business relationships with them and their ability to purchase or to distribute our products. These changes could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. In addition, compliance with applicable laws and regulations is time consuming and personnel-intensive, and changes in these laws and regulations may increase materially our direct and indirect compliance and other expenses of doing business, thus having a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Local, regional and global economic conditions, including changes in housing markets, employment levels, government benefit levels, credit markets, trade levels, inflation, recession and currency fluctuations, as discussed above, also could have a material adverse effect on our international businesses. Political changes, some of which may be disruptive, can also interfere with our customers and all of our activities in a particular location. Attempts to mitigate these risks can be costly and are not always successful. Our international businesses and operations are subject to the tax laws and regulations, and value added tax and other indirect taxes, in the countries in which they are organized and in which they operate. Foreign governments from time to time consider legislation and regulations that could increase the amount of taxes that we pay or impact the sales of our products. An increase to tax rates in the countries in which we operate could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates and international securities markets could negatively affect our financial condition and results of operations. The results of our international operations are denominated in local currencies, and because we derive a significant portion of our income from our international operations, our results of operations could be adversely affected to the extent the dollar value of foreign currencies is reduced due to a strengthening of the U.S. dollar. We generally invest cash generated by our international operations in securities denominated in local currencies. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, approximately 10% of our invested assets were held by our international operations and were invested primarily in non-U.S.-denominated securities. Although investing in securities denominated in local currencies limits the effect of currency exchange rate fluctuation on local operating results, we remain exposed to the impact of fluctuations in exchange rates as we translate the operating results of our international operations into our consolidated financial statements. We currently do not hedge this exposure, other than for dividend and other expected cash payments from our Canadian and Australian mortgage insurance businesses, and, as a result, period-to-period comparability of our results of operations is affected by fluctuations in exchange rates. Our investments in non-U.S.-denominated securities are subject to fluctuations in non-U.S. securities and currency markets, and those markets can be volatile. Non-U.S. currency fluctuations also affect the value of any dividends paid by our non-U.S. subsidiaries to their parent companies in the United States. Fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. See “Part II—Item 7A—Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk” for additional information about foreign currency risk. 67 Regulatory and Legal Risks Our insurance businesses are extensively regulated and changes in regulation may reduce our profitability and limit our growth. Our insurance operations are subject to a wide variety of laws and regulations and are extensively regulated. State insurance laws regulate most aspects of our U.S. insurance businesses, and our insurance subsidiaries are regulated by the insurance departments of the states in which they are domiciled and licensed. Our international operations are principally regulated by insurance regulatory authorities in the jurisdictions in which they are domiciled. Failure to comply with applicable regulations or to obtain or maintain appropriate authorizations or exemptions under any applicable laws could result in restrictions on our ability to do business or engage in activities regulated in one or more jurisdictions in which we operate and could subject us to fines and other sanctions which could have a material adverse effect on our business. In addition, the nature and extent of regulation of our activities in applicable jurisdictions could materially change causing a material adverse effect on our business. Insurance regulatory authorities in the United States and internationally have broad administrative powers, which at times, are coordinated and communicated across regulatory bodies. These administrative powers include, but are not limited to: • • licensing companies and agents to transact business; calculating the value of assets and determining the eligibility of assets to determine compliance with statutory requirements; • mandating certain insurance benefits; • • • • • • • • • • • • regulating certain premium rates; reviewing and approving policy forms; regulating discrimination in pricing and coverage terms and unfair trade and claims practices, including through the imposition of restrictions on marketing and sales practices, distribution arrangements and payment of inducements; establishing and revising statutory capital and reserve requirements and solvency standards; fixing maximum interest rates on insurance policy loans and minimum rates for guaranteed crediting rates on life insurance policies and annuity contracts; approving premium increases and associated benefit reductions; evaluating enterprise risk to an insurer; approving changes in control of insurance companies; restricting the payment of dividends and other transactions between affiliates; regulating the types, amounts and valuation of investments; restricting the types of insurance products that may be offered; and imposing insurance eligibility criteria. State insurance regulators and the NAIC regularly re-examine existing laws and regulations, specifically focusing on modifications to SAP, interpretations of existing laws and the development of new laws and regulations applicable to insurance companies and their products. Any proposed or future legislation or NAIC initiatives, if adopted, may be more restrictive on our ability to conduct business than current regulatory requirements or may result in higher costs or increased statutory capital and reserve requirements. Further, because laws and regulations can be complex and sometimes inexact, there is also a risk that any particular 68 regulator’s or enforcement authority’s interpretation of a legal, accounting or reserving issue may change over time to our detriment, or expose us to different or additional regulatory risks. The application of these regulations and guidelines by insurers involves interpretations and judgments that may differ from those of state insurance departments. We cannot provide assurance that such differences of opinion will not result in regulatory, tax or other challenges to the actions we have taken to date. The result of those potential challenges could require us to increase levels of statutory capital and reserves or incur higher operating costs and/or have implications on certain tax positions. In addition, the FHFA, the regulatory body of the Federal Home Loan Banks (“FHLBs”), issued its final rule that amended its regulation on FHLB membership on January 12, 2016, with an effective date of February 19, 2016. FHLB membership provides a low-cost alternative funding source for our businesses. Changes in these laws and regulations, or in interpretations thereof in the United States, can be made for the benefit of the consumer, or for other reasons, at the expense of the insurer and thus could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. These FHFA regulations also impose general eligibility requirements for FHLB membership which, if not met, would render an institution ineligible for FHLB membership. Under these provisions an insurance company member must, among other things, meet certain financial condition requirements under the FHFA regulations. The FHLB could determine that the financial condition of one of our insurers is such that the FHLB deems it is not safe to make advances to the insurer, which would effectively eliminate a funding source for our businesses. Regulators in the United States and internationally have developed criteria under which they are subjecting non-bank financial companies, including insurance companies, that are deemed systemically important to higher regulatory capital requirements and stricter prudential standards. Although neither we nor any of our subsidiaries have been designated systemically important, we cannot predict whether we or any of our subsidiaries will be deemed systemically important in the future or how such a designation would impact our business, results of operations, cash flows or financial condition. Litigation and regulatory investigations or other actions are common in the insurance business and may result in financial losses and harm our reputation. We face the risk of litigation and regulatory investigations or other actions in the ordinary course of operating our businesses, including class action lawsuits. Our pending legal and regulatory actions include proceedings specific to us and others generally applicable to business practices in the industries in which we operate. In our insurance operations, we are, have been, or may become subject to class actions and individual suits alleging, among other things, issues relating to sales or underwriting practices, increases to in-force long-term care and life insurance premiums, payment of contingent or other sales commissions, claims payments and procedures, cancellation or rescission of coverage, product design, product disclosure, product administration, additional premium charges for premiums paid on a periodic basis, denial or delay of benefits, charging excessive or impermissible fees on products, recommending unsuitable products to customers, our pricing structures and business practices in our mortgage insurance businesses, such as captive reinsurance arrangements with lenders and contract underwriting services, violations of RESPA or related state anti-inducement laws and breaching fiduciary or other duties to customers. In our investment-related operations, we are subject to litigation involving commercial disputes with counterparties. In addition, we are also subject to various regulatory inquiries, such as information requests, subpoenas, books and record examinations and market conduct and financial examinations, from state, federal and international regulators and other authorities. Plaintiffs in class action and other lawsuits against us, as well as regulators, may seek very large or indeterminate amounts, which may remain unknown for substantial periods of time. We are also subject to litigation arising out of our general business activities such as our contractual and employment relationships and we are also subject to shareholder putative class action lawsuits alleging securities law violations. 69 A substantial legal liability or a significant regulatory action (including uncertainty about the outcome of pending legal and regulatory investigations and actions) against us could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Moreover, even if we ultimately prevail in the litigation, regulatory action or investigation, we could suffer significant reputational harm and incur significant legal expenses, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. At this time, it is not feasible to predict, nor determine, the ultimate outcomes of any pending investigations and legal proceedings, nor to provide reasonable ranges of possible losses other than those that have been disclosed. For a further discussion of certain current investigations and proceedings in which we are involved, see note 21 in “Part II—Item 8—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” We cannot assure you that these investigations and proceedings will not have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. It is also possible that we could become subject to further investigations and have lawsuits filed or enforcement actions initiated against us. In addition, increased regulatory scrutiny and any resulting investigations or legal proceedings could result in new legal precedents and industry-wide regulations or practices that could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. An adverse change in our regulatory requirements, including risk-based capital, could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations, financial condition and business. Our U.S. life insurance subsidiaries are subject to the NAIC’s RBC standards and other minimum statutory capital and surplus requirements imposed under the laws of their respective states of domicile. The failure of our insurance subsidiaries to meet applicable RBC requirements or minimum statutory capital and surplus requirements could subject our insurance subsidiaries to further examination or corrective action imposed by state insurance regulators, including limitations on their ability to write additional business, or the addition of state regulatory supervision, rehabilitation, seizure or liquidation. The RBC ratio of our U.S. life insurance subsidiaries has declined over the past few years as a result of statutory losses driven by increases in our statutory reserves, including results of Actuarial Guideline 38 (statutory reserve requirements for universal life insurance contracts with secondary guarantees), cash flow testing and assumption reviews (particularly in our long-term care insurance business). Any future statutory losses would further decrease the RBC ratio of our U.S. life insurance subsidiaries. Our U.S. mortgage insurers are not subject to the NAIC’s RBC requirements but are required by certain states and other regulators to maintain a certain risk-to-capital ratio. In addition, PMIERs includes financial requirements for mortgage insurers under which a mortgage insurer’s “Available Assets” (generally only the most liquid assets of an insurer) must meet or exceed “Minimum Required Assets” (which are based on an insurer’s risk-in-force and are calculated from tables of factors with several risk dimensions and are subject to a floor amount). The failure of our U.S. mortgage insurance subsidiaries to meet their regulatory requirements, and additionally the PMIERs financial requirements, could limit our ability to write new business. For further discussion of the importance of financial requirements to our U.S. mortgage insurance subsidiaries, see “—If we are unable to continue to meet the requirements mandated by PMIERs or PMIERs 2.0 because the GSEs amend them or the GSEs’ interpretation of the financial requirements requires us to hold amounts of capital that are higher than we have planned or otherwise, we may not be eligible to write new insurance on loans acquired by the GSEs, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition” and “—Our U.S. mortgage insurance subsidiaries are subject to minimum statutory capital requirements and hazardous financial condition standards which, if not met or waived, would result in restrictions or prohibitions on our doing business and could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations.” Additionally, our international insurance subsidiaries also have minimum regulatory requirements which vary by country. For example, on August 9, 2018, the Canadian regulator, OSFI, released the guideline MICAT, which was effective for us on January 1, 2019. MICAT replaces the current advisory and MCT guideline and the MICAT target ratio and the minimum MICAT ratio under PRMHIA remains at 150% for 2019. 70 A further adverse change in our RBC, risk-to-capital ratio or other minimum regulatory requirements could cause rating agencies to further downgrade the financial strength ratings of our insurance subsidiaries and the credit ratings of Genworth Holdings, which would have an adverse impact on our ability to write and retain business, and could cause regulators to take regulatory or supervisory actions with respect to our businesses, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition and business. Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac exert significant influence over the U.S. mortgage insurance market and changes to the role or structure of Freddie Mac or Fannie Mae could have a material adverse impact on our U.S. mortgage insurance business. Our U.S. mortgage insurance products protect mortgage lenders and investors from default-related losses on residential first mortgage loans made primarily to home buyers with high loan-to-value mortgages, generally, those home buyers who make down payments of less than 20% of their home’s purchase price. Fannie Mae’s and Freddie Mac’s charters generally prohibit them from purchasing any mortgage with a face amount that exceeds 80% of the home’s value, unless that mortgage is insured by a qualified insurer or the mortgage seller retains at least a 10% participation in the loan or agrees to repurchase the loan in the event of default. The provisions in Fannie Mae’s and Freddie Mac’s charters create much of the demand for private mortgage insurance in the United States. High loan-to-value mortgages purchased by Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac generally are insured with private mortgage insurance. Changes by the GSEs in underwriting requirements or pricing terms on mortgage purchases affect the market size for private mortgage insurance. Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac are subject to regulatory oversight by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development Administration and the FHFA. Any change in the charter provisions of the GSEs or other statutes or regulations relating to their mortgage acquisition activity or changes in the way the GSEs seek to comply with their charter requirements could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac possess substantial market power, which enables them to influence our business and the mortgage insurance industry in general. Although we actively monitor and develop our relationships with Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, a deterioration in any of these relationships, or the loss of business or opportunities for new business, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. If we are unable to continue to meet the requirements mandated by PMIERs or PMIERs 2.0 because the GSEs amend them or the GSEs’ interpretation of the financial requirements requires us to hold amounts of capital that are higher than we have planned or otherwise, we may not be eligible to write new insurance on loans acquired by the GSEs, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. In furtherance of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac’s respective charter requirements as noted above, each GSE adopted PMIERs effective December 31, 2015. The PMIERs include financial requirements for mortgage insurers under which a mortgage insurer’s “Available Assets” (generally only the most liquid assets of an insurer) must meet or exceed “Minimum Required Assets” (which are based on an insurer’s risk-in-force and are calculated from tables of factors with several risk dimensions and are subject to a floor amount) and otherwise generally establish when a mortgage insurer is qualified to issue coverage that will be acceptable to the respective GSE for acquisition of high loan-to-value mortgages. The GSEs may amend or waive PMIERs at their discretion. For example, the GSEs issued revisions to PMIERs, referred to as “PMIERs 2.0,” on September 27, 2018 with an effective date of March 31, 2019. The amount of capital that may be required in the future to maintain the Minimum Required Assets, as defined in the current PMIERs, and operate our business is dependent upon, among other things: (i) the way PMIERs are applied and interpreted by the GSEs and FHFA as and after they are implemented; (ii) the future performance of the U.S. housing market; (iii) our generation of earnings in our U.S. mortgage insurance business, available assets and risk-based required assets (including as they relate to the fluctuating value of the shares of 71 our Canadian mortgage insurance subsidiary that are owned by our U.S. mortgage insurance business as a result of share price and foreign exchange movements or otherwise), reducing risk in-force and reducing delinquencies as anticipated, and writing anticipated amounts and types of new U.S. mortgage insurance business; and (iv) our overall financial performance, capital and liquidity levels. Depending on our actual experience, the amount of capital required under current PMIERs or PMIERs 2.0 for our U.S. mortgage insurance business may be higher than currently anticipated. In the absence of a premium increase, if we hold more capital relative to insured loans, our returns will be lower. We may be unable to increase premium rates for various reasons, principally due to competition. Our inability, on the other hand, to increase the capital as required in the anticipated timeframes and on the anticipated terms, and to realize the anticipated benefits, could have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition. More particularly, our ability to continue to meet the PMIERs financial requirements and maintain a prudent amount of capital in excess of those requirements, given the dynamic nature of asset and requirement valuations over time, is dependent upon, among other things: (i) our ability to complete reinsurance transactions on our anticipated terms and timetable, which are subject to market conditions, third-party approvals and other actions (including approval by regulators and the GSEs), and other factors which are outside of our control; and (ii) our ability to contribute holding company cash or other sources of capital to satisfy the portion of the financial requirements that are not satisfied through reinsurance transactions. In addition, another potential capital source includes, but is not limited to, the issuance of securities by Genworth Financial or Genworth Holdings, which could materially adversely impact our business, shareholders and debtholders. Our assessment of PMIERs compliance is based on a number of factors, including current affiliate asset valuations under PMIERs and our understanding of the GSEs’ interpretation of the PMIERs financial requirements. Although we believe we have sufficient capital in our U.S. mortgage insurance business as required under current PMIERs and we remain an approved insurer, there can be no assurance these conditions will continue under PMIERs 2.0. In addition, there can be no assurance we will continue to meet the conditions contained in the GSE letters granting PMIERs credit for reinsurance including, but not limited to, our ability to remain below a statutory risk-to-capital ratio of 18:1. The GSEs also reserve the right to reevaluate the credit for reinsurance available under PMIERs. If we are unable to continue to meet PMIERs requirements as interpreted or amended by the GSEs we may not be eligible to write new insurance on loans acquired by the GSEs, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Our U.S. mortgage insurance subsidiaries are subject to minimum statutory capital requirements and hazardous financial condition standards which, if not met or waived, would result in restrictions or prohibitions on our doing business and could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations. Certain states have insurance laws or regulations which require a mortgage insurer to maintain a minimum amount of statutory capital relative to its level of risk in-force. While formulations of minimum capital vary in certain states, the most common measure applied allows for a maximum permitted risk-to-capital ratio of 25:1. If one of our U.S. mortgage insurance subsidiaries that is writing business in a particular state fails to maintain that state’s required minimum capital level, we would generally be required to immediately stop writing new business in the state until the insurer re-establishes the required level of capital or receives a waiver of the requirement from the state’s insurance regulator, or until we establish an alternative source of underwriting capacity acceptable to the regulator. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, GMICO’s risk-to-capital ratio was approximately 12.5:1 and 12.9:1, respectively. While it is our expectation that our U.S. mortgage insurance business will continue to meet its regulatory capital requirements, should GMICO in the future exceed required risk-to-capital levels, we would seek required regulatory and GSE forbearance and approvals or seek approval for the utilization of alternative insurance vehicles. However, there can be no assurance if, and on what terms, such forbearance and approvals may be obtained. Our U.S. mortgage insurance subsidiaries hold certain affiliate assets including, but not limited to, investments in the common stock of Genworth Canada, which are included in our reported statutory capital of our U.S. mortgage insurance subsidiaries. The statutory reported value of the Canadian mortgage insurance 72 investment is subject to the operating performance of that affiliate as well as changes in foreign exchange rates and mark-to-market valuation on its investment portfolios. The exposure to foreign currency exchange rates is not currently hedged and, hence, the statutory capital of our U.S. mortgage insurance subsidiaries and their statutory risk-to-capital ratio may fluctuate because of variances in future reported values. In addition, if the NCDOI decreases or no longer permits the admissibility of all or a portion of these affiliate assets, this could have a material adverse impact on the statutory capital and business of our U.S. mortgage insurance subsidiaries. In addition to the minimum statutory capital requirements, our U.S. mortgage insurance business is subject to standards by which insurance regulators in a particular state evaluate the financial condition of the insurer. Typically, regulators are required to evaluate specified criteria to determine whether or not a company may be found to be in hazardous financial condition, in which event restrictions on the business may be imposed. Among these criteria are formulas used in assessing trends relating to statutory capital. We can provide no assurance as to whether or when a regulator may make a determination of hazardous financial condition for one or more of our mortgage insurance subsidiaries. Such a determination could likely lead to restrictions or prohibitions on our doing business in that state and could have a material adverse impact on results of operations depending on the number of states involved. The NAIC established the MGIWG to determine and make recommendations to the NAIC’s Financial Condition Committee as to what, if any, changes to make to the solvency and other regulations relating to mortgage guaranty insurers. The MGIWG continues to work on revisions to the MGI Model. The proposed amendments of the MGI Model relate to, among other things: (i) capital and reserve standards, including increased minimum capital and surplus requirements, mortgage guaranty-specific RBC standards, dividend restrictions and contingency and premium deficiency reserves; (ii) limitations on the geographic concentration of mortgage guaranty risk, including state-based limitations; (iii) restrictions on mortgage insurers’ investments in notes secured by mortgages; (iv) prudent underwriting standards and formal underwriting guidelines to be approved by the insurer’s board; (v) the establishment of formal, internal “Mortgage Guaranty Quality Control Programs” with respect to in-force business; (vi) prohibitions on captive reinsurance arrangements; and (vii) incorporation of an NAIC “Mortgage Guaranty Insurance Standards Manual.” The MGIWG is currently working on the development of the mortgage guaranty insurance capital model, which is needed to determine the RBC and loan-level capital standards for the amended MGI Model. At this time, we cannot predict the outcome of this process, the effect changes, if any, will have on the mortgage guaranty insurance market generally, or on our businesses specifically, the additional costs associated with compliance with any such changes, or any changes to our operations that may be necessary to comply, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations or financial condition. We also cannot predict whether other regulatory initiatives will be adopted or what impact, if any, such initiatives, if adopted as laws, may have on our business, results of operations or financial condition. We expect there will be ongoing examination by the U.S. Congress and the Trump Administration of the role of the GSEs in the U.S. housing market. If legislation is enacted that reduces or eliminates the need for the GSEs to obtain credit enhancement on above 80% loan-to-value loans or that otherwise reduces or eliminates the role of the GSEs in single-family housing finance, the demand for private mortgage insurance in the United States could be significantly reduced. We cannot predict whether or when any proposals will be implemented, and if so in what form, nor can we predict the effect of such a proposal, if so implemented, would have on our business, results of operations or financial condition. Changes in regulations that adversely affect the mortgage insurance markets in which we operate could affect our operations significantly and could reduce the demand for mortgage insurance. In addition to the general regulatory risks that are described under “—Our insurance businesses are extensively regulated and changes in regulation may reduce our profitability and limit our growth,” we are also affected by various additional regulations relating particularly to our mortgage insurance operations. 73 United States In the United States, federal and state regulations affect the scope of our U.S. competitors’ operations, which has an effect on the size of the U.S. mortgage insurance market and the intensity of the competition in our U.S. mortgage insurance business. This competition includes not only other private mortgage insurers, but also U.S. federal and state governmental and quasi-governmental agencies, principally the FHA and the VA, which are governed by federal regulations. Increases in the maximum loan amount that the FHA can insure, and reductions in the mortgage insurance premiums the FHA charges, can reduce the demand for private mortgage insurance. Decreases in the maximum loan amounts the GSEs will purchase or guarantee, increases in GSE fees or decreases in the maximum loan-to-value ratio for loans the GSEs will purchase can also reduce demand for private mortgage insurance. Legislative, regulatory or administrative changes could cause demand for private mortgage insurance to decrease. In addition, if the Basel framework rules are implemented in the United States in their proposed form, the rules could discourage the use of mortgage insurance in the United States. See “—Basel Framework” below. Our U.S. mortgage insurance business, as a credit enhancement provider in the residential mortgage lending industry, is also subject to compliance with various federal and state consumer protection and insurance laws, including RESPA, the ECOA, the FHA, the Homeowners Protection Act, the FCRA, the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act and others. Among other things, these laws prohibit payments for referrals of settlement service business, providing services to lenders for no or reduced fees or payments for services not actually performed, require fairness and non-discrimination in granting or facilitating the granting of credit, require cancellation of insurance and refund of unearned premiums under certain circumstances, govern the circumstances under which companies may obtain and use consumer credit information, and define the manner in which companies may pursue collection activities. Changes in these laws or regulations, changes in the appropriate regulator’s interpretation of these laws or regulations or heightened enforcement activity could materially adversely affect the operations and profitability of our U.S. mortgage insurance business. Canada In Canada, all financial institutions that are federally regulated by OSFI are required to purchase mortgage insurance whenever the amount of a mortgage loan exceeds 80% of the value of the collateral property at the time the loan is made. From time to time, the Canadian government reviews the federal financial services regulatory framework and has in the past examined whether to remove, in whole or in part, the requirement for mortgage insurance on such high loan-to-value mortgages. High loan-to-value mortgage loans constitute a significant part of our portfolio of insured mortgages in, and the removal, in whole or in part, of the regulatory requirement for mortgage insurance for such loans could result in a reduction in the amount of new insurance written by us in Canada in future years. In addition, any increase in the threshold loan-to-value ratio above which mortgage insurance is required or increase in mandatory down payment requirements for mortgage borrowers could also result in a reduction in the amount of new insurance written by us in Canada in future years. Any of these events could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition of our mortgage insurance business in Canada. If the Canadian government were to alter its applicable regulatory policies in any manner adverse to us, including by managing its aggregate cap of CAD$350.0 billion on the outstanding principal amount of mortgages insured by private mortgage insurance providers in a manner that is detrimental to private mortgage insurance providers, altering the terms of or terminating its guarantee of the policies of private mortgage insurance providers, including those with our mortgage insurance business in Canada, or varying the treatment of private mortgage insurance in their applicable capital rules, we could lose our ability to compete effectively with CMHC and could effectively be unable to write new business as a private mortgage insurer in Canada. This could have an adverse effect on our ability to offer mortgage insurance products in Canada and could materially adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. For further discussion of the Canadian government guarantee, refer to “Item 1—Business—Canada Mortgage Insurance—Government guarantee eligibility.” 74 Australia In Australia, APRA regulates all ADIs in Australia and life, general and mortgage insurance companies. APRA also determines the minimum regulatory capital requirements for ADIs. APRA’s current regulations provide for reduced capital requirements for certain ADIs that insure residential mortgages with an “acceptable” mortgage insurer (which include our Australian mortgage insurance companies) for all non-standard mortgages and for standard mortgages with loan-to-value ratios above 80%. APRA’s regulations currently set out a number of circumstances in which a loan may be considered to be non-standard from an ADI’s perspective. The capital levels for Australian IRB ADIs are determined by their APRA-approved IRB models, which may or may not allocate capital credit for LMI. We believe that APRA and the IRB ADIs have not yet finalized internal models for residential mortgage risk, so we do not believe that the IRB ADIs currently benefit from an explicit reduction in their capital requirements for mortgages covered by mortgage insurance. Under APRA rules, ADIs in Australia that are accredited as standardized receive a reduced capital incentive for using mortgage insurance for high loan-to-value mortgage loans in Australia. ADIs that are considered to be advanced accredited and determine their own capital estimates, are currently working with the mortgage insurers and APRA to determine the appropriate level of incentive mortgage insurance provides for high loan-to-value mortgage loans. The rules also provide that ADIs would be able to acquire mortgage insurance covering less of the exposure to the loan than existing requirements with reduced capital incentives. Accordingly, lenders in Australia may be able to reduce their use of mortgage insurance for high loan-to-value ratio mortgages, or limit their use to the higher risk portions of their portfolios, which may have an adverse effect on our mortgage insurance business in Australia. Basel Framework In December 2017, the Basel Committee published the finalization of the post-crisis reforms to the Basel framework. Among other issues, the Basel Committee addressed variability in risk-weighted assets, including residential real estate. Currently national supervisors are considering how to implement these reforms. Because these reforms are not yet implemented by national supervisors, we cannot predict the mortgage insurance benefits, if any, that ultimately will be provided to lenders, or how any such benefits may affect the opportunities for the growth of mortgage insurance. If countries implement the Basel framework in a manner that does not reward lenders for using mortgage insurance on high loan-to-value mortgage loans, or if lenders conclude that mortgage insurance does not provide sufficient capital incentives, then we may have to revise our product offerings to meet the new requirements and our results of operations may be materially adversely affected. We may not be able to continue to mitigate the impact of Regulations XXX or AXXX and, therefore, we may incur higher operating costs that could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. We have increased term and universal life insurance statutory reserves in response to Regulations XXX and AXXX and have taken steps to mitigate the impact these regulations have had on our business, including increasing premium rates and implementing reserve funding structures. One way that we and other insurance companies have mitigated the impact of these regulations is through captive reinsurance companies and/or special purpose vehicles. If we were to discontinue our use of captive life reinsurance subsidiaries to finance statutory reserves in response to regulatory changes on a prospective basis, the reasonably likely impact would be increased costs related to alternative financing, such as third-party reinsurance, which would adversely impact our consolidated results of operations and financial condition. In addition, we cannot be certain that affordable alternative financing would be available. On March 7, 2016, we suspended sales of our traditional life insurance products. While we are no longer writing new life insurance business, we cannot provide assurance that we will be able to continue to implement actions to mitigate further impacts of Regulations XXX or AXXX on our in-force term and universal life insurance products which are not currently part of reserve funding structures or which may be part of existing reserve arrangements and need refinancing. 75 Additionally, there may be future regulatory, tax or other impacts to existing reserve funding structures and/ or future refinancing, which could require us to increase statutory reserves or incur higher operating and/or tax costs. For example, effective January 1, 2017, the NAIC adopted an amended version of AG 48, which was subsequently codified in the Term and Universal Life Insurance Reserve Financing Model Regulation. This regulation becomes effective when formally adopted by the states, however, it is not clear what additional changes or state variations may emerge as the states begin to adopt this regulation. As a result, there is the potential for additional requirements making it more difficult and/or expensive for us to mitigate the impact of Regulations XXX and AXXX. To date, four states have implemented the Term and Universal Life Insurance Reserve Financing Model Regulation, including Virginia, which is the state regulator for GLAIC, one of our principal life insurance subsidiaries. The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act subjects us to additional federal regulation, and we cannot predict the effect of such regulation on our business, results of operations or financial condition. The Dodd-Frank Act made extensive changes to the laws regulating financial services firms and required various federal agencies to adopt a broad range of new implementing rules and regulations, many of which have taken effect, including some provisions that became effective in 2018. For example, in December 2018, the SEC adopted a final rule related to certain provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act. The new rule requires companies to describe practices and policies pertaining to transactions that hedge, or are designed to hedge, the market value of equity securities granted as compensation to any employee, including officers or directors. See “Item 1— Business—Regulation.” Among other provisions, the Dodd-Frank Act established new framework of regulation of the OTC derivatives markets. As the new marketplace continues to evolve, we may have to alter or limit the way we use derivatives in the future, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. We are subject to similar trade reporting, documentation, central trading and clearing and OTC margining requirements when we transact with foreign derivatives counterparties. The Dodd-Frank Act and foreign derivatives requirements expose us to operational, compliance, execution and other risks, including central counterparty insolvency risk. The Dodd-Frank Act established the FIO within the Department of the Treasury to perform various functions with respect to insurance, including serving as a non-voting member of the FSOC and making recommendations to the FSOC regarding insurers that may be designated for more stringent oversight by the FSOC. We have not been designated to receive oversight by the FSOC, but there can be no assurances that it will not happen in the future. On May 24, 2018, the Reform Act was signed into law. Instead of repealing the Dodd-Frank Act, the Reform Act focused largely on providing relief for smaller banking institutions with total assets below $10 billion and re-defining asset thresholds for a systemically important financial institution. The Reform Act also directs the Director of FIO and the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve to support increased transparency at global insurance or international standard-setting regulatory or supervisory forums, and to achieve consensus positions with the states through the NAIC prior to taking a position on any insurance proposal by a global insurance regulatory or supervisory forum. We cannot predict the requirements of all of the regulations adopted under the Dodd-Frank Act or the Reform Act, the effect such legislation or regulations will have on financial markets generally, or on our businesses specifically, the additional costs associated with compliance with such regulations or legislation, or any changes to our operations that may be necessary to comply with the Dodd-Frank Act and the regulations thereunder, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows or financial condition. We also cannot predict whether other federal initiatives will be adopted or what impact, if any, such initiatives, if adopted as laws, may have on our business, financial condition or results of operations. 76 Changes in tax laws could have a material adverse effect on our business, cash flows, results of operations or financial condition. Various tax regulations, including but not limited to the TCJA, require the preparation of complex computations, significant judgments and estimates in interpreting their respective provisions. These aspects are inherently difficult to interpret and apply, and the U.S. Treasury Department, the IRS and other standard-setting bodies could interpret these aspects differently than us. In addition, these departments could issue guidance on how provisions of tax regulations and the TCJA should be applied or administered that could be different from our interpretation. Therefore, even though we believe we have applied tax laws and regulations appropriately in our financial statements, including the provisions of the TCJA, it is possible that we have interpreted the rules differently and therefore applied the impacts to our financial results in a way that differs from those of these authoritative bodies. Likewise, changes in tax laws or regulations may be proposed or enacted that could adversely affect our overall tax liability and results of operations or financial condition. Changes in tax laws and regulations that impact our customers and counterparties or the economy may also impact our financial condition and results of operations. There can be no assurance that changes in tax laws or regulations, both within the U.S. and the other jurisdictions in which we operate, will not materially and/or adversely affect our effective tax rate, tax payments, financial condition and results of operations. We are subject to regular review and audit by both domestic and foreign tax authorities as well as subject to the prospective and retrospective effects of changing tax regulations and legislation. The ultimate tax outcome may materially differ from the tax amounts recorded in our consolidated financial statements and may materially affect our income tax provision, net income (loss), cash flows or operations. In addition, the TCJA had an immediate impact to our capital through a reduction in the statutory admitted deferred tax asset and an impact to certain cash flow scenario testing included in the RBC calculation. Following the reduction in the federal corporate income tax rate, the NAIC revised the factors used for calculating the RBC of insurance companies, which was effective in 2018. The revised factors increased the required RBC amount, resulting in a further reduction in our life insurance subsidiaries’ RBC ratios. Any reduction in the RBC ratios of our insurance subsidiaries could adversely affect their financial strength ratings, and could materially and adversely impact our financial condition and results of operations. Changes in accounting and reporting standards issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board or other standard-setting bodies and insurance regulators could materially adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. Our financial statements are subject to the application of U.S. GAAP, which is periodically revised and/or expanded. Accordingly, from time to time, we are required to adopt new or revised accounting standards issued by recognized authoritative bodies, including the Financial Accounting Standards Board. It is possible that future accounting and reporting standards we are required to adopt could change the current accounting treatment that we apply to our financial statements and that such changes could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. In addition, the required adoption of future accounting and reporting standards may result in significant costs to implement. For example, new accounting guidance (that is not yet effective for us) related to long-duration insurance contracts and financial instruments could result in increased earnings volatility as well as other comprehensive income (loss). In addition, the implementation of these or other proposals could require us to make significant changes to systems and use additional resources, resulting in significant incremental costs to implement the proposals. 77 Liquidity, Financial Strength Ratings, Credit and Counterparty Risks Our internal sources of liquidity may be insufficient to meet our needs and our access to capital may be limited or unavailable. Under such conditions, we may seek additional capital but may be unable to obtain it. We need liquidity to pay our operating expenses, interest on our debt, maturing debt obligations and to meet any statutory capital requirements of our subsidiaries. Genworth Holdings currently has approximately $3.6 billion of outstanding debt that matures between 2020 and 2066, including $0.4 billion that matures in 2020 and $1.1 billion that matures in 2021. Our existing cash resources are not sufficient to repay all outstanding debt as it becomes due, and therefore we will be required to rely on a combination of other potential liquidity sources to repay or refinance debt as it becomes due, including existing and future cash resources, new borrowings, such as the Term Loan Genworth Holdings closed in March 2018, and/or other potential sources of liquidity such as issuing additional equity or asset sales. Market conditions and a variety of other factors may make it difficult or impracticable to generate additional liquidity on favorable terms or at all. Any failure to repay or refinance our debt as it becomes due would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Due to the delay in the closing of the China Oceanwide transaction, we entered into the Term Loan with an aggregate principal amount of $450 million, which closed in March 2018. Proceeds of $441 million from the Term Loan were used together with $175 million of cash on hand to retire the principal and accrued interest of the May 2018 senior notes. In the absence of the transaction with China Oceanwide, we may need to pursue asset sales to address our debt maturities, including potential strategic sales of our mortgage insurance businesses in Canada and/or Australia. We have and would continue to evaluate options to insulate our U.S. mortgage insurance business from additional ratings pressure, including a potential partial sale, in the event the transaction with China Oceanwide cannot be completed. The availability of additional funding will depend on a variety of factors such as market conditions, regulatory considerations, the general availability of credit, the overall availability of credit to the financial services industry, the level of activity and availability of reinsurance, our credit ratings and credit capacity and the performance of and outlook for our business. We may not be able to raise borrowings on favorable terms or at all, based on our credit ratings and financial condition. There is no guarantee that any of these factors will improve in the future when we would seek additional borrowings. Disruptions, volatility and uncertainty in the financial markets and downgrades in our credit ratings may force us to delay raising capital, issue shorter term securities than would be optimal, bear an unattractive cost of capital or be unable to raise capital at any price. We do not currently have a revolving credit facility at the Genworth Holdings level to provide liquidity. To the extent we need additional funding to satisfy our additional liquidity needs, there can be no assurance that we will be able to enter into a new credit facility on terms (or at targeted amounts) acceptable to us or at all. Similarly, market conditions and a variety of other factors may make it difficult or impracticable to generate additional liquidity through asset sales or the issuance of additional equity, and any issuance of equity in such circumstances could be highly dilutive to our stockholders. For a further discussion of our liquidity, see “Part II—Item 7—Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity and Capital Resources.” As holding companies, we and Genworth Holdings depend on the ability of our respective subsidiaries to pay dividends and make other payments and distributions to each of us and to meet our obligations. We and Genworth Holdings each act as a holding company for our respective subsidiaries and do not have any significant operations of our own. Dividends from our respective subsidiaries, permitted payments to us 78 under tax sharing and expense reimbursement arrangements with our subsidiaries and proceeds from borrowings are our principal sources of cash to meet our obligations. These obligations include operating expenses and interest and principal on current and any future borrowings and amounts owed to GE under the Tax Matters Agreement. If the cash we receive from our respective subsidiaries pursuant to dividends and tax sharing and expense reimbursement arrangements is insufficient to fund any of these obligations, or if a subsidiary is unable or unwilling for any reason to pay dividends to either of us, we or Genworth Holdings may be required to raise cash through, among other things, the incurrence of debt (including convertible or exchangeable debt), the sale of assets or the issuance of equity. The payment of dividends and other distributions by our insurance subsidiaries is dependent on, among other things, the performance of the subsidiaries, corporate law restrictions, and insurance laws and regulations. In general, dividends in excess of prescribed limits are deemed “extraordinary” and require insurance regulatory approval. In addition, insurance regulators may prohibit the payment of ordinary dividends or other payments by the insurance subsidiaries (such as a payment under a tax sharing agreement or for employee or other services) if they determine that such payment could be adverse to policyholders or contractholders. Moreover, as a consequence of our past adverse financial results, the regulators that have governance over our international mortgage insurance subsidiaries may impose additional restrictions over such subsidiaries using the broad prudential authorities available to the major regulators. Courts typically grant regulators significant deference when considering challenges of an insurance company to a determination by insurance regulators to grant or withhold approvals with respect to dividends and other distributions. Our liquidity and capital positions are highly dependent on the performance of our mortgage insurance subsidiaries and their ability to pay dividends to us as anticipated. Given the performance of our U.S. life insurance businesses, we do not expect dividends to be paid by these businesses in the foreseeable future. The evaluation of future dividend sources, including determining which businesses will provide such dividends, and our overall liquidity plans are subject to current and future market conditions, among other factors, which are subject to change. In addition, as a public company that is traded on the TSX, Genworth Canada is subject to securities laws and regulations in each province in Canada, as well as the rules of the TSX. These applicable laws, regulations and rules include but are not limited to, obligations and procedures in respect of the equal and fair treatment of all shareholders of Genworth Canada. Although the board of directors of Genworth Canada is composed of a majority of Genworth nominees, under Canadian law each director has an obligation to act honestly and in good faith with a view to the best interests of Genworth Canada. Moreover, as a public company that is traded on the ASX, Genworth Australia and its subsidiaries are subject to Australian securities laws and regulations, as well as the rules of the ASX. These applicable laws, regulations and rules include but are not limited to, obligations and procedures in respect of the equal and fair treatment of all shareholders of Genworth Australia. Although the board of directors of Genworth Australia is currently composed of a majority of Genworth designated directors, under Australian law each director has an obligation to exercise their powers and discharge their duties in good faith in the best interests of Genworth Australia and for a proper purpose. Accordingly, actions taken by Genworth Canada and Genworth Australia and their respective boards of directors (including the payment of dividends to us) are subject to, and may be limited by, the laws, regulations and rules applicable to such entities. Adverse rating agency actions have resulted in a loss of business and adversely affected our results of operations, financial condition and business and future adverse rating actions could have a further and more significant adverse impact on us. Financial strength ratings, which various rating agencies publish as measures of an insurance company’s ability to meet contractholder and policyholder obligations, are important to maintaining public confidence in our products, the ability to market our products and our competitive position. Credit ratings, which rating agencies publish as measures of an entity’s ability to repay its indebtedness, are important to our ability to raise capital through the issuance of debt and other forms of credit and to the cost of such financing. 79 Over the last several years, the ratings of our holding company and several of our insurance companies, most notably our U.S. life insurance subsidiaries, have been downgraded, placed on negative outlook and/or put on review for potential downgrade on various occasions. A ratings downgrade, negative outlook or review could occur (and has occurred) for a variety of reasons, including reasons specifically related to our company, generally related to our industry or the broader financial services industry or as a result of changes by the rating agencies in their methodologies or rating criteria. We may be at risk of additional ratings downgrades in the future. A negative outlook on our ratings or a downgrade in any of our financial strength or credit ratings, the announcement of a potential downgrade, negative outlook or review, or customer, investor, regulator or other concerns about the possibility of a downgrade, negative outlook or review, could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition and business. See “Item 1—Business—Financial Strength Ratings” for information regarding the current financial strength ratings of our principal insurance subsidiaries. The direct or indirect effects of such adverse ratings actions or any future actions could include, but are not limited to: • • • • reducing new sales of our products or limiting the business opportunities we are presented with; adversely affecting our relationships with distributors, including the loss of exclusivity under certain agreements with our independent sales intermediaries and distribution partners; causing us to lose key distributors that have ratings requirements that we may no longer satisfy (or resulting in our renegotiation of new, less favorable arrangements with those distributors); requiring us to modify some of our existing products or services to remain competitive, or introduce new products or services; • materially increasing the number or amount of policy surrenders, withdrawals and loans by contractholders and policyholders; • • • • • • • • requiring us to post additional collateral for our derivatives or hedging agreements (including those providing us with protection against certain foreign currency exchange movement, interest rate fluctuation and equity market risk); requiring us to provide support, or to arrange for third-party support, in the form of collateral, capital contributions or letters of credit under the terms of certain of our reinsurance, securitization and other agreements, or otherwise securing our commercial counterparties for the perceived risk of our financial strength; adversely affecting our ability to maintain reinsurance or obtain new reinsurance or obtain it on reasonable pricing and other terms; limiting our ability to enter into new derivative transactions thereby increasing additional asset adequacy or other statutory reserves and lowering statutory capital, reducing our financial flexibility; increasing the capital charge associated with affiliated investments within certain of our U.S. life insurance businesses thereby lowering capital and RBC of these subsidiaries and negatively impacting our financial flexibility; regulators requiring certain of our subsidiaries to maintain additional capital, limiting thereby our financial flexibility and requiring us to raise additional capital; adversely affecting our ability to raise capital; increasing our cost of borrowing and making it more difficult to borrow in the public debt markets or enter into a credit agreement; and • making it more difficult to execute strategic plans to effectively address our current business challenges. 80 Sales of our long-term care insurance products have been negatively impacted by our lower ratings and certain distributor suspensions driven mostly by rating agency actions. We expect that our sales will continue to be adversely impacted by our current ratings. Any further adverse ratings announcements or actions likely would have, or intensify, the adverse impact of the direct or indirect effects discussed above (among others), all of which could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations, financial condition and business. Under PMIERs, the GSEs have substantially revised their eligibility requirements and no longer primarily base such requirements on maintenance of specific ratings levels. In lieu of ratings criteria, the GSEs, under PMIERs, have adopted new financial requirements. See “—If we are unable to continue to meet the requirements mandated by PMIERs or PMIERs 2.0 because the GSEs amend them or the GSEs’ interpretation of the financial requirements requires us to hold amounts of capital that are higher than we have planned or otherwise, we may not be eligible to write new insurance on loans acquired by the GSEs, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition” for additional information regarding the requirements under PMIERs. However, under PMIERs, the GSEs now require maintenance of at least one rating with a rating agency acceptable to the respective GSEs. Ratings downgrades that result in our inability to insure new mortgage loans sold to the GSEs, or the transfer by the GSEs of our existing policies to an alternative mortgage insurer, would have a materially adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. Further, our relationships with our mortgage insurance customers may be adversely affected by the ratings assigned to our holding company or other operating subsidiaries which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Defaults by counterparties to our reinsurance arrangements or to derivative instruments we use to hedge our business risks, or defaults by us on agreements we have with these counterparties, may expose us to risks we sought to mitigate, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. We routinely execute reinsurance and derivative transactions with reinsurers, brokers/dealers, commercial banks, investment banks and other institutional clients to mitigate our risks in various circumstances and to hedge various business risks. Many of these transactions expose us to credit risk in the event of default of our counterparty or client or change in collateral value. Reinsurance does not relieve us of our direct liability to our policyholders, even when the reinsurer is liable to us. Accordingly, we bear credit risk with respect to our reinsurers. We cannot be sure that our reinsurers will pay the reinsurance recoverable owed to us now or in the future or that they will pay these recoverables on a timely basis. A reinsurer’s insolvency, inability or unwillingness to make payments under the terms of its reinsurance agreement with us could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Collateral is often posted by the counterparty to offset this risk, however, we bear the risk that the collateral declines in value or otherwise is inadequate to fully compensate us in the event of a default. We also enter into a variety of derivative instruments, including options and interest rate and currency swaps with a number of counterparties. If our counterparties fail or refuse to honor their obligations under the derivative instruments, and collateral posted, if any, is inadequate, our hedges of the related risk will be ineffective. In addition, if we trigger downgrade provisions on risk-hedging or reinsurance arrangements, the counterparties to these arrangements may be able to terminate our arrangements with them or require us to take other measures, such as post additional collateral, contribute capital or provide letters of credit. Given our current ratings, we are actively engaged with our counterparties and have agreed to terms with most of them concerning our collateral arrangements. In most cases, we have agreed to post excess collateral to maintain our existing derivative agreements. Although we believe this has allowed us to maintain effective hedging relationships with our counterparties, it has added some additional strain on liquidity and there is no assurance that we can maintain these current arrangements in the foreseeable future or at all. For example, some counterparties have indicated that they reserve their rights to take action against us, and one counterparty took action against us during October 2017. This counterparty terminated approximately $800 million in notional value with us, which we re-hedged using financial futures. We ceded to UFLIC our in-force structured settlements block of business issued prior to 2004, certain variable annuity business issued prior to 2004 and the long-term care insurance assumed from Brighthouse Life 81 Insurance Company, formerly known as MetLife Insurance Company USA. UFLIC has established trust accounts for our benefit to secure its obligations under the reinsurance arrangements. GE is obligated to maintain UFLIC’s RBC above a specified minimum level pursuant to a Capital Maintenance Agreement. If UFLIC becomes insolvent notwithstanding this agreement, and the amounts in the trust accounts are insufficient to pay UFLIC’s obligations to us, it could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. The loss of material risk-hedging or reinsurance arrangements could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Defaults or other events impacting the value of our fixed maturity securities portfolio may reduce our income. We are subject to the risk that the issuers or guarantors of fixed maturity securities we own may default on principal or interest payments they owe us. As of December 31, 2018, fixed maturity securities of $59.7 billion in our investment portfolio represented 83% of our total cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and invested assets. Events reducing the value of our investment portfolio other than on a temporary basis could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Levels of write-downs or impairments are impacted by our assessment of the financial condition of the issuer, whether or not the issuer is expected to pay its principal and interest obligations, our expected recoveries in the event of a default or circumstances that would require us to sell securities which have declined in value. Defaults on our commercial mortgage loans or the mortgage loans underlying our investments in commercial mortgage-backed securities and volatility in performance may adversely affect our profitability. Our commercial mortgage loans and investments in commercial mortgage-backed securities face default risk. Commercial mortgage loans are stated on our consolidated balance sheets at unpaid principal balance, adjusted for any unamortized premium or discount, deferred fees or expenses, and are net of impairments and valuation allowances. We establish valuation allowances for estimated impairments as of the balance sheet date based on information, such as the market value of the underlying real estate securing the loan, any third-party guarantees on the loan balance or any cross collateral agreements and their impact on expected recovery rates. Commercial mortgage-backed securities are stated on our consolidated balance sheets at fair value. Further, any concentration of geographic, sector or counterparty exposure in our commercial mortgage loans or the mortgage loans underlying our investments in commercial mortgage-backed securities may have adverse effects on our investment portfolio and consequently on our consolidated results of operations or financial condition. While we seek to mitigate this risk by having a broadly diversified portfolio, events or developments that have a negative effect on any particular geographic region, sector or counterparty may have a greater adverse effect on the investment portfolios to the extent that the portfolios are exposed to such geographic region, sector or counterparty. Operational Risks If we are unable to retain, attract and motivate qualified employees or senior management, our results of operations, financial condition and business operations may be adversely impacted. Our success is largely dependent on our ability to retain, attract and motivate qualified employees and senior management. We face intense competition in our industry for key employees with demonstrated ability, including actuarial, finance, legal, investment, risk, compliance and other professionals. Our ability to retain, attract and motivate experienced and qualified employees and senior management has been more challenging in light of our recent financial difficulties and past announcements concerning expense reductions, as well as the demands being placed on our employees. In addition, our ability to attract, recruit, retain and motivate current 82 and prospective employees may be adversely impacted by our proposed transaction with China Oceanwide. We cannot be sure we will be able to attract, retain and motivate the desired workforce, and our failure to do so could have a material adverse effect on results of operations, financial condition and business operations. In addition, we may not be able to meet regulatory requirements relating to required expertise in various professional positions. Managing key employee succession and retention is also critical to our success. We would be adversely affected if we fail to adequately plan for the succession of our senior management and other key employees. While we have succession plans and long-term compensation plans, including retention programs, designed to retain our employees, our succession plans may not operate effectively and our compensation plans cannot guarantee that the services of these employees will continue to be available to us. Our risk management programs may not be effective in identifying or adequate in controlling or mitigating the risks we face. We have developed risk management programs that include risk appetite, limits, identification, quantification, governance, policies and procedures and seek to appropriately identify, monitor, measure, control, mitigate and report the types of risks to which we are subject. We regularly review our risk management programs and work to update them on an ongoing basis to be consistent with evolving global best market practices. However, our risk management programs may not fully control or mitigate all of the risks we face in our business or anticipate all potential material negative events. Many of our methods for managing certain financial risks (e.g. credit, market, insurance and underwriting risks) are based on observed historical market behaviors and/or historical, statistically-based models. Historical measures may not accurately predict future exposures, which could be significantly greater than historical measures have indicated. We have also established internal risk limits based upon these historical, statistically- based models and we monitor compliance with these limits. Our internal risk limits may be insufficient and our monitoring may not detect all violations (inadvertent or otherwise) of these limits. Other risk management methods are based on our evaluation of information regarding markets, customers and customer behavior, macroeconomic and environmental conditions, catastrophic occurrences and potential changing paradigms that are publicly available or otherwise accessible to us. This collective information may not always be accurate, complete, up to date or properly considered, interpreted or evaluated in our analyses. Moreover, the models and other parts of our risk management programs we rely on in managing various aspects of our business may prove in practice to be less predictive than we expect for a variety of reasons, including as a result of issues arising in the construction, implementation, interpretation or use of the models or other programs, the use of inaccurate assumptions or use of short-term financial metrics that do not reveal long-term trends. The limitations of our models and other parts of our risk management programs may be material, and could lead us to make wrong or sub-optimal decisions in managing our risk and other aspects of our business and this could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition and business. Management of operational, legal, franchise and global regulatory risks requires, among other things, methods to appropriately identify all such key risks, systems to record incidents and policies and procedures designed to detect, record and address all such risks and occurrences. Management of technology risks requires methods to ensure our systems, processes and people are maintaining the confidentiality, availably and integrity of our information, ensuring technology is enabling our overall strategy, and our ability to comply with applicable laws and regulations. If our risk management framework does not effectively identify, measure and control our risks, we could suffer unexpected losses or be adversely affected and that could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. We employ various strategies, including hedging and reinsurance, to mitigate financial risks inherent in our business and operations. These risks include current or future changes in the fair value of our assets and liabilities, current or future changes in cash flows, the effect of interest rates, changes in equity markets, credit 83 spread movements, the occurrence of credit and counterparty defaults, currency fluctuations, changes in global housing prices, and changes in mortality, morbidity and lapses. We seek to control these risks by, among other things, entering into reinsurance contracts and derivative instruments. Such contracts and instruments may not always be available to us and subject us to counterparty credit risk. Developing effective strategies for dealing with these risks is a complex process, and no strategy can fully insulate us from such risks. The execution of these strategies also introduces operational risks and considerations. See “—Reinsurance may not be available, affordable or adequate to protect us against losses” and “—Defaults by counterparties to our reinsurance arrangements or to derivative instruments we use to hedge our business risks, or defaults by us on agreements we have with these counterparties, may expose us to risks we sought to mitigate, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition” for more information about risks inherent in our reinsurance and hedging strategies. We may choose to retain certain levels of financial and/or non-financial risk, even when it is possible to mitigate these risks. The decision to retain certain levels of financial risk is predicated on our belief that the expected future returns that we will realize from retaining the risk, in relation to the level of risk retained, is favorable, but it may turn out that our expectations are incorrect and we incur material costs or suffer other adverse consequences that arise from the retained risk. Our performance is highly dependent on our ability to manage risks that arise from day-to-day business activities, including underwriting, claims processing, policy administration and servicing, execution of our investment and hedging strategy, actuarial estimates and calculations, financial and tax reporting and other activities, many of which are very complex. We seek to monitor and control our exposure to risks arising out of or related to these activities through a variety of internal controls, management review processes and other mechanisms. However, the occurrence of unforeseen events, or the occurrence of events of a greater magnitude than expected, including those arising from inadequate or ineffective controls, a failure in processes, procedures or systems implemented by us or a failure on the part of employees upon which we rely in this regard, may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations. Past or future misconduct by our employees or employees of our vendors or suppliers could result in violations of laws by us, regulatory sanctions against us and/or serious reputational, legal or financial harm to our business, and the precautions we employ to prevent and detect this activity may not be effective in all cases. Although we employ controls and procedures designed to monitor the business decisions and activities of these individuals to prevent us from engaging in inappropriate activities, excessive risk taking, fraud or security breaches, these individuals may take such risks regardless of such controls and procedures and such controls and procedures may fail to detect all such decisions and activities. Our compensation policies and procedures are reviewed by us as part of our overall risk management program, but it is possible that such compensation policies and practices could inadvertently incentivize excessive or inappropriate risk taking. If these individuals take excessive or inappropriate risks, those risks could harm our reputation and have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Our reliance on key customer or distribution relationships could cause us to lose significant sales if one or more of those relationships terminate or are reduced. Our businesses depend on our relationships with our customers, and in particular, our relationships with our largest lending customers in our mortgage insurance businesses. Our customers place insurance with us directly on loans that they originate and they also do business with us indirectly, primarily in the United States, through purchases of loans that already have our mortgage insurance coverage. Our relationships with our customers may influence both the amount of business they do with us directly and also their willingness to continue to approve us as a mortgage insurance provider for loans that they purchase. Particularly in Canada and Australia where a large portion of our business is concentrated with a small number of customers, the loss of business from significant customers has had and could in the future have an adverse effect on the amount of new business we are able to write and consequently, our financial condition and results of operations. Maintaining our business 84 relationships and business volumes with our largest lending customers remains critical to the success of our business. We cannot be certain that any loss of business from significant customers, or any single lender, would be replaced by other customers, existing or new. As a result of current market conditions and increased regulatory requirements, our lending customers may decide to write business only with a limited number of mortgage insurers or only with certain mortgage insurers, based on their views with respect to an insurer’s pricing, service levels, underwriting guidelines, loss mitigation practices, financial strength, ratings or other factors. As discussed in “Part I—Item 1—Business,” our mortgage insurance businesses in Canada and Australia are highly concentrated in a small number of key distribution partners, which increases our risks and exposure in the event one or more of these partners terminate or reduce their relationship with us. Any termination, reduction or material change in relationship with a key distribution partner could have a material adverse effect on our future sales for one or more products. In addition, in Australia, where mortgage insurance is not required on high loan-to-value loans, some lenders self-insure a portion of their originations. If our lending customers in this market increase the self-insurance or other alternatives to mortgage insurance, this could have an unfavorable impact on the amount of new business we are able to write and consequently, our financial condition and results of operations. We distribute our products through a wide variety of distribution methods, including through relationships with key distribution partners (including lender customers of our mortgage insurance businesses). These distribution partners are an integral part of our business model. We are at risk that key distribution partners may merge, change their distribution model affecting how our products are sold, or terminate their distribution contracts or relationships with us. In addition, timing of key distributor adoption of our new product offerings may impact sales of those products. Some distributors have, and in the future others may, elect to terminate or reduce their distribution relationships with us for a variety of reasons, including as a result of our recent financial challenges (including adverse ratings actions). Likewise, in the future, other distributors may terminate or reduce their relationships with us as a result of, among other things, these challenges as well as future adverse developments in our business or adverse rating agency actions or concerns about market-related risks, commission levels or the breadth of our product offerings. Competitors could negatively affect our ability to maintain or increase our market share and profitability. Our businesses are subject to intense competition. We believe the principal competitive factors in the sale of our products are product features, product investment returns, price, commission structure, marketing and distribution arrangements, brand, reputation, financial strength ratings and service. In many of our product lines, we face competition from competitors that have greater market share or breadth of distribution, offer a broader range of products, services or features, assume a greater level of risk, have lower profitability expectations or have higher financial strength ratings than we do. Our financial challenges have adversely and directly impacted the competitiveness of our life, annuity and long-term care insurance businesses, and indirectly adversely impacted our mortgage insurance businesses. In addition, many competitors offer similar products and use similar distribution channels. The appointment of a receiver to rehabilitate or liquidate or take other adverse regulatory actions against a significant competitor could also negatively impact our businesses if such actions were to impact consumer confidence in industry products and services. The U.S. private mortgage insurance industry remains highly competitive with currently six active mortgage insurers, including us. Some of these private mortgage insurers, particularly new entrants, may have short- to mid-term business goals that differ from ours. For example, we believe that in order to achieve operational scale some competitors have sought to increase their market share through lower pricing on various products. In addition, not all of our mortgage insurance products have the same return on capital profile. Single premium insurance coverage, for instance, has been priced in the market at levels that currently generate lower lifetime premiums and require higher lifetime capital than monthly products. To the extent that some of our competitors 85 are willing to set lower pricing and accept lower returns than we find acceptable, we may lose business opportunities involving products of this type and this may affect our overall business relationship with certain customers. If we match lower pricing on these products, we will experience a similar reduction in returns on capital. In addition, as competitors transition to delivering prices to lenders with limited pricing information, or opaque pricing, compared to prevailing rate cards, we expect price competition will intensify. Depending upon the degree to which we undertake or match such pricing practices, there may be a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition. We compete with government-owned and government-sponsored enterprises in our mortgage insurance businesses, and this may put us at a competitive disadvantage on pricing and other terms and conditions. Our U.S. mortgage insurance business competes with the FHA and the VA, as well as certain local- and state-level housing finance agencies. In particular, since 2008, there has been a significant increase in the number of loans insured by the FHA. Separately, the government-owned and government-sponsored enterprises, including Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, may (and within certain product offerings do) compete with our U.S. mortgage insurance business through certain of their risk-sharing insurance programs. Those competitors may establish pricing terms and business practices that may be influenced by motives such as advancing social housing policy or stabilizing the mortgage lending industry, which may not be consistent with maximizing return on capital or other profitability measures. In addition, those governmental enterprises typically do not have the same capital requirements that we and other mortgage insurance companies have and therefore may have financial flexibility in their pricing and capacity that could put us at a competitive disadvantage. In the event that a government-owned or sponsored entity in one of our markets determines to change prices significantly or alter the terms and conditions of its mortgage insurance or other credit enhancement products in furtherance of social or other goals rather than a profit or risk management motive, we may be unable to compete in that market effectively, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Like our U.S. mortgage insurance business, our international mortgage insurance businesses compete with government-owned and government-sponsored enterprises. These competitors may establish pricing terms and business practices that may be influenced by motives such as advancing social housing policy or stabilizing the mortgage lending industry, which may not be consistent with maximizing return on capital or other profitability measures. In the event that a government-owned or sponsored entity in one of our markets determines to reduce prices significantly or alter the terms and conditions of its mortgage insurance or other credit enhancement products in furtherance of social or other goals rather than a profit motive, we may be unable to compete in that market effectively, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. For example, in Canada, we compete with CMHC, a corporation owned by the Canadian government. CMHC is a sovereign entity that provides mortgage lenders a lower capital charge and a 100% government guarantee as compared to loans covered by our policy which benefit from a 90% government guarantee. CMHC also operates the Canada Mortgage Bond and the National Housing Act Mortgage-Back Securities programs, which provide lenders the ability to efficiently guarantee and securitize their mortgage loan portfolios. If we are unable to effectively distinguish ourselves competitively with our Canadian mortgage lender customers, under current market conditions or in the future, we may be unable to compete effectively with CMHC as a result of the more favorable capital relief it can provide or the other products and incentives that it offers to lenders. Additionally, in times of economic stress, customers may choose CMHC as a result of being a higher rated sovereign entity regardless of our ability to distinguish ourselves competitively from CMHC. Conditions in the international financial markets could lead other countries to nationalize our competitors or establish competing governmental agencies, which would further limit our competitive position in international markets and, therefore, materially affect our results of operations. 86 Our business could be adversely impacted from deficiencies in our disclosure controls and procedures or internal control over financial reporting. The design and effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting may not prevent all errors, misstatements or misrepresentations. While management continually reviews the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting, there can be no guarantee that our internal control over financial reporting will be effective in accomplishing all control objectives all of the time. Any material weaknesses in internal control over financial reporting, such as we have reported in the past, or any other failure to maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures could result in material errors in our financial statements or untimely filings, which could cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information, and a decline in our stock price. Our computer systems may fail or be compromised, and unanticipated problems could materially adversely impact our disaster recovery systems and business continuity plans, which could damage our reputation, impair our ability to conduct business effectively and materially adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. Our business is highly dependent upon the effective operation of our computer systems. We also have arrangements in place with our partners and other third-party service providers through which we share and receive information. We rely on these systems throughout our business for a variety of functions, including processing claims and applications, providing information to customers and distributors, performing actuarial analyses and maintaining financial records. Despite the implementation of security and back-up measures, our computer systems and those of our partners and third-party service providers have been and may be vulnerable to physical or electronic intrusions, computer viruses or other attacks, programming errors and similar disruptive problems. The failure of these systems for any reason could cause significant interruptions to our operations, which could result in a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. Technology continues to expand and plays an ever increasing role in our business. While it is our goal to safeguard information assets from physical theft and cybersecurity threats, there can be no assurance that our information security will detect and protect information assets from these ever increasing risks. Information assets include both information itself in the form of computer data, written materials, knowledge and supporting processes, and the information technology systems, networks, other electronic devices and storage media used to store, process, retrieve and transmit that information. As more information is used and shared by our employees, customers and suppliers, both within and outside our company, cybersecurity threats become expansive in nature. Confidentiality, integrity and availability of information are essential to maintaining our reputation, legal position and ability to conduct our operations. Although we have implemented controls and continue to train our employees, a cybersecurity event could still occur which would cause damage to our reputation with our customers, distributors and other stakeholders and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. We retain confidential information in our computer systems, and we rely on commercial technologies to maintain the security of those systems, including computers or mobile devices. Anyone who is able to circumvent our security measures and penetrate our computer systems or misuse authorized access could access, view, misappropriate, alter, or delete any information in the systems, including personally identifiable information, personal health information and proprietary business information. Our employees, distribution partners and other vendors use portable computers or mobile devices which may contain similar information to that in our computer systems, and these devices have been and can be lost, stolen or damaged, and therefore subject to the same risks as our other computer systems. In addition, an increasing number of states and foreign countries require that affected parties be notified or other actions be taken (which could involve significant costs to us) if a security breach results in the inappropriate disclosure of personally identifiable information. We have experienced occasional, actual or attempted breaches of our cybersecurity, although to date none of these 87 breaches has had a material effect on our business, operations or reputation. Any compromise of the security of our computer systems or those of our partners and third-party service providers that results in inappropriate disclosure of personally identifiable customer information could damage our reputation in the marketplace, deter people from purchasing our products, subject us to significant civil and criminal liability and require us to incur significant technical, legal and other expenses. The area of cybersecurity has come under increased scrutiny by insurance regulators. On March 1, 2017, New York’s cybersecurity regulation for financial services institutions, including banking and insurance entities, became effective, and on October 24, 2017, the NAIC adopted the Insurance Data Security Model Law, which establishes standards for data security and for the investigation of and notification of insurance commissioners of cybersecurity events. See “Item 1. Business—Regulation—Other Laws and Regulations—Cybersecurity.” In addition, unanticipated problems with, or failures of, our disaster recovery systems and business continuity plans could have a material adverse impact on our ability to conduct business and on our results of operations and financial condition, particularly if those problems affect our information technology systems and destroy, lose or otherwise compromise valuable data. In addition, in the event that a significant number of our employees were unavailable in the event of a disaster, our ability to effectively conduct business could be severely compromised. The failure of our disaster recovery systems and business continuity plans could adversely impact our profitability and our business. Insurance and Product-Related Risks Our financial condition, results of operations, long-term care insurance products and/or our reputation in the market may be adversely affected if we are not able to increase premiums and associated benefit reductions on our in-force long-term care insurance policies by enough or quickly enough; and the increased premiums or associated benefit reductions currently being implemented, as well as any future in-force rate actions, may lower product demand. The continued viability of our long-term care insurance business, as well as GLIC and GLICNY, is based on our ability to obtain significant premium increases and associated benefit reductions on our in-force long-term care insurance products, as warranted and actuarially justified. The adequacy of our current long-term care insurance reserves also depends significantly on certain assumptions regarding our ability to successfully execute our in-force management rate action plan through increased premiums and associated benefit reductions. We include assumptions for future in-force rate actions, which includes assumptions for significant premium rate increases and associated benefit reductions that have been approved or are anticipated to be approved (including premium rate increases and associated benefit reductions not yet filed), in our determination of loss recognition testing of our long-term care insurance reserves under U.S. GAAP and asset adequacy testing of our statutory long-term care insurance reserves (except for our New York insurance subsidiary). Although the terms of our long-term care insurance policies permit us to increase premiums under certain circumstances during the premium-paying period, these increases generally require regulatory approval, which can often take a long time to obtain and may not be obtained in all relevant jurisdictions or for the full amounts requested. In addition, some states are considering adopting long-term care insurance rate increase legislation that would further limit increases in long-term care insurance premium rates beyond the rate stability legislation previously adopted in certain states, which would adversely impact our ability to achieve anticipated rate increases. Some states have refused to approve actuarially justified rate actions and as of December 31, 2018, we were in litigation with one state that has refused to approve actuarially justified rate actions. We will not be able to realize our future premium rate increases and associated benefit reductions in the future if we cannot obtain the required regulatory approvals. In this event, we would have to increase our long- term care insurance reserves by amounts that would likely be material and would result in a material adverse 88 impact. Moreover, we may not be able to sufficiently mitigate the impact of unexpected adverse experience through increased premiums and associated benefit reductions. Given our recent operating performance in our long-term care insurance business and the ongoing pressure to earnings from higher incurred claims, absent the future increased premiums and associated benefit reductions, our results of operations, capital levels, RBC and financial condition would be materially adversely affected. In addition, if the timing of our future increased premiums and associated benefit reductions takes longer to achieve than originally assumed, we would likely record higher reserves with no offsetting premiums and associated benefit reductions from our in-force management rate action plan to mitigate the negative impact, which would likely result in an operating loss for our long-term care insurance business. Rate increases by us or our competitors could also adversely affect our reputation in the markets in which we operate, adversely impact our ability to continue to market and sell new long-term care insurance products, make it more difficult for us to obtain future premium rate increases and associated benefit reductions and adversely impact our ability to retain existing policyholders and agents. Policyholders may be unwilling or unable to pay the increased premiums we will seek to charge. We cannot predict how our policyholders (or potential future policyholders), agents, competitors and regulators may react to any in-force rate increases, nor can we predict if regulators will approve requested in-force rate increases. We may also be forced to stop selling our long-term care insurance products in markets where we cannot achieve satisfactory in-force rate increases, which will cause a further decrease in our sales. Reinsurance may not be available, affordable or adequate to protect us against losses. As part of our overall risk and capital management strategy, we have historically purchased reinsurance from external reinsurers as well as provided internal reinsurance support for certain risks underwritten by our various business segments. These reinsurance arrangements enable our businesses to transfer risks in exchange for some of the associated economic benefits and, as a result, improve our statutory capital position and manage risk to within our tolerance level. Some of these reinsurance arrangements are indefinite, but others require periodic renewals (such as reinsurance contracts in Australia). For these arrangements, at the end of the base term, we can elect a runoff term to continue coverage, with reducing amounts of regulatory capital benefits, or attempt to negotiate a renewal. The availability and cost of reinsurance protection are impacted by our operating and financial performance, including ratings, as well as conditions beyond our control. For example, our financial challenges and adverse rating actions may reduce the availability of certain types of reinsurance and make it more costly when it is available, as reinsurers are less willing to take on credit risk in a volatile market. Accordingly, we may be forced to incur additional expenses for reinsurance or may not be able to obtain new reinsurance or renew existing reinsurance arrangements on acceptable terms, or at all, which could increase our risk and adversely affect our ability to write future business or obtain statutory capital credit for new reinsurance or could require us to make capital contributions to maintain regulatory capital requirements. See “—If we are unable to continue to meet the requirements mandated by PMIERs or PMIERs 2.0 because the GSEs amend them or the GSEs’ interpretation of the financial requirements requires us to hold amounts of capital that are higher than we have planned or otherwise, we may not be eligible to write new insurance on loans acquired by the GSEs, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.” We cannot be sure of the extent of benefits we will realize from loss mitigation actions or programs in our mortgage insurance businesses in the future. As part of our loss mitigation efforts in the United States, Canada and Australia, we routinely investigate insured loans and evaluate the related servicing to ensure compliance with applicable guidelines and to detect possible fraud or misrepresentation. As a result, we have, and may in the future, rescind coverage on loans that do not meet our guidelines or curtail the amount of claims payable for non-compliance. In the past, we recognized significant benefits from taking action on these investigations and evaluations under our master policies. While we believe these actions are valid and expect additional actions based on future investigations and evaluations, we can give no assurance on the extent to which we may continue to see such rescissions or curtailments. In addition, insured lenders may object to our actions, as has occurred from time to time in the past. 89 If disputed by the insured and a legal proceeding were instituted, the validity of our actions would be determined by arbitration or judicial proceedings unless otherwise settled. In the near term, sales could be reduced or eliminated as a result of a dispute with one or more lenders and such disputes could have an adverse effect on our long-term relationships with those lenders that are impacted. Further, our loss reserving methodology includes provisions for loans within our delinquency inventory that will be rescinded or have their claims curtailed. A variance between ultimate action rates and these estimates could have a material adverse effect on our financial position and results of operations. In the United States, the mortgage finance industry (with government support) has adopted various programs to modify delinquent loans to make them more affordable to borrowers with the goal of reducing the number of foreclosures. In all of our mortgage insurance businesses, regardless of jurisdiction, our master policies contain covenants that require cooperation and loss mitigation by the insured. The effect on us of a loan modification depends on re-default rates, which in turn can be affected by factors such as changes in home values and unemployment. Our estimates of the number of loans qualifying for modification programs is based on management judgment as informed by past experience and current market conditions but are inherently uncertain. We cannot predict what the actual volume of loan modifications will be or the ultimate re-default rate, and therefore, we cannot be certain whether these efforts will provide material benefits to us. The premiums we agree to charge upon writing a mortgage insurance policy may not adequately compensate us for the risks and costs associated with the coverage we provide for the entire duration of that policy. We establish renewal premium rates for the duration of a mortgage insurance policy upon issuance, and we cannot cancel the policy or adjust the premiums after the policy is issued. As a result, we cannot offset the impact of unanticipated claims with premium increases on policies in-force, and we cannot refuse to renew mortgage insurance coverage. In addition, our premium rates vary with the perceived risk of a claim on the insured loan, which takes into account factors such as the loan-to-value ratio, our long-term historical loss experience, whether the mortgage provides for fixed payments or variable payments, the term of the mortgage, the borrower’s credit history and the level of documentation and verification of the borrower’s income and assets. Our ability to properly determine eligibility and accurate pricing for the mortgage insurance we issue is dependent upon our underwriting and other operational routines. These underwriting routines may vary across the jurisdictions in which we do business. Deficiencies in actual practice in this area could have a material adverse impact on our results. In the event the premiums we agree to charge upon writing a mortgage insurance policy may not adequately compensate us for the risks and costs associated with the coverage, it may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operation and financial condition. A significant portion of our mortgage insurance coverage consists of mortgage loans with high loan-to-value ratios, which typically have claim incidence rates substantially higher than mortgage loans with lower loan-to-value ratios. In Canada and Australia, the risks of having a portfolio with a significant portion of high loan-to-value mortgages are greater than in the United States because we generally agree to cover 100% of the losses associated with mortgage defaults in those markets, compared to percentages in the United States that typically range between 10% and 35% of the loan amount. Although we take these factors into account in setting premiums, the difference in premium rates may not be sufficient to compensate us for the greater risks associated with mortgage loans bearing higher loan-to-value ratios or 100% cover. A decrease in the volume of high loan-to-value home mortgage originations or an increase in the volume of mortgage insurance cancellations could result in a decline in our revenue in our mortgage insurance businesses. We provide mortgage insurance primarily for high loan-to-value mortgages. Factors that could lead to a decrease in the volume of high loan-to-value mortgage originations include, but are not limited to: • an increase in the level of home mortgage interest rates and, in the United States, a reduction or loss of mortgage interest deductibility for federal income tax purposes; 90 • • • • • • • implementation of more rigorous mortgage lending regulation, such as under APRA Prudential Practice Guides in Australia; a decline in economic conditions generally, or in conditions in regional and local economies; the level of consumer confidence, which may be adversely affected by economic instability, war or terrorist events; an increase in the price of homes relative to income levels; adverse population trends, including lower homeownership rates; high rates of home price appreciation, which for refinancings affect whether refinanced loans have loan-to-value ratios that require mortgage insurance; and changes in government housing policy encouraging loans to first-time home buyers. A decline in the volume of high loan-to-value mortgage originations would reduce the demand for mortgage insurance and, therefore, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. In addition, a significant percentage of the premiums we earn each year in our U.S. mortgage insurance business are renewal premiums from insurance policies written in previous years. We estimate that approximately 88%, 88% and 87%, respectively, of our U.S. gross premiums earned in each of the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 were renewal premiums. As a result, the length of time insurance remains in-force is an important determinant of our mortgage insurance revenues. Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and many other mortgage investors in the United States generally permit a homeowner to ask the loan servicer to cancel the borrower’s obligation to pay for mortgage insurance when the principal amount of the mortgage falls below 80% of the home’s value. Factors that tend to reduce the length of time our mortgage insurance remains in-force include: • • • declining interest rates, which may result in the refinancing of the mortgages underlying our insurance policies with new mortgage loans that may not require mortgage insurance or that we do not insure; significant appreciation in the value of homes, which causes the size of the mortgage to decrease below 80% of the value of the home and enables the borrower to request cancellation of the mortgage insurance; and changes in mortgage insurance cancellation requirements under applicable federal law or mortgage insurance cancellation practices by mortgage lenders and investors. Our U.S. policy flow persistency rates were 84%, 82% and 78% for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. A decrease in persistency in the U.S. market generally would reduce the amount of our insurance in-force and could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. However, higher persistency on certain products, especially A minus, Alt-A, ARMs and certain 100% loan-to-value loans, could have a material adverse effect if claims generated by such products remain elevated or increase. The amount of mortgage insurance we write could decline significantly if alternatives to private mortgage insurance are used or lower coverage levels of mortgage insurance are selected. There are a variety of alternatives to private mortgage insurance that may reduce the amount of mortgage insurance we write. These alternatives include: • originating mortgages in the United States that consist of two simultaneous loans, known as “simultaneous seconds,” comprising a first mortgage with a loan-to-value ratio of 80% and a simultaneous second mortgage for the excess portion of the loan, instead of a single mortgage with a loan-to-value ratio of more than 80%; 91 • • • • • using government mortgage insurance programs; holding mortgages in the lenders’ own loan portfolios and self-insuring; using programs, such as those offered by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac in the United States, requiring lower mortgage insurance coverage levels; originating and securitizing loans in mortgage-backed securities whose underlying mortgages are not insured with private mortgage insurance or which are structured so that the risk of default lies with the investor, rather than a private mortgage insurer; and using risk-sharing insurance programs, credit default swaps or similar instruments, instead of private mortgage insurance, to transfer credit risk on mortgages. A decline in the use of private mortgage insurance in connection with high loan-to-value home mortgages for any reason would reduce the demand for flow mortgage insurance which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Potential liabilities in connection with our U.S. contract underwriting services could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. We offer contract underwriting services to certain of our mortgage lenders in the United States, pursuant to which our employees and contractors work directly with the lender to determine whether the data relating to a borrower and a proposed loan contained in a mortgage loan application file complies with the lender’s loan underwriting guidelines or the investor’s loan purchase requirements. In connection with that service, we also compile the application data and submit it to the automated underwriting systems of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, which independently analyze the data to determine if the proposed loan complies with their investor requirements. Under the terms of our contract underwriting agreements, we agree to indemnify the lender against losses incurred in the event that we make material errors in determining whether loans processed by our contract underwriters meet specified underwriting or purchase criteria, subject to contractual limitations on liability. As a result, we assume credit and processing risk in connection with our contract underwriting services. If our reserves for potential claims in connection with our contract underwriting services are inadequate as a result of differences from our estimates and assumptions or other reasons, we may be required to increase our underlying reserves, which could materially adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. Medical advances, such as genetic research and diagnostic imaging, and related legislation could materially adversely affect the financial performance of our life insurance, long-term care insurance and annuity businesses. Genetic testing research and discovery is advancing at a rapid pace. Though some of this research is focused on identifying the genes associated with rare diseases, much of the research is focused on identifying the genes associated with an increased risk of various diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, cancer and Alzheimer’s disease. Diagnostic testing utilizing various blood panels or imaging techniques may allow clinicians to detect similar diseases during an earlier phase. We believe that if an individual learns through such testing that they are predisposed to a condition that may reduce their life expectancy or increase their chances of requiring long-term care, they potentially will be more likely to purchase life and long-term care insurance policies or not permit their existing policy to lapse. In contrast, if an individual learns that they lack the genetic predisposition to develop the conditions that reduce longevity or require long-term care, they potentially will be less likely to purchase life and long-term care insurance products, but more likely to purchase certain annuity products and permit their life and long-term care insurance policies to lapse. Being able to access and use the medical information (including the results of genetic and diagnostic testing) known to our prospective policyholders is important to ensure that an underwriting risk assessment matches the 92 anticipated risk priced into our life and long-term care insurance products, as well as our annuity products. Currently, there are some state level restrictions related to an insurer’s access and use of genetic information, and periodically new genetic testing legislation is being introduced. However, further restrictions on the access and use of such medical information could create a mismatch between an assessed risk and the product pricing. Such a mismatch has the potential to increase product pricing resulting in a decrease in sales and purchasers at increased risk becoming the more likely buyer. The net result of this could cause a deterioration in the risk profile of our portfolio which could lead to payments to our policyholders and contractholders that are materially higher than anticipated. In addition to earlier diagnosis or knowledge of disease risk, medical advances may also lead to newer forms of preventive care which could improve an individual’s overall health and longevity. If this were to occur, the duration of payments made by us under certain forms of our annuity contracts likely would increase thereby reducing our profitability on those products. Other Risks The occurrence of natural or man-made disasters or a pandemic could materially adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. We are exposed to various risks arising out of natural disasters, including earthquakes, hurricanes, floods and tornadoes, and man-made disasters, including acts of terrorism and military actions and pandemics. For example, a natural or man-made disaster or a pandemic could disrupt our computer systems and our ability to conduct or process business, as well as lead to unexpected changes in persistency rates as policyholders and contractholders who are affected by the disaster may be unable to meet their contractual obligations, such as payment of premiums on our insurance policies, deposits into our investment products, and mortgage payments on loans insured by our mortgage insurance policies. They could also significantly increase our mortality and morbidity experience above the assumptions we used in pricing our insurance and investment products. The continued threat of terrorism and ongoing military actions may cause significant volatility in global financial markets, and a natural or man-made disaster or a pandemic could trigger an economic downturn in the areas directly or indirectly affected by the disaster. These consequences could, among other things, result in a decline in business and increased claims from those areas, as well as an adverse effect on home prices in those areas, which could result in increased loss experience in our mortgage insurance businesses. Disasters or a pandemic also could disrupt public and private infrastructure, including communications and financial services, which could disrupt our normal business operations. A natural or man-made disaster or a pandemic could also disrupt the operations of our counterparties or result in increased prices for the products and services they provide to us. For example, a natural or man-made disaster or a pandemic could lead to increased reinsurance prices or reduced availability of reinsurance and potentially cause us to retain more risk than we otherwise would retain if we were able to obtain reinsurance at lower prices. In addition, a disaster or a pandemic could adversely affect the value of the assets in our investment portfolio if it affects companies’ ability to pay principal or interest on their securities or the value of the underlying collateral of structured securities. We have significant deferred tax assets, and any impairments of or valuation allowances against these deferred tax assets in the future could materially adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. We currently utilize significant deferred tax assets to offset taxable income. The extent to which we can utilize deferred tax assets may be limited for various reasons, including but not limited to changes in tax rules or regulations and if projected future taxable income becomes insufficient to recognize the full benefit of our NOL carryforwards. Additionally, our ability to fully use these tax assets could also be adversely affected if we have 93 an “ownership change” within the meaning of Section 382 of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended. An ownership change is generally defined as a greater than 50% increase in equity ownership by “5% shareholders” (as that term is defined for purposes of Section 382) in any three-year period. Future changes in our stock ownership, depending on the magnitude, including the purchase or sale of our common stock by 5% shareholders, and issuances or redemptions of common stock by us, could result in an ownership change that would trigger the imposition of limitations under Section 382. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that in the future we will not experience limitations with respect to recognizing the benefits of our NOL carryforwards and other tax attributes for which limitations could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, cash flows or financial condition. During 2016, we recorded a valuation allowance of $258 million on deferred tax assets related to foreign tax credits that we no longer expected to realize. This valuation allowance was released in 2017 principally due to the TCJA and from improvements in business performance, mostly in our U.S. mortgage insurance business, as well as lower operating earnings volatility in our U.S. life insurance businesses. See “—Changes in tax laws could have a material adverse effect on our business, cash flows, results of operations or financial condition.” We have agreed to make payments to GE based on the projected amounts of certain tax savings we expect to realize as a result of our IPO. We will remain obligated to make these payments even if we do not realize the related tax savings and the payments could be accelerated in the event of certain changes in control. Under the Tax Matters Agreement, we have an obligation to pay GE a fixed amount over approximately the next five years. This fixed obligation, the estimated present value of which was $90 million and $119 million as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, equals 80% (subject to a cumulative $640 million maximum amount) of the tax savings projected as a result of our IPO in 2004. Even if we fail to generate sufficient taxable income to realize the projected tax savings, we will remain obligated to pay GE, and this could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. We could also, subject to regulatory approval, be required to pay GE on an accelerated basis in the event of certain changes in control of our company. Provisions of our certificate of incorporation and bylaws and our Tax Matters Agreement with GE may discourage takeover attempts and business combinations that stockholders might consider in their best interests. Our certificate of incorporation and bylaws include provisions that may have anti-takeover effects and may delay, deter or prevent a takeover attempt that our stockholders might consider in their best interests. For example, our certificate of incorporation and bylaws: • • • • • permit our Board of Directors to issue one or more series of preferred stock; limit the ability of stockholders to remove directors; limit the ability of stockholders to fill vacancies on our Board of Directors; limit the ability of stockholders to call special meetings of stockholders and take action by written consent; and impose advance notice requirements for stockholder proposals and nominations of directors to be considered at stockholder meetings. Under our Tax Matters Agreement with GE, if any person or group of persons other than GE or its affiliates gains the power to direct the management and policies of our company, we could become obligated immediately to pay to GE the total present value of all remaining tax benefit payments due to GE over the full term of the agreement. The estimated present value of our fixed obligation as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 was $90 million and $119 million, respectively. Similarly, if any person or group of persons other than us or our 94 affiliates gains effective control of one of our subsidiaries, we could become obligated to pay to GE the total present value of all such payments due to GE allocable to that subsidiary, unless the subsidiary assumes the obligation to pay these future amounts under the Tax Matters Agreement and certain conditions are met. The acceleration of payments would be subject to the approval of certain state insurance regulators, and we are obligated to use our reasonable best efforts to seek these approvals. This feature of the agreement could adversely affect a potential merger or sale of our company. It could also limit our flexibility to dispose of one or more of our subsidiaries, with adverse implications for any business strategy dependent on such dispositions. Risks Relating to Our Common Stock The Board of Directors has decided to suspend dividends on our common stock until further notice. We paid quarterly dividends on our common stock from our IPO in May 2004 until November 2008 when the Board of Directors decided to suspend the payment of dividends on our common stock to enhance our liquidity and capital position as a result of the global financial crisis and the challenging economic environment. We cannot assure you when, whether or at what level we will resume paying dividends on our common stock. Our stock price will fluctuate. Stock markets in general, and our common stock in particular, have experienced significant price and volume volatility. The market price and volume of our common stock may continue to be subject to significant fluctuations due not only to general stock market conditions but also to a change in sentiment in the market regarding our industry generally, as well as investor concern about, among other things, some of our products (including long-term care insurance), our operations, reserves, ratings, business prospects, liquidity and capital positions. In addition to the risk factors discussed above, the price and volume volatility of our common stock may be affected by, among other issues: • • • • • • • • failure to complete the proposed transaction with China Oceanwide or to complete it in the timeframe, terms or manner currently anticipated; our financial performance and condition and future prospects; operating results that vary from the expectations of securities analysts and investors; operating and securities price performance of companies that investors consider to be comparable to us; announcements of strategic developments, acquisitions and other material events by us or our competitors; changes in global financial markets and global economies and general market conditions; rating agency announcements or actions with respect to the ratings of our company and our subsidiaries or our competitors; changes in laws and regulations affecting our business; and • market prices for our equity securities. Stock price volatility and a decrease in our stock price could make it difficult for us to raise equity capital or, if we are able to raise equity capital, could result in substantial dilution to our existing stockholders. Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments We have no unresolved comments from the staff of the SEC. 95 Item 2. Properties We own our headquarters facility in Richmond, Virginia, which consists of approximately 461,000 square feet in four buildings, as well as one facility in Lynchburg, Virginia with approximately 199,000 square feet. In addition, we lease one office space with approximately 92,000 square feet in Lynchburg, Virginia and another 207,000 square feet of office space in 7 locations throughout the United States. We also lease approximately 135,000 square feet in 8 locations outside the United States. Most of our leases in the United States and other countries have lease terms of three to five years. Although some leases have longer terms, no lease has an expiration date beyond 2028. Our aggregate annual rental expense under all leases was $11 million during the year ended December 31, 2018. We believe our properties are adequate for our business as presently conducted. Item 3. Legal Proceedings See note 21 in our consolidated financial statements under “Part II—Item 8—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for a description of material pending litigation and regulatory matters affecting us. Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures Not applicable. 96 PART II Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Market for Common Stock Our Class A Common Stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “GNW.” As of February 19, 2019, we had 301 holders of record of our Class A Common Stock. Common Stock Performance Graph The following performance graph and related information shall not be deemed “soliciting material” nor to be “filed” with the SEC, nor shall such information be incorporated by reference into any future filings under the Securities Act of 1933 or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, each as amended, except to the extent we specifically incorporate it by reference into such filing. In November 2015, we were included in the S&P MidCap 400 Index, which is more representative of our total market capitalization. The following graph compares the cumulative total stockholder return on our Class A Common Stock with the cumulative total stockholder return on the S&P 500 Stock Index, S&P 500 Insurance Index, S&P MidCap 400 Index and S&P MidCap 400 Insurance Index. Genworth Financial S&P 500 Index S&P 500 Insurance Index S&P MidCap 400 Index S&P MidCap 400 Insurance Index $200 $150 $100 $50 $0 12/31/13 12/31/14 12/31/15 12/31/16 12/31/17 12/31/18 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Genworth Financial, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S&P 500® . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S&P 500 Insurance Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S&P MidCap 400 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S&P MidCap 400 Insurance Index . . . . . . . . . . . . $100.00 $100.00 $100.00 $100.00 $100.00 $ 54.73 $113.69 $108.29 $109.77 $112.06 $ 24.02 $115.26 $110.81 $107.38 $124.11 $ 24.53 $129.05 $130.29 $129.65 $156.54 $ 20.03 $157.22 $151.38 $150.71 $184.30 $ 30.01 $150.33 $134.42 $134.01 $181.04 97 Dividends In November 2008, to enhance our liquidity and capital position in the challenging market environment, our Board of Directors suspended the payment of dividends on our common stock indefinitely. The declaration and payment of future dividends to holders of our common stock will be at the discretion of our Board of Directors and will depend on many factors including our receipt of dividends from our operating subsidiaries, our financial condition and results of operations, the capital requirements of our subsidiaries, legal requirements, regulatory constraints, our debt obligations, our credit and financial strength ratings and such other factors as the Board of Directors deems relevant. We cannot assure you when, whether or at what level we will resume paying dividends on our common stock. See “Item 7—Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” for additional information. We act as a holding company for our subsidiaries and do not have any significant operations of our own. As a result, our ability to pay dividends in the future will depend on receiving dividends from our subsidiaries. Our insurance subsidiaries are subject to the laws of the jurisdictions in which they are domiciled and licensed and consequently are limited in the amount of dividends that they can pay. See “Part I—Item 1—Business— Regulation.” 98 Item 6. Selected Financial Data The following table sets forth selected financial information. The selected financial information as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 and for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 has been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements, which are included elsewhere herewith. You should read this information in conjunction with the information under “Item 7—Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” our audited consolidated financial statements and the related notes which are included in “Item 8—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” (Amounts in millions, except per share amounts) 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 Years ended December 31, Consolidated Statements of Income Information Revenues: Premiums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $4,519 $4,004 $4,160 $4,579 $ 4,700 3,142 Net investment income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (22) Net investment gains (losses) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 909 Policy fees and other income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,138 (75) 906 3,262 (146) 795 3,159 72 978 3,200 265 826 Total revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,430 8,295 8,369 8,548 8,729 Benefits and expenses: Benefits and operating expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,683 299 7,282 284 7,712 337 8,144 419 9,595 433 Total benefits and expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,982 7,566 8,049 8,563 10,028 Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes . . . . . . Provision (benefit) for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448 151 Income (loss) from continuing operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of taxes (1) 297 . . . . . . . . . — Net income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less: net income attributable to noncontrolling interests (2) . . . . . . . . . . 297 178 729 (207) 936 (9) 927 110 320 358 (38) (29) (67) 210 (15) (9) (6) (407) (413) 202 (1,299) (94) (1,205) 157 (1,048) 196 Net income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 119 $ 817 $ (277) $ (615) $ (1,244) Income (loss) from continuing operations available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders per share: Basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 0.24 $ 1.66 $ (0.50) $ (0.42) $ (2.82) Diluted (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 0.24 $ 1.65 $ (0.50) $ (0.42) $ (2.82) Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of taxes, available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders per share: Basic (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ — $ (0.02) $ (0.06) $ (0.82) $ 0.32 Diluted (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ — $ (0.02) $ (0.06) $ (0.82) $ 0.32 Net income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders per share: Basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 0.24 $ 1.64 $ (0.56) $ (1.24) $ (2.51) Diluted (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 0.24 $ 1.63 $ (0.56) $ (1.24) $ (2.51) Weighted-average common shares outstanding: (4) Basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500.4 499.0 498.3 497.4 496.4 Diluted (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504.2 501.4 498.3 497.4 496.4 Cash dividends declared per common share . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — 99 (Amounts in millions) Selected Segment Information Total revenues: Years ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 U.S. Mortgage Insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Canada Mortgage Insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Australia Mortgage Insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . U.S. Life Insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Runoff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corporate and Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 841 526 427 6,318 294 24 $ $ 772 780 (40) 6,471 339 (27) 726 645 440 6,250 302 6 $ $ 665 564 474 6,545 259 41 639 669 537 6,587 275 22 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 8,430 $ 8,295 $ 8,369 $ 8,548 $ 8,729 Income (loss) from continuing operations available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders: U.S. Mortgage Insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Canada Mortgage Insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Australia Mortgage Insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . U.S. Life Insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Runoff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corporate and Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ 490 125 70 (348) 13 (231) $ 311 204 (79) 112 61 217 $ 249 159 65 (146) 25 (600) 179 140 103 (253) (5) (372) $ 91 167 27 (1,405) 14 (295) Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 119 $ 826 $ (248) $ (208) $ (1,401) Consolidated Balance Sheet Information Total investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . All other assets (5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Assets held for sale (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 70,114 30,809 — $ 73,392 31,905 — $ 71,569 33,089 — $ 69,128 37,176 127 $ 71,773 37,400 2,143 Total assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $100,923 $105,297 $104,658 $106,431 $111,316 Policyholder liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-recourse funding obligations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long-term borrowings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . All other liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Liabilities held for sale (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 74,833 311 4,025 7,565 — $ 76,228 310 4,224 9,207 — $ 75,359 310 4,180 10,342 — $ 74,087 1,920 4,570 11,090 127 $ 73,313 1,981 4,612 13,519 1,094 Total liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 86,734 $ 89,969 $ 90,191 $ 91,794 $ 94,519 Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Noncontrolling interests (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,044 $ 1,739 $ $ 14,189 3,027 $ 1,910 $ $ 15,328 3,094 $ 1,823 $ $ 14,467 3,010 $ 1,813 $ $ 14,637 4,446 $ 1,874 $ $ 16,797 U.S. Statutory Financial Information (6) Statutory capital and surplus (7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asset valuation reserve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ 5,303 415 $ $ 5,793 381 $ $ 5,575 351 $ $ 5,631 339 $ $ 5,409 311 (1) On May 9, 2016, GMICO, our wholly-owned indirect subsidiary, sold our European mortgage insurance business, which was accounted for as held for sale and its financial position was separately reported for all periods presented. On December 1, 2015, we sold our lifestyle protection insurance business, which was accounted for as discontinued operations and its financial position and results of operations were separately reported for all periods presented. See note 24 in our consolidated financial statements under “Item 8— Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for additional information. (2) Noncontrolling interests relate to the third-party public ownership of our Australian and Canadian mortgage insurance businesses. On May 21, 2014, Genworth Australia, a holding company for our Australian mortgage insurance business, completed an IPO of 220 million of its ordinary shares. Following completion of the initial offering, we beneficially owned 66.2% of the ordinary shares of Genworth Australia. On 100 May 15, 2015, we sold 92.3 million of our shares in Genworth Australia at AUD$3.08 per ordinary share. Following completion of this offering, we beneficially own approximately 52.0% of the ordinary shares of Genworth Australia through subsidiaries. We completed an IPO of our Canadian mortgage insurance business in July 2009 which reduced our ownership percentage to 57.5%. We currently hold approximately 57.0% of the outstanding common shares of Genworth Canada on a consolidated basis through subsidiaries. See note 23 in our consolidated financial statements under “Item 8—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for additional information related to noncontrolling interests. (3) Under applicable accounting guidance, companies in a loss position are required to use basic weighted- average common shares outstanding in the calculation of diluted loss per share. Therefore, as a result of our loss from continuing operations available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders and net loss available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, we were required to use basic weighted-average common shares outstanding in the calculation of diluted loss per share, as the inclusion of shares for stock options, restricted stock units (“RSUs”) and stock appreciation rights (“SARs”) of 2.0 million, 1.6 million and 5.6 million, respectively, would have been antidilutive to the calculation. If we had not incurred a loss from continuing operations available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders and net loss available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, dilutive potential weighted- average common shares outstanding would have been 500.3 million, 499.0 million and 502.0 million, respectively. The number of shares used in our calculation of diluted earnings per common share in 2018 and 2017 was affected by stock options, RSUs and SARs and was calculated using the treasury method. (4) (5) We have several significant reinsurance transactions with UFLIC, an affiliate of GE, our former parent company, in which we ceded certain blocks of structured settlement annuities, variable annuities and long- term care insurance. As a result of these transactions, we transferred investment securities to UFLIC and recorded a reinsurance recoverable that was included in “all other assets.” For a discussion of this transaction, refer to note 8 in our consolidated financial statements under “Item 8—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” (6) We derived the U.S. Statutory Financial Information from Annual Statements of our U.S. domiciled insurance company subsidiaries that were filed with the insurance departments in states where we are domiciled and were prepared in accordance with statutory accounting practices prescribed or permitted by the insurance departments in states where we are domiciled. These statutory accounting practices vary in certain material respects from U.S. GAAP. (7) Combined statutory capital and surplus for our U.S. domiciled insurance subsidiaries includes surplus notes issued by our U.S. life insurance subsidiaries and statutorily required contingency reserves held by our U.S. mortgage insurance subsidiaries. The combined statutory capital and surplus as of December 31, 2015 was re-presented as if the merger of Brookfield Life and Annuity Insurance Company Limited with and into GLIC occurred on January 1, 2015 in accordance with the statutory merger method. However, we did not re-present the combined statutory net loss for the year ended December 31, 2014 in accordance with statutory accounting practices and, therefore, the amounts are not comparable. 101 Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations The following discussion and analysis of our consolidated financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements and related notes included in “Item 8—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” Overview Our business We are dedicated to helping meet the homeownership and long-term care needs of our customers. We are headquartered in Richmond, Virginia. We facilitate homeownership in the United States and internationally by providing mortgage insurance products that allow people to purchase homes with low down payments while protecting lenders against the risk of default. Through our homeownership education and assistance programs, we also help people keep their homes when they experience financial difficulties. We offer individual and group long-term care insurance products to meet consumer needs for long-term care. On March 7, 2016, we suspended sales of our traditional life insurance and fixed annuity products. We have the following five operating business segments: U.S. Mortgage Insurance; Canada Mortgage Insurance; Australia Mortgage Insurance; U.S. Life Insurance; and Runoff. We also have Corporate and Other activities. Our financial information The financial information in this Annual Report on Form 10-K has been derived from our consolidated financial statements. Revenues and expenses Our revenues consist primarily of the following: • U.S. Mortgage Insurance. The revenues in our U.S. Mortgage Insurance segment consist primarily of: • • • net premiums earned on U.S. mortgage insurance policies; net investment income and net investment gains (losses) on the segment’s separate investment portfolio; and fee revenues from contract underwriting services. • Canada Mortgage Insurance. The revenues in our Canada Mortgage Insurance segment consist primarily of: • • net premiums earned on Canada mortgage insurance policies; and net investment income and net investment gains (losses) on the segment’s separate investment portfolio. • Australia Mortgage Insurance. The revenues in our Australia Mortgage Insurance segment consist primarily of: • • net premiums earned on Australia mortgage insurance policies; and net investment income and net investment gains (losses) on the segment’s separate investment portfolio. • U.S. Life Insurance. The revenues in our U.S. Life Insurance segment consist primarily of: • net premiums earned on individual and group long-term care insurance, individual term life insurance and single premium immediate annuities with life contingencies; 102 • • net investment income and net investment gains (losses) on the segment’s separate investment portfolios; and policy fees and other income, including surrender charges, mortality and expense risk charges, and other administrative charges. • Runoff. The revenues in our Runoff segment consist primarily of: • • net investment income and net investment gains (losses) on the segment’s separate investment portfolios; and policy fees and other income, including mortality and expense risk charges, primarily from variable annuity contracts, and other administrative charges. • Corporate and Other. The revenues in Corporate and Other activities consist primarily of: • • • net premiums earned primarily on mortgage insurance policies in certain smaller international mortgage insurance businesses; unallocated net investment income and net investment gains (losses); and policy fees and other income from other businesses that are managed outside of our operating segments and eliminations of inter-segment transactions. Our expenses consist primarily of the following: • • • • • • benefits provided to policyholders and contractholders and changes in reserves; interest credited on general account balances; acquisition and operating expenses, including commissions, marketing expenses, legal expenses, policy and contract servicing costs, overhead and other general expenses that are not capitalized (shown net of deferrals); amortization of DAC and other intangible assets; interest and other financing expenses; and income taxes. We allocate corporate expenses to each of our operating segments using various methodologies, including based on the amount of capital allocated to each operating segment. On December 22, 2017, the TCJA was signed into law. The TCJA reduced the U.S. corporate federal income tax rate to 21% effective for taxable years beginning on January 1, 2018 and migrated the worldwide tax system to a territorial international tax system. Therefore, beginning on January 1, 2018 we taxed our international businesses at their local statutory tax rates and our domestic businesses at the new enacted tax rate of 21%. We allocate our consolidated provision for income taxes to our operating segments. Our allocation methodology applies a specific tax rate to the pre-tax income (loss) of each segment, which is then adjusted in each segment to reflect the tax attributes of items unique to that segment such as foreign income. The difference between the consolidated provision for income taxes and the sum of the provision for income taxes in each segment is reflected in Corporate and Other activities. The effective tax rates disclosed herein are calculated using whole dollars. As a result, the percentages shown may differ from an effective tax rate calculated using rounded numbers. 103 Executive Summary of Financial Results Below is an executive summary of our consolidated financial results for the periods indicated. Amounts below are net of taxes, unless otherwise indicated. Beginning in 2018, after-tax amounts assumed a tax rate of 21% compared to 35% in 2017 and 2016. 2018 compared to 2017 • We had net income available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders of $119 million and $817 million in 2018 and 2017, respectively. Adjusted operating income available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders was $179 million and $696 million in 2018 and 2017, respectively. • Our U.S. Mortgage Insurance segment had adjusted operating income available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders of $490 million and $311 million in 2018 and 2017, respectively. The increase was primarily from lower losses, which included a $22 million favorable reserve adjustment in 2018 principally from lower expected claim rates. The increase was also attributable to higher premiums due to an increase in mortgage insurance in-force, higher investment income and lower taxes in 2018. The year ended December 31, 2017 included a $10 million favorable reserve adjustment. • Our Canada Mortgage Insurance segment had adjusted operating income available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders of $187 million and $157 million in 2018 and 2017, respectively. The increase was principally driven by lower income taxes and a decrease in stock-based compensation expense, partially offset by higher losses in 2018. • Our Australia Mortgage Insurance segment had adjusted operating income available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders of $76 million in 2018 compared to an adjusted operating loss available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders of $88 million in 2017. The increase to income in 2018 from a loss in 2017 was primarily driven by a net unfavorable adjustment of $141 million from a review of our premium earnings pattern in 2017, which also resulted in higher earned premiums on our existing insurance in-force in 2018 (see “—Critical Accounting Estimates— Unearned premiums” for additional information). The increase was partially offset by lower net investment income in 2018. • Our U.S. Life Insurance segment had an adjusted operating loss available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders of $376 million in 2018 compared to adjusted operating income available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders of $22 million in 2017. The decrease from income in 2017 to a loss in 2018 was principally related to our long-term care and life insurance businesses. Our long-term care insurance business had an adjusted operating loss available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders of $348 million in 2018 compared to adjusted operating income available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders of $59 million in 2017. The decrease to a loss in 2018 from income in 2017 was predominantly attributable to the completion of our annual review of our claim reserves in the fourth quarter of 2018 which resulted in higher claim reserves of $230 million (see “—Critical Accounting Estimates—Liability for policy and contract claims” for additional information). We also refined our estimate of unreported policy terminations, which resulted in an unfavorable reserve adjustment of $28 million in 2018. The decrease was also related to unfavorable existing claim performance from higher utilization of available benefits and lower terminations, as well as higher severity of new claims in 2018. These decreases were partially offset by higher premiums and associated benefit reductions in 2018 from in-force rate actions approved and implemented. For more information on in-force rate actions see “—Significant Developments—U.S. Life Insurance.” The adjusted operating loss in our life insurance business increased $28 million primarily from higher ceded reinsurance and unfavorable mortality in our universal and term universal life insurance products. These increases were partially offset by favorable mortality in our term life insurance products, lower taxes and 2017 transactions that did not recur: a $20 million net unfavorable term 104 conversion mortality assumption correction and a net $15 million unfavorable model refinement. Adjusted operating income in our fixed annuities business increased $37 million mainly attributable to $41 million of lower unfavorable charges in connection with loss recognition testing in our fixed immediate annuity products (see “—Critical Accounting Estimates—Future policy benefits” for additional information) and from lower interest credited in 2018. These decreases were partially offset by lower investment income in 2018. • Corporate and Other Activities had an adjusted operating loss available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders of $233 million in 2018 compared to adjusted operating income available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders of $243 million in 2017. The decrease to a loss in 2018 from income in 2017 was primarily driven by changes resulting from the implementation of the TCJA in December 2017 that did not recur. In the fourth quarter of 2017, we recorded a net tax benefit of $456 million primarily attributable to a $258 million release of a valuation allowance, the impact from changes in the federal tax rates and the release of shareholder liability taxes. These decreases in 2017 were partially offset by higher transition taxes, $11 million of higher taxes associated with our tax allocation methodology, which was driven by the premium earnings pattern review in our Australia mortgage insurance business and other items. The year ended December 31, 2018 included lower operating costs, partially offset by higher interest expense. 2017 compared to 2016 • We had net income available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders of $817 million in 2017 and a net loss available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders of $277 million in 2016. Adjusted operating income available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders was $696 million in 2017 compared to an adjusted operating loss available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders of $316 million in 2016. • Corporate and Other Activities had adjusted operating income available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders of $243 million in 2017 compared to an adjusted operating loss available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders of $587 million in 2016 largely related to changes in U.S. tax legislation under the TCJA (see “—Regulation—Changes in tax law”). In the fourth quarter of 2017, we recorded a net tax benefit of $456 million primarily attributable to a $258 million release of a valuation allowance recorded in 2016, the impact from changes in the federal tax rates and the release of shareholder liability taxes. These decreases were partially offset by higher transition taxes, $11 million of higher taxes associated with our tax allocation methodology, which was driven by the premium earnings pattern review in our Australia mortgage insurance business and other items. The adjusted operating loss available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders in 2016 was primarily related to tax charges of $258 million recorded on deferred tax assets related to foreign tax credits that we did not expect to realize in 2016 and higher legal fees and expenses. • Our U.S. Life Insurance segment had adjusted operating income available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders of $22 million in 2017 compared to an adjusted operating loss available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders of $215 million in 2016. The increase from a loss in 2016 to income in 2017 was largely driven by our long-term care insurance business predominantly attributable to higher claim reserves of $283 million in 2016 as a result of the completion of our annual review of our claim reserves conducted during the third quarter of 2016. The adjusted operating loss available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders in our life insurance business decreased $4 million primarily from a less unfavorable unlocking of $122 million in our universal and term universal life insurance products as part of our annual review of assumptions in the fourth quarter of 2017 compared to 2016. Adjusted operating income decreased $26 million in our fixed annuities business primarily due to the impact of loss recognition testing that resulted in $33 million of unfavorable charges in our fixed immediate annuity products primarily driven by the low interest rate environment in 2017 (for additional information on these transactions for each of our U.S. life insurance businesses see “—Critical Accounting Estimates”). 105 • Our U.S. Mortgage Insurance segment had adjusted operating income available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders of $311 million and $250 million in 2017 and 2016, respectively. The increase was mainly attributable to lower losses from favorable net cures and aging of existing delinquencies and a continued decline in new delinquencies in 2017. The increase was also attributable to higher premiums due to an increase in mortgage insurance in-force in 2017. • Our Canada Mortgage Insurance segment had adjusted operating income available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders of $157 million and $146 million in 2017 and 2016, respectively. The increase was principally driven by lower losses and higher premiums, partially offset by lower tax benefits in 2017. • Our Australia Mortgage Insurance segment had an adjusted operating loss available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders of $88 million in 2017 compared to adjusted operating income available Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders of $62 million in 2016. The decrease to a loss in 2017 from income in 2016 was primarily driven by a net unfavorable adjustment of $141 million from a review of our premium earnings pattern in 2017. The review indicated an observed and expected continuation of a longer duration between policy inception and first loss event (see “—Critical Accounting Estimates” for additional information). The decrease was also attributable to lower investment income in 2017. Significant Developments The periods under review include, among others, the following significant developments. U.S. Mortgage Insurance • PMIERs compliance. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, our U.S. mortgage insurance business was compliant with the PMIERs capital requirements, with a prudent buffer. We estimate our U.S. mortgage insurance business had available assets of approximately 129% of the required assets under PMIERs as of December 31, 2018 compared to approximately 121% as of December 31, 2017. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the PMIERs sufficiency ratios were in excess of approximately $750 million and $550 million, respectively, of available assets above the PMIERs requirements. The increase in 2018 was driven in part, by positive operating cash flows and a reduction in delinquent loans. For additional information related to PMIERs, see “Item 1—Business—Regulation—Mortgage Insurance Regulation—Other U.S. regulation.” • PMIERs 2.0. The GSEs published revisions to PMIERs, referred to as PMIERs 2.0, on September 27, 2018 with an effective date of March 31, 2019. If PMIERs 2.0 had been effective as of December 31, 2018, we estimate that the sufficiency ratio would have been approximately 120%, or more than $550 million of available assets above the PMIERs 2.0 requirements. This difference is primarily due to the elimination of any credit for future premiums in PMIERs 2.0 that had previously been allowed on insurance policies written in 2008 or earlier. • Dividends paid. Our U.S. mortgage insurance business paid $50 million of dividends in 2018. The evaluation of future dividends is subject to capital requirements of our U.S. mortgage insurance subsidiaries, capital needs of our holding companies and market conditions, among other factors, which are subject to change. U.S. Life Insurance • In-force rate actions in our long-term care insurance business. As part of our strategy for our long- term care insurance business, we have been implementing, and expect to continue to pursue, significant premium rate increases and associated benefit reductions on older generation blocks of business in order to bring those blocks closer to a break-even point over time and reduce the strain on earnings and 106 capital. We are also requesting premium rate increases and associated benefit reductions on newer blocks of business, as needed, some of which may be significant, to help bring their loss ratios back towards their original pricing. For all of these in-force rate action filings, we received 120 filing approvals from 33 states in 2018, representing a weighted-average increase of 45% on approximately $875 million in annualized in-force premiums, or approximately $400 million of incremental annual premiums. This was approximately a 100% increase compared to 2017. We also submitted 97 new filings in 30 states in 2018 on approximately $848 million in annualized in-force premiums. • Cumulative economic benefit from in-force rate actions. Since the completion of our 2018 loss recognition testing, we received additional approvals which further reduced our future in-force rate actions. Given the approvals we have received, we estimate that the cumulative economic benefit of our rate increases through 2018 equals approximately $10.5 billion, on a net present value basis, or approximately 65% of the total amount required under our multi-year in-force rate action plan in our long-term care insurance business. For additional information on the impact in-force rate actions have on loss recognition testing of our long-term care insurance business, see “—Critical Accounting Estimates—Future policy benefits.” • Completion of annual long-term care insurance claims assumption review. We conduct a detailed review of our claim reserve assumptions for our long-term care insurance business annually. During the fourth quarter of 2018, we completed our annual review of our long-term care insurance claim reserve assumptions. Based on this review we updated several assumptions and methodologies, including benefit utilization rates, claim termination rates and other assumptions, that resulted in a charge to net income (loss) of $230 million. In 2017, we did not make any significant changes to the assumptions or methodologies. However, in 2016, we recorded a charge of $283 million to net income (loss) based upon the completion of our annual claims assumption review. See “—Critical Accounting Estimates— Liability for policy and contract claims” for additional information. • Long-term care insurance margins. We complete our assumption reviews annually for our long-term care insurance business. In the fourth quarter of 2018, we completed our annual assumption review for our long-term care insurance business and our U.S. GAAP margins remained in the same range as our 2017 margins. For additional information on reserves, see “—Critical Accounting Estimates—Future policy benefits.” • Completion of life insurance assumption review. We complete our assumption reviews annually for our universal and term universal life insurance products. In the fourth quarter of 2018, as a result of the review, we recorded a $91 million unfavorable adjustment to net income (loss) in our universal and term universal life insurance products. The negative impact was primarily driven by lower expected growth in interest rates and emerging mortality experience mostly in our term universal life insurance product. In the fourth quarter of 2017, we recorded a $74 million unfavorable adjustment to net income (loss) in our universal and term universal life insurance products. The negative impact was primarily driven by emerging mortality experience and from prolonged low interest rates. For additional information see “—Critical Accounting Estimates—Policyholder account balances.” Liquidity and Capital Resources • Secured Term Loan. On March 7, 2018, Genworth Holdings entered into a $450 million Term Loan, which matures in March 2023 and was issued at a 0.5% discount. Principal payments under the agreement are due quarterly, which commenced on June 30, 2018, and are payable in equal amounts of 0.25% per quarter of the original principal amount with the remaining balance due at maturity. At our option, the Term Loan will bear interest at either an adjusted London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) no lower than 1.0% plus a margin of 4.5% per annum or an alternate base rate plus a margin of 3.5% per annum. As of December 31, 2018, the interest rate on the Term Loan was 7.0%. The Term Loan is unconditionally guaranteed by Genworth Financial, and GFIH has provided a limited recourse guarantee to the lenders of Genworth Holdings’ outstanding Term Loan, which is secured by 107 GFIH’s ownership interest in Genworth Canada’s outstanding common shares. GFIH is our indirect wholly-owned subsidiary and owns approximately 40.5% of the outstanding common stock of Genworth Canada. The Term Loan is subject to other terms and conditions, including but not limited to: voluntary prepayments subject to prepayment penalties, mandatory prepayments in the event of certain asset sales or the incurrence of further indebtedness by Genworth Financial and various financial covenants. • Redemption of Genworth Holdings’ May 2018 senior notes. On May 22, 2018, Genworth Holdings redeemed $597 million of its 6.52% senior notes that were issued in May 2008 and matured in May 2018. A cash payment of $616 million comprising net proceeds of $441 million from the Term Loan and $175 million of existing cash on hand was used to fully redeem the principal and accrued interest balance of the May 2018 senior notes. • Genworth Holdings’ bond consent solicitations. On October 4, 2018, Genworth Holdings completed a bond consent solicitation whereby it amended its senior notes indenture to clarify that GLAIC and the subsidiaries of GLIC, GLAIC and GLICNY are excluded from the class of subsidiaries for which a bankruptcy, insolvency or other similar proceeding would result in an event of default under the indenture. In the fourth quarter of 2018, we paid $11 million of total fees, which consisted of bond consent fees, broker, advisor and investment banking fees. The bond consent fees of $5 million were deferred and the remaining fees of $6 million were expensed in the fourth quarter of 2018. In 2016, Genworth Holdings paid total fees related to a bond consent solicitation of approximately $61 million, including bond consent fees of $43 million, which were deferred, as well as broker, advisor and investment banking fees of $18 million, which were expensed. • Amended Genworth Canada Credit Facility. On October 26, 2018, Genworth Canada, our majority- owned subsidiary, amended its existing credit agreement whereby the syndicated senior unsecured revolving credit facility was increased from CAD$200 million to CAD$300 million. The maturity date was extended to September 29, 2023. Any borrowings under Genworth Canada’s credit facility will bear interest at a rate per annum equal to, at the option of Genworth Canada, either a fixed rate or a variable rate pursuant to the terms of the amended credit agreement. The credit facility includes customary representations, warranties, covenants, terms and conditions. • Redemption of Genworth Holdings’ 2016 notes. In January 2016, Genworth Holdings redeemed $298 million of its 8.625% senior notes due 2016 issued in December 2009 (the “2016 Notes”) and paid a make-whole premium of approximately $20 million pre-tax in addition to accrued and unpaid interest using cash proceeds received from the sale of our lifestyle protection insurance business. • Repurchase of Genworth Holdings senior notes. During 2016, we repurchased $28 million principal amount of Genworth Holdings’ notes with various maturity dates for a pre-tax gain of $4 million and paid accrued and unpaid interest thereon. • Redemption of non-recourse funding obligations. During 2016, in connection with a life block transaction, River Lake Insurance Company (“River Lake”), our indirect wholly-owned subsidiary, redeemed $975 million of its total outstanding floating rate subordinated notes due in 2033 and River Lake Insurance Company II (“River Lake II”), our indirect wholly-owned subsidiary, redeemed $645 million of its total outstanding floating rate subordinated notes due in 2035 for a pre-tax loss of $9 million from the write-off of deferred borrowing costs. Regulation and Taxes • The effective tax rate increased to 33.7% for the year ended December 31, 2018 from (28.4)% for the year ended December 31, 2017. The increase in the effective tax rate was primarily due to the impacts of tax reform in 2017 that did not recur. In 2017, we released $258 million of our valuation allowance principally from the TCJA and improvements in business performance, mostly in our U.S. mortgage 108 insurance business, as well as lower operating earnings volatility in our U.S. life insurance businesses. In addition, changes in the taxation of foreign operations also benefited the 2017 effective tax rate. The 2018 effective tax rate also included the rate differential on our foreign subsidiaries, which are now taxed at a higher marginal rate than our U.S. businesses, and tax expense related to gains on forward starting swaps settled prior to the enactment of the TCJA, which are tax effected at 35% as they are amortized into net investment income. See note 13 in our consolidated financial statements under “Item 8—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for additional information. Dispositions • Completed sale of our mortgage insurance business in Europe. On May 9, 2016, we completed the sale of our European mortgage insurance business to AmTrust Financial Services, Inc., and finalized the accounting of the sale through a purchase price adjustment by recording a net after-tax gain of $18 million comprised of a pre-tax loss of $9 million and a tax benefit of $27 million primarily related to the reversal of a deferred tax valuation allowance. The sale was completed based upon the final receipt of net proceeds of approximately $50 million. The $18 million net gain refined the previously recognized loss on sale of $140 million recorded in 2015. See note 24 in our consolidated financial statements under “Item 8—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for additional information. • Completed sale of a life insurance block. In 2015, GLAIC, our indirect wholly-owned subsidiary, entered into a Master Agreement (the “Master Agreement”) for a life block transaction with Protective Life Insurance Company (“Protective Life”). Pursuant to the Master Agreement, GLAIC and Protective Life agreed to enter into a reinsurance agreement (the “Reinsurance Agreement”), under the terms of which Protective Life would coinsure certain term life insurance business of GLAIC, net of third-party reinsurance. The Reinsurance Agreement was entered into in January 2016. This transaction generated capital in excess of $150 million in aggregate to Genworth, including tax benefits of approximately $175 million to Genworth Holdings that was settled in July 2016, and was previously committed by Genworth Holdings to enable a Genworth intermediate holding company to purchase GLAIC from GLIC to complete the GLAIC unstacking. See “Item 1—Business—Strategic Update—China Oceanwide Transaction” for additional details on the cash commitment of $175 million. • Sale of our lifestyle protection insurance business. On December 1, 2015, we completed the sale of our lifestyle protection insurance business and received approximately $400 million of net proceeds, and recorded an after-tax loss of approximately $381 million, net of taxes of $155 million. During 2017 and 2016, we recorded additional losses of $9 million and $29 million, respectively. See note 24 in our consolidated financial statements under “Item 8—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for additional information. Business trends and conditions Our business is, and we expect will continue to be, influenced by a number of industry-wide and product- specific trends and conditions. We have described certain material trends and conditions in the relevant consolidated and segment discussions below. Critical Accounting Estimates The accounting estimates (including sensitivities) discussed in this section are those that we consider to be particularly critical to an understanding of our consolidated financial statements because their application places the most significant demands on our ability to judge the effect of inherently uncertain matters on our financial results. The sensitivities included in this section involve matters that are also inherently uncertain and involve the exercise of significant judgment in selecting the factors and amounts used in the sensitivities. Small changes in the amounts used in the sensitivities or the use of different factors could result in materially different outcomes from those reflected in the sensitivities. For all of these accounting estimates, we caution that future events seldom develop as estimated and management’s best estimates often require adjustment. 109 Valuation of fixed maturity securities. Our portfolio of fixed maturity securities comprises primarily investment grade securities, which are carried at fair value. Estimates of fair values for fixed maturity securities are obtained primarily from industry-standard pricing methodologies utilizing market observable inputs. For our less liquid securities, such as our privately placed securities, we utilize independent market data to employ alternative valuation methods commonly used in the financial services industry to estimate fair value. Based on the market observability of the inputs used in estimating the fair value, the pricing level is assigned. The following tables summarize the primary sources of data considered when determining fair value of each class of fixed maturity securities as of December 31: (Amounts in millions) Fixed maturity securities: 2018 Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Pricing services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Broker quotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Internal models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $54,162 389 5,110 Total fixed maturity securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $59,661 $— — — $— $54,162 — 1,623 $ — 389 3,487 $55,785 $3,876 (Amounts in millions) Fixed maturity securities: 2017 Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Pricing services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Broker quotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Internal models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $56,947 615 4,963 Total fixed maturity securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $62,525 $— — — $— $56,947 — 1,628 $ — 615 3,335 $58,575 $3,950 See notes 2, 4 and 16 in our consolidated financial statements under “Item 8—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for additional information related to the valuation of fixed maturity securities and a description of the fair value measurement estimates and level assignments. Other-than-temporary impairments on available-for-sale securities. As of each balance sheet date, we evaluate securities in an unrealized loss position for other-than-temporary impairments. For debt securities, we consider all available information relevant to the collectability of the security, including information about past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts, when developing the estimate of cash flows expected to be collected. See notes 2 and 4 in our consolidated financial statements under “Item 8—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for additional information related to other-than-temporary impairments on available-for-sale securities. Derivatives. We enter into freestanding derivative transactions primarily to manage the risk associated with variability in cash flows. We also use derivative instruments to hedge certain currency exposures. Additionally, we purchase investment securities, issue certain insurance policies and engage in certain reinsurance contracts that have embedded derivatives. The associated financial statement risk is the volatility in net income (loss) which can result from among other things: (i) changes in the fair value of derivatives not qualifying as accounting hedges; (ii) changes in the fair value of embedded derivatives required to be bifurcated from the related host contract; and (iii) counterparty default. Accounting for derivatives is complex, as evidenced by significant authoritative interpretations of the primary accounting standards which continue to evolve. See notes 110 2, 5 and 16 in our consolidated financial statements under “Item 8—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for an additional description of derivative instruments and fair value measurements of derivative instruments. Deferred acquisition costs. DAC represents costs that are directly related to the successful acquisition of new and renewal insurance policies and investment contracts which are deferred and amortized over the estimated life of the related insurance policies. These costs primarily include commissions in excess of ultimate renewal commissions and underwriting and contract and policy issuance expenses for policies successfully acquired. DAC is subsequently amortized to expense in relation to the anticipated recognition of premiums or gross profits. The amortization of DAC for traditional long-duration insurance products (including term life insurance, life-contingent structured settlements and immediate annuities and long-term care insurance) is determined as a level proportion of premium based on accepted actuarial methods and reasonable assumptions including related to investment returns, health care experience (including type of care and cost of care), policyholder persistency or lapses (i.e., the probability that a policy or contract will remain in-force from one period to the next), insured mortality (i.e., life expectancy or longevity), insured morbidity (i.e., frequency and severity of claim, including claim termination rates and benefit utilization rates) and expenses, established when the contract or policy is issued. U.S. GAAP requires that assumptions for these types of products not be modified (or unlocked) unless recoverability testing, also known as loss recognition testing, deems them to be inadequate. Amortization is adjusted each period to reflect actual lapses or terminations. Accordingly, we could experience accelerated amortization of DAC and a charge to net income (loss) if policies lapse or terminate earlier than originally assumed, or if we fail recoverability testing. Amortization of DAC for deferred annuity and universal life insurance contracts is based on expected gross profits. Expected gross profits are adjusted quarterly to reflect actual experience to date or for the unlocking of underlying key assumptions including interest rates, policyholder persistency or lapses, insured mortality and expenses. The estimation of expected gross profits is subject to change given the inherent uncertainty as to the underlying key assumptions employed and the long duration of our policy or contract liabilities. Changes in expected gross profits reflecting the unlocking of underlying key assumptions could result in a material increase or decrease in the amortization of DAC depending on the magnitude of the change in underlying assumptions. Significant factors that could result in a material increase or decrease in DAC amortization for these products include material changes in withdrawal or lapse rates, investment spreads or mortality assumptions. For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, key assumptions were unlocked in our U.S. Life Insurance and Runoff segments to reflect our current expectation of future investment spreads, lapse rates and mortality. We review DAC for recoverability at least annually. For deferred annuity and universal life insurance contracts, if the present value of estimated future gross profits is less than the unamortized DAC for a line of business, a charge to net income (loss) is recorded for additional DAC amortization. For traditional long-duration and short-duration contracts, if the benefit reserves plus anticipated future premiums and interest income for a line of business are less than the current estimate of future benefits and expenses (including any unamortized DAC), a charge to net income (loss) is recorded for additional DAC amortization or for increased benefit reserves. The evaluation of DAC recoverability is subject to inherent uncertainty and requires significant judgment and estimates to determine the present values of future premiums, estimated gross profits and expected losses and expenses of our businesses. The amortization of DAC for mortgage insurance is based on expected gross margins. Expected gross margins, defined as premiums less losses, are set based on assumptions for future persistency and loss development of the business. These assumptions are updated for actual experience to date or as our expectations of future experience are revised based on experience studies. Due to the inherent uncertainties in making assumptions about future events, materially different experience from expected results in persistency or loss development could result in a material increase or decrease to DAC amortization. For the years ended 111 December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, assumptions were unlocked in our mortgage insurance businesses to reflect our current expectation of future persistency and loss projections. The DAC amortization methodology for our variable products (variable annuities and variable universal life insurance) includes a long-term average appreciation assumption of 7.5% to 8.0%. When actual returns vary from the expected 7.5% to 8.0%, we assume a reversion to the expected return over a three-year period. The following table sets forth the increase (decrease) in amortization of DAC related to unlocking of underlying key assumptions by segment for the years ended December 31: (Amounts in millions) 2018 2017 2016 U.S. Life Insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Australia Mortgage Insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Runoff $ (3) — (2) $ 13 $128 (18) — (2) (2) Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (5) $ (7) $126 Impacts on DAC from assumption reviews U.S. Life Insurance segment In the fourth quarter of 2017, as part of our annual review of assumptions, we increased DAC amortization by $23 million in our universal and term universal life insurance products, reflecting updated assumptions primarily for emerging mortality experience and lower long-term interest rates. Also in connection with our fourth quarter of 2017 review of assumptions, we decreased DAC amortization by $10 million in our single premium deferred annuity products predominantly from lower investment yields in 2017. In the fourth quarter of 2016, as part of our annual review of assumptions, we increased DAC amortization by $144 million in our universal and term universal life insurance products, reflecting updated assumptions primarily for mortality experience in older age populations, partially offset by updated assumptions related to future policy charges. Select sensitivities for persistency, long-term interest rates and mortality are more fully discussed under “—Insurance liabilities and reserves—Policyholder account balances” below. Australia Mortgage Insurance segment As part of our annual premium earnings pattern review, we decreased DAC amortization by $18 million in our mortgage insurance business in Australia in the fourth quarter of 2017. The review indicated an observed and expected continuation of a longer duration between policy inception and first loss event. This was primarily attributable to the economic downturn in mining regions, which comprised a large proportion of incurred losses in 2017, and a prolonged low interest rate environment resulting in robust housing markets in other parts of the country. The review resulted in a refinement of premium recognition factors and a cumulative adjustment that was applied retrospectively as of October 1, 2017. As a result of these changes, earned premiums and amortization of DAC increased in 2018 and are expected to remain at this higher level over the next several years on our existing insurance in-force as compared to 2017, but normalize thereafter as the premiums will be earned over a longer period of time. The application of the new premium earnings pattern only impacts the timing of our premium recognition, as the amount of total earned premiums recognized over the lifetime of the policies is unchanged. See “—Critical Accounting Estimates—Unearned premiums” below for additional details on our Australian mortgage insurance business premium earnings pattern review. Impacts on DAC from loss recognition testing As discussed above, U.S. GAAP prohibits a change (or unlocking) of assumptions on traditional long- duration insurance products unless recoverability testing, also known as loss recognition testing, deems them to 112 be inadequate. In 2016, given we experienced historically low interest rate spreads, which impacted the margins of our fixed immediate annuity products, we performed our loss recognition testing and determined that we had a premium deficiency that resulted in negative margin of $32 million on our fixed immediate annuity products. As a result, in 2016, we wrote off the entire DAC balance for our fixed immediate annuity products of $14 million through amortization. Given the premium deficiency that existed in 2016, we perform loss recognition testing on our fixed immediate annuity products more frequently than annually. In the fourth quarter of 2018 and throughout 2017, we determined we had premium deficiencies on our fixed immediate annuity product, which resulted in higher future policy benefits as the DAC associated with these products was fully written off in 2016. Additional information related to the premium deficiencies of our fixed immediate annuity products is more fully discussed under “Critical Accounting Estimates—Insurance liabilities and reserves—Future policy benefits.” As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, we believe all of our other businesses had sufficient future income and therefore the related DAC was recoverable. Shadow accounting adjustments In addition, we are required to analyze the impacts from net unrealized investment gains and losses on our available-for-sale investment securities backing insurance liabilities, as if those unrealized investment gains and losses were realized. These “shadow accounting” adjustments result in the recognition of unrealized gains and losses on related insurance assets and liabilities in a manner consistent with the recognition of the unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale investment securities within the statements of comprehensive income and changes in equity. Changes to net unrealized investment (gains) losses may increase or decrease the ending DAC balance. Similar to a loss recognition event, when the DAC balance is reduced to zero, additional insurance liabilities are established if necessary. Unlike a loss recognition event, based on changes in net unrealized investment (gains) losses, these shadow adjustments may reverse from period to period. As of December 31, 2018, due primarily to an increase in interest rates decreasing unrealized gains, we decreased the amount recorded in the accumulated effect of net unrealized gains, with an offsetting amount recorded in other comprehensive income (loss). As of December 31, 2017, due primarily to the decline in interest rates increasing unrealized investments gains, we reduced the DAC balance of our long-term care insurance business to zero, a cumulative decrease in the accumulated effect of net unrealized investment gains of approximately $1.3 billion with an offsetting amount recorded in other comprehensive income (loss). In addition, we increased our future policy benefit reserves in our long-term care insurance business by a cumulative amount of approximately $1.0 billion as of December 31, 2017, with an offsetting amount recorded in other comprehensive income (loss). There was no impact to net income (loss) in 2018 or 2017. See notes 2 and 6 in our consolidated financial statements under “Item 8—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for additional information related to DAC. Present value of future profits. In conjunction with the acquisition of a block of insurance policies or investment contracts, a portion of the purchase price is assigned to the right to receive future gross profits arising from these insurance and investment contracts. This intangible asset, called PVFP, represents the actuarially estimated present value of future cash flows from the acquired policies. PVFP is amortized, net of accreted interest, in a manner similar to the amortization of DAC. We regularly review our assumptions and periodically test PVFP for recoverability in a manner similar to our treatment of DAC. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, we believe all of our businesses had sufficient future income, therefore, the related PVFP was recoverable based on our current best estimate of assumptions. For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, there were no charges to income (loss) as a result of our PVFP recoverability testing. 113 See notes 2 and 7 in our consolidated financial statements under “Item 8—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for additional information related to PVFP. Insurance liabilities and reserves. We calculate and maintain reserves for the estimated future payment of claims to our policyholders and contractholders based on actuarial assumptions and in accordance with U.S. GAAP and industry practice. We build these reserves as the estimated value of those obligations increases, and we release these reserves as those future obligations are paid, experience changes or policies lapse. The reserves we establish reflect estimates and actuarial assumptions and methodologies with regard to our future experience. These estimates and actuarial assumptions and methodologies involve the exercise of significant judgment and are inherently uncertain. These estimates and actuarial assumptions and methodologies are subjected to a variety of internal reviews and, in some cases, external independent reviews. Our future financial results depend significantly upon the extent to which our actual future experience is consistent with the assumptions we have used in determining our reserves as well as the assumptions originally used in pricing our products. Small changes in assumptions or small deviations of actual experience from assumptions can have, and in the past had, material impacts on our reserves, results of operations and financial condition. Many factors, and changes in these factors, can affect future experience including, but not limited to: interest rates; investment returns and volatility; economic and social conditions, such as inflation, unemployment, home price appreciation or depreciation, and healthcare experience (including type of care and cost of care); policyholder persistency or lapses (i.e., the probability that a policy or contract will remain in-force from one period to the next); insured mortality (i.e., life expectancy or longevity); insured morbidity (i.e., frequency and severity of claim, including claim termination rates and benefit utilization rates); future premium increases and associated benefit reductions; expenses; and doctrines of legal liability and damage awards in litigation. Because these assumptions relate to factors that are not known in advance, change over time, are difficult to accurately predict and are inherently uncertain, we cannot determine with precision the ultimate amounts we will pay for actual claims or the timing of those payments. Small changes in assumptions or small deviations of actual experience from assumptions can have, and in the past had, material impacts on our reserve levels, results of operations and financial condition. Moreover, we may not be able to mitigate the impact of unexpected adverse experience by increasing premiums and/or other charges to policyholders (where we have the right to do so) or by offering benefit reductions as an alternative to increasing premiums. Insurance reserves differ for long- and short-duration insurance policies. Measurement of reserves for long- duration insurance contracts (such as life insurance, annuity and long-term care insurance products) is based on approved actuarial methods, and includes assumptions about mortality, morbidity, lapses, interest rates and other factors. Short-duration contracts are accounted for based on actuarial estimates of the amount of loss inherent in that period’s claims, including losses incurred for which claims have not been reported. Short-duration contract loss estimates rely on actuarial observations of ultimate loss experience for similar historical events. Future policy benefits The liability for future policy benefits is equal to the present value of future benefits and expenses, less the present value of expected future gross premiums based on assumptions including investment returns, health care experience (including type of care and cost of care), policyholder persistency or lapses (i.e., the probability that a policy or contract will remain in-force from one period to the next), insured mortality (i.e., life expectancy or longevity), insured morbidity (i.e., frequency and severity of claim, including claim termination rates and benefit utilization rates) and expenses. In our long-term care insurance business, our assumptions also include significant premium rate increases and associated benefit reductions that have been filed and approved or are anticipated to be approved (including premium rate increases and associated benefit reductions not yet filed). The liability for future policy benefits is reviewed at least annually as a part of our loss recognition testing using current assumptions based on the manner of acquiring, servicing and measuring the profitability of the insurance contracts. Loss recognition testing is generally performed at the line of business level, with acquired blocks and certain reinsured blocks tested separately. Changes in how we manage certain polices could require separate loss recognition testing and could result in future charges to income (loss). 114 Long-term care insurance block, excluding our acquired block We annually perform loss recognition testing for the liability for future policy benefits for our long-term care insurance products in the aggregate, excluding our acquired block of long-term care insurance, which is tested separately. The results of historic loss recognition testing were mostly driven by changes to assumptions and methodologies primarily impacting claim termination rates, most significantly in later-duration claims, and benefit utilization rates. Claim termination rates refer to the expected rates at which claims end. Benefit utilization rates estimate how much of the available policy benefits are expected to be used. We include assumptions in our loss recognition testing for significant premium rate increases and associated benefit reductions that have been approved or are anticipated to be approved (including premium rate increases and associated benefit reductions not yet filed). Our assumption for future in-force rate actions is based on our best estimate of the rate increases we expect given our claim cost expectations and uses our historical experience from rate increase approvals. In addition, we review other assumptions, particularly related to claim frequency, lapse rates, morbidity, mortality improvement and expenses, and update these assumptions as appropriate. In 2018 and 2017, the results of our loss recognition testing on our long-term care insurance block, excluding the acquired block, indicated that our DAC was recoverable and reserves were sufficient, with a margin of approximately $0.3 billion to $0.6 billion as of December 31, 2018 compared to approximately $0.4 billion to $0.8 billion as of December 31, 2017. The change in the estimated margin reflected a moderate impact from higher expected future claims, mostly offset by an increase in benefits of future expected increased premiums and associated benefit reductions. Claim severity assumptions used in our loss recognition testing were consistent with the updated assumptions utilized in our review of our long-term care insurance claim reserve completed in the fourth quarter 2018. These updated claim severity assumptions had a limited impact on the margin of our long-term care insurance block, excluding the acquired block, as the increased later duration utilization assumptions for policies with lifetime benefits were mostly offset by favorable changes to assumptions for early claim durations. The margin reflected an assumption for future in-force rate actions (anticipated to be approved, including premium rate increases and associated benefit reductions not yet filed) of approximately $6.2 billion in 2018 and approximately $7.9 billion in 2017. In 2018, we received significant in-force rate action approvals and added limited new future unapproved in-force rate actions, which together reduced our future in- force rate actions. A change in the expected amount of in-force rate actions would impact the results of our long- term care insurance margin testing, whereby any unexpected reduction in the amount of in-force rate actions would negatively impact our margins and could result in a premium deficiency. We assume a static discount rate that is in line with our current portfolio yield. Our discount rate assumption for our long-term care insurance block, excluding the acquired block, was 5.3% in 2018 and 2017. This rate represents our expected investment returns based on the portfolio of assets supporting the net U.S. GAAP liability as of the calculation date and, therefore, excluded the benefits of qualifying hedge gains that are not currently amortizing. In the select sensitivities below, for both our long-term care insurance block excluding our acquired block and our acquired block, the 25 basis point decrease in the discount rate refers to a reduction in our portfolio yields. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the liability for future policy benefits associated with our long-term care insurance block, excluding the acquired block, was $21.6 billion and $20.9 billion, respectively. The impact on our 2018 long-term care insurance loss recognition testing margin for select sensitivities, rounded to the nearest whole dollar, were as follows: (Amounts in millions) Sensitivities on 2018 loss recognition testing: Other Block (Excluding the Acquired Block) 5% relative increase in future claim costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Discount rate decrease of 25 basis points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10% reduction in benefit of future in-force rate actions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $(2,300) $(1,200) $ (600) The margin impacts in the table above are each discrete and do not reflect the impact one factor may have on another. For example, the increases in claim costs do not include any offsetting impacts from potential future 115 in-force rate actions. Any such offset from in-force rate actions would primarily impact our long-term care insurance block, excluding the acquired block. Any future adverse changes in our assumptions could result in both the impairment of DAC associated with our long-term care insurance products as well as the establishment of additional future policy benefit reserves. Any favorable changes would result in additional margin in our loss recognition test and would result in higher income over the remaining duration of the in-force block. Our positive margin for our long-term care insurance business, excluding the acquired block, is dependent on our assumptions regarding our ability to successfully implement our in-force management strategy involving premium increases and associated benefit reductions. For our long-term care insurance block, excluding the acquired block, any adverse changes in assumptions would only be reflected in net income (loss) to the extent the margin was reduced below zero. Profits followed by losses With respect to our long-term care insurance block, excluding the acquired block, while loss recognition testing supports that in the aggregate our reserves are sufficient, our future projections indicate we have projected profits in earlier periods followed by projected losses in later periods. In addition, as a result of the completion of our annual review of our claim reserves and loss recognition testing in the fourth quarter of 2018, reflecting the establishment of higher initial claim liabilities and current estimates of future in-force rate actions, as well as other factors, we have a new projected reserve pattern. As a result of this pattern of projected profits followed by projected losses, we will ratably accrue additional future policy benefit reserves over the profitable periods, currently expected to be through 2032, by the amounts necessary to offset estimated losses during the periods that follow. Such additional reserves are updated each period and calculated based on our estimate of the amount necessary to offset the losses in future periods utilizing expected income and current best estimate assumptions based on actual and anticipated experience, consistent with our loss recognition testing. We adjust the accrual rate prospectively, over the remaining profit periods, without any catch-up adjustment. During the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, we increased our long-term care insurance future policy benefit reserves by $8 million and $72 million, respectively, to accrue for profits followed by losses. As of December 31, 2018, the total amount accrued for profits followed by losses was $110 million. The accrual is impacted by the pattern and present value of expected future losses and is updated annually at the time in which we perform loss recognition testing. During the fourth quarter of 2018, we updated our loss recognition testing assumptions, which included changes in assumptions and methodologies from our annual claims review completed in the fourth quarter of 2018 as well as updates to our future in-force rate actions. As a result of the change in our expected reserve pattern, the updated forecast now projects a decrease in the present value of both expected future losses and profits, even though the total loss recognition testing margin was relatively consistent with 2017. The present value of expected losses was approximately $1.1 billion and $2.8 billion as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. As of December 31, 2018, we estimate a factor of approximately 76% of those profits on our long- term care insurance block, excluding the acquired block, will be accrued in the future to offset estimated future losses during later periods. In 2017, we estimated a factor of approximately 83% to ratably accrue additional future policy benefits. The decrease in the factor was largely driven by the updated profit pattern from the changes in assumptions and methodologies from our annual claims review completed in the fourth quarter of 2018 as well as updates to our future in-force rate actions. There may be future adjustments to this estimate reflecting any variety of new and adverse trends that could result in increases to future policy benefit reserves for our profits followed by losses accrual, and such future increases could possibly be material to our results of operations and financial condition and liquidity. Acquired block of long-term care insurance In 2014, we had a premium deficiency in our acquired block of long-term care insurance; therefore, our assumptions that were updated in connection with the premium deficiency have remained locked-in. These updated assumptions will remain locked-in unless, and until such time as, another premium deficiency occurs. Due to the premium deficiency that existed in 2014, we monitor our acquired block more frequently than annually. 116 In 2018, our acquired block of long-term care insurance had positive margin of approximately $200 million to $400 million, and approximately $100 million to $200 million in 2017. Our discount rate assumption was 7.02% in 2018 and 2017. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the liability for future policy benefits associated with our acquired block of long-term care insurance was $1.9 billion and $2.4 billion, respectively. The impact on our 2018 long-term care insurance loss recognition testing margin for select sensitivities, rounded to the nearest whole dollar, were as follows: (Amounts in millions) Sensitivities on 2018 loss recognition testing margin: Acquired Block 5% relative increase in future claim costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Discount rate decrease of 25 basis points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10% reduction in benefit of future in-force rate actions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $(140) $ (40) $ (10) The margin impacts in the table above are each discrete and do not reflect the impact one factor may have on another. For example, the increases in claim costs do not include any offsetting impacts from potential future in-force rate actions. Our acquired block would not benefit significantly from additional in-force rate actions as it is older, and therefore, there is a higher likelihood that adverse changes could result in additional losses on that block. The impacts of future adverse changes in our assumptions would result in the establishment of additional future policy benefit reserves and would be immediately reflected in net income (loss) if our margin for this block is again reduced below zero. Any favorable variation would result in additional margin but no immediate benefit to income (loss), and would result in higher income recognition over the remaining duration of the in-force block. In addition, we are required to analyze the impacts from net unrealized investment gains and losses on our available-for-sale investment securities backing insurance liabilities, as if those unrealized investment gains and losses were realized. These “shadow accounting” adjustments result in the recognition of unrealized gains and losses on related insurance assets and liabilities in a manner consistent with the recognition of the unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale investment securities within the statements of comprehensive income and changes in equity. Similar to a loss recognition event, when the DAC balance is reduced to zero, additional insurance liabilities are established if necessary. Unlike a loss recognition event, based on changes in net unrealized investment (gains) losses, these shadow adjustments may reverse from period to period. See “—Critical Accounting Estimates—Deferred acquisition costs” for additional details. Term and whole life insurance Similar to our long-term care insurance products, we annually perform loss recognition testing for the liability for future policy benefits for our term and whole life insurance products in the aggregate, excluding our acquired block, which is tested separately. The margin of our term and whole life insurance products has fluctuated over the years. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, we had margin of approximately zero to $200 million and zero to $100 million, respectively, and a DAC balance of $1.3 billion in each period on our term and whole life insurance products, excluding the acquired block. If our margin is reduced below zero for our term and whole life insurance products, excluding our acquired block, we would amortize DAC up to the amount of DAC recorded on our balance sheet and if DAC was fully written off, establish additional future policy benefit reserves, either of which would result in a charge to net income (loss). As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, we had margin of approximately zero to $300 million and a PVFP balance of $77 million and $82 million, respectively, on our acquired block of term and whole life insurance products. If our margin is reduced below zero for our acquired block of term and whole life insurance products, 117 we would amortize PVFP up to the amount of PVFP recorded on our balance sheet and if PVFP was fully written off, establish additional future policy benefit reserves, either of which would result in a charge to net income (loss). The risks we face mostly include adverse variations in mortality and lapse assumptions. Adverse experience in one or all of these risks could result in the DAC associated with our term and whole life insurance products, excluding our acquired block and PVFP associated with our acquired block of term and whole life insurance products to no longer be fully recoverable as well as the required establishment of additional future policy benefit reserves. Any favorable variation would result in additional margin in our DAC and PVFP loss recognition analysis and would result in higher income recognition over the remaining duration of the in-force block. The sensitivities in the table below are changes that we consider to be reasonably possible given historical changes in market conditions and our experience with these products. Furthermore, adverse variations in our mortality and lapse assumptions would primarily impact our term and whole life insurance products, excluding our acquired block, therefore, the sensitivities in the table below only include impacts to our loss recognition testing margin on this block. (Amounts in millions) Sensitivities on 2018 loss recognition testing: Other Block (Excluding the Acquired Block) 2% higher mortality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10% increase in lapses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (80) $(400) The margin impacts in the table above are each discrete and do not reflect the impact one factor may have on another. Fixed immediate annuities Historically low interest rate spreads have impacted the margins of our fixed immediate annuity products. In 2018, 2017 and 2016, we performed loss recognition testing and determined that we had premium deficiencies in our fixed immediate annuity products. In 2016, the premium deficiency resulted in negative margin of $32 million on our fixed immediate annuity products, primarily driven by the low interest rate environment. As a result, in 2016, we wrote off the entire DAC balance for our fixed immediate annuity products of $14 million through amortization. In addition, primarily as a result of our fixed immediate annuity loss recognition testing in 2018, 2017 and 2016, we increased our future policy benefit reserves and recognized expenses of $22 million, $89 million and $24 million, respectively. The premium deficiency test results were primarily driven by the low interest rate environment and updated assumptions to future policy charges. The updated assumptions will remain locked-in until such time as we determine another premium deficiency exists. The impacts of future adverse changes in our assumptions would result in the establishment of additional future policy benefit reserves and would be immediately reflected in net income (loss) if our margin for this block is again reduced below zero. Any favorable variation would result in additional margin but no immediate benefit to net income (loss), and would result in higher income recognition over the remaining duration of the in-force block. Due to the premium deficiencies that existed in 2018, 2017 and 2016, we monitor our fixed immediate annuity products more frequently than annually. The risks we face include adverse variations in interest rates, credit spreads and/or mortality. Adverse experience in one or all of these risks would result in the establishment of additional benefit reserves and would be immediately reflected in net income (loss) if our margin for this block is again reduced to below zero. As of December 31, 2018, for our fixed immediate annuity products, we estimate that a combined 50 basis point reduction in interest rates or credit spreads from the December 31, 2018 levels, or 2% lower mortality, scenarios that we consider to be reasonably possible given historical changes in market conditions and experience on these products, would result in additional future policy benefit reserves and a charge to net income (loss) of approximately $23 million or $24 million, respectively. 118 Policyholder account balances The liability for policyholder account balances represents the contract value that has accrued to the benefit of the policyholder as of the balance sheet date for investment-type and universal and term universal life insurance contracts. We are also required to establish additional benefit reserves for guarantees or product features in addition to the contract value where the additional benefit reserves are calculated by applying a benefit ratio to accumulated contractholder assessments, and then deducting accumulated paid claims. The benefit ratio is equal to the ratio of benefits to assessments, accumulated with interest and considering both past and anticipated future experience. In the fourth quarter of 2018, as part of our annual review of assumptions, we increased the liability for policyholder account balances by $119 million for our universal and term universal life insurance products due principally to lower expected growth in interest rates and emerging mortality experience mostly in our term universal life insurance product. In the fourth quarter of 2017, as part of our annual review of assumptions, we increased the liability for policyholder account balances by $70 million for our universal and term universal life insurance products, reflecting updated assumptions primarily for emerging mortality experience and from prolonged low interest rates. In the fourth quarter of 2016, as part of our annual review of assumptions, we increased the liability for policyholder account balances by $202 million for our universal and term universal life insurance products, reflecting updated assumptions primarily for mortality experience in older age populations. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, we had DAC of $577 million and $413 million, respectively, and total policyholder account balances including reserves in excess of the contract value of $8.2 billion and $8.0 billion, respectively, related to our universal and term universal life insurance products. As of December 31, 2018, for our universal and term universal life insurance products, 2% higher mortality would result in a charge to net income (loss) of approximately $63 million. This is an adverse change that we consider to be reasonably possible given historical changes in experience of these products. Adverse experience in persistency and long-term interest rates could also result in the DAC amortization associated with these products being accelerated as well as the establishment of higher additional benefit reserves. Any favorable changes in these assumptions would result in lower DAC amortization as well as a reduction in the liability for policyholder account balances. Liability for policy and contract claims The liability for policy and contract claims represents the amount needed to provide for the estimated ultimate cost of settling claims relating to insured events that have occurred on or before the end of the respective reporting period. The estimated liability includes requirements for future payments of: (a) claims that have been reported to the insurer; (b) claims related to insured events that have occurred but that have not been reported to the insurer as of the date the liability is estimated; and (c) claim adjustment expenses. Claim adjustment expenses include costs incurred in the claim settlement process such as legal fees and costs to record, process and adjust claims. Our liability for policy and contract claims is reviewed regularly, with changes in our estimates of future claims recorded through net income (loss). 119 The following table sets forth our recorded liability for policy and contract claims by business as of December 31: (Amounts in millions) 2018 2017 Long-term care insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . U.S. mortgage insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Life insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Australia mortgage insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Canada mortgage insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fixed annuities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Runoff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other mortgage insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 9,516 296 243 196 84 23 14 7 $8,548 455 244 218 87 24 11 7 Total liability for policy and contract claims . . . . . . . . . $10,379 $9,594 Long-term care insurance The liability for policy and contract claims, also known as claim reserves, for our long-term care insurance products represents the present value of the amount needed to provide for the estimated ultimate cost of settling claims relating to insured events that have occurred on or before the end of the respective reporting period. Key assumptions include investment returns, health care experience (including type of care and cost of care), policyholder persistency or lapses (i.e., the probability that a policy or contract will remain in-force from one period to the next), insured mortality (i.e., life expectancy or longevity), insured morbidity (i.e., frequency and severity of claim, including claim termination rates and benefit utilization rates) and expenses. Our discount rate assumption assumes a static discount rate in line with our current portfolio yield. We annually complete our review of assumptions and methodologies relating to our long-term care insurance claim reserves. During the fourth quarter of 2018, we completed our annual review of our long-term care insurance claim reserve assumptions and methodologies. Based on this review, we updated several assumptions and methodologies, including benefit utilization rates, claim termination rates and other assumptions. The primary impact related to increasing later duration utilization assumptions for claims with lifetime benefits. As a result of this review, we increased our long-term care insurance claim reserves by $308 million and increased reinsurance recoverables by $17 million in the fourth quarter of 2018. During the third quarter of 2017, we completed our review of assumptions and methodologies relating to our claim reserves of our long-term care insurance business and determined, based on our experience, no adjustments were required. During the third quarter of 2016, we completed our annual review of our long-term care insurance claim reserve assumptions. Based on this review, we updated several assumptions and methodologies primarily impacting claim termination rates, benefit utilization rates and incurred but not reported reserves. The primary impact of assumption changes was from an overall lowering of claim termination rate assumptions for longer duration claims, particularly for reimbursement claims. We also updated our claim termination rate assumptions to reflect differences between product types, separating our indemnity and reimbursement blocks that were previously combined, and modestly refined our utilization rate assumptions and methodologies as well as refined our methodology primarily related to the calculation of incurred but not reported reserves to better reflect the aging of the in-force blocks. As a result of this review, we increased our long-term care insurance claim reserves by $460 million and increased reinsurance recoverables by $25 million in the third quarter of 2016. In addition, certain of our third-party reinsurance counterparties updated their assumptions and methodologies, which increased our long-term care insurance claim reserves by $222 million with an offsetting increase in reinsurance recoverables of $222 million in the fourth quarter of 2016. 120 Mortgage insurance Estimates of mortgage insurance reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses are based on notices of mortgage loan defaults and estimates of defaults that have been incurred but have not been reported by loan servicers, using assumptions developed based on past experience and our expectation of future development. These assumptions include claim rates for loans in default, the average amount paid for loans that result in a claim and provisions for loans within our delinquency inventory that will be rescinded or modified (collectively referred to as “loss mitigation actions”) based on the effects that such loss mitigation actions have had on our historical claim frequency rates, including an estimate for reinstatement of previously rescinded coverage. Each of these inherently judgmental assumptions is established in a respective geography based on historical and expected experience. We have established processes, as well as contractual rights, to ensure we receive timely information from loan servicers to aid us in the establishment of our estimates. In addition, when we have obtained sufficient facts and circumstances through our investigative process, we have the unilateral right under our master policies and at law to rescind coverage on the underlying loan certificate as if coverage never existed. As is common accounting practice in the mortgage insurance industry and in accordance with U.S. GAAP, loss reserves are not established for future claims on insured loans that are not currently in default. Management reviews the loss reserves quarterly for adequacy, and if indicated, updates the assumptions used for estimating and calculating such reserves based on actual experience and our historical frequency of claim and severity of loss rates that are applied to the current population of delinquencies. Factors considered in establishing loss reserves include claim frequency patterns (reflecting the loss mitigation actions on such claim patterns), the aged category of the delinquency (i.e., age and progression of delinquency to claim) and loan coverage percentage. The establishment of our mortgage insurance loss reserves is subject to inherent uncertainty and requires judgment. The actual amount of the claim payments may vary significantly from the loss reserve estimates. Our estimates could be adversely affected by several factors, including, but not limited to, a deterioration of regional or national economic conditions leading to a reduction in borrowers’ income and thus their ability to make mortgage payments, a drop in housing values that could expose us to greater loss on resale of properties obtained through foreclosure proceedings and an adverse change in the effectiveness of loss mitigation actions that could result in an increase in the frequency of expected claim rates. Our estimates are also affected by the extent of fraud and misrepresentation that we uncover in the loans that we have insured and the coverage upon which we have consequently rescinded or may rescind going forward. Our loss reserving methodology includes estimates of the number of loans in our delinquency inventory that will be rescinded or modified, as well as estimates of the number of loans for which coverage may be reinstated under certain conditions following a rescission action. In considering the potential sensitivity of the factors underlying management’s best estimate of our mortgage insurance reserves for losses, it is possible that even a relatively small change in estimated delinquency-to-claim rate (“frequency”) or a relatively small percentage change in estimated claim amount (“severity”) could have a significant impact on reserves and, correspondingly, on results of operations. For example, based on our actual experience during the three-year period ended December 31, 2018 in our U.S. mortgage insurance business, a quarterly change of 3% in the average frequency reserve factor would change the gross reserve amount for such quarter by approximately $24 million for our U.S. mortgage insurance business. Based on our actual experience during 2018, a quarterly change of, for example, $1,000 increase in the severity of our average reserves combined with a 1% change in the average frequency reserve factor would change the gross reserve amount by approximately $3 million and $9 million for our mortgage insurance businesses in Canada and Australia, respectively, based on current exchange rates. Unearned premiums. In our mortgage insurance businesses in Canada and Australia, the majority of our insurance contracts are single premium. We also have single premium insurance contracts in our U.S. mortgage insurance business, although these products make up a smaller portion of our product mix in the United States. As of December 31, 2018, we had $0.4 billion of unearned premiums related to our U.S. mortgage insurance business. The majority of our insurance contracts in our U.S. mortgage insurance business have recurring 121 premiums, as discussed below. For single premium insurance contracts, we recognize premiums over the policy life in accordance with the expected pattern of risk emergence. We recognize a portion of the revenue in premiums earned in the current period, while the remaining portion is deferred as unearned premiums, and earned over time in accordance with the expected pattern of risk emergence. If single premium policies are cancelled and the premium is non-refundable, then the remaining unearned premium related to each cancelled policy is recognized as earned premiums upon notification of the cancellation, if not included in our expected earnings pattern. The expected pattern of risk emergence on which we base premium recognition is inherently judgmental and is based on actuarial analysis of historical and expected experience. In our mortgage insurance businesses in Canada and Australia, we recognize unearned premiums over a period of up to 12 years, most of which are recognized between two and six years from issue date. The recognition of earned premiums for our mortgage insurance businesses involves significant estimates and assumptions as to future loss development and policy cancellations. These assumptions are based on our historical experience and our expectations of future performance, which are highly dependent on assumptions as to long-term macroeconomic conditions including interest rates, home price appreciation and the rate of unemployment. We regularly review our expected pattern of risk emergence and make adjustments based on actual experience and changes in our expectation of future performance with any adjustments reflected in current period income (loss). Changes in market conditions could cause a decline in mortgage originations, mortgage insurance penetration rates or our market share, all of which could impact new insurance written. For example, a decline in flow new insurance written of $1.0 billion in Canada and Australia would result in a reduction in earned premiums of approximately $7 million and $2 million, respectively, in the first full year following the decline in flow new insurance written based on current pricing and expected pattern of risk emergence. However, this decline would be partially offset by the recognition of earned premiums from established unearned premium reserves primarily from the last three years of business. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, we had $3.5 billion and $4.0 billion, respectively, of unearned premiums, of which $1.5 billion and $1.7 billion, respectively, related to our mortgage insurance business in Canada, $1.1 billion and $1.3 billion, respectively, related to our mortgage insurance business in Australia and $0.4 billion related to our U.S. mortgage insurance business. For the year ended December 31, 2018, adjustments made to our expected pattern of risk emergence and policy cancellation assumptions resulted in an increase of $3 million in earned premiums in our Canada mortgage insurance business. There were no adjustments to earned premiums in our other mortgage insurance businesses for the year ended December 31, 2018. For the year ended December 31, 2017, we decreased earned premiums by $468 million in our mortgage insurance business in Australia as a result of adjustments made to our expected pattern of risk emergence. Our annual premium earnings pattern review in 2017 indicated an observed and expected continuation of a longer duration between policy inception and first loss event. This was primarily attributable to the economic downturn in mining regions, which comprised a large proportion of incurred losses in 2017, and a prolonged low interest rate environment resulting in robust housing markets in other parts of the country. The review resulted in a refinement of premium recognition factors and a cumulative adjustment that was applied retrospectively as of October 1, 2017. As a result of these changes, earned premiums and amortization of DAC increased in 2018 and is expected to remain at this higher level over the next several years on our existing insurance in-force as compared to 2017, but normalize thereafter as the premiums will be earned over a longer period of time. The application of the new premium earnings pattern only impacts the timing of our premium recognition, as the amount of total earned premiums recognized over the lifetime of the policies is unchanged. There were no adjustments to earned premiums in our other mortgage insurance businesses for the year ended December 31, 2017. For the year ended December 31, 2016, we had no adjustments to any of our mortgage insurance businesses. Our expected pattern of risk emergence for our mortgage insurance businesses is subject to change given the inherent uncertainty as to the underlying loss development and policy cancellation assumptions and the long duration of our international mortgage insurance policy contracts. Actual experience that is different than expected loss development or policy cancellations could result in further material increases or decreases in the recognition of earned premiums depending on the magnitude of the difference between actual and expected experience. Additional loss development emergence and policy cancellation variations could result in further 122 increases or decreases in unearned premiums and could impact operating results depending on the magnitude of variation experienced (assuming other assumptions held constant). In our U.S. mortgage insurance business, the majority of our insurance contracts have recurring premiums. We recognize recurring premiums over the terms of the related insurance policy on a pro-rata basis (i.e., monthly). Changes in market conditions could cause a decline in mortgage originations, mortgage insurance penetration rates and our market share, all of which could impact new insurance written. For example, a decline in flow new insurance written of $1.0 billion would result in a reduction in earned premiums of approximately $4 million in the first full year. Likewise, if flow persistency declined on our existing insurance in-force by 10%, earned premiums would decline by approximately $77 million during the first full year, potentially offset by lower reserves due to policies no longer being in-force. The remaining portion of our unearned premiums primarily relates to our long-term care insurance business where the underlying assumptions related to premium recognition are not subject to significant uncertainty. Accordingly, changes in underlying assumptions as to premium recognition we consider being reasonably possible for this business would not result in a material impact on our results of operations. Valuation of deferred tax assets. Deferred tax assets represent the tax benefit of future deductible temporary differences and operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets are measured using the enacted tax rates expected to be in effect when such benefits are realized if there is no change in tax law. Under U.S. GAAP, we test the value of deferred tax assets for impairment on a quarterly basis at our taxpaying component level within each tax jurisdiction, consistent with our filed tax returns. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance if, based on the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that some portion, or all, of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. In determining the need for a valuation allowance, we consider carryback capacity, reversal of taxable temporary differences, future taxable income and tax planning strategies. Tax planning strategies are actions that are prudent and feasible, that an entity ordinarily might not take, but would take to prevent an operating loss or tax credit carryforward from expiring unused. The determination of the valuation allowance for our deferred tax assets requires management to make certain judgments and assumptions regarding future operations that are based on our historical experience and our expectations of future performance. Our judgments and assumptions are subject to change given the inherent uncertainty in predicting future performance, which is impacted by, but not limited to, policyholder behavior, competitor pricing, new product introductions, and specific industry and market conditions. Based on our analysis, we believe it is more likely than not that the results of future operations and reversal of taxable temporary differences will generate sufficient taxable income to enable us to realize the deferred tax assets for which we have not established valuation allowances. As of December 31, 2018, we had a net deferred tax asset of $712 million. We had a consolidated gross deferred tax asset of $298 million related to NOL carryforwards. In the United States, we had $1.3 billion of federal NOLs as of December 31, 2018, which, if unused, will expire beginning in 2028. Foreign tax credit carryforwards amounted to $265 million as of December 31, 2018, which, if unused, will begin to expire in 2024. As of December 31, 2018, we had a $334 million valuation allowance related to state deferred tax assets and foreign net operating losses. In 2017, we released $258 million of our valuation of allowance that was recorded in 2016 related to judgments regarding the future realization of certain foreign tax credits. In light of our 2017 financial projections, which included the impact of changes in U.S. tax legislation under the TCJA and improvements in business performance, mostly in our U.S. mortgage insurance business, as well as lower operating earnings volatility in our U.S. life insurance business, we believed that it is more likely than not that the benefits of these foreign tax credits will be realized (see “Regulation—Changes in tax law”). The financial projections did not include any benefits or aspects of the proposed transaction with China Oceanwide nor did they assume any charges associated with tax attribute limitations that would occur with a change in ownership. 123 We are in a three-year cumulative pre-tax income position in our U.S. jurisdiction as of December 31, 2018, however, we have been in a three-year cumulative loss position in recent years. A cumulative loss position is considered significant negative evidence in assessing the realizability of our deferred tax assets. Our ability to realize our net deferred tax asset of $712 million, which includes $563 million related to NOL and foreign tax credit carryforwards, is primarily dependent upon generating sufficient taxable income in future years. Management has concluded that there is sufficient positive evidence to support the expected realization of the net operating losses and foreign tax credit carryforwards. This positive evidence includes the fact that: (i) we are currently in a cumulative three-year income position; (ii) our U.S. operating forecasts are profitable, which include: in-force premium rate increases and associated benefit reductions already obtained in our long-term care insurance business, favorable development in interest rates, improvements in business performance driven mostly by our U.S. mortgage insurance business and favorable changes in U.S. tax legislation under the TCJA; and (iii) overall domestic losses that we have incurred are now, under the TCJA, allowed to be reclassified as foreign source income to the extent of 100% of domestic source income produced in subsequent years, and such resulting foreign source income, along with future projections of foreign source income, is sufficient to cover the foreign tax credits being carried forward. After consideration of all available evidence, we have concluded that it is more likely than not that our deferred tax assets, with the exception of certain foreign net operating losses and state deferred tax assets for which a valuation allowance has been established, will be realized. If our actual results do not validate the current projections of pre-tax income, we may be required to record an additional valuation allowance which could have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements in future periods. Contingent liabilities. A liability is contingent if the amount is not presently known, but may become known in the future as a result of the occurrence of some uncertain future event. We estimate our contingent liabilities based on management’s estimates about the probability of outcomes and their ability to estimate the range of exposure. Accounting standards require that a liability be recorded if management determines that it is probable that a loss has occurred and the loss can be reasonably estimated. In addition, it must be probable that the loss will be confirmed by some future event. As part of the estimation process, management is required to make assumptions about matters that are by their nature highly uncertain. The assessment of contingent liabilities, including legal and income tax contingencies, involves the use of estimates, assumptions and judgments. Management’s estimates are based on their belief that future events will validate the current assumptions regarding the ultimate outcome of these exposures. However, there can be no assurance that future events, such as court decisions or IRS positions, will not differ from management’s assessments. Whenever practicable, management consults with third-party experts (including attorneys, accountants and claims administrators) to assist with the gathering and evaluation of information related to contingent liabilities. Based on internally and/or externally prepared evaluations, management makes a determination whether the potential exposure requires accrual in the consolidated financial statements. Consolidated General Trends and Conditions The stability of both the financial markets and global economies in which we operate impacts the sales, revenue growth and profitability trends of our businesses as well as the value of assets and liabilities. The U.S. and international financial markets in which we operate have been impacted by concerns regarding regulatory changes, global trade, modest global growth and the rate and strength of recovery. During 2018, the global economy improved and most countries in which we conduct business saw improved levels of gross domestic product (“GDP”) growth. Many economic forecasts show the rate of GDP growth will slow in 2019 due to U.S. and China trade tensions, declining oil prices, and global growth concerns, but still maintain a healthy range of sustainable growth. Likewise, historic low interest rates have started to rise given actions taken by the U.S. Federal Reserve and other central banks. Although the U.S. Federal Reserve increased its benchmark lending rate 25 basis points in December 2018, long-term interest rates remained at low levels. The U.S. Federal Reserve projected two additional rate increases in 2019 and one in 2020, which is modified from its September 124 forecast of three increases in 2019 and one increase in 2020. The modification in the forecast relates to the economic concerns relating to the projected slow down in GDP growth in 2019. Given this forecast, we expect interest rates will continue to rise in 2019, but we remain uncertain at the pace in which this increase will occur and its ultimate impact on our businesses. The decision for additional rate increases during 2018 was anticipated and indicates increased confidence in the United States economy as unemployment has reached multi-decade lows and economic growth was strong in 2018. Likewise, inflation remains relatively stable but long-term forecasts remain uncertain. The U.S. Treasury yield curve steepened in the fourth quarter of 2018 with short-term interest rates decreasing on expectation of a slower pace of rate increases, while long-term interest rates decreased at a lesser extent. Credit markets experienced spread widening in the fourth quarter of 2018 driven by a constructive economic backdrop, strong profit margins, higher corporate earnings and a lower supply of bonds which is expected to have higher demand during 2019. For a discussion of the risks associated with interest rates, see “Item 1A—Risk Factors—Interest rates and changes in rates could materially adversely affect our business and profitability.” Varied levels of economic growth, coupled with uncertain economic outlooks, changes in government policy, regulatory and tax reforms, and other changes in market conditions, influenced, and we believe will continue to influence, investment and spending decisions by consumers and businesses as they adjust their consumption, debt, capital and risk profiles in response to these conditions. These trends change as investor confidence in the markets and the outlook for some consumers and businesses shift. As a result, our sales, revenues and profitability trends of certain insurance and investment products as well as the value of assets and liabilities have been and could be further impacted going forward. In particular, factors such as government spending, monetary policies, the volatility and strength of the capital markets, further changes in tax policy and/ or in U.S. tax legislation under the TCJA, international trade and the impact of global financial regulation reform will continue to affect economic and business outlooks, level of interest rates and consumer behaviors moving forward. The U.S. and international governments, the U.S. Federal Reserve, other central banks and other legislative and regulatory bodies have taken certain actions in past years to support the economy and capital markets, influence interest rates, influence housing markets and mortgage servicing and provide liquidity to promote economic growth. These include various mortgage restructuring programs implemented or under consideration by the GSEs, lenders, servicers and the U.S. government. Outside of the United States, various governments and central banks have taken actions to stimulate economies, stabilize financial systems and improve market liquidity. For example, in Canada, actions in certain regions have been taken to stabilize rising home prices to mitigate the potential for inflation on real estate values. This has had a negative impact on sales and has slowed home price appreciation in those regions. However, in aggregate, these actions had a positive effect in the short term on the economies of these countries and their markets; however, there can be no assurance as to the future impact these types of actions may have on the economic and financial markets, including levels of interest rates and volatility. A U.S. or global recession or regional or global financial crisis could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Consolidated Results of Operations The following is a discussion of our consolidated results of operations. For a discussion of our segment results, see “—Results of Operations and Selected Financial and Operating Performance Measures by Segment.” 125 The following table sets forth the consolidated results of operations for the periods indicated: (Amounts in millions) Years ended December 31, Increase (decrease) and percentage change 2018 2017 2016 2018 vs. 2017 2017 vs. 2016 Revenues: Premiums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net investment income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net investment gains (losses) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Policy fees and other income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $4,519 3,262 (146) 795 $4,004 3,200 265 826 $4,160 3,159 72 978 $ 515 62 (411) (31) 13% $ (156) 41 2% (4)% 1% (155)% 193 NM (1) (16)% (4)% (152) Total revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,430 8,295 8,369 135 2% (74) (1)% Benefits and expenses: Benefits and other changes in policy reserves . . . . . Interest credited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquisition and operating expenses, net of 5,684 611 5,179 646 5,245 696 505 (35) 10% (5)% (66) (50) (1)% (7)% deferrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 997 1,022 1,273 (25) (2)% (251) (20)% Amortization of deferred acquisition costs and intangibles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391 299 435 284 498 337 Total benefits and expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,982 7,566 8,049 Income from continuing operations before income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision (benefit) for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income (loss) from continuing operations . . . . . . . . Loss from discontinued operations, net of taxes . . . . Net income (loss) Less: net income attributable to noncontrolling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . interests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, 448 151 297 — 297 178 (44) 15 416 (281) 358 (639) 9 (10)% 5% (63) (53) (13)% (16)% 5% (483) (6)% (39)% 409 173% (565) 128% (158)% (68)% 974 NM (1) 69% 20 100% (630) (68)% 994 NM (1) 729 (207) 936 (9) 927 320 358 (38) (29) (67) 110 210 68 62% (100) (48)% Inc.’s common stockholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 119 $ 817 $ (277) $(698) (85)% $1,094 NM (1) (1) We define “NM” as not meaningful for increases or decreases greater than 200%. 2018 compared to 2017 Premiums. Premiums consist primarily of premiums earned on insurance products for mortgage, long-term care, life and accident and health insurance, single premium immediate annuities and structured settlements with life contingencies. • Our Australia Mortgage Insurance segment increased $513 million predominantly from a review of our premium earnings pattern in 2017, which reduced our earned premiums by $468 million in 2017 and increased our earned premiums on our existing insurance in-force in 2018 (see “—Critical Accounting Estimates—Unearned premiums” for additional information). The increase was also attributable to a new structured insurance transaction and higher policy cancellations resulting from an initiative implemented in 2018 to more promptly identify loans that have been discharged or refinanced using newly available data. • Our U.S. Mortgage Insurance segment increased $51 million mainly attributable to higher average flow insurance in-force, partially offset by lower average rates on our mortgage insurance in-force in 2018. • Our Canada Mortgage Insurance segment increased $6 million primarily from changes in foreign exchange rates in 2018. 126 • Our U.S. Life Insurance segment decreased $55 million. Our long-term care insurance business increased $68 million largely from $70 million of increased premiums in 2018 from in-force rate actions approved and implemented and from a $60 million unfavorable correction in 2017 related to certain limited pay policies that had reached their paid up status that did not recur. These increases were partially offset by policy terminations in 2018. Our life insurance business decreased $123 million mainly attributable to higher ceded premiums in 2018 from new reinsurance treaties effective in December 2017 and the continued runoff of our term life insurance products in 2018. Net investment income. Net investment income represents the income earned on our investments. For discussion of the change in net investment income, see the comparison for this line item under “—Investments and Derivative Instruments.” Net investment gains (losses). Net investment gains (losses) consist primarily of realized gains and losses from the sale or impairment of our investments, unrealized and realized gains and losses from our equity and trading securities and derivative instruments. For discussion of the change in net investment gains (losses), see the comparison for this line item under “—Investments and Derivative Instruments.” Policy fees and other income. Policy fees and other income consists primarily of fees assessed against policyholder and contractholder account values, surrender charges, cost of insurance assessed on universal and term universal life insurance policies, advisory and administration service fees assessed on investment contractholder account values, broker/dealer commission revenues and other fees. • Our U.S. Life Insurance segment decreased $19 million mostly attributable to our life insurance business primarily as a result of a decline in our term universal and universal life insurance in-force blocks in 2018. The decrease was also related to an unfavorable unlocking of $7 million in our universal and term universal life insurance products as part of our annual review of assumptions in the fourth quarter of 2018 compared to a favorable unlocking of $3 million in 2017. These decreases were partially offset by an $8 million unfavorable model refinement in 2017 that did not recur. • Our Runoff segment decreased $10 million principally from lower fee income driven mostly by a decline in the average account values in our variable annuity products in 2018. Benefits and other changes in policy reserves. Benefits and other changes in policy reserves consist primarily of benefits paid and reserve activity related to current claims and future policy benefits on insurance and investment products for long-term care insurance, life insurance, accident and health insurance, structured settlements and single premium immediate annuities with life contingencies, and claim costs incurred related to mortgage insurance products. • Our U.S. Life Insurance segment increased $536 million. Our long-term care insurance business increased $652 million principally from the completion of our annual review of our claim reserves in the fourth quarter of 2018 which resulted in higher claim reserves of $291 million, net of reinsurance (see “—Critical Accounting Estimates—Liability for policy and contract claims” for additional information). We also refined our estimate of unreported policy terminations, which resulted in an unfavorable reserve adjustment of $36 million in 2018. The increase was also attributable to higher reserves as a result of the aging of the in-force block (including higher frequency of new claims), unfavorable existing claim performance from higher utilization of available benefits and lower terminations, as well as higher severity of new claims in 2018. Our life insurance business decreased $35 million primarily attributable to higher ceded benefits in 2018 from new reinsurance treaties effective in December 2017, a $30 million unfavorable model refinement in 2017 that did not recur and favorable mortality in our term life insurance products in 2018. These decreases were partially offset by a higher unfavorable unlocking of $39 million in our universal and term universal life insurance products as part of our annual review of assumptions in the fourth quarter of 2018 compared to 2017 (see “—Critical Accounting Estimates—Policyholder account balances” for additional information) 127 and unfavorable mortality in our universal and term universal life insurance products in 2018. Our fixed annuities business decreased $81 million largely attributable to $67 million of lower reserves in connection with loss recognition testing in our fixed immediate annuity products (see “—Critical Accounting Estimates—Future policy benefits” for additional information). • Our Canada Mortgage Insurance segment increased $24 million largely from a higher average reserve per delinquency primarily attributable to increased losses in Alberta, less favorable development in our loss reserves and from higher new delinquencies, net of cures, in 2018. • Our Runoff segment increased $13 million primarily attributable to higher GMDB reserves in our variable annuity products due to unfavorable equity market performance in 2018. • Our U.S. Mortgage Insurance segment decreased $71 million primarily from lower new delinquencies, favorable net cures and aging of existing delinquencies and a $28 million favorable reserve adjustment in 2018 mostly driven by lower expected claim rates. The year ended December 31, 2017 included a $15 million favorable reserve adjustment and approximately $5 million of losses attributable to new delinquencies in areas impacted by hurricanes Harvey and Irma. Interest credited. Interest credited represents interest credited on behalf of policyholder and contractholder general account balances. • Our U.S. Life Insurance segment decreased $45 million primarily due to our fixed annuities business predominantly from a decline in average account values and lower crediting rates in 2018. • Our Runoff segment increased $10 million largely related to higher account values in our corporate- owned life insurance products in 2018. Acquisition and operating expenses, net of deferrals. Acquisition and operating expenses, net of deferrals, represent costs and expenses related to the acquisition and ongoing maintenance of insurance and investment contracts, including commissions, policy issuance expenses and other underwriting and general operating costs. These costs and expenses are net of amounts that are capitalized and deferred, which are costs and expenses that are related directly to the successful acquisition of new or renewal insurance policies and investment contracts, such as first-year commissions in excess of ultimate renewal commissions and other policy issuance expenses. • Corporate and Other activities decreased $25 million mainly driven by lower compensation expenses and consulting fees, as well as lower net expenses after allocations in 2018. These decreases were partially offset by $6 million of broker, advisor and investment banking fees associated with Genworth Holdings’ bond consent solicitation in October 2018. • Our Canada Mortgage Insurance segment decreased $10 million mainly driven by lower stock-based compensation expense driven mostly by a decrease in Genworth Canada’s share price in 2018. • Our Runoff segment decreased $4 million mainly from lower commissions in our variable annuity products in 2018. • Our U.S. Life Insurance segment increased $12 million mostly attributable to our long-term care insurance business largely from higher operating costs associated with our in-force rate action plan, partially offset by guaranty fund assessments in 2017 in connection with the Penn Treaty liquidation that did not recur. • Our U.S. Mortgage Insurance segment increased $4 million largely from higher compensation and benefit expenses in 2018. Amortization of deferred acquisition costs and intangibles. Amortization of DAC and intangibles consists primarily of the amortization of acquisition costs that are capitalized, PVFP and capitalized software. • Our U.S. Life Insurance segment decreased $71 million mostly attributable to our life insurance business largely from a $41 million unfavorable term conversion mortality assumption correction in 128 2017 that did not recur. The decrease was also attributable to a favorable unlocking of $4 million in our universal and term universal life insurance products as part of our annual review of assumptions in the fourth quarter of 2018 compared to an unfavorable unlocking of $44 million in 2017 (see “—Critical Accounting Estimates—Deferred acquisition costs” for additional information) and from lower lapses in 2018. These decreases were partially offset by prior year transactions that did not recur: a net $15 million favorable model refinement and an $11 million refinement related to reinsurance rates. • Our Australia Mortgage Insurance segment increased $19 million primarily as a result of an $18 million decrease in amortization of DAC in 2017 related to our premium earnings pattern review that did not recur and higher contract fees amortization in 2018. • Our Runoff segment increased $9 million related to our variable annuity products mainly from unfavorable equity market performance, partially offset by higher net investment losses on embedded derivatives in 2018. Interest expense. Interest expense represents interest related to our borrowings that are incurred at Genworth Holdings or subsidiaries and our non-recourse funding obligations and interest expense related to the Tax Matters Agreement and certain reinsurance arrangements being accounted for as deposits. Corporate and Other activities increased $14 million largely driven by the Term Loan that Genworth Holdings closed in March 2018, a favorable correction of $11 million related to our Tax Matters Agreement liability in 2017 that did not recur and from our junior subordinated notes which had a higher floating rate of interest in 2018. These increases were partially offset by lower interest expense associated with the redemption of $597 million of Genworth Holdings’ senior notes in May 2018. Provision (benefit) for income taxes. The effective tax rate was 33.7% and (28.4)% for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The increase in the effective tax rate was primarily due to the impacts of tax reform in 2017 that did not recur. In 2017, we released $258 million of our valuation allowance principally from the TCJA and improvements in business performance, mostly in our U.S. mortgage insurance business, as well as lower operating earnings volatility in our U.S. life insurance businesses. In addition, changes in the taxation of foreign operations also benefited the 2017 effective tax rate. The 2018 effective tax rate also included the rate differential on our foreign subsidiaries, which are now taxed at a higher marginal rate than our U.S. businesses and tax expense related to gains on forward starting swaps settled prior to the enactment of the TCJA, which are tax effected at 35% as they are amortized into net investment income. Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests. Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests represents the portion of equity in a subsidiary attributable to third parties. The increase was predominantly related to our Australia Mortgage Insurance segment from the completion of a premium earnings pattern review, which resulted in an unfavorable adjustment of $151 million in 2017 that did not recur. This increase was partially offset by net investment losses mostly related to derivative losses and a decrease in the fair value of preferred equity securities in our Canada Mortgage Insurance segment in 2018. 2017 compared to 2016 Premiums • Our Australia Mortgage Insurance segment decreased $477 million predominantly from a review of our premium earnings pattern, which reduced our earned premiums by $468 million in 2017 (see “—Critical Accounting Estimates—Unearned premiums” for additional information). The decrease was also attributable to the seasoning of our smaller in-force blocks of business in 2016. • Corporate and Other activities decreased $4 million largely related to the sale of our European mortgage insurance business in May 2016. • Our U.S. Life Insurance segment increased $252 million. Our long-term care insurance business decreased $21 million primarily driven by an unfavorable correction of $60 million in 2017 related to 129 certain limited pay policies that had reached their paid up status. The decrease was also attributable to policy terminations, partially offset by $92 million of increased premiums in 2017 from in-force rate actions approved and implemented. Our life insurance business increased $276 million mainly attributable to the impact of a reinsurance treaty under which we initially ceded $326 million of certain term life insurance premiums as part of a life block transaction in the first quarter of 2016, partially offset by the continued runoff of our term life insurance products in 2017. • Our Canada Mortgage Insurance segment increased $38 million primarily from the seasoning of our larger, more recent in-force blocks of business and from price increases in 2017. The year ended December 31, 2017 included an increase of $10 million attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates. • Our U.S. Mortgage Insurance segment increased $35 million mainly attributable to higher average flow insurance in-force, partially offset by lower rates on our mortgage insurance in-force in 2017. Net investment income. For discussion of the change in net investment income, see the comparison for this line item under “—Investments and Derivative Instruments.” Net investment gains (losses). For discussion of the change in net investment gains (losses), see the comparison for this line item under “—Investments and Derivative Instruments.” Policy fees and other income • Corporate and Other activities decreased $80 million. In 2016, we recorded a gain of $64 million from the early extinguishment of debt related to the redemption of a securitization entity and a gain of $11 million attributable to the sale of assets to Pacific Life Insurance Company (“Pac Life”) that did not recur. • Our U.S. Life Insurance segment decreased $66 million mostly attributable to our life insurance business primarily as a result of suspending sales of these products on March 7, 2016 and a decline in our term universal and universal life insurance in-force blocks in 2017. The decrease was also related to an $8 million unfavorable model refinement in 2017. • Our Runoff segment decreased $6 million principally from lower account values in our variable annuity products in 2017. Benefits and other changes in policy reserves • Our U.S. Mortgage Insurance segment decreased $53 million primarily due to favorable net cures and aging of existing delinquencies, lower new delinquencies and from a $5 million higher favorable reserve adjustment in 2017. These decreases were partially offset by approximately $5 million of losses attributable to new delinquencies in areas impacted by hurricanes Harvey and Irma in 2017. • Our Canada Mortgage Insurance segment decreased $50 million largely from lower new delinquencies, net of cures, as well as from a lower average reserve per delinquency and from favorable development in our loss reserves as of December 31, 2016. • Our Runoff segment decreased $16 million primarily attributable to lower GMDB reserves in our variable annuity products due to favorable equity market performance in 2017. • Our Australia Mortgage Insurance segment decreased $4 million largely attributable to $7 million of favorable non-reinsurance recoveries on paid claims in 2017 and a higher net benefit from cures and aging of existing delinquencies, partially offset by higher new delinquencies primarily in commodity- dependent regions in 2017. The year ended December 31, 2017 included an increase of $3 million attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates. 130 • Our U.S. Life Insurance segment increased $58 million. Our long-term care insurance business decreased $328 million principally from the completion of our annual review of our claim reserves conducted during the third quarter of 2016 which resulted in higher claim reserves of $435 million, net of reinsurance, that did not recur. The decrease was also attributable to a favorable correction of $54 million in 2017 associated with certain limited pay policies that had reached their paid up status and unfavorable adjustments of $50 million which included refinements to the calculations of reserves in 2016 that did not recur. The decrease was also driven by a $31 million favorable adjustment related to changes in claims administration expense assumptions and favorable claim terminations in 2017. These decreases were partially offset by aging and growth of the in-force block, higher severity on new claims, higher incremental reserves of $55 million recorded in connection with an accrual for profits followed by losses and a $28 million less favorable impact from benefit reductions in 2017 related to in-force rate actions approved and implemented. Our life insurance business increased $283 million principally related to the impact of a reinsurance treaty under which we initially ceded $331 million of certain term life insurance reserves as part of a life block transaction in the first quarter of 2016 and from unfavorable mortality in 2017. The increase was also attributable to a $30 million unfavorable model refinement in 2017. These increases were partially offset by a less unfavorable unlocking of $135 million in our universal and term universal life insurance products as part of our annual review of assumptions in the fourth quarter of 2017 compared to 2016 (see “—Critical Accounting Estimates— Policyholder account balances” for additional information). Our fixed annuities business increased $103 million largely attributable to $65 million of higher reserves from loss recognition testing in our fixed immediate annuity products primarily driven by the low interest rate environment (see “—Critical Accounting Estimates—Future policy benefits” for additional information). The increase was also related to $45 million of lower assumed reinsurance in connection with the recapture of certain life-contingent products by a third party in 2016 that did not recur. Interest credited • Our U.S. Life Insurance segment decreased $59 million. Our life insurance business decreased $16 million predominantly from lower average account values and crediting rates in our universal life insurance products in 2017. Our fixed annuities business decreased $43 million largely driven by a decline in average account values and lower crediting rates in 2017. • Our Runoff segment increased $9 million largely related to higher cash values in our corporate-owned life insurance products in 2017. Acquisition and operating expenses, net of deferrals • Corporate and Other activities decreased $140 million mainly driven by expenses in 2016 that did not recur. Expenses in 2016 included a $79 million litigation settlement and related legal expenses, $20 million of expenses related to the early redemption of debt, $18 million of bond consent fees, a $9 million loss related to the sale of our European mortgage insurance business and other legal expenses associated with litigation. These decreases were partially offset by higher consulting fees in 2017. • Our U.S. Life Insurance segment decreased $76 million. Our long-term care insurance business increased $10 million mostly from the guaranty fund assessment in 2017 in connection with the Penn Treaty liquidation. Our life insurance business decreased $21 million primarily from lower operating expenses attributable to the suspension of sales on March 7, 2016. Included in 2016 was $7 million of restructuring charges as well as expenses of $5 million associated with the life block transaction that did not recur. Our fixed annuities business decreased $65 million largely attributable to a $55 million payment in connection with the recapture of certain life-contingent products by a third party in 2016 that did not recur and lower operating expenses as a result of the suspension of sales on March 7, 2016. The decrease was also attributable to an unfavorable correction of $12 million related to state guaranty funds in 2016 that did not recur. 131 • Our Australia Mortgage Insurance segment decreased $29 million primarily from a change in the classification of contract fees amortization expense, which we began recording to amortization of DAC and intangibles in the second quarter of 2017, as well as lower employee compensation and benefit expenses and a decrease in professional fees in 2017. • Our Runoff segment decreased $7 million largely related to lower state guaranty fund assessments in 2017. Amortization of deferred acquisition costs and intangibles • Our U.S. Life Insurance segment decreased $75 million. Our long-term care insurance business decreased $12 million principally from a smaller in-force block as a result of lower sales in 2017. Our life insurance business decreased $38 million largely related to a less unfavorable unlocking in our universal and term universal life insurance products of $55 million as part of our annual review of assumptions in the fourth quarter of 2017 compared to 2016 (see “—Critical Accounting Estimates— Deferred acquisition costs” for additional information). The decrease was also attributable to a net $15 million favorable model refinement and an $11 million refinement related to reinsurance rates in 2017. These decreases were partially offset by a $41 million unfavorable term conversion mortality assumption correction and higher amortization in our term universal life insurance product reflecting previously updated lapse assumptions. Our fixed annuities business decreased $25 million predominantly related to the write-off of DAC in connection with loss recognition testing in our fixed immediate annuity products of $14 million in 2016 that did not recur. The decrease was also attributable to a less favorable unlocking of $9 million in 2017 driven by lower investment yields compared to changes in lapse assumptions in 2016. • Our Runoff segment decreased $5 million principally from favorable equity market performance, partially offset by higher investment income in 2017. • Our Australia Mortgage Insurance segment increased $10 million as a result of a change in the classification of contract fees amortization expense that was previously recorded to acquisition and operating expenses, net of deferrals, as discussed above, and higher contract fees being amortized in 2017. These increases were partially offset by an $18 million decrease in amortization of DAC related to our premium earnings pattern review in 2017 (see “—Critical Accounting Estimates—Deferred acquisition costs” for additional information). • Our Canada Mortgage Insurance segment increased $4 million primarily from higher DAC amortization related to our larger, more recent in-force blocks of business. Interest expense • Corporate and Other activities decreased $28 million largely driven by a favorable correction of $11 million related to our Tax Matters Agreement liability and a contractual change in our junior subordinated notes related to an interest rate change from fixed to floating rates. • Our U.S. Life Insurance segment decreased $25 million driven by our life insurance business principally as a result of the life block transaction in the first quarter of 2016 which included the redemption of certain non-recourse funding obligations and the write-off of $9 million of deferred borrowing costs associated with our non-recourse funding obligations as well as the restructuring of a captive reinsurance entity. Provision (benefit) for income taxes. The effective tax rate decreased to (28.4)% for the year ended December 31, 2017 from 111.9% for the year ended December 31, 2016. The effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2017 was impacted by changes in U.S. tax legislation under the TCJA. In the fourth quarter of 2017, we recorded $456 million of net tax benefits primarily from a $258 million release of a valuation 132 allowance, the impact from changes in the federal tax rate and the release of shareholder liability taxes, partially offset by higher transition taxes and other items. Our valuation allowance was reduced by $258 million principally related to the TCJA and from improvements in business performance, mostly in our U.S. mortgage insurance business, as well as lower operating earnings volatility in our U.S. life insurance businesses (see “—Regulation—Changes in tax law”). The effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2016 was impacted by a valuation allowance of $258 million recorded on deferred tax assets related to foreign tax credits that we did not expect to realize in 2016. The effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2016 was also impacted by the reversal of a deferred tax valuation allowance established in 2015 related to our mortgage insurance business in Europe. Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests. The decrease was predominantly related to our Australia Mortgage Insurance segment from the completion of a premium earnings pattern review, which resulted in an unfavorable adjustment of $151 million in 2017. Use of non-GAAP measures Reconciliation of net income (loss) to adjusted operating income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders We use non-GAAP financial measures entitled “adjusted operating income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders” and “adjusted operating income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders per share.” Adjusted operating income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders per share is derived from adjusted operating income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders. Our chief operating decision maker evaluates segment performance and allocates resources on the basis of adjusted operating income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders. We define adjusted operating income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders as income (loss) from continuing operations excluding the after-tax effects of income attributable to noncontrolling interests, net investment gains (losses), goodwill impairments, gains (losses) on the sale of businesses, gains (losses) on the early extinguishment of debt, gains (losses) on insurance block transactions, restructuring costs and infrequent or unusual non-operating items. Gains (losses) on insurance block transactions are defined as gains (losses) on the early extinguishment of non-recourse funding obligations, early termination fees for other financing restructuring and/or resulting gains (losses) on reinsurance restructuring for certain blocks of business. We exclude net investment gains (losses) and infrequent or unusual non-operating items because we do not consider them to be related to the operating performance of our segments and Corporate and Other activities. A component of our net investment gains (losses) is the result of impairments, the size and timing of which can vary significantly depending on market credit cycles. In addition, the size and timing of other investment gains (losses) can be subject to our discretion and are influenced by market opportunities, as well as asset-liability matching considerations. Goodwill impairments, gains (losses) on the sale of businesses, gains (losses) on the early extinguishment of debt, gains (losses) on insurance block transactions and restructuring costs are also excluded from adjusted operating income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders because, in our opinion, they are not indicative of overall operating trends. Infrequent or unusual non-operating items are also excluded from adjusted operating income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders if, in our opinion, they are not indicative of overall operating trends. While some of these items may be significant components of net income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders in accordance with U.S. GAAP, we believe that adjusted operating income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders, and measures that are derived from or incorporate adjusted operating income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders, including adjusted operating income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders per share on a basic and diluted basis, are appropriate measures that are useful to investors because they identify the income (loss) attributable to the ongoing operations of the business. Management also uses adjusted operating 133 income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders as a basis for determining awards and compensation for senior management and to evaluate performance on a basis comparable to that used by analysts. However, the items excluded from adjusted operating income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders have occurred in the past and could, and in some cases will, recur in the future. Adjusted operating income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders and adjusted operating income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders per share on a basic and diluted basis are not substitutes for net income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders or net income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders per share on a basic and diluted basis determined in accordance with U.S. GAAP. In addition, our definition of adjusted operating income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders may differ from the definitions used by other companies. Beginning in the first quarter of 2018, we assumed a tax rate of 21% on certain adjustments to reconcile net income available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders and adjusted operating income available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders (unless otherwise indicated). In 2017 and 2016, we assumed a tax rate of 35%, the previous U.S. corporate federal income tax rate prior to the enactment of the TCJA, on certain adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders and adjusted operating income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders. These adjustments are also net of the portion attributable to noncontrolling interests and net investment gains (losses) are adjusted for DAC and other intangible amortization and certain benefit reserves. The following table includes a reconciliation of net income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders to adjusted operating income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders for the years ended December 31: (Amounts in millions) 2018 2017 2016 Net income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Add: net income attributable to noncontrolling interests . . . . . . . . $119 178 $ 817 110 $(277) 210 Net income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss from discontinued operations, net of taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income (loss) from continuing operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less: net income attributable to noncontrolling interests . . . . . . . . 297 — 297 178 927 (9) 936 110 (67) (29) (38) 210 Income (loss) from continuing operations available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 826 (248) Adjustments to income (loss) from continuing operations available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net investment (gains) losses, net (1) (Gains) losses from sale of businesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Gains) losses on early extinguishment of debt, net . . . . . . . . . . . . Losses from life block transactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expenses related to restructuring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fees associated with bond solicitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Taxes on adjustments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adjusted operating income (loss) available to Genworth 68 — — — 2 6 (16) (202) — — — 2 — 70 (66) (3) (48) 9 22 18 — Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $179 $ 696 $(316) (1) For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, net investment (gains) losses were adjusted for DAC and other intangible amortization and certain benefit reserves of $(12) million, $(3) million and $(14) million, respectively, and adjusted for the portion of net investment gains (losses) attributable to noncontrolling interests of $(66) million, $66 million and $20 million, respectively. 134 In June 2016, we completed the sale of our term life insurance new business platform and recorded a pre-tax gain of $12 million. In May 2016, we completed the sale of our mortgage insurance business in Europe and recorded an additional pre-tax loss of $2 million. In the first quarter of 2016, we recorded a pre-tax loss of $7 million and a tax benefit of $27 million related to the planned sale of our mortgage insurance business in Europe. These transactions were excluded from adjusted operating income (loss) for the periods presented as they related to a gain (loss) on the sale of businesses. In June 2016, we settled restricted borrowings related to a securitization entity and recorded a $64 million pre-tax gain related to the early extinguishment of debt. In January 2016, we paid a pre-tax make-whole expense of $20 million related to the early redemption of Genworth Holdings’ 2016 notes. We also repurchased $28 million principal amount of Genworth Holdings’ notes with various maturity dates for a pre-tax gain of $4 million in the first quarter of 2016. These transactions were excluded from adjusted operating income (loss) for the periods presented as they related to a gain (loss) on the early extinguishment of debt. In the first quarter of 2016, we completed a life block transaction resulting in a pre-tax loss of $9 million in connection with the early extinguishment of non-recourse funding obligations. In 2018, 2017 and 2016, we recorded a pre-tax expense of $2 million, $2 million and $22 million, respectively, related to restructuring costs as part of an expense reduction plan as we evaluate and appropriately size our organizational needs and expenses. There were no infrequent or unusual items excluded from adjusted operating income (loss) during the periods presented other than the following items. In 2018 and 2016, we incurred fees related to Genworth Holdings’ bond consent solicitation of $6 million and $18 million, respectively, for broker, advisor and investment banking fees. Earnings (loss) per share The following table provides basic and diluted earnings (loss) per common share for the years ended December 31: (Amounts in millions, except per share amounts) Income (loss) from continuing operations available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders per share: 2018 2017 2016 Basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 0.24 $ 1.66 $ (0.50) Diluted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 0.24 $ 1.65 $ (0.50) Net income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders per share: Basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 0.24 $ 1.64 $ (0.56) Diluted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 0.24 $ 1.63 $ (0.56) Adjusted operating income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders per share: Basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 0.36 $ 1.40 $ (0.63) Diluted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 0.36 $ 1.39 $ (0.63) Weighted-average common shares outstanding: Basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diluted (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500.4 504.2 499.0 501.4 498.3 498.3 (1) Under applicable accounting guidance, companies in a loss position are required to use basic weighted- average common shares outstanding in the calculation of diluted loss per share. Therefore, as a result of our loss from continuing operations available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders for the year ended December 31, 2016, we were required to use basic weighted-average common shares outstanding in the calculation of diluted loss per share as the inclusion of shares for stock options, RSUs and SARs of 2.0 million would have been antidilutive to the calculation. If we had not incurred a loss from continuing operations available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders for the year ended December 31, 2016, dilutive potential weighted-average common shares outstanding would have been 500.3 million. 135 Diluted weighted-average shares outstanding reflect the effects of potentially dilutive securities including stock options, RSUs and other equity-based compensation. Results of Operations and Selected Financial and Operating Performance Measures by Segment Our chief operating decision maker evaluates segment performance and allocates resources on the basis of adjusted operating income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders. See note 19 in our consolidated financial statements under “Item 8—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for a reconciliation of net income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders to adjusted operating income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders and a summary of adjusted operating income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders for our segments and Corporate and Other activities. On December 22, 2017, the TCJA was signed into law. The TCJA reduced the U.S. corporate federal income tax rate to 21% effective for taxable years beginning on January 1, 2018 and migrated the worldwide tax system to a territorial international tax system. Therefore, beginning on January 1, 2018 we taxed our international businesses at their local statutory tax rates and our domestic businesses at the new enacted tax rate of 21%. We allocate our consolidated provision for income taxes to our operating segments. Our allocation methodology applies a specific tax rate to the pre-tax income (loss) of each segment, which is then adjusted in each segment to reflect the tax attributes of items unique to that segment such as foreign income. The difference between the consolidated provision for income taxes and the sum of the provision for income taxes in each segment is reflected in Corporate and Other activities. Management’s discussion and analysis by segment contains selected operating performance measures including “sales” and “insurance in-force” or “risk in-force” which are commonly used in the insurance industry as measures of operating performance. Management regularly monitors and reports sales metrics as a measure of volume of new and renewal business generated in a period. Sales refer to new insurance written for mortgage insurance products. Sales do not include renewal premiums on policies or contracts written during prior periods. We consider new insurance written to be a measure of our operating performance because it represents a measure of new sales of insurance policies or contracts during a specified period, rather than a measure of our revenues or profitability during that period. Management regularly monitors and reports insurance in-force and risk in-force. Insurance in-force for our mortgage insurance businesses is a measure of the aggregate original loan balance for outstanding insurance policies as of the respective reporting date. Risk in-force for our U.S. mortgage insurance business is based on the coverage percentage applied to the estimated current outstanding loan balance. For risk in-force in our mortgage insurance businesses in Canada and Australia, we have computed an “effective” risk in-force amount, which recognizes that the loss on any particular loan will be reduced by the net proceeds received upon sale of the property. Effective risk in-force has been calculated by applying to insurance in-force a factor of 35% that represents the highest expected average per-claim payment for any one underwriting year over the life of our mortgage insurance businesses in Canada and Australia. In Australia, we have certain risk share arrangements where we provide pro-rata coverage of certain loans rather than 100% coverage. As a result, for loans with these risk share arrangements, the applicable pro-rata coverage amount provided is used when applying the factor. We consider insurance in-force and risk in-force to be measures of our operating performance because they represent measures of the size of our business at a specific date which will generate revenues and profits in a future period, rather than measures of our revenues or profitability during that period. Management also regularly monitors and reports a loss ratio for our businesses. For our mortgage insurance businesses, the loss ratio is the ratio of benefits and other changes in policy reserves to net earned premiums. For our long-term care insurance business, the loss ratio is the ratio of benefits and other changes in reserves less 136 tabular interest on reserves less loss adjustment expenses to net earned premiums. We consider the loss ratio to be a measure of underwriting performance in these businesses and helps to enhance the understanding of the operating performance of our businesses. These operating performance measures enable us to compare our operating performance across periods without regard to revenues or profitability related to policies or contracts sold in prior periods or from investments or other sources. U.S. Mortgage Insurance segment Trends and conditions Results of our U.S. mortgage insurance business are affected primarily by the following factors: competitor actions; unemployment or underemployment levels; other economic and housing market trends, including interest rates, home prices, the number of first-time homebuyers, and mortgage origination volume mix and practices; the levels and aging of mortgage delinquencies; the effect of seasonal variations; the inventory of unsold homes; loan modification and other servicing efforts; and litigation, among other items. Our results are subject to the performance of the U.S. housing market and the extent of the adverse impact of seasonality that we experience historically in the second half of the year. The level of private mortgage insurance market penetration and eventual market size is affected in part by actions taken by the GSEs and the U.S. government, including the FHA, the FHFA, and the U.S. Congress, which impact housing or housing finance policy. In the past, these actions have included announced changes, or potential changes, to underwriting standards, FHA pricing, GSE guaranty fees and loan limits as well as low down payment programs available through the FHA or GSEs. In the first quarter of 2018, Freddie Mac introduced to certain lenders a pilot program, Integrated Mortgage Insurance, commonly referred to as “IMAGIN,” as an alternative to private mortgage insurance. IMAGIN transfers default risk on high loan-to-value mortgages to a panel of reinsurers approved by Freddie Mac. In July 2018, Fannie Mae introduced a similar pilot program, Enterprise Paid Mortgage Insurance (“EPMI”). As currently designed and implemented, we believe these pilot programs are targeted at less than 5% of the total 2018 aggregate private mortgage insurance available market and compete with lender paid private mortgage insurance, which represented approximately 8% of our new insurance written in 2018. For more information about the potential future impact, see “Item 1A—Risk Factors—Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac exert significant influence over the U.S. mortgage insurance market and changes to the role or structure of Freddie Mac or Fannie Mae could have a material adverse impact on our U.S. mortgage insurance business,” and “—Risk Factors—The amount of mortgage insurance we write could decline significantly if alternatives to private mortgage insurance are used or lower coverage levels of mortgage insurance are selected.” Estimated mortgage origination volume decreased in 2018, primarily due to lower refinance originations, partially offset by an increase in purchase originations. The decline in refinance mortgage originations was driven by increases in interest rates. The estimated private mortgage insurance available market increased in 2018 due to strong demand from first-time homebuyers and more competitive pricing. Our flow persistency was 84% in 2018 compared to 82% in 2017, due in part to the rise in interest rates. Our U.S. mortgage insurance estimated market share for 2018 decreased compared to 2017 largely driven by the negative ratings differential relative to our competitors, concerns expressed about Genworth’s financial condition, the proposed transaction with China Oceanwide and pricing competition. For more information on the potential impacts due to competition, see “Item 1A—Risk Factors—Competitors could negatively affect our ability to maintain or increase our market share and profitability,” and “—Risk Factors—Our reliance on key customer or distribution relationships could cause us to lose significant sales if one or more of those relationships terminate or are reduced.” The U.S. private mortgage insurance industry is highly competitive. There are currently six active mortgage insurers, including us. In the second quarter of 2018, our U.S. mortgage insurance business introduced new, lower priced rate cards, several of which included two new risk attributes that more closely align loan price and 137 expected performance. Overall, the new rates reduced the weighted average price of the revised rate cards by approximately 10% while maintaining estimated aggregate mid-teen pricing returns on new insurance written. In the fourth quarter of 2018, our U.S. mortgage insurance business launched GenRATE, a proprietary risk-based pricing engine, providing lenders with a more granular approach to pricing for borrowers. In addition, we expect more new insurance written in the market to be priced using opaque pricing engines that will frequently provide a different price to lenders compared to prevailing rate cards depending on the specific loan attributes. Given evolving market dynamics, we expect price competition to remain highly competitive. New insurance written increased 3% in 2018 compared to 2017 largely due to a larger private mortgage insurance available market, partially offset by our lower market share. The percentage of single premium new insurance written decreased in 2018 compared to 2017, reflecting our selective participation in this market. Future volumes of these products will vary depending in part on our evaluation of their risk return profile. We continue to manage the quality of new business through our underwriting guidelines, which we modify from time to time when circumstances warrant. Our loss ratio was 5% for the year ended December 31, 2018, compared to 15% for the year ended December 31, 2017. The 2018 loss ratio decreased primarily due to lower losses related to the decline in new delinquencies and improvement in the net cures and aging of existing delinquencies. The decrease was also attributable to a favorable reserve adjustment of $28 million, which reduced the loss ratio by four percentage points in 2018. The year ended December 31, 2017 included a $15 million favorable reserve adjustment, which reduced the loss ratio by three percentage points. The fourth quarter of 2017 included incremental delinquencies of approximately three thousand in areas impacted by hurricanes Harvey and Irma. The impact of the incremental delinquencies was approximately $5 million in 2017. However, these delinquencies performed consistent with our prior expected claim frequency and as a result, there were no incremental incurred losses related to them in 2018. Additionally, we do not expect any material impacts from the hurricanes affecting the Southeast region of the United States, Florence and Michael, which occurred in September 2018 and October 2018, respectively. We will continue to monitor these affected areas and support the measures enacted by the GSEs restricting foreclosure actions and providing other forms of mortgage relief for those dealing with damage in the affected areas. Foreclosure starts decreased in 2018 as compared to 2017. We have also seen a reduction in loans that have been subject to a modification or workout. We expect our level of loan modifications to continue to decline going forward in line with the expected reduction in delinquent loans and the continuing aging of delinquencies. Our U.S. mortgage insurance business paid a $50 million dividend to Genworth Financial in 2018. The evaluation of future dividends is subject to capital requirements of our U.S. mortgage insurance subsidiaries, capital needs of our holding companies and market conditions, among other factors, which are subject to change. As of December 31, 2018, GMICO’s risk-to-capital ratio under the current regulatory framework as established under North Carolina law and enforced by the NCDOI, GMICO’s domestic insurance regulator, was approximately 12.5:1, compared with a risk-to-capital ratio of approximately 12.9:1 as of December 31, 2017. This risk-to-capital ratio remains below the NCDOI’s maximum risk-to-capital ratio of 25:1. GMICO’s ongoing risk-to-capital ratio will depend principally on the magnitude of future losses incurred by GMICO, the effectiveness of ongoing loss mitigation activities, new business volume and profitability, the amount of policy lapses, changes in the value of affiliated assets and the amount of additional capital that is generated within the business or capital support (if any) that we provide. Effective December 31, 2015, each GSE adopted revised PMIERs, which set forth operational and financial requirements that mortgage insurers must meet in order to remain eligible. Each approved mortgage insurer is required to provide the GSEs with an annual certification and a quarterly report as to its compliance with PMIERs. As of December 31, 2018, we estimate our U.S. mortgage insurance business had available assets of approximately 129% of the required assets under PMIERs compared to approximately 121% as of December 31, 2017. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the PMIERs sufficiency ratios were in excess of $750 million and $550 million, respectively, of available assets above the PMIERs requirements. The increase in 2018 as 138 compared to 2017 was driven, in part, by positive operating cash flows and the reduction in delinquent loans. The new delinquencies in areas impacted by hurricanes Harvey and Irma, which negatively impacted the PMIERs sufficiency ratio by four points in the fourth quarter of 2017, continue to cure in line with our original loss expectations. This cure performance during 2018 virtually eliminated the negative impact to the PMIERs sufficiency ratio as of December 31, 2018. Reinsurance transactions provided an aggregate of approximately $515 million of PMIERs capital credit as of December 31, 2018. The GSEs published revisions to PMIERs, referred to as “PMIERs 2.0,” on September 27, 2018 with an effective date of March 31, 2019. If PMIERs 2.0 had been effective December 31, 2018, we estimate that the sufficiency ratio would have been approximately 120%, or more than $550 million of available assets above the PMIERs 2.0 requirements. This difference is primarily due to the elimination of any credit for future premiums in PMIERs 2.0 that had previously been allowed on insurance policies written in 2008 or earlier. As of December 31, 2018, loans modified through the Home Affordable Refinance Program (“HARP”) accounted for approximately $10.4 billion of insurance in-force, with approximately $9.9 billion of those loans from our 2005 through 2008 book years. Loans modified through HARP have extended amortization periods and reduced interest rates, which reduce borrower’s monthly payments. Over time, we expect these modified loans to result in extended premium streams and a lower incidence of default. On December 31, 2018, HARP ended and was replaced with GSE streamline refinance programs. For financial reporting purposes, we report HARP modified loans as a modification of the coverage on existing insurance in-force rather than new insurance written. Segment results of operations The following table sets forth the results of operations relating to our U.S. Mortgage Insurance segment for the periods indicated: (Amounts in millions) Years ended December 31, Increase (decrease) and percentage change 2018 2017 2016 2018 vs. 2017 2017 vs. 2016 Revenues: Premiums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net investment income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net investment gains (losses) Policy fees and other income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $746 93 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — 2 $695 73 — 4 5% 7% $ 35 $ 51 $660 16% 10 63 27% 20 (1) — — % 100% 1 (50)% — — % (2) 4 Total revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 841 772 726 69 9% 46 6% Benefits and expenses: Benefits and other changes in policy reserves . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquisition and operating expenses, net of deferrals . . . . . . . Amortization of deferred acquisition costs and intangibles . . Total benefits and expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income from continuing operations before income taxes . . . . Provision for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 169 14 219 622 132 Income from continuing operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adjustments to income from continuing operations: Net investment (gains) losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — Expenses related to restructuring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — Taxes on adjustments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — 490 Adjusted operating income available to Genworth Financial, 107 165 14 286 486 175 311 — — — 160 167 (71) 2% 4 12 — — % (66)% (53) (2) 2 (33)% (1)% 17% 339 387 138 249 (67) (23)% (53) (16)% 136 (43) 179 99 28% (25)% 37 58% 62 26% 27% 25% 1 — — % 1 — — % (1) — — % (1) (1) 1 (100)% (100)% 100% Inc.’s common stockholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $490 $311 $250 $179 58% $ 61 24% 139 2018 compared to 2017 Adjusted operating income available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders Adjusted operating income available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders increased mainly from lower losses, which included a $22 million favorable reserve adjustment in 2018 principally from lower expected claim rates. The increase was also attributable to higher premiums due to an increase in mortgage insurance in-force, higher investment income and lower taxes in 2018. The year ended December 31, 2017 included a $10 million favorable reserve adjustment. Revenues Premiums increased mainly attributable to higher average flow insurance in-force, partially offset by lower average rates on our mortgage insurance in-force in 2018. Net investment income increased primarily due to higher average invested assets and from an increase in investment yields in 2018. Benefits and expenses Benefits and other changes in policy reserves decreased primarily from lower new delinquencies, favorable net cures and aging of existing delinquencies and a $28 million favorable reserve adjustment in 2018 mostly driven by lower expected claim rates. The year ended December 31, 2017 included a $15 million favorable reserve adjustment and approximately $5 million of losses attributable to new delinquencies in areas impacted by hurricanes Harvey and Irma. Acquisition and operating expenses, net of deferrals, increased largely from higher compensation and benefit expenses in 2018. Provision for income taxes. The effective tax rate decreased to 21.2% for the year ended December 31, 2018 from 35.9% for the year ended December 31, 2017. The decrease in the effective tax rate was primarily attributable to a reduction in the U.S. corporate federal income tax rate from 35% to 21%. 2017 compared to 2016 Adjusted operating income available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders Adjusted operating income available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders increased in 2017 mainly attributable to lower losses from favorable net cures and aging of existing delinquencies and a continued decline in new delinquencies in 2017. The increase was also attributable to higher premiums due to an increase in mortgage insurance in-force in 2017. Revenues Premiums increased mainly attributable to higher average flow insurance in-force, partially offset by lower rates on our mortgage insurance in-force in 2017. Net investment income increased due to higher average invested assets in 2017. Benefits and expenses Benefits and other changes in policy reserves decreased primarily due to favorable net cures and aging of existing delinquencies, lower new delinquencies and from a $5 million higher favorable reserve adjustment in 2017. These decreases were partially offset by approximately $5 million of losses attributable to new delinquencies in areas impacted by hurricanes Harvey and Irma in 2017. 140 Provision for income taxes. The effective tax rate increased slightly to 35.9% for the year ended December 31, 2017 from 35.8% for the year ended December 31, 2016. The increase in the effective tax rate was primarily attributable to decreased tax benefits related to tax favored investments in relation to pre-tax income, partially offset by state taxes. U.S. Mortgage Insurance selected operating performance measures The following table sets forth selected operating performance measures regarding our U.S. Mortgage Insurance segment as of or for the dates indicated: As of or for the years ended December 31, Increase (decrease) and percentage change (Amounts in millions) 2018 2017 2016 2018 vs. 2017 2017 vs. 2016 Primary insurance in-force (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Risk in-force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . New insurance written . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net premiums written . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $166,700 $ 40,400 $ 40,000 764 $ $151,800 $ 36,800 $ 38,900 757 $ $137,500 $ 33,300 $ 42,700 744 $ $14,900 $ 3,600 $ 1,100 7 $ 10% $14,300 10% $ 3,500 3% $ (3,800) 13 1% $ 10% 11% (9)% 2% (1) Primary insurance in-force represents the aggregate original loan balance for outstanding insurance policies and is used to determine premiums. Original loan balances are presented for policies with level renewal premiums. Amortized loan balances are presented for policies with annual, amortizing renewal premiums. 2018 compared to 2017 Primary insurance in-force and risk in-force Primary insurance in-force increased largely as a result of higher flow insurance-in-force of $15.2 billion, which increased from $150.3 billion as of December 31, 2017 to $165.5 billion as of December 31, 2018 mostly from new insurance written, partially offset by lapses during 2018. The increase in flow insurance in-force was partially offset by a decline of $0.3 billion in bulk insurance in-force, which decreased from $1.5 billion as of December 31, 2017 to $1.2 billion as of December 31, 2018 primarily from cancellations and lapses in 2018. In addition, risk in-force increased predominantly from higher flow insurance in-force. Flow persistency was 84% and 82% for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. New insurance written New insurance written increased principally due to a larger private mortgage insurance available market, partially offset by our lower market share in 2018. Net premiums written Net premiums written increased primarily from higher insurance in-force and a larger private mortgage insurance available market, partially offset by lower average rates on our mortgage insurance in 2018. 2017 compared to 2016 Primary insurance in-force and risk in-force Primary insurance in-force increased primarily as a result of higher flow insurance-in-force of $15.0 billion, which increased from $135.3 billion as of December 31, 2016 to $150.3 billion as of December 31, 2017 as a result of new insurance written, partially offset by lapses during 2017. The increase in flow insurance in-force was partially offset by a decline of $0.7 billion in bulk insurance in-force, which decreased from $2.2 billion as of December 31, 2016 to $1.5 billion as of December 31, 2017 from cancellations and lapses. In addition, risk in-force increased primarily as a result of higher flow insurance in-force. Flow persistency was 82% and 77% for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. 141 New insurance written New insurance written decreased primarily reflecting a decline in our estimated market share in 2017. Net premiums written Net premiums written increased primarily from higher average flow insurance in-force in 2017. Loss and expense ratios The following table sets forth the loss and expense ratios for our U.S. Mortgage Insurance segment for the dates indicated: Years ended December 31, Increase (decrease) 2018 2017 2016 2018 vs. 2017 2017 vs. 2016 Loss ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expense ratio (net earned premiums) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expense ratio (net premiums written) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5% 15% 24% 25% 26% 27% 24% 24% 24% (10)% (1)% — % (9)% (1)% — % The loss ratio is the ratio of benefits and other changes in policy reserves to net earned premiums. The expense ratio (net earned premiums) is the ratio of general expenses to net earned premiums. The expense ratio (net premiums written) is the ratio of general expenses to net premiums written. In our business, general expenses consist of acquisition and operating expenses, net of deferrals, and amortization of DAC and intangibles. 2018 compared to 2017 The loss ratio decreased primarily from lower new delinquencies and from improvements in net benefits from cures and aging of existing delinquencies in 2018. The decrease was also attributable to a favorable reserve adjustment of $28 million in 2018 mostly driven by lower expected claim rates, which reduced the loss ratio by four percentage points in 2018. The year ended December 31, 2017 included a $15 million favorable reserve adjustment and approximately $5 million of losses attributable to new delinquencies in areas impacted by hurricanes Harvey and Irma. The expense ratio (net earned premiums) decreased slightly driven mostly by higher net earned premiums, partially offset by higher compensation and benefit expenses in 2018. 2017 compared to 2016 The loss ratio decreased principally from improvements in net benefits from cures and aging of existing delinquencies and lower new delinquencies in 2017. The decrease in the loss ratio was also driven by higher net earned premiums attributable to higher average flow insurance in-force and a $5 million higher favorable reserve adjustment in 2017. These decreases were partially offset by approximately $5 million of losses attributable to new delinquencies in areas impacted by hurricanes Harvey and Irma in 2017. The expense ratio (net earned premiums) decreased slightly driven mostly by higher net earned premiums in 2017. 142 U.S. mortgage insurance loan portfolio The following table sets forth selected financial information regarding our U.S. primary mortgage insurance loan portfolio as of December 31: (Amounts in millions) 2018 2017 2016 Primary risk in-force lender concentration (by original applicant) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Top 10 lenders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Top 20 lenders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loan-to-value ratio: 95.01% and above . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90.01% to 95.00% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80.01% to 90.00% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80.00% and below . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $40,293 $11,233 $15,099 $ 7,124 20,946 12,054 169 $36,710 $10,686 $14,288 $ 6,057 19,043 11,410 200 $33,169 $10,478 $13,737 $ 5,677 16,738 10,495 259 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $40,293 $36,710 $33,169 Loan grade: Prime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A minus and sub-prime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $39,757 536 $36,049 661 $32,357 812 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $40,293 $36,710 $33,169 143 Delinquent loans and claims Our delinquency management process begins with notification by the loan servicer of a delinquency on an insured loan. “Delinquency” is defined in our master policies as the borrower’s failure to pay when due an amount equal to the scheduled monthly mortgage payment under the terms of the mortgage. Generally, the master policies require an insured to notify us of a delinquency after the borrower has been in default by two or three monthly payments. We generally consider a loan to be delinquent and establish required reserves if the borrower has failed to make a scheduled mortgage payment. Borrowers default for a variety of reasons, including a reduction of income, unemployment, divorce, illness, inability to manage credit and interest rate levels. Borrowers may cure delinquencies by making all of the delinquent loan payments, agreeing to a loan modification, or by selling the property in full satisfaction of all amounts due under the mortgage. In most cases, delinquencies that are not cured result in a claim under our policy. The following table sets forth the number of loans insured, the number of delinquent loans and the delinquency rate for our U.S. mortgage insurance portfolio as of December 31: 2018 2017 2016 Primary insurance: Insured loans in-force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Delinquent loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Percentage of delinquent loans (delinquency rate) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783,288 17,159 742,094 23,188 699,841 25,709 2.19% 3.12% 3.67% Flow loans in-force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Flow delinquent loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Percentage of flow delinquent loans (delinquency rate) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 770,657 16,670 725,748 22,483 678,168 24,631 2.16% 3.10% 3.63% Bulk loans in-force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bulk delinquent loans (1) Percentage of bulk delinquent loans (delinquency rate) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,631 489 3.87% 16,346 705 4.31% 21,673 1,078 4.97% A minus and sub-prime loans in-force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A minus and sub-prime delinquent loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Percentage of A minus and sub-prime delinquent loans (delinquency rate) . . . . . 18,912 15,348 4,054 2,727 17.77% 21.44% 22.77% 23,063 5,252 Pool insurance: Insured loans in-force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Delinquent loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Percentage of delinquent loans (delinquency rate) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,535 220 4.85% 5,039 249 4.94% 5,742 325 5.66% (1) Included loans where we were in a secondary loss position for which no reserve was established due to an existing deductible. Excluding these loans, bulk delinquent loans were 403, 614 and 756 as of December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Delinquency and foreclosure levels that developed principally in our 2005 through 2008 book years have declined as the residential real estate market in the United States stabilized subsequent to those book years and strengthened during 2017 and 2018. In addition, we have experienced lower foreclosure starts in 2018. However, our 2005 through 2008 book years continue to make up the majority of our existing delinquencies as well as new delinquencies, therefore, we may experience variability in our delinquency rates. We had approximately three thousand new delinquencies in areas impacted by hurricanes Harvey and Irma in 2017. 144 The following tables set forth flow delinquencies, direct case reserves and risk in-force by aged missed payment status in our U.S. mortgage insurance portfolio as of December 31: 2018 (Dollar amounts in millions) Delinquencies Direct case reserves (1) Risk in-force Payments in default: 3 payments or less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 11 payments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 payments or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,360 4,591 3,719 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,670 $ 31 88 142 $261 $365 208 188 $761 Reserves as % of risk in-force 8% 42% 76% 34% (1) Direct flow case reserves exclude loss adjustment expenses, incurred but not reported and reinsurance reserves. (Dollar amounts in millions) Delinquencies 2017 Direct case reserves (1) Payments in default: 3 payments or less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 11 payments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 payments or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,594 6,178 5,711 22,483 $ 46 125 237 $408 Reserves as % of risk in-force 10% 45% 84% 39% Risk in-force $ 474 279 281 $1,034 (1) Direct flow case reserves exclude loss adjustment expenses, incurred but not reported and reinsurance reserves. Primary insurance delinquency rates differ from region to region in the United States at any one time depending upon economic conditions and cyclical growth patterns. The tables below set forth our primary delinquency rates for the various regions of the United States and the 10 largest states by our risk in-force as of the dates indicated. Delinquency rates are shown by region based upon the location of the underlying property, rather than the location of the lender. Percent of primary risk in-force as of December 31, 2018 Percent of total reserves as of December 31, 2018 (1) By Region: Southeast (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pacific (3) South Central (4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Northeast (5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . North Central (6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Great Lakes (7) Mid-Atlantic (8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . New England (9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plains (10) 18% 16 16 12 11 11 6 6 4 22% 9 12 28 9 6 5 6 3 Delinquency rate as of December 31, 2018 2017 2016 2.63% 4.60% 4.28% 1.29% 1.56% 2.02% 2.11% 3.30% 3.20% 3.43% 4.67% 6.72% 1.98% 2.34% 3.00% 1.72% 2.09% 2.70% 2.16% 2.79% 3.80% 2.23% 2.75% 3.62% 1.87% 2.36% 2.94% Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100% 100% 2.19% 3.12% 3.67% Total reserves were $296 million as of December 31, 2018. (1) (2) Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina and Tennessee. (3) Alaska, California, Hawaii, Nevada, Oregon and Washington. (4) Arizona, Colorado, Louisiana, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas and Utah. (5) New Jersey, New York and Pennsylvania. (6) Illinois, Minnesota, Missouri and Wisconsin. Indiana, Kentucky, Michigan and Ohio. (7) (8) Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, Washington D.C. and West Virginia. (9) Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island and Vermont. (10) Idaho, Iowa, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota and Wyoming. 145 Percent of primary risk in-force as of December 31, 2018 Percent of total reserves as of December 31, 2018 (1) Delinquency rate as of December 31, 2018 2017 2016 By State: California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Illinois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9% 7% 6% 6% 5% 5% 4% 4% 4% 4% (1) Total reserves were $296 million as of December 31, 2018. 5% 5% 12% 6% 16% 2% 2% 4% 3% 3% 1.28% 1.45% 1.56% 2.29% 4.41% 3.33% 2.91% 7.99% 4.89% 2.26% 2.70% 3.45% 3.64% 4.77% 6.88% 1.04% 1.19% 1.79% 1.40% 1.51% 1.79% 2.79% 3.50% 4.70% 1.97% 2.43% 3.30% 2.27% 2.67% 3.65% The frequency of delinquencies may not correlate directly with the number of claims received because the rate at which delinquencies are cured is influenced by borrowers’ financial resources and circumstances and regional economic differences. Whether an uncured delinquency leads to a claim principally depends upon the borrower’s equity at the time of delinquency and the borrower’s or the insured’s ability to sell the home for an amount sufficient to satisfy all amounts due under the mortgage loan. Loss mitigation actions include loan modification, extension of credit to bring a loan current, foreclosure forbearance, pre-foreclosure sale and deed-in-lieu. These loss mitigation efforts often are an effective way to reduce our claim exposure and ultimate payouts. The following table sets forth the dispersion of our total reserves and primary insurance in-force and risk in-force by year of policy origination and average annual mortgage interest rate as of December 31, 2018: (Amounts in millions) Policy Year 2004 and prior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average rate (1) Percent of total reserves (2) Primary insurance in-force Percent of total Primary risk in-force Percent of total 6.08% 5.55% 5.70% 5.63% 5.15% 4.90% 4.63% 4.55% 3.86% 4.08% 4.45% 4.14% 3.88% 4.24% 4.77% 8.9% $ 7.9 12.2 27.4 14.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.8 2.1 4.5 6.1 7.1 5.5 1.3 1,668 1,563 3,028 7,995 6,649 549 626 991 2,879 5,583 9,388 18,464 33,316 35,138 38,846 1.0% $ 0.9 1.8 4.8 4.0 0.3 0.4 0.6 1.7 3.4 5.6 11.1 20.0 21.1 23.3 314 368 703 1,843 1,516 113 144 231 691 1,374 2,276 4,481 8,038 8,596 9,605 0.8% 0.9 1.7 4.6 3.8 0.3 0.4 0.6 1.7 3.4 5.6 11.1 20.0 21.3 23.8 Total portfolio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.49% 100.0% $166,683 100.0% $40,293 100.0% (1) Average rate represents average annual mortgage interest rate. Total reserves were $296 million as of December 31, 2018. (2) 146 For policy years after 2008, the average annual mortgage interest rate has been consistently below 5%, with its lowest point at 3.86% for policy year 2012. The largest portion of our loss reserves continues to reside in policy years 2005 through 2008. The size of these policy years at origination combined with the significant decline in home prices led to significant losses in years prior to 2015. Although uncertainty remains with respect to the ultimate losses we will experience on these policy years, they have become a smaller percentage of our total mortgage insurance portfolio. As of December 31, 2018, our 2005 through 2008 policy years represent approximately 11% of our primary risk in-force. Conversely, the three most recent policy years represent approximately 65% of our primary risk in-force as of December 31, 2018. Our “A minus” and “sub-prime” loans continue to have earlier incidences of default than our prime loans. However, based upon FICO at loan closing, prime loans represented 99% of our primary risk in-force as of December 31, 2018 and 2017. Primary mortgage insurance claims paid, including loss adjustment expenses, for the year ended December 31, 2018 were $193 million, compared to $285 million and $368 million for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Pool insurance claims paid were $1 million, $2 million and $2 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The ratio of the claim paid to the current risk in-force for a loan is referred to as “claim severity.” The current risk in-force is equal to the unpaid principal amount multiplied by the coverage percentage. The main determinants of claim severity are the age of the mortgage loan, the value of the underlying property, accrued interest on the loan, expenses advanced by the insured and foreclosure expenses. These amounts depend partly upon the time required to complete foreclosure, which varies depending upon state laws. Pre-foreclosure sales, acquisitions and other early workout and claim administration actions help to reduce overall claim severity. Our average primary flow mortgage insurance claim severity was 118%, 120% and 118% for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The average claim severities do not include the effects of agreements on non-performing loans. Canada Mortgage Insurance segment Trends and conditions Results of our mortgage insurance business in Canada are affected primarily by changes in the regulatory environment, employment levels, consumer borrowing behavior, lender mortgage-related strategies, including lender servicing practices, and other economic and housing market influences, including interest rate trends, home price appreciation or depreciation, mortgage origination volume, levels and aging of mortgage delinquencies and movements in foreign currency exchange rates. During 2018, the Canadian dollar strengthened against the U.S. dollar, which favorably impacted the results of our mortgage insurance business in Canada as reported in U.S. dollars. Any future movement in foreign exchange rates could impact future results. The Canadian GDP is expected to have experienced moderate growth in 2018, although lower than in 2017, mostly attributable to increased government spending and stabilization in housing and exports, partially offset by weakened investment and consumer spending. The overnight interest rate in Canada was 1.75% at December 31, 2018 compared to 1.00% at December 31, 2017. Canada’s unemployment rate decreased to 5.6% at the end of 2018 compared to 5.7% at the end of 2017 due to job creation outpacing the increase in workforce participation. National home prices increased in 2018 by approximately 3% compared to 2017 largely driven by the strong home price appreciation in British Columbia. Home sales decreased in 2018 by approximately 11% compared to 2017. This was mainly due to a slowdown in sales in British Columbia and Ontario, which was primarily driven by regulatory and housing policy changes, including the October 2017 release of the B-20 Guideline as discussed below. In addition, on February 20, 2018, the British Columbia Government released a plan to further address housing affordability in the province. Among other measures, the plan included an increase and expansion of the existing foreign buyers’ tax and the introduction of a speculation tax applicable to both foreign and domestic buyers. There was also a slowdown in sales in Ontario following the release of the Ontario Provincial Government’s Fair Housing Plan in April 2017 which was designed to temper the real estate market. 147 Our mortgage insurance business in Canada experienced higher losses in 2018 compared to 2017 primarily due to a higher average reserve per delinquency in 2018 due to a shift in mix resulting in a larger proportion of delinquencies in oil-producing regions that tend to have higher severity. The increase in losses was also driven by less favorable development in our loss reserves and higher new delinquencies, net of cures, in 2018. Our loss ratio in Canada was 15% for the year ended December 31, 2018. We expect the loss ratio in Canada in 2019 to be the same or modestly higher as compared to 2018 as economic conditions continue to normalize. In 2018, flow new insurance written volumes decreased in our mortgage insurance business in Canada compared to 2017 primarily due to a smaller flow mortgage insurance market size as a result of regulatory changes and ongoing housing affordability pressure. However, earned premiums were higher in 2018 compared to 2017 from the seasoning of our larger, more recent in-force books of business. Bulk new insurance written levels were lower in 2018 compared to 2017 primarily due to lower demand as a result of regulatory changes that took effect in 2016 and a substantial increase in bulk insurance premium rates on mortgage applications received after December 31, 2016 in response to higher capital requirements. The decrease was also attributable to a one-time increase in bulk insurance volumes in the first quarter of 2017 primarily from the closing of several large bulk insurance transactions on applications received in the fourth quarter of 2016 ahead of regulatory changes. New insurance written from bulk mortgage insurance varies from period to period based on a number of factors, including the amount of bulk mortgages lenders seek to insure, the competitiveness of our pricing and our risk appetite for such mortgage insurance. Effective July 1, 2016, bulk mortgage insurance is only available on mortgages used in the CMHC securitization programs and is prohibited on mortgages used in private securitizations after a phase-in period. In addition, effective November 30, 2016, additional regulatory changes were implemented that prohibit insuring bulk refinances and most investor mortgages. Under PRMHIA and the Insurance Companies Act (Canada), our mortgage insurance business in Canada is required to meet an MCT to support its outstanding mortgage insurance in-force per the MCT Guideline. The MCT ratio is calculated based on a methodology prescribed by OSFI. On January 1, 2017, the capital advisory titled “Capital Requirements for Federally Regulated Mortgage Insurers” became effective. The advisory provides a standard framework for determining the capital requirements for residential mortgage insurance companies. Under this regulatory capital framework, the OSFI Supervisory MCT target and PRMHIA requirement are both 150%. As of December 31, 2018, our MCT ratio under the framework was approximately 172%, which was above the supervisory target. Compared to the framework that was in effect prior to January 1, 2017, this framework has supplementary capital requirements under certain circumstances. As a result of these higher regulatory capital requirements, our mortgage insurance business in Canada implemented an increase in premiums rates of approximately 20% on flow new business effective March 17, 2017. Similarly, the business also increased its premium rates for bulk insurance. For more information about this capital framework, see “—Regulation—Mortgage Insurance Regulation—Canada Regulation.” On August 9, 2018, OSFI released the MICAT guideline, which was effective January 1, 2019 and replaces the current advisory and MCT Guideline. The OSFI supervisory MICAT target ratio and the minimum MICAT ratio under PRMHIA remain at 150% for 2019. The MICAT primarily consolidates existing guidance and is not expected to have a material impact on regulatory capital. The primary changes include a 5% increase of the total asset requirement relative to the current calculation, elimination of the requirement to use updated 2016 credit scores for 2015 and prior books in the calculation of the base asset requirement and a transitional arrangement that provides a phase-in period for the increased capital required for insurance risk on outstanding insured mortgages at December 31, 2018. We expect that in 2019, the impact of the elimination of the 2016 credit score update should more than offset the 5% increase in the total asset requirement on existing insurance in-force. We were fully compliant with MICAT on the effective date of January 1, 2019. In addition, these new requirements should permit our mortgage insurance business in Canada to more closely align its actual capital levels with its 148 targeted operating range for 2019 and thereafter, which may allow for meaningful levels of capital redeployment in addition to regular quarterly dividends in 2019. On October 17, 2017, OSFI released the final version of the B-20 Guideline, which applies to all federally- regulated financial institutions that are engaged in residential mortgage underwriting and/or the acquisition of residential mortgage loan assets in Canada. The guideline was effective January 1, 2018, and requires enhanced underwriting practices for all uninsured mortgages, including the application of a qualifying mortgage rate stress test. The B-20 Guideline does not directly impact the regulatory requirements for our mortgage insurance business in Canada, as it is governed by OSFI’s Guideline B-21 Residential Mortgage Insurance Underwriting Practices and Procedures. Based on housing resale activity and mortgage origination volume in 2018, we believe the B-20 Guideline reduced the total 2018 mortgage originations in Canada by approximately 10% to 15% as compared to 2017 levels, including a decline of approximately 5% in the high loan-to-value market size in Canada in 2018 even though qualifying insured mortgages have been subject to a similar mortgage rate stress test since October 17, 2016. 149 Segment results of operations The following table sets forth the results of operations relating to our Canada Mortgage Insurance segment for the periods indicated: (Amounts in millions) Years ended December 31, Increase (decrease) and percentage change 2018 2017 2016 2018 vs. 2017 2017 vs. 2016 Revenues: Premiums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net investment income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net investment gains (losses) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Policy fees and other income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — $ 525 138 (137) $ $519 132 128 1 $481 126 37 1 6 6 1% $ 38 6 5% (265) NM (1) 8% 5% 91 NM (1) (100)% — — % (1) Total revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526 780 645 (254) (33)% 135 21% Benefits and expenses: Benefits and other changes in policy reserves . . . . . . . . . . . Acquisition and operating expenses, net of deferrals . . . . . . Amortization of deferred acquisition costs and intangibles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total benefits and expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income from continuing operations before income taxes . . . Provision for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income from continuing operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less: income from continuing operations attributable to 78 70 43 18 209 317 84 233 54 80 43 18 195 585 191 394 104 77 24 (10) 44% (50) 3 (13)% (48)% 4% 39 — — % 10% 18 — — % — — % 4 238 407 113 294 14 7% (43) (18)% (268) (107) (46)% 178 (56)% 78 (161) (41)% 100 44% 69% 34% noncontrolling interests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 190 135 (82) (43)% 55 41% Income from continuing operations available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 204 159 (79) (39)% 45 28% Adjustments to income from continuing operations available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders: 78 Net investment (gains) losses, net (2) Expenses related to restructuring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — Taxes on adjustments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (16) (74) (21) 1 — 26 8 (53) NM (1) 152 NM (1) (100)% 1 NM (1) (162)% 18 NM (1) (1) (42) Adjusted operating income available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 187 $157 $146 $ 30 19% $ 11 8% (1) We define “NM” as not meaningful for increases or decreases greater than 200%. (2) For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, net investment (gains) losses were adjusted for the portion of net investment gains (losses) attributable to noncontrolling interests of $(59) million, $54 million and $16 million, respectively. 2018 compared to 2017 Adjusted operating income available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders Adjusted operating income available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders increased mainly driven by lower income taxes and a decrease in stock-based compensation expense, partially offset by higher losses in 2018. 150 Revenues Premiums increased primarily from changes in foreign exchange rates in 2018. Net investment income increased largely from higher average invested assets and higher investment yields in 2018. Net investment losses in 2018 were primarily driven by derivative losses and a decrease in the fair value of preferred equity securities. Derivative losses were largely driven by foreign currency forward contracts, cross currency swaps and interest rate swaps. Lower future interest rate expectations resulted in a decrease in the fair value of rate reset preferred equity securities, whose values are based on expected pricing at the next reset date. Net investment gains in 2017 were predominantly from derivative gains on interest rate swaps, cross currency interest rate swaps and foreign currency forward contracts, as well as foreign exchange gains on the sale of non-functional currency investment securities. Benefits and expenses Benefits and other changes in policy reserves increased largely from a higher average reserve per delinquency primarily attributable to increased losses in Alberta, less favorable development in our loss reserves and from higher new delinquencies, net of cures, in 2018. Acquisition and operating expenses, net of deferrals, decreased mainly driven by lower stock-based compensation expense driven mostly by a decrease in Genworth Canada’s share price in 2018. Provision for income taxes. The effective tax rate decreased to 26.5% for the year ended December 31, 2018 from 32.7% for the year ended December 31, 2017. The decrease in the effective tax rate was primarily attributable to the change from a worldwide tax system to a territorial system under the TCJA. As a result, we are now generally taxed at our jurisdictional rate. Income from continuing operations attributable to noncontrolling interests. Income from continuing operations attributable to noncontrolling interests decreased largely due to net investment losses in 2018 mostly driven by derivative losses and a decrease in the fair value of preferred equity securities, as discussed above. 2017 compared to 2016 Adjusted operating income available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders Adjusted operating income available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders increased mainly driven by lower losses and higher premiums, partially offset by lower tax benefits in 2017. Revenues Premiums increased primarily from the seasoning of our larger, more recent in-force blocks of business and from price increases in 2017. The year ended December 31, 2017 included an increase of $10 million attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates. Net investment income increased primarily driven by higher average invested assets. The year ended December 31, 2017 included an increase of $3 million attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates. Net investment gains increased primarily from higher derivative gains on interest rate swaps, cross currency interest rate swaps and foreign currency forward contracts, as well as foreign exchange gains on the sale of non-functional currency investment securities in 2017. The increase was also attributable to impairments in 2016 that did not recur. The year ended December 31, 2017 included a decrease of $4 million attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates. 151 Benefits and expenses Benefits and other changes in policy reserves decreased largely from lower new delinquencies, net of cures, as well as from a lower average reserve per delinquency and from favorable development in our loss reserves as of December 31, 2016. Amortization of DAC and intangibles increased primarily from higher DAC amortization related to our larger, more recent in-force blocks of business. Provision for income taxes. The effective tax rate increased to 32.7% for the year ended December 31, 2017 from 27.7% for the year ended December 31, 2016. The increase in the effective tax rate was primarily attributable to decreased tax benefits from lower taxed foreign income in 2017. Canada Mortgage Insurance selected operating performance measures The following table sets forth selected operating performance measures regarding our Canada Mortgage Insurance segment as of or for the dates indicated: As of or for the years ended December 31, Increase (decrease) and percentage change (Amounts in millions) 2018 2017 2016 2018 vs. 2017 2017 vs. 2016 Primary insurance in-force . . . . . . . . . . . . Risk in-force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . New insurance written . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net premiums written . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $372,000 $130,200 $ 17,000 494 $ $392,500 $137,400 $ 24,200 509 $ $345,600 $121,000 $ 47,800 576 $ $(20,500) $ (7,200) $ (7,200) (15) $ (5)% $ 46,900 (5)% $ 16,400 (30)% $(23,600) (67) (3)% $ 14% 14% (49)% (12)% Our mortgage insurance business in Canada currently provides 100% coverage on the majority of the loans we insure in that market. For the purpose of representing our risk in-force, we have computed an “effective” risk in-force amount, which recognizes that the loss on any particular loan will be reduced by the net proceeds received upon sale of the property. Effective risk in-force has been calculated by applying to insurance in-force a factor that represents our highest expected average per-claim payment for any one underwriting year over the life of our business in Canada. For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, this factor was 35%. 2018 compared to 2017 Primary insurance in-force and risk in-force Excluding the effects of changes in foreign exchange rates, primary insurance in-force and risk in-force increased primarily as a result of flow new insurance written. Primary insurance in-force and risk in-force included decreases of $33.1 billion and $11.6 billion, respectively, attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates. New insurance written New insurance written decreased predominantly from a decrease of $6.9 billion in bulk mortgage insurance written in 2018. The first quarter of 2017 included an increase in bulk insurance volumes primarily due to the closing of several large bulk insurance transactions on applications received in the fourth quarter of 2016 ahead of regulatory changes. New insurance written included an increase of $100 million attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates. Net premiums written Our mortgage insurance policies in Canada provide for single premiums at the time that loan proceeds are advanced. We initially record the single premiums to unearned premium reserves and recognize the premiums earned over time in accordance with the expected pattern of risk emergence. As of December 31, 2018, our 152 unearned premium reserves were $1.5 billion, compared to $1.7 billion as of December 31, 2017. The change in unearned premium reserves included a decrease of $136 million attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates. Net premiums written decreased primarily from lower bulk mortgage insurance written due to regulatory changes, partially offset by an increase in flow premium rates. 2017 compared to 2016 Primary insurance in-force and risk in-force Primary insurance in-force and risk in-force increased primarily as a result of flow new insurance written. Insurance in-force and risk in-force included increases of $26.5 billion and $9.3 billion, respectively, attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates. New insurance written New insurance written decreased primarily as a result of lower bulk mortgage insurance written and flow new insurance written. Bulk mortgage insurance written decreased by $21.5 billion driven principally by regulatory changes, which increased demand in 2016 preceding regulatory changes effective July 1, 2016. In addition, demand for bulk mortgage insurance was lower in 2017 due to a higher average premium rate as a result of higher regulatory capital requirements and additional regulatory changes that became effective on November 30, 2016. Flow new insurance written decreased $2.1 billion primarily due to a smaller market size resulting from regulatory changes effective October 17, 2016. New insurance written included an increase of $600 million attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates. Net premiums written Our mortgage insurance policies in Canada provide for single premiums at the time that loan proceeds are advanced. We initially record the single premiums to unearned premium reserves and recognize the premiums earned over time in accordance with the expected pattern of risk emergence. As of December 31, 2017, our unearned premium reserves were $1.7 billion, compared to $1.6 billion as of December 31, 2016. The increase in unearned premium reserves was primarily driven by an increase of $115 million attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates. Net premiums written decreased primarily from lower bulk mortgage insurance written and lower flow volume due to regulatory changes, partially offset by premium rate increases. Loss and expense ratios The following table sets forth the loss and expense ratios for our Canada Mortgage Insurance segment for the dates indicated: Years ended December 31, Increase (decrease) 2018 2017 2016 2018 vs. 2017 2017 vs. 2016 Loss ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expense ratio (net earned premiums) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expense ratio (net premiums written) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15% 10% 22% 22% 24% 24% 23% 24% 20% 5% (2)% (1)% (12)% — % 4% The loss ratio is the ratio of benefits and other changes in policy reserves to net earned premiums. The expense ratio (net earned premiums) is the ratio of general expenses to net earned premiums. The expense ratio (net premiums written) is the ratio of general expenses to net premiums written. In our mortgage insurance business in Canada, general expenses consist of acquisition and operating expenses, net of deferrals, and amortization of DAC and intangibles. 153 2018 compared to 2017 Loss ratio The loss ratio increased largely from a higher average reserve per delinquency primarily attributable to increased losses in Alberta, less favorable development in our loss reserves and from higher new delinquencies, net of cures, in 2018. Expense ratio (net earned premiums) The expense ratio (net earned premiums) decreased primarily from lower stock-based compensation expense driven mostly by a decrease in Genworth Canada’s share price in 2018. Expense ratio (net premiums written) The expense ratio (net premiums written) decreased primarily from lower stock-based compensation expense and from lower net premiums written in 2018. 2017 compared to 2016 Loss ratio The loss ratio decreased primarily from a decrease in the number of new flow delinquencies, net of cures, and from a lower average reserve per delinquency as a result of improvement in oil-producing regions, home price appreciation, particularly in Ontario, and overall improving regional macroeconomic conditions in 2017. The decrease was also attributable to favorable development related to loss reserves at December 31, 2016. Expense ratio (net earned premiums) The expense ratio (net earned premiums) remained flat as higher stock-based compensation expense from an increase in Genworth Canada’s share price in 2017 was offset by higher premiums from the seasoning of our larger, more recent in-force blocks of business. Expense ratio (net premiums written) The expense ratio (net premiums written) increased primarily from higher stock-based compensation expense, driven mostly by an increase in Genworth Canada’s share price in 2017, and lower net premiums written in 2017. Canada mortgage insurance loan portfolio The following table sets forth selected financial information regarding the loan-to-value ratio of effective risk in-force of our Canada mortgage insurance loan portfolio as of December 31: (Amounts in millions) 2018 2017 2016 95.01% and above . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90.01% to 95.00% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80.01% to 90.00% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80.00% and below . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 44,584 26,254 15,145 44,222 $ 45,545 27,424 16,054 48,353 $ 39,726 24,366 14,569 42,289 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $130,205 $137,376 $120,950 Overall risk in-force decreased in 2018 compared to 2017 primarily as a result of changes in foreign exchange rates, partially offset by flow new insurance written. The year ended December 31, 2018 included a decrease of $11.6 billion attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates. Overall risk in-force increased in 2017 154 compared to 2016 primarily as a result of flow new insurance written. Risk in-force in the 80.00% and below category increased in 2017 compared to 2016 primarily as a result of bulk mortgage insurance written in 2017. Delinquent loans and claims The claim process in our Canada Mortgage Insurance segment is similar to the process we follow in our U.S. mortgage insurance business. See “—U.S. Mortgage Insurance—Delinquent loans and claims.” The following table sets forth the number of loans insured, the number of delinquent loans and the delinquency rate for our Canada mortgage insurance portfolio as of December 31: Primary insured loans in-force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Delinquent loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Percentage of delinquent loans (delinquency rate) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Flow loans in-force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Flow delinquent loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Percentage of flow delinquent loans (delinquency rate) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bulk loans in-force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bulk delinquent loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Percentage of bulk delinquent loans (delinquency rate) 2018 2017 2016 2,143,191 1,684 0.08% 1,499,304 1,310 0.09% 2,110,324 1,718 0.08% 1,447,794 1,369 0.09% 2,029,400 2,070 0.10% 1,394,067 1,693 0.12% 643,887 374 0.06% 662,530 349 0.05% 635,333 377 0.06% Flow mortgage loans in-force increased from new policies written. The number of delinquent loans of our flow mortgage insurance decreased driven primarily by stable housing performance and continued favorable macroeconomic conditions. Primary insurance delinquency rates differ by the various provinces and territories of Canada at any one time depending upon economic conditions and cyclical growth patterns. The table below sets forth our primary delinquency rates for the various provinces and territories of Canada by our risk in-force as of the dates indicated. Delinquency rates are shown by region based upon the location of the underlying property, rather than the location of the lender. By province and territory: Ontario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alberta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British Columbia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Quebec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saskatchewan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nova Scotia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Manitoba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . New Brunswick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . All other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Percent of primary risk in-force as of December 31, 2018 Delinquency rate as of December 31, 2018 2017 2016 47% 17 14 13 3 2 2 1 1 0.03% 0.03% 0.04% 0.18% 0.17% 0.22% 0.04% 0.05% 0.06% 0.10% 0.11% 0.15% 0.28% 0.28% 0.28% 0.13% 0.16% 0.18% 0.10% 0.08% 0.07% 0.10% 0.16% 0.19% 0.19% 0.17% 0.17% Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100% 0.08% 0.08% 0.10% Delinquency rates remained flat compared to December 31, 2017 reflecting regional housing market improvement driven mostly by continued favorable macroeconomic conditions that began in 2017, offset by normalizing macroeconomic conditions in other regions and higher losses in Alberta. As a part of enhanced lender reporting, we receive updated outstanding loans in-force in Canada from almost all of our customers. Based on the data provided by lenders, the delinquency rate as of December 31, 155 2018 was 0.18%, reflecting a lower number of outstanding loans and related policies in-force compared to our reported policies in-force. Australia Mortgage Insurance segment Trends and conditions Results of our mortgage insurance business in Australia are affected primarily by changes in regulatory environments, employment levels, consumer borrowing behavior, lender mortgage-related strategies, including lender servicing practices, and other economic and housing market influences, including interest rate trends, home price appreciation or depreciation, mortgage origination volume, levels and aging of mortgage delinquencies and movements in foreign currency exchange rates. During 2018, the Australian dollar weakened against the U.S. dollar, which negatively impacted the results of our mortgage insurance business in Australia as reported in U.S. dollars. Any future movement in foreign exchange rates could impact future results. The Australian GDP is expected to have experienced solid growth in 2018, supported by increased export volumes, expansion of non-mining business investment and household consumption growth. The cash rate remained flat at 1.50% in 2018. The December 2018 unemployment rate improved to 5.0% from 5.4% at the end of 2017. Home prices in Australia declined in 2018 following consistent growth throughout most of 2017, with December 2018 home values approximately 6% lower than a year ago. The main drivers of the home price declines in the year were the Sydney and Melbourne housing markets, with annual home price declines of approximately 9% and 7%, respectively, as of December 31, 2018. Our mortgage insurance business in Australia completed its annual review of its premium earnings pattern in the fourth quarter of 2018. The review resulted in no changes to the earnings pattern adopted in the fourth quarter of 2017. The premium earnings pattern review performed in the fourth quarter of 2017 indicated an observed and expected continuation of a longer duration between policy inception and first loss event. This was primarily attributable to the economic downturn in mining regions, which comprised a large proportion of incurred losses in 2017, and a prolonged low interest rate environment resulting in robust housing markets in other parts of the country. The review resulted in a refinement of premium recognition factors and a cumulative adjustment that was applied retrospectively as of October 1, 2017. This cumulative adjustment resulted in a decrease to earned premiums of $468 million, an increase to unearned premiums of $468 million, a decrease to DAC amortization of $18 million, and an unfavorable adjustment to net income (loss) of $141 million, net of taxes and noncontrolling interests, for the year ended December 31, 2017. As a result of these changes, earned premiums and amortization of DAC increased in 2018 and is expected to remain at this higher level over the next several years on our existing insurance in-force as compared to 2017, but normalize thereafter as the premiums will be earned over a longer period of time. The application of the new premium earnings pattern only impacts the timing of our premium recognition, as the amount of total earned premiums recognized over the lifetime of the policies is unchanged. As discussed above, the adjustment to our premium earnings pattern was applied on a retrospective basis under U.S. GAAP, however, under local Australian Accounting Standards this adjustment was applied on a prospective basis. Due to this divergence in accounting application, the financial results and certain metrics, such as the loss ratio and expense ratios, for our mortgage insurance business in Australia were materially different between the two accounting standards in 2017 and 2018 and will be different in future periods. Losses in our mortgage insurance business in Australia were modestly higher in 2018 compared to 2017 primarily due to less favorable non-reinsurance recoveries on paid claims and lower cure activity, mostly offset by improved aging of existing delinquencies and lower new delinquencies in 2018. The loss ratio in Australia for 156 the year ended December 31, 2018 was 30%. We expect the 2019 loss ratio in Australia to be similar to the 2018 loss ratio due to moderation in the housing market in New South Wales and Victoria, offset by expected improvement in mining regions. In 2018, our mortgage insurance business in Australia experienced a decrease in new insurance written volumes compared to 2017 due to lower market penetration from a change in customer mix, a lower level of bulk deals completed in 2018 and APRA’s continued focus on lending standards, investment lending and serviceability. The decrease was partially offset by higher mortgage origination volumes from certain key customers. In March 2017, APRA announced changes to reinforce sound mortgage lending practices, focusing on slowing investor growth and limiting the flow of new interest-only lending. These changes resulted in a decline in new insurance written volumes in 2017 and 2018. In December 2018, APRA announced its intention to remove the investor loan growth and interest-only lending benchmarks effective January 1, 2019, subject to certain assurances from ADIs as to the strength of their lending standards. Gross written premiums in 2018 were higher compared to 2017 primarily driven by a new structured insurance transaction completed in 2018 and higher flow new insurance written from increased key customer activity, partially offset by a lower level of bulk deals in 2018. Earned premiums in 2018 were higher compared to 2017 primarily due to updated premium recognition factors from the review of our premium earnings pattern in the fourth quarter of 2017, a new structured insurance transaction completed in 2018 and higher policy cancellations resulting from an initiative implemented in 2018 to more promptly identify loans that have been discharged or refinanced using newly available data. In November 2016, we entered into a new contract with our largest customer, effective January 1, 2017, with a term of three years. During 2018, this customer represented 55% of our gross written premiums. In November 2018, we entered into a new contract with our second largest customer, effective November 21, 2018, with a term of two years and the option to extend for an additional year at the customer’s discretion. This customer represented 16% of our gross written premiums during 2018. The contract with our former second largest customer was terminated by the customer effective April 8, 2017. Our mortgage insurance business in Australia evaluates its capital position in relation to the PCA as determined by APRA and utilizes ICAAP as the framework to ensure that our Australia group of companies as a whole, and each regulated entity, are independently capitalized to meet regulatory requirements. As of December 31, 2018, the estimated PCA ratio of our mortgage insurance business in Australia was approximately 194%, representing an increase from 193% as of December 31, 2017 resulting from portfolio seasoning, policy cancellations and lower production volumes, mostly offset by reduced reinsurance credit, dividends paid and share repurchase activity. 157 Segment results of operations The following table sets forth the results of operations relating to our Australia Mortgage Insurance segment for the periods indicated: (Amounts in millions) Revenues: Premiums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net investment income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net investment gains (losses) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Policy fees and other income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Years ended December 31, Increase (decrease) and percentage change 2018 2017 2016 2018 vs. 2017 2017 vs. 2016 $373 67 (15) $(140) $337 94 9 — 75 25 2 — $513 NM (1) $(477) (11)% (19) 16 (160)% (142)% (20)% 178% 2 NM (1) — — % (8) (40) Total revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427 (40) 440 467 NM (1) (480) (109)% Benefits and expenses: Benefits and other changes in policy reserves . . . . . . . . . . . Acquisition and operating expenses, net of deferrals . . . . . Amortization of deferred acquisition costs and intangibles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 65 43 9 109 67 24 9 113 96 1 (2) (4) 1% (3)% (29) (4)% (30)% 14 79% 19 10 — — % 10 (1) 71% (10)% Total benefits and expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 209 233 18 9% (24) (10)% Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision (benefit) for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income (loss) from continuing operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less: income (loss) from continuing operations attributable to noncontrolling interests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income (loss) from continuing operations available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders . . . . . Adjustments to income (loss) from continuing operations available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders: 200 60 140 70 70 (249) (90) (159) 207 67 140 449 150 299 180% (456) NM (1) 167% (157) NM (1) 188% (299) NM (1) (80) 75 150 188% (155) NM (1) (79) 65 149 189% (144) NM (1) Net investment (gains) losses, net (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Taxes on adjustments 8 (2) (13) 4 (5) 2 21 (6) 162% (150)% (8) 2 (160)% 100% Adjusted operating income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 76 $ (88) $ 62 $164 186% $(150) NM (1) (1) We define “NM” as not meaningful for increases or decreases greater than 200%. (2) For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, net investment (gains) losses were adjusted for the portion of net investment gains (losses) attributable to noncontrolling interests of $(7) million, $12 million and $4 million, respectively. 2018 compared to 2017 Adjusted operating income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders Our mortgage insurance business in Australia had adjusted operating income available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders in 2018 compared to an adjusted operating loss available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders in 2017 largely driven by a net unfavorable adjustment of $141 million from a review of our premium earnings pattern in 2017, which also resulted in higher earned premiums on our existing insurance in-force in 2018 (see “—Critical Accounting Estimates—Unearned premiums” for additional information). The increase was partially offset by lower net investment income in 2018. 158 Revenues Premiums increased predominantly from a review of our premium earnings pattern in 2017, which reduced our earned premiums by $468 million in 2017 and increased our earned premiums on our existing insurance in-force in 2018 (see “—Critical Accounting Estimates—Unearned premiums” for additional information). The increase was also attributable to a new structured insurance transaction and higher policy cancellations resulting from an initiative implemented in 2018 to more promptly identify loans that have been discharged or refinanced using newly available data. Net investment income decreased primarily from lower average invested assets in 2018. Net investment losses in 2018 were largely from derivative losses and changes in the fair market value of equity securities, partially offset by net gains from the sale of investment securities. Net investment gains in 2017 were predominantly from net gains from the sale of investment securities, partially offset by impairments and derivative losses. Benefits and expenses Benefits and other changes in policy reserves increased largely attributable to less favorable non-reinsurance recoveries on paid claims and lower cure activity, mostly offset by improved aging of existing delinquencies and lower new delinquencies in 2018. The year ended December 31, 2018 included a decrease of $2 million attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates. Amortization of DAC and intangibles increased primarily as a result of an $18 million decrease in amortization of DAC in 2017 related to our premium earnings pattern review that did not recur and higher contract fees amortization in 2018. Provision (benefit) for income taxes. The effective tax rate decreased to 30.0% for the year ended December 31, 2018 from 36.2% for the year ended December 31, 2017. The decrease in the effective tax rate was primarily attributable to the change from a worldwide tax system to a territorial system under the TCJA. As a result, we are now generally taxed at our jurisdictional rate. Income (loss) from continuing operations attributable to noncontrolling interests. The loss from continuing operations attributable to noncontrolling interests in 2017 was predominantly related to the completion of our premium earnings pattern review, which resulted in an unfavorable adjustment of $151 million. 2017 compared to 2016 Adjusted operating income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders Our mortgage insurance business in Australia had an adjusted operating loss available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders in 2017 compared to adjusted operating income available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders in 2016 largely driven by a net unfavorable adjustment of $141 million from a review of our premium earnings pattern in 2017. The review indicated an observed and expected continuation of a longer duration between policy inception and first loss event (see “—Critical Accounting Estimates” for additional information). The decrease was also attributable to lower investment income in 2017. Revenues Premiums decreased predominantly from a review of our premium earnings pattern, which reduced our earned premiums by $468 million in 2017 (see “—Critical Accounting Estimates—Unearned premiums” for additional information). The decrease was also attributable to the seasoning of our smaller in-force blocks of business in 2016. 159 Net investment income decreased primarily from lower yields in 2017. Net investment gains increased predominantly from higher net gains from the sale of investment securities due to the rebalancing of our portfolio, partially offset by impairments and derivative losses in 2017. Benefits and expenses Benefits and other changes in policy reserves decreased largely attributable to $7 million of favorable non-reinsurance recoveries on paid claims in 2017 and a higher net benefit from cures and aging of existing delinquencies, partially offset by higher new delinquencies primarily in commodity-dependent regions in 2017. The year ended December 31, 2017 included an increase of $3 million attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates. Acquisition and operating expenses, net of deferrals, decreased primarily from a change in the classification of contract fees amortization expense, which we began recording to amortization of DAC and intangibles in the second quarter of 2017, as well as lower employee compensation and benefit expenses and a decrease in professional fees in 2017. Amortization of DAC and intangibles increased as a result of a change in the classification of contract fees amortization expense that was previously recorded to acquisition and operating expenses, net of deferrals, as discussed above, and higher contract fees being amortized in 2017. These increases were partially offset by an $18 million decrease in amortization of DAC related to our premium earnings pattern review in 2017 (see “—Critical Accounting Estimates—Deferred acquisition costs” for additional information). Provision (benefit) for income taxes. The effective tax rate of 36.2% for the year ended December 31, 2017 was driven mostly by lower foreign tax rates in relation to our pre-tax loss. The effective tax rate of 32.3% for the year ended December 31, 2016 was predominantly related to lower foreign tax rates in relation to pre-tax income. Income (loss) from continuing operations attributable to noncontrolling interests. The loss from continuing operations attributable to noncontrolling interests in 2017 was predominantly related to the completion of a premium earnings pattern review, which resulted in an unfavorable adjustment of $151 million. Australia Mortgage Insurance selected operating performance measures As of December 31, 2018, our mortgage insurance business in Australia had structured insurance transactions with two lenders where it was in a secondary loss position. The insurance portfolio metrics associated with these transactions, which include insurance in-force, risk in-force, new insurance written, loans in-force and delinquent loans, are excluded from the following tables. These arrangements represented approximately $154 million of risk in-force as of December 31, 2018. 160 The following table sets forth selected operating performance measures regarding our Australia Mortgage Insurance segment as of or for the dates indicated: As of or for the years ended December 31, Increase (decrease) and percentage change (Amounts in millions) 2018 2017 2016 2018 vs. 2017 2017 vs. 2016 Primary insurance in-force . . . . . . . . . . . . Risk in-force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . New insurance written . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net premiums written . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $218,200 $ 76,000 $ 16,600 242 $ $251,400 $ 87,500 $ 18,300 231 $ $234,000 $ 81,400 $ 19,800 231 $ $(33,200) $(11,500) $ (1,700) 11 $ (13)% $17,400 7% (13)% $ 6,100 7% (8)% (9)% $ (1,500) 5% $ — — % Our mortgage insurance business in Australia currently provides 100% coverage on the majority of the loans we insure in those markets. For the purpose of representing our risk in-force, we have computed an “effective” risk in-force amount, which recognizes that the loss on any particular loan will be reduced by the net proceeds received upon sale of the property. Effective risk in-force has been calculated by applying to insurance in-force a factor that represents our highest expected average per-claim payment for any one underwriting year over the life of our business in Australia. For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, this factor was 35%. We also have certain risk share arrangements where we provide pro-rata coverage of certain loans rather than 100% coverage. As a result, for loans with these risk share arrangements, the applicable pro-rata coverage amount provided is used when applying the factor. 2018 compared to 2017 Primary insurance in-force and risk in-force Primary insurance in-force and risk in-force decreased primarily due to changes in foreign exchange rates, portfolio seasoning and lower production volumes. Primary insurance in-force and risk in-force included decreases of $25.1 billion and $8.7 billion, respectively, attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates. New insurance written New insurance written decreased for the year ended December 31, 2018 mainly due to lower market penetration from a change in customer mix and lower bulk insurance written from continued regulatory changes focused on lending standards, investment lending and serviceability. These decreases were partially offset by higher mortgage origination volume from certain key customers. The year ended December 31, 2018 included a decrease of $400 million attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates. Net premiums written Most of our Australian mortgage insurance policies provide for single premiums at the time that loan proceeds are advanced. We initially record the single premiums to unearned premium reserves and recognize the premiums earned over time in accordance with the expected pattern of risk emergence. As of December 31, 2018, our unearned premium reserves were $1.1 billion, compared to $1.3 billion as of December 31, 2017. Unearned premium reserves decreased primarily from higher earned premiums in 2018 as a result of a review of our premium earnings pattern in 2017, partially offset by higher premiums written as discussed below. The change in unearned premiums also included a decrease of $116 million attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates. Net premiums written increased mainly from a new structured insurance transaction completed in 2018 and higher mortgage origination volume from certain key customers, partially offset by a decrease in bulk activity in 2018. The year ended December 31, 2018 included a decrease of $6 million attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates. 161 2017 compared to 2016 Primary insurance in-force and risk in-force Primary insurance in-force and risk in-force increased primarily from increases of $19.2 billion and $6.7 billion, respectively, attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates. New insurance written New insurance written decreased for the year ended December 31, 2017 mainly attributable to lower market penetration from a change in customer mix, partially offset by higher bulk mortgage insurance written. The year ended December 31, 2017 included an increase of $600 million attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates. Net premiums written Most of our Australian mortgage insurance policies provide for single premiums at the time that loan proceeds are advanced. We initially record the single premiums to unearned premium reserves and recognize the premiums earned over time in accordance with the expected pattern of risk emergence. As of December 31, 2017, our unearned premium reserves were $1.3 billion, compared to $850 million as of December 31, 2016. The change in unearned premiums was primarily related to a review of our premium earnings pattern, which resulted in an increase of $468 million (see “—Critical Accounting Estimates—Unearned premiums” for additional information). This increase was partially offset by lower premiums written in 2017 primarily from lower market penetration from a change in customer mix. The change in unearned premiums also included an increase of $98 million attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates. Excluding the effects of changes in foreign exchange rates, net premiums written decreased primarily from lower market penetration from a change in customer mix. The year ended December 31, 2017 included an increase of $7 million attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates. Loss and expense ratios The following table sets forth the loss and expense ratios for our Australia Mortgage Insurance segment for the dates indicated: Years ended December 31, Increase (decrease) 2018 2017 2016 2018 vs. 2017 2017 vs. 2016 Loss ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expense ratio (net earned premiums) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expense ratio (net premiums written) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30% (79)% 34% 29% (65)% 33% 45% 39% 47% 109% 94% 6% (113)% (98)% (8)% The loss ratio is the ratio of benefits and other changes in policy reserves to net earned premiums. The expense ratio (net earned premiums) is the ratio of general expenses to net earned premiums. The expense ratio (net premiums written) is the ratio of general expenses to net premiums written. In our mortgage insurance business in Australia, general expenses consist of acquisition and operating expenses, net of deferrals, and amortization of DAC and intangibles. 2018 compared to 2017 Loss ratio The loss ratio increased for the year ended December 31, 2018 primarily driven by a review of our premium earnings pattern in 2017, which resulted in a reduction to earned premiums of $468 million that did not recur. This adjustment reduced the loss ratio by 112% in 2017. Excluding the impact of this adjustment, the loss ratio 162 decreased primarily from higher earned premiums in 2018 on our existing insurance in-force as a result of the review of our premium earnings pattern and higher policy cancellations resulting from an initiative implemented in 2018 to more promptly identify loans that have been discharged or refinanced using newly available data. These decreases were partially offset by higher losses in 2018 largely from less favorable non-reinsurance recoveries on paid claims and lower cure activity in 2018. Expense ratio (net earned premiums) The expense ratio (net earned premiums) increased primarily from a review of our premium earnings pattern in 2017, which resulted in a decrease in earned premiums of $468 million and a decrease in amortization of DAC of $18 million that did not recur. These adjustments reduced the expense ratio (net earned premiums) by 98% in 2017. Excluding the impact of these adjustments, the expense ratio (net earned premiums) decreased primarily from higher net earned premiums in 2018, as discussed above. Expense ratio (net premiums written) The expense ratio (net premiums written) increased primarily from an $18 million decrease in amortization of DAC as a result of a review of our premium earnings pattern in 2017 as discussed above. This adjustment reduced the expense ratio (net premiums written) by eight percentage points in 2017. Excluding the impact of these adjustments, the expense ratio (net premiums written) decreased primarily from higher net premiums written in 2018. 2017 compared to 2016 Loss ratio The loss ratio decreased for the year ended December 31, 2017 primarily driven by a review of our premium earnings pattern, which decreased earned premiums by $468 million in 2017. The review indicated an observed and expected continuation of a longer duration between policy inception and first loss event. This adjustment reduced the loss ratio by 112% in 2017. In addition, losses were lower largely driven by $7 million of favorable non-reinsurance recoveries on paid claims and higher net benefits from cures and aging of existing delinquencies, partially offset by higher new delinquencies predominantly in commodity-dependent regions in 2017. Expense ratio (net earned premiums) The expense ratio (net earned premiums) decreased primarily from a review of our premium earnings pattern, which decreased earned premiums by $468 million and decreased amortization of DAC by $18 million (see “—Critical Accounting Estimates” for additional information). These adjustments reduced the expense ratio (net earned premiums) by 98% in 2017. Expense ratio (net premiums written) The expense ratio (net premiums written) decreased primarily from an $18 million decrease in amortization of DAC as a result of a review of our premium earnings pattern in 2017 as discussed above. This adjustment reduced the expense ratio (net premiums written) by eight percentage points in 2017. 163 Australia mortgage insurance loan portfolio The following table sets forth selected financial information regarding the loan-to-value ratio of effective risk in-force of our Australia mortgage insurance loan portfolio as of December 31: (Amounts in millions) 2018 2017 2016 95.01% and above . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90.01% to 95.00% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80.01% to 90.00% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80.00% and below . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $11,261 21,081 22,475 21,161 $13,849 23,849 24,524 25,258 $13,775 21,593 21,971 24,094 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $75,978 $87,480 $81,433 Overall risk in-force decreased $8.7 billion attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates in 2018 and increased $6.7 billion attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates in 2017. Delinquent loans and claims The claim process in our Australia Mortgage Insurance segment is similar to the process we follow in our U.S. mortgage insurance business. See “—U.S. Mortgage Insurance—Delinquent loans and claims.” The following table sets forth the number of loans insured, the number of delinquent loans and the delinquency rate for our Australia mortgage insurance portfolio as of December 31: Primary insured loans in-force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Delinquent loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Percentage of delinquent loans (delinquency rate) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Flow loans in-force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Flow delinquent loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Percentage of flow delinquent loans (delinquency rate) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bulk loans in-force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bulk delinquent loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Percentage of bulk delinquent loans (delinquency rate) 2018 2017 2016 1,332,906 7,145 0.54% 1,226,219 6,931 0.57% 1,416,525 6,696 0.47% 1,303,928 6,476 0.50% 1,464,139 6,731 0.46% 1,354,616 6,451 0.48% 106,687 214 0.20% 112,597 220 0.20% 109,523 280 0.26% Flow loans in-force decreased primarily from policy cancellations. Flow delinquent loans increased primarily from lower cures in 2018. 164 Primary insurance delinquency rates differ by the various states and territories of Australia at any one time depending upon economic conditions and cyclical growth patterns. The table below sets forth our primary delinquency rates for the states and territories of Australia by our risk in-force as of the dates indicated. Delinquency rates are shown by region based upon the location of the underlying property, rather than the location of the lender. By state and territory: New South Wales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Queensland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Victoria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Western Australia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . South Australia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Australian Capital Territory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tasmania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . New Zealand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Northern Territory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Percent of primary risk in-force as of December 31, 2018 Delinquency rate as of December 31, 2018 2017 2016 27% 23 23 13 6 3 2 2 1 0.38% 0.31% 0.30% 0.70% 0.67% 0.66% 0.40% 0.37% 0.38% 0.98% 0.83% 0.74% 0.68% 0.60% 0.61% 0.17% 0.14% 0.17% 0.31% 0.32% 0.35% 0.05% 0.04% 0.07% 0.68% 0.48% 0.36% Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100% 0.54% 0.47% 0.46% Delinquency rates increased mainly from decreased flow loans in-force as a result of higher policy cancellations and from lower cures in 2018. U.S. Life Insurance segment Trends and conditions Results of our U.S. life insurance businesses depend significantly upon the extent to which our actual future experience is consistent with assumptions and methodologies we have used in calculating our reserves. Many factors can affect the reserves in our U.S. life insurance businesses. Because these factors are not known in advance, change over time, are difficult to accurately predict and are inherently uncertain, we cannot determine with precision the ultimate amounts we will pay for actual claims or the timing of those payments. We will continue to monitor our experience and assumptions closely and make changes to our assumptions and methodologies, as appropriate, for our U.S. life insurance products. Even small changes in assumptions or small deviations of actual experience from assumptions can have, and in the past have had, material impacts on our DAC amortization, reserve levels, results of operations and financial condition. We perform loss recognition testing to ensure that the current reserves along with the present value of future gross premiums are sufficient to cover the present value of future expected claims and expense, as well as recover the unamortized portion of DAC and, if any, PVFP. If the loss recognition test indicates a deficiency in the ability to pay all future claims and expenses, including the amortization of DAC and PVFP, a loss is recognized in earnings as an impairment of the DAC and/or PVFP balance and, if the loss is greater than the DAC and/or PVFP balance, by an increase in reserves. Our liability for policy and contract claims is reviewed quarterly and we conduct a review of our claim reserve assumptions for our long-term care insurance business annually typically during the third quarter of each year. We completed our annual review of claim reserve assumptions for our long-term care insurance business in the fourth quarter of 2018. See “Long-term care insurance” below for more details. Our liability for future policy benefits is reviewed at least annually as a part of our loss recognition testing typically performed in the third or fourth quarter of each year. As part of loss recognition testing, we also review the recoverability of DAC and PVFP at least annually. In addition, we perform cash flow testing separately for each of our U.S. life insurance companies on a statutory accounting 165 basis annually. In the fourth quarter of 2018, we performed assumption reviews for our universal and term universal life insurance products as well as for our other U.S. life insurance products, including our long-term care insurance products, and completed our loss recognition testing. For our acquired block of long-term care insurance business and our fixed immediate annuity products, we monitor these blocks more frequently than annually given the premium deficiencies that existed in previous periods. In addition, given the low margin of our term and whole life insurance products, excluding our acquired block, as of December 31, 2017, we monitor this block more frequently than annually. Our U.S. Life Insurance segment will continue to migrate to a new valuation and projection platform for certain lines of business, while we upgrade platforms for other lines of business. The migration and upgrades are part of our ongoing efforts to improve the infrastructure and capabilities of our information systems and our routine assessment and refinement of financial, actuarial, investment and risk management capabilities and processes enterprise wide. These efforts will also provide our U.S. Life Insurance segment with improved platforms to support emerging accounting guidance and ongoing changes in capital regulations. Concurrently, actuarial processes and methodologies will be reviewed, and may result in additional refinements to our models and/or assumptions. Any material changes in balances, margins or income trends that may result from these activities will be disclosed accordingly. We intend to continue developing our modeling capabilities in our various businesses, including for our long-term care insurance projections where we migrated substantially all of our retained long-term care insurance business to this new modeling system in 2016 and 2017. The new modeling system values and forecasts associated liability cash flows and policyholder behavior at a more granular level than our previous system. Results of our U.S. life insurance businesses are also impacted by interest rates. Low interest rates put pressure on the profitability and returns of these businesses as higher yielding investments mature and are replaced with lower-yielding investments. We seek to manage the impact of low interest rates through asset- liability management as well as interest rate hedging strategies for a portion of our long-term care insurance product cash flows. Additionally, certain products have implicit and explicit rate guarantees or optionality that are significantly impacted by changes in interest rates. For a further discussion of the impact of interest rates on our U.S. life insurance businesses, see “Item 7A—Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.” Our U.S. life insurance subsidiaries are subject to the NAIC’s RBC standards and other minimum statutory capital and surplus requirements. The consolidated RBC ratio of our U.S. domiciled life insurance subsidiaries was approximately 199% and 282% as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The RBC of each of our U.S. life insurance subsidiaries exceeded the level of RBC that would require any of them to take or become subject to any corrective action in their respective domiciliary state as of December 31, 2018. However, the RBC ratio of our U.S. life insurance subsidiaries has declined over the past few years as a result of statutory losses driven by increases in our statutory reserves, including results of Actuarial Guideline 38, cash flow testing and assumption reviews particularly in our long-term care insurance business. Any future statutory losses would decrease the RBC ratio of our U.S. life insurance subsidiaries. Further declines in the RBC ratio of our life insurance subsidiaries could adversely affect their financial strength ratings. Long-term care insurance Results of our long-term care insurance business are influenced primarily by our ability to achieve in-force rate actions, morbidity, mortality, persistency, investment yields, expenses, sales, changes in regulations and reinsurance. Sales of our products are impacted by the relative competitiveness of our ratings, product features, pricing and commission levels and the impact of in-force rate actions on distribution and consumer demand. Changes in regulations or government programs, including long-term care insurance rate action legislation, could impact our long-term care insurance business either positively or negatively. Our liability for policy and contract claims is reviewed quarterly and we conduct a detailed review of our claim reserve assumptions for our long-term care insurance business annually typically during the third quarter of 166 each year. We completed our annual review of claim reserve assumptions and methodologies for our long-term care insurance business in the fourth quarter of 2018 and recorded higher claim reserves of $308 million and reinsurance recoverables of $17 million. Based on this review, we updated several assumptions and methodologies, including benefit utilization rates, claim termination rates and other assumptions. The primary impact related to increasing later duration utilization assumptions for claims with lifetime benefits. During the third quarter of 2017, we reviewed our assumptions and methodologies relating to our claim reserves of our long- term care insurance business but did not make any significant changes to the assumptions or methodologies, other than routine updates to investment returns and benefit utilization rates as we typically do each quarter. For a discussion of additional information related to changes to our assumptions and methodologies to our long-term care insurance claim reserves, see “—Critical Accounting Estimates—Liability for policy and contract claims.” In the fourth quarter of 2018, we also completed our loss recognition and cash flow testing and reviewed assumptions for future policy benefits, or active life reserves, for our long-term care insurance business. As of December 31, 2018, our loss recognition testing margins for our long-term care insurance business, excluding the acquired block, were positive but were slightly reduced from the 2017 level. We continue to test our acquired block of long-term care insurance separately. In 2018, our loss recognition testing margin for the acquired block was positive and slightly higher than the 2017 level. We will continue to regularly review our methodologies and assumptions in light of emerging experience and may be required to make adjustments to our long-term care insurance reserves in the future, which could also impact our loss recognition and cash flow testing results. For a discussion of additional information related to margins for our long-term care insurance business, see “ —Critical Accounting Estimates—Future policy benefits.” Our assumptions are sensitive to slight variability in actual experience and small changes in assumptions could result in decreases in the margin of our long-term care insurance blocks to at/or below zero in future years. To the extent, based on reviews, the margin of our long-term care insurance block, excluding the acquired block, is negative, we would be required to recognize a loss, by amortizing more DAC and/or establishing additional benefit reserves. For our acquired block of long-term care insurance, the impacts of adverse changes in assumptions would also be reflected as a loss if our margin for this block is reduced below zero by establishing additional benefit reserves. A significant decrease in our loss recognition testing margin of our long-term care insurance blocks could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. In connection with the updated assumptions and methodologies that increased claim reserves on existing claims in our recent reviews, we now establish higher claim reserves on new claims, which decreased earnings in 2017 and 2018 and we expect will decrease earnings going forward as higher reserves are recorded. Additionally, average claim reserves for new claims are higher as the mix of claims continues to evolve, with an increasing number of policies with higher daily benefit amounts and higher inflation factors going on claim. Also, we expect growth in new claims as our blocks of business continue to age. We experience volatility in our loss ratios caused by variances in policy terminations, claim terminations, claim severity and claim counts. Our approved in-force rate actions may also cause fluctuations in our loss ratios during the period when reserves are adjusted to reflect policyholders electing benefit reductions or non-forfeiture options within their policy coverage. In addition, we periodically review our reserve assumptions and methodologies based upon developing experience, which may result in changes to claim reserves and loss recognition testing results, causing volatility in our operating results and loss ratios. Our loss ratio was 95% for the year ended December 31, 2018 reflecting our updated assumptions and methodologies from our review in the fourth quarter of 2018 and 76% for the year ended December 31, 2017. As a result of ongoing challenges in our long-term care insurance business, we continue pursuing initiatives to improve the risk and profitability profile of our business including: premium rate increases and associated benefit reductions on our in-force policies; product refinements; changes to our current product offerings in certain states; new distribution strategies; refining underwriting requirements; managing expense levels; actively 167 exploring additional reinsurance strategies; executing investment strategies targeting higher returns; enhancing our financial and actuarial analytical capabilities; and considering other actions to improve the performance of the overall business. These efforts include a plan for significant future in-force premium rate increases and associated benefit reductions. For an update on in-force rate actions, refer to “Significant Developments—U.S. Life Insurance.” As of December 31, 2018, we have suspended sales in Hawaii, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Vermont and Montana, and will consider taking similar actions in the future in other states where we are unable to obtain satisfactory rate increases on in-force policies and/or unable to obtain approval for new products. We will also consider litigation against states that decline actuarially justified rate increases. As of December 31, 2018, we were in litigation with one state that has refused to approve actuarially justified in-force rate actions. The approval process for in-force premium rate increases and the amount and timing of the rate increases approved vary by state. In certain states, the decision to approve or disapprove a rate increase can take a significant amount of time, and the approved amount may be phased in over time. After approval, insureds are provided with written notice of the increase and increases are generally applied on the insured’s next policy anniversary date. As a result, the benefits of any rate increase are not fully realized until the implementation cycle is complete and are, therefore, expected to be realized over time. The TCJA signed into law on December 22, 2017 reduced the U.S. corporate federal income tax rate to 21% effective for taxable years beginning on January 1, 2018. Therefore, beginning on January 1, 2018, our U.S. Life Insurance segment is taxed at the new enacted tax rate of 21%. However, gains on forward starting swaps settled prior to the enactment of the TCJA will continue to be tax effected at 35% as they are amortized into net investment income. This will negatively impact our long-term care insurance business given the majority of our forward starting swaps are in this business. We also manage risk and capital allocated to our long-term care insurance business through utilization of external reinsurance in the form of coinsurance. We executed external reinsurance agreements to reinsure 20% of all sales of our individual long-term care insurance products that have been introduced since early 2013. External new business reinsurance is dependent on a number of factors, including price, availability, risk tolerance and capital levels. Over time, there can be no assurance that affordable, or any, reinsurance will continue to be available. We also have external reinsurance on some older blocks of business which includes a treaty on a yearly renewable term basis on business that was written between 1998 and 2003. This yearly renewable term reinsurance provides coverage for claims on those policies for 15 years after the policy was written. After 15 years, reinsurance coverage ends for policies not on claim, while reinsurance coverage continues for policies on claim until the claim ends. The 15-year coverage on the policies written in 2003 expired in 2018; therefore, any new claims will not have reinsurance coverage under this treaty. Since 2013, we have seen, and may continue to see, an increase in our benefit costs as policies with reinsurance coverage exhaust their benefits or terminate and policies which are not covered by reinsurance go on claim. Sales of our long-term care insurance business remain low due to our current ratings. Additionally, effective April 1, 2018, we suspended sales of our long-term care insurance products in Florida. Despite our low sales levels in our long-term care insurance business and our current ratings, we continue to evaluate new products and market trends to meet consumer needs. Life insurance Results of our life insurance business are impacted primarily by mortality, persistency, investment yields, expenses, reinsurance and statutory reserve requirements, among other factors. Effective March 7, 2016, we suspended sales of our traditional life insurance products. We review our life insurance assumptions in detail at least annually typically in the third or fourth quarter of each year. In the fourth quarters of 2018 and 2017, we performed our annual review of life insurance assumptions and completed our loss recognition testing for our universal and term universal life insurance 168 products. As part of our assumption review in the fourth quarter of 2018, we recorded $91 million of after-tax charges in our universal and term universal life insurance products primarily driven by assumption changes due to lower expected growth in interest rates and emerging mortality experience primarily in our term universal life insurance product. As part of our assumption review in the fourth quarter of 2017, we recorded $74 million of after-tax charges in our universal and term universal life insurance products primarily driven by assumption changes due to emerging mortality experience as well as adjustments from continued low interest rates. For a discussion of additional information related to changes to our life insurance assumptions, see “—Critical Accounting Estimates.” Mortality levels may deviate each period from historical trends. In recent periods, we have experienced higher mortality than our then current assumptions. In 2016, we implemented an updated mortality table for our life insurance products. This updated table improved our mortality rates in younger ages but deteriorated mortality rates in older ages. In 2017 and in fourth quarter of 2018, we updated assumptions for certain universal and term universal life insurance products. Our mortality experience for older ages and post level premium periods is emerging. We will continue to regularly review our mortality assumptions as well as all of our other assumptions in light of emerging experience and may be required to make further adjustments to our universal and term universal life insurance reserves in the future, which could also impact our loss recognition testing results. Any further materially adverse changes to our assumptions, including mortality, may have a materially negative impact on our results of operations, financial condition and business. Between 1999 and 2009, we had a significant increase in term life insurance sales, as compared to 1998 and prior years. As our 15-year level premium period term life insurance policies written in 1999 and 2000 transitioned to their post level guaranteed premium rate period, we have experienced lower persistency compared to our pricing and valuation assumptions. The blocks of business issued since 2000 vary in size as compared to the 1999 and 2000 blocks of business. Accordingly, in the future, as additional 10-, 15- and 20-year level premium period blocks enter their post level guaranteed premium rate period, we expect to experience volatility in DAC amortization, premiums and mortality experience, which we expect to reduce profitability in our term life insurance products, in amounts that could be material, if persistency is lower than our original assumptions as it has been on our 10- and 15-year level premium period business written in 1999 and 2000. In 2018 and 2017, we experienced higher lapses and accelerated DAC amortization associated with our large 15-year and 20-year level premium period term life insurance blocks entering their post level guaranteed premium rate periods. We anticipate this trend will continue with accompanying higher DAC amortization and lower profitability as larger blocks reach the end of their level premium periods through 2020, especially for our 2000 block, and will continue as our other blocks reach their post guaranteed level premium rate period. As of December 31, 2018, our term life insurance products had a DAC balance of $1.3 billion. We have also taken actions to mitigate potentially unfavorable impacts through the use of reinsurance, particularly for certain term life insurance policies issued between 2001 and 2004. Fixed annuities Results of our fixed annuities business are affected primarily by investment performance, interest rate levels, the slope of the interest rate yield curve, net interest spreads, equity market conditions, mortality, persistency, and expense and commission levels. Effective March 7, 2016, we suspended sales of our traditional fixed annuity products. We monitor and change crediting rates on fixed annuities on a regular basis to maintain spreads and targeted returns, if applicable. However, if interest rates remain at current levels or decrease, we could see declines in spreads which impact the margins on our products, particularly our fixed immediate annuity products. Due to the premium deficiency that existed in 2016 we continue to monitor our fixed immediate annuity products more frequently than annually and recorded additional charges during 2017 and the fourth quarter of 2018. If interest rates remain at the current levels or increase at a slower pace than we assumed, we could incur additional charges in the future. The impacts of future adverse changes in our assumptions would result in the establishment of 169 additional future policy benefit reserves and would be immediately reflected as a loss if our margin for this block is again reduced below zero. Any favorable variation would result in additional margin but no immediate benefit to income and would result in higher income recognition over the remaining duration of the in-force block. For additional information, see “—Critical Accounting Estimates—Policyholder account balances.” For fixed indexed annuities, equity market performance and volatility could also result in additional gains or losses, although associated hedging activities are expected to partially mitigate these impacts. Segment results of operations The following table sets forth the results of operations relating to our U.S. Life Insurance segment for the periods indicated: Years ended December 31, Increase (decrease) and percentage change (Amounts in millions) 2018 2017 2016 2018 vs. 2017 2017 vs. 2016 Revenues: Premiums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net investment income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net investment gains (losses) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Policy fees and other income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2,867 2,781 29 641 $2,922 2,755 134 660 $2,670 2,726 128 726 $ (55) 26 (105) (19) (2)% $ 252 29 1% (78)% 6 (3)% (66) Total revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,318 6,471 6,250 (153) (2)% 221 9% 1% 5% (9)% 4% Benefits and expenses: Benefits and other changes in policy reserves . . . . . . Interest credited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquisition and operating expenses, net of deferrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of deferred acquisition costs and intangibles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,416 461 4,880 506 4,822 565 536 (45) 11% 58 (9)% (59) 1% (10)% 584 257 16 572 328 13 648 403 38 12 2% (76) (12)% (71) 3 435 (22)% (75) (25) 23% (19)% (66)% 7% (177) (3)% Total benefits and expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,734 6,299 6,476 Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision (benefit) for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income (loss) from continuing operations . . . . . . . . . Adjustments to income (loss) from continuing operations: Net investment (gains) losses, net (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . Losses from life block transactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expenses related to restructuring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gains on sale of businesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Taxes on adjustments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adjusted operating income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (416) (68) (348) 172 60 112 (226) (80) (588) NM (1) (128) NM (1) (146) (460) NM (1) 398 140 258 176% 175% 177% (35) — — — 7 (138) — — — 48 (133) 103 75% 9 — — % 19 — — % (1) — — % (85)% (41) 37 (5) (9) (19) 1 11 (4)% (100)% (100)% 100% 30% $ (376) $ 22 $ (215) $(398) NM (1) $ 237 110% (1) We define “NM” as not meaningful for increases or decreases greater than 200%. (2) For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, net investment (gains) losses were adjusted for DAC and other intangible amortization and certain benefit reserves of $(6) million, $(4) million and $(5) million, respectively. 170 The following table sets forth adjusted operating income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders for the businesses included in our U.S. Life Insurance segment for the periods indicated: (Amounts in millions) Years ended December 31, Increase (decrease) and percentage change 2018 2017 2016 2018 vs. 2017 2017 vs. 2016 Adjusted operating income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders: Long-term care insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Life insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fixed annuities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $(348) $ 59 (79) (107) 42 79 Total adjusted operating income (loss) available to $(200) $(407) NM (1) $259 (35)% 4 88% (26) (28) 37 (83) 68 130% 5% (38)% Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders . . . . . . $(376) $ 22 $(215) $(398) NM (1) $237 110% (1) We define “NM” as not meaningful for increases or decreases greater than 200%. 2018 compared to 2017 Adjusted operating income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders • Our long-term care insurance business had an adjusted operating loss available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders of $348 million in 2018 compared to adjusted operating income available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders of $59 million in 2017. The decrease to a loss in 2018 from income in 2017 was predominantly attributable to the completion of our annual review of our claim reserves in the fourth quarter of 2018 which resulted in higher claim reserves of $230 million (see “—Critical Accounting Estimates—Liability for policy and contract claims” for additional information). We also refined our estimate of unreported policy terminations, which resulted in an unfavorable reserve adjustment of $28 million in 2018. The decrease was also related to unfavorable existing claim performance from higher utilization of available benefits and lower terminations, as well as higher severity of new claims in 2018. These decreases were partially offset by higher premiums and benefit reductions in 2018 from in-force rate actions approved and implemented. • The adjusted operating loss available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders in our life insurance business increased $28 million primarily from higher ceded reinsurance and unfavorable mortality in our universal and term universal life insurance products. These increases were partially offset by favorable mortality in our term life insurance products, lower taxes and 2017 transactions that did not recur: a $20 million net unfavorable term conversion mortality assumption correction and a net $15 million unfavorable model refinement. • Adjusted operating income available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders increased $37 million in our fixed annuities business mainly attributable to $41 million of lower unfavorable charges in connection with loss recognition testing in our fixed immediate annuity products (see “—Critical Accounting Estimates—Future policy benefits” for additional information) and from lower interest credited in 2018. These decreases were partially offset by lower investment income in 2018. Revenues Premiums • Our long-term care insurance business increased $68 million largely from $70 million of increased premiums in 2018 from in-force rate actions approved and implemented and from a $60 million 171 unfavorable correction in 2017 related to certain limited pay policies that had reached their paid up status that did not recur. These increases were partially offset by policy terminations in 2018. • Our life insurance business decreased $123 million mainly attributable to higher ceded premiums in 2018 from new reinsurance treaties effective in December 2017 and the continued runoff of our term life insurance products in 2018. Net investment income. The increase was primarily attributable to our long-term care insurance and life insurance businesses, which increased $96 million and $12 million, respectively, largely from higher average invested assets in 2018. These increases were partially offset by an $82 million decrease in our fixed annuities business primarily due to lower average invested assets in 2018. Net investment gains (losses) • Net investment gains in our long-term care insurance business decreased $28 million primarily related to lower net gains from the sale of investment securities, partially offset by gains on equity securities related to changes in fair value and higher derivative gains in 2018. • Our life insurance business had net investment losses of $6 million in 2018 compared to net investment gains of $26 million in 2017. The change to net investment losses in 2018 was mainly driven by losses from the sale of investment securities in 2018 compared to gains in 2017, partially offset by higher gains on embedded derivatives associated with our indexed universal life insurance products in 2018. • Our fixed annuities business had net investment losses of $24 million in 2018 compared to net investment gains of $21 million in 2017. The change to net investment losses in 2018 was mainly driven by derivative losses and net losses from the sale of investment securities in 2018 compared to derivative gains and net gains from the sale of investment securities in 2017. These losses were partially offset by gains on embedded derivatives related to our fixed indexed annuity products in 2018 compared to losses in 2017. Policy fees and other income. The decrease was mostly attributable to our life insurance business primarily as a result of a decline in our term universal and universal life insurance in-force blocks in 2018. The decrease was also related to an unfavorable unlocking of $7 million in our universal and term universal life insurance products as part of our annual review of assumptions in the fourth quarter of 2018 compared to a favorable unlocking of $3 million in 2017. These decreases were partially offset by an $8 million unfavorable model refinement in 2017 that did not recur. Benefits and expenses Benefits and other changes in policy reserves • Our long-term care insurance business increased $652 million principally from the completion of our annual review of our claim reserves in the fourth quarter of 2018 which resulted in higher claim reserves of $291 million, net of reinsurance (see “—Critical Accounting Estimates—Liability for policy and contract claims” for additional information). We also refined our estimate of unreported policy terminations, which resulted in an unfavorable reserve adjustment of $36 million in 2018. The increase was also attributable to higher reserves as a result of the aging of the in-force block (including higher frequency of new claims), unfavorable existing claim performance from higher utilization of available benefits and lower terminations, as well as higher severity of new claims in 2018. • Our life insurance business decreased $35 million primarily attributable to higher ceded benefits in 2018 from new reinsurance treaties effective in December 2017, a $30 million unfavorable model refinement in 2017 that did not recur and favorable mortality in our term life insurance products in 2018. These decreases were partially offset by a higher unfavorable unlocking of $39 million in our 172 universal and term universal life insurance products as part of our annual review of assumptions in the fourth quarter of 2018 compared to 2017 (see “—Critical Accounting Estimates—Policyholder account balances” for additional information) and unfavorable mortality in our universal and term universal life insurance products in 2018. • Our fixed annuities business decreased $81 million largely attributable to $67 million of lower reserves in connection with loss recognition testing in our fixed immediate annuity products (see “—Critical Accounting Estimates—Future policy benefits” for additional information). Interest credited. Interest credited decreased primarily due to our fixed annuities business predominantly from a decline in average account values and lower crediting rates in 2018. Acquisition and operating expenses, net of deferrals. Acquisition and operating expenses, net of deferrals, increased mostly attributable to our long-term care insurance business largely from higher operating costs associated with our in-force rate action plan, partially offset by guaranty fund assessments in 2017 in connection with the Penn Treaty liquidation that did not recur. Amortization of deferred acquisition costs and intangibles. Amortization of DAC and intangibles decreased largely related to our life insurance business from a $41 million unfavorable term conversion mortality assumption correction in 2017 that did not recur. The decrease was also attributable to a favorable unlocking of $4 million in our universal and term universal life insurance products as part of our annual review of assumptions in the fourth quarter of 2018 compared to an unfavorable unlocking of $44 million in 2017 (see “—Critical Accounting Estimates—Deferred acquisition costs” for additional information) and from lower lapses in 2018. These decreases were partially offset by prior year transactions that did not recur: a net $15 million favorable model refinement and an $11 million refinement related to reinsurance rates. Provision (benefit) for income taxes. The effective tax rate decreased to 16.3% for the year ended December 31, 2018 from 35.3% for the year ended December 31, 2017. The decrease in the effective tax rate was primarily attributable to the reduction in the U.S. corporate federal income tax rate from 35% to 21% and a pre-tax loss in 2018. In addition, due to the pre-tax loss in 2018, tax expense related to gains on forward starting swaps settled prior to the enactment of the TCJA, which are tax effected at 35% as they are amortized into net investment income had the effect of decreasing the effective tax rate. 2017 compared to 2016 Adjusted operating income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders • Our long-term care insurance business had adjusted operating income available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders of $59 million in 2017 compared to an adjusted operating loss available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders of $200 million in 2016. The loss in 2016 was predominantly attributable to higher claim reserves of $283 million as a result of the completion of our annual review of our claim reserves conducted during the third quarter of 2016. The increase from a loss in 2016 to income in 2017 was also attributable to higher incremental premiums and benefit reductions of $37 million in 2017 from in-force rate actions approved and implemented and a $20 million favorable adjustment related to changes in claims administration expense assumptions in 2017. These increases were partially offset by higher severity on new claims and higher incremental reserves of $36 million recorded in connection with an accrual for profits followed by losses as a result of higher profitability driven by favorable claim terminations in 2017. • The adjusted operating loss available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders in our life insurance business decreased $4 million predominantly from a less unfavorable unlocking of $122 million in our universal and term universal life insurance products as part of our annual review of assumptions in the fourth quarter of 2017 compared to 2016 (see “—Critical Accounting Estimates” for 173 additional information). This decrease was mostly offset by unfavorable mortality, higher lapses and higher reserves in 2017 reflecting previously updated assumptions from the fourth quarter of 2016. Also included in 2017 was a $20 million net unfavorable term conversion mortality assumption correction and a $15 million net unfavorable model refinement. • Our fixed annuities business decreased $26 million predominantly from a $33 million unfavorable impact from loss recognition testing in our fixed immediate annuity products primarily driven by the low interest rate environment in 2017 (see “—Critical Accounting Estimates” for additional information). Included in 2016 was an $8 million unfavorable correction related to state guaranty funds that did not recur. Revenues Premiums • Our long-term care insurance business decreased $21 million primarily driven by an unfavorable correction of $60 million in 2017 related to certain limited pay policies that had reached their paid up status. The decrease was also attributable to policy terminations, partially offset by $92 million of increased premiums in 2017 from in-force rate actions approved and implemented. • Our life insurance business increased $276 million mainly attributable to the impact of a reinsurance treaty under which we initially ceded $326 million of certain term life insurance premiums as part of a life block transaction in the first quarter of 2016, partially offset by the continued runoff of our term life insurance products in 2017. Net investment income • Our long-term care insurance business increased $98 million largely from higher average invested assets due to growth of our in-force block, partially offset by lower reinvestment yields in 2017. • Our fixed annuities business decreased $67 million largely due to lower average invested assets in 2017. Net investment gains (losses) • Net investment gains in our long-term care insurance business decreased $52 million primarily related to net gains of $130 million from the sale of U.S. Government Treasury Inflation Protected Securities (“TIPS”) in 2016 that did not recur, partially offset by higher net gains from the sale of investment securities in 2017. • Our fixed annuities business had net investment gains of $21 million in 2017 compared to net investment losses of $35 million in 2016. Net investment gains in 2017 resulted from derivative gains and net gains from the sale of investment securities, partially offset by losses on embedded derivatives related to our fixed indexed annuities. Net investment losses in 2016 related to impairments, losses on embedded derivatives related to our fixed indexed annuities and net losses from the sale of investment securities, partially offset by derivative gains. Policy fees and other income. The decrease was mostly attributable to our life insurance business primarily as a result of suspending sales of these products on March 7, 2016 and a decline in our term universal and universal life insurance in-force blocks in 2017. The decrease was also related to an $8 million unfavorable model refinement in 2017. 174 Benefits and expenses Benefits and other changes in policy reserves • Our long-term care insurance business decreased $328 million principally from the completion of our annual review of our claim reserves conducted during the third quarter of 2016 which resulted in higher claim reserves of $435 million, net of reinsurance, that did not recur. The decrease was also attributable to a favorable correction of $54 million in 2017 associated with certain limited pay policies that had reached their paid up status and unfavorable adjustments of $50 million which included refinements to the calculations of reserves in 2016 that did not recur. The decrease was also driven by a $31 million favorable adjustment related to changes in claims administration expense assumptions and favorable claim terminations in 2017. These decreases were partially offset by aging and growth of the in-force block, higher severity on new claims, higher incremental reserves of $55 million recorded in connection with an accrual for profits followed by losses and a $28 million less favorable impact from benefit reductions in 2017 related to in-force rate actions approved and implemented. • Our life insurance business increased $283 million principally related to the impact of a reinsurance treaty under which we initially ceded $331 million of certain term life insurance reserves as part of a life block transaction in the first quarter of 2016 and from unfavorable mortality in 2017. The increase was also attributable to a $30 million unfavorable model refinement in 2017. These increases were partially offset by a less unfavorable unlocking of $135 million in our universal and term universal life insurance products as part of our annual review of assumptions in the fourth quarter of 2017 compared to 2016 (see “—Critical Accounting Estimates—Policyholder account balances” for additional information). • Our fixed annuities business increased $103 million largely attributable to $65 million of higher reserves from loss recognition testing in our fixed immediate annuity products primarily driven by the low interest rate environment (see “—Critical Accounting Estimates—Future policy benefits” for additional information). The increase was also related to $45 million of lower assumed reinsurance in connection with the recapture of certain life-contingent products by a third party in 2016 that did not recur. Interest credited • Our life insurance business decreased $16 million predominantly from lower average account values and crediting rates in our universal life insurance products in 2017. • Our fixed annuities business decreased $43 million largely driven by a decline in average account values and lower crediting rates in 2017. Acquisition and operating expenses, net of deferrals • Our long-term care insurance business increased $10 million mostly from the guaranty fund assessment in 2017 in connection with the Penn Treaty liquidation. • Our life insurance business decreased $21 million primarily from lower operating expenses attributable to the suspension of sales on March 7, 2016. Included in 2016 was $7 million of restructuring charges as well as expenses of $5 million associated with the life block transaction that did not recur. • Our fixed annuities business decreased $65 million largely attributable to a $55 million payment in connection with the recapture of certain life-contingent products by a third party in 2016 that did not recur and lower operating expenses as a result of the suspension of sales on March 7, 2016. The decrease was also attributable to an unfavorable correction of $12 million related to state guaranty funds in 2016 that did not recur. 175 Amortization of deferred acquisition costs and intangibles • Our long-term care insurance business decreased $12 million principally from a smaller in-force block as a result of lower sales in 2017. • Our life insurance business decreased $38 million largely related to a less unfavorable unlocking in our universal and term universal life insurance products of $55 million as part of our annual review of assumptions in the fourth quarter of 2017 compared to 2016 (see “—Critical Accounting Estimates— Deferred acquisition costs” for additional information). The decrease was also attributable to a net $15 million favorable model refinement and an $11 million refinement related to reinsurance rates in 2017. These decreases were partially offset by a $41 million unfavorable term conversion mortality assumption correction and higher amortization in our term universal life insurance product reflecting previously updated lapse assumptions. • Our fixed annuities business decreased $25 million predominantly related to the write-off of DAC in connection with loss recognition testing in our fixed immediate annuity products of $14 million in 2016 that did not recur. The decrease was also attributable to a less favorable unlocking of $9 million in 2017 driven by lower investment yields compared to changes in lapse assumptions in 2016. Interest expense. Interest expense decreased driven by our life insurance business principally as a result of the life block transaction in the first quarter of 2016 which included the redemption of certain non-recourse funding obligations and the write-off of $9 million of deferred borrowing costs associated with our non-recourse funding obligations as well as the restructuring of a captive reinsurance entity. Provision (benefit) for income taxes. The effective tax rate was 35.3% for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016. U.S. Life Insurance selected operating performance measures Long-term care insurance The following table sets forth selected operating performance measures regarding our individual and group long-term care insurance products for the periods indicated: (Amounts in millions) Net earned premiums: Years ended December 31, Increase (decrease) and percentage change 2018 2017 2016 2018 vs. 2017 2017 vs. 2016 Individual long-term care insurance . . . . . . . . . . . Group long-term care insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2,447 114 $2,383 110 $2,416 98 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2,561 $2,493 $2,514 $64 4 $68 3% $(33) 12 4% 3% $(21) (1)% 12% (1)% Loss ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95% 76% 90% 19% (14)% The loss ratio is the ratio of benefits and other changes in reserves less tabular interest on reserves less loss adjustment expenses to net earned premiums. 2018 compared to 2017 Net earned premiums increased in 2018 largely from $70 million of increased premiums from in-force rate actions approved and implemented and from a $60 million unfavorable correction in 2017 related to certain limited pay policies that had reached their paid up status that did not recur. These increases were partially offset by policy terminations in 2018. The loss ratio increased in 2018 largely related to the increase in benefits and other changes in reserves, partially offset by the higher premiums as discussed above. 176 2017 compared to 2016 Net earned premiums decreased primarily driven by an unfavorable correction of $60 million in 2017 related to certain limited pay policies that had reached their paid up status. The decrease was also attributable to policy terminations, partially offset by $92 million of increased premiums in 2017 from in-force rate actions approved and implemented. The loss ratio decreased largely related to the decrease in benefits and other changes in reserves, partially offset by the decrease in premiums as discussed above. Life insurance The following table sets forth selected operating performance measures regarding our life insurance business as of or for the dates indicated: (Amounts in millions) 2018 2017 2016 2018 vs. 2017 2017 vs. 2016 As of or for the years ended December 31, Increase (decrease) and percentage change Term and whole life insurance Net earned premiums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Life insurance in-force, net of 306 $ 429 $ 153 $ (123) (29)% $ 276 180% reinsurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97,542 103,654 202,645 (6,112) (6)% (98,991) (49)% Life insurance in-force before reinsurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434,563 460,706 488,312 (26,143) (6)% (27,606) (6)% Term universal life insurance Net deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Life insurance in-force, net of 235 $ 242 $ 250 $ (7) (3)% $ (8) (3)% reinsurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115,608 118,678 121,856 (3,070) (3)% (3,178) (3)% Life insurance in-force before reinsurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116,407 119,526 122,748 (3,119) (3)% (3,222) (3)% Universal life insurance Net deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Life insurance in-force, net of 510 $ 355 $ 376 $ 155 44% $ (21) (6)% reinsurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,299 36,916 38,836 (1,617) (4)% (1,920) (5)% Life insurance in-force before reinsurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40,188 42,158 44,524 (1,970) (5)% (2,366) (5)% Total life insurance Net earned premiums and deposits . . . $ Life insurance in-force, net of 1,051 $ 1,026 $ 779 $ 25 2% $ 247 32% reinsurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248,449 259,248 363,337 (10,799) (4)% (104,089) (29)% Life insurance in-force before reinsurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591,158 622,390 655,584 (31,232) (5)% (33,194) (5)% We no longer solicit sales of our traditional life insurance products; however, we continue to service our existing blocks of business. 2018 compared to 2017 Term and whole life insurance Net earned premiums and life insurance in-force decreased mainly attributable to higher ceded premiums in 2018 from new reinsurance treaties that were effective in December 2017 and from the continued runoff of our term life insurance products in 2018. 177 Universal life insurance Net deposits increased during the year ended December 31, 2018 primarily attributable to $200 million of new funding agreements for asset-liability management and yield enhancement purposes. The increase was partially offset by the continued runoff of our universal life insurance products in 2018. 2017 compared to 2016 Term and whole life insurance Net earned premiums increased primarily related to the impact of a reinsurance treaty under which we initially ceded $326 million of certain term life insurance premiums as part of a life block transaction in the first quarter of 2016, partially offset by the continued runoff of our term life insurance products in 2017. Universal life insurance Net deposits of our universal life insurance products decreased from the suspension of sales of our traditional life insurance products on March 7, 2016. Fixed annuities The following table sets forth selected operating performance measures regarding our fixed annuities as of or for the dates indicated: As of or for the years ended December 31, Increase (decrease) and percentage change (Amounts in millions) 2018 2017 2016 2018 vs. 2017 2017 vs. 2016 Account value, beginning of period . . . . . . . . . Deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Surrenders, benefits and product $16,401 87 $17,720 97 $18,726 275 $(1,319) (10) (7)% $(1,006) (10)% (178) (5)% (65)% charges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (2,318) (2,084) (1,968) (234) (11)% (116) (6)% Net flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (2,231) (1,987) (1,693) (244) (12)% (294) (17)% Interest credited and investment performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429 Effect of accumulated net unrealized investment gains (losses) . . . . . . . . . . . (251) 585 83 585 102 (156) (27)% — — % (334) NM(1) (19) (19)% Account value, end of period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $14,348 $16,401 $17,720 $(2,053) (13)% $(1,319) (7)% (1) We define “NM” as not meaningful for increases or decreases greater than 200%. We no longer solicit sales of our traditional fixed annuity products; however, we continue to service our existing block of business. 2018 compared to 2017 Account value decreased compared to December 31, 2017 principally from surrenders and benefits exceeding interest credited and deposits. The decrease was also attributable to a decline in net unrealized investment gains driven primarily by an increase in interest rates in 2018. 2017 compared to 2016 Account value decreased as surrenders and benefits outpaced interest credited, net unrealized investment gains and premiums. Deposits and sales decreased primarily related to the suspension of sales of our traditional fixed annuity products on March 7, 2016. 178 Runoff segment Trends and conditions Results of our Runoff segment are affected primarily by investment performance, interest rate levels, net interest spreads, equity market conditions, mortality, policyholder loan activity, policyholder surrenders and scheduled maturities. In addition, the results of our Runoff segment can significantly impact our operating performance, regulatory capital requirements, distributable earnings and liquidity. We discontinued sales of our individual and group variable annuities in 2011; however, we continue to service our existing blocks of variable annuity business and accept additional deposits on existing contracts. Equity market volatility has caused fluctuations in the results of our variable annuity products and regulatory capital requirements. In the future, equity and interest rate market performance and volatility could result in additional gains or losses in our variable annuity products although associated hedging activities are expected to partially mitigate these impacts. Volatility in the results of our variable annuity products can result in favorable or unfavorable impacts on earnings and statutory capital. In addition to the use of hedging activities to help mitigate impacts related to equity market volatility and interest rate risks, in the future, we may consider reinsurance opportunities to further mitigate volatility in results and manage capital. The results of our institutional products are impacted by scheduled maturities of the liabilities, credit and interest income performance on assets, as well as liquidity levels. However, we believe our liquidity planning and our asset-liability management will mitigate this risk. While we do not actively sell institutional products, we may periodically issue funding agreements for asset-liability matching purposes. Several factors may impact the time period for these products to runoff including the specific policy types, economic conditions and management strategies. 179 Segment results of operations The following table sets forth the results of operations relating to our Runoff segment for the periods indicated: (Amounts in millions) Years ended December 31, Increase (decrease) and percentage change 2018 2017 2016 2018 vs. 2017 2017 vs. 2016 Revenues: Net investment income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net investment gains (losses) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Policy fees and other income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $174 (33) 153 $160 16 163 $147 (14) 169 9% $ 13 $ 14 (49) NM (1) (6)% (10) 9% 30 NM (1) (4)% (6) Total revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294 339 302 (45) (13)% 37 12% Benefits and expenses: Benefits and other changes in policy reserves . . . . . . . . . . . Interest credited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquisition and operating expenses, net of deferrals . . . . . Amortization of deferred acquisition costs and intangibles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 150 57 33 — 26 140 61 24 2 42 131 68 29 1 Total benefits and expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 253 271 Income from continuing operations before income taxes . . Provision for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income from continuing operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adjustment to income from continuing operations: Net investment (gains) losses, net (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Taxes on adjustments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 2 13 86 25 61 27 (5) (15) 5 31 6 25 5 (2) Adjusted operating income available to Genworth 13 10 (4) 9 (2) 26 (71) (23) (48) 42 (10) 50% (16) 9 (7) 7% (7)% (38)% 7% (10)% 38% (100)% (5) 1 (17)% 100% 10% (18) (7)% (83)% 55 177% (92)% 19 NM (1) (79)% 36 144% NM (1) (200)% (20) NM (1) 7 NM (1) Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 35 $ 51 $ 28 $(16) (31)% $ 23 82% (1) We define “NM” as not meaningful for increases or decreases greater than 200%. (2) For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, net investment (gains) losses were adjusted for DAC and other intangible amortization and certain benefit reserves of $(6) million, $1 million and $(9) million, respectively. 2018 compared to 2017 Adjusted operating income available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders Adjusted operating income available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders decreased primarily driven by unfavorable equity market performance and higher interest credited, partially offset by lower taxes and higher investment income in 2018. Revenues Net investment income increased mainly driven by higher policy loan income in our corporate-owned life insurance products in 2018. Net investment losses in 2018 were primarily from losses on embedded derivatives associated with our variable annuity products with GMWBs, partially offset by derivative gains. Net investment gains in 2017 were primarily related to gains on embedded derivatives associated with our variable annuity products with GMWBs, partially offset by derivative losses. 180 Policy fees and other income decreased principally from lower fee income driven mostly by a decline in the average account values in our variable annuity products in 2018. Benefits and expenses Benefits and other changes in policy reserves increased primarily attributable to higher GMDB reserves in our variable annuity products due to unfavorable equity market performance in 2018. Interest credited increased largely related to higher account values in our corporate-owned life insurance products in 2018. Acquisition and operating expenses, net of deferrals, decreased mainly from lower commissions in our variable annuity products in 2018. Amortization of DAC and intangibles increased related to our variable annuity products mainly from unfavorable equity market performance, partially offset by higher net investment losses on embedded derivatives in 2018. Provision for income taxes. The effective tax rate decreased to 11.5% for the year ended December 31, 2018 from 29.6 % for the year ended December 31, 2017. The decrease in the effective tax rate was primarily attributable to a reduction in the U.S. corporate federal income tax rate from 35% to 21%. The decrease was also attributable to tax favored investments in relation to pre-tax results in 2018 compared to 2017. 2017 compared to 2016 Adjusted operating income available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders Adjusted operating income available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders increased primarily driven by favorable equity market performance in 2017. Revenues Net investment income increased mainly driven by higher policy loan income in our corporate-owned life insurance products in 2017. Net investment gains in 2017 were primarily related to gains on embedded derivatives associated with our variable annuity products with GMWBs, partially offset by derivative losses. Net investment losses in 2016 were largely related to derivative losses, partially offset by gains on embedded derivatives associated with our variable annuity products with GMWBs. Policy fees and other income decreased principally from lower account values in our variable annuity products in 2017. Benefits and expenses Benefits and other changes in policy reserves decreased primarily attributable to lower GMDB reserves in our variable annuity products due to favorable equity market performance in 2017. Interest credited increased largely related to higher cash values in our corporate-owned life insurance products in 2017. Acquisition and operating expenses, net of deferrals, decreased largely related to lower state guaranty fund assessments in 2017. 181 Amortization of DAC and intangibles decreased related to our variable annuity products principally from favorable equity market performance, partially offset by higher investment income in 2017. Provision for income taxes. The effective tax rate increased to 29.6% for the year ended December 31, 2017 from 19.4% for the year ended December 31, 2016. The increase in the effective tax rate was primarily attributable to tax favored investments in relation to pre-tax income in 2017 compared to 2016. Runoff selected operating performance measures Variable annuity and variable life insurance products The following table sets forth selected operating performance measures regarding our variable annuity and variable life insurance products as of or for the dates indicated: (Amounts in millions) As of or for the years ended December 31, Increase (decrease) and percentage change 2018 2017 2016 2018 vs. 2017 2017 vs. 2016 Account value, beginning of period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Surrenders, benefits and product charges . . . . . . . $5,884 26 (764) $6,031 30 (828) $6,474 37 (801) $(147) (4) 64 (2)% $(443) (7) (13)% (27) 8% (7)% (19)% (3)% Net flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest credited and investment performance . . . (738) (228) (798) 651 (764) 321 60 (879) 8% (34) (135)% 330 (4)% 103% Account value, end of period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $4,918 $5,884 $6,031 $(966) (16)% $(147) (2)% We no longer solicit sales of our variable annuity or variable life insurance products; however, we continue to service our existing blocks of business and accept additional deposits on existing contracts and policies. 2018 compared to 2017 Account value decreased compared to 2017 primarily related to surrenders and unfavorable equity market performance outpacing interest credited. 2017 compared to 2016 Account value decreased compared to 2016 primarily related to surrenders outpacing favorable equity market performance. Institutional products The following table sets forth selected operating performance measures regarding our institutional products as of or for the dates indicated: (Amounts in millions) FABNs and Funding Agreements Account value, beginning of period . . . . . . . . . . . . Deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Surrenders and benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest credited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . As of or for the years ended December 31, Increase (decrease) and percentage change 2018 2017 2016 2018 vs. 2017 2017 vs. 2016 $260 200 (85) 115 6 $ 560 — (308) (308) 8 $ 410 254 (110) $(300) 200 223 (54)% $ 150 (254) NM(1) 72% (198) 37% (100)% (180)% 144 6 423 (2) 137% (452) NM (1) 33% 2 (25)% Account value, end of period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $381 $ 260 $ 560 $ 121 47% $(300) (54)% (1) We define “NM” as not meaningful for increases or decreases greater than 200%. 182 2018 compared to 2017 Account value related to our institutional products increased compared to December 31, 2017 mainly attributable to higher deposits from issuing funding agreements for asset-liability management and yield enhancement purposes, partially offset by scheduled maturities of certain funding agreements. 2017 compared to 2016 Account value related to our institutional products decreased mainly attributable to scheduled maturities of certain funding agreements in 2017. Deposits in 2016 related to funding agreements for asset-liability management and yield enhancement. Corporate and Other Activities Results of operations The following table sets forth the results of operations relating to Corporate and Other activities for the periods indicated: (Amounts in millions) 2018 2017 2016 2018 vs. 2017 2017 vs. 2016 Years ended December 31, Increase (decrease) and percentage change Revenues: Premiums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net investment income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net investment gains (losses) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Policy fees and other income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Total revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Benefits and expenses: Benefits and other changes in policy reserves . . . . . . . . . Acquisition and operating expenses, net of deferrals . . . Amortization of deferred acquisition costs and intangibles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total benefits and expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 9 10 (3) 24 5 52 1 256 314 $ 8 5 (38) (2) (27) 3 77 2 242 324 $ 12 3 (87) 78 6 4 217 1 270 492 $ — — % $ (4) 2 80% 126% 49 (50)% (80) (33)% 67% 56% (103)% 189% (33) NM (1) 4 48 (1) 51 2 (25) 67% (1) (32)% (140) (25)% (65)% (1) 14 (50)% 6% 1 (28) 100% (10)% (10) (3)% (168) (34)% Loss from continuing operations before income taxes . . Provision (benefit) for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (290) (59) (351) (568) (486) 114 61 509 17% 135 28% 90% (682) NM (1) Income (loss) from continuing operations available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders . . . (231) 217 (600) (448) NM (1) 817 136% Adjustments to income (loss) from continuing operations available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders: Net investment (gains) losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Gains) losses on sale of businesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — (Gains) losses on early extinguishment of debt . . . . . . . . — Expenses related to restructuring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fees associated with bond solicitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Taxes on adjustments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — (10) 2 1 6 — (13) 38 — — 87 (48) (2) — — % (48) — — % 1 100% 6 NM(1) 100% 13 (126)% (49) 2 48 (1) (18) 31 2 18 (44) (56)% 100% 100% (50)% (100)% 70% Adjusted operating income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders . . . . . . . . . . . . $(233) $ 243 $(587) $(476) (196)% $ 830 141% (1) We define “NM” as not meaningful for increases or decreases greater than 200%. 183 2018 compared to 2017 Adjusted operating income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders Corporate and Other Activities had an adjusted operating loss available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders in 2018 compared to adjusted operating income available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders in 2017. The decrease to a loss in 2018 from income in 2017 was primarily driven by changes resulting from the implementation of the TCJA in December 2017 that did not recur. In the fourth quarter of 2017, we recorded a net tax benefit of $456 million primarily attributable to a $258 million release of a valuation allowance, the impact from changes in the federal tax rates and the release of shareholder liability taxes. These decreases in 2017 were partially offset by higher transition taxes, $11 million of higher taxes associated with our tax allocation methodology, which was driven by the premium earnings pattern review in our Australia mortgage insurance business and other items. The year ended December 31, 2018 included lower operating costs, partially offset by higher interest expense. Revenues Net investment income increased primarily from higher yields in 2018. Net investment gains in 2018 related principally to derivatives gains, partially offset by net losses from the sale of investment securities. Net investment losses in 2017 were primarily driven by derivative losses and net losses from the sale of investment securities. Benefits and expenses Acquisition and operating expenses, net of deferrals, decreased mainly driven by lower compensation expenses and consulting fees, as well as lower net expenses after allocations in 2018. These decreases were partially offset by $6 million of broker, advisor and investment banking fees associated with Genworth Holdings’ bond consent solicitation in October 2018. Interest expense increased largely driven by the Term Loan that Genworth Holdings closed in March 2018, a favorable correction of $11 million related to our Tax Matters Agreement liability in 2017 that did not recur and from our junior subordinated notes which had a higher floating rate of interest in 2018. These increases were partially offset by lower interest expense associated with the redemption of $597 million of Genworth Holdings’ senior notes in May 2018. The income tax benefit decreased primarily attributable to changes resulting from the implementation of the TCJA in 2017 that did not recur (see “—Regulation—Changes in tax law”). In the fourth quarter of 2017, we recorded a net tax benefit of $456 million primarily attributable to a $258 million release of a valuation allowance, the impact from changes in the federal tax rates and the release of shareholder liability taxes. These decreases in 2017 were partially offset by an increase in taxes associated with the transition tax, $11 million of higher taxes associated with our tax allocation methodology, which was driven by the premium earnings pattern review in our Australia mortgage insurance business and other items. The decrease was also attributable to a reduction in the U.S. corporate federal income tax rate from 35% to 21% in relation to a lower pre-tax loss in 2018. 2017 compared to 2016 Adjusted operating income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders Corporate and Other Activities had adjusted operating income available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders in 2017 compared to an adjusted operating loss available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders in 2016 largely related to changes in U.S. tax legislation under the TCJA (see 184 “—Regulation—Changes in tax law”). In the fourth quarter of 2017, we recorded a net tax benefit of $456 million primarily attributable to a $258 million release of a valuation allowance recorded in 2016, the impact from changes in the federal tax rates and the release of shareholder liability taxes. These decreases were partially offset by higher transition taxes, $11 million of higher taxes associated with our tax allocation methodology, which was driven by the premium earnings pattern review in our Australia mortgage insurance business and other items. The adjusted operating loss available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders in 2016 was primarily related to tax charges of $258 million recorded on deferred tax assets related to foreign tax credits that we did not expect to realize in 2016 and additional legal fees and expenses of $70 million. Revenues Premiums decreased largely related to the sale of our European mortgage insurance business in May 2016. Net investment losses decreased primarily related to a $64 million loss from the write-off of our residual interest in certain policy loan securitization entities in 2016 that did not recur and from lower derivative losses in 2017. These decreases were partially offset by net losses from the sale of investment securities in 2017 compared to net gains in 2016. In 2016, policy fees and other income included a gain of $64 million from the early extinguishment of debt related to the redemption of a securitization entity and a gain of $11 million attributable to the sale of assets to Pac Life that did not recur. Benefits and expenses Acquisition and operating expenses, net of deferrals, decreased mainly driven by expenses in 2016 that did not recur. Expenses in 2016 included a $79 million litigation settlement and related legal expenses, $20 million of expenses related to the early redemption of debt, $18 million of bond consent fees, a $9 million loss related to the sale of our European mortgage insurance business and other legal expenses associated with litigation. These decreases were partially offset by higher consulting fees in 2017. Interest expense decreased largely driven by a favorable correction of $11 million related to our Tax Matters Agreement liability and a contractual change in our junior subordinated notes related to an interest rate change from fixed to floating rates. The income tax benefit in 2017 was principally from changes in U.S. tax legislation under the TCJA (see “—Regulation—Changes in tax law”). In the fourth quarter of 2017, we recorded a net tax benefit of $456 million primarily attributable to a $258 million release of a valuation allowance recorded in 2016, the impact from changes in the federal tax rates and the release of shareholder liability taxes. These decreases were partially offset by an increase in taxes associated with the transition tax, $11 million of higher taxes associated with our tax allocation methodology, which was driven by the premium earnings pattern review in our Australia mortgage insurance business and other items. The income tax provision in 2016 was largely attributable to a valuation allowance of $258 million recorded on deferred tax assets related to foreign tax credits that we did not expect to realize in 2016, partially offset by a tax benefit primarily from the reversal of a deferred tax valuation allowance related to our mortgage insurance business in Europe. Investments and Derivative Instruments Trends and conditions Investments—credit and investment markets The U.S. Federal Reserve increased its benchmark lending rate 25 basis points in December 2018. This was the fourth rate increase in 2018. In addition, the U.S. Federal Reserve projects two additional 25 basis point 185 increases in 2019 and one in 2020, which was modified from their September 2018 projection of three additional 25 basis point increases in 2019 and one in 2020. The decision for additional rate increases during 2018 was anticipated and indicates increased confidence in the United States economy as unemployment has reached multi-decade lows and economic growth was strong in 2018. The reduction in the forecasted rate increases stems from trade tensions between the U.S. and China, declining oil prices and global growth concerns. Likewise, inflation remains relatively stable but long-term forecasts remain uncertain. The U.S. Treasury yield curve steepened in the fourth quarter of 2018, as short-term interest rates decreased on the expectation of a slower pace of rate increases, while long-term interest rates decreased at a lesser extent. Credit markets experienced spread widening in the fourth quarter of 2018 driven by a constructive economic backdrop, strong profit margins, higher corporate earnings and a lower supply of bonds which is expected to have higher demand during 2019. As of December 31, 2018, our fixed maturities securities portfolio, which was 97% investment grade, comprised 85% of our total investment portfolio. Our $3.8 billion energy portfolio was predominantly investment grade and our metals and mining sector holdings were less than 1% of our total investment portfolio as of December 31, 2018. We believe our energy portfolio is well-diversified and expect manageable capital impact on our U.S. life insurance subsidiaries. Derivatives We actively responded to the risk in our derivatives portfolio arising from our counterparties’ right to terminate their bilateral OTC derivative transactions with us following the downgrades of our life insurance subsidiaries by Moody’s and A.M. Best in February 2018 and by S&P in September 2018. These actions included, beginning in 2018, the removal of the credit downgrade provisions from the master swap agreements with many of our counterparties. As of December 31, 2018, no counterparties exercised their rights to terminate or revise the terms of their transactions with us. As of December 31, 2018, $11.2 billion notional of our derivatives portfolio was cleared through the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (“CME”). The customer swap agreements that govern our cleared derivatives contain provisions that enable our clearing agents to request initial margin in excess of CME requirements. As of December 31, 2018, we posted initial margin of $227 million to our clearing agents, which represented approximately $68 million more than was otherwise required by the clearinghouse. Because our clearing agents serve as guarantors of our obligations to the CME, the customer agreements contain broad termination provisions that are not specifically dependent on ratings. As of December 31, 2018, $14.3 billion notional of our derivatives portfolio was in bilateral OTC derivative transactions pursuant to which we have posted aggregate independent amounts of $359 million and are holding collateral from counterparties in the amount of $95 million. We have no bilateral OTC derivatives where the counterparty has the right to terminate its transactions with us based on our current ratings. 186 Investment results The following table sets forth information about our investment income, excluding net investment gains (losses), for each component of our investment portfolio for the years ended December 31: (Amounts in millions) Yield Amount Yield Amount Yield Amount Yield Amount Yield Amount 2018 2017 2016 2018 vs. 2017 2017 vs. 2016 Increase (decrease) Fixed maturity securities— taxable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fixed maturity securities— non-taxable . . . . . . . . . . Equity securities . . . . . . . . Commercial mortgage 4.5% $ 2,577 4.5% $ 2,578 4.6% $ 2,565 — % $ (1) (0.1)% $ 13 4.0% 5.3% 11 40 3.7% 5.2% 12 36 3.6% 5.6% 12 28 0.3% 0.1% (1) 4 0.1% — (0.4)% 8 loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.9% 320 4.9% 306 5.2% 318 — % 14 (0.3)% (12) Restricted commercial mortgage loans related to securitization entities (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . Policy loans . . . . . . . . . . . . Other invested assets (2) . . . Restricted other invested 7.9% 9.2% 37.2% 7 169 181 7.7% 8.6% 46.9% 9 153 157 7.1% 8.7% 25.3% 10 146 141 (2) 0.2% 0.6% 16 (9.7)% 24 (1) 0.6% (0.1)% 7 21.6% 16 assets related to securitization entities (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . — % — 1.1% 1 0.9% 3 (1.1)% (1) 0.2% (2) Cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and short- term investments . . . . . . Gross investment income before expenses and fees . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expenses and fees . . . . . . . Net investment 1.6% 51 1.0% 36 0.5% 20 0.6% 15 0.5% 16 4.8% 3,356 (94) (0.2)% 4.7% 3,288 (88) (0.1)% 4.6% 3,243 (84) (0.1)% 0.1% 68 (0.1)% (6) — % 0.1% 45 (4) income . . . . . . . . . . 4.6% $ 3,262 4.6% $ 3,200 4.5% $ 3,159 — % $ 62 0.1% $ 41 Average invested assets and cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . $70,416 $70,152 $69,774 $264 $378 (1) (2) See note 17 to our consolidated financial statements under “Item 8—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for additional information related to consolidated securitization entities. Investment income for other invested assets includes amortization of terminated cash flow hedges, which have no corresponding book value within the yield calculation. Yields are based on net investment income as reported under U.S. GAAP and are consistent with how we measure our investment performance for management purposes. Yields are annualized, for interim periods, and are calculated as net investment income as a percentage of average quarterly asset carrying values except for fixed maturity securities, derivatives and derivative counterparty collateral, which exclude unrealized fair value adjustments and securities lending activity, which is included in other invested assets and is calculated net of the corresponding securities lending liability. 187 The annualized weighted-average investment yield was flat in 2018 compared to 2017 as higher investment income on higher average invested assets and $4 million of higher income related to inflation-driven volatility on TIPS was offset by lower income on variable yielding assets, including $10 million of lower limited partnership income. The annualized weighted-average investment yields increased slightly in 2017 compared to 2016 primarily attributable to higher investment income on higher average invested assets. Net investment income included $9 million of higher limited partnership income as compared to 2016. The year ended December 31, 2017 included an increase of $5 million attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates. The following table sets forth net investment gains (losses) for the years ended December 31: (Amounts in millions) Available-for-sale securities: 2018 2017 2016 Realized gains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Realized losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 169 (144) $229 (66) $ 249 (121) Net realized gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities . . 25 163 128 Impairments: Total other-than-temporary impairments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Portion of other-than-temporary impairments included in other comprehensive income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net other-than-temporary impairments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — — — (6) (40) — (6) Net realized gains (losses) on equity securities sold . . . . . . . . . . . Net unrealized gains (losses) on equity securities still held . . . . . Trading securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Limited partnerships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commercial mortgage loans . . . . . . . . . . Net gains (losses) related to securitization entities (1) Derivative instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Contingent consideration adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other 1 — — 11 (98) — — 11 — — (95) — — 3 7 97 — — — (40) — — 10 6 1 (50) 20 (2) (1) Net investment gains (losses) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $(146) $265 $ 72 (1) See note 17 to our consolidated financial statements under “Item 8—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for additional information related to consolidated securitization entities. 2018 compared to 2017 • We recorded $6 million of net other-than-temporary impairments in 2017. Of the total impairments recorded in 2017, $3 million related to equity securities, $2 million related to limited partnerships and $1 million related to corporate securities. • Net investment losses related to derivatives of $95 million in 2018 were primarily associated with hedging programs that support our Canada Mortgage Insurance segment and our runoff variable annuity products. We also had losses related to hedging programs for our fixed indexed annuity products. These losses were partially offset by gains from derivatives used to hedge foreign currency risk associated with expected dividend payments from certain foreign subsidiaries and gains from hedging programs for our indexed universal life insurance products. Net investment gains related to derivatives of $97 million in 2017 were primarily associated with various hedging programs that support our Canada Mortgage Insurance segment and gains associated 188 with hedging programs for our indexed universal life insurance products. These gains were partially offset by losses related to hedging programs for our fixed indexed annuity products. • We recorded $138 million of lower net gains related to the sale of available-for-sale securities in 2018. We also recorded $98 million of net unrealized losses on equity securities and $11 million of net gains on limited partnerships primarily from including changes in fair value of these investments in net income (loss) beginning on January 1, 2018 from adopting new accounting guidance related to the recognition and measurement of financial assets and financial liabilities. In addition, the $98 million of net unrealized losses on equity securities was largely driven by our Canada Mortgage Insurance segment principally from losses on rate reset preferred equity securities, whose values are based on expected pricing at the next reset date. 2017 compared to 2016 • We recorded $34 million of lower net other-than-temporary impairments in 2017. During 2017 and 2016, we recorded impairments of $1 million and $24 million, respectively, related to corporate securities. Of the total impairments recorded in 2017, $3 million related to equity securities and $2 million related to limited partnerships. During 2016, we recorded impairments of $4 million related to commercial mortgage loans. • Net investment gains related to derivatives of $97 million in 2017 were primarily associated with various hedging programs that support our Canada Mortgage Insurance segment and gains associated with hedging programs for our indexed universal life insurance products. These gains were partially offset by losses related to hedging programs for our fixed indexed annuity products. Net investment gains related to derivatives of $20 million in 2016 were primarily associated with various hedging programs that support our Canada Mortgage Insurance segment and gains associated with hedging programs for our indexed universal life insurance products. These gains were partially offset by losses related to hedging programs for our runoff variable annuity products. • We recorded $35 million of higher net gains related to the sale of available-for-sale securities in 2017. We recorded $7 million of gains related to securitization entities in 2017 compared to $50 million of losses in 2016 primarily related to a $64 million loss from the write-off of our residual interest in certain policy loan securitization entities in 2016 that did not recur. During 2017, we also recorded $9 million of lower net gains related to trading securities compared to 2016 principally from a decline in our trading portfolio in 2017. 189 Investment portfolio The following table sets forth our cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and invested assets as of December 31: (Amounts in millions) Fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale: Public . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Private . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Equity securities, available-for-sale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commercial mortgage loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restricted commercial mortgage loans related to securitization entities (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Policy loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other invested assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and invested 2018 2017 Carrying value % of total Carrying value % of total $41,857 17,804 655 6,687 62 1,861 1,188 2,177 58% $45,665 16,860 25 820 1 6,341 8 — 3 2 3 107 1,786 1,813 2,875 61% 22 1 8 — 2 2 4 assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $72,291 100% $76,267 100% (1) See note 17 to our consolidated financial statements under “Item 8—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for additional information related to consolidated securitization entities. For a discussion of the change in cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and invested assets, see the comparison for this line item under “—Consolidated Balance Sheets.” See note 4 to our consolidated financial statements under “Item 8—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for additional information related to our investment portfolio. We hold fixed maturity and equity securities, derivatives, embedded derivatives, securities held as collateral and certain other financial instruments, which are carried at fair value. Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. As of December 31, 2018, approximately 7% of our investment holdings recorded at fair value was based on significant inputs that were not market observable and were classified as Level 3 measurements. See note 16 to our consolidated financial statements under “Item 8—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for additional information related to fair value. 190 Fixed maturity and equity securities As of December 31, 2018, the amortized cost or cost, gross unrealized gains (losses) and fair value of our fixed maturity securities classified as available-for-sale were as follows: (Amounts in millions) Fixed maturity securities: Gross unrealized gains Gross unrealized losses Amortized cost or cost Not other-than- temporarily impaired Other-than- temporarily impaired Not other-than- temporarily impaired Other-than- temporarily impaired Fair value $ 473 168 72 $— — — $ U.S. government, agencies and government-sponsored enterprises . . $ 4,175 2,406 2,345 State and political subdivisions . . . . . . . Non-U.S. government (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . U.S. corporate: Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Finance and insurance . . . . . . . . . . Consumer—non-cyclical . . . . . . . . Technology and communications . . . . . . . . . . . . Industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Capital goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer—cyclical . . . . . . . . . . . Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,439 2,382 6,705 4,891 2,823 1,230 2,277 1,592 1,283 376 331 101 249 294 110 41 165 53 78 24 Total U.S. corporate (1) . . . . . . . . . 27,998 1,446 Non-U.S. corporate: Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Finance and insurance . . . . . . . . . . Consumer—non-cyclical . . . . . . . . Technology and communications . . . . . . . . . . . . Industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Capital goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer—cyclical . . . . . . . . . . . Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,056 1,320 2,391 756 1,168 926 615 532 689 2,218 Total non-U.S. corporate (1) . . . . . . 11,671 . . . . . . Residential mortgage-backed (2) Commercial mortgage-backed . . . . . . . Other asset-backed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,888 3,054 3,444 Total available-for-sale fixed 17 72 72 8 23 36 10 1 46 105 390 160 43 10 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 13 — 1 (17) (22) (24) (95) (64) (132) (137) (78) (33) (51) (48) (41) (3) (682) (32) (23) (40) (25) (26) (17) (10) (13) (15) (23) (224) (17) (81) (29) $— — — $ 4,631 2,552 2,393 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 4,675 2,419 6,822 5,048 2,855 1,238 2,391 1,597 1,320 397 28,762 1,041 1,369 2,423 739 1,165 945 615 520 720 2,300 11,837 3,044 3,016 3,426 maturity securities . . . . . . . $57,981 $2,762 $ 14 $(1,096) $— $59,661 (1) (2) Fair value included European periphery exposure of $549 million in Ireland, $233 million in Spain, $128 million in Italy and $36 million in Portugal. Fair value included $19 million collateralized by Alt-A residential mortgage loans and $22 million collateralized by sub-prime residential mortgage loans. 191 As of December 31, 2017, the amortized cost or cost, gross unrealized gains (losses) and fair value of our fixed maturity and equity securities classified as available-for-sale were as follows: (Amounts in millions) Fixed maturity securities: Gross unrealized gains Gross unrealized losses Amortized cost or cost Not other-than- temporarily impaired Other-than- temporarily impaired Not other-than- temporarily impaired Other-than- temporarily impaired Fair value $ 870 270 106 $— — — $ U.S. government, agencies and government-sponsored enterprises . . $ 4,681 2,678 2,147 State and political subdivisions . . . . . . . Non-U.S. government (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . U.S. corporate: Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Finance and insurance . . . . . . . . . . Consumer—non-cyclical . . . . . . . . Technology and communications . . . . . . . . . . . . Industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Capital goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer—cyclical . . . . . . . . . . . Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,396 2,239 5,984 4,314 2,665 1,241 2,087 1,493 1,160 355 611 227 556 530 192 106 273 116 134 25 Total U.S. corporate (1) . . . . . . . . . 25,934 2,770 Non-U.S. corporate: Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Finance and insurance . . . . . . . . . . Consumer—non-cyclical . . . . . . . . Technology and communications . . . . . . . . . . . . Industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Capital goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer—cyclical . . . . . . . . . . . Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 979 1,337 2,567 686 913 958 614 532 656 2,536 Total non-U.S. corporate (1) . . . . . . 11,778 Residential mortgage-backed (2) . . . . . . Commercial mortgage-backed . . . . . . . Other asset-backed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,831 3,387 3,056 42 158 174 30 71 88 33 9 68 193 866 223 94 17 Total fixed maturity securities . . . Equity securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57,492 756 5,216 72 Total available-for-sale (3) (22) (20) (9) (8) (12) (13) (12) (1) (5) (4) (3) (1) (68) (4) (5) (6) (4) (2) (2) (2) (1) (3) (4) (33) (11) (37) (6) (200) (8) $— — — $ 5,548 2,926 2,233 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 4,998 2,458 6,528 4,831 2,845 1,346 2,355 1,605 1,291 379 28,636 1,017 1,490 2,735 712 982 1,044 645 540 721 2,725 12,611 4,057 3,446 3,068 62,525 820 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 14 2 1 17 — securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $58,248 $5,288 $ 17 $(208) $— $63,345 (1) (2) Fair value included European periphery exposure of $503 million in Ireland, $266 million in Spain, $132 million in Italy and $38 million in Portugal. Fair value included $36 million collateralized by Alt-A residential mortgage loans and $24 million collateralized by sub-prime residential mortgage loans. 192 Fixed maturity securities decreased $2.9 billion principally from lower net unrealized gains attributable to an increase in interest rates in 2018. Our exposure in peripheral European countries consists of fixed maturity securities in Portugal, Ireland, Italy and Spain. Investments in these countries are primarily made to diversify our U.S. corporate fixed maturity securities with European bonds denominated in U.S. dollars. During 2018, our exposure to the peripheral European countries increased by $7 million to $946 million with net unrealized gains of $3 million. As of December 31, 2018, our exposure was diversified with direct exposure to local economies of $190 million, indirect exposure through debt issued by subsidiaries outside of the European periphery of $138 million and exposure to multinational companies where the majority of revenues come from outside of the country of domicile of $618 million. Commercial mortgage loans The following tables set forth additional information regarding our commercial mortgage loans as of December 31: 2018 Total recorded investment Number of loans Loan-to-value (1) Delinquent principal balance Number of delinquent loans 36% 48% 47% — % 37% 41% 45% 48% 53% 58% 61% 66% 69% 54% $ 3 — — — — — — — — — — — 3 $ 6 1 — — — — — — 1 — — — — — 2 (Dollar amounts in millions) Loan Year 2006 and prior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 964 264 82 — 50 193 476 656 772 877 553 773 1,040 374 70 15 — 11 46 81 122 133 139 96 144 165 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $6,700 1,396 (1) Represents weighted-average loan-to-value as of December 31, 2018. 193 2017 Total recorded investment Number of loans Loan-to-value (1) Delinquent principal balance Number of delinquent loans (Dollar amounts in millions) Loan Year 2006 and prior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,226 289 125 — 76 206 559 737 835 904 599 797 480 76 23 — 15 47 85 132 139 141 99 146 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $6,353 1,383 (1) Represents weighted-average loan-to-value as of December 31, 2017. 38% 49% 50% — % 42% 43% 45% 48% 54% 61% 60% 68% 52% $ 6 5 — — — — — — — — — — 1 1 — — — — — — — — — — $ 11 2 Restricted commercial mortgage loans related to securitization entities See notes 4 and 17 to our consolidated financial statements under “Item 8—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for additional information related to restricted commercial mortgage loans related to securitization entities. Other invested assets The following table sets forth the carrying values of our other invested assets as of December 31: (Amounts in millions) Limited partnerships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bank loan investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Short-term investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Securities lending collateral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total other invested assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2018 2017 Carrying value % of total Carrying value % of total $ 409 248 230 178 102 21 $1,188 34% $ 258 91 21 902 19 276 15 268 9 18 2 14% 5 50 15 15 1 100% $1,813 100% Short-term investments decreased principally due to net sales and maturities in our Australia and Canada Mortgage Insurance segments in 2018. Securities lending collateral decreased driven by lower market demand in 2018. We increased our funding of bank loan investments in 2018, and limited partnerships increased from additional capital investments and net unrealized gains, partially offset by return of capital in 2018. Derivatives The activity associated with derivative instruments can generally be measured by the change in notional value over the periods presented. However, for GMWB, fixed index annuity embedded derivatives and indexed 194 universal life embedded derivatives, the change between periods is best illustrated by the number of policies. The following tables represent activity associated with derivative instruments as of the dates indicated: (Notional in millions) Derivatives designated as hedges Cash flow hedges: Measurement December 31, 2017 Additions Maturities/ terminations December 31, 2018 Interest rate swaps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign currency swaps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Notional Notional Total cash flow hedges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total derivatives designated as hedges . . Derivatives not designated as hedges Interest rate swaps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest rate swaps in a foreign currency . . . . . Interest rate caps and floors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign currency swaps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Credit default swaps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Equity index options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Financial futures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Equity return swaps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other foreign currency contracts . . . . . . . . . . . Total derivatives not designated as hedges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Notional Notional Notional Notional Notional Notional Notional Notional Notional $11,155 22 11,177 11,177 4,679 2,793 — 349 39 2,420 1,283 96 471 $ 1,645 58 1,703 1,703 — 117 2,810 133 — 2,848 5,377 3 1,739 $ (2,876) — (2,876) (2,876) $ 9,924 80 10,004 10,004 (5) (345) (186) (29) (39) (2,640) (5,245) (82) (1,130) 4,674 2,565 2,624 453 — 2,628 1,415 17 1,080 12,130 13,027 (9,701) 15,456 Total derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $23,307 $14,730 $(12,577) $25,460 (Number of policies) Derivatives not designated as hedges GMWB embedded derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fixed index annuity embedded derivatives . . . Indexed universal life embedded Measurement December 31, 2017 Additions Maturities/ terminations December 31, 2018 Policies Policies 30,450 17,067 — — — (2,564) (603) 27,886 16,464 (56) 929 derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Policies 985 The increase in the notional value of derivatives was primarily attributable to our interest rate caps and floors related to our hedging strategy to mitigate interest rate risk associated with our regulatory capital position and other foreign currency contracts related to hedging strategies that support our Australia Mortgage Insurance segment. These increases were partially offset by terminations of interest rate swaps that support our long-term care insurance business. The number of policies related to our embedded derivatives decreased as these products are no longer being offered and continue to runoff. Consolidated Balance Sheets Total assets. Total assets decreased $4,374 million from $105,297 million as of December 31, 2017 to $100,923 million as of December 31, 2018. • Cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and invested assets decreased $3,976 million primarily from a decrease of $2,864 million in fixed maturity securities, a decrease of $698 million in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash and a decrease of $625 million in other invested assets. The decrease in fixed maturity securities was predominantly related to a decline in market value as a result of an 195 increase in interest rates, partially offset by an increase in net purchases of fixed maturity securities in 2018. Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash decreased primarily related to net withdrawals from our investment contracts, higher purchases and lower proceeds from changes in our fixed maturity securities portfolio, the redemption of Genworth Holdings’ May 2018 senior notes and payments of dividends to and the repurchase of subsidiary shares from noncontrolling interests, partially offset by net proceeds from the Term Loan closed by Genworth Holdings in March 2018 and deposits from FHLBs in 2018. The decrease in other invested assets was primarily related to net sales and maturities of short-term investments, mostly in our Australia and Canada mortgage insurance businesses and lower securities lending collateral driven largely by lower market demand, partially offset by higher investments in limited partnerships and bank loan investments. • DAC increased $934 million predominantly related to our U.S. Life Insurance segment. We are required to analyze the impacts from net unrealized investment gains and losses on our available-for-sale investment securities backing insurance liabilities, as if those unrealized investment gains and losses were realized. As of December 31, 2018, due primarily to the increase in interest rates decreasing unrealized investment gains, we increased the DAC balance of our U.S. Life Insurance segment by $1,182 million with an offsetting amount recorded in other comprehensive income (loss). The increase was partially offset by amortization, net of interest and deferrals, in our U.S. Life Insurance segment in 2018. See note 6 in our consolidated financial statements under “Item 8— Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for additional information related to DAC. • Reinsurance recoverable decreased $291 million mainly attributable to the runoff of our structured settlement products ceded to UFLIC, an affiliate of our former parent, GE. • Deferred tax asset increased $232 million primarily due to unrealized losses on investments and derivatives. • Separate account assets decreased $1,371 million primarily due to cash outflows mostly in our variable annuity business from surrenders and benefits as the business continues to run off and from unfavorable equity market performance in 2018. Total liabilities. Total liabilities decreased $3,235 million from $89,969 million as of December 31, 2017 to $86,734 million as of December 31, 2018. • • Future policy benefits decreased $532 million primarily driven by our U.S Life Insurance segment. As discussed above, the increase in interest rates decreased our unrealized investments gains. As a result, we decreased future policy benefits by $1,150 million, mostly in our long-term care insurance business, with an offsetting amount recorded in other comprehensive income (loss). The decrease was also attributable to benefit payments in our single premium immediate annuity products. These decreases were partially offset by aging of our long-term care insurance in-force block in 2018. Policyholder account balances decreased $1,227 million largely as a result of surrenders and benefits in our fixed annuities business in 2018, partially offset by higher net deposits from FHLBs and an increase in reserves of $115 million in connection with our annual review of assumptions for our universal and term universal life insurance products in the fourth quarter of 2018. • Liability for policy and contract claims increased $785 million due principally to our long-term care insurance business primarily from higher reserves of $291 million as a result of our annual review of our claim reserves completed in the fourth quarter of 2018, aging of the in-force block (including higher frequency of new claims), unfavorable existing claims performance from higher utilization of available benefits, and higher severity of new claims in 2018. These increases were partially offset by lower delinquencies primarily in our U.S. mortgage insurance business in 2018. • Unearned premiums decreased $421 million largely from changes in foreign currency from the strengthening of the U.S. dollar compared to the currencies in Canada and Australia. In our 196 international mortgage insurance businesses, the decrease was also driven by earned premiums outpacing written premiums mostly related to a review of our premium earnings pattern in the fourth quarter of 2017 in our Australia mortgage insurance business and from lower new insurance written in 2018. • Other liabilities decreased $228 million mainly attributable to lower securities lending liabilities due to a decrease in market demand, a decrease in current income taxes payable, a market value decline on derivatives counterparty collateral and a decrease in employee costs in 2018. These decreases were partially offset by an increase in derivative liabilities driven primarily by an increase in interest rates in 2018. • Long-term borrowings decreased $199 million principally from the redemption of $597 million of senior notes that matured in May 2018, partially offset by the $450 million Term Loan Genworth Holdings closed in March 2018. Total equity. Total equity decreased $1,139 million from $15,328 million as of December 31, 2017 to $14,189 million as of December 31, 2018. • We reported net income available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders of $119 million for the year ended December 31, 2018. On January 1, 2018, we adopted new accounting guidance on a modified retrospective basis and recorded $114 million to cumulative effect of change in accounting within retained earnings. See note 2 in our consolidated financial statements under “Item 8—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for additional information. • Net unrealized gains (losses) and derivatives qualifying as hedges decreased $490 million and $284 million, respectively, primarily from an increase in interest rates in 2018. • Foreign currency translation and other adjustments decreased $209 million principally from the strengthening of the U.S. dollar compared to the currencies in Canada and Australia in 2018. • Noncontrolling interests decreased $171 million predominantly related to the repurchase of shares of $105 million, dividends to noncontrolling interests of $97 million, foreign currency translation adjustments of $139 million and net unrealized losses, partially offset by net income attributable to noncontrolling interests of $178 million in 2018. Liquidity and Capital Resources Liquidity and capital resources represent our overall financial strength and our ability to generate cash flows from our businesses, borrow funds at competitive rates and raise new capital to meet our operating and growth needs. Genworth and subsidiaries The following table sets forth our condensed consolidated cash flows for the years ended December 31: (Amounts in millions) 2018 2017 2016 Net cash from operating activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net cash used by investing activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net cash used by financing activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 1,633 (622) (1,621) $ 2,554 (759) (1,768) $ 1,872 (2,120) (2,951) Net increase (decrease) in cash before foreign exchange effect . . . . . $ (610) $ 27 $(3,199) Our principal sources of cash include sales of our products and services, income from our investment portfolio and proceeds from sales of investments. As an insurance business, we typically generate positive cash flows from operating activities, as premiums collected from our insurance products and income received from 197 our investments typically exceed policy acquisition costs, benefits paid, redemptions and operating expenses. Our cash flows from operating activities are affected by the timing of premiums, fees and investment income received and benefits and expenses paid. Positive cash flows from operating activities are then invested to support the obligations of our insurance and investment products and required capital supporting these products. In analyzing our cash flow, we focus on the change in the amount of cash available and used in investing activities. Changes in cash from financing activities primarily relate to the issuance of, and redemptions and benefit payments on, universal life insurance and investment contracts; deposits from FHLBs; the issuance and acquisition of debt and equity securities; the issuance and repayment or repurchase of borrowings and non-recourse funding obligations; and other capital transactions. We had lower cash inflows from operating activities in 2018 mainly attributable to net sales of trading securities in 2017 that did not recur and cash outflows from derivatives in 2018 compared to inflows in 2017 as a result of the change in collateral related to derivative positions. We had lower cash outflows from investing activities in 2018 primarily driven by net sales of short-term investments in 2018 compared to net purchases in 2017 largely driven by the decision to manage the interest rate risk and reposition our portfolios, particularly in our Australian mortgage insurance business. This was partially offset by net purchases of fixed maturity securities in 2018 compared to net proceeds in 2017. We had lower cash outflows from financing activities in 2018 primarily from $441 million net proceeds from the Term Loan closed in March 2018 and $400 million of FHLB deposits, partially offset by the redemption of $597 million of Genworth Holdings’ May 2018 senior notes and higher net withdrawals from our investment contracts in 2018. In the United States and Canada, we engage in certain securities lending transactions for the purpose of enhancing the yield on our investment securities portfolio. We maintain effective control over all loaned securities and, therefore, continue to report such securities as fixed maturity securities on the consolidated balance sheets. We are currently indemnified against counterparty credit risk by the intermediary. See note 12 in our consolidated financial statements under “Item 8—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for additional information related to our securities lending program. We previously had a repurchase program in which we sold an investment security at a specified price and agreed to repurchase that security at another specified price at a later date. In 2017, we repaid $75 million, the entire amount due at maturity related to this repurchase agreement. Genworth—holding company Genworth Financial and Genworth Holdings each act as a holding company for their respective subsidiaries and do not have any significant operations of their own. Dividends from their respective subsidiaries, payments to them under tax sharing and expense reimbursement arrangements with their subsidiaries and proceeds from borrowings or securities issuances are their principal sources of cash to meet their obligations. Insurance laws and regulations regulate the payment of dividends and other distributions to Genworth Financial and Genworth Holdings by their insurance subsidiaries. We expect dividends paid by the insurance subsidiaries will vary depending on strategic objectives, regulatory requirements and business performance. The primary uses of funds at Genworth Financial and Genworth Holdings include payment of holding company general operating expenses (including taxes), payment of principal, interest and other expenses on current and any future borrowings, payments under current and any future guarantees (including guarantees of certain subsidiary obligations), payment of amounts owed to GE under the Tax Matters Agreement, payments to subsidiaries (and, in the case of Genworth Holdings, to Genworth Financial) under tax sharing agreements, contributions to subsidiaries, repurchases of debt securities and, in the case of Genworth Holdings, loans, dividends or other distributions to Genworth Financial. In deploying future capital, important current priorities 198 include focusing on our mortgage insurance businesses so they remain appropriately capitalized and accelerating progress on reducing overall indebtedness of Genworth Holdings. We may from time to time seek to repurchase or redeem outstanding notes for cash (with cash on hand, proceeds from the issuance of new debt and/or the proceeds from asset or stock sales) in open market purchases, tender offers, privately negotiated transactions or otherwise. We currently seek to address our indebtedness over time through repurchases, redemptions and/or repayments at maturity. Our Board of Directors has suspended the payment of stockholder dividends on our Genworth Financial common stock indefinitely. The declaration and payment of future dividends to holders of our common stock will be at the discretion of our Board of Directors and will be dependent on many factors including the receipt of dividends from our operating subsidiaries, our financial condition and operating results, the capital requirements of our subsidiaries, legal requirements, regulatory constraints, our debt obligations, our credit and financial strength ratings and such other factors as the Board of Directors deems relevant. In addition, our Board of Directors has suspended repurchases of our Genworth Financial common stock under our stock repurchase program indefinitely. The resumption of our stock repurchase program will be at the discretion of our Board of Directors. Genworth Holdings had $429 million and $795 million of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, which included approximately $16 million and $4 million of restricted cash, respectively. Genworth Holdings also held $75 million in U.S. government securities as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, which included approximately $42 million and $41 million, respectively, of restricted assets. During the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, Genworth Holdings received cash dividends from its international subsidiaries of $182 million, $148 million and $250 million, respectively. Dividends received by Genworth Holdings in 2018 and 2017 included $86 million and $32 million, respectively, from our participation in the share buy-back programs in Genworth Canada and Genworth Australia, as discussed below. Dividends in 2016 included $76 million for our portion of the AUD$202 million capital reduction in Genworth Australia in the second quarter of 2016. During 2018, Genworth Financial received a cash dividend of $50 million from its U.S. mortgage insurance business. The evaluation of future dividends from our U.S. mortgage insurance business is subject to capital requirements of our U.S. mortgage insurance subsidiaries, capital needs of our holding companies and market conditions, among other factors, which are subject to change. There were no dividends paid to Genworth Holdings by its domestic life insurance subsidiaries during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 or 2016. We do not expect our U.S. life insurance businesses to provide dividends to our holding companies in the foreseeable future. The life block transaction completed in January 2016 generated approximately $175 million of tax benefits to Genworth Holdings in July 2016, which was previously committed to be used as partial consideration for the GLAIC unstacking. See “Item 1—Business—Strategic Update” for additional information. Guarantees and other commitments Genworth Holdings provides capital support of up to $175 million, subject to adjustments, to one of its insurance subsidiaries to fund claims to support its mortgage insurance business in Mexico. We believe this insurance subsidiary has adequate reserves to cover its underlying obligations. Genworth Financial and Genworth Holdings provide a joint and several limited guarantee to Rivermont Life Insurance Company I (“Rivermont I”), an indirect subsidiary, in that, if Rivermont I does not generate sufficient interest income from assumed deposit-type insurance contracts to cover fixed interest payments, Genworth Financial and/or Genworth Holdings will cover the shortfall. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the restricted cash balance associated with this guarantee was $16 million and $4 million, respectively. Genworth Holdings provided an unlimited guarantee for the benefit of policyholders for the payment of valid claims by our European mortgage insurance subsidiary prior to its sale in May 2016. Following the sale of 199 this U.K. subsidiary to AmTrust Financial Services, Inc., the guarantee is now limited to the payment of valid claims on policies in-force prior to the sale date and those written approximately 90 days subsequent to the date of the sale, and AmTrust Financial Services, Inc. has agreed to provide us with a limited indemnification in the event there is any exposure under the guarantee. As of December 31, 2018, the risk in-force of the business subject to the guarantee was approximately $1.5 billion. Genworth Holdings has a Tax Matters Agreement with GE, our former parent company, which represents an obligation of Genworth Holdings to GE. The balance of this obligation was $90 million as of December 31, 2018. Genworth Financial and Genworth Holdings have joint and several guarantees associated with this Tax Matters Agreement. Genworth Financial provides a full and unconditional guarantee to the trustee of Genworth Holdings’ outstanding senior and subordinated notes and the holders of the senior and subordinated notes, on an unsecured unsubordinated and subordinated basis, respectively, of the full and punctual payment of the principal of, premium, if any and interest on, and all other amounts payable under, each outstanding series of senior notes and outstanding subordinated notes, and the full and punctual payment of all other amounts payable by Genworth Holdings under the senior and subordinated notes indentures in respect of such senior and subordinated notes. Genworth Financial also provides a full and unconditional guarantee to the holders of Genworth Holdings’ Term Loan. Genworth Financial and Genworth Holdings have joint and several guarantees associated with Rivermont I’s non-recourse funding obligations. See note 12 in our consolidated financial statements under “Item 8— Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for additional information. We also provided guarantees to third parties for the performance of certain obligations of our subsidiaries. We estimate that our potential obligations under such guarantees were $6 million as of December 31, 2018 and 2017. Regulated insurance subsidiaries Insurance laws and regulations regulate the payment of dividends and other distributions to us by our insurance subsidiaries. In general, dividends in excess of prescribed limits are deemed “extraordinary” and require insurance regulatory approval. Based on estimated statutory results as of December 31, 2018, in accordance with applicable dividend restrictions, our subsidiaries could pay dividends of approximately $500 million to us in 2019 without obtaining regulatory approval. However, our insurance subsidiaries may not pay dividends to us in 2019 at this level if they need to retain capital for growth and to meet capital requirements and desired thresholds. Our international insurance subsidiaries paid dividends of $316 million, $301 million and $457 million during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Our domestic insurance subsidiaries paid dividends of $60 million, $36 million and $80 million, respectively, during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016. None of the dividends paid were deemed “extraordinary.” Of the $60 million paid in 2018, $50 million was paid to Genworth Financial and the remainder was paid to an intermediate holding company within our U.S. mortgage insurance business. Dividends paid in 2017 and 2016 were paid to our principal life insurance subsidiaries rather than to a holding company. The liquidity requirements of our regulated insurance subsidiaries principally relate to the liabilities associated with their various insurance and investment products, operating costs and expenses, the payment of dividends to us, contributions to their subsidiaries, payment of principal and interest on their outstanding debt obligations and income taxes. Liabilities arising from insurance and investment products include the payment of benefits, as well as cash payments in connection with policy surrenders and withdrawals, policy loans and obligations to redeem funding agreements. Our insurance subsidiaries have used cash flows from operations and investment activities to fund their liquidity requirements. Our insurance subsidiaries’ principal cash inflows from operating activities are derived 200 from premiums, annuity deposits and insurance and investment product fees and other income, including commissions, cost of insurance, mortality, expense and surrender charges, contract underwriting fees, investment management fees and dividends and distributions from their subsidiaries. The principal cash inflows from investment activities result from repayments of principal, investment income and, as necessary, sales of invested assets. Our insurance subsidiaries maintain investment strategies intended to provide adequate funds to pay benefits without forced sales of investments. Products having liabilities with longer durations, such as certain life insurance and long-term care insurance policies, are matched with investments having similar duration such as long-term fixed maturity securities and commercial mortgage loans. Shorter-term liabilities are matched with fixed maturity securities that have short- and medium-term fixed maturities. In addition, our insurance subsidiaries hold highly liquid, high quality short-term investment securities and other liquid investment grade fixed maturity securities to fund anticipated operating expenses, surrenders and withdrawals. As of December 31, 2018, our total cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and invested assets were $72.3 billion. Our investments in privately placed fixed maturity securities, commercial mortgage loans, policy loans, limited partnership investments and select mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities are relatively illiquid. These asset classes represented approximately 37% of the carrying value of our total cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and invested assets as of December 31, 2018. As of December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, our U.S. mortgage insurance business was compliant with the PMIERs capital requirements, with a prudent buffer. Reinsurance transactions provided an aggregate of approximately $515 million of PMIERs capital credit as of December 31, 2018. Our U.S. mortgage insurance business may execute future capital transactions to maintain a prudent level of financial flexibility in excess of the PMIERs capital requirements given the dynamic nature of asset valuations and requirement changes over time, including additional reinsurance transactions and contributions of holding company cash. In May 2018, Genworth Canada announced acceptance by the TSX of its Notice of Intention to Make a Normal Course Issuer Bid (“NCIB”). Pursuant to the NCIB, Genworth Canada may, if considered advisable, purchase from time to time through May 6, 2019, up to an aggregate of approximately 4.5 million of its issued and outstanding common shares. During 2018, Genworth Canada repurchased approximately 2.4 million of its shares for CAD$100 million through the NCIB. We participated in order to maintain our ownership position of approximately 57.0% and received $41 million in cash. Of the $41 million of cash proceeds received, $14 million was paid as a dividend to Genworth Holdings in 2018, $13 million was retained by GMICO and we expect the remaining amount of $14 million to be paid to Genworth Holdings as a dividend in the first quarter of 2019. If Genworth Canada decides to repurchase additional shares through the NCIB, we intend to participate in order to maintain our overall ownership at its current level. In May 2017, Genworth Canada announced acceptance by the TSX of its Notice of Intention to Make an NCIB. Pursuant to the NCIB, Genworth Canada repurchased approximately 1.1 million of its shares for CAD$40 million in 2017 through the NCIB. As the majority shareholder, we participated in order to maintain our ownership position and received $18 million in cash. Of the $18 million of cash proceeds received, $12 million was paid as a dividend to Genworth Holdings and $6 million was retained by GMICO. In March 2018, Genworth Canada completed its share repurchases under this program, repurchasing approximately 1.2 million shares for CAD$50 million. We participated in order to maintain our ownership position and received $22 million in cash. Of the $22 million of cash proceeds received, $16 million was paid as a dividend to Genworth Holdings and $6 million was retained by GMICO. In February 2019, Genworth Australia announced its intention to commence an on-market share buy-back program for shares up to a maximum aggregate amount of AUD$100 million. The purchase of 38.6 million shares pursuant to this buy-back is covered by shareholder approval obtained in 2018. The remaining shares to be repurchased pursuant to this buy-back will be subject to shareholder approval at its Annual General Meeting on May 9, 2019. The total number of shares to be purchased by Genworth Australia under the program will depend 201 on business and market conditions, the prevailing share price, market volumes and other considerations. As the majority shareholder, we plan to participate in on-market sales transactions during the buy-back period in order to maintain our ownership position. In May 2018, Genworth Australia announced its intention to commence an on-market share buy-back program for shares up to a maximum aggregate amount of AUD$100 million. Pursuant to the program, Genworth Australia repurchased approximately 36 million of its shares for AUD$100 million. As the majority shareholder, we participated in on-market sales transactions during the buy-back period to maintain our ownership position of approximately 52.0% and received $37 million in cash, which was paid as dividends to Genworth Holdings. In August 2017, Genworth Australia announced its intention to commence an on-market share buy-back program for shares up to a maximum aggregate amount of AUD$100 million. Pursuant to the program, Genworth Australia repurchased approximately 17 million of its shares for AUD$51 million in 2017. As the majority shareholder, we participated in on-market sales transactions during the buy-back period to maintain our ownership position and received $20 million in cash, which was paid as dividends to Genworth Holdings. In February 2018, Genworth Australia completed its share repurchases under this program, repurchasing approximately 19 million of its shares for AUD$49 million. We participated in on-market sales transactions to maintain our ownership position and received $20 million in cash, which was paid as a dividend to Genworth Holdings. As of December 31, 2018, each of our life insurance subsidiaries exceeded the minimum required RBC levels in their respective domiciliary state, however, their RBC levels were down compared to 2017. The consolidated RBC ratio of our U.S. domiciled life insurance subsidiaries was approximately 199% as of December 31, 2018. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, GLAIC provided security in an aggregate amount of $28 million for the benefit of Rivermont I, that has issued non-recourse funding obligations to collateralize the obligation to make future payments on their behalf under certain tax sharing agreements. Genworth Financial provided a limited guarantee to Rivermont I, where under adverse interest rate, mortality or lapse scenarios (or combination thereof), we may be required to provide additional funds to Rivermont I. Capital resources and financing activities On September 29, 2017, Genworth Canada, our majority-owned subsidiary, entered into a CAD$200 million syndicated senior unsecured revolving credit facility, which was originally set to mature on September 29, 2022. On October 26, 2018, Genworth Canada amended its credit agreement whereby the syndicated senior unsecured revolving credit facility was increased from CAD$200 million to CAD$300 million. The maturity date was extended to September 29, 2023. Any borrowings under Genworth Canada’s credit facility will bear interest at a rate per annum equal to, at the option of Genworth Canada, either a fixed rate or a variable rate pursuant to the terms of the amended credit agreement. The credit facility includes customary representations, warranties, covenants, terms and conditions. As of December 31, 2018, there was no amount outstanding under Genworth Canada’s credit facility. On October 4, 2018, Genworth Holdings completed a bond consent solicitation whereby it amended its senior notes indenture to clarify that GLAIC and the subsidiaries of GLIC, GLAIC and GLICNY are excluded from the class of subsidiaries for which a bankruptcy, insolvency or other similar proceeding would result in an event of default under the indenture. We paid $11 million of total fees, which consisted of bond consent fees, broker, advisor and investment banking fees. The bond consent fees were deferred and the remaining fees were expensed in 2018. 202 On May 22, 2018, Genworth Holdings redeemed $597 million of its 6.52% senior notes that were issued in May 2008 and matured in May 2018. A cash payment of $616 million comprising net proceeds of $441 million from the Term Loan, as described below, and $175 million of existing cash on hand was used to fully redeem the principal and accrued interest balance of the May 2018 senior notes. On March 7, 2018, Genworth Holdings entered into a $450 million Term Loan, which matures in March 2023 and was issued at a 0.5% discount. Principal payments under the agreement are due quarterly, which commenced on June 30, 2018, and are payable in equal amounts of 0.25% per quarter of the original principal amount with the remaining balance due at maturity. At our option, the Term Loan will bear interest at either an adjusted LIBOR no lower than 1.0% plus a margin of 4.5% per annum or an alternate base rate plus a margin of 3.5% per annum. The interest rate on the Term Loan as of December 31, 2018 was 7.0%. We incurred $7 million of borrowing costs that were deferred. The Term Loan is unconditionally guaranteed by Genworth Financial, and GFIH has provided a limited recourse guarantee to the lenders of Genworth Holdings’ outstanding Term Loan, which is secured by GFIH’s ownership interest in Genworth Canada’s outstanding common shares. GFIH is our indirect wholly-owned subsidiary and owns approximately 40.5% of the outstanding common stock of Genworth Canada. The Term Loan is subject to other terms and conditions, including but not limited to: voluntary prepayments subject to prepayment penalties, mandatory prepayments in the event of certain asset sales or the incurrence of further indebtedness by Genworth Financial and various financial covenants. In January 2016, Genworth Holdings redeemed $298 million of its 2016 Notes and paid a make-whole premium of approximately $20 million pre-tax in addition to accrued and unpaid interest. During the first quarter of 2016, we also repurchased $28 million principal amount of Genworth Holdings’ notes with various maturity dates for a pre-tax gain of $4 million and paid accrued and unpaid interest thereon. In June 2016, Genworth Financial Mortgage Insurance Pty Limited, our indirect majority-owned subsidiary, redeemed all of its outstanding AUD$50 million of subordinated floating rate notes with an interest rate of three- month Bank Bill Swap reference rate plus a margin of 4.75% due in 2021. During the three months ended March 31, 2016, in connection with a life block transaction, River Lake redeemed $975 million of its total outstanding floating rate subordinated notes due in 2033 and River Lake II redeemed $645 million of its total outstanding floating rate subordinated notes due in 2035 for a pre-tax loss of $9 million from the write-off of deferred borrowing costs. For further information about our borrowings, refer to note 12 in our consolidated financial statements under “Item 8—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” We believe existing cash held at Genworth Holdings combined with dividends from operating subsidiaries, payments under tax sharing and expense reimbursement arrangements with subsidiaries, proceeds from borrowings or securities issuances, and if necessary, sales of assets, as described below, will provide us with sufficient capital flexibility and liquidity to meet our projected future operating and financing requirements. We actively monitor our liquidity position, liquidity generation options and the credit markets given changing market conditions. Due to the delay in the closing of the China Oceanwide transaction, the proceeds of the Term Loan, as described above, were used, together with cash on hand, to retire our May 2018 senior notes. During the first quarter of 2018, given the proceeds from the Term Loan were dedicated to pay the May 2018 senior notes and we have no additional debt maturities due until 2020, we reduced our cash buffer modestly to two times expected annual debt interest payments. We previously managed liquidity at Genworth Holdings to maintain a minimum balance of one and one-half times expected annual debt interest payments plus an additional $350 million. We will continue to evaluate our target level of liquidity as circumstances warrant and may move above or below the target for a period of time given future actions and due to the timing of cash inflows and outflows. Additionally, we will continue to evaluate market influences on the valuation of our senior debt and may consider additional opportunities to repurchase our debt over time. We cannot predict with any certainty the impact to us from any future disruptions in the credit markets or the recent or any further downgrades by one or more of the rating 203 agencies of the financial strength ratings of our insurance company subsidiaries and/or the credit ratings of our holding companies. In the absence of the transaction with China Oceanwide, we may need to pursue asset sales to address our debt maturities, including potential sales of our mortgage insurance businesses in Canada and Australia. We have and would continue to evaluate options to insulate our U.S. mortgage insurance business from additional ratings pressure, including a potential partial sale, in the event the transaction with China Oceanwide cannot be completed. The availability of additional funding will depend on a variety of factors such as market conditions, regulatory considerations, the general availability of credit, the overall availability of credit to the financial services industry, the level of activity and availability of reinsurance, our credit ratings and credit capacity and the performance of and outlook for our business. For a discussion of certain risks associated with our liquidity, see “Item 1A—Risk Factors—Our internal sources of liquidity may be insufficient to meet our needs and our access to capital may be limited or unavailable. Under such conditions, we may seek additional capital but may be unable to obtain it.” Contractual obligations and commercial commitments We enter into obligations with third parties in the ordinary course of our operations. These obligations as of December 31, 2018, are set forth in the table below. However, we do not believe that our cash flow requirements can be assessed based upon this analysis of these obligations as the funding of these future cash obligations will be from future cash flows from premiums, deposits, fees and investment income that are not reflected in the following table. Future cash outflows, whether they are contractual obligations or not, also will vary based upon our future needs. Although some outflows are fixed, others depend on future events. Examples of fixed obligations include our obligations to pay principal and interest on fixed rate borrowings. Examples of obligations that will vary include obligations to pay interest on variable rate borrowings and insurance liabilities that depend on future interest rates and market performance. Many of our obligations are linked to cash- generating contracts. These obligations include payments to contractholders that assume those contractholders will continue to make deposits in accordance with the terms of their contracts. In addition, our operations involve significant expenditures that are not based upon “commitments.” (Amounts in millions) Payments due by period Total 2019 2020- 2021 2022- 2023 2024 and thereafter Borrowings and interest (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating lease obligations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other purchase liabilities (2) Securities lending (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commercial mortgage loan commitments (4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bank loan investment commitments (4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Limited partnership commitments (4) Private placement commitments (4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Insurance liabilities (5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tax matters agreement (6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unrecognized tax benefits (7) $ 7,275 76 36 102 41 33 539 32 115,833 84 79 $ 274 13 25 102 41 33 156 32 3,150 24 — $2,149 23 8 $1,101 19 3 $ — — — 236 — 5,995 29 — — — — 129 — 4,952 31 — 3,751 21 — — — — 18 — 101,736 — 79 Total contractual obligations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $124,130 $3,850 $8,440 $6,235 $105,605 (1) Includes payments of principal and interest on our long-term borrowings and non-recourse funding obligations. For our U.S. domiciled insurance companies, any payment of principal, including by redemption, or interest on our non-recourse funding obligations are subject to regulatory approval. The total amount for borrowings and interest in this table does not equal the amounts on our consolidated balance sheet as it excludes debt issuance costs, premiums and discounts and includes interest that is expected to be payable in future years. See note 12 to our consolidated financial statements under “Item 8—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for information related to the timing of payments and the maturity dates of these borrowings. 204 (2) (3) (4) (5) Includes contractual purchase commitments for goods and services entered into in the ordinary course of business and includes obligations under our pension liabilities. The timing for the return of the collateral associated with our securities lending program is generally overnight and continuous; therefore, the return of collateral is reflected as being due in 2019. See note 12 to our consolidated financial statements under “Item 8—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for additional information. Includes amounts we are committed to fund for U.S. commercial mortgage loans, bank loan investments, interests in limited partnerships and private placement investments. Includes estimated claim and benefit, policy surrender and commission obligations offset by expected future deposits and premiums on in-force long-duration insurance policies and investment contracts. Also includes amounts established for recourse and indemnification related to our U.S. mortgage insurance contract underwriting business. Estimated claim and benefit obligations are based on mortality, morbidity, lapse and other assumptions. The obligations in this table have not been discounted at present value. In contrast to this table, our obligations reported in our consolidated balance sheet are recorded in accordance with U.S. GAAP where the liabilities are discounted consistent with the present value concept under accounting guidance related to accounting and reporting by insurance enterprises, as applicable. Therefore, the estimated obligations for insurance liabilities presented in this table significantly exceed the liabilities recorded in reserves for future policy benefits and the liability for policy and contract claims. Due to the significance of the assumptions used, the amounts presented could materially differ from actual results. We have not included separate account obligations as these obligations are legally insulated from general account obligations and will be fully funded by cash flows from separate account assets. We expect to fully fund the obligations for insurance liabilities from cash flows from general account investments and future deposits and premiums. (6) Because their future cash outflows are uncertain, the following non-current liabilities are excluded from this table: deferred taxes (except the fixed payments related to Tax Matters Agreement, which is included, as described in note 13 to our consolidated financial statements under “Item 8—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data”), derivatives, unearned premiums and certain other items. Includes the settlement of uncertain tax positions, with related interest, based on the estimated timing of the resolution of income tax examinations in multiple jurisdictions. See notes 2 and 13 to our consolidated financial statements under “Item 8—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for a discussion of uncertain tax positions. (7) Off-Balance Sheet Transactions We have used off-balance sheet securitization transactions to mitigate and diversify our asset risk position and to adjust the asset class mix in our investment portfolio by reinvesting securitization proceeds in accordance with our approved investment guidelines. The transactions we have used involved securitizations of some of our receivables and investments that were secured by commercial mortgage loans, fixed maturity securities or other receivables, consisting primarily of policy loans. Total securitized assets remaining as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 were $62 million and $107 million, respectively, which were also securitized assets required to be consolidated. Securitization transactions typically result in gains or losses that are included in net investment gains (losses) in our consolidated financial statements. There were no off-balance sheet securitization transactions executed in 2018, 2017 or 2016. We have arranged for the assets that we have transferred in securitization transactions to be serviced by us directly, or pursuant to arrangements with a third-party service provider. Servicing activities include ongoing review, credit monitoring, reporting and collection activities. Financial support for certain securitization entities was provided under credit support agreements that remain in place throughout the life of the related entities. Assets with credit support were funded by demand notes that were further enhanced with support provided by a third party. See note 17 to our consolidated financial statements under “Item 8—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for additional information related to securitization entities. 205 Seasonality In general, our business as a whole is not seasonal in nature. However, in our U.S. mortgage insurance business, the level of delinquencies, which increases the likelihood of losses, generally tends to decrease in mid-first quarter and continue through second quarter while increasing in the third and fourth quarters of the calendar year. Therefore, we typically experience lower levels of losses resulting from delinquencies in the first and second quarters, as compared with those in the third and fourth quarters. The U.S. housing market has stabilized and delinquency levels have returned to normal seasonal trends. However, we may see higher delinquencies from period to period as our 2005 through 2008 book years continue to make up the majority of our existing delinquencies as well as new delinquencies. See “—U.S. Mortgage Insurance segment—Trends and conditions” for additional information related to our U.S. mortgage insurance business. There is also modest delinquency seasonality in our mortgage insurance businesses in Australia and Canada. In Australia, we generally experience higher new delinquencies and lower cure rates in the first and second quarters of each calendar year. In Canada, we generally experience modestly higher delinquencies in the winter months. See “—Canada Mortgage Insurance segment—Trends and conditions” and “—Australia Mortgage Insurance segment—Trends and conditions” for additional information related to these businesses. Inflation We do not believe that inflation has had a material effect on our results of operations, except insofar as inflation may affect interest rates or foreign exchange rates. New Accounting Standards For a discussion of recently adopted and not yet adopted accounting standards, see note 2 in our consolidated financial statements under “Item 8—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” 206 Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk Market risk is the risk of the loss of fair value resulting from adverse changes in market rates and prices, such as interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates and equity prices. Market risk is directly influenced by the volatility and liquidity in the markets in which the related underlying financial instruments are traded. The following is a discussion of our market risk exposures and our risk management practices. The U.S. Federal Reserve increased its benchmark lending rate 25 basis points in December 2018. This was the fourth rate increase in 2018. In addition, the U.S. Federal Reserve projects two additional 25 basis point increases in 2019 and one in 2020, which was modified from the September 2018 projection of three additional 25 basis point increases in 2019 and one in 2020. The decision for additional rate increases during 2018 was anticipated and indicates increased confidence in the United States economy as unemployment has reached multi-decade lows and economic growth was strong in 2018. The reduction in the forecasted rate increases stems from trade tensions between the U.S. and China, declining oil prices and global growth concerns. Likewise, inflation remains relatively stable but long-term forecasts remain uncertain. The U.S. Treasury yield curve steepened in the fourth quarter of 2018, as short-term interest rates decreased on the expectation of a slower pace of rate increases, while long-term interest rates decreased at a lesser extent. See “Item 7—Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Investments and Derivative Instruments” for further discussion of recent market conditions. We are exposed to foreign currency exchange risks associated with fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates against the U.S. dollar resulting from our international operations and non-U.S.-denominated securities. Our primary international operations are located in Canada and Australia. The assets and liabilities of our international operations are translated into U.S. dollars at the exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date, while revenues and expenses of our international operations are translated into U.S. dollars at the average rates of exchange during the period of the transaction. In general, the weakening of the U.S. dollar results in higher levels of reported assets, liabilities, revenues and net income (loss). As of December 31, 2018, the U.S. dollar strengthened against the currencies in Canada and Australia compared to the respective balance sheet rates as of December 31, 2017. As of December 31, 2018, the U.S. dollar strengthened against the Australian dollar and weakened against the Canadian dollar compared to the respective average rates for the year ended December 31, 2017. See “Item 7—Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” for further discussion on the impact changes in foreign currency exchange rates have had during the year. While we enter into derivatives to mitigate certain market risks, our agreements with futures commission merchants and derivative counterparties require that we provide securities for initial margin to future commission merchants and securities as collateral to our derivative counterparties to reflect changes in the fair value of our derivatives. We may hold more high-quality securities to ensure we have sufficient collateral to post to derivative counterparties or futures commission merchants in the event of adverse changes in the fair value of our derivative instruments. If we do not have sufficient high quality securities to provide as collateral, we may need to sell certain other securities to purchase assets that would be eligible for collateral posting, which could adversely impact our future investment income. Interest Rate Risk We enter into market-sensitive instruments primarily for purposes other than trading. Our life insurance, long-term care insurance and deferred annuity products have significant interest rate risk and are associated with our U.S. life insurance subsidiaries. Our mortgage insurance businesses in Canada and Australia and immediate annuity products have moderate interest rate risk, while our U.S. mortgage insurance business has relatively low interest rate risk. The significant interest rate risk that is present in our life insurance, long-term care insurance and deferred annuity products is a result of longer duration liabilities where a significant portion of cash flows to pay benefits 207 comes from investment returns. Additionally, certain of these products have implicit and explicit rate guarantees or optionality that is significantly impacted by changes in interest rates. We seek to minimize interest rate risk by purchasing assets to better align the duration of our assets with the duration of the liabilities or utilizing derivatives to mitigate interest rate risk for product lines where asset durations are not sufficient to align with the related liability. Additionally, we also minimize certain of these risks through product design features. Our insurance and investment products are sensitive to interest rate fluctuations and expose us to the risk that falling interest rates or tightening credit spreads will reduce our interest rate margin (the difference between the returns we earn on the investments that support our obligations under these products and the amounts that we must pay to policyholders and contractholders). Because we may reduce the interest rates we credit on most of these products only at limited, pre-established intervals, and because some contracts have guaranteed minimum interest crediting rates, declines in earned investment returns can impact the profitability of these products. As of December 31, 2018, of our $9.2 billion deferred annuity products, $0.7 billion have guaranteed minimum interest crediting rate floors greater than or equal to 3.5%, with $1 million that have guaranteed minimum interest crediting rate floors greater than 5.5%. Most of these products were sold prior to 1999. Our universal life insurance products also have guaranteed minimum interest crediting rate floors, with no guaranteed minimum interest crediting rate floors greater than 6.0%. Of our $7.4 billion of universal life insurance products as of December 31, 2018, $4.0 billion have guaranteed minimum interest crediting rate floors ranging between 3% and 4%. During periods of increasing market interest rates, we may offer higher crediting rates on interest-sensitive products, such as universal life insurance and fixed annuities, and we may increase crediting rates on in-force products to keep these products competitive. In addition, rapidly rising interest rates may cause increased unrealized losses on our investment portfolios, increased policy surrenders, withdrawals from life insurance policies and annuity contracts and requests for policy loans, as policyholders and contractholders shift assets into higher yielding investments. Increases in crediting rates, as well as surrenders and withdrawals, could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations, including the requirement to liquidate fixed- income investments in an unrealized loss position to satisfy surrenders or withdrawals. Our life insurance, long-term care insurance and fixed annuity products, as well as our guaranteed benefits on variable annuities, also expose us to the risk of interest rate fluctuations. The pricing and expected future profitability of these products are based in part on expected investment returns. Over time, life and long-term care insurance products are expected to generally produce positive cash flows as customers pay periodic premiums, which we invest as they are received. Low interest rates increase reinvestment risk and reduce our ability to achieve our targeted investment margins and may adversely affect the profitability of our life insurance, long-term care insurance and fixed annuity products and may increase hedging costs on our in-force block of variable annuity products. The prolonged low interest rate environment has negatively impacted the margins of our fixed immediate annuity products, which resulted in the impairment of our DAC balance for these products. In 2016, we wrote off the entire DAC balance for our fixed immediate annuity products of $14 million through amortization. See “—Critical Accounting Estimates—Deferred acquisition costs” for additional details. If interest rates return to previous historic lows or the pace of interest rate increases is slower than our expectations, the sufficiency of our margins on our DAC and PVFP could be negatively impacted, which may result in additional impairments on our other long-duration insurance products. In addition, certain statutory capital requirements are based on models that consider interest rates. Prolonged periods of low interest rates may increase the statutory reserves we are required to hold as well as the amount of assets and capital we must maintain to support statutory reserves. The carrying value of our investment portfolio as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 was $70.1 billion and $73.4 billion, respectively, of which 85% was invested in fixed maturity securities in both years. The primary market risk to our investment portfolio is interest rate risk associated with investments in fixed maturity securities. We mitigate the market risk associated with our fixed maturity securities portfolio by matching the duration of our fixed maturity securities with the duration of the liabilities that those securities are intended to support. 208 Interest rate fluctuations also could have an adverse effect on the results of our investment portfolio. During periods of declining market interest rates, the interest we receive on variable interest rate investments decreases. In addition, during those periods, we reinvest the cash we receive as interest or return of principal on our investments in lower-yielding high-grade instruments or in lower credit instruments to maintain comparable returns. For example, during the fourth quarter of 2018, we reinvested $4.7 billion at an average rate of 4.3% as compared to our annualized weighted-average investment yield of 4.8%. Issuers of fixed-income securities may also decide to prepay their obligations in order to borrow at lower market rates, which exacerbates the risk that we may have to invest the cash proceeds of these securities in lower-yielding or lower-credit instruments. During periods of increasing interest rates, market values of lower-yielding assets will decline. In addition, our interest rate hedges will decline which will require us to post additional collateral with our derivative counterparties. The primary market risk for our long-term borrowings is interest rate risk at the time of maturity or early redemption, when we may be required to refinance these obligations. We continue to monitor the interest rate environment and to evaluate refinancing opportunities as maturity dates approach. While we are exposed to interest rate risk from certain variable rate long-term borrowings and non-recourse funding obligations, in certain instances we invest in variable rate assets to back those obligations to mitigate the interest rate risk from the variable interest payments. We use derivative instruments, such as interest rate swaps, financial futures and option-based financial instruments, as part of our risk management strategy. We use these derivatives to mitigate certain interest rate risk by: • • reducing the risk between the timing of the receipt of cash and its investment in the market; and extending or shortening the duration of assets to better align with the duration of the liabilities. As a matter of policy, we have not and will not engage in derivative market-making, speculative derivative trading or other speculative derivative activities. Equity Market Risk Our exposure to equity market risk within our insurance companies primarily relates to variable annuities and life insurance products and certain equity linked products. Certain variable annuity products have living benefit guarantees that expose us to equity market risk if the performance of the underlying mutual funds in the separate account products experience downturns and volatility for an extended period of time potentially resulting in more payments from general account assets than from contractholder separate account investments. Additionally, continued equity market volatility could result in additional losses in our variable annuity products and associated hedging program which will further challenge our ability to recover DAC on these products and could lead to write-offs of DAC, as well as increased hedging costs. Downturns in equity markets could also lead to an increase in liabilities associated with secondary guarantee features, such as guaranteed minimum benefits on separate account products, where we have equity market risk exposure. We are exposed to equity risk on our holdings of common stocks and other equities, as well as risk on products where we have equity market risk exposure. We manage equity price risk through industry and issuer diversification, asset allocation techniques and hedging strategies. We use derivative instruments, such as financial futures and option-based financial instruments, as part of our risk management strategy. We use these derivatives to mitigate equity risk by reducing our exposure to fluctuations in equity market indices that underlie some of our products. Foreign Currency Risk We also have exposure to foreign currency exchange risk. Our international operations generate revenues denominated in local currencies, and we invest cash generated outside the United States in non-U.S.-denominated 209 securities. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, approximately 10% of our invested assets were held by our international operations and we invest cash generated in those operations in securities denominated in the same local currencies. Although investing in securities denominated in local currencies limits the effect of currency exchange rate fluctuation on local operating results, we remain exposed to the impact of fluctuations in exchange rates as we translate the operating results of our foreign operations in our consolidated financial statements. We currently do not hedge the translation of operating results for our international operations. For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, our international operations generated $489 million, $134 million and $376 million, respectively, of our income (loss) from continuing operations, excluding net investment gains (losses). Our investments in non-U.S.-denominated securities are subject to fluctuations in non-U.S. securities and currency markets, and those markets can be volatile. Non- U.S. currency fluctuations also affect the value of any dividends paid by our non-U.S. subsidiaries to their parent companies in the United States. We use derivative instruments, such as foreign currency swaps, financial futures and option-based financial instruments, as part of our risk management strategy. We use these derivatives to mitigate certain foreign currency risks by: • matching the currency of invested assets with the liabilities they support; • • converting certain non-functional currency investments into functional currency; and hedging certain near-term foreign currency dividends or cash flows expected from international subsidiaries. Sensitivity Analysis Sensitivity analysis measures the impact of hypothetical changes in interest rates, foreign exchange rates and other market rates or prices on the profitability of market-sensitive financial instruments. The following discussion about the potential effects of changes in interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates and equity market prices is based on so-called “shock-tests,” which model the effects of interest rate, foreign currency exchange rate and equity market price shifts on our financial condition and results of operations. Although we believe shock-tests provide the most meaningful analysis permitted by the rules and regulations of the SEC, they are constrained by several factors, including the necessity to conduct the analysis based on a single point in time and by their inability to include the extraordinarily complex market reactions that normally would arise from the market shifts modeled. Although the following results of shock-tests for changes in interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates and equity market prices may have some limited use as benchmarks, they should not be viewed as forecasts. These forward-looking disclosures also are selective in nature and address only the potential impacts on our financial instruments. For the purpose of this sensitivity analysis, we excluded the potential impacts on our insurance liabilities that are not considered financial instruments, with the exception of those insurance liabilities that have embedded derivatives that are required to be bifurcated in accordance with U.S. GAAP. In addition, this sensitivity analysis does not include a variety of other potential factors that could affect our business as a result of these changes in interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates and equity market prices. Interest Rate Risk One means of assessing exposure to interest rate changes is a duration-based analysis that measures the potential changes in fair value resulting from a hypothetical change in interest rates of 100 basis points across all maturities. This is referred to as a parallel shift in the yield curve. Note that all impacts noted below exclude any effects of deferred taxes, DAC and PVFP unless otherwise noted. Under this model, with all other factors constant and assuming no offsetting change in the value of our liabilities, we estimated that such an increase in interest rates would cause the fair value of our fixed-income 210 securities portfolio to decrease by approximately $4.3 billion based on our securities positions as of December 31, 2018, as compared to an estimated decrease of $4.6 billion under this model as of December 31, 2017. The decrease in the impact of the parallel shift in the yield curve in 2018 was due to the decrease in the fair value of our investment portfolio as well as the decrease in duration of fixed maturity securities to better align with the liabilities being backed by these investments. Additionally, the results of this parallel shift in the yield curve would cause the fair value of our commercial mortgage loans to decrease by approximately $384 million based on our commercial mortgage loans as of December 31, 2018, as compared to an estimated decrease of $371 million as of December 31, 2017. We performed a similar sensitivity analysis on our derivatives portfolio and noted that a 100 basis point increase in interest rates resulted in a decrease in fair value of $527 million based on our derivatives portfolio as of December 31, 2018, as compared to an estimated decline of $604 million under this model as of December 31, 2017. The estimated decrease in fair value of our derivatives portfolio would also require us to post collateral to certain derivative counterparties of $268 million and would require us to post cash margin related to our cleared swaps and futures contracts of $370 million based on our derivatives portfolio as of December 31, 2018. Of the $527 million estimated decrease in fair value of our derivatives portfolio as of December 31, 2018, $35 million related to non-qualified derivatives used to mitigate interest rate risk associated with our GMWB embedded derivative liabilities as of December 31, 2018. We also performed a similar sensitivity analysis on our embedded derivatives associated with our GMWB liabilities and noted that a 100 basis point increase in interest rates resulted in a decrease of $89 million based on our GMWB embedded derivative liabilities as of December 31, 2018, as compared to an estimated decline of $90 million under this model as of December 31, 2017. As of December 31, 2018, we performed a similar sensitivity analysis and noted that a 100 basis point increase in interest rates resulted in an increase of $12 million on our fixed index annuity embedded derivatives, as compared to an estimated increase of $7 million under this model as of December 31, 2017. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, a 100 basis point increase in interest rates would result in a decrease of $2 million on our indexed universal life embedded derivatives. The impact on our insurance liabilities is not included in the sensitivities above. 211 The principal amount, weighted-average interest rate and fair value by maturity of our variable rate debt were as follows as of December 31, 2018: (Amounts in millions) Maturity: Floating rate notes: Senior secured term loan facility, 2023 (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Junior subordinated notes, 2025 (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Junior subordinated notes, 2066 (4) Total floating rate notes Non-recourse funding obligations: Rivermont Life Insurance Company I, 2050 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total non-recourse funding obligations . . . . . . . . . . . Weighted- average interest rate Fair value (1) Principal amount $ 438 140 585 1,163 311 311 6.58% $ 440 143 5.46% 316 4.13% 5.21% 4.49% 4.49% 899 215 215 Total floating rate debt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,474 $1,114 (1) The valuation methodology used is based on the then-current coupon, revalued based on the LIBOR set and current spread assumption based on commercially available data. The model is a floating rate coupon model using the spread assumption to derive the valuation. (2) At our option, the Term Loan will bear interest at either an adjusted LIBOR no lower than 1.0% plus a (3) (4) margin of 4.5% per annum or an alternate base rate plus a margin of 3.5% per annum. Subordinated floating rate notes issued by Genworth Financial Mortgage Insurance Pty Limited, our indirect wholly-owned subsidiary, due in 2025 have an interest rate of three-month Bank Bill Swap reference rate plus a margin of 3.50%. Floating rate junior notes due in November 2066 have an annual interest rate equal to three-month LIBOR plus 2.0025%. See note 12 in our consolidated financial statements under “Item 8—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for additional information. The Term Loan was closed in March 2018 and therefore had no floating weighted-average interest rate as of December 31, 2017. The weighted-average interest rate as of December 31, 2017, on subordinated floating rate notes issued by Genworth Financial Mortgage Insurance Pty Limited was 5.25% based on $154 million of principal due in 2025. The weighted-average interest rate as of December 31, 2017 on our floating rate junior subordinated notes due in 2066 was 3.18% based on $585 million principal due in 2066. The weighted-average interest rate on our non-recourse funding obligations was 3.54% based on $310 million of principal due in 2050. Equity Market Risk One means of assessing exposure to changes in equity market prices is to estimate the potential changes in market values on our equity investments resulting from a hypothetical broad-based decline in equity market prices of 10%. Under this model, with all other factors constant, we estimated that such a decline in equity market prices would cause the fair value of our equity investments to decline by approximately $14 million based on our equity positions as of December 31, 2018, as compared to an estimated decline of $23 million under this model for the year ended December 31, 2017. We performed a similar sensitivity analysis on our equity market derivatives and noted that a 10% decline in equity market prices would result in an increase in fair value of $50 million based on our equity market derivatives as of December 31, 2018 and 2017. The estimated increase in fair value primarily relates to non-qualified derivatives used to mitigate equity market risk associated with our GMWB and fixed index annuity embedded derivative liabilities. We also performed a similar sensitivity analysis on our embedded derivatives associated with our GMWB liabilities and noted that a 10% decline in equity market prices would result in an 212 estimated increase in fair value of $48 million based on our GMWB embedded derivative liabilities as of December 31, 2018 and 2017. As of December 31, 2018, we performed a similar sensitivity analysis on our fixed index annuity and indexed universal life embedded derivatives and noted that a 10% decline in equity market prices would result in an estimated decrease in fair value of $11 million and $1 million, respectively, as compared to an estimated decrease in fair value of $40 million and $2 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2017. Foreign Currency Risk One means of assessing exposure to changes in foreign currency exchange rates is to model effects on reported income using a sensitivity analysis. We analyzed our combined currency exposure for the year ended December 31, 2018, and remeasured our pre-tax earnings assuming a 10% decrease in foreign currency exchange rates compared to the U.S. dollar. Under this model, with all other factors constant, we estimated that such a decrease would reduce our results, before taxes and noncontrolling interests, by approximately $51 million and $33 million under this model for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. We also performed a similar sensitivity analysis on our foreign currency derivative portfolio and noted that a 10% decrease in foreign currency exchange rates resulted in an increase in fair value of $100 million as of December 31, 2018, as compared to an estimated decrease of $57 million under this model for the year ended December 31, 2017. The change in fair value of derivatives may not result in a direct impact to our income (loss) as a result of certain derivatives that may be designated as qualifying hedge relationships. Derivative Counterparty Credit Risk For all derivative instruments except for derivatives associated with our consolidated securitization entities, a counterparty (or its guarantor, as applicable) may not have a long-term unsecured debt rating below “A-/A3” as rated by S&P and Moody’s, respectively, at the date of execution of the derivative instrument. The same requirement applies where a Credit Support Annex (“CSA”) to an International Swaps and Derivatives Association, Inc. (“ISDA”) Master Agreement has been obtained such that the counterparty is obligated to provide collateral. In the case of a split or single rating, the lowest or the single rating will apply. In the case of foreign exchange transactions with a tenor of exposure of less than one year, a counterparty must have short-term credit rating of “A-1/P-1” or its equivalent. In the case of a split or single rating, the lowest or the single rating will apply. All counterparty exposure is measured on a net mark-to-market basis where the valuation of a derivative is adjusted to reflect current market values. This is achieved by estimating the net present value of derivatives positions contracted and outstanding with each counterparty and calculating the gross loss (excluding recoveries) that would be sustained in the event of a counterparty bankruptcy (taking into account netting and pledged collateral under the applicable ISDA Master Agreement and CSA). Investment exposure limits to counterparties take into account all exposures (through derivatives, bond investments, repurchase transactions or otherwise). We also engage in derivatives transactions traded on regulated exchanges or clearinghouses where the exchanges or clearinghouses ensure the performance of the contracts. 213 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Genworth Financial, Inc. Index to Consolidated Financial Statements Annual Financial Statements: Report of KPMG LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Financial Statements as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 and for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016: Consolidated Balance Sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consolidated Statements of Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements: Note 1—Nature of Business and Formation of Genworth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Note 2—Summary of Significant Accounting Policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Note 3—Earnings (Loss) Per Share . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Note 4—Investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Note 5—Derivative Instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Note 6—Deferred Acquisition Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Note 7—Intangible Assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Note 8—Reinsurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Note 9—Insurance Reserves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Note 10—Liability for Policy and Contract Claims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Note 11—Employee Benefit Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Note 12—Borrowings and Other Financings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Note 13—Income Taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Note 14—Supplemental Cash Flow Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Note 15—Stock-Based Compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Note 16—Fair Value of Financial Instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Note 17—Variable Interest and Securitization Entities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Note 18—Insurance Subsidiary Financial Information and Regulatory Matters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Note 19—Segment Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Note 20—Quarterly Results of Operations (unaudited) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Note 21—Commitments and Contingencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Note 22—Changes in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Note 23—Noncontrolling Interests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Note 24—Sale of Businesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Note 25—Condensed Consolidating Financial Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 243 244 260 268 269 270 273 276 283 285 291 296 296 301 324 327 331 338 340 344 346 348 348 Financial Statement Schedules as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 and for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016: Schedule I, Summary of Investments-Other Than Investments in Related Parties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Schedule II, Financial Statements of Genworth Financial, Inc. (Parent Only) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Schedule III, Supplemental Insurance Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360 361 367 214 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm To the Stockholders and Board of Directors Genworth Financial, Inc.: Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Genworth Financial, Inc. (the Company) as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2018, and the related notes and financial statement schedules I to III (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2018, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, and our report dated February 27, 2019 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Basis for Opinion These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. /s/ KPMG LLP We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2002. Richmond, Virginia February 27, 2019 215 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Amounts in millions, except per share amounts) Assets Investments: Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale, at fair value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Equity securities, at fair value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commercial mortgage loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restricted commercial mortgage loans related to securitization entities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Policy loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other invested assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued investment income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred acquisition costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Intangible assets and goodwill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reinsurance recoverable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred tax asset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Separate account assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Liabilities and equity Liabilities: Future policy benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Policyholder account balances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Liability for policy and contract claims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unearned premiums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Borrowings related to securitization entities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-recourse funding obligations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long-term borrowings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred tax liability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Separate account liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commitments and contingencies Equity: December 31, 2018 2017 $ 59,661 655 6,687 62 1,861 1,188 70,114 2,177 675 3,263 347 17,278 474 736 5,859 $100,923 $ 37,940 22,968 10,379 3,546 1,682 — 311 4,025 24 5,859 86,734 $ 62,525 820 6,341 107 1,786 1,813 73,392 2,875 644 2,329 301 17,569 453 504 7,230 $105,297 $ 38,472 24,195 9,594 3,967 1,910 40 310 4,224 27 7,230 89,969 Class A common stock, $0.001 par value; 1.5 billion shares authorized; 589 million and 588 million shares issued as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively; 501 million and 499 million shares outstanding as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively . . . . Additional paid-in capital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss): Net unrealized investment gains (losses): Net unrealized gains (losses) on securities not other-than-temporarily impaired . . Net unrealized gains (losses) on other-than-temporarily impaired securities . . . . . Net unrealized investment gains (losses) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Derivatives qualifying as hedges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign currency translation and other adjustments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Retained earnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Treasury stock, at cost (88 million shares as of December 31, 2018 and 2017) Total Genworth Financial, Inc.’s stockholders’ equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Noncontrolling interests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total liabilities and equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 11,987 1 11,977 585 10 595 1,781 (332) 2,044 1,118 (2,700) 12,450 1,739 14,189 $100,923 1,075 10 1,085 2,065 (123) 3,027 1,113 (2,700) 13,418 1,910 15,328 $105,297 See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 216 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME (Amounts in millions, except per share amounts) Years ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 Revenues: Premiums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net investment income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net investment gains (losses) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Policy fees and other income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $4,519 3,262 (146) 795 $4,004 3,200 265 826 $4,160 3,159 72 978 Total revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,430 8,295 8,369 Benefits and expenses: Benefits and other changes in policy reserves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest credited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquisition and operating expenses, net of deferrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of deferred acquisition costs and intangibles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total benefits and expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income from continuing operations before income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision (benefit) for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income (loss) from continuing operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss from discontinued operations, net of taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less: net income attributable to noncontrolling interests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,684 611 997 391 299 7,982 448 151 297 — 297 178 5,179 646 1,022 435 284 7,566 729 (207) 936 (9) 927 110 5,245 696 1,273 498 337 8,049 320 358 (38) (29) (67) 210 Net income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders . . . . $ 119 $ 817 $ (277) Income (loss) from continuing operations available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders per share: Basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 0.24 $ 1.66 $ (0.50) Diluted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 0.24 $ 1.65 $ (0.50) Net income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders per share: Basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 0.24 $ 1.64 $ (0.56) Diluted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 0.24 $ 1.63 $ (0.56) Weighted-average common shares outstanding: Basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500.4 499.0 498.3 Diluted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504.2 501.4 498.3 Supplemental disclosures: Total other-than-temporary impairments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Portion of other-than-temporary impairments included in other comprehensive $ — $ (6) $ (40) income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — Net other-than-temporary impairments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other investment gains (losses) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — (146) — (6) 271 — (40) 112 Total net investment gains (losses) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (146) $ 265 $ 72 See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 217 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (Amounts in millions) Net income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes: Years ended December 31, 2016 2017 2018 $ 297 $ 927 $ (67) Net unrealized gains (losses) on securities not other-than-temporarily impaired . . Net unrealized gains (losses) on other-than-temporarily impaired securities . . . . . Derivatives qualifying as hedges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign currency translation and other adjustments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (669) (2) (298) (301) Total other comprehensive income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1,270) Total comprehensive income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less: comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (973) 22 (187) 1 (20) 251 45 972 222 6 (9) 40 54 91 24 217 Total comprehensive income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (995) $ 750 $(193) See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 218 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY (Amounts in millions) Common stock Additional paid-in capital Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) Retained earnings Treasury stock, at cost Total Genworth Financial, Inc.‘s stockholders’ equity Noncontrolling interests Total equity Balances as of December 31, 2015 . . $ 1 $11,949 $ 3,010 $ 564 $(2,700) $12,824 $1,813 $14,637 Return of capital to noncontrolling interests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — Comprehensive income (loss): Net income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . — Other comprehensive income, net of taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — Total comprehensive income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dividends to noncontrolling interests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — Stock-based compensation expense and exercises and other . . . . . . . . — — — — — 13 — — — (277) 84 — — — — — — — — — — — (277) 84 (70) 210 7 (193) 217 (70) (67) 91 24 — 13 (138) (138) 1 14 Balances as of December 31, 2016 . . 1 11,962 3,094 287 (2,700) 12,644 1,823 14,467 Cumulative effect of change in accounting, net of taxes . . . . . . . . — Repurchase of subsidiary shares . . . . — Comprehensive income (loss): Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — Other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes . . . . . . . . — Total comprehensive income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dividends to noncontrolling interests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — Stock-based compensation expense and exercises and other . . . . . . . . — — — — — — 15 — — — (67) — — 9 — 817 — — — — — — — — — 9 — 817 (67) 750 — 15 — (33) 110 112 222 9 (33) 927 45 972 (107) (107) 5 20 Balances as of December 31, 2017 . . 1 11,977 3,027 1,113 (2,700) 13,418 1,910 15,328 Cumulative effect of change in accounting, net of taxes . . . . . . . . — Repurchase of subsidiary shares . . . — Comprehensive income (loss): Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — Other comprehensive loss, net of taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — Total comprehensive income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dividends to noncontrolling interests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — Stock-based compensation expense and exercises and other . . . . . . . . . — — — — — — 10 131 — — (1,114) (114) — 119 — — — — — — — — — — — 17 — 119 — (105) 17 (105) 178 297 (1,114) (156) (1,270) (995) — 10 22 (97) 9 (973) (97) 19 Balances as of December 31, 2018 . . $ 1 $11,987 $ 2,044 $1,118 $(2,700) $12,450 $1,739 $14,189 See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 219 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Amounts in millions) Years ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 Cash flows from operating activities: Net income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less loss from discontinued operations, net of taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash from operating activities: $ 297 — $ 927 9 $ Gain on sale of businesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of fixed maturity securities discounts and premiums . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net investment (gains) losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Charges assessed to policyholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquisition costs deferred . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of deferred acquisition costs and intangibles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trading securities, limited partnerships and derivative instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stock-based compensation expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Change in certain assets and liabilities: Accrued investment income and other assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Insurance reserves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Current tax liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other liabilities, policy and contract claims and other policy-related balances . . . . Net cash from operating activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — (122) 146 (697) (83) 391 5 (249) 37 (168) 1,555 (52) 573 1,633 — (147) (265) (713) (88) 435 (368) 703 42 30 1,625 (4) 368 2,554 (67) 29 (26) (138) (72) (782) (150) 498 145 709 32 (358) 1,315 32 705 1,872 Cash flows used by investing activities: Proceeds from maturities and repayments of investments: Fixed maturity securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commercial mortgage loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restricted commercial mortgage loans related to securitization entities . . . . . . . . . 3,756 701 45 4,766 579 22 3,889 700 32 Proceeds from sales of investments: Fixed maturity and equity securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,192 4,226 5,629 Purchases and originations of investments: Fixed maturity and equity securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commercial mortgage loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other invested assets, net Policy loans, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Proceeds from sale of businesses, net of cash transferred . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Payments for businesses purchased, net of cash acquired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (10,706) (1,047) 402 35 — — (8,888) (806) (701) 48 — (5) (11,529) (649) (154) (77) 39 — Net cash used by investing activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (622) (759) (2,120) Cash flows used by financing activities: Deposits to universal life and investment contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Withdrawals from universal life and investment contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Redemption and repurchase of non-recourse funding obligations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repayment and repurchase of long-term debt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repayment of borrowings related to securitization entities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repurchase of subsidiary shares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Return of capital to noncontrolling interests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dividends paid to noncontrolling interests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,193 (2,355) — 441 (600) (40) (105) — (97) (58) 857 (2,397) — — — (34) (33) — (107) (54) Net cash used by financing activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1,621) (1,768) Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash . . . . . . . . . . . . Net change in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (88) (698) 2,875 64 91 2,784 1,349 (2,004) (1,620) — (382) (42) — (70) (138) (44) (2,951) (10) (3,209) 5,993 Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 2,177 $ 2,875 $ 2,784 See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 220 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 (1) Nature of Business and Formation of Genworth Genworth Holdings, Inc. (“Genworth Holdings”) (formerly known as Genworth Financial, Inc.) was incorporated in Delaware in 2003 in preparation for an initial public offering (“IPO”) of Genworth’s common stock, which was completed on May 28, 2004. On April 1, 2013, Genworth Holdings completed a holding company reorganization pursuant to which Genworth Holdings became a direct, 100% owned subsidiary of a new public holding company that it had formed. The new public holding company was incorporated in Delaware on December 5, 2012, in connection with the reorganization, and was renamed Genworth Financial, Inc. (“Genworth Financial”) upon the completion of the reorganization. On October 21, 2016, Genworth Financial entered into an agreement and plan of merger (the “Merger Agreement”) with Asia Pacific Global Capital Co., Ltd. (“Parent”), a limited liability company incorporated in the People’s Republic of China and a subsidiary of China Oceanwide Holdings Group Co., Ltd., a limited liability company incorporated in the People’s Republic of China (together with its affiliates, “China Oceanwide”), and Asia Pacific Global Capital USA Corporation (“Merger Sub”), a Delaware corporation and an indirect, wholly-owned subsidiary of Asia Pacific Insurance USA Holdings LLC (“Asia Pacific Insurance”), which is a Delaware limited liability company and owned by China Oceanwide, pursuant to which, subject to the terms and conditions set forth therein, Merger Sub would merge with and into Genworth Financial with Genworth Financial surviving the merger as an indirect, wholly-owned subsidiary of Asia Pacific Insurance. China Oceanwide has agreed to acquire all of our outstanding common stock for a total transaction value of approximately $2.7 billion, or $5.43 per share in cash. At a special meeting held on March 7, 2017, Genworth Financial’s stockholders voted on and approved a proposal to adopt the Merger Agreement. The closing of the transaction remains subject to other conditions and approvals. The accompanying financial statements include on a consolidated basis the accounts of Genworth and our affiliate companies in which we hold a majority voting interest or power to direct activities of certain variable interest entities (“VIEs”), which we refer to as “Genworth,” the “Company,” “we,” “us” or “our” unless the context otherwise requires. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. We operate our business through the following five operating segments: • U.S. Mortgage Insurance. In the United States, we offer mortgage insurance products predominantly insuring prime-based, individually underwritten residential mortgage loans (“flow mortgage insurance”). We selectively provide mortgage insurance on a bulk basis (“bulk mortgage insurance”) with essentially all of our bulk writings being prime-based. • Canada Mortgage Insurance. We offer flow mortgage insurance and also provide bulk mortgage insurance that aids in the sale of mortgages to the capital markets and helps lenders manage capital and risk in Canada. • Australia Mortgage Insurance. In Australia, we offer flow mortgage insurance and selectively provide bulk mortgage insurance that aids in the sale of mortgages to the capital markets and helps lenders manage capital and risk. • U.S. Life Insurance. We offer long-term care insurance products as well as service traditional life insurance and fixed annuity products in the United States. 221 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 • Runoff. The Runoff segment includes the results of non-strategic products which have not been actively sold since 2011 but we continue to service our existing blocks of business. Our non-strategic products primarily include our variable annuity, variable life insurance, institutional, corporate-owned life insurance and other accident and health insurance products. Institutional products consist of: funding agreements and funding agreements backing notes (“FABNs”). In addition to our five operating business segments, we also have Corporate and Other activities which include debt financing expenses that are incurred at the Genworth Holdings level, unallocated corporate income and expenses, eliminations of inter-segment transactions and the results of other businesses that are managed outside of our operating segments, including certain smaller international mortgage insurance businesses and discontinued operations. See note 24 for additional information related to discontinued operations. (2) Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Our consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the basis of U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”). Preparing financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect reported amounts and related disclosures. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation. a) Premiums For traditional long-duration insurance contracts, we report premiums as earned when due. For short- duration insurance contracts, we report premiums as revenue over the terms of the related insurance policies on a pro-rata basis or in proportion to expected claims. For single premium mortgage insurance contracts, we report premiums over the estimated policy life in accordance with the expected pattern of risk emergence as further described in our accounting policy for unearned premiums. In addition, we have a practice of refunding the post-delinquent premiums in our U.S. mortgage insurance business to the insured party if the delinquent loan goes to claim. We record a liability for premiums received on the delinquent loans where our practice is to refund post-delinquent premiums. Premiums received under annuity contracts without significant mortality risk and premiums received on investment and universal life insurance products are not reported as revenues but rather as deposits and are included in liabilities for policyholder account balances. b) Net Investment Income and Net Investment Gains and Losses Investment income is recognized when earned. Income or losses upon call or prepayment of available-for-sale fixed maturity securities is recognized in net investment income, except for hybrid securities where the income or loss upon call is recognized in net investment gains and losses. Investment gains and losses are calculated on the basis of specific identification on the trade date. Investment income on mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities is initially based upon yield, cash flow and prepayment assumptions at the date of purchase. Subsequent revisions in those assumptions are recorded using the retrospective or prospective method. Under the retrospective method used for mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities of high credit quality (ratings equal to or greater than “AA” or that are backed by a U.S. 222 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 agency) which cannot be contractually prepaid in such a manner that we would not recover a substantial portion of the initial investment, amortized cost of the security is adjusted to the amount that would have existed had the revised assumptions been in place at the date of purchase. The adjustments to amortized cost are recorded as a charge or credit to net investment income. Under the prospective method, which is used for all other mortgage- backed and asset-backed securities, future cash flows are estimated and interest income is recognized going forward using the new internal rate of return. c) Policy Fees and Other Income Policy fees and other income consists primarily of insurance charges assessed on universal and term universal life insurance contracts and fees assessed against customer account values. For universal and term universal life insurance contracts, charges to policyholder accounts for cost of insurance are recognized as revenue when due. Variable product fees are charged to variable annuity contractholders and variable life insurance policyholders based upon the daily net assets of the contractholder’s and policyholder’s account values and are recognized as revenue when charged. Policy surrender fees are recognized as income when the policy is surrendered. d) Investment Securities At the time of purchase, we designate our fixed maturity securities as either available-for-sale or trading and report them in our consolidated balance sheets at fair value. Equity securities are recorded at fair value in our consolidated balance sheets and changes in the fair value are reflected in net investment gains (losses). Our portfolio of fixed maturity securities comprises primarily investment grade securities. Changes in the fair value of available-for-sale investments, net of the effect on deferred acquisition costs (“DAC”), present value of future profits (“PVFP”), benefit reserves and deferred income taxes, are reflected as unrealized investment gains or losses in a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). Realized and unrealized gains and losses related to trading securities are reflected in net investment gains (losses). Other-Than-Temporary Impairments On Available-For-Sale Securities As of each balance sheet date, we evaluate securities in an unrealized loss position for other-than-temporary impairments. For debt securities, we consider all available information relevant to the collectability of the security, including information about past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts, when developing the estimate of cash flows expected to be collected. More specifically for mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities, we also utilize performance indicators of the underlying assets including default or delinquency rates, loan to collateral value ratios, third-party credit enhancements, current levels of subordination, vintage and other relevant characteristics of the security or underlying assets to develop our estimate of cash flows. Estimating the cash flows expected to be collected is a quantitative and qualitative process that incorporates information received from third-party sources along with certain internal assumptions and judgments regarding the future performance of the underlying collateral. Where possible, this data is benchmarked against third-party sources. We recognize other-than-temporary impairments on debt securities in an unrealized loss position when one of the following circumstances exists: • we do not expect full recovery of our amortized cost basis when due, 223 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 • the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than our amortized cost basis, • we intend to sell a security or • it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell a security prior to recovery. For other-than-temporary impairments recognized during the period, we present the total other-than- temporary impairments, the portion of other-than-temporary impairments included in other comprehensive income (loss) (“OCI”) and the net other-than-temporary impairments as supplemental disclosure presented on the face of our consolidated statements of income. Total other-than-temporary impairments that emerged in the current period are calculated as the difference between the amortized cost and fair value. For other-than-temporarily impaired securities where we do not intend to sell the security and it is not more likely than not that we will be required to sell the security prior to recovery, total other-than-temporary impairments are adjusted by the portion of other-than-temporary impairments recognized in OCI (“non-credit”). Net other-than-temporary impairments recorded in net income (loss) represent the credit loss on the other-than-temporarily impaired securities with the offset recognized as an adjustment to the amortized cost to determine the new amortized cost basis of the securities. For securities that were deemed to be other-than-temporarily impaired and a non-credit loss was recorded in OCI, the amount recorded as an unrealized gain (loss) represents the difference between the current fair value and the new amortized cost for each period presented. The unrealized gain (loss) on an other-than-temporarily impaired security is recorded as a separate component in OCI until the security is sold or until we record an other-than-temporary impairment where we intend to sell the security or will be required to sell the security prior to recovery. To estimate the amount of other-than-temporary impairment attributed to credit losses on debt securities where we do not intend to sell the security and it is not more likely than not that we will be required to sell the security prior to recovery, we determine our best estimate of the present value of the cash flows expected to be collected from a security using the effective yield on the security prior to recording any other-than-temporary impairment. If the present value of the discounted cash flows is lower than the amortized cost of the security, the difference between the present value and amortized cost represents the credit loss associated with the security with the remaining difference between fair value and amortized cost recorded as a non-credit other-than- temporary impairment in OCI. The evaluation of other-than-temporary impairments is subject to risks and uncertainties and is intended to determine the appropriate amount and timing for recognizing an impairment charge. The assessment of whether such impairment has occurred is based on management’s best estimate of the cash flows expected to be collected at the individual security level. We regularly monitor our investment portfolio to ensure that securities that may be other-than-temporarily impaired are identified in a timely manner and that any impairment charge is recognized in the proper period. While the other-than-temporary impairment model for debt securities generally includes fixed maturity securities, there are certain hybrid securities that are classified as fixed maturity securities where the application of a debt impairment model depends on whether there has been any evidence of deterioration in credit of the issuer, such as a downgrade to below investment grade. Under certain circumstances, evidence of deterioration in credit of the issuer may result in the application of the equity securities impairment model. 224 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 Prior to adopting new accounting guidance related to the recognition and measurement of financial assets and financial liabilities on January 1, 2018 (see “—Accounting Changes —Recognition and measurement of financial assets and liabilities” for additional details), we recognized an impairment charge for equity securities in the period in which we determined that the security would not recover to book value within a reasonable period of time. We determined what constituted a reasonable period on a security-by-security basis based upon consideration of all the evidence available to us, including the magnitude of an unrealized loss and its duration. In any event, this period did not exceed 15 months for common equity securities. We measured other-than- temporary impairments based upon the difference between the amortized cost of a security and its fair value. e) Fair Value Measurements Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. We have fixed maturity, equity and trading securities, derivatives, embedded derivatives, securities held as collateral, separate account assets and certain other financial instruments, which are carried at fair value. Fair value measurements are based upon observable and unobservable inputs. Observable inputs reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect our view of market assumptions in the absence of observable market information. We utilize valuation techniques that maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. All assets and liabilities carried at fair value are classified and disclosed in one of the following three categories: • Level 1—Quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets. • Level 2—Quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; and model-derived valuations whose inputs are observable or whose significant value drivers are observable. • Level 3—Instruments whose significant value drivers are unobservable. Level 1 primarily consists of financial instruments whose value is based on quoted market prices such as actively traded equity securities and actively traded mutual fund investments. Level 2 includes those financial instruments that are valued using industry-standard pricing methodologies, models or other valuation methodologies. These models are primarily industry-standard models that consider various inputs, such as interest rate, credit spread and foreign exchange rates for the underlying financial instruments. All significant inputs are observable, or derived from observable information in the marketplace or are supported by observable levels at which transactions are executed in the marketplace. Financial instruments in this category primarily include: certain public and private corporate fixed maturity and equity securities; government or agency securities; certain mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities; securities held as collateral; and certain non-exchange-traded derivatives such as interest rate or cross currency swaps. Level 3 comprises financial instruments whose fair value is estimated based on industry-standard pricing methodologies and internally developed models utilizing significant inputs not based on, nor corroborated by, readily available market information. In certain instances, this category may also utilize non-binding broker quotes. This category primarily consists of certain less liquid fixed maturity, equity and trading securities and certain derivative instruments or embedded derivatives where we cannot corroborate the significant valuation inputs with market observable data. 225 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 As of each reporting period, all assets and liabilities recorded at fair value are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Our assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment, and considers factors specific to the asset or liability, such as the relative impact on the fair value as a result of including a particular input. We review the fair value hierarchy classifications each reporting period. Changes in the observability of the valuation attributes may result in a reclassification of certain financial assets or liabilities. Such reclassifications are reported as transfers in and out of Level 3 at the beginning fair value for the reporting period in which the changes occur. See note 16 for additional information related to fair value measurements. f) Commercial Mortgage Loans The carrying value of commercial mortgage loans is stated at original cost, net of principal payments, amortization and allowance for loan losses. Interest on loans is recognized on an accrual basis at the applicable interest rate on the principal amount outstanding. Loan origination fees and direct costs, as well as premiums and discounts, are amortized as level yield adjustments over the respective loan terms. Unamortized net fees or costs are recognized upon early repayment of the loans. Loan commitment fees are deferred and amortized on an effective yield basis over the term of the loan. Commercial mortgage loans are considered past due when contractual payments have not been received from the borrower by the required payment date. “Impaired” loans are defined by U.S. GAAP as loans for which it is probable that the lender will be unable to collect all amounts due according to original contractual terms of the loan agreement. In determining whether it is probable that we will be unable to collect all amounts due, we consider current payment status, debt service coverage ratios, occupancy levels and current loan-to-value. Impaired loans are carried on a non-accrual status. Loans are placed on non-accrual status when, in management’s opinion, the collection of principal or interest is unlikely, or when the collection of principal or interest is 90 days or more past due. Income on impaired loans is not recognized until the loan is sold or the cash received exceeds the carrying amount recorded. We evaluate the impairment of commercial mortgage loans first on an individual loan basis. If an individual loan is not deemed impaired, then we evaluate the remaining loans collectively to determine whether an impairment should be recorded. For individually impaired loans, we record an impairment charge when it is probable that a loss has been incurred. The impairment is recorded as an increase in the allowance for loan losses. All losses of principal are charged to the allowance for loan losses in the period in which the loan is deemed to be uncollectible. For loans that are not individually impaired where we evaluate the loans collectively, the allowance for loan losses is maintained at a level that we determine is adequate to absorb estimated probable incurred losses in the loan portfolio. Our process to determine the adequacy of the allowance utilizes an analytical model based on historical loss experience adjusted for current events, trends and economic conditions that would result in a loss in the loan portfolio over the next 12 months. Key inputs into our evaluation include debt service coverage ratios, loan-to-value, property-type, occupancy levels, geographic region, and probability weighting of the scenarios generated by the model. The actual amounts realized could differ in the near term from the amounts assumed in arriving at the allowance for loan losses reported in the consolidated financial statements. Additions and reductions to the allowance through periodic provisions or benefits are recorded in net investment gains (losses). See note 4 for additional disclosures related to commercial mortgage loans. 226 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 g) Repurchase Agreements We previously had a repurchase program in which we sold an investment security at a specified price and agreed to repurchase that security at another specified price at a later date. Repurchase agreements were treated as collateralized financing transactions and were carried at the amounts at which the securities were subsequently reacquired, including accrued interest, as specified in the respective agreement. The fair value of securities to be repurchased was monitored and collateral levels were adjusted where appropriate to protect the parties against credit exposure. Cash received was invested in fixed maturity securities. See note 12 for additional information related to our repurchase agreements. h) Securities Lending Activity In the United States and Canada, we engage in certain securities lending transactions for the purpose of enhancing the yield on our investment securities portfolio. We maintain effective control over all loaned securities and, therefore, continue to report such securities as fixed maturity securities on the consolidated balance sheets. We are currently indemnified against counterparty credit risk by the intermediary. See note 12 for additional information related to our securities lending activity. i) Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash Certificates of deposit, money market funds and other time deposits with original maturities of 90 days or less are considered cash equivalents in the consolidated balance sheets and consolidated statements of cash flows. Items with maturities greater than 90 days but less than one year at the time of acquisition are considered short- term investments. j) Deferred Acquisition Costs Acquisition costs include costs that are directly related to the successful acquisition of new or renewal insurance contracts. Acquisition costs are deferred and amortized to the extent they are recoverable from future profits. Long-Duration Contracts. Acquisition costs include commissions in excess of ultimate renewal commissions and for contracts issued, certain other costs such as underwriting, medical inspection and issuance expenses. DAC for traditional long-duration insurance contracts, including term life and long-term care insurance, is amortized as a level percentage of premiums based on assumptions, including, investment returns, health care experience (including type of care and cost of care), policyholder persistency or lapses (i.e., the probability that a policy or contract will remain in-force from one period to the next), insured life expectancy or longevity, insured morbidity (i.e., frequency and severity of claim, including claim termination rates and benefit utilization rates) and expenses, established when the contract is issued. Amortization is adjusted each period to reflect actual lapse or termination rates. Amortization for deferred annuity and universal life insurance contracts is based on expected gross profits. Expected gross profits are adjusted quarterly to reflect actual experience to date or for changes in underlying assumptions relating to future gross profits. Estimates of gross profits for DAC amortization are based on assumptions including interest rates, policyholder persistency or lapses, insured life expectancy or longevity and expenses. We are required to analyze the impacts from net unrealized investment gains and losses on our available-for-sale investment securities backing insurance liabilities, as if those unrealized investment gains and 227 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 losses were realized. These “shadow accounting” adjustments result in the recognition of unrealized gains and losses on related insurance assets and liabilities in a manner consistent with the recognition of the unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale investment securities within the statement of comprehensive income and changes in equity. Changes to net unrealized investment (gains) losses may increase or decrease the ending DAC balance. Similar to a loss recognition event, when the DAC balance is reduced to zero, additional insurance liabilities are established if necessary. Unlike a loss recognition event, based on changes in net unrealized investment (gains) losses, these shadow adjustments may reverse from period to period. Therefore, DAC amortized based on expected gross profits is adjusted to reflect the effects that would have been recognized had the unrealized investment (gains) losses been actually realized with a corresponding amount recorded in other comprehensive income (loss). DAC associated with traditional long-duration insurance contracts is not adjusted for unrealized investment (gains) or losses unless a premium deficiency would have resulted upon the (gain) or loss being realized. Short-Duration Contracts. Acquisition costs primarily consist of commissions and premium taxes and are amortized ratably over the terms of the underlying policies. We regularly review our assumptions and test DAC for recoverability at least annually. For deferred annuity and universal life insurance contracts, if the present value of expected future gross profits is less than the unamortized DAC for a line of business, a charge to income (loss) is recorded for additional DAC amortization. For traditional long-duration and short-duration contracts, if the benefit reserve plus anticipated future premiums and interest income for a line of business are less than the current estimate of future benefits and expenses (including any unamortized DAC), a charge to income (loss) is recorded for additional DAC amortization or for increased benefit reserves. See note 6 for additional information related to DAC including loss recognition and recoverability. k) Intangible Assets Present Value of Future Profits. In conjunction with the acquisition of a block of insurance policies or investment contracts, a portion of the purchase price is assigned to the right to receive future gross profits arising from existing insurance and investment contracts. This intangible asset, called PVFP, represents the actuarially estimated present value of future cash flows from the acquired policies. PVFP is amortized, net of accreted interest, in a manner similar to the amortization of DAC. We regularly review our PVFP assumptions and periodically test PVFP for recoverability similar to our treatment of DAC. See note 7 for additional information related to PVFP including recoverability. Deferred Sales Inducements to Contractholders. We defer sales inducements to contractholders for features on variable annuities that entitle the contractholder to an incremental amount to be credited to the account value upon making a deposit, and for fixed annuities with crediting rates higher than the contract’s expected ongoing crediting rates for periods after the inducement. Deferred sales inducements to contractholders are reported as a separate intangible asset and amortized in benefits and other changes in policy reserves using the same methodology and assumptions used to amortize DAC. Other Intangible Assets. We amortize the costs of other intangibles over their estimated useful lives unless such lives are deemed indefinite. Amortizable intangible assets are tested for impairment based on undiscounted cash flows, which requires the use of estimates and judgment, and, if impaired, written down to fair value based 228 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 on either discounted cash flows or appraised values. Intangible assets with indefinite lives are tested at least annually for impairment using a qualitative or quantitative assessment and are written down to fair value as required. l) Goodwill Goodwill is not amortized but is tested for impairment annually or between annual tests if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of the reporting unit below its carrying value. The determination of fair value requires the use of estimates and judgment, at the “reporting unit” level. A reporting unit is the operating segment, or a business, one level below that operating segment (the “component” level) if discrete financial information is prepared and regularly reviewed by management at the component level. If the reporting unit’s fair value is below its carrying value, we recognize an impairment in an amount equal to the difference between the carrying value and the fair value of the reporting unit up to the amount of recorded goodwill. No goodwill impairment charges were recorded in 2018, 2017 or 2016. m) Reinsurance Premium revenue, benefits and acquisition and operating expenses, net of deferrals, are reported net of the amounts relating to reinsurance ceded to and assumed from other companies. Amounts due from reinsurers for incurred and estimated future claims are reflected in the reinsurance recoverable asset. Amounts received from reinsurers that represent recovery of acquisition costs are netted against DAC so that the net amount is capitalized. The cost of reinsurance is accounted for over the terms of the related treaties using assumptions consistent with those used to account for the underlying reinsured policies. Premium revenue, benefits and acquisition and operating expenses, net of deferrals, for reinsurance contracts that do not qualify for reinsurance accounting are accounted for under the deposit method of accounting. n) Derivatives Derivative instruments are used to manage risk through one of four principal risk management strategies including: (i) liabilities; (ii) invested assets; (iii) portfolios of assets or liabilities; and (iv) forecasted transactions. On the date we enter into a derivative contract, management designates the derivative as a hedge of the identified exposure (cash flow or foreign currency). If a derivative does not qualify for hedge accounting, the changes in its fair value and all scheduled periodic settlement receipts and payments are reported in income (loss). We formally document all relationships between hedging instruments and hedged items, as well as our risk management objective and strategy for undertaking various hedge transactions. In this documentation, we specifically identify the asset, liability or forecasted transaction that has been designated as a hedged item, state how the hedging instrument is expected to hedge the risks related to the hedged item, and set forth the method that will be used to retrospectively and prospectively assess the hedging instrument’s effectiveness. We generally determine hedge effectiveness based on total changes in fair value of the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk and the total changes in fair value of the derivative instrument. We discontinue hedge accounting prospectively when: (i) it is determined that the derivative is no longer effective in offsetting changes in the cash flows of a hedged item; (ii) the derivative expires or is sold, terminated or exercised; (iii) the derivative is de-designated as a hedge instrument; or (iv) it is no longer probable that the forecasted transaction will occur. 229 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 For all qualifying and highly effective cash flow hedges, changes in fair value of the derivative instrument is reported as a component of OCI. When hedge accounting is discontinued because it is probable that a forecasted transaction will not occur, the derivative continues to be carried in the consolidated balance sheets at its fair value, and gains and losses that were accumulated in OCI are recognized immediately in income (loss). When the hedged forecasted transaction is no longer probable, but is reasonably possible, the accumulated gain or loss remains in OCI and is recognized when the transaction affects income (loss); however, prospective hedge accounting for the transaction is terminated. In all other situations in which hedge accounting is discontinued on a cash flow hedge, amounts previously deferred in OCI are reclassified into income (loss) when income (loss) is impacted by the variability of the cash flow of the hedged item. We may enter into contracts that are not themselves derivative instruments but contain embedded derivatives. For each contract, we assess whether the economic characteristics of the embedded derivative are clearly and closely related to those of the host contract and determine whether a separate instrument with the same terms as the embedded instrument would meet the definition of a derivative instrument. If it is determined that the embedded derivative possesses economic characteristics that are not clearly and closely related to the economic characteristics of the host contract, and that a separate instrument with the same terms would qualify as a derivative instrument, the embedded derivative is separated from the host contract and accounted for as a stand-alone derivative. Such embedded derivatives are recorded in the consolidated balance sheets at fair value and are classified consistent with their host contract. Changes in their fair value are recognized in current period income (loss). If we are unable to properly identify and measure an embedded derivative for separation from its host contract, the entire contract is carried in the consolidated balance sheets at fair value, with changes in fair value recognized in current period income (loss). Changes in the fair value of non-qualifying derivatives, including embedded derivatives, are reported in net investment gains (losses). The majority of our derivative arrangements require the posting of collateral upon meeting certain net exposure thresholds. The amounts recognized for derivative counterparty collateral received by us was recorded in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash with a corresponding amount recorded in other liabilities to represent our obligation to return the collateral retained by us. We also receive non-cash collateral that is not recognized in our balance sheet unless we exercise our right to sell or re-pledge the underlying asset. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the fair value of non-cash collateral received was $40 million and $70 million, respectively, and the underlying assets were not sold or re-pledged. We have pledged $536 million and $288 million of fixed maturity securities as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Additionally, as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, we pledged $57 million and $59 million, respectively, of cash as collateral to derivative counterparties. Fixed maturity securities that we pledge as collateral remain on our balance sheet within fixed maturity securities available-for-sale. Any cash collateral pledged to a derivative counterparty is derecognized with a receivable recorded in other assets for the right to receive our cash collateral back from the counterparty. Derivatives previously cleared through a Central Clearing Party, such as the Chicago Mercantile Exchange, required us to post cash collateral for daily changes in the fair value of the derivative contract, commonly referred to as variation margin. In the third quarter of 2017, central clearing parties rule changes impacted our accounting treatment for variation margin pertaining to cleared swap positions, which were previously considered cash collateral and are now treated as daily settlements of the derivative contract. 230 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 o) Separate Accounts and Related Insurance Obligations Separate account assets represent funds for which the investment income and investment gains and losses accrue directly to the contractholders and are reflected in our consolidated balance sheets at fair value, reported as summary total separate account assets with an equivalent summary total reported for liabilities. Amounts assessed against the contractholders for mortality, administrative and other services are included in revenues. Changes in liabilities for minimum guarantees are included in benefits and other changes in policy reserves. Net investment income, net investment gains (losses) and the related liability changes associated with the separate account are offset within the same line item in the consolidated statements of income. There were no gains or losses on transfers of assets from the general account to the separate account. We offer certain minimum guarantees associated with our variable annuity contracts. Our variable annuity contracts usually contain a basic guaranteed minimum death benefit (“GMDB”) which provides a minimum benefit to be paid upon the annuitant’s death equal to the larger of account value and the return of net deposits. Some variable annuity contracts permit contractholders to purchase through riders, at an additional charge, enhanced death benefits such as the highest contract anniversary value (“ratchets”), accumulated net deposits at a stated rate (“rollups”), or combinations thereof. Additionally, some of our variable annuity contracts provide the contractholder with living benefits such as a guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefit (“GMWB”) or certain types of guaranteed annuitization benefits. The GMWB allows contractholders to withdraw a pre-defined percentage of account value or benefit base each year, either for a specified period of time or for life. The guaranteed annuitization benefit generally provides for a guaranteed minimum level of income upon annuitization accompanied by the potential for upside market participation. Most of our reserves for additional insurance and annuitization benefits are calculated by applying a benefit ratio to accumulated contractholder assessments, and then deducting accumulated paid claims. The benefit ratio is equal to the ratio of benefits to assessments, accumulated with interest and considering both past and anticipated future experience. The projections utilize stochastic scenarios of separate account returns incorporating reversion to the mean, as well as assumptions for mortality and lapses. Some of our minimum guarantees, mainly GMWBs, are accounted for as embedded derivatives; see notes 5 and 16 for additional information on these embedded derivatives and related fair value measurement disclosures. p) Insurance Reserves Future Policy Benefits The liability for future policy benefits is equal to the present value of expected benefits and expenses less the present value of expected future net premiums based on assumptions, including, investment returns, health care experience (including type of care and cost of care), policyholder persistency or lapses (i.e., the probability that a policy or contract will remain in-force from one period to the next), insured life expectancy or longevity, insured morbidity (i.e., frequency and severity of claim, including claim termination rates and benefit utilization rates) and expenses, all of which are locked-in at the time the policies are issued or acquired. Claim termination rates refer to the expected rates at which claims end. Benefit utilization rates estimate how much of the available policy benefits are expected to be used. The liability for future policy benefits is evaluated at least annually to determine if a premium deficiency exists. Loss recognition testing is generally performed at the line of business level, with acquired blocks and 231 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 certain reinsured blocks tested separately. If the liability for future policy benefits plus the current present value of expected future premiums are less than the current present value of expected future benefits and expenses (including any unamortized DAC), a charge to income (loss) is recorded for accelerated DAC amortization and, if necessary, a premium deficiency reserve is established. If a charge is recorded, DAC amortization and the liability for future policy benefits are measured using updated assumptions, which become the new locked-in assumptions utilized going forward unless another premium deficiency charge is recorded. Our estimates of future in-force rate actions used in loss recognition testing for our long-term care insurance business include assumptions for significant premium rate increases and associated benefit reductions that have been approved or are anticipated to be approved (including premium rate increases and associated benefit reductions not yet filed). These anticipated future increases are based on our best estimate of the rate increases we expect to obtain, considering, among other factors, our historical experience from prior rate increase approvals and based on our best estimate of expected claim costs. We are also required to accrue additional future policy benefit reserves when the overall reserve is adequate, but profits are projected in early periods followed by losses projected in later periods. When this pattern of profits followed by losses exists, we ratably accrue this additional profits followed by losses liability over time, increasing reserves in the profitable periods to offset estimated losses expected during the periods that follow. We calculate and adjust the additional reserves using our current best estimate of the amount necessary to offset the losses in future periods, based on the pattern of expected income and current best estimate assumptions consistent with our loss recognition testing. We adjust the accrual rate prospectively, going forward over the remaining profit periods, without any catch-up adjustment. For long-term care insurance products, benefit reductions are treated as partial lapse of coverage with the balance of our future policy benefits and DAC both reduced in proportion to the reduced coverage. For level premium term life insurance products, we floor the liability for future policy benefits on each policy at zero. Estimates and actuarial assumptions used for establishing the liability for future policy benefits and in loss recognition testing involve the exercise of significant judgment, and changes in assumptions or deviations of actual experience from assumptions can have material impacts on our liability for future policy benefits and net income (loss). Because these assumptions relate to factors that are not known in advance, change over time, are difficult to accurately predict and are inherently uncertain, we cannot determine with precision the ultimate amounts we will pay for actual claims or the timing of those payments. Small changes in assumptions or small deviations of actual experience from assumptions can have, and in the past have had, material impacts on our reserves, results of operations and financial condition. The risk that our claims experience may differ significantly from our pricing and valuation assumptions is particularly significant for our long-term care insurance products. Long-term care insurance policies provide for long-duration coverage and, therefore, our actual claims experience will emerge over many years after pricing and locked-in valuation assumptions have been established. Policyholder Account Balances The liability for policyholder account balances represents the contract value that has accrued to the benefit of the policyholder as of the balance sheet date for investment-type and universal life insurance contracts. We are also required to establish additional benefit reserves for guarantees or product features in addition to the contract value where the additional benefit reserves are calculated by applying a benefit ratio to accumulated contractholder assessments, and then deducting accumulated paid claims. The benefit ratio is equal to the ratio of benefits to assessments, accumulated with interest and considering both past and anticipated future experience. 232 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 Investment-type contracts are broadly defined to include contracts without significant mortality or morbidity risk. Payments received from sales of investment contracts are recognized by providing a liability equal to the current account value of the policyholders’ contracts. Interest rates credited to investment contracts are guaranteed for the initial policy term with renewal rates determined as necessary by management. q) Liability for Policy and Contract Claims The liability for policy and contract claims, or claim reserves, represents the amount needed to provide for the estimated ultimate cost of settling claims relating to insured events that have occurred on or before the end of the respective reporting period. The estimated liability includes requirements for future payments of: (a) claims that have been reported to the insurer; (b) claims related to insured events that have occurred but that have not been reported to the insurer as of the date the liability is estimated; and (c) claim adjustment expenses. Claim adjustment expenses include costs incurred in the claim settlement process such as legal fees and costs to record, process and adjust claims. Our liability for policy and contract claims is reviewed regularly, with changes in our estimates of future claims recorded through net income (loss). Estimates and actuarial assumptions used for establishing the liability for policy and contract claims involve the exercise of significant judgment, and changes in assumptions or deviations of actual experience from assumptions can have material impacts on our liability for policy and contract claims and net income (loss). Because these assumptions relate to factors that are not known in advance, change over time, are difficult to accurately predict and are inherently uncertain, we cannot determine with precision the ultimate amounts we will pay for actual claims or the timing of those payments. Small changes in assumptions or small deviations of actual experience from assumptions can have, and in the past have had, material impacts on our reserves, results of operations and financial condition. The liability for policy and contract claims for our long-term care insurance products represents the present value of the amount needed to provide for the estimated ultimate cost of settling claims relating to insured events that have occurred on or before the end of the respective reporting period. Key assumptions include investment returns, health care experience (including type of care and cost of care), policyholder persistency or lapses (i.e., the probability that a policy or contract will remain in-force from one period to the next), insured mortality (i.e., life expectancy or longevity), insured morbidity (i.e., frequency and severity of claim, including claim termination rates and benefit utilization rates) and expenses. Claim termination rates refer to the expected rates at which claims end. Benefit utilization rates estimate how much of the available policy benefits are expected to be used. Both claim termination rates and benefit utilization rates are influenced by, among other things, gender, age at claim, diagnosis, type of care needed, benefit period, and daily benefit amount. Because these assumptions relate to factors that are not known in advance, change over time, are difficult to accurately predict and are inherently uncertain, we cannot determine with precision the ultimate amounts we will pay for actual claims or the timing of those payments. Small changes in assumptions or small deviations of actual experience from assumptions can have, and in the past have had, material impacts on our reserves, results of operations and financial condition. The liabilities for our mortgage insurance policies represent our best estimates of the liabilities at the time based on known facts, trends and other external factors, including economic conditions, housing prices and employment rates. For our mortgage insurance policies, reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses are based on notices of mortgage loan defaults and estimates of defaults that have been incurred but have not been reported by loan servicers, using assumptions of claim rates for loans in default and the average amount paid for loans that result in a claim. As is common accounting practice in the mortgage insurance industry and in 233 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 accordance with U.S. GAAP, we begin to provide for the ultimate claim payment relating to a potential claim on a defaulted loan when the status of that loan first goes delinquent. Over time, as the status of the underlying delinquent loans move toward foreclosure and the likelihood of the associated claim loss increases, the amount of the loss reserves associated with the potential claims may also increase. Management considers the liability for policy and contract claims provided to be its best estimate to cover the losses that have occurred. Management monitors actual experience, and where circumstances warrant, will revise its assumptions. The methods of determining such estimates and establishing the reserves are reviewed periodically and any adjustments are reflected in operations in the period in which they become known. Future developments may result in losses and loss expenses greater or less than the liability for policy and contract claims provided. r) Unearned Premiums For single premium insurance contracts, we recognize premiums over the policy life in accordance with the expected pattern of risk emergence. We recognize a portion of the revenue in premiums earned in the current period, while the remaining portion is deferred as unearned premiums and earned over time in accordance with the expected pattern of risk emergence. If single premium policies are cancelled and the premium is non-refundable, then the remaining unearned premium related to each cancelled policy is recognized to earned premiums upon notification of the cancellation. Expected pattern of risk emergence on which we base premium recognition is inherently judgmental and is based on actuarial analysis of historical experience. We periodically review our premium earnings recognition models with any adjustments to the estimates reflected as a cumulative adjustment in current period income (loss). For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, we reviewed our premium recognition factors for our mortgage insurance businesses. These reviews included the consideration of recent and projected loss experience, policy cancellation experience and refinement of actuarial methods. In 2018, adjustments associated with this review resulted in an increase in earned premiums of $3 million in our Canada mortgage insurance business. In 2017, the review resulted in a decrease in earned premiums of $468 million in our Australia mortgage insurance business. We did not have any adjustments associated with this review in 2016. s) Stock-Based Compensation We determine a grant date fair value and recognize the related compensation expense, adjusted for expected forfeitures, through the income statement over the respective vesting period of the awards. t) Employee Benefit Plans We provide employees with a defined contribution pension plan and recognize expense throughout the year based on the employee’s age, service and eligible pay. We make an annual contribution to the plan. We also provide employees with defined contribution savings plans. We recognize expense for our contributions to the savings plans at the time employees make contributions to the plans. Some employees participate in defined benefit pension and postretirement benefit plans. We recognize expense for these plans based upon actuarial valuations performed by external experts. We estimate aggregate benefits by using assumptions for employee turnover, future compensation increases, rates of return on pension plan assets and future health care costs. We recognize an expense for differences between actual experience and estimates over the average future service period of participants. We recognize the overfunded or underfunded 234 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 status of a defined benefit plan as an asset or liability in our consolidated balance sheets and recognize changes in that funded status in the year in which the changes occur through OCI. u) Income Taxes We determine deferred tax assets and/or liabilities by multiplying the differences between the financial reporting and tax reporting bases for assets and liabilities by the enacted tax rates expected to be in effect when such differences are recovered or settled if there is no change in law. The effect on deferred taxes of a change in tax rates is recognized in income (loss) in the period that includes the enactment date. Valuation allowances on deferred tax assets are estimated based on our assessment of the realizability of such amounts. Under U.S. GAAP, we are generally required to record U.S. deferred taxes on the anticipated repatriation of foreign income as the income is recognized for financial reporting purposes. An exception under certain accounting guidance permits us not to record a U.S. deferred tax liability for foreign income that we expect to reinvest in our foreign operations and for which remittance will be postponed indefinitely. If it becomes apparent that we cannot positively assert that some or all undistributed income will be reinvested indefinitely, the related deferred taxes are recorded in that period based on the expected form of repatriation (i.e. distribution, loan or sale). In determining indefinite reinvestment, we regularly evaluate the capital needs of our domestic and foreign operations considering all available information, including operating and capital plans, regulatory capital requirements, parent company financing and cash flow needs, as well as the applicable tax laws to which our domestic and foreign subsidiaries are subject. Our estimates are based on our historical experience and our expectation of future performance. Our judgments and assumptions are subject to change given the inherent uncertainty in predicting future capital needs, which are impacted by such things as regulatory requirements, policyholder behavior, competitor pricing, new product introductions, and specific industry and market conditions. Similarly, under another exception to the recognition of deferred taxes under U.S. GAAP, we do not record deferred taxes on U.S. domestic subsidiary entities for the excess of the financial statement carrying amount over the tax basis in the stock of the subsidiary (commonly referred to as “outside basis difference”) if we have the ability under the tax law and intent to recover the basis difference in a tax free manner. Deferred taxes would be recognized in the period of a change to our ability or intent. Our companies have elected to file a single U.S. consolidated income tax return (the “life/non-life consolidated return”). All companies domesticated in the United States and our former Bermuda subsidiary, which elected to be taxed as a U.S. domestic company, are included in the life/non-life consolidated return as allowed by the tax law and regulations. We have a tax sharing agreement in place and all intercompany balances related to this agreement are settled at least annually. v) Foreign Currency Translation The determination of the functional currency is made based on the appropriate economic and management indicators. The assets and liabilities of foreign operations are translated into U.S. dollars at the exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date. Translation adjustments are included as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). Revenues and expenses of the foreign operations are translated into U.S. dollars at the average rates of exchange during the period of the transaction. Gains and losses from foreign currency transactions are reported in income (loss) and have not been material in any years presented in our consolidated statements of income. 235 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 w) Variable Interest Entities We are involved in certain entities that are considered VIEs as defined under U.S. GAAP, and, accordingly, we evaluate the VIE to determine whether we are the primary beneficiary and are required to consolidate the assets and liabilities of the entity. The primary beneficiary of a VIE is the enterprise that has the power to direct the activities of a VIE that most significantly impacts the VIE’s economic performance and has the obligation to absorb losses or receive benefits that could potentially be significant to the VIE. The determination of the primary beneficiary for a VIE can be complex and requires management judgment regarding the expected results of the entity and how those results are absorbed by variable interest holders, as well as which party has the power to direct activities that most significantly impact the performance of the VIEs. Our primary involvement related to VIEs includes securitization transactions, certain investments and certain mortgage insurance policies. We have retained interests in VIEs where we are the servicer and transferor of certain assets that were sold to a newly created VIE. Additionally, for certain securitization transactions, we were the transferor of certain assets that were sold to a newly created VIE but did not retain any beneficial interest in the VIE other than acting as the servicer of the underlying assets. We hold investments in certain structures that are considered VIEs. Our investments represent beneficial interests that are primarily in the form of structured securities or alternative investments. Our involvement in these structures typically represent a passive investment in the returns generated by the VIE and typically do not result in having significant influence over the economic performance of the VIE. We also provide mortgage insurance on certain residential mortgage loans originated and securitized by third parties using VIEs to issue mortgage-backed securities. While we provide mortgage insurance on the underlying loans, we do not typically have any ongoing involvement with the VIE other than our mortgage insurance coverage and do not act in a servicing capacity for the underlying loans held by the VIE. See note 17 for additional information related to these consolidated entities. 236 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 x) Accounting Changes Stranded Tax Effects On January 1, 2018, we early adopted new accounting guidance on the reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings for stranded tax effects resulting from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“TCJA”), or “stranded tax effects.” Under U.S. GAAP, deferred tax assets and liabilities are adjusted for the effect of a change in tax laws or rates with the effect included in income (loss) from continuing operations in the period that the changes were enacted. This also includes situations in which the related tax effects were originally recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) as opposed to income (loss) from continuing operations. The following summarizes the components for the cumulative effect adjustment recorded on January 1, 2018 related to the adoption of this new accounting guidance: (Amounts in millions) Deferred taxes: Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) Net unrealized investment gains (losses) Derivatives qualifying as hedges Foreign currency translation and other adjustments Retained earnings Total stockholders’ equity Net unrealized gains on investment securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net unrealized gains on derivatives . . . . . . . . Investment in foreign subsidiaries . . . . . . . . . Accrued commission and general expenses . . $192 — (3) — Cumulative effect of changes in accounting . . . . . . $189 $— 12 — — $ 12 $— — (46) (1) $ (47) $(192) (12) 49 1 $(154) $— — — — $— The accounting for the temporary differences related to investment in foreign subsidiaries recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) at adoption of the TCJA were provisional. Additional reclassification adjustments are permitted under this new accounting guidance in future periods as the tax effects of the TCJA on related temporary differences are finalized. However, no reclassification adjustments were recorded during the second, third or fourth quarters of 2018. Other than those effects related to the TCJA, our policy is to release stranded tax effects from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) using the portfolio approach for items related to investments and derivatives, and upon disposition of a subsidiary for items related to outside basis differences. Amendments to the Hedge Accounting Model On January 1, 2018, we early adopted new accounting guidance related to the hedge accounting model. The new guidance amends the hedge accounting model to enable entities to better portray the economics of their derivative risk management activities in the financial statements and enhance the transparency and understandability of hedge results. In certain situations, the amendments also simplify the application of hedge accounting and removed the requirements to separately measure and report hedge ineffectiveness. We adopted this new accounting using the modified retrospective method and recognized a gain of $2 million in accumulated other comprehensive income with a corresponding decrease to retained earnings at adoption. This gain was the cumulative amount of hedge ineffectiveness related to active hedges that was previously included in earnings. 237 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 Accounting for Share-Based Compensation as a Modification On January 1, 2018, we adopted new accounting guidance that clarifies when to account for a change to share-based compensation as a modification. The new guidance requires modification accounting only if there are changes to the fair value, vesting conditions or classification as a liability or equity of the share-based compensation. We adopted this new accounting guidance prospectively and therefore, the guidance did not have any impact at adoption. Derecognition of Nonfinancial Assets On January 1, 2018, we adopted new accounting guidance that clarifies the scope and accounting for gains and losses from the derecognition of nonfinancial assets or an in substance nonfinancial asset that is not a business and accounting for partial sales of nonfinancial assets. The new guidance clarifies when transferring ownership interests in a consolidated subsidiary holding nonfinancial assets is within scope. It also states that the reporting entity should identify each distinct nonfinancial asset and derecognize when a counterparty obtains control. We adopted this new accounting guidance using the modified retrospective method, which had no impact on our consolidated financial statements at adoption. Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment On January 1, 2018, we early adopted new accounting guidance simplifying the test for goodwill impairment. The new guidance states goodwill impairment is equal to the difference between the carrying value and fair value of the reporting unit up to the amount of recorded goodwill. We adopted this new accounting guidance prospectively and applied it to our 2018 goodwill impairment test. This new accounting guidance simplified the test for goodwill impairment but had no impact on our consolidated financial statements. Classification and Presentation of Changes in Restricted Cash On January 1, 2018, we adopted new accounting guidance related to the classification and presentation of changes in restricted cash. The new guidance requires that changes in the total of cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents be shown in the statements of cash flows and requires additional disclosures related to restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents. We adopted this new accounting guidance retrospectively and modified the line item descriptions on our consolidated balance sheets and statements of cash flows in our consolidated financial statements. The other impacts from this new accounting guidance did not have a significant impact on our consolidated financial statements or disclosures. Income Tax Effects of Intra-Entity Transfers of Assets Other Than Inventory On January 1, 2018, we adopted new accounting guidance related to the income tax effects of intra-entity transfers of assets other than inventory. The new guidance states that an entity should recognize the income tax consequences of an intra-entity transfer of an asset other than inventory when the transfer occurs. We adopted this new accounting guidance using the modified retrospective method, which did not have a significant impact on our consolidated financial statements or disclosures at adoption. Classification of Certain Cash Payments and Receipts On January 1, 2018, we adopted new accounting guidance related to the classification of certain cash payments and cash receipts on our statement of cash flows. The guidance reduces diversity in practice related to 238 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 eight specific cash flow issues. We adopted this new accounting guidance retrospectively. We reclassified a $20 million make-whole premium that was incurred in the first quarter of 2016 previously included in the operating activities section of the statement of cash flows, within the line item “other liabilities, policy and contract claims and other policy-related balances” to the financing activities section within the line item “repayment and repurchase of long-term debt.” The reclassification resulted in an increase in net cash used by financing activities and an increase in net cash from operating activities. The remaining specific cash flow issues did not have a significant impact on our consolidated financial statements. Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Liabilities On January 1, 2018, we adopted new accounting guidance related to the recognition and measurement of financial assets and financial liabilities. Changes to financial instruments accounting primarily affects equity investments, financial liabilities under the fair value option, and the presentation and disclosure requirements for financial instruments. Under the new guidance, equity investments with readily determinable fair value, except those accounted for under the equity method of accounting, are measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in net income (loss). The new guidance also clarifies that the need for a valuation allowance on a deferred tax asset related to available-for-sale securities should be evaluated in combination with other deferred tax assets. We adopted this new accounting guidance using the modified retrospective method and reclassified, after adjustments for DAC and other intangible amortization and certain benefit reserves, taxes and noncontrolling interests, $25 million of gains related to equity securities from accumulated other comprehensive income and $17 million of gains related to limited partnerships previously recorded at cost to cumulative effect of change in accounting within retained earnings. Revenue Recognition On January 1, 2018, we adopted new accounting guidance related to revenue from contracts with customers. The key principle of the new guidance is that entities should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for such goods or services. Insurance contracts are specifically excluded from this new guidance. The Financial Accounting Standards Board (“the FASB”) has clarified the scope that all of our insurance contracts, including mortgage insurance and investment contracts are excluded from the scope of this new guidance. We adopted this new accounting guidance using the modified retrospective method, which did not have a significant impact on our consolidated financial statements at adoption. Simplified Share-Based Payment Transactions On January 1, 2017, we adopted new accounting guidance related to the accounting for stock compensation. The guidance primarily simplifies the accounting for employee share-based payment transactions, including a new requirement to record all of the income tax effects at settlement or expiration through the income statement, classifications of awards as either equity or liabilities, and classification on the statement of cash flows. We adopted this new accounting guidance on a modified retrospective basis and recorded a previously disallowed deferred tax asset of $9 million with a corresponding increase to cumulative effect of change in accounting within retained earnings at adoption. Transition to the Equity Method of Accounting On January 1, 2017, we adopted new accounting guidance related to transition to the equity method of accounting. The guidance eliminates the retrospective application of the equity method of accounting when 239 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 obtaining significant influence over a previously held investment. The guidance requires that an entity that has an available-for-sale equity security that becomes qualified for the equity method of accounting recognize through earnings the unrealized holding gain or loss in accumulated other comprehensive income at the date the investment becomes qualified for use of the equity method. This accounting guidance did not have a significant impact on our consolidated financial statements. Assessment of Contingent Put and Call Options On January 1, 2017, we adopted new accounting guidance related to the assessment of contingent put and call options in debt instruments. The guidance clarifies the requirements for assessing whether contingent call (put) options that can accelerate the payment of principal on debt instruments are clearly and closely related to their debt hosts. An entity performing the assessment under the amendments in this update is required to assess the embedded call (put) options solely in accordance with the four-step decision sequence. This guidance is consistent with our previous accounting practices and, accordingly, had no impact on our consolidated financial statements. Derivative Contract Novations On January 1, 2017, we adopted new accounting guidance related to the effect of derivative contract novations on existing hedge accounting relationships. The guidance clarifies that a change in the counterparty to a derivative instrument that has been designated as the hedging instrument does not, in and of itself, require dedesignation of that hedging relationship provided that all other hedge accounting criteria continue to be met. This guidance is consistent with our previous accounting for derivative contract novations and, accordingly, had no impact on our consolidated financial statements. Short-Duration Contracts On December 31, 2016, we adopted new disclosure requirements for short-duration insurance contracts. The new guidance requires additional disclosures on short-duration policy and contract claims liabilities for incurred and paid claims development, unpaid claims and claims frequency. This new guidance did not have any impact on our consolidated financial statements but did impact our disclosures. See note 10 for more information related to our short-duration contracts. Technical Corrections and Improvements In March 2016, the FASB issued new guidance to remove inconsistencies as well as make technical clarifications and minor improvements intended to make it easier to understand and implement certain accounting guidance. Impacts of the new guidance for us includes: promoting consistent use of the terms “participating insurance” and “reinsurance recoverable,” removing the term “debt” from the master glossary; adding a reference to use when accounting for internal-use software licensed from third parties; clarifying that loans issued under the Federal Housing Administration and the Veterans Administration do not have to be fully insured by those programs to recognize profit using the full-accrual method; clarifying the difference between a “valuation approach” and a “valuation technique” when applying fair value guidance and require disclosure when there has been a change in either a valuation approach, a valuation technique, or both; clarifying that for an amount of an obligation under an arrangement to be considered fixed at the reporting date, the amount that must be fixed is not the amount that is the organization’s portion of the obligation, but, rather, is the obligation in its entirety; and adding guidance on the accounting for the sale of servicing rights when the transferor retains loans. Most of the amendments were adopted on December 31, 2016 and in some cases on January 1, 2017, using a prospective method. There was no significant impact from this guidance on our consolidated financial statements. 240 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 Consolidation On January 1, 2016, we adopted new accounting guidance related to consolidation. The new guidance primarily impacts limited partnerships and similar legal entities, evaluation of fees paid to a decision maker as a variable interest, the effect of fee arrangements and related parties on the primary beneficiary determination and certain investment funds. The adoption of this new guidance did not have a significant impact on our consolidated financial statements. y) Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted In October 2018, the FASB issued new accounting guidance related to benchmark interest rates used in derivative hedge accounting. The guidance adds an additional permissible U.S. benchmark interest rate, the Secured Overnight Financing Rate, for hedge accounting purposes. We adopted this new accounting guidance on January 1, 2019 using the prospective method, which did not have a significant impact on our consolidated financial statements and disclosures at adoption. In August 2018, the FASB issued new accounting guidance that significantly changes the recognition and measurement of long-duration insurance contracts and expands disclosure requirements, which impacts our life insurance DAC and liabilities. In accordance with the guidance, the more significant changes include: • • • assumptions will no longer be locked-in at contract inception and all cash flow assumptions used to estimate the liability for future policy benefits will be reviewed at least annually in the same period each year or more frequently if actual experience indicates a change is required; changes in cash flow assumptions (except the discount rate) will be recorded in net income (loss) using a retrospective approach with a cumulative catch-up adjustment by recalculating the net premium ratio (which will be capped at 100%) using actual historical and updated future cash flow assumptions; the discount rate used to determine the liability for future policy benefits will be a current upper- medium grade (low credit risk) fixed-income instrument yield, which is generally interpreted to mean a single-A rated bond rate for the same duration, and is required to be reviewed quarterly, with changes in the discount rate recorded in other comprehensive income (loss); • the provision for adverse deviation and the premium deficiency test are eliminated; • market risk benefits associated with deposit-type contracts will be measured at fair value with changes recorded in net income (loss); • • the amortization method for DAC will generally be on a straight-line basis over the expected contract term; and disclosures will be greatly expanded to include significant assumptions and product liability rollforwards. The guidance is currently effective for us on January 1, 2021 using the modified retrospective method, with early adoption permitted. We are in process of evaluating the new guidance and the impact it will have on our consolidated financial statements. In August 2018, the FASB issued new accounting guidance related to disclosure requirements for defined benefit plans as part of its disclosure framework project. The guidance adds, eliminates and modifies certain disclosure requirements for defined benefit pension and other postretirement benefit plans. The guidance is 241 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 currently effective for us on January 1, 2020 using the retrospective method, with early adoption permitted. We do not expect any significant impact from this guidance on our consolidated financial statements and disclosures. In August 2018, the FASB issued new accounting guidance related to fair value disclosure requirements as part of its disclosure framework project. The guidance adds, eliminates and modifies certain disclosure requirements for fair value measurements. The guidance includes new disclosure requirements related to the change in unrealized gains and losses included in other comprehensive income (loss) for recurring Level 3 fair value measurements held at the end of the reporting period and the range and weighted-average of significant unobservable inputs used to develop Level 3 fair value measurements. The guidance is currently effective for us on January 1, 2020 using the prospective method for certain disclosures and the retrospective method for all other disclosures. Early adoption of either the entire standard or only the provisions that eliminate or modify the requirements is permitted. We are in process of evaluating the impact the guidance may have on our consolidated financial statements and disclosures. In June 2018, the FASB issued new accounting guidance related to accounting for nonemployee share-based payments. The guidance aligns the measurement and classification of share-based payments to nonemployees issued in exchange for goods or services with the guidance for share-based payments to employees, with certain exceptions. We adopted this new accounting guidance on January 1, 2019 using the modified retrospective method. This guidance is consistent with our previous accounting practices and, accordingly, had no impact on our consolidated financial statements at adoption. In March 2017, the FASB issued new accounting guidance shortening the amortization period of certain callable debt securities held at a premium. The guidance requires the premium to be amortized to the earliest call date. This change does not apply to securities held at a discount. We adopted this new accounting guidance on January 1, 2019 using the modified retrospective method, which had no significant impact on our consolidated financial statements at adoption. In June 2016, the FASB issued new accounting guidance related to accounting for credit losses on financial instruments. The guidance requires that entities recognize an allowance equal to its estimate of lifetime expected credit losses and applies to most debt instruments not measured at fair value, which would primarily include our commercial mortgage loans and reinsurance receivables. The new guidance retains most of the existing impairment guidance for available-for-sale debt securities but amends the presentation of credit losses to be presented as an allowance as opposed to a write-down and permits the reversal of credit losses when reassessing changes in the credit losses each reporting period. The new guidance is effective for us on January 1, 2020, with early adoption permitted beginning January 1, 2019. Upon adoption, the modified retrospective method will be used and a cumulative effect adjustment in retained earnings as of the beginning of the year of adoption will be recorded. We are in process of evaluating the impact the guidance may have on our consolidated financial statements. In February 2016, the FASB issued new accounting guidance related to the accounting for leases and issued further amendments in January 2018, July 2018 and December 2018. The new guidance generally requires lessees to recognize both a right-to-use asset and a corresponding liability on the balance sheet. We adopted this new accounting guidance on January 1, 2019 using the optional transition method practical expedient, which permits entities to apply the new lease standard using the modified retrospective transition approach at the date of adoption. Upon adoption we recorded, before any adjustment for deferred taxes, approximately a $67 million right-of-use asset related to operating leases included in other assets and a corresponding lease liability included in other liabilities on our consolidated balance sheet. We also elected to apply the package of practical expedients upon adoption. This new accounting guidance also requires new disclosures to meet the objective of enabling users of financial statements to assess the amount, timing, and uncertainty of cash flows arising from leases. 242 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 (3) Earnings (Loss) Per Share Basic and diluted earnings (loss) per share are calculated by dividing each income (loss) category presented below by the weighted-average basic and diluted common shares outstanding for the years ended December 31: (Amounts in millions, except per share amounts) 2018 2017 2016 Weighted-average common shares used in basic earnings (loss) per share calculations . . . 500.4 499.0 498.3 Potentially dilutive securities: Stock options, restricted stock units and stock appreciation rights . . . . . . . . 3.8 2.4 — Weighted-average common shares used in diluted earnings (loss) per share calculations (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504.2 501.4 498.3 Income (loss) from continuing operations: Income (loss) from continuing operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less: income from continuing operations attributable to noncontrolling interests . . . . $ 297 178 $ 936 110 $ (38) 210 Income (loss) from continuing operations available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 119 $ 826 $ (248) Basic per share . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 0.24 $ 1.66 $ (0.50) Diluted per share . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 0.24 $ 1.65 $ (0.50) Loss from discontinued operations: Loss from discontinued operations, net of taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less: income from discontinued operations, net of taxes, attributable to $ — $ (9) $ (29) noncontrolling interests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — — — Loss from discontinued operations, net of taxes, available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ — $ (9) $ (29) Basic per share . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ — $ (0.02) $ (0.06) Diluted per share . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ — $ (0.02) $ (0.06) Net income (loss): Income (loss) from continuing operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss from discontinued operations, net of taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 297 — $ 936 (9) $ (38) (29) Net income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less: net income attributable to noncontrolling interests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 178 927 110 (67) 210 Net income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders . . . . $ 119 $ 817 $ (277) Basic per share . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 0.24 $ 1.64 $ (0.56) Diluted per share . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 0.24 $ 1.63 $ (0.56) (1) Under applicable accounting guidance, companies in a loss position are required to use basic weighted-average common shares outstanding in the calculation of diluted loss per share. Therefore, as a result of our loss from continuing operations available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders for the year ended December 31, 2016, we were required to use basic weighted-average common shares outstanding as the inclusion of shares for stock options, restricted stock units (“RSUs”) and stock appreciation rights (“SARs”) of 2.0 million would have been antidilutive to the calculation. If we had not incurred a loss from continuing operations available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders for the year ended December 31, 2016, dilutive potential weighted-average common shares outstanding would have been 500.3 million. 243 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 (4) Investments (a) Net Investment Income Sources of net investment income were as follows for the years ended December 31: (Amounts in millions) 2018 2017 2016 Fixed maturity securities—taxable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fixed maturity securities—non-taxable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Equity securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commercial mortgage loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restricted commercial mortgage loans related to securitization entities (1) . . . . . . . . . . Policy loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other invested assets (2) Restricted other invested assets related to securitization entities (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and short-term investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2,577 11 40 320 7 169 181 — 51 $2,578 12 36 306 9 153 157 1 36 $2,565 12 28 318 10 146 141 3 20 Gross investment income before expenses and fees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expenses and fees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,356 (94) 3,288 (88) 3,243 (84) Net investment income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $3,262 $3,200 $3,159 (1) (2) See note 17 for additional information related to consolidated securitization entities. Included in other invested assets was $—, $2 million and $11 million of net investment income related to trading securities for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. 244 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 (b) Net Investment Gains (Losses) The following table sets forth net investment gains (losses) for the years ended December 31: (Amounts in millions) Available-for-sale securities: 2018 2017 2016 Realized gains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Realized losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 169 (144) $ 229 (66) $ 249 (121) Net realized gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 163 128 Impairments: Total other-than-temporary impairments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — Portion of other-than-temporary impairments included in other comprehensive (6) (40) income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — — Net other-than-temporary impairments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — (6) Net realized gains (losses) on equity securities sold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net unrealized gains (losses) on equity securities still held . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trading securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — Limited partnerships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Commercial mortgage loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — Net gains (losses) related to securitization entities (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — Derivative instruments (2) Contingent consideration adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (95) — 11 (98) — 1 — 3 7 97 — — — (40) — — 10 6 1 (50) 20 (2) (1) Net investment gains (losses) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $(146) $ 265 $ 72 (1) (2) See note 17 for additional information related to consolidated securitization entities. See note 5 for additional information on the impact of derivative instruments included in net investment gains (losses). We generally intend to hold securities in unrealized loss positions until they recover. However, from time to time, our intent on an individual security may change, based upon market or other unforeseen developments. In such instances, we sell securities in the ordinary course of managing our portfolio to meet diversification, credit quality, yield and liquidity requirements. If a loss is recognized from a sale subsequent to a balance sheet date due to these unexpected developments, the loss is recognized in the period in which we determined that we have the intent to sell the securities or it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the securities prior to recovery. The aggregate fair value of securities sold at a loss during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 was $3,367 million, $2,023 million and $1,881 million, respectively, which was approximately 96%, 97% and 95%, respectively, of book value. 245 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 The following represents the activity for credit losses recognized in net income (loss) on debt securities where an other-than-temporary impairment was identified and a portion of other-than-temporary impairments was included in OCI as of and for the years ended December 31: (Amounts in millions) Beginning balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Additions: 2018 2017 2016 $ 32 $ 42 $ 64 Other-than-temporary impairments not previously recognized . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — — 1 Reductions: Securities sold, paid down or disposed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (8) (10) (23) Ending balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 24 $ 32 $ 42 (c) Unrealized Investment Gains and Losses Net unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale investment securities reflected as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) were as follows as of December 31: (Amounts in millions) 2018 2017 2016 Net unrealized gains (losses) on investment securities: Fixed maturity securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Equity securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,775 — $ 5,125 $ 3,656 12 69 Subtotal (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adjustments to DAC, PVFP, sales inducements and benefit reserves . . . . . . . . . . . . Income taxes, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,775 (952) (190) 5,194 (3,451) (583) 3,668 (1,611) (711) Net unrealized investment gains (losses) Less: net unrealized investment gains (losses) attributable to noncontrolling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633 1,160 1,346 interests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 75 84 Net unrealized investment gains (losses) attributable to Genworth Financial, Inc. . . $ 595 $ 1,085 $ 1,262 (1) Excludes foreign exchange. 246 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 The change in net unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale investment securities reported in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) was as follows as of and for the years ended December 31: (Amounts in millions) Beginning balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cumulative effect of changes in accounting: Stranded tax effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Recognition and measurement of financial assets and liabilities, net of taxes of $18, $— and $— . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total cumulative effect of changes in accounting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unrealized gains (losses) arising during the period: 2018 2017 2016 $ 1,085 $ 1,262 $1,254 189 (25) 164 — — — Unrealized gains (losses) on investment securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adjustment to DAC (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adjustment to PVFP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adjustment to sales inducements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adjustment to benefit reserves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (3,327) 1,182 69 34 1,208 181 1,683 (1,000) (33) (4) (803) 73 — — — 626 (499) (5) (16) (21) (31) Change in unrealized gains (losses) on investment securities . . . . . . . . . . . (653) (84) 54 Reclassification adjustments to net investment (gains) losses, net of taxes of $5, $55 and $31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Change in net unrealized investment gains (losses) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less: change in net unrealized investment gains (losses) attributable to (18) (671) (102) (186) (57) (3) noncontrolling interests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (17) (9) (11) Ending balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 595 $ 1,085 $1,262 (1) See note 6 for additional information. 247 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 (d) Fixed Maturity and Equity Securities As of December 31, 2018, the amortized cost or cost, gross unrealized gains (losses) and fair value of our fixed maturity securities classified as available-for-sale were as follows: (Amounts in millions) Fixed maturity securities: Gross unrealized gains Gross unrealized losses Amortized cost or cost Not other- than- temporarily impaired Other- than- temporarily impaired Not other- than- temporarily impaired Other- than- temporarily impaired Fair value $ 473 168 72 $— — — $ U.S. government, agencies and government-sponsored enterprises . . . . $ 4,175 2,406 2,345 State and political subdivisions . . . . . . . . Non-U.S. government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . U.S. corporate: Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Finance and insurance . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer—non-cyclical . . . . . . . . . Technology and communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Industrial Capital goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer—cyclical . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,439 2,382 6,705 4,891 2,823 1,230 2,277 1,592 1,283 376 331 101 249 294 110 41 165 53 78 24 Total U.S. corporate . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,998 1,446 Non-U.S. corporate: Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Finance and insurance . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer—non-cyclical . . . . . . . . . Technology and communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Industrial Capital goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer—cyclical . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,056 1,320 2,391 756 1,168 926 615 532 689 2,218 Total non-U.S. corporate . . . . . . . . . 11,671 Residential mortgage-backed . . . . . . . . . . Commercial mortgage-backed . . . . . . . . . Other asset-backed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,888 3,054 3,444 Total available-for-sale fixed 17 72 72 8 23 36 10 1 46 105 390 160 43 10 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 13 — 1 (17) (22) (24) (95) (64) (132) (137) (78) (33) (51) (48) (41) (3) (682) (32) (23) (40) (25) (26) (17) (10) (13) (15) (23) (224) (17) (81) (29) $— — — $ 4,631 2,552 2,393 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 4,675 2,419 6,822 5,048 2,855 1,238 2,391 1,597 1,320 397 28,762 1,041 1,369 2,423 739 1,165 945 615 520 720 2,300 11,837 3,044 3,016 3,426 maturity securities . . . . . . . . $57,981 $2,762 $ 14 $(1,096) $— $59,661 248 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 As of December 31, 2017, the amortized cost or cost, gross unrealized gains (losses) and fair value of our fixed maturity and equity securities classified as available-for-sale were as follows: (Amounts in millions) Fixed maturity securities: Gross unrealized gains Gross unrealized losses Amortized cost or cost Not other- than- temporarily impaired Other- than- temporarily impaired Not other- than- temporarily impaired Other- than- temporarily impaired Fair value $ 870 270 106 $— — — $ U.S. government, agencies and government-sponsored enterprises . . . . $ 4,681 2,678 2,147 State and political subdivisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-U.S. government U.S. corporate: Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Finance and insurance . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer—non-cyclical . . . . . . . . . Technology and communications . . Industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Capital goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer—cyclical . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,396 2,239 5,984 4,314 2,665 1,241 2,087 1,493 1,160 355 611 227 556 530 192 106 273 116 134 25 Total U.S. corporate . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25,934 2,770 Non-U.S. corporate: Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Finance and insurance . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer—non-cyclical . . . . . . . . . Technology and communications . . Industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Capital goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer—cyclical . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 979 1,337 2,567 686 913 958 614 532 656 2,536 Total non-U.S. corporate . . . . . . . . . 11,778 Residential mortgage-backed . . . . . . . . . . Commercial mortgage-backed . . . . . . . . . Other asset-backed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,831 3,387 3,056 42 158 174 30 71 88 33 9 68 193 866 223 94 17 Total fixed maturity securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Equity securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57,492 756 5,216 72 Total available-for-sale (3) (22) (20) (9) (8) (12) (13) (12) (1) (5) (4) (3) (1) (68) (4) (5) (6) (4) (2) (2) (2) (1) (3) (4) (33) (11) (37) (6) (200) (8) $— — — $ 5,548 2,926 2,233 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 4,998 2,458 6,528 4,831 2,845 1,346 2,355 1,605 1,291 379 28,636 1,017 1,490 2,735 712 982 1,044 645 540 721 2,725 12,611 4,057 3,446 3,068 62,525 820 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 14 2 1 17 — securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $58,248 $5,288 $ 17 $(208) $— $63,345 249 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 The following table presents the gross unrealized losses and fair values of our fixed maturity securities, aggregated by investment type and length of time that individual fixed maturity securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position, as of December 31, 2018: Less than 12 months 12 months or more Total Fair value Gross unrealized losses Number of securities Fair value Gross unrealized losses Number of securities Fair value Gross unrealized losses Number of securities 545 $ (8) 17 $ 161 $ (9) 26 $ 706 $ (17) 43 (10) (7) (472) (150) (6) (19) (23) 63 51 1,342 614 57 115 326 233 508 2,449 1,274 579 870 604 (12) (17) (210) (74) (11) (62) (6) 57 35 365 209 96 130 137 604 769 12,424 5,446 942 1,628 2,201 (22) (24) (682) (224) (17) (81) (29) 120 86 1,707 823 153 245 463 $(695) 2,585 $6,678 $(401) 1,055 $24,720 $(1,096) 3,640 (Dollar amounts in millions) Description of Securities Fixed maturity securities: U.S. government, agencies and government- sponsored enterprises . . . . . . . . . . $ State and political subdivisions . . . . . . . . . Non-U.S. government . . . U.S. corporate . . . . . . . . . Non-U.S. corporate . . . . . Residential mortgage- 371 261 9,975 4,172 backed . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363 Commercial mortgage- backed . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other asset-backed . . . . . . 758 1,597 Total for fixed maturity securities in an unrealized loss position . . . . . . . . . . . . . $18,042 % Below cost: <20% Below cost . . . . . . . $18,008 34 20%-50% Below cost . . . . $(685) (10) 2,581 4 $6,624 54 $(383) (18) 1,045 10 $24,632 88 $(1,068) (28) 3,626 14 Total for fixed maturity securities in an unrealized loss position . . . . . . . . . . . . . $18,042 $(695) 2,585 $6,678 $(401) 1,055 $24,720 $(1,096) 3,640 Investment grade . . . . . . . . . . . $16,726 1,316 Below investment grade . . . . . . $(615) (80) 2,393 192 $6,508 170 $(379) (22) 1,024 31 $23,234 1,486 $ (994) (102) 3,417 223 Total for fixed maturity securities in an unrealized loss position . . . . . . . . . . . . . $18,042 $(695) 2,585 $6,678 $(401) 1,055 $24,720 $(1,096) 3,640 250 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 The following table presents the gross unrealized losses and fair values of our corporate securities, aggregated by investment type and length of time that individual investment securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position, based on industry, as of December 31, 2018: Less than 12 months 12 months or more Total Fair value Gross unrealized losses Number of securities Fair value Gross unrealized losses Number of securities Fair value Gross unrealized losses Number of securities (Dollar amounts in millions) Description of Securities U.S. corporate: Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 1,246 Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 944 2,393 Finance and insurance . . . Consumer—non-cyclical . 1,826 Technology and communications . . . . . . Industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . Capital goods . . . . . . . . . . Consumer—cyclical . . . . . Transportation . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Subtotal, U.S. corporate 1,135 506 704 738 435 48 $ (61) (47) (92) (101) (51) (27) (31) (35) (25) (2) 173 135 326 203 152 63 103 123 60 4 $ 343 152 688 389 $ (34) (17) (40) (36) 263 74 184 162 179 15 (27) (6) (20) (13) (16) (1) 60 23 95 55 34 13 27 26 31 1 $ 1,589 1,096 3,081 2,215 $ (95) (64) (132) (137) 1,398 580 888 900 614 63 (78) (33) (51) (48) (41) (3) 233 158 421 258 186 76 130 149 91 5 securities . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,975 (472) 1,342 2,449 (210) 365 12,424 (682) 1,707 Non-U.S. corporate: Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Finance and insurance . . . Consumer—non-cyclical . Technology and communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Industrial Capital goods . . . . . . . . . . Consumer—cyclical . . . . . Transportation . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Subtotal, non-U.S. 404 439 899 377 611 275 226 268 232 441 (19) (15) (25) (16) (24) (11) (7) (11) (7) (15) 58 64 151 51 75 48 27 42 27 71 173 136 294 102 50 72 69 117 67 194 (13) (8) (15) (9) (2) (6) (3) (2) (8) (8) 24 20 52 14 12 8 13 19 11 36 577 575 1,193 479 661 347 295 385 299 635 (32) (23) (40) (25) (26) (17) (10) (13) (15) (23) 82 84 203 65 87 56 40 61 38 107 corporate securities . . . 4,172 (150) 614 1,274 (74) 209 5,446 (224) 823 Total for corporate securities in an unrealized loss position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $14,147 $(622) 1,956 $3,723 $(284) 574 $17,870 $(906) 2,530 For all securities in an unrealized loss position, we expect to recover the amortized cost based on our estimate of the amount and timing of cash flows to be collected. We do not intend to sell nor do we expect that we will be required to sell these securities prior to recovering our amortized cost. 251 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 The following table presents the gross unrealized losses and fair values of our investment securities, aggregated by investment type and length of time that individual investment securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position, as of December 31, 2017: Less than 12 months 12 months or more Total Fair value Gross unrealized losses Number of securities Fair value Gross unrealized losses Number of securities Fair value Gross unrealized losses Number of securities (Dollar amounts in millions) Description of Securities Fixed maturity securities: U.S. government, agencies and government- sponsored enterprises . . . . $ 78 $ (1) 21 $ 94 $ (2) 7 $ 172 $ (3) State and political subdivisions . . . . . . . . . . . Non-U.S. government . . . . . U.S. corporate . . . . . . . . . . . Non-U.S. corporate . . . . . . . Residential 125 583 1,871 1,323 mortgage-backed . . . . . . . 707 Commercial mortgage- backed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other asset-backed . . . . . . . . 476 853 Subtotal, fixed maturity securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Equity securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,016 74 Total for securities in an (1) (7) (26) (12) (7) (4) (4) (62) (3) 35 26 296 217 81 69 160 905 134 327 239 1,347 548 130 646 230 (21) (13) (42) (21) (4) (33) (2) 3,561 100 (138) (5) 42 20 190 77 46 90 57 529 58 452 822 3,218 1,871 837 1,122 1,083 9,577 174 28 77 46 486 294 127 159 217 (22) (20) (68) (33) (11) (37) (6) (200) (8) 1,434 192 unrealized loss position . . . . . . $6,090 $ (65) 1,039 $3,661 $(143) 587 $9,751 $(208) 1,626 % Below cost—fixed maturity securities: <20% Below cost . . . . . . . . . $6,016 20%-50% Below cost . . . . . . — $ (62) — 905 — $3,555 6 $(136) (2) 526 3 $9,571 6 $(198) (2) 1,431 3 Total fixed maturity securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,016 (62) 905 3,561 (138) 529 9,577 (200) 1,434 % Below cost—equity securities: <20% Below cost . . . . . . . . . Total equity securities . . . . . Total for securities in an 74 74 (3) (3) 134 134 100 100 (5) (5) unrealized loss position . . . . . . $6,090 $ (65) 1,039 $3,661 $(143) Investment grade . . . . . . . . . . . . . $5,867 223 Below investment grade . . . . . . . . $ (55) (10) 898 141 $3,488 173 $(135) (8) Total for securities in an 58 58 587 528 59 174 174 (8) (8) 192 192 $9,751 $(208) 1,626 $9,355 396 $(190) (18) 1,426 200 unrealized loss position . . . . . . $6,090 $ (65) 1,039 $3,661 $(143) 587 $9,751 $(208) 1,626 252 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 The following table presents the gross unrealized losses and fair values of our corporate securities, aggregated by investment type and length of time that individual investment securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position, based on industry, as of December 31, 2017: Less than 12 months 12 months or more Total Fair value Gross unrealized losses Number of securities Fair value Gross unrealized losses Number of securities Fair value Gross unrealized losses Number of securities (Dollar amounts in millions) Description of Securities U.S. corporate: Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 181 106 Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 626 Finance and insurance . . . . . Consumer—non-cyclical . . . 299 Technology and communications . . . . . . . . 217 Industrial Capital goods . . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer—cyclical . . . . . . . Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — 176 137 117 12 Subtotal, U.S. corporate $ (2) (1) (6) (7) (4) — (2) (2) (1) (1) 33 22 91 46 32 — 25 24 21 2 $ 219 140 222 221 210 62 81 95 97 — $ (7) (7) (6) (6) (8) (1) (3) (2) (2) — 36 15 30 31 29 9 14 13 13 — $ $ 400 246 848 520 427 62 257 232 214 12 (9) (8) (12) (13) (12) (1) (5) (4) (3) (1) 69 37 121 77 61 9 39 37 34 2 securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,871 (26) 296 1,347 (42) 190 3,218 (68) 486 Non-U.S. corporate: Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Finance and insurance . . . . . Consumer—non-cyclical . . . Technology and communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Industrial Capital goods . . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer—cyclical . . . . . . . Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Subtotal, non-U.S. corporate securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total for corporate securities in 113 118 347 69 107 52 54 131 47 285 (1) (2) (3) (1) (1) — — (1) (1) (2) 23 19 56 11 18 9 11 21 7 42 72 74 117 60 30 38 46 — 64 47 (3) (3) (3) (3) (1) (2) (2) — (2) (2) 8 12 19 6 6 5 3 — 8 10 185 192 464 129 137 90 100 131 111 332 (4) (5) (6) (4) (2) (2) (2) (1) (3) (4) 31 31 75 17 24 14 14 21 15 52 1,323 (12) 217 548 (21) 77 1,871 (33) 294 an unrealized loss position . . . . $3,194 $ (38) 513 $1,895 $ (63) 267 $5,089 $(101) 780 253 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 The scheduled maturity distribution of fixed maturity securities as of December 31, 2018 is set forth below. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because issuers of securities may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. (Amounts in millions) Due one year or less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Due after one year through five years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Due after five years through ten years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Due after ten years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Subtotal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residential mortgage-backed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commercial mortgage-backed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other asset-backed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortized cost or cost $ 1,863 10,851 12,438 23,443 48,595 2,888 3,054 3,444 Fair value $ 1,874 10,952 12,463 24,886 50,175 3,044 3,016 3,426 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $57,981 $59,661 As of December 31, 2018, securities issued by finance and insurance, utilities and consumer—non-cyclical industry groups represented approximately 24%, 14% and 14%, respectively, of our domestic and foreign corporate fixed maturity securities portfolio. No other industry group comprised more than 10% of our investment portfolio. As of December 31, 2018, we did not hold any fixed maturity securities in any single issuer, other than securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government, which exceeded 10% of stockholders’ equity. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, securities of $43 million were on deposit with various state government insurance departments in order to comply with relevant insurance regulations. (e) Commercial Mortgage Loans Our mortgage loans are collateralized by commercial properties, including multi-family residential buildings. The carrying value of commercial mortgage loans is stated at original cost net of principal payments, amortization and allowance for loan losses. 254 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 We diversify our commercial mortgage loans by both property type and geographic region. The following tables set forth the distribution across property type and geographic region for commercial mortgage loans as of December 31: (Amounts in millions) Property type: Retail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Office . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Apartments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mixed use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2018 2017 Carrying value % of total Carrying value % of total $2,463 1,659 1,548 495 254 281 37% $2,239 1,628 25 1,510 23 478 7 223 4 275 4 35% 26 24 8 3 4 Subtotal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,700 100% 6,353 100% Unamortized balance of loan origination fees and costs . . . Allowance for losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (4) (9) (3) (9) Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $6,687 $6,341 (Amounts in millions) 2018 2017 Carrying value % of total Carrying value % of total Geographic region: South Atlantic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Middle Atlantic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mountain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . West North Central . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . East North Central . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . West South Central . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . New England . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . East South Central $1,709 1,684 950 667 470 405 364 228 223 26% $1,625 1,622 25 927 14 556 10 446 7 394 6 336 6 239 3 208 3 26% 26 14 9 7 6 5 4 3 Subtotal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,700 100% 6,353 100% Unamortized balance of loan origination fees and costs . . . Allowance for losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (4) (9) (3) (9) Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 6,687 $ 6,341 255 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 The following tables set forth the aging of past due commercial mortgage loans by property type as of December 31: (Amounts in millions) Property type: 31 -60 days past due 61 -90 days past due 2018 Greater than 90 days past due Total past due Current Total Retail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Office . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Apartments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mixed use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 3 — — — — — Total recorded investment . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 3 $— — — — — — $— $— — 3 — — — $ 3 $ 3 — 3 — — — $2,460 1,659 1,545 495 254 281 $2,463 1,659 1,548 495 254 281 $ 6 $6,694 $6,700 % of total commercial mortgage loans . . . . . . . — % — % — % — % 100% 100% (Amounts in millions) Property type: 31 -60 days past due 61 -90 days past due 2017 Greater than 90 days past due Total past due Current Total Retail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Office . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Apartments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mixed use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 5 — — — — — Total recorded investment . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 5 $— — — — — — $— $— — 6 — — — $ 6 $ 5 — 6 — — — $2,234 1,628 1,504 478 223 275 $2,239 1,628 1,510 478 223 275 $ 11 $6,342 $6,353 % of total commercial mortgage loans . . . . . . . — % — % — % — % 100% 100% As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, we had no commercial mortgage loans that were past due for more than 90 days and still accruing interest. We also did not have any commercial mortgage loans that were past due for less than 90 days on non-accrual status as of December 31, 2018 and 2017. We evaluate the impairment of commercial mortgage loans on an individual loan basis. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, our commercial mortgage loans greater than 90 days past due included one impaired loan. This loan had an appraised value in excess of the recorded investment and the current recorded investment of this loan is expected to be recoverable. During the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, we modified or extended 2 and 10 commercial mortgage loans, respectively, with a total carrying value of $12 million and $27 million, respectively. All of these modifications or extensions were based on current market interest rates, did not result in any forgiveness in the outstanding principal amount owed by the borrower and were not considered troubled debt restructurings. 256 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 The following table sets forth the allowance for credit losses and recorded investment in commercial mortgage loans as of or for the years ended December 31: (Amounts in millions) Allowance for credit losses: 2018 2017 2016 Beginning balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Charge-offs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Recoveries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 9 $ — — — Ending balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 9 $ 12 — — (3) 9 $ 15 (6) — 3 $ 12 Ending allowance for individually impaired loans . . . . . $ — $ — $ — Ending allowance for loans not individually impaired that were evaluated collectively for impairment . . . . . $ 9 $ 9 $ 12 Recorded investment: Ending balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $6,700 $6,353 $6,125 Ending balance of individually impaired loans . . . . . . . . $ 3 $ 6 $ 12 Ending balance of loans not individually impaired that were evaluated collectively for impairment . . . . . . . . . $6,697 $6,347 $6,113 As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, we had one individually impaired loan within the office property type with a recorded investment and unpaid principal balance of $3 million and $6 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2016, we had one individually impaired loan within the industrial property type with a recorded investment of $12 million, an unpaid principal balance of $15 million and charge-offs of $3 million. In evaluating the credit quality of commercial mortgage loans, we assess the performance of the underlying loans using both quantitative and qualitative criteria. Certain risks associated with commercial mortgage loans can be evaluated by reviewing both the loan-to-value and debt service coverage ratio to understand both the probability of the borrower not being able to make the necessary loan payments as well as the ability to sell the underlying property for an amount that would enable us to recover our unpaid principal balance in the event of default by the borrower. The average loan-to-value ratio is based on our most recent estimate of the fair value for the underlying property which is evaluated at least annually and updated more frequently if necessary to better indicate risk associated with the loan. A lower loan-to-value indicates that our loan value is more likely to be recovered in the event of default by the borrower if the property was sold. The debt service coverage ratio is based on “normalized” annual income of the property compared to the payments required under the terms of the loan. Normalization allows for the removal of annual one-time events such as capital expenditures, prepaid or late real estate tax payments or non-recurring third-party fees (such as legal, consulting or contract fees). This ratio is evaluated at least annually and updated more frequently if necessary to better indicate risk associated with the loan. A higher debt service coverage ratio indicates the borrower is less likely to default on the loan. The debt service coverage ratio is not used without considering other factors associated with the borrower, such as the borrower’s liquidity or access to other resources that may result in our expectation that the borrower will continue to make the future scheduled payments. 257 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 The following tables set forth the loan-to-value of commercial mortgage loans by property type as of December 31: (Amounts in millions) Property type: 0% - 50% 51% - 60% 61% - 75% 76% - 100% Greater than 100% (1) Total 2018 Retail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Office . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Apartments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mixed use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 866 749 585 206 105 43 Total recorded investment . . . . . . . . . . . . $2,554 $ 565 279 373 95 36 78 $1,426 $1,017 615 588 189 113 160 $2,682 $ 15 14 2 5 — — 2 $ — $2,463 1,659 1,548 495 254 281 — — — — $ 36 $ 2 $6,700 % of total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38% 21% 40% 1% — % 100% Weighted-average debt service coverage ratio 2.42 2.04 1.59 1.38 0.88 2.00 (1) Included a loan with a recorded investment of $2 million in good standing, where borrowers continued to make timely payments, with a loan-to-value of 105%. We evaluated this loan on an individual basis and as it is in good standing, the current recorded investment is expected to be recoverable. (Amounts in millions) Property type: 0% - 50% 51% - 60% 61% - 75% 76% - 100% Greater than 100% (1) Total 2017 Retail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Office . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Apartments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mixed use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 919 731 575 226 99 68 Total recorded investment . . . . . . . . . . . . $2,618 $ 500 363 386 101 59 28 $1,437 $ 820 532 534 146 65 179 $2,276 $ — 2 13 5 — — 2 — $ — $2,239 1,628 1,510 478 223 275 — — — $ 20 $ 2 $6,353 % of total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41% 23% 36% — % — % 100% Weighted-average debt service coverage ratio 2.65 1.85 1.62 0.62 1.04 2.09 (1) Included a loan with a recorded investment of $2 million in good standing, where borrowers continued to make timely payments, with a loan-to-value of 102%. We evaluated this loan on an individual basis and as it is in good standing, the current recorded investment is expected to be recoverable. 258 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 The following tables set forth the debt service coverage ratio for fixed rate commercial mortgage loans by property type as of December 31: (Amounts in millions) Property type: Less than 1.00 1.00 - 1.25 1.26 - 1.50 1.51 - 2.00 Greater than 2.00 Total 2018 Retail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Office . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Apartments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mixed use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total recorded investment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 43 22 57 4 3 13 $142 $157 75 56 24 19 134 $465 $ 448 233 156 104 51 50 $1,042 $1,234 653 765 168 80 50 $ 581 676 514 195 101 34 $2,463 1,659 1,548 495 254 281 $2,950 $2,101 $6,700 % of total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Weighted-average loan-to-value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2% 57% 7% 61% 44% 59% 31% 100% 42% 54% 16% 62% 2017 (Amounts in millions) Property type: Less than 1.00 1.00 - 1.25 1.26 - 1.50 1.51 - 2.00 Greater than 2.00 Total Retail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Industrial Office . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Apartments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mixed use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 43 23 51 — 2 1 Total recorded investment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $120 $235 61 61 17 4 149 $527 $301 174 157 77 26 14 $749 $1,020 700 569 191 86 71 $ 640 670 672 193 105 40 $2,239 1,628 1,510 478 223 275 $2,637 $2,320 $6,353 % of total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Weighted-average loan-to-value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2% 55% 8% 60% 12% 58% 42% 58% 36% 100% 42% 52% As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, we did not have any floating rate commercial mortgage loans. (f) Restricted Commercial Mortgage Loans Related To Securitization Entities We have a consolidated securitization entity that holds commercial mortgage loans that are recorded as restricted commercial mortgage loans related to securitization entities. See note 17 for additional information related to consolidated securitization entities. (g) Limited Partnerships or Similar Entities Limited partnerships are accounted for at fair value when our partnership interest is considered minor (generally less than 3% ownership in the limited partnerships) and we exercise no influence over operating and financial policies. If our ownership percentage exceeds that threshold, limited partnerships are accounted for 259 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 using the equity method of accounting. In applying either method, we use financial information provided by the investee generally on a one-to-three month lag. However, we consider whether an adjustment to the estimated fair value is necessary when the measurement date is not aligned with our reporting date. Investments in limited partnerships or similar entities are generally considered VIEs when the equity group lacks sufficient financial control. Generally, these investments are limited partner or non-managing member equity investments in a widely held fund that is sponsored and managed by a reputable asset manager. We are not the primary beneficiary of any VIE investment in a limited partnership or similar entity. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the total carrying value of these investments was $394 million and $222 million, respectively. Our maximum exposure to loss is equal to the outstanding carrying value and future funding commitments. We have not contributed, and do not plan to contribute, any additional financial or other support outside of what is contractually obligated. (5) Derivative Instruments Our business activities routinely deal with fluctuations in interest rates, equity prices, currency exchange rates and other asset and liability prices. We use derivative instruments to mitigate or reduce certain of these risks. We have established policies for managing each of these risks, including prohibitions on derivatives market-making and other speculative derivatives activities. These policies require the use of derivative instruments in concert with other techniques to reduce or mitigate these risks. While we use derivatives to mitigate or reduce risks, certain derivatives do not meet the accounting requirements to be designated as hedging instruments and are denoted as “derivatives not designated as hedges” in the following disclosures. For derivatives that meet the accounting requirements to be designated as hedges, the following disclosures for these derivatives are denoted as “derivatives designated as hedges,” which include cash flow hedges. 260 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 The following table sets forth our positions in derivative instruments as of December 31: Derivative assets Derivative liabilities Balance sheet classification Fair value 2018 2017 Balance sheet classification Fair value 2018 2017 (Amounts in millions) Derivatives designated as hedges Cash flow hedges: Interest rate swaps . . . . . . . . . . . Other invested assets Foreign currency swaps . . . . . . . Other invested assets $ 42 6 $ 74 1 Other liabilities Other liabilities $102 $ 25 — — Total cash flow hedges . . . . . . . Total derivatives designated as hedges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Derivatives not designated as hedges Interest rate swaps in a foreign 48 48 75 75 currency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other invested assets Interest rate caps and floors . . . . . . . . Other invested assets Foreign currency swaps . . . . . . . . . . . Other invested assets — 39 Equity index options . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other invested assets Financial futures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other invested assets — Equity return swaps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other invested assets — 10 Other foreign currency contracts . . . . Other invested assets 74 105 7 — 11 80 — — GMWB embedded derivatives Fixed index annuity embedded . . . . . derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Indexed universal life embedded derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total derivatives not designated as hedges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . Reinsurance recoverable (1) Other assets Reinsurance recoverable 20 — — 5 14 — — 150 215 $198 $290 102 102 25 25 — — — — 23 — — — — — 1 42 2 20 337 250 389 419 12 14 804 705 $906 $730 Other liabilities Other liabilities Other liabilities Other liabilities Other liabilities Other liabilities Other liabilities Policyholder account balances (2) Policyholder account balances (3) Policyholder account balances (4) (1) Represents embedded derivatives associated with the reinsured portion of our GMWB liabilities. (2) Represents the embedded derivatives associated with our GMWB liabilities, excluding the impact of reinsurance. (3) Represents the embedded derivatives associated with our fixed index annuity liabilities. (4) Represents the embedded derivatives associated with our indexed universal life liabilities. The fair value of derivative positions presented above was not offset by the respective collateral amounts received or provided under these agreements. 261 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 The activity associated with derivative instruments can generally be measured by the change in notional value over the periods presented. However, for GMWB, fixed index annuity embedded derivatives and indexed universal life embedded derivatives, the change between periods is best illustrated by the number of policies. The following tables represent activity associated with derivative instruments as of the dates indicated: (Notional in millions) Derivatives designated as hedges Cash flow hedges: Measurement December 31, 2017 Additions Maturities/ terminations December 31, 2018 Interest rate swaps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign currency swaps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Notional Notional Total cash flow hedges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total derivatives designated as hedges . . Derivatives not designated as hedges Interest rate swaps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest rate swaps in a foreign currency . . . . . Interest rate caps and floors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign currency swaps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Credit default swaps Equity index options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Financial futures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Equity return swaps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other foreign currency contracts . . . . . . . . . . . Total derivatives not designated as hedges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Notional Notional Notional Notional Notional Notional Notional Notional Notional $11,155 22 11,177 11,177 4,679 2,793 — 349 39 2,420 1,283 96 471 $ 1,645 58 1,703 1,703 — 117 2,810 133 — 2,848 5,377 3 1,739 $ (2,876) — (2,876) (2,876) $ 9,924 80 10,004 10,004 (5) (345) (186) (29) (39) (2,640) (5,245) (82) (1,130) 4,674 2,565 2,624 453 — 2,628 1,415 17 1,080 12,130 13,027 (9,701) 15,456 Total derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $23,307 $14,730 $(12,577) $25,460 (Number of policies) Derivatives not designated as hedges GMWB embedded derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fixed index annuity embedded derivatives . . . Indexed universal life embedded Measurement December 31, 2017 Additions Maturities/ terminations December 31, 2018 Policies Policies 30,450 17,067 — — — (2,564) (603) 27,886 16,464 (56) 929 derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Policies 985 Cash Flow Hedges Certain derivative instruments are designated as cash flow hedges. The changes in fair value of these instruments are recorded as a component of OCI. We designate and account for the following as cash flow hedges when they have met the effectiveness requirements: (i) various types of interest rate swaps to convert floating rate investments to fixed rate investments; (ii) various types of interest rate swaps to convert floating rate liabilities into fixed rate liabilities; (iii) receive U.S. dollar fixed on foreign currency swaps to hedge the foreign currency cash flow exposure of foreign currency denominated investments; (iv) forward starting interest rate swaps to hedge against changes in interest rates associated with future fixed rate bond purchases and/or interest income; and (v) other instruments to hedge the cash flows of various forecasted transactions. 262 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 The following table provides information about the pre-tax income (loss) effects of cash flow hedges for the year ended December 31, 2018: (Amounts in millions) Gain (loss) recognized in OCI Gain (loss) reclassified into net income from OCI Interest rate swaps hedging assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest rate swaps hedging assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest rate swaps hedging liabilities . . . . . . . . . . Foreign currency swaps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $(261) — 16 4 $(241) $153 9 — — $162 Classification of gain (loss) reclassified into net income Net investment income Net investment gains (losses) Interest expense Net investment income The following table provides information about the pre-tax income (loss) effects of cash flow hedges for the year ended December 31, 2017: Gain (loss) recognized in OCI Gain (loss) reclassified into net income (loss) from OCI Classification of gain (loss) reclassified into net income (loss) Gain (loss) recognized in net income (loss) (1) Classification of gain (loss) recognized in net income (loss) (Amounts in millions) Interest rate swaps hedging assets . . . . $ 96 Interest rate swaps hedging assets . . . . — Foreign currency swaps . . . . . . . . . . . (2) Total . . . . . . . . . . $ 94 $131 8 — $139 Net investment income Net investment gains (losses) Net investment income Net investment gains (losses) Net investment gains (losses) Net investment gains (losses) $ 2 — — $ 2 (1) Represents ineffective portion of cash flow hedges, as there were no amounts excluded from the measurement of effectiveness. 263 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 The following table provides information about the pre-tax income (loss) effects of cash flow hedges for the year ended December 31, 2016: Gain (loss) recognized in OCI Gain (loss) reclassified into net income (loss) from OCI Classification of gain (loss) reclassified into net income (loss) Gain (loss) recognized in net income (loss) (1) Classification of gain (loss) recognized in net income (loss) (Amounts in millions) Interest rate swaps hedging assets . . . . . $198 Interest rate swaps hedging assets . . . . . — Interest rate swaps hedging liabilities . . . Inflation indexed swaps . . . . . . . . . . . . Inflation indexed (5) (5) swaps . . . . . . . . . . . . — Foreign currency swaps . . . . . . . . . . . . (4) Foreign currency swaps . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . — $184 Net investment income Net investment gains (losses) Interest expense Net investment income Net investment gains (losses) Net investment income Net investment gains (losses) $112 2 — 2 7 — — $123 $ 3 — — — — — 5 8 $ Net investment gains (losses) Net investment gains (losses) Net investment gains (losses) Net investment gains (losses) Net investment gains (losses) Net investment gains (losses) Net investment gains (losses) (1) Represents ineffective portion of cash flow hedges, as there were no amounts excluded from the measurement of effectiveness. The following table provides a reconciliation of current period changes, net of applicable income taxes, for these designated derivatives presented in the separate component of stockholders’ equity labeled “derivatives qualifying as hedges,” for the years ended December 31: (Amounts in millions) Derivatives qualifying as effective accounting hedges as of January 1 . . . . . . . . . . Cumulative effect of changes in accounting: Stranded tax effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Changes to the hedge accounting model, net of deferred taxes of $(1), $— and $— . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total cumulative effect of changes in accounting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Current period increases (decreases) in fair value, net of deferred taxes of $50, 2018 2017 2016 $2,065 $2,085 $2,045 12 2 14 — — — — — — $(56) and $(64) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reclassification to net (income) loss, net of deferred taxes of $58, $81 and $43 . . (194) (104) 38 (58) 120 (80) Derivatives qualifying as effective accounting hedges as of December 31 . . . . . . . $1,781 $2,065 $2,085 The total of derivatives designated as cash flow hedges of $1,781 million, net of taxes, recorded in stockholders’ equity as of December 31, 2018 is expected to be reclassified to net income (loss) in the future, concurrently with and primarily offsetting changes in interest expense and interest income on floating rate instruments and interest income on future fixed rate bond purchases. Of this amount, $109 million, net of taxes, 264 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 is expected to be reclassified to net income (loss) in the next 12 months. Actual amounts may vary from this amount as a result of market conditions. All forecasted transactions associated with qualifying cash flow hedges are expected to occur by 2057. During the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, we reclassified $9 million, $6 million and $10 million, respectively, to net income (loss) in connection with forecasted transactions that were no longer considered probable of occurring. Derivatives Not Designated As Hedges We also enter into certain non-qualifying derivative instruments such as: (i) interest rate swaps and financial futures to mitigate interest rate risk as part of managing regulatory capital positions; (ii) credit default swaps to enhance yield and reproduce characteristics of investments with similar terms and credit risk; (iii) equity index options, equity return swaps, interest rate swaps and financial futures to mitigate the risks associated with liabilities that have guaranteed minimum benefits, fixed index annuities and indexed universal life; (iv) interest rate swaps, interest rate swaps in a foreign currency and interest rate caps and floors where the hedging relationship does not qualify for hedge accounting; (v) credit default swaps to mitigate loss exposure to certain credit risk; (vi) foreign currency swaps, options and forward contracts to mitigate currency risk associated with non-functional currency investments held by certain foreign subsidiaries and future dividends or other cash flows from certain foreign subsidiaries to our holding company; and (vii) equity index options to mitigate certain macroeconomic risks associated with certain foreign subsidiaries. Additionally, we provide GMWBs on certain variable annuities that are required to be bifurcated as embedded derivatives. We also offer fixed index annuity and indexed universal life products and have reinsurance agreements with certain features that are required to be bifurcated as embedded derivatives. We also had, prior to the fourth quarter of 2017, derivatives related to securitization entities where we were required to consolidate the related securitization entity as a result of our involvement in the structure. The counterparties for these derivatives typically only had recourse to the securitization entity. The interest rate swaps used for these entities were typically used to effectively convert the interest payments on the assets of the securitization entity to the same basis as the interest rate on the borrowings issued by the securitization entity. Credit default swaps were utilized in certain securitization entities to enhance the yield payable on the borrowings issued by the securitization entity and also included a settlement feature that allows the securitization entity to provide the par value of assets in the securitization entity for the amount of any losses incurred under the credit default swap. 265 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 The following table provides the pre-tax gain (loss) recognized in net income (loss) for the effects of derivatives not designated as hedges for the years ended December 31: (Amounts in millions) 2018 2017 2016 Classification of gain (loss) recognized in net income (loss) Interest rate swaps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest rate swaps in a foreign currency . . . Interest rate swaps related to securitization entities (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign currency swaps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Credit default swaps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Credit default swaps related to securitization entities (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Equity index options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Financial futures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Equity return swaps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other foreign currency contracts . . . . . . . . . GMWB embedded derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . Fixed index annuity embedded derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Indexed universal life embedded derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total derivatives not designated as $ 3 (5) $ 4 70 $ 12 28 Net investment gains (losses) Net investment gains (losses) — (37) — — (34) 26 (5) (26) (54) 15 13 — 14 — 7 57 (43) (22) 5 78 (10) 4 1 18 10 (111) (1) (4) 76 Net investment gains (losses) Net investment gains (losses) Net investment gains (losses) Net investment gains (losses) Net investment gains (losses) Net investment gains (losses) Net investment gains (losses) Net investment gains (losses) Net investment gains (losses) (84) (22) Net investment gains (losses) 8 10 Net investment gains (losses) hedges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $(104) $ 94 $ 11 (1) See note 17 for additional information related to consolidated securitization entities. Derivative Counterparty Credit Risk Most of our derivative arrangements with counterparties require the posting of collateral upon meeting certain net exposure thresholds. For derivatives related to securitization entities, there are no arrangements that require either party to provide collateral and the recourse of the derivative counterparty is typically limited to the assets held by the securitization entity and there is no recourse to any entity other than the securitization entity. 266 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 The following table presents additional information about derivative assets and liabilities subject to an enforceable master netting arrangement as of December 31: (Amounts in millions) Amounts presented in the balance sheet: Gross amounts recognized . . . . . . . . Gross amounts offset in the balance sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — Net amounts presented in the balance sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 Gross amounts not offset in the balance sheet: Financial instruments (3) . . . . . . . . . . Collateral received . . . . . . . . . . . . . Collateral pledged . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Over collateralization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (66) (84) — 10 2018 2017 Derivatives assets (1) Derivatives liabilities (2) Net derivatives Derivatives assets (1) Derivatives liabilities (2) Net derivatives $185 $ 169 $ 16 $ 278 $ 47 $ 231 — 169 (66) — (536) 433 — 16 — (84) 536 (423) — 278 (23) (170) — — — 47 (23) — (288) 264 — 231 — (170) 288 (264) Net amount . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 45 $ — $ 45 $ 85 $ — $ 85 (1) Included $6 million and $2 million of accruals on derivatives classified as other assets and does not include amounts related to embedded derivatives as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. (2) Does not include amounts related to embedded derivatives and derivatives related to securitization entities as of December 31, 2018 and 2017. (3) Amounts represent derivative assets and/or liabilities that are presented gross within the balance sheet but are held with the same counterparty where we have a master netting arrangement. This adjustment results in presenting the net asset and net liability position for each counterparty. Except for derivatives related to securitization entities, several of our master swap agreements contain credit downgrade provisions that allow either party to assign or terminate derivative transactions if the other party’s long-term unsecured debt rating or financial strength rating is below the limit defined in the applicable agreement. Beginning in 2018, we have renegotiated with many of our counterparties to remove the credit downgrade provisions from the master swap agreements. If the provisions defined in these agreements had been triggered as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, we could have been allowed to claim $45 million and $85 million, respectively. There were no amounts that we would have been required to disburse as of December 31, 2018 and 2017. The chart above excludes embedded derivatives and derivatives related to securitization entities as those derivatives are not subject to master netting arrangements. As of December 31, 2018, no counterparties exercised their rights to terminate or revise the terms of their transactions with us. Credit Derivatives We previously sold protection under single name credit default swaps in combination with purchasing a security to replicate characteristics of similar investments based on the credit quality and term of the credit default swap. Credit default triggers for single name reference entities followed the Credit Derivatives Physical Settlement Matrix published by the International Swaps and Derivatives Association. Under these terms, credit default triggers were defined as bankruptcy, failure to pay or restructuring, if applicable. Our maximum exposure 267 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 to credit loss equaled the notional value for credit default swaps. In the event of default for credit default swaps, we were typically required to pay the protection holder the full notional value less a recovery rate determined at auction. Our remaining single name credit default swaps matured during the third quarter of 2018. The following table sets forth our credit default swaps where we sell protection on single name reference entities and the fair values as of December 31: (Amounts in millions) Investment grade 2018 2017 Notional value Assets Liabilities Notional value Assets Liabilities Matures in less than one year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $— $— $— $39 $— $— Total credit default swaps on single name reference entities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $— $— $— $39 $— $— (6) Deferred Acquisition Costs The following table presents the activity impacting DAC as of and for the years ended December 31: (Amounts in millions) 2018 2017 2016 Unamortized balance as of January 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Impact of foreign currency translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Costs deferred . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization, net of interest accretion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $3,999 (15) 83 (316) $ 4,241 12 88 (342) $4,569 3 150 (481) Unamortized balance as of December 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,751 3,999 4,241 Accumulated effect of net unrealized investment (gains) losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (488) (1,670) (670) Balance as of December 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $3,263 $ 2,329 $3,571 We regularly review DAC to determine if it is recoverable from future income. In 2018, 2017 and 2016, we performed loss recognition testing and determined that we had premium deficiencies in our fixed immediate annuity products. In 2016, as a result of our loss recognition testing we wrote off the entire DAC balance for our fixed immediate annuity products of $14 million through amortization. In addition, as a result of our fixed immediate annuity loss recognition testing in 2018, 2017 and 2016, we increased our future policy benefit reserves and recognized expenses. See note 9 for additional information related to loss recognition testing on our fixed immediate annuity products. As of December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, we believe all of our other businesses had sufficient future income and therefore the related DAC was recoverable. In addition, we are required to analyze the impacts from net unrealized investment gains and losses on our available-for-sale investment securities backing insurance liabilities, as if those unrealized investment gains and losses were realized. These “shadow accounting” adjustments result in the recognition of unrealized gains and losses on related insurance assets and liabilities in a manner consistent with the recognition of the unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale investment securities within the statements of comprehensive income and changes in equity. Changes to net unrealized investment (gains) losses may increase or decrease the ending DAC balance. Similar to a loss recognition event, when the DAC balance is reduced to zero, additional insurance 268 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 liabilities are established if necessary. Unlike a loss recognition event, based on changes in net unrealized investment (gains) losses, these shadow adjustments may reverse from period to period. As of December 31, 2018, due primarily to an increase in interest rates decreasing unrealized investment gains, we decreased the amount recorded in the accumulated effect of net unrealized gains, with an offsetting amount recorded in other comprehensive income (loss). As of December 31, 2017, due primarily to the decline in interest rates increasing unrealized investments gains, we reduced the DAC balance of our long-term care insurance business to zero, a cumulative decrease in the accumulated effect of net unrealized investment gains of approximately $1.3 billion out of the total $1.7 billion in the table above, with an offsetting amount recorded in other comprehensive income (loss). In addition, we increased our future policy benefit reserves in our long-term care insurance business by a cumulative amount of approximately $1.0 billion as of December 31, 2017, with an offsetting amount recorded in other comprehensive income (loss). There was no impact to net income (loss) in 2018, 2017 or 2016 related to our shadow accounting adjustments. In the fourth quarter of 2016, as part of our annual review of assumptions, we increased DAC amortization in our universal and term universal life insurance products by $144 million reflecting updated assumptions primarily for mortality experience in older age populations, partially offset by updated assumptions related to future policy charges. (7) Intangible Assets The following table presents our intangible assets as of December 31: (Amounts in millions) PVFP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Capitalized software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred sales inducements to contractholders . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gross carrying amount $2,115 501 318 139 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $3,073 2018 2017 Accumulated amortization $(1,976) (410) (243) (110) $(2,739) Gross carrying amount $2,046 475 280 130 $2,931 Accumulated amortization $(1,959) (384) (221) (81) $(2,645) Amortization expense related to PVFP, capitalized software and other intangible assets for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 was $75 million, $93 million and $17 million, respectively. Amortization expense related to deferred sales inducements of $22 million, $22 million and $21 million, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 was included in benefits and other changes in policy reserves. 269 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 Present Value of Future Profits The following table presents the activity in PVFP as of and for the years ended December 31: (Amounts in millions) Unamortized balance as of January 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest accreted at 5.60%, 5.38% and 5.15% . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unamortized balance as of December 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accumulated effect of net unrealized investment (gains) 2018 2017 $187 10 (27) 170 $ 222 11 (46) 187 2016 $205 11 6 222 losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (31) (100) (67) Balance as of December 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $139 $ 87 $155 We regularly review our assumptions and periodically test PVFP for recoverability in a manner similar to our treatment of DAC. As of December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 we believe all of our businesses have sufficient future income and therefore the related PVFP is recoverable. The percentage of the December 31, 2018 PVFP balance net of interest accretion, before the effect of unrealized investment gains or losses, estimated to be amortized over each of the next five years is as follows: 2019 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2021 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2023 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.5% 5.3% 4.9% 4.6% 4.2% Amortization expense for PVFP in future periods will be affected by acquisitions, dispositions, net investment gains (losses) or other factors affecting the ultimate amount of gross profits realized from certain lines of business. Similarly, future amortization expense for other intangibles will depend on future acquisitions, dispositions and other business transactions. (8) Reinsurance We reinsure a portion of our policy risks to other insurance companies in order to reduce our ultimate losses, diversify our exposures and provide capital flexibility. We also assume certain policy risks written by other insurance companies. Reinsurance accounting is followed for assumed and ceded transactions when there is adequate risk transfer. Otherwise, the deposit method of accounting is followed. Reinsurance does not relieve us from our obligations to policyholders. In the event that the reinsurers are unable to meet their obligations, we remain liable for the reinsured claims. We monitor both the financial condition of individual reinsurers and risk concentrations arising from similar geographic regions, activities and economic characteristics of reinsurers to lessen the risk of default by such reinsurers. Other than the relationship discussed below with Union Fidelity Life Insurance Company (“UFLIC”), we do not have significant concentrations of reinsurance with any one reinsurer that could have a material impact on our financial position. As of December 31, 2018, the maximum amount of individual ordinary life insurance normally retained by us on any one individual life policy was $5 million. 270 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 We have several significant reinsurance transactions (“Reinsurance Transactions”) with UFLIC. In these transactions, we ceded to UFLIC in-force blocks of structured settlements issued prior to 2004, substantially all of our in-force blocks of variable annuities issued prior to 2004 and a block of long-term care insurance policies that we reinsured in 2000 from MetLife Insurance Company USA, now known as Brighthouse Life Insurance Company. Although we remain directly liable under these contracts and policies as the ceding insurer, the Reinsurance Transactions have the effect of transferring the financial results of the reinsured blocks to UFLIC. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, we had a reinsurance recoverable of $13,975 million and $14,255 million, respectively, associated with those Reinsurance Transactions. To secure the payment of its obligations to us under the reinsurance agreements governing the Reinsurance Transactions, UFLIC has established trust accounts to maintain an aggregate amount of assets with a statutory book value at least equal to the statutory general account reserves attributable to the reinsured business less an amount required to be held in certain claims paying accounts. A trustee administers the trust accounts and we are permitted to withdraw from the trust accounts amounts due to us pursuant to the terms of the reinsurance agreements that are not otherwise paid by UFLIC. In addition, pursuant to a Capital Maintenance Agreement, General Electric Company (“GE”) is obligated to maintain sufficient capital in UFLIC to maintain UFLIC’s risk- based capital (“RBC”) at not less than 150% of its company action level, as defined by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (“NAIC”). Under the terms of certain reinsurance agreements that our life insurance subsidiaries have with external parties, we pledged assets in either separate portfolios or in trust for the benefit of external reinsurers. These assets support the reserves ceded to those external reinsurers. We have pledged fixed maturity securities and commercial mortgage loans of $10,400 million and $870 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2018 and $10,319 million and $835 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2017 in connection with these reinsurance agreements. However, we maintain the ability to substitute these pledged assets for other qualified collateral, and may use, commingle, encumber or dispose of any portion of the collateral as long as there is no event of default and the remaining qualified collateral is sufficient to satisfy the collateral maintenance level. The following table sets forth net domestic life insurance in-force as of December 31: (Amounts in millions) 2018 2017 2016 Direct life insurance in-force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amounts assumed from other companies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amounts ceded to other companies (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 594,472 729 (537,590) $ 625,710 793 (562,463) $ 658,931 861 (491,466) Net life insurance in-force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 57,611 $ 64,040 $ 168,326 Percentage of amount assumed to net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1% 1% —% (1) Includes amounts accounted for under the deposit method. 271 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 The following table sets forth the effects of reinsurance on premiums written and earned for the years ended December 31: (Amounts in millions) Direct: Written 2017 2018 2016 2018 Earned 2017 2016 Life insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accident and health insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mortgage insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total direct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 881 2,775 1,586 5,242 $ 929 2,732 1,571 5,232 $ 977 2,786 1,641 5,404 $ 881 2,800 1,719 5,400 $ 929 2,756 1,154 4,839 $ 978 2,816 1,561 5,355 Assumed: Life insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accident and health insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mortgage insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total assumed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 328 7 336 38 337 7 382 35 331 6 372 1 332 11 344 38 341 2 381 35 335 12 382 Ceded: Life insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accident and health insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mortgage insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (576) (566) (85) (538) (596) (74) (856) (629) (83) (576) (571) (78) (538) (604) (74) (856) (638) (83) Total ceded . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1,227) (1,208) (1,568) (1,225) (1,216) (1,577) Net premiums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 4,351 $ 4,406 $ 4,208 $ 4,519 $ 4,004 $ 4,160 Percentage of amount assumed to net . . . . . . . . . . . . 8% 10% 9% Reinsurance recoveries recognized as a reduction of benefits and other changes in policy reserves amounted to $2,696 million, $2,788 million and $3,008 million during 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. 272 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 (9) Insurance Reserves Future Policy Benefits The following table sets forth our recorded liabilities and the major assumptions underlying our future policy benefits as of December 31: (Amounts in millions) Mortality/ morbidity assumption Interest rate assumption 2018 2017 Long-term care insurance contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Structured settlements with life contingencies . . . . . . . . Annuity contracts with life contingencies . . . . . . . . . . . . Traditional life insurance contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Supplementary contracts with life contingencies . . . . . . Accident and health insurance contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . (a) (b) (b) (c) (b) (d) 3.75% - 7.50% $23,496 $23,332 8,724 1.00% - 8.00% 8,576 3,723 1.00% - 8.00% 3,238 2,387 3.00% - 7.50% 2,300 303 329 1.00% - 8.00% 3 1 3.50% - 6.00% Total future policy benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $37,940 $38,472 (a) The 1983 Individual Annuitant Mortality Table or the 2000 U.S. Annuity Table, or the 1983 Group Annuitant Mortality Table or the 1994 Group Annuitant Mortality Table and company experience. (b) Assumptions for limited-payment contracts come from either the U.S. Population Table, the 1983 Group Annuitant Mortality Table, the 1983 Individual Annuitant Mortality Table, the Annuity 2000 Mortality Table or the 2012 Individual Annuity Reserving Table. Principally modifications based on company experience of the Society of Actuaries 1965-70 or 1975-80 Select and the Ultimate Tables, the 1941, 1958, 1980 and 2001 Commissioner’s Standard Ordinary Tables, the 1980 Commissioner’s Extended Term table and (IA) Standard Table 1996 (modified). The 1958 and 1980 Commissioner’s Standard Ordinary Tables, or the 2000 U.S. Annuity Table, or the 1983 Group Annuitant Mortality or the 2008 Valuation Basic Table. (c) (d) We regularly review our assumptions and perform loss recognition testing at least annually. In 2018, 2017 and 2016, we performed loss recognition testing and determined that we had premium deficiencies in our fixed immediate annuity products. In 2016, we wrote off the entire DAC balance for our fixed immediate annuity products as discussed in note 6. In addition, primarily as a result of our fixed immediate annuity loss recognition testing in 2018 and 2017, we increased our future policy benefit reserves by $22 million and $89 million, respectively. The premium deficiencies were primarily driven by the low interest rate environment and updated assumptions to future policy charges. The liability for future policy benefits for our fixed immediate annuity products represents our current best estimate; however, there may be future adjustments to this estimate and related assumptions. Such adjustments, reflecting any variety of new and adverse trends, could result in further increases in the related future policy benefit reserves for these products. Our long-term care insurance products are among the products tested in connection with our annual loss recognition testing. The 2018 and 2017 tests did not result in a premium deficiency and therefore our liability for future policy benefits was sufficient. The liability for future policy benefits for our long-term care insurance business represents our current best estimate; however, there may be future adjustments to this estimate and related assumptions. Such adjustments, reflecting any variety of new and adverse trends, could possibly be significant and result in further increases in the related future policy benefit reserves for this business by an amount that could be material to our results of operations and financial condition and liquidity. 273 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, we accrued future policy benefit reserves of $110 million and $102 million, respectively, in our consolidated balance sheets for profits followed by losses in our long-term care insurance business. As a result of the completion of our annual review of our claim reserves and loss recognition testing in the fourth quarter of 2018, reflecting the establishment of higher initial claim liabilities and current estimates of future in-force rate actions, as well as other factors, we have a new projected reserve pattern. As a result of the change in our expected reserve pattern, the updated forecast now projects a decrease in the present value of both expected future losses and profits, even though the total loss recognition testing margin was relatively consistent with 2017. The present value of expected losses was approximately $1.1 billion and $2.8 billion as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. As of December 31, 2018, we estimate a factor of approximately 76% of those profits on our long-term care insurance block, excluding the acquired block, will be accrued in the future to offset estimated future losses during later periods. In 2017, we estimated a factor of approximately 83% to ratably accrue additional future policy benefits. The decrease in the factor is largely driven by the updated profit pattern from the changes in assumptions and methodologies from our annual claims review completed in the fourth quarter of 2018 as well as updates to our future in-force rate actions. There may be future adjustments to this estimate reflecting any variety of new and adverse trends that could result in increases to future policy benefit reserves for our profits followed by losses accrual, and such future increases could possibly be material to our results of operations and financial condition and liquidity. Policyholder Account Balances The following table sets forth our recorded liabilities for policyholder account balances as of December 31: (Amounts in millions) Annuity contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Funding agreements and FABNs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Structured settlements without life contingencies . . . . . . . . . Supplementary contracts without life contingencies . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total investment contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Universal and term universal life insurance contracts . . . . . 2018 2017 $10,744 381 1,329 636 15 13,105 9,863 $12,272 260 1,451 677 15 14,675 9,520 Total policyholder account balances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $22,968 $24,195 In the fourth quarter of 2018, as part of our annual review of assumptions, we increased our liability for policyholder account balances by $119 million for our universal and term universal life insurance products due principally to lower expected growth in interest rates and emerging mortality experience primarily in our term universal life insurance product. In the fourth quarter of 2017, as part of our annual review of assumptions, we increased our liability for policyholder account balances by $70 million for our universal and term universal life insurance products driven mostly by emerging mortality experience and from prolonged low interest rates. Certain of our U.S. life insurance companies are members of the Federal Home Loan Bank (the “FHLB”) system in their respective regions. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, we held $50 million and $37 million, respectively, of FHLB common stock related to those memberships which was included in equity securities. We have outstanding funding agreements with the FHLBs and a $28 million letter of credit related to one FHLB which has not been drawn upon. The FHLBs have been granted a lien on certain of our invested assets to collateralize our obligations; however, we maintain the ability to substitute these pledged assets for other qualified collateral, and may use, commingle, encumber or dispose of any portion of the collateral as long as 274 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 there is no event of default and the remaining qualified collateral is sufficient to satisfy the collateral maintenance level. Upon any event of default by us, the FHLB’s recovery on the collateral is limited to the amount of our funding agreement liabilities to the FHLB. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, these funding agreements and the letter of credit were collateralized by fixed maturity securities with a fair value of $785 million and $388 million, respectively. The amount of funding agreements outstanding with the FHLBs was $594 million and $280 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 which was included in policyholder account balances. Included in the amount of funding agreements outstanding with the FHLBs as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, are FHLB agreements entered into by our universal life insurance business of $213 million and $20 million, respectively, which were included in universal and term universal life insurance contracts in the table above. Certain Non-traditional Long-Duration Contracts The following table sets forth information about our variable annuity products with death and living benefit guarantees as of December 31: (Dollar amounts in millions) 2018 2017 Account values with death benefit guarantees (net of reinsurance): Standard death benefits (return of net deposits) account value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net amount at risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average attained age of contractholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Enhanced death benefits (ratchet, rollup) account value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net amount at risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average attained age of contractholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,937 3 $ 75 $1,969 $ 207 75 $2,365 2 $ 74 $2,489 $ 114 74 Account values with living benefit guarantees: GMWBs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Guaranteed annuitization benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2,105 $ 995 $2,671 $1,198 Variable annuity contracts may contain more than one death or living benefit; therefore, the amounts listed above are not mutually exclusive. Substantially all of our variable annuity contracts have some form of GMDB. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, our total liability associated with variable annuity contracts with minimum guarantees was approximately $4,642 million and $5,577 million, respectively. Account value decreased from 2017 principally driven by unfavorable equity market performance and the continued runoff of these products. The liability, net of reinsurance, for our variable annuity contracts with GMDB and guaranteed annuitization benefits was $110 million and $94 million as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The contracts underlying the lifetime benefits such as GMWB and guaranteed annuitization benefits are considered “in the money” if the contractholder’s benefit base, or the protected value, is greater than the account value. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, our exposure related to GMWB and guaranteed annuitization benefit contracts that were considered “in the money” was $888 million and $645 million, respectively. For GMWBs and guaranteed annuitization benefits, the only way the contractholder can monetize the excess of the benefit base over the account value of the contract is through lifetime withdrawals or lifetime income payments after annuitization. 275 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 Account balances of variable annuity contracts with death or living benefit guarantees were invested in separate account investment options as follows as of December 31: (Amounts in millions) Balanced funds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Equity funds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bond funds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Money market funds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2018 2017 $2,414 1,003 399 80 $2,998 1,262 498 85 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $3,896 $4,843 (10) Liability for Policy and Contract Claims The following table sets forth our liability for policy and contract claims as of December 31: (Amounts in millions) 2018 2017 Liability for policy and contract claims for insurance lines other than short-duration contracts: Long-term care insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Life insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fixed annuities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Runoff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 9,516 243 23 14 $8,548 244 24 11 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,796 8,827 Liability for policy and contract claims, net of reinsurance, related to short-duration contracts: U.S. Mortgage Insurance segment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Australia Mortgage Insurance segment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Canada Mortgage Insurance segment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other mortgage insurance businesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid claims related to short- duration contracts: U.S. Mortgage Insurance segment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296 196 84 7 583 — — 454 218 87 7 766 1 1 Total liability for policy and contract claims . . . . . . . . . . . . . $10,379 $9,594 The liability for policy and contract claims represents our current best estimate; however, there may be future adjustments to this estimate and related assumptions. Such adjustments, reflecting any variety of new and adverse trends, could possibly be significant, and result in increases in reserves by an amount that could be material to our results of operations and financial condition and liquidity. 276 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 Long-term care insurance The following table sets forth changes in the liability for policy and contract claims for our long-term care insurance business for the dates indicated: (Amounts in millions) 2018 2017 2016 Beginning balance as of January 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less reinsurance recoverables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 8,548 (2,292) $ 8,034 (2,310) $ 6,749 (2,055) Net balance as of January 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,256 5,724 4,694 Incurred related to insured events of: Current year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prior years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total incurred . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,548 130 2,678 2,234 (183) 2,051 2,066 377 2,443 Paid related to insured events of: Current year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prior years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (201) (1,814) (176) (1,644) (166) (1,506) Total paid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (2,015) (1,820) (1,672) Interest on liability for policy and contract claims . . . . . . . Net balance as of December 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Add reinsurance recoverables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335 7,254 2,262 301 6,256 2,292 259 5,724 2,310 Ending balance as of December 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 9,516 $ 8,548 $ 8,034 In 2018, the liability for policy and contract claims increased $968 million in our long-term care insurance business largely from the seasoning of the block as well as the completion of our annual review of assumptions and methodologies in the fourth quarter of 2018 which increased reserves by $308 million and increased reinsurance recoverables by $17 million. Based on this review, we updated several assumptions and methodologies, including benefit utilization rates, claim termination rates and other assumptions. In connection with updating our benefit utilization rate assumption, we increased later duration utilization assumptions for claims with lifetime benefits. The increase was also attributable to higher severity and frequency of new claims and higher utilization of available benefits in 2018. In 2018, the incurred amount of $130 million related to insured events of prior years increased largely as a result of the completion of our annual review of our long-term care insurance claim reserves, as described above, which resulted in recording higher reserves of $231 million, net of reinsurance recoverables of $18 million. In 2017, the favorable development of $183 million related to insured events of prior years was primarily attributable to favorable claim terminations, including pending claims that terminate before becoming an active claim. In 2016, the liability for policy and contract claims increased $1,285 million in our long-term care insurance business largely from the completion of our annual review of assumptions in the third quarter of 2016 which increased reserves by $460 million and increased reinsurance recoverables by $25 million. The increase was also attributable to aging and growth of the in-force block and higher severity on new claims in 2016. Based on our 2016 annual review of our long-term care insurance claim reserves we updated several assumptions and 277 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 methodologies primarily impacting claim termination rates, benefit utilization rates and incurred but not reported reserves. The primary impact of assumption changes was from an overall lowering of claim termination rate assumptions for longer duration claims, particularly for reimbursement claims. We also updated our claim termination rate assumptions to reflect differences between product types, separating our indemnity and reimbursement blocks that were previously combined, and modestly refined our utilization rate assumptions and methodologies as well as refined our methodology primarily related to the calculation of incurred but not reported reserves to better reflect the aging of the in-force blocks. In addition, certain of our third-party reinsurance counterparties updated their assumptions and methodologies, which increased our long-term care insurance claim reserves by $222 million with an offsetting increase in reinsurance recoverables of $222 million in the fourth quarter of 2016. In 2016, the incurred amount of $377 million related to insured events of prior years increased largely as a result of the completion of our annual review of our long-term care insurance claim reserves, as described above, which resulted in recording higher reserves of $305 million, net of reinsurance recoverables of $221 million. U.S. Mortgage Insurance segment The following table sets forth information about incurred claims, net of reinsurance, as well as cumulative number of reported delinquencies and the total of incurred-but-not-reported liabilities plus expected development on reported claims included within the net incurred claims amounts for our U.S. Mortgage Insurance segment as of December 31, 2018. The information about the incurred claims development for the years ended December 31, 2009 to 2017 and the historical reported delinquencies as of December 31, 2017 and prior are presented as supplementary information. Incurred claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance (Dollar amounts in millions) For the years ended December 31, Accident year (1) 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Unaudited 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . $1,341 $1,697 $1,762 $1,755 $1,752 $1,782 $1,792 $1,799 $1,802 $1,803 1,174 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . — 977 1,157 1,139 1,146 939 913 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . — — 910 931 667 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . — — — 718 675 382 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . — — — — 475 259 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . — — — — — 181 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . — — — — — 138 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . — — — — — 121 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . — — — — — 117 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . — — — — — 1,174 939 668 384 261 187 160 171 — 1,173 939 671 387 269 208 198 — — 1,173 938 673 392 288 235 — — — 1,165 929 671 407 328 — — — — Total of Incurred-But- Not-Reported liabilities including expected development on reported claims as of December 31, 2018 $— — — — — — — 1 2 16 Number of reported delinquencies (2) 151,948 90,403 69,155 48,392 34,187 26,434 21,372 18,427 18,087 11,269 (1) Represents the year in which first monthly mortgage payments have been missed by the borrower. (2) Represents reported and outstanding delinquencies less actual cures as of December 31 for each respective accident year. Total incurred . . . $5,781 278 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 The following table sets forth paid claims development, net of reinsurance, for our U.S. Mortgage Insurance segment for the year ended December 31, 2018. The information about paid claims development for the years ended December 31, 2009 to 2017, is presented as supplementary information. (Amounts in millions) Accident year (1) Cumulative paid claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Unaudited 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $285 $940 $1,245 $1,434 $1,556 $1,638 $1,709 $1,753 $1,777 $1,794 1,167 567 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — 140 935 65 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — — 658 — 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — — 372 — 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — — 247 — 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — — 167 — 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — — 110 — 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — — 46 — 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — — 3 — 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — — 1,139 906 634 340 195 85 10 — — 1,049 816 532 202 22 — — — — 1,158 927 650 362 233 145 64 6 — 1,109 874 602 297 127 12 — — — 973 722 391 44 — — — — — 844 497 92 — — — — — — Total paid . . . . . . . . . . $5,499 Total incurred . . . . . . . $5,781 5,499 Total paid . . . . . . . . . . 14 All outstanding liabilities before 2009, net of reinsurance . . . . Liability for policy and contract claims, net of reinsurance . . . $ 296 (1) Represents the year in which first monthly mortgage payments have been missed by the borrower. The following table sets forth our average payout of incurred claims by age for our U.S. Mortgage Insurance segment as of December 31, 2018: Years 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Percentage of payout . . . . . . . . . 9.0% 39.7% 25.5% 11.4% 6.0% 3.6% 2.5% 1.7% 1.1% 0.8% Average annual percentage payout of incurred claims, net of reinsurance, by age 279 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 Canada Mortgage Insurance segment The following table sets forth information about incurred claims, as well as cumulative number of reported delinquencies and the total of incurred-but-not-reported liabilities plus expected development on reported claims included within the net incurred claims amounts for our Canada Mortgage Insurance segment as of December 31, 2018. The information about the incurred claims development for the years ended December 31, 2009 to 2017 and the historical reported delinquencies as of December 31, 2017 and prior are presented as supplementary information. Incurred claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses (Dollar amounts in millions) (1) For the years ended December 31, Accident year (2) 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Unaudited Total of Incurred-But- Not-Reported liabilities including expected development on reported claims as of December 31, 2018 (3) 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . $153 $171 $193 $196 $199 $198 $198 $197 $197 $ 197 169 170 169 171 169 169 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . — 137 151 150 151 152 153 150 151 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . — — 134 109 109 110 108 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . — — — 112 111 98 98 97 98 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . — — — — 103 86 85 86 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . — — — — — 88 88 87 92 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . — — — — — — 103 94 105 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . — — — — — — — 121 84 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . — — — — — — — — 78 85 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . — — — — — — — — — 170 153 110 100 92 $— — — — — — — — — 24 Total incurred . . $1,156 Number of reported delinquencies (4) 6,702 6,601 5,707 5,316 4,949 4,948 4,626 5,133 3,785 3,688 (1) Amounts translated into U.S. dollars at the average foreign exchange rates for the year ended December 31, 2018. (2) Represents the year in which first monthly mortgage payments have been missed by the borrower. (3) Incurred-but-not-reported liabilities exist only relative to the year 2018 as lenders are required to report losses after three consecutive monthly mortgage payments have been missed by the borrower. (4) Represents reported delinquencies as of December 31 for each respective accident year. 280 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 The following table sets forth paid claims development, for our Canada Mortgage Insurance segment for the year ended December 31, 2018. The information about paid claims development for the years ended December 31, 2009 to 2017, is presented as supplementary information. (Amounts in millions) (1) Accident year (2) Cumulative paid claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Unaudited $ 24 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — $128 28 — — — — — — — — $187 124 37 — — — — — — — $196 166 135 24 — — — — — — $197 170 152 100 25 — — — — — $198 169 152 107 88 17 — — — — $197 169 151 108 96 73 19 — — — $197 169 151 108 98 83 74 17 — — $197 169 150 108 98 85 87 81 12 — $ 197 169 150 107 97 85 87 91 61 15 Total paid . . . . . . . $1,059 Total incurred . . . . Total paid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other (3) All outstanding liabilities before 2009 . . . $1,156 1,059 (13) — Liability for policy and contract claims . . $ 84 (1) Amounts translated into U.S. dollars at the average foreign exchange rates for the year ended December 31, 2018. (2) Represents the year in which first monthly mortgage payments have been missed by the borrower. (3) Includes the portion of the borrower recovery accrual that corresponds to loss reserves and is recognized as a reduction to losses incurred that we anticipate receiving in the future once the claims have been settled, foreign currency translation and differences in accounting basis under local Canadian International Financial Reporting Standards. The following table sets forth our average payout of incurred claims by age for our Canada Mortgage Insurance segment as of December 31, 2018: Years 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Percentage of payout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.4% 63.0% 14.7% 1.7% (0.1)% (0.2)% (0.7)% — % — % — % Average annual percentage payout of incurred claims, by age Australia Mortgage Insurance segment The following table sets forth information about incurred claims, as well as cumulative number of reported delinquencies and the total of incurred-but-not-reported liabilities plus expected development on reported claims included within the net incurred claims amounts for our Australia Mortgage Insurance segment as of December 31, 2018. The information about the incurred claims development for the years ended December 31, 281 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 2009 to 2017 and the historical reported delinquencies as of December 31, 2017 and prior are presented as supplementary information. (Dollar amounts in millions) (1) For the years ended December 31, Incurred claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses Accident year (2) 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Unaudited Total of Incurred-But- Not-Reported liabilities including expected development on reported claims as of December 31, 2018 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 68 $117 $113 $133 $131 $131 $130 $131 $131 $ 131 139 139 141 143 143 139 110 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . — 56 133 133 137 143 132 147 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . — — 77 94 95 102 116 95 73 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . — — — 67 70 67 90 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . — — — — 69 72 70 77 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . — — — — — 65 96 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . — — — — — — 93 114 125 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . — — — — — — — 105 140 135 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . — — — — — — — — 100 96 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . — — — — — — — — — 141 135 98 77 91 76 $— — — — — — 1 3 14 33 Total incurred . . $1,083 Number of reported delinquencies (3) 2,389 2,342 2,339 1,896 1,540 1,433 1,549 2,183 3,342 3,215 (1) Amounts translated into U.S. dollars at the average foreign exchange rates for the year ended December 31, 2018. (2) Represents the year in which first monthly mortgage payments have been missed by the borrower. (3) Represents outstanding delinquencies plus paid claims as of December 31, 2018 for each respective accident year. 282 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 The following table sets forth paid claims development, for our Australia Mortgage Insurance segment for the year ended December 31, 2018. The information about paid claims development for the years ended December 31, 2009 to December 31, 2017, is presented as supplementary information: (Amounts in millions) (1) Cumulative paid claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses Accident year (2) 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Unaudited $ 13 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . — 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . — 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . — 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . — 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . — 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . — 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . — 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . — 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . — $ 46 6 — — — — — — — — $ 77 32 5 — — — — — — — $121 113 74 12 — — — — — — $129 134 121 67 10 — — — — — $ 130 137 130 86 39 6 — — — — $ 130 138 132 91 56 28 4 — — — $ 130 139 132 92 62 51 31 7 — — $131 139 132 93 65 64 71 56 10 — $ 131 139 132 94 66 67 84 93 54 12 Total paid . . . . . . . $ 872 Total incurred . . . . Total paid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other (3) All outstanding liabilities before 2009 . . . $1,083 872 (15) — Liability for policy and contract claims . . $ 196 (1) Amounts translated into U.S. dollars at the average foreign exchange rates for the year ended December 31, 2018. (2) Represents the year in which first monthly mortgage payments have been missed by the borrower. (3) Includes foreign currency translation. The following table sets forth our average payout of incurred claims by age for our Australia Mortgage Insurance segment as of December 31, 2018: Years 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Percentage of payout . . . . . . . . . . 8.6% 36.6% 33.7% 14.6% 3.1% 0.9% 0.5% 0.1% 0.2% —% Average annual percentage payout of incurred claims, by age (11) Employee Benefit Plans (a) Pension and Retiree Health and Life Insurance Benefit Plans Essentially all of our employees are enrolled in a qualified defined contribution pension plan. The plan is 100% funded by Genworth. We make annual contributions to each employee’s pension plan account based on the employee’s age, service and eligible pay. Employees are vested in the plan after three years of service. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, we recorded a liability related to these benefits of $11 million. 283 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 In addition, certain employees also participate in non-qualified defined contribution plans and in qualified and non-qualified defined benefit pension plans. The plan assets, projected benefit obligation and accumulated benefit obligation liabilities of these plans were not material to our consolidated financial statements individually or in the aggregate. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, we recorded a liability related to these plans of $71 million and $77 million, respectively, which we accrued in other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. In 2018 and 2017, we recognized an increase of $6 million and a decrease of $5 million, respectively, in OCI. We provide retiree health benefits to domestic employees hired prior to January 1, 2005 who meet certain service requirements. Under this plan, retirees over 65 years of age receive a subsidy towards the purchase of a Medigap policy, and retirees under 65 years of age receive medical benefits similar to our employees’ medical benefits. In December 2009, we announced that eligibility for retiree medical benefits would be limited to associates who were within 10 years of retirement eligibility as of January 1, 2010. This resulted in a negative plan amendment which will be amortized over the average future service of the participants. We also provide retiree life and long-term care insurance benefits. The plans are funded as claims are incurred. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the accumulated postretirement benefit obligation associated with these benefits was $79 million and $89 million, respectively, which we accrued in other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. In 2018 and 2017, we recognized an increase of $10 million and $2 million, respectively, in OCI. Our cost associated with our pension, retiree health and life insurance benefit plans was $22 million, $21 million and $18 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. (b) Savings Plans Our domestic employees participate in qualified and non-qualified defined contribution savings plans that allow employees to contribute a portion of their pay to the plan on a pre-tax basis. In 2016, we matched these contributions, which vest immediately, up to 6% of the employee’s pay. Beginning January 1, 2017, we made matching contributions equal to 100% of the first 4% of pay deferred by an employee and 50% of the next 2% of pay deferred by an employee so that our matching contribution did not exceed 5% of an employee’s pay. Employees hired on or after January 1, 2011 do not vest immediately in Genworth matching contributions but fully vest in the matching contributions after two complete years of service. One option available to employees in the defined contribution savings plan is the ClearCourse® variable annuity option offered by certain of our life insurance subsidiaries. The amount of deposits recorded by our life insurance subsidiaries in 2018 and 2017 in relation to this plan option was less than $1 million for each year. Employees also have the option of purchasing a fund which invests primarily in Genworth stock as part of the defined contribution savings plan. Our cost associated with these plans was $12 million, $11 million and $13 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. (c) Health and Welfare Benefits for Active Employees We provide health and welfare benefits to our employees, including health, life, disability, dental and long- term care insurance, among others. Our long-term care insurance is provided through our group long-term care insurance products. The premiums recorded by this business related to these benefits were insignificant during 2018, 2017 and 2016. 284 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 (12) Borrowings and Other Financings (a) Short-Term Borrowings Revolving Credit Facility On September 29, 2017, Genworth MI Canada Inc. “(Genworth Canada”), our majority-owned subsidiary, entered into a CAD$200 million syndicated senior unsecured revolving credit facility, which was originally set to mature on September 29, 2022. On October 26, 2018, Genworth Canada amended its credit agreement whereby the syndicated senior unsecured revolving credit facility was increased from CAD$200 million to CAD$300 million. The maturity date was extended to September 29, 2023. Any borrowings under Genworth Canada’s credit facility will bear interest at a rate per annum equal to, at the option of Genworth Canada, either a fixed rate or a variable rate pursuant to the terms of the amended credit agreement. The credit facility includes customary representations, warranties, covenants, terms and conditions. As of December 31, 2018, there was no amount outstanding under Genworth Canada’s credit facility and all of the covenants were fully met. (b) Long-Term Borrowings The following table sets forth total long-term borrowings as of December 31: (Amounts in millions) Genworth Holdings Floating Rate Senior Secured Term Loan Facility, due 2023 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.52% Senior Notes, due 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.70% Senior Notes, due 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.20% Senior Notes, due 2021 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.625% Senior Notes, due 2021 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.90% Senior Notes, due 2023 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.80% Senior Notes, due 2024 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.50% Senior Notes, due 2034 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Floating Rate Junior Subordinated Notes, due 2066 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Subtotal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bond consent fees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred borrowing charges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Genworth Holdings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Canada 5.68% Senior Notes, due 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.24% Senior Notes, due 2024 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Subtotal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred borrowing charges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Australia Floating Rate Junior Subordinated Notes, due 2025 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred borrowing charges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Australia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2018 2017 $ 445 — 397 381 703 399 400 297 598 3,620 (32) (21) 3,567 $ — 597 397 381 704 399 400 297 598 3,773 (33) (16) 3,724 202 117 319 (1) 318 141 (1) 140 219 128 347 (1) 346 156 (2) 154 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 4,025 $ 4,224 285 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 Genworth Holdings Secured Term Loan Facility On March 7, 2018, Genworth Holdings entered into a $450 million senior secured term loan facility (“Term Loan”), which matures in March 2023 and was issued at a 0.5% discount. Principal payments under the agreement are due quarterly, which commenced on June 30, 2018, and are payable in equal amounts of 0.25% per quarter of the original principal amount with the remaining balance due at maturity. At our option, the Term Loan will bear interest at either an adjusted London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) no lower than 1.0% plus a margin of 4.5% per annum or an alternate base rate plus a margin of 3.5% per annum. The interest rate on the Term Loan as of December 31, 2018 was 7.0%. We incurred $7 million of borrowing costs that were deferred. The Term Loan is unconditionally guaranteed by Genworth Financial, and Genworth Financial International Holdings, LLC (“GFIH”) has provided a limited recourse guarantee to the lenders of Genworth Holdings’ outstanding Term Loan, which is secured by GFIH’s ownership interest in Genworth Canada’s outstanding common shares. GFIH is our indirect wholly-owned subsidiary and owns approximately 40.5% of the outstanding common stock of Genworth Canada. The Term Loan is subject to other terms and conditions, including but not limited to: voluntary prepayments subject to prepayment penalties, mandatory prepayments in the event of certain asset sales or the incurrence of further indebtedness by Genworth Financial and various financial covenants. Long-Term Senior Notes As of December 31, 2018, Genworth Holdings had outstanding six series of fixed rate senior notes with varying interest rates between 4.80% and 7.70% and maturity dates between 2020 and 2034. The senior notes are Genworth Holdings’ direct, unsecured obligations and rank equally in right of payment with all of its existing and future unsecured and unsubordinated obligations. Genworth Financial provides a full and unconditional guarantee to the trustee of Genworth Holdings’ outstanding senior notes and the holders of the senior notes, on an unsecured unsubordinated basis, of the full and punctual payment of the principal of, premium, if any and interest on, and all other amounts payable under, each outstanding series of senior notes, and the full and punctual payment of all other amounts payable by Genworth Holdings under the senior notes indenture in respect of such senior notes. We have the option to redeem all or a portion of each series of senior notes at any time with notice to the noteholders at a price equal to the greater of 100% of principal or the sum of the present value of the remaining scheduled payments of principal and interest discounted at the then-current treasury rate plus an applicable spread. On October 3, 2018, Genworth Holdings received the requisite consents, pursuant to a solicitation of consents (the “Consent Solicitation”), to amend the indenture dated as of June 15, 2004, by and between Genworth Holdings and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A. (the “Trustee”), as successor to JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A., as amended and supplemented from time to time (as so amended and supplemented, the “Senior Notes Indenture”). Genworth Holdings, Genworth Financial, as guarantor, and the Trustee entered into Supplemental Indenture No. 13 to the Senior Notes Indenture that amended the Senior Notes Indenture to clarify that Genworth Life and Annuity Insurance Company (“GLAIC”) and the subsidiaries of Genworth Life Insurance Company (“GLIC”), GLAIC and Genworth Life Insurance Company of New York (“GLICNY”) are excluded from the class of subsidiaries for which a bankruptcy, insolvency or other similar proceeding would result in an event of default under the Senior Notes Indenture. The amendments to the Senior Notes Indenture became operative on October 4, 2018 upon the payment of the applicable consent fees payable under the terms of the Consent Solicitation. We paid total fees related to the 286 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 Consent Solicitation of $11 million, including bond consent fees of $5 million, which were deferred, as well as broker, advisor and investment banking fees of $6 million, which were expensed in the fourth quarter of 2018. On May 22, 2018, Genworth Holdings redeemed $597 million of its 6.52% senior notes that were issued in May 2008 and matured in May 2018 (the “May 2018 senior notes”). A cash payment of $616 million comprising net proceeds of $441 million from the Term Loan and $175 million of existing cash on hand was used to fully redeem the principal and accrued interest balance of the May 2018 senior notes. On March 18, 2016, Genworth Holdings received the requisite consents, pursuant to a solicitation of consents (the “2016 Consent Solicitation”), to amend the Senior Notes Indenture and the indenture dated as of November 14, 2006, by and between Genworth Holdings and the Trustee, as amended and supplemented from time to time (as so amended and supplemented, the “Subordinated Notes Indenture” and together with the Senior Notes Indenture, the “Indentures”). Genworth Holdings, Genworth Financial, as guarantor, and the Trustee entered into Supplemental Indenture No. 12 to the Senior Notes Indenture and the Third Supplemental Indenture to the Subordinated Notes Indenture (the “Supplemental Indentures”) that amended the Senior Notes Indenture and the Subordinated Notes Indenture, respectively, to (i) exclude GLIC and GLICNY from the event of default provisions of the Indentures (such amendment also previously excluded Brookfield Life and Annuity Insurance Company Limited (“BLAIC”) until it merged into GLIC in October 2016) and (ii) clarify that one or more transactions disposing of any or all of the Genworth Holdings’ long-term care and other life insurance businesses and assets (a “Life Sale”) would not constitute a disposition of “all or substantially all” of Genworth Holdings’ assets under the Indentures, provided that in order to rely on that clarification, the assets of our U.S. Mortgage Insurance segment would be contributed to Genworth Holdings and 80% of any Net Cash Proceeds, as defined in the Supplemental Indentures, to us from any Life Sale would be used to reduce outstanding indebtedness. The Supplemental Indentures became operative on March 22, 2016 upon the payment of the applicable consent fees payable under the terms of the 2016 Consent Solicitation. We paid total fees related to the 2016 Consent Solicitation of approximately $61 million, including bond consent fees of $43 million, which were deferred, as well as broker, advisor and investment banking fees of $18 million, which were expensed in the first quarter of 2016. In January 2016, Genworth Holdings redeemed $298 million of its 8.625% senior notes due 2016 issued in December 2009 and paid a make-whole premium of approximately $20 million pre-tax in addition to accrued and unpaid interest. During the first quarter of 2016, Genworth Holdings repurchased $28 million principal amount of its senior notes with various maturity dates for a pre-tax gain of $4 million and paid accrued and unpaid interest thereon. Long-Term Junior Subordinated Notes As of December 31, 2018, Genworth Holdings had outstanding floating rate junior notes having an aggregate principal amount of $598 million, with an annual interest rate equal to three-month LIBOR plus 2.0025% payable quarterly, until the notes mature in November 2066 (“2066 Notes”). Subject to certain conditions, Genworth Holdings has the right, on one or more occasions, to defer the payment of interest on the 2066 Notes during any period of up to 10 years without giving rise to an event of default and without permitting acceleration under the terms of the 2066 Notes. Genworth Holdings will not be required to settle deferred interest payments until it has deferred interest for five years or made a payment of current interest. In the event of our bankruptcy, holders will have a limited claim for deferred interest. 287 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 Genworth Holdings may redeem the 2066 Notes on November 15, 2036, the “scheduled redemption date,” but only to the extent that it has received net proceeds from the sale of certain qualifying capital securities. Genworth Holdings may redeem the 2066 Notes in whole or in part at their principal amount plus accrued and unpaid interest to the date of redemption. The 2066 Notes will be subordinated to all existing and future senior, subordinated and junior subordinated debt of Genworth Holdings, except for any future debt that by its terms is not superior in right of payment, and will be effectively subordinated to all liabilities of our subsidiaries. Genworth Financial provides a full and unconditional guarantee to the trustee of the 2066 Notes and the holders of the 2066 Notes, on an unsecured subordinated basis, of the full and punctual payment of the principal of, premium, if any and interest on, and all other amounts payable under, the outstanding 2066 Notes, and the full and punctual payment of all other amounts payable by Genworth Holdings under the 2066 Notes indenture in respect of the 2066 Notes. In connection with the issuance of the 2066 Notes, we entered into a Replacement Capital Covenant, whereby we agreed, for the benefit of holders of our 6.5% Senior Notes due 2034, that Genworth Holdings will not repay, redeem or repurchase all or any part of the 2066 Notes on or before November 15, 2046, unless such repayment, redemption or repurchase is made from the proceeds of the issuance of certain replacement capital securities and pursuant to the other terms and conditions set forth in the Replacement Capital Covenant. Canada As of December 31, 2018, Genworth Canada, our majority-owned subsidiary, had outstanding two series of fixed rate senior notes with interest rates of 5.68% and 4.24% and maturity dates of 2020 and 2024, respectively. The senior notes are redeemable at the option of Genworth Canada, in whole or in part, at any time. Australia As of December 31, 2018, Genworth Financial Mortgage Insurance Pty Limited, our majority-owned subsidiary, had outstanding one series of subordinated floating rate notes with an interest rate of three-month Bank Bill Swap reference rate plus a margin of 3.50% and maturity date of 2025. (c) Non-Recourse Funding Obligations As of December 31, 2018, Rivermont Life Insurance Company I (“Rivermont I”), our wholly-owned special purpose consolidated captive insurance subsidiary, had an outstanding floating rate subordinated note of $311 million, net of $4 million of deferred borrowing charges, due in 2050 with an interest rate based on one-month LIBOR that resets every 28 days plus a fixed margin. The balance on the surplus note as of December 31, 2017 was $310 million, net of $5 million of deferred borrowing charges. This surplus note has been deposited into a trust that has issued money market securities. Both principal and interest payments on the money market securities are guaranteed by a third-party insurance company. The holders of the money market securities cannot require repayment from us or Rivermont I, the direct issuer of the note. We have provided a limited guarantee to Rivermont I, where under adverse interest rate, mortality or lapse scenarios (or combination thereof), we may be required to provide additional funds to Rivermont I. GLAIC, our wholly-owned subsidiary, has agreed to indemnify Rivermont I and the third-party insurer for certain limited costs related to the issuance of these obligations. Any payment of principal, including by redemption, or interest on the note may only be made with the prior approval of the Director of Insurance of the State of South Carolina in accordance with the terms of its licensing 288 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 orders and in accordance with applicable law. The holders of the note have no rights to accelerate payment of principal of the note under any circumstances, including without limitation, for non-payment or breach of any covenant. Rivermont I, the direct issuer of the note, reserves the right to repay the note that it has issued at any time, subject to prior regulatory approval. During the three months ended March 31, 2016, in connection with a life block transaction, River Lake Insurance Company, our indirect wholly-owned subsidiary, redeemed $975 million of its total outstanding floating rate subordinated notes due in 2033 and River Lake Insurance Company II, our indirect wholly-owned subsidiary, redeemed $645 million of its total outstanding floating rate subordinated notes due in 2035 for a pre-tax loss of $9 million from the write-off of deferred borrowing costs. The weighted-average interest rates on the non-recourse funding obligations as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 were 4.49% and 3.54%, respectively. (d) Liquidity Principal amounts under our long-term borrowings (including senior notes) and non-recourse funding obligations by maturity were as follows as of December 31, 2018: (Amounts in millions) 2019 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2021 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2023 and thereafter (1) Amount $ — 599 1,084 — 2,712 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 4,395 (1) Repayment of $315 million of our non-recourse funding obligations requires regulatory approval. (e) Repurchase agreements and securities lending activity Repurchase agreements We previously had a repurchase program in which we sold an investment security at a specified price and agreed to repurchase that security at another specified price at a later date. In 2017, we repaid $75 million, the entire amount due at maturity related to this repurchase agreement. Securities lending activity Under our securities lending program in the United States, the borrower is required to provide collateral, which can consist of cash or government securities, on a daily basis in amounts equal to or exceeding 102% of the value of the loaned securities. Currently, we only accept cash collateral from borrowers under the program. Cash collateral received by us on securities lending transactions is reflected in other invested assets with an offsetting liability recognized in other liabilities for the obligation to return the collateral. Any cash collateral received is reinvested by our custodian based upon the investment guidelines provided within our agreement. In the United States, the reinvested cash collateral is primarily invested in a money market fund approved by the NAIC, U.S. and foreign government securities, U.S. government agency securities, asset-backed securities, 289 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 corporate debt securities and equity securities. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the fair value of securities loaned under our securities lending program in the United States was $99 million and $258 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the fair value of collateral held under our securities lending program in the United States was $102 million and $268 million, respectively, and the offsetting obligation to return collateral of $102 million and $268 million, respectively, was included in other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. We did not have any non-cash collateral provided by the borrowers in our securities lending program in the United States as of December 31, 2018 and 2017. Under our securities lending program in Canada, the borrower is required to provide collateral consisting of government securities on a daily basis in amounts equal to or exceeding 105% of the fair value of the applicable securities loaned. Securities received from counterparties as collateral are not recorded on our consolidated balance sheet given that the risk and rewards of ownership is not transferred from the counterparties to us in the course of such transactions. Additionally, there was no cash collateral because it is not permitted as an acceptable form of collateral under the program. In Canada, the lending institution must be included on the approved Securities Lending Borrowers List with the Canadian regulator and the intermediary must be rated at least “AA-” by S&P. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the fair value of securities loaned under our securities lending program in Canada was $512 million and $382 million, respectively. Risks associated with securities lending programs Our securities lending programs expose us to liquidity risk if we did not have enough cash or collateral readily available to return to the counterparty when required to do so under the agreements. We manage this risk by regularly monitoring our available sources of cash and collateral to ensure we can meet short-term liquidity demands under normal and stressed scenarios. We are also exposed to credit risk in the event of default of our counterparties or changes in collateral values. This risk is significantly reduced because our programs require over collateralization and collateral exposures are trued up on a daily basis. We manage this risk by using multiple counterparties and ensuring that changes in required collateral are monitored and adjusted daily. We also monitor the creditworthiness, including credit ratings, of our counterparties on a regular basis. Contractual maturity The following tables present the remaining contractual maturity of the agreements as of December 31: (Amounts in millions) Securities lending: Fixed maturity securities: Overnight and continuous Up to 30 days 31 - 90 days Greater than 90 days Total 2018 Non-U.S. government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . U.S. corporate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-U.S. corporate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Subtotal, fixed maturity securities . . . . . Equity securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 11 67 23 101 1 Total securities lending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 102 $— — — — — $— $— — — — — $— $— — — — — $— $ 11 67 23 101 1 $ 102 290 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 (Amounts in millions) Securities lending: Fixed maturity securities: Overnight and continuous Up to 30 days 31 - 90 days Greater than 90 days Total 2017 U.S. government, agencies and government-sponsored enterprises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-U.S. government U.S. corporate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-U.S. corporate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Subtotal, fixed maturity securities . . . . . Equity securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 72 50 85 56 263 5 Total securities lending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 268 $— — — — — — $— $— — — — — — $— $— — — — — — $— $ 72 50 85 56 263 5 $ 268 (13) Income Taxes Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes included the following components for the years ended December 31: (Amounts in millions) 2018 2017 2016 Domestic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (63) 511 Income from continuing operations before income taxes . . . . $448 $397 332 $729 $(283) 603 $ 320 The total provision (benefit) for income taxes was as follows for the years ended December 31: (Amounts in millions) 2018 2017 2016 Current federal income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred federal income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 11 (18) $ (32) (274) $ 55 115 Total federal income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (7) (306) 170 Current state income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred state income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total state income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Current foreign income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred foreign income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total foreign income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — 1 1 134 23 157 1 6 7 192 (100) 92 1 2 3 183 2 185 Total provision (benefit) for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $151 $(207) $358 Our current income tax receivable was $41 million as of December 31, 2018. Our current income tax payable was $28 million as of December 31, 2017. 291 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 The reconciliation of the federal statutory tax rate to the effective income tax rate was as follows for the years ended December 31: (Amounts in millions) Statutory U.S. federal income tax rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Increase (reduction) in rate resulting from: 2018 2017 2016 21.0% 35.0% 35.0% Effect of foreign operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Swaps terminated prior to the TCJA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stock-based compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Valuation allowance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net impact of repatriating foreign earnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other, net TCJA, impact from change in rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TCJA, impact from foreign operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.7 5.1 1.3 (1.7) (0.2) 2.7 (2.2) — — 0.4 (35.4) — 1.5 (1.6) — 1.6 72.8 2.8 1.3 (21.1) — (8.8) — Effective rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.7% (28.4)% 111.9% For the year ended December 31, 2018, the increase in the effective rate compared to the year ended December 31, 2017 was primarily due to the impacts of tax reform in 2017 and a release of our valuation allowance in 2017 that did not recur. The 2018 effective tax rate also included the rate differential on our foreign subsidiaries, which are now taxed at a higher marginal rate than our U.S. businesses and tax expense related to gains on forward starting swaps settled prior to the enactment of the TCJA, which are tax effected at 35% as they are amortized into net investment income. For the year ended December 31, 2017, the decrease in the effective tax rate was primarily related to changes in U.S. tax legislation under the TCJA. We released $258 million of our valuation allowance principally from the TCJA and improvements in business performance, mostly in our U.S. mortgage insurance business, as well as lower operating earnings volatility in our U.S. life insurance businesses. In addition, under the TCJA, corporate tax rates decreased which reduced the tax rate applied to the overall U.S. jurisdiction deferred tax assets. The decrease from the TCJA related to foreign operations was principally driven by the release of shareholder liability taxes, partially offset by higher taxes associated with the transition tax. 292 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 The components of our deferred income taxes were as follows as of December 31: (Amounts in millions) Assets: 2018 2017 Foreign tax credit carryforwards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net operating loss carryforwards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . State income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Insurance reserves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued commission and general expenses . . . . . . . . . . . Net unrealized losses on derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 265 298 326 706 116 10 5 42 $ 603 499 347 146 127 — 27 34 Gross deferred income tax assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Valuation allowance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total deferred income tax assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,768 (334) 1,434 1,783 (363) 1,420 Liabilities: Net unrealized gains on investment securities . . . . . . . . . Net unrealized gains on derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DAC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PVFP and other intangibles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Insurance reserves transition adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total deferred income tax liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 — 336 52 149 32 722 325 28 396 38 134 22 943 Net deferred income tax asset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 712 $ 477 The above valuation allowances of $334 million and $363 million as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, related to state deferred tax assets, foreign net operating losses and, in 2017, a specific federal separate tax return net operating loss deferred tax asset. The state deferred tax assets related primarily to the future deductions associated with the Section 338 elections and non-insurance net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforwards. U.S. federal NOL carryforwards amounted to $1,319 million as of December 31, 2018, and, if unused, will expire beginning in 2028. Foreign tax credit carryforwards amounted to $265 million as of December 31, 2018, and, if unused, will begin to expire in 2024. We are in a three-year cumulative pre-tax income position in our U.S. jurisdiction as of December 31, 2018, however, we have been in a three-year cumulative loss position in recent years. A cumulative loss position is considered significant negative evidence in assessing the realizability of our deferred tax assets. Our ability to realize our net deferred tax asset of $712 million, which includes deferred tax assets related to NOL and foreign tax credit carryforwards, is primarily dependent upon generating sufficient taxable income in future years. Management has concluded that there is sufficient positive evidence to support the expected realization of the net operating losses and foreign tax credit carryforwards. This positive evidence includes the fact that: (i) we are currently in a cumulative three-year income position; (ii) our U.S. operating forecasts are profitable, which include: in-force premium rate increases and associated benefit reductions already obtained in our long-term care insurance business, favorable development in interest rates, improvements in business performance driven 293 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 mostly by our U.S. mortgage insurance business and favorable changes in U.S. tax legislation under the TCJA; and (iii) overall domestic losses that we have incurred are now, under the TCJA, allowed to be reclassified as foreign source income to the extent of 100% of domestic source income produced in subsequent years, and such resulting foreign source income, along with future projections of foreign source income, is sufficient to cover the foreign tax credits being carried forward. After consideration of all available evidence, we have concluded that it is more likely than not that our deferred tax assets, with the exception of certain foreign net operating losses and state deferred tax assets for which a valuation allowance has been established, will be realized. If our actual results do not validate the current projections of pre-tax income, we may be required to record an additional valuation allowance which could have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements in future periods. As a consequence of our separation from GE and our joint election with GE to treat that separation as an asset sale under Section 338 of the Internal Revenue Code, we became entitled to additional tax deductions in post IPO periods. We are obligated, pursuant to our Tax Matters Agreement with GE, to make fixed payments to GE over the next five years on an after-tax basis and subject to a cumulative maximum of $640 million, which is 80% of the projected tax savings associated with the Section 338 deductions. We recorded net interest expense of $6 million, $7 million and $10 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively, reflecting accretion of our liability at the Tax Matters Agreement rate of 5.72%. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, we have recorded the estimated present value of our remaining obligation to GE of $90 million and $119 million, respectively, as a liability in our consolidated balance sheets. Both our IPO-related deferred tax assets and our obligation to GE are estimates that are subject to change. A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits was as follows: (Amounts in millions) Balance as of January 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tax positions related to the current period: Gross additions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gross reductions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tax positions related to the prior years: Gross additions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gross reductions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2018 $42 2017 $34 2016 $ 28 2 (3) 40 (2) 2 (1) — 6 13 — (6) — Balance as of December 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $79 $42 $ 34 The total amount of unrecognized tax benefits was $79 million as of December 31, 2018, which if recognized would affect the effective tax rate on continuing operations by $43 million. We believe it is reasonably possible that in 2019 the unrecognized tax benefit could decrease up to approximately $62 million due to potential settlements and other administrative and statutory proceedings/ limitations. We recognize accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as components of income tax expense. We recorded less than $1 million of benefits, in each respective year, related to interest and penalties for 2018, 2017 and 2016. Our companies have elected to file a single life/non-life consolidated return. All companies domesticated in the United States and our former Bermuda subsidiary, which elected to be taxed as a U.S. domestic company, are 294 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 included in the life/non-life consolidated return as allowed by the tax law and regulations. We have a tax sharing agreement in place and all intercompany balances related to this agreement are settled at least annually. With possible exceptions, we are no longer subject to U.S. federal tax examinations for years through 2014. Potential state and local examinations for those years are generally restricted to results that are based on closed U.S. federal examinations. Our Australia mortgage insurance business is generally no longer subject to examinations by the Australian Tax Office (“ATO”) for years prior to 2013. In November 2017, the ATO completed a risk review of Genworth Mortgage Insurance Australia Limited (“Genworth Australia”) for the years 2013-2015. The outcome of their review was a low risk rating for those years. The ATO is intending to carry out a Streamlined Assurance Review of Genworth Australia for the years 2016 and 2017. Our Canada mortgage insurance business generally is no longer subject to examination by Canadian Revenue Agency and provincial taxing authorities for years prior to 2013. There are no significant ongoing audits with respect to the U.S. or Canadian taxing authorities at this time. Due to the complexities involved in accounting for the TCJA enacted in 2017, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) issued Staff Accounting Bulletin (“SAB”) 118, which required companies to include in its financial statements a reasonable estimate of the impact of the TCJA on earnings to the extent such reasonable estimate could be determined. For specific effects of the TCJA for which a reasonable estimate could not be made, SAB 118 allowed companies to continue to apply the tax law in effect before the enactment of the TCJA on December 22, 2017. During 2018, as prescribed by SAB 118, we finalized our provisional estimates for all the changes in tax law under the TCJA and recorded the following: Deferred tax assets and liabilities We recorded a provisional tax benefit of $154 million in 2017 related to remeasurement of certain deferred tax assets and liabilities as a result of the newly enacted tax rate. The Internal Revenue Service has indicated that additional guidance will be forthcoming with respect to several technical areas within the TCJA, which could affect the measurement of these balances or potentially give rise to new deferred tax amounts. In the fourth quarter of 2018, we reversed a previously recorded $19 million provisional tax expense related to a revaluation of deferred tax assets and liabilities on our foreign subsidiaries. This reversal was the result of a change in expected filing position on our 2018 tax return in light of the TCJA, bringing our net adjustment for this provisional item to zero for 2018. Foreign tax effects We recorded a provisional tax expense of $63 million in 2017 related to the one-time transition tax on mandatory deemed repatriation of earnings and profits. During 2018 we recorded a tax benefit of $10 million related to the one-time transition tax as we refined our calculations of post-1986 foreign earnings and profits previously deferred from U.S. federal taxation, related tax pools and the amounts held in cash and other specified assets. Throughout the measurement period, we analyzed the impact of the Global Intangible Low Taxed Income (“GILTI”) and Base Erosion Anti-Abuse Tax (“BEAT”), including accounting policy elections. As part of this analysis, we evaluated several alternatives for our future tax filings in light of the GILTI provisions. During the fourth quarter of 2018 we completed the accounting for the initial impacts of the provisions and no measurement period adjustments were recorded. Accordingly, we have made a policy election to account for the GILTI tax as incurred (i.e. as a “period cost”) therefore, we have not included deferred taxes on basis differences that may affect the amount of the GILTI inclusion upon reversal. We included the current period impact of the GILTI and BEAT provisions in our 2018 results, which did not have a significant impact on our consolidated financial statements. 295 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 Insurance reserve transition adjustment We recorded a provisional reclassification in deferred tax assets and liabilities in the amount of $134 million in 2017 related to the transition adjustment required under the TCJA with respect to life insurance policyholder reserves. Under the TCJA this transition adjustment is to be taken into account ratably over eight taxable years. During 2018, we updated our provisional estimate and identified a measurement period increase to this reclassification of $36 million, which was reflected in our consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2018. This measurement period adjustment had no impact on income from continuing operations. State tax effects We have completed the analysis of state income tax effects of the TCJA, including the treatment of the one-time transition tax and GILTI. We determined that the impact to the financial statements was not significant in 2018, and accordingly no measurement period adjustment was recorded. (14) Supplemental Cash Flow Information Net cash paid for taxes was $197 million, $165 million and $203 million and cash paid for interest was $326 million, $318 million and $381 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. (15) Stock-Based Compensation Prior to May 2012, we granted share-based awards to employees and directors, including stock options, SARs, RSUs and deferred stock units (“DSUs”) under the 2004 Genworth Financial, Inc. Omnibus Incentive Plan (the “2004 Omnibus Incentive Plan”). In May 2012, the 2012 Genworth Financial, Inc. Omnibus Incentive Plan (the “2012 Omnibus Incentive Plan”) was approved by stockholders. Under the 2012 Omnibus Incentive Plan, we were authorized to grant 16 million equity awards, plus a number of additional shares not to exceed 25 million underlying awards outstanding under the 2004 Omnibus Incentive Plan. In December 2018, the 2018 Genworth Financial, Inc. Omnibus Incentive Plan (the “2018 Omnibus Incentive Plan”), together with the 2004 Omnibus Incentive Plan and the 2012 Omnibus Incentive Plan, the “Omnibus Incentive Plans”, was approved by stockholders. Under the 2018 Omnibus Incentive Plan, we are authorized to grant 25 million equity awards, plus a number of additional shares not to exceed 20 million underlying awards outstanding under the prior Plans. We recorded stock-based compensation expense under the Omnibus Incentive Plans of $35 million, $30 million and $23 million, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016. For awards issued prior to January 1, 2006, stock-based compensation expense was recognized on a graded vesting 296 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 attribution method over the awards’ respective vesting schedule. For awards issued after January 1, 2006, stock- based compensation expense was recognized evenly on a straight-line attribution method over the awards’ respective vesting period. For purposes of determining the fair value of stock-based payment awards on the date of grant, we have historically used the Black-Scholes Model. However, no SARs or stock options were granted during 2018, 2017 and 2016 and therefore, the Black-Scholes Model was not used in those respective years. The Black-Scholes Model requires the input of certain assumptions that involve judgment. Circumstances may change and additional data may become available over time, which could result in changes to these assumptions and methodologies. During 2018 and 2017, we issued RSUs with average restriction periods of three years, with a fair value of $3.58 and $4.01, respectively, which were measured at the market price of a share of our Class A Common Stock on the grant date. In 2018 and 2017, we granted performance stock units (“PSUs”) with a fair value of $3.58 and $4.01, respectively. The PSUs were granted at market price as of the grant date. PSUs may be earned over a three-year period based upon the achievement of certain performance goals. The PSUs granted in 2018 and 2017 each have three separate and distinct performance measurement periods, each starting on January 1 going through December 31 for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020 and December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively. The performance metric is based on a range of consolidated annual adjusted operating income. The compensation committee of our Board of Directors determines and approves, no later than March 15 following the end of the three-year performance period, the number of units earned and vested for each distinct performance period. For the PSUs granted in 2018 and 2017, for the December 31, 2018 and 2017 performance periods, we recorded $7 million of stock-based compensation expense. The performance goals for the PSUs granted in 2016 are based upon four performance metrics, each payable independently. The four performance metrics are: the average annual adjusted operating income, adjusted operating return on equity for our mortgage insurance businesses for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, expense management in our U.S. Life Insurance segment for the year ended 2018 and cumulative in-force rate actions in our long-term care insurance business for the three-year period ended December 31, 2018. Each performance metric is weighted independently and payable in equal amounts of 25%. The PSUs will be payable in Genworth Class A Common Stock in March 2019 provided we have attained or exceeded threshold levels related to the performance goals. For the PSUs granted in 2016, we recorded $9 million of stock-based compensation expense. In 2018 and 2017, we granted cash awards with a fair value of $1.00. We have time-based cash awards, which vest over two or three years, with half or a third, respectively, of the payout occurring per year as determined by the vesting period, beginning on the first anniversary of the grant date. We also have performance- based cash awards which vest and payout after three years. 297 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 The following table summarizes cash award activity as of December 31, 2018 and 2017: (Awards in millions) Balance as of January 1, 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Granted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vested . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Forfeited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Balance as of January 1, 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Granted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Performance adjustment Vested . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Forfeited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Balance as of December 31, 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . Time-based cash awards Performance-based cash awards Number of awards Number of awards 16 13 (9) (2) 18 17 — (10) (1) 24 — — 4 4 8 9 1 — (1) 17 The following table summarizes stock option activity as of December 31, 2018 and 2017: (Shares in thousands) Balance as of January 1, 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Granted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exercised . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expired and forfeited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Balance as of January 1, 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Granted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exercised . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expired and forfeited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Balance as of December 31, 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . Exercisable as of December 31, 2018 . . . . . . . . Shares subject to option Weighted-average exercise price 1,814 — (8) (226) 1,580 — (108) (354) 1,118 1,118 $ 11.83 $ — $ 2.46 $ 15.32 $ 11.38 $ — $ 2.37 $ 12.88 $ 11.77 $ 11.77 The following table summarizes information about stock options outstanding as of December 31, 2018: Exercise price range $2.46 (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $7.80 – $12.75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $14.18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $14.92 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Outstanding and Exercisable Shares in thousands Average life (1) 200 65 840 13 1,118 0.12 0.86 1.11 1.42 Average exercise price $ 2.46 $ 8.76 $ 14.18 $ 14.92 $ 11.77 (1) Average contractual life remaining in years. (2) Shares for total options outstanding and exercisable each have an aggregate intrinsic value of less than $1 million. 298 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 The following tables summarize the status of our other equity-based awards as of December 31, 2018 and 2017: (Awards in thousands) RSUs PSUs DSUs SARs Weighted- average grant date fair value Number of awards Number of awards Weighted- average fair value Number of awards Weighted- average fair value Number of awards Weighted- average grant date fair value Balance as of January 1, 2017 . . . . . . . 3,253 Granted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,414 Exercised . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Terminated $ 6.19 $ 4.01 (918) $ 6.65 (98) $ 8.61 $ 6.72 1,164 3,436 $ 4.41 295 $ 2.67 1,414 $ 4.01 — $ — (200) $ 7.25 (266) $ 15.33 — $ — 10,840 $ 3.54 — $ — — $ — (539) $ 5.21 Balance as of January 1, 2018 . . . . . . . 3,651 739 $ 5.14 Granted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 3.58 Performance adjustment (1) . . . . . . — $ — Exercised . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1,881) $ 5.84 (153) $ 4.56 Terminated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,259 278 $ 3.45 $ 5.70 4,584 $ 3.65 — $ — 739 $ 3.58 $ 2.54 — $ — 236 $ 4.01 — $ — (142) $ 1.31 (271) $ 6.98 — $ — (629) $ 6.45 — $ — (1,532) $ 3.84 10,301 Balance as of December 31, 2018 . . . . 2,356 $ 4.14 4,930 $ 3.30 1,266 $ 4.76 8,627 $ 3.42 (1) The performance adjustment relates to additional awards expected to be earned through the achievement of certain performance metrics. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, total unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to non-vested awards not yet recognized was $6 million and $13 million, respectively. This expense is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately one year. In 2018 and 2017, there was less than $1 million in cash received from stock options exercised in each year. New shares were issued to settle all exercised awards. The actual tax benefit realized for the tax deductions from the exercise of share-based awards was $4 million and $2 million as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. 299 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 Genworth Canada, our indirect subsidiary and a public company, grants stock options and other equity- based awards to its Canadian employees. The following table summarizes the status of Genworth Canada’s stock option activity and other equity-based awards as of December 31, 2018 and 2017: (Shares and awards in thousands) Balance as of January 1, 2017 . . . . . . . Granted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Performance adjustment . . . . . . . . Exercised . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Terminated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Balance as of January 1, 2018 . . . . . . . Granted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Performance adjustment . . . . . . . . Exercised . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Terminated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Balance as of December 31, 2018 . . . . Stock options RSUs and PSUs DSUs Executive deferred stock units (“EDSUs”) Shares subject to option Number of awards Number of awards Number of awards 957 70 — (192) (10) 825 57 — (230) (4) 648 235 83 14 (92) (21) 219 85 6 (65) (14) 231 64 10 — — — 74 11 — (4) (1) 80 45 2 — — — 47 4 — (24) (1) 26 As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the DSUs were fully vested and the stock options, RSUs, PSUs and EDSUs were partially vested. For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, we recorded stock-based compensation expense of $2 million, $11 million and $8 million, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, we estimated total unrecognized expense of $3 million, $4 million and $3 million, respectively, related to these awards. Genworth Australia, our indirect subsidiary and a public company, grants stock options and other equity- based awards to its Australian employees. The following table summarizes the status of Genworth Australia’s restricted share rights and long-term incentive plan as of December 31, 2018 and 2017: (Shares in thousands) Balance as of January 1, 2017 . . . . . . . Granted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exercised . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Terminated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Balance as of January 1, 2018 . . . . . . . Granted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exercised . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Terminated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Balance as of December 31, 2018 . . . . Restricted share rights Long-term incentive plan Shares subject to option Shares subject to option 1,276 382 (633) (157) 868 198 (523) (116) 427 920 721 — (154) 1,487 709 (34) (335) 1,827 As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, none of the restricted share rights balances were vested. For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, we recorded less than $1 million of stock-based compensation in each 300 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 year. We also estimated total unrecognized expense of less than $1 million in each of the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 related to these awards. (16) Fair Value of Financial Instruments Assets and liabilities that are reflected in the accompanying consolidated financial statements at fair value are not included in the following disclosure of fair value. Such items include cash and cash equivalents, short- term investments, investment securities, separate accounts, securities held as collateral and derivative instruments. Apart from certain of our borrowings and certain marketable securities, few of the instruments are actively traded and their fair values must often be determined using models. The fair value estimates are made at a specific point in time, based upon available market information and judgments about the financial instruments, including estimates of the timing and amount of expected future cash flows and the credit standing of counterparties. Such estimates do not reflect any premium or discount that could result from offering for sale at one time our entire holdings of a particular financial instrument, nor do they consider the tax impact of the realization of unrealized gains or losses. In many cases, the fair value estimates cannot be substantiated by comparison to independent markets. 301 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 The following represents our estimated fair value of financial assets and liabilities that are not required to be carried at fair value as of the dates indicated: (Amounts in millions) Assets: Notional amount Carrying amount 2018 Fair value Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Commercial mortgage loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restricted commercial mortgage loans (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other invested assets Liabilities: Long-term borrowings (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-recourse funding obligations (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Investment contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other firm commitments: $ (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) $ 6,687 $ 6,737 $— $ — $ 6,737 66 248 66 — 248 — 62 248 — — 4,025 311 13,105 143 3,577 — 3,434 — 215 — 13,052 215 — 13,052 — . . . . . . . . . Commitments to fund limited partnerships Commitments to fund bank loan investments . . . . . . . Ordinary course of business lending commitments . . . 539 33 73 — — — — — — — — — 2017 — — — — — — (Amounts in millions) Assets: Notional amount Carrying amount Fair value Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Commercial mortgage loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restricted commercial mortgage loans (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other invested assets Liabilities: Long-term borrowings (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-recourse funding obligations (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Borrowings related to securitization entities (2) . . . . . . . Investment contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other firm commitments: $ (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) $ 6,341 $ 6,573 $— $ — $ 6,573 116 299 116 — 299 — 107 277 — — 4,224 310 40 14,700 3,725 — 3,566 — 41 5 201 — 41 — 15,123 — 159 201 — 15,118 . . . . . . . . . Commitments to fund limited partnerships Commitments to fund bank loan investments . . . . . . . Ordinary course of business lending commitments . . . 317 18 168 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — (1) (2) (3) These financial instruments do not have notional amounts. See note 17 for additional information related to consolidated securitization entities. See note 12 for additional information related to borrowings. Recurring Fair Value Measurements We have fixed maturity, short-term investments, equity securities, limited partnerships, derivatives, embedded derivatives, securities held as collateral, separate account assets and certain other financial instruments, which are carried at fair value. Below is a description of the valuation techniques and inputs used to determine fair value by class of instrument. 302 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 Limited partnerships Limited partnerships are valued based on comparable market transactions, discounted future cash flows, quoted market prices and/or estimates using the most recent data available for the underlying instrument. We utilize the net asset value (“NAV”) of the underlying fund statements as a practical expedient for fair value. Fixed maturity, short-term investments and equity securities The fair value of fixed maturity, short-term investments and equity securities are estimated primarily based on information derived from third-party pricing services (“pricing services”), internal models and/or broker quotes, which use a market approach, income approach or a combination of the market and income approach depending on the type of instrument and availability of information. In general, a market approach is utilized if there is readily available and relevant market activity for an individual security. In certain cases where market information is not available for a specific security but is available for similar securities, a security is valued using that market information for similar securities, which is also a market approach. When market information is not available for a specific security or is available but such information is less relevant or reliable, an income approach or a combination of a market and income approach is utilized. For securities with optionality, such as call or prepayment features (including mortgage-backed or asset-backed securities), an income approach may be used. In addition, a combination of the results from market and income approaches may be used to estimate fair value. These valuation techniques may change from period to period, based on the relevance and availability of market data. We utilize certain third-party data providers when determining fair value. We consider information obtained from pricing services as well as broker quotes in our determination of fair value. Additionally, we utilize internal models to determine the valuation of securities using an income approach where the inputs are based on third- party provided market inputs. While we consider the valuations provided by pricing services and broker quotes to be of high quality, management determines the fair value of our investment securities after considering all relevant and available information. We also use various methods to obtain an understanding of the valuation methodologies and procedures used by third-party data providers to ensure sufficient understanding to evaluate the valuation data received, including an understanding of the assumptions and inputs utilized to determine the appropriate fair value. For pricing services, we analyze the prices provided by our primary pricing services to other readily available pricing services and perform a detailed review of the assumptions and inputs from each pricing service to determine the appropriate fair value when pricing differences exceed certain thresholds. We evaluate changes in fair value that are greater than certain pre-defined thresholds each month to further aid in our review of the accuracy of fair value measurements and our understanding of changes in fair value, with more detailed reviews performed by the asset managers responsible for the related asset class associated with the security being reviewed. A pricing committee provides additional oversight and guidance in the evaluation and review of the pricing methodologies used to value our investment portfolio. In general, we first obtain valuations from pricing services. For certain private fixed maturity securities where we do not obtain valuations from pricing services, we utilize an internal model to determine fair value since transactions for identical securities are not readily observable and these securities are not typically valued by pricing services. If prices are unavailable from public pricing services, we obtain broker quotes. For all securities, excluding certain private fixed maturity securities, if neither a pricing service nor broker quotes valuation is available, we determine fair value using internal models. For pricing services, we obtain an understanding of the pricing methodologies and procedures for each type of instrument. Additionally, on a monthly basis we review a sample of securities, examining the pricing service’s 303 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 assumptions to determine if we agree with the service’s derived price. When available, we also evaluate the prices sampled as compared to other public prices. If a variance greater than a pre-defined threshold is noted, additional review of the price is executed to ensure accuracy. In general, a pricing service does not provide a price for a security if sufficient information is not readily available to determine fair value or if such security is not in the specific sector or class covered by a particular pricing service. Given our understanding of the pricing methodologies and procedures of pricing services, the securities valued by pricing services are typically classified as Level 2 unless we determine the valuation process for a security or group of securities utilizes significant unobservable inputs, which would result in the valuation being classified as Level 3. For private fixed maturity securities, we utilize an income approach where we obtain public bond spreads and utilize those in an internal model to determine fair value. Other inputs to the model include rating and weighted-average life, as well as sector which is used to assign the spread. We then add an additional premium, which represents an unobservable input, to the public bond spread to adjust for the liquidity and other features of our private placements. We utilize the estimated market yield to discount the expected cash flows of the security to determine fair value. We utilize price caps for securities where the estimated market yield results in a valuation that may exceed the amount that would be received in a market transaction. When a security does not have an external rating, we assign the security an internal rating to determine the appropriate public bond spread that should be utilized in the valuation. To evaluate the reasonableness of the internal model, we review a sample of private fixed maturity securities each month. In that review we compare the modeled prices to the prices of similar public securities in conjunction with analysis on current market indicators. If a pricing variance greater than a pre-defined threshold is noted, additional review of the price is executed to ensure accuracy. At the end of each month, all internally modeled prices are compared to the prior month prices with an evaluation of all securities with a month-over-month change greater than a pre-defined threshold. While we generally consider the public bond spreads by sector and maturity to be observable inputs, we evaluate the similarities of our private placement with the public bonds, any price caps utilized, liquidity premiums applied, and whether external ratings are available for our private placements to determine whether the spreads utilized would be considered observable inputs. We classify private securities without an external rating or public bond spread as Level 3. In general, increases (decreases) in credit spreads will decrease (increase) the fair value for our fixed maturity securities. For broker quotes, we consider the valuation methodology utilized by the third party and analyze a sample each month to assess reasonableness given then-current market conditions. Additionally, for broker quotes on certain structured securities, we validate prices received against other publicly available pricing sources. Broker quotes are typically based on an income approach given the lack of available market data. As the valuation typically includes significant unobservable inputs, we classify the securities where fair value is based on our consideration of broker quotes as Level 3 measurements. For remaining securities priced using internal models, we determine fair value using an income approach. We analyze a sample each month to assess reasonableness given then-current market conditions. We maximize the use of observable inputs but typically utilize significant unobservable inputs to determine fair value. Accordingly, the valuations are typically classified as Level 3. A summary of the inputs used for our fixed maturity, short-term investments and equity securities based on the level in which instruments are classified is included below. We have combined certain classes of instruments together as the nature of the inputs is similar. 304 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 Level 1 measurements Equity securities. The primary inputs to the valuation of exchange-traded equity securities include quoted prices for the identical instrument. Short-term investments. Short-term investments primarily include commercial paper and other highly liquid debt instruments. The fair value of short-term investments classified as Level 1 is based on quoted prices for the identical instrument. Separate account assets. The fair value of separate account assets is based on the quoted prices of the underlying fund investments and, therefore, represents Level 1 pricing. Level 2 measurements Fixed maturity securities • Third-party pricing services: In estimating the fair value of fixed maturity securities, approximately 91% of our portfolio is priced using third-party pricing sources as of December 31, 2018. These pricing services utilize industry-standard valuation techniques that include market-based approaches, income- based approaches, a combination of market-based and income-based approaches or other proprietary, internally generated models as part of the valuation processes. These third-party pricing vendors maximize the use of publicly available data inputs to generate valuations for each asset class. Priority and type of inputs used may change frequently as certain inputs may be more direct drivers of valuation at the time of pricing. Examples of significant inputs incorporated by third-party pricing services may include sector and issuer spreads, seasoning, capital structure, security optionality, collateral data, prepayment assumptions, default assumptions, delinquencies, debt covenants, benchmark yields, trade data, dealer quotes, credit ratings, maturity and weighted-average life. We conduct regular meetings with our third-party pricing services for the purpose of understanding the methodologies, techniques and inputs used by the third-party pricing providers. 305 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 The following table presents a summary of the significant inputs used by our third-party pricing services for certain fair value measurements of fixed maturity securities that are classified as Level 2 as of December 31, 2018: (Amounts in millions) Fair value Primary methodologies Significant inputs U.S. government, agencies and government-sponsored enterprises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 4,631 State and political subdivisions . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 2,501 Price quotes from trading desk, broker feeds Multi-dimensional attribute- based modeling systems, third- party pricing vendors Non-U.S. government . . . . . . . $ 2,378 U.S. corporate . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 25,702 Non-U.S. corporate . . . . . . . . . $ 9,759 Residential mortgage-backed . . . . . . . . . $ 3,009 Commercial mortgage-backed . . . . . . . . . $ 2,921 Other asset-backed . . . . . . . . . $ 3,261 Matrix pricing, spread priced to benchmark curves, price quotes from market makers Multi-dimensional attribute- based modeling systems, broker quotes, price quotes from market makers, internal models, OAS-based models Multi-dimensional attribute- based modeling systems, OAS-based models, price quotes from market makers OAS-based models, To Be Announced pricing models, single factor binomial models, internally priced Multi-dimensional attribute- based modeling systems, pricing matrix, spread matrix priced to swap curves, Trepp commercial mortgage-backed securities analytics model Multi-dimensional attribute- based modeling systems, spread matrix priced to swap curves, price quotes from market makers, internal models 306 Bid side prices, trade prices, Option Adjusted Spread (“OAS”) to swap curve, Bond Market Association OAS, Treasury Curve, Agency Bullet Curve, maturity to issuer spread Trade prices, material event notices, Municipal Market Data benchmark yields, broker quotes Benchmark yields, trade prices, broker quotes, comparative transactions, issuer spreads, bid-offer spread, market research publications, third-party pricing sources Bid side prices to Treasury Curve, Issuer Curve, which includes sector, quality, duration, OAS percentage and change for spread matrix, trade prices, comparative transactions, Trade Reporting and Compliance Engine (“TRACE”) reports Benchmark yields, trade prices, broker quotes, comparative transactions, issuer spreads, bid-offer spread, market research publications, third-party pricing sources Prepayment and default assumptions, aggregation of bonds with similar characteristics, including collateral type, vintage, tranche type, weighted-average life, weighted-average loan age, issuer program and delinquency ratio, pay up and pay down factors, TRACE reports Credit risk, interest rate risk, prepayment speeds, new issue data, collateral performance, origination year, tranche type, original credit ratings, weighted- average life, cash flows, spreads derived from broker quotes, bid side prices, spreads to daily updated swaps curves, TRACE reports Spreads to daily updated swaps curves, spreads derived from trade prices and broker quotes, bid side prices, new issue data, collateral performance, analysis of prepayment speeds, cash flows, collateral loss analytics, historical issue analysis, trade data from market makers, TRACE reports GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 • Internal models: A portion of our non-U.S. government, U.S. corporate and non-U.S. corporate securities are valued using internal models. The fair value of these fixed maturity securities were $15 million, $1,062 million, and $546 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2018. Internally modeled securities are primarily private fixed maturity securities where we use market observable inputs such as an interest rate yield curve, published credit spreads for similar securities based on the external ratings of the instrument and related industry sector of the issuer. Additionally, we may apply certain price caps and liquidity premiums in the valuation of private fixed maturity securities. Price caps and liquidity premiums are established using inputs from market participants. Equity securities. The primary inputs to the valuation include quoted prices for identical assets, or similar assets in markets that are not active. Securities lending collateral The fair value of securities held as collateral is primarily based on Level 2 inputs from market information for the collateral that is held on our behalf by the custodian. We determine fair value after considering prices obtained by third-party pricing services. Short-term investments The fair value of short-term investments classified as Level 2 is determined after considering prices obtained by third-party pricing services. Level 3 measurements Fixed maturity securities • Internal models: A portion of our state and political subdivisions, U.S. corporate, non-U.S. corporate, residential mortgage-backed, commercial mortgage-backed and other asset-backed securities are valued using internal models. The primary inputs to the valuation of the bond population include quoted prices for identical assets, or similar assets in markets that are not active, contractual cash flows, duration, call provisions, issuer rating, benchmark yields and credit spreads. Certain private fixed maturity securities are valued using an internal model using market observable inputs such as interest rate yield curve, as well as published credit spreads for similar securities where there are no external ratings of the instrument and include a significant unobservable input. Additionally, we may apply certain price caps and liquidity premiums in the valuation of private fixed maturity securities. Price caps are established using inputs from market participants. For structured securities, the primary inputs to the valuation include quoted prices for identical assets, or similar assets in markets that are not active, contractual cash flows, weighted-average coupon, weighted-average maturity, issuer rating, structure of the security, expected prepayment speeds and volumes, collateral type, current and forecasted loss severity, average delinquency rates, vintage of the loans, geographic region, debt service coverage ratios, payment priority with the tranche, benchmark yields and credit spreads. The fair value of our Level 3 fixed maturity securities priced using internal models was $3,487 million as of December 31, 2018. • Broker quotes: A portion of our state and political subdivisions, U.S. corporate, non-U.S. corporate, residential mortgage-backed, commercial mortgage-backed and other asset-backed securities are valued using broker quotes. Broker quotes are obtained from third-party providers that have current 307 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 market knowledge to provide a reasonable price for securities not routinely priced by third-party pricing services. Brokers utilized for valuation of assets are reviewed annually. The fair value of our Level 3 fixed maturity securities priced by broker quotes was $389 million as of December 31, 2018. Equity securities. The primary inputs to the valuation include broker quotes where the underlying inputs are unobservable and for internal models, structure of the security and issuer rating. Restricted other invested assets related to securitization entities We previously held trading securities related to securitization entities that were classified as restricted other invested assets and were carried at fair value. The trading securities represented asset-backed securities. In 2017, these trading securities were sold as we repositioned these assets in connection with the maturity of the associated liabilities. The valuation for trading securities was determined using a market approach and/or an income approach depending on the availability of information. For certain highly rated asset-backed securities, there was observable market information for transactions of the same or similar instruments, which was provided to us by a third-party pricing service and was classified as Level 2. For certain securities that are not actively traded, we determined fair value after considering third-party broker provided prices or discounted expected cash flows using current yields for similar securities and classified these valuations as Level 3. GMWB embedded derivatives We are required to bifurcate an embedded derivative for certain features associated with annuity products and related reinsurance agreements where we provide a GMWB to the policyholder and are required to record the GMWB embedded derivative at fair value. The valuation of our GMWB embedded derivative is based on an income approach that incorporates inputs such as forward interest rates, equity index volatility, equity index and fund correlation, and policyholder assumptions such as utilization, lapse and mortality. In addition to these inputs, we also consider risk and expense margins when determining the projected cash flows that would be determined by another market participant. While the risk and expense margins are considered in determining fair value, these inputs do not have a significant impact on the valuation. We determine fair value using an internal model based on the various inputs noted above. The resulting fair value measurement from the model is reviewed by actuarial, risk and finance professionals each reporting period with changes in fair value also being compared to changes in derivatives and other instruments used to mitigate changes in fair value from certain market risks, such as equity index volatility and interest rates. For GMWB liabilities, non-performance risk is integrated into the discount rate. Our discount rate used to determine fair value of our GMWB liabilities includes market credit spreads above U.S. Treasury rates to reflect an adjustment for the non-performance risk of the GMWB liabilities. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the impact of non-performance risk resulted in a lower fair value of our GMWB liabilities of $64 million and $63 million, respectively. To determine the appropriate discount rate to reflect the non-performance risk of the GMWB liabilities, we evaluate the non-performance risk in our liabilities based on a hypothetical exit market transaction as there is no exit market for these types of liabilities. A hypothetical exit market can be viewed as a hypothetical transfer of the liability to another similarly rated insurance company which would closely resemble a reinsurance transaction. Another hypothetical exit market transaction can be viewed as a hypothetical transaction from the perspective of the GMWB policyholder. In determining the appropriate discount rate to incorporate non-performance risk of the GMWB liabilities, we also considered the impacts of state guarantees embedded in 308 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 the related insurance product as a form of inseparable third-party guarantee. We believe that a hypothetical exit market participant would use a similar discount rate as described above to value the liabilities. For equity index volatility, we determine the projected equity market volatility using both historical volatility and projected equity market volatility with more significance being placed on projected near-term volatility and recent historical data. Given the different attributes and market characteristics of GMWB liabilities compared to equity index options in the derivative market, the equity index volatility assumption for GMWB liabilities may be different from the volatility assumption for equity index options, especially for the longer dated points on the curve. Equity index and fund correlations are determined based on historical price observations for the fund and equity index. For policyholder assumptions, we use our expected lapse, mortality and utilization assumptions and update these assumptions for our actual experience, as necessary. For our lapse assumption, we adjust our base lapse assumption by policy based on a combination of the policyholder’s current account value and GMWB benefit. We classify the GMWB valuation as Level 3 based on having significant unobservable inputs, with equity index volatility and non-performance risk being considered the more significant unobservable inputs. As equity index volatility increases, the fair value of the GMWB liabilities will increase. Any increase in non-performance risk would increase the discount rate and would decrease the fair value of the GMWB liability. Additionally, we consider lapse and utilization assumptions to be significant unobservable inputs. An increase in our lapse assumption would decrease the fair value of the GMWB liability, whereas an increase in our utilization rate would increase the fair value. Fixed index annuity embedded derivatives We have fixed indexed annuity products where interest is credited to the policyholder’s account balance based on equity index changes. This feature is required to be bifurcated as an embedded derivative and recorded at fair value. Fair value is determined using an income approach where the present value of the excess cash flows above the guaranteed cash flows is used to determine the value attributed to the equity index feature. The inputs used in determining the fair value include policyholder behavior (lapses and withdrawals), near-term equity index volatility, expected future interest credited, forward interest rates and an adjustment to the discount rate to incorporate non-performance risk and risk margins. As a result of our assumptions for policyholder behavior and expected future interest credited being considered significant unobservable inputs, we classify these instruments as Level 3. As lapses and withdrawals increase, the value of our embedded derivative liability will decrease. As expected future interest credited decreases, the value of our embedded derivative liability will decrease. Indexed universal life embedded derivatives We have indexed universal life products where interest is credited to the policyholder’s account balance based on equity index changes. This feature is required to be bifurcated as an embedded derivative and recorded at fair value. Fair value is determined using an income approach where the present value of the excess cash flows above the guaranteed cash flows is used to determine the value attributed to the equity index feature. The inputs used in determining the fair value include policyholder behavior (lapses and withdrawals), near-term equity index volatility, expected future interest credited, forward interest rates and an adjustment to the discount rate to incorporate non-performance risk and risk margins. As a result of our assumptions for policyholder behavior and 309 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 expected future interest credited being considered significant unobservable inputs, we classify these instruments as Level 3. As lapses and withdrawals increase, the value of our embedded derivative liability will decrease. As expected future interest credited decreases, the value of our embedded derivative liability will decrease. Borrowings related to securitization entities We previously recorded certain borrowings related to securitization entities at fair value. During 2018, the borrowings related to securitization entities were repaid in full. The fair value of these borrowings was determined using either a market approach or income approach, depending on the instrument and availability of market information. Given the unique characteristics of the securitization entities that issued these borrowings as well as the lack of comparable instruments, we determined fair value considering the valuation of the underlying assets held by the securitization entities and any derivatives, as well as any unique characteristics of the borrowings that may have impacted the valuation. After considering all relevant inputs, we determined fair value of the borrowings using the net valuation of the underlying assets and derivatives that were backing the borrowings. Accordingly, these instruments were classified as Level 3. Increases in the valuation of the underlying assets or decreases in the derivative liabilities resulted in an increase in the fair value of these borrowings. Derivatives We consider counterparty collateral arrangements and rights of set-off when evaluating our net credit risk exposure to our derivative counterparties. Accordingly, we are permitted to include consideration of these arrangements when determining whether any incremental adjustment should be made for both the counterparty’s and our non-performance risk in measuring fair value for our derivative instruments. As a result of these counterparty arrangements, we determined that any adjustment for credit risk would not be material and we have not recorded any incremental adjustment for our non-performance risk or the non-performance risk of the derivative counterparty for our derivative assets or liabilities. We determine fair value for our derivatives using an income approach with internal models based on relevant market inputs for each derivative instrument. We also compare the fair value determined using our internal model to the valuations provided by our derivative counterparties with any significant differences or changes in valuation being evaluated further by our derivatives professionals that are familiar with the instrument and market inputs used in the valuation. Interest rate swaps. The valuation of interest rate swaps is determined using an income approach. The primary input into the valuation represents the forward interest rate swap curve, which is generally considered an observable input, and results in the derivative being classified as Level 2. For certain interest rate swaps, the inputs into the valuation also include the total returns of certain bonds that would primarily be considered an observable input and result in the derivative being classified as Level 2. Interest rate swaps in a foreign currency. The valuation of interest rate swaps in a foreign currency is determined using an income approach. The primary inputs into the valuation represents the forward interest rate swap curve and foreign currency, which are generally considered observable inputs, and results in the derivative being classified as Level 2. Interest rate swaps related to securitization entities. The valuation of interest rate swaps related to securitization entities was determined using an income approach. The primary input into the valuation represented the forward interest rate swap curve, which was generally considered an observable input, and resulted in the derivative being classified as Level 2. 310 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 Interest rate caps and floors. The valuation of interest rate caps and floors is determined using an income approach. The primary inputs into the valuation represent the forward interest rate swap curve, forward interest rate volatility and time value component associated with the optionality in the derivative which are generally considered observable inputs and results in the derivatives being classified as Level 2. Inflation indexed swaps. The valuation of inflation indexed swaps was determined using an income approach. The primary inputs into the valuation represented the forward interest rate swap curve, the current consumer price index and the forward consumer price index curve, which were generally considered observable inputs, and resulted in the derivative being classified as Level 2. Foreign currency swaps. The valuation of foreign currency swaps is determined using an income approach. The primary inputs into the valuation represent the forward interest rate swap curve and foreign currency exchange rates, both of which are considered an observable input, and results in the derivative being classified as Level 2. Credit default swaps. We previously sold protection under single name and index tranche credit default swaps. For single name credit default swaps, we utilized an income approach to determine fair value based on using current market information for the credit spreads of the reference entity, which was considered observable inputs based on the reference entities of our derivatives and resulted in these derivatives being classified as Level 2. For index tranche credit default swaps, we utilized an income approach that utilized current market information related to credit spreads and expected defaults and losses associated with the reference entities that comprised the respective index associated with each derivative. There were significant unobservable inputs associated with the timing and amount of losses from the reference entities as well as the timing or amount of losses, if any, that were absorbed by our tranche. Accordingly, the index tranche credit default swaps were classified as Level 3. As credit spreads widened for the underlying issuers comprising the index, the change in our valuation of these credit default swaps were unfavorable. Credit default swaps related to securitization entities. Credit default swaps related to securitization entities represented customized index tranche credit default swaps and were valued using a similar methodology as described above for index tranche credit default swaps. We determined fair value of these credit default swaps after considering both the valuation methodology described above as well as the valuation provided by the derivative counterparty. In addition to the valuation methodology and inputs described for index tranche credit default swaps, these customized credit default swaps contained a feature that permitted the securitization entity to provide the par value of underlying assets in the securitization entity to settle any losses under the credit default swap. The valuation of this settlement feature was dependent upon the valuation of the underlying assets and the timing and amount of any expected loss on the credit default swap, which was considered a significant unobservable input. Accordingly, these customized index tranche credit default swaps related to securitization entities were classified as Level 3. As credit spreads widened for the underlying issuers comprising the customized index, the change in our valuation of these credit default swaps were unfavorable. Equity index options. We have equity index options associated with various equity indices. The valuation of equity index options is determined using an income approach. The primary inputs into the valuation represent forward interest rates, equity index volatility, equity index and time value component associated with the optionality in the derivative, which are considered significant unobservable inputs in most instances. The equity index volatility surface is determined based on market information that is not readily observable and is developed based upon inputs received from several third-party sources. Accordingly, these options are classified as Level 3. As equity index volatility increases, our valuation of these options changes favorably. 311 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 Financial futures. The fair value of financial futures is based on the closing exchange prices. Accordingly, these financial futures are classified as Level 1. The period end valuation is zero as a result of settling the margins on these contracts on a daily basis. Equity return swaps. The valuation of equity return swaps is determined using an income approach. The primary inputs into the valuation represent the forward interest rate swap curve and underlying equity index values, which are generally considered observable inputs, and results in the derivative being classified as Level 2. Other foreign currency contracts. We have certain foreign currency options classified as other foreign currency contracts. The valuation of foreign currency options is determined using an income approach. The primary inputs into the valuation represent the forward interest rate swap curve, foreign currency exchange rates, forward interest rate, foreign currency exchange rate volatility and time value component associated with the optionality in the derivative, which are generally considered observable inputs and results in the derivative being classified as Level 2. We also have foreign currency forward contracts where the valuation is determined using an income approach. The primary inputs into the valuation represent the forward foreign currency exchange rates, which are generally considered observable inputs and results in the derivative being classified as Level 2. 312 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 The following tables set forth our assets by class of instrument that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of the dates indicated: (Amounts in millions) Assets Investments: Fixed maturity securities: 2018 Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 NAV (1) U.S. government, agencies and government-sponsored enterprises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 4,631 $ — $ 4,631 $ — $— 51 — State and political subdivisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-U.S. government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — U.S. corporate: 2,552 — 2,393 — 2,501 2,393 — Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Finance and insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer—non-cyclical Technology and communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Capital goods Consumer—cyclical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,675 — 2,419 — 6,822 — 5,048 — 2,855 — 1,238 — 2,391 — 1,597 — 1,320 — 397 — 4,032 2,298 6,288 4,975 2,805 1,199 2,299 1,386 1,263 219 643 — 121 — 534 — 73 — 50 — 39 — 92 — 211 — 57 — 178 — Total U.S. corporate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,762 — 26,764 1,998 — Non-U.S. corporate: Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Finance and insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer—non-cyclical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Technology and communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Capital goods Consumer—cyclical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,041 — 1,369 — 2,423 — 739 — 1,165 — 945 — 615 — 520 — 720 — 2,300 — 637 1,152 2,252 633 1,139 884 442 398 549 2,219 404 — 217 — 171 — 106 — 26 — 61 — 173 — 122 — 171 — 81 — Total non-U.S. corporate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,837 — 10,305 1,532 — Residential mortgage-backed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commercial mortgage-backed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other asset-backed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,044 — 3,016 — 3,426 — 3,009 2,921 3,261 35 — 95 — 165 — Total fixed maturity securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59,661 — 55,785 3,876 — Equity securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655 533 64 58 — Other invested assets: Derivative assets: Interest rate swaps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest rate swaps in a foreign currency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest rate caps and floors Foreign currency swaps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Equity index options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other foreign currency contracts Total derivative assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Securities lending collateral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Short-term investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Limited partnerships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total other invested assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 — 74 — 7 — 6 — 39 — 10 — 178 — 103 — 230 — 318 — 511 — Reinsurance recoverable (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Separate account assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 — 5,859 5,859 42 — 74 — 7 — 6 — — 10 — — — — — 39 — — 139 39 — — — 318 318 103 — 230 — — — 472 — — 39 20 — — — Total assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $66,706 $6,392 $56,321 $3,993 $318 (1) Limited partnerships that are measured at fair value using the NAV per share (or its equivalent) practical expedient have not been categorized in the fair value hierarchy. (2) Represents embedded derivatives associated with the reinsured portion of our GMWB liabilities. 313 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 (Amounts in millions) Assets Investments: Fixed maturity securities: U.S. government, agencies and government-sponsored enterprises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . State and political subdivisions Non-U.S. government U.S. corporate: Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Finance and insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer—non-cyclical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Technology and communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Capital goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer—cyclical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,998 2,458 6,528 4,831 2,845 1,346 2,355 1,605 1,291 379 Total U.S. corporate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,636 Non-U.S. corporate: Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Finance and insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer—non-cyclical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Technology and communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Capital goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer—cyclical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,017 1,490 2,735 712 982 1,044 645 540 721 2,725 Total non-U.S. corporate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,611 Residential mortgage-backed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commercial mortgage-backed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other asset-backed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,057 3,446 3,068 Total fixed maturity securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62,525 2017 Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 $ 5,548 2,926 2,233 $ — $ 5,547 2,889 2,233 — — $ 1 37 — 574 147 626 81 73 39 121 262 60 169 4,424 2,311 5,902 4,750 2,772 1,307 2,234 1,343 1,231 210 26,484 2,152 674 1,314 2,574 588 953 928 454 486 551 2,673 343 176 161 124 29 116 191 54 170 52 11,195 1,416 3,980 3,416 2,831 77 30 237 58,575 3,950 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — Equity securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 820 696 80 44 Other invested assets: Derivative assets: Interest rate swaps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest rate swaps in a foreign currency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign currency swaps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Equity index options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other foreign currency contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total derivative assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Securities lending collateral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Short-term investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total other invested assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reinsurance recoverable (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Separate account assets 74 105 12 80 5 276 268 902 1,446 14 7,230 — — — — — — — 107 107 — 7,230 74 105 12 — 5 196 268 795 1,259 — — — — — 80 — 80 — — 80 14 — Total assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $72,035 $8,033 $59,914 $4,088 (1) Represents embedded derivatives associated with the reinsured portion of our GMWB liabilities. 314 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 We review the fair value hierarchy classifications each reporting period. Changes in the observability of the valuation attributes may result in a reclassification of certain financial assets or liabilities. Such reclassifications are reported as transfers between levels at the beginning fair value for the reporting period in which the changes occur. Given the types of assets classified as Level 1, which primarily represents mutual fund and equity investments, we typically do not have any transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 measurement categories and did not have any such transfers during any period presented. Our assessment of whether or not there were significant unobservable inputs related to fixed maturity securities was based on our observations obtained through the course of managing our investment portfolio, including interaction with other market participants, observations related to the availability and consistency of pricing and/or rating, and understanding of general market activity such as new issuance and the level of secondary market trading for a class of securities. Additionally, we considered data obtained from third-party pricing sources to determine whether our estimated values incorporate significant unobservable inputs that would result in the valuation being classified as Level 3. 315 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 The following tables present additional information about assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis and for which we have utilized significant unobservable (Level 3) inputs to determine fair value as of or for the dates indicated: Total realized and unrealized gains (losses) Included in net income (loss) Included in OCI Beginning balance as of January 1, 2018 Purchases Sales Issuances Settlements Transfer into Level 3 (1) Transfer out of Level 3 (1) Ending balance as of December 31, 2018 Total gains (losses) included in net income (loss) attributable to assets still held (Amounts in millions) Fixed maturity securities: U.S. government, agencies and government-sponsored enterprises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ State and political subdivisions . . . . . U.S. corporate: Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Finance and insurance . . . . . . . . . . Consumer—non-cyclical . . . . . . . Technology and communications . . . . . . . . . . . . Industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Capital goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer—cyclical . . . . . . . . . . . Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 37 $— $ — $— $— $— — — 4 — 3 (1) 574 147 — 626 — 81 — (40) (7) (77) (3) — 111 (12) — 22 — — 84 — — — — 73 — 39 — 121 — 262 — 60 — 169 — (6) — (10) (12) (2) (3) — 20 — — — — — 33 — — 17 (5) — 3 — — (10) — $ (1) $— $ — — (6) 18 55 (34) — (122) 49 (5) — 31 (60) — — (45) — (19) — (4) — 30 (8) (11) (38) (7) (26) — (8) — (7) (32) — — $ — 51 643 121 534 73 50 39 92 211 57 178 Total U.S. corporate . . . . . . . . . . . 2,152 (1) (160) 290 (27) — (303) 165 (118) 1,998 Non-U.S. corporate: Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Finance and insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer—non-cyclical Technology and communications . . . . . . . . . . . . Industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Capital goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer—cyclical . . . . . . . . . . . Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343 — 176 — 161 124 — 4 29 — 116 — 191 54 — 170 52 — 1 (2) (19) (9) (13) (5) — 52 — — 53 — — 6 — — — — — (5) (8) (5) (9) (4) 10 — — 3 — — 15 — — (1) — 30 (18) — 45 33 — — Total non-U.S. corporate . . . . . . . . 1,416 3 (77) 247 (19) — Residential mortgage-backed . . . . . . Commercial mortgage-backed . . . . . Other asset-backed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 — 30 — 237 — — (4) (3) 37 — — 70 — — (16) — 134 Total fixed maturity securities . . . . . 3,950 5 (240) Equity securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 — — 778 18 (62) — (4) — (123) (1) — (92) (520) — Other invested assets: Derivative assets: Equity index options . . . . . . . . . Total derivative assets . . . . . . . . Total other invested assets . . . . . . Reinsurance recoverable (2) . . . . . . . . . . 80 80 80 14 (34) — (34) — (34) — 74 — — 74 — — 74 — — 5 — — — (81) — (81) — (81) — — — 1 1 (20) (29) (2) (20) 69 26 16 7 (13) — (10) — (26) — 48 (3) 18 — — — 184 14 31 54 466 — (21) — (1) — — (43) — (1) (33) — (99) (92) (32) (149) (501) — — — — — 404 217 171 106 26 61 173 122 171 81 1,532 35 95 165 3,876 58 39 39 39 20 $— 3 — — 1 — — — — — — — 1 — — 4 — — — 1 — — — 5 — — — 9 — (26) (26) (26) 5 Total Level 3 assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $4,088 $ (24) $(240) $870 $ (66) $ $(601) $466 $(501) $3,993 $ (12) (1) The transfers into and out of Level 3 for fixed maturity securities were related to changes in the primary pricing source and changes in the observability of external information used in determining the fair value, such as external ratings or credit spreads, as well as changes in the industry sectors assigned to specific securities. (2) Represents embedded derivatives associated with the reinsured portion of our GMWB liabilities. 316 232 (67) — (342) 76 (326) 2,152 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 Total realized and unrealized gains (losses) Included in net income (loss) Included in OCI Purchases Sales Issuances Settlements Transfer into Level 3 (1) Transfer out of Level 3 (1) Ending balance as of December 31, 2017 Beginning balance as of January 1, 2017 (Amounts in millions) Fixed maturity securities: U.S. government, agencies and government-sponsored enterprises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ State and political subdivisions . . . . U.S. corporate: 2 37 Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Finance and insurance . . . . . . . . Consumer—non-cyclical . . . . . . . Technology and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Capital goods Consumer—cyclical . . . . . . . . . . Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576 — 210 — 786 20 121 — 3 1 1 54 48 152 258 — 139 16 143 — Total U.S. corporate . . . . . . . . . . 2,487 41 Non-U.S. corporate: Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Finance and insurance . . . . . . . . . Consumer—non-cyclical . . . . . . . Technology and communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Capital goods Consumer—cyclical . . . . . . . . . . Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386 — 206 — 182 139 — 67 5 1 109 — 169 — 69 — 1 (2) 181 25 Total non-U.S. corporate . . . . . . . 1,533 5 Residential mortgage-backed . . . . . . Commercial mortgage-backed . . . . Other asset-backed . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 — 54 145 (2) (8) Total fixed maturity securities . . . . 4,301 39 Equity securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 — $— $— $— $ — $— — — (3) — 3 24 5 5 2 76 — — (31) — 10 79 (31) — 4 — — 7 (1) 3 9 (5) — — 2 31 — — 13 — — 7 — — 12 — — — — (5) — 51 3 5 10 2 1 3 3 — 2 2 31 — 4 11 94 — 30 — — (1) — — 5 — — 5 — — — (21) — 13 — — 52 — — — — — (10) — 6 (2) — 15 126 (34) — 35 — — (9) — 31 (35) — 133 557 (145) — 1 (1) — Other invested assets: Derivative assets: Equity index options . . . . . . . . . . Other foreign currency contracts . . Total derivative assets . . . . . . . . . Total other invested assets . . . . . . . Restricted other invested assets related to securitization entities (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reinsurance recoverable (3) 72 3 75 75 57 — (3) — 54 — 54 — 72 — — — — — 72 — — 72 — — 131 — 16 — (4) — — — (131) — — 2 2 Total gains (losses) included in net income (loss) attributable to assets still held $— 3 — (1) 11 — 3 1 1 — — — 15 3 — — — — — — — — — 3 — — — 21 — 36 (2) 34 34 — (4) $ (1) — $— $ — — — (11) (32) (206) 30 1 8 (8) — (1) — (8) — (5) — (15) — (48) — 37 (8) (121) (16) (35) (38) (21) (14) (37) (2) (42) — 1 37 574 147 626 81 73 39 121 262 60 169 — — (1) — (32) — (22) — (19) — — 14 (25) — (17) (10) — 2 11 25 (76) (33) (9) — — (23) (8) — (11) (11) 343 176 161 124 29 116 191 54 170 52 (126) (3) — (23) (495) — 52 26 — 69 223 — (171) 1,416 (24) (48) (55) 77 30 237 (624) 3,950 (3) 44 (121) — — — (121) — (121) — — — — — — — — — — — 80 — 80 80 — 14 Total Level 3 assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $4,570 $ 89 $ 94 $630 $(277) $ $(616) $223 $(627) $4,088 $ 51 (1) (2) The transfers into and out of Level 3 for fixed maturity securities were related to changes in the primary pricing source and changes in the observability of external information used in determining the fair value, such as external ratings or credit spreads, as well as changes in the industry sectors assigned to specific securities. See note 17 for additional information related to consolidated securitization entities. (3) Represents embedded derivatives associated with the reinsured portion of our GMWB liabilities. 317 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 (Amounts in millions) Beginning balance as of January 1, 2016 Total realized and unrealized gains (losses) Included in net income (loss) Included in OCI Purchases Sales Issuances Settlements Transfer into Level 3 (1) Transfer out of Level 3 (1) Ending balance as of December 31, 2016 Fixed maturity securities: U.S. government, agencies and government-sponsored enterprises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ State and political subdivisions . . . . U.S. corporate: Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Finance and insurance . . . . . . . . . Consumer—non-cyclical . . . . . . . Technology and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Capital goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer—cyclical . . . . . . . . . . . Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Total U.S. corporate . . . . . . . . . . . Non-U.S. corporate: Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Finance and insurance . . . . . . . . . Consumer—non-cyclical . . . . . . . Technology and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Capital goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer—cyclical . . . . . . . . . . . Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total non-U.S. corporate . . . . . . . Residential mortgage-backed . . . . . . Commercial mortgage-backed . . . . . Other asset-backed . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total fixed maturity securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 35 $— $— 2 — $— $ — $— 7 — — $ (1) — $— $ — $ — (7) 449 1 253 — 715 16 109 — 1 (2) 9 3 149 (6) — 10 — — (14) — 69 (18) — 30 73 (21) 7 (11) (63) 72 (3) — 35 61 180 239 106 182 2,329 3 5 1 4 2 1 33 (3) 2 (2) (1) (1) (2) — 4 30 — — — — — (10) — 30 68 (5) — 53 — — — — (53) — 439 — (32) — (44) (26) (8) (208) — 12 — 19 5 16 204 287 — 252 — 3 191 2 169 (7) 30 (2) 5 126 8 11 3 (5) — (27) — (1) — (3) — (51) 46 (31) — — — (49) 12 62 — 84 — 1 71 — 213 3 4 3 — 1 — (2) 5 144 72 1,545 116 — 10 — 1,142 5,180 (17) 23 38 — 3 39 1 (7) 3 40 — 18 17 (16) — (21) — — — — — — — 12 — — (13) — — (86) — 195 51 (45) — 24 — — (26) — 16 (210) — 732 (4) — 13 — 25 — — (15) — (2) — 39 10 132 22 37 66 461 — (15) (7) (170) (14) (4) (26) (423) — (70) (47) (18) — (11) — (47) (22) — (46) (261) (10) (26) (20) — — — (33) — — (38) (127) (88) (6) (1,013) (1,502) — Equity securities Other invested assets: Derivative assets: . . . . . . . . . . Credit default swaps Equity index options . . . . . . . . . . Other foreign currency contracts . . Total derivative assets . . . . . . . . . Total other invested assets . . . . . . . . Restricted other invested assets related . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to securitization entities (2) 232 Reinsurance recoverable (3) 17 Total Level 3 assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $5,501 1 — 30 3 34 34 — 10 — (1) — 9 — 9 — — — — 76 — — 2 — — 78 — — 78 — — (1) — (44) — (1) — (46) — (46) — — — — — — (55) — (3) — $ (26) $ 40 — — $823 — — — $(214) $ 2 2 (46) — — — $461 $(515) — — $(1,502) 131 16 $4,570 9 (3) $ 17 (1) (2) The transfers into and out of Level 3 for fixed maturity securities were related to changes in the primary pricing source and changes in the observability of external information used in determining the fair value, such as external ratings or credit spreads, as well as changes in the industry sectors assigned to specific securities. Most significantly, the majority of the transfers out of Level 3 related to a reclassification of collateralized loan obligation securities previously valued using a broker priced source to now being valued using third-party pricing services. See note 17 for additional information related to consolidated securitization entities. (3) Represents embedded derivatives associated with the reinsured portion of our GMWB liabilities. 318 Total gains (losses) included in net income (loss) attributable to assets still held $— 2 — — — 15 3 — 1 — 2 1 22 — — 3 — — — 1 — — (2) 2 — — (16) 10 — — 2 (1) 1 1 2 37 576 210 786 121 54 48 152 258 139 143 2,487 386 206 182 139 67 109 169 69 181 25 1,533 43 54 145 4,301 47 — 72 3 75 75 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 The following table presents the gains and losses included in net income (loss) from assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis and for which we have utilized significant unobservable (Level 3) inputs to determine fair value and the related income statement line item in which these gains and losses were presented for the years ended December 31: (Amounts in millions) 2018 2017 2016 Total realized and unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss): Net investment income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net investment gains (losses) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total gains (losses) included in net income (loss) attributable to assets still held: Net investment income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net investment gains (losses) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 8 (32) $(24) $ 9 (21) $(12) $26 63 $89 $22 29 $51 $ 44 (70) $(26) $ 30 (13) $ 17 The amount presented for unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) for available-for-sale securities represents impairments and accretion on certain fixed maturity securities. 319 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 The following table presents a summary of the significant unobservable inputs used for certain asset fair value measurements that are based on internal models and classified as Level 3 as of December 31, 2018: (Amounts in millions) Fixed maturity securities: U.S. corporate: Valuation technique Fair value Unobservable input Range Weighted-average Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Finance and insurance . . . . . Consumer—non-cyclical . . . Technology and communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Industrial . . . . . . . . . . . Capital goods . . . . . . Consumer—cyclical Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Internal models $ 621 Credit spreads 83bps - 325bps 99 Credit spreads 107bps - 315bps Internal models 528 Credit spreads 91bps - 286bps Internal models 73 Credit spreads 116bps - 218bps Internal models Internal models Internal models Internal models Internal models Internal models Internal models 50 Credit spreads 115bps - 315bps 39 Credit spreads 141bps - 268bps 92 Credit spreads 132bps - 289bps 197 Credit spreads 85bps - 258bps 51 Credit spreads 77bps - 258bps 149 Credit spreads 91bps - 153bps Total U.S. corporate . . . . . . Internal models $1,899 Credit spreads 77bps - 325bps Non-U.S. corporate: Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Finance and insurance . . . . . Consumer—non-cyclical . . . Technology and communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Industrial . . . . . . . . . . . Capital goods Consumer—cyclical . . . . . . Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Internal models $ 404 Credit spreads 87bps - 249bps 197 Credit spreads 132bps - 318bps Internal models 165 Credit spreads 85bps - 265bps Internal models 106 Credit spreads 77bps - 201bps Internal models Internal models Internal models Internal models Internal models Internal models Internal models 26 Credit spreads 159bps - 201bps 61 Credit spreads 133bps - 218bps 173 Credit spreads 107bps - 300bps 98 Credit spreads 105bps - 289bps 171 Credit spreads 107bps - 258bps 81 Credit spreads 118bps - 265bps Total non-U.S. corporate . . . Internal models $1,482 Credit spreads 77bps - 318bps 158bps 192bps 194bps 157bps 214bps 195bps 183bps 165bps 124bps 104bps 169bps 155bps 190bps 163bps 152bps 190bps 167bps 193bps 227bps 159bps 192bps 173bps Derivative assets: Equity index options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Discounted cash flows $ 39 Equity index volatility 6% - 34% 19% Certain classes of instruments classified as Level 3 are excluded above as a result of not being material or due to limitations in being able to obtain the underlying inputs used by certain third-party sources, such as broker quotes, used as an input in determining fair value. 320 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 The following tables set forth our liabilities by class of instrument that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31: (Amounts in millions) Liabilities Policyholder account balances: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GMWB embedded derivatives (1) Fixed index annuity embedded derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Indexed universal life embedded derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2018 Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 $337 $— $— $337 389 — 12 — 389 — 12 — Total policyholder account balances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 738 — — 738 Derivative liabilities: Interest rate swaps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign currency swaps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Equity return swaps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other foreign currency contracts 102 — 23 — 1 — 42 — 102 — 23 — 1 — 42 — Total derivative liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 — 168 — Total liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $906 $— $168 $738 (1) Represents embedded derivatives associated with our GMWB liabilities, excluding the impact of reinsurance. (Amounts in millions) Liabilities Policyholder account balances: GMWB embedded derivatives (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fixed index annuity embedded derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Indexed universal life embedded derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2017 Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 $250 $— $— $250 419 — 14 — 419 — 14 — Total policyholder account balances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683 — — 683 Derivative liabilities: Interest rate swaps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Equity return swaps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other foreign currency contracts 25 — 2 — 20 — Total derivative liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 — 25 — 2 — 20 — 47 — Total liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $730 $— $ 47 $683 (1) Represents embedded derivatives associated with our GMWB liabilities, excluding the impact of reinsurance. 321 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 The following tables present additional information about liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis and for which we have utilized significant unobservable (Level 3) inputs to determine fair value as of or for the dates indicated: Total realized and unrealized (gains) losses Included in net (income) loss Included in OCI Purchases Sales Issuances Settlements Transfer into Level 3 Transfer out of Level 3 Ending balance as of December 31, 2018 Beginning balance as of January 1, 2018 Total (gains) losses included in net (income) loss attributable to liabilities still held $250 $ 59 $— $— $— $ 28 $— $— $— $337 $ 61 419 (15) — 14 (13) — — — — — — 11 — — — — (15) 389 — 12 (15) (13) (Amounts in millions) Policyholder account balances: GMWB embedded derivatives (1) Fixed index annuity . . . . embedded derivatives . . . . . . Indexed universal life embedded derivatives . . . . . . Total policyholder account balances . . . . . . . . Total Level 3 liabilities . . $683 683 31 $ 31 — $— — — 39 $— $— $ 39 — $— — $— (15) $ (15) 738 $738 33 $ 33 (1) Represents embedded derivatives associated with our GMWB liabilities, excluding the impact of reinsurance. Total realized and unrealized (gains) losses Included in net (income) loss Included in OCI Purchases Sales Issuances Settlements Transfer into Level 3 Transfer out of Level 3 Ending balance as of December 31, 2017 Beginning balance as of January 1, 2017 Total (gains) losses included in net (income) loss attributable to liabilities still held $303 $ (82) $— $— $— $ 29 $— $— $— $250 $ (80) 344 84 — 11 (8) — — — — — (9) — 11 — — — — — 419 14 658 (6) — — — 40 (9) — — 683 84 (8) (4) (Amounts in millions) Policyholder account balances: GMWB embedded derivatives (1) Fixed index annuity . . . . embedded derivatives . . . . . . Indexed universal life embedded derivatives . . . . . . Total policyholder account balances . . . . . . . . Borrowings related to securitization entities (2) . . . . . . . . . . . 12 — Total Level 3 liabilities . . $670 $ (6) — $— — — — $— $— $ 40 (12) $ (21) — $— — $— — $683 — $ (4) (1) Represents embedded derivatives associated with our GMWB liabilities, excluding the impact of reinsurance. (2) See note 17 for additional information related to consolidated securitization entities. 322 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 Total realized and unrealized (gains) losses Included in net (income) loss Included in OCI Purchases Sales Issuances Settlements Transfer into Level 3 Transfer out of Level 3 Ending balance as of December 31, 2016 Beginning balance as of January 1, 2016 Total (gains) losses included in net (income) loss attributable to liabilities still held $352 $ (79) $— $— $— $ 30 $— $— $— $303 $ (73) 342 22 — 10 (10) — — — — — 10 11 (30) — — — 704 (67) — — — 51 (30) — — — — 344 11 22 (10) 658 (61) (Amounts in millions) Policyholder account balances: GMWB embedded derivatives (1) Fixed index annuity . . . . embedded derivatives . . . . . . Indexed universal life embedded derivatives . . . . . . Total policyholder account balances . . . . . . . . Derivative liabilities: Credit default swaps related to securitization entities (2) . . . . . . . Total derivative liabilities . . . . . . . . Borrowings related to securitization entities (2) . . . . . . . . . . . 14 14 81 (13) — (13) — — — — — 2 2 — — — — (3) (3) — — — — Total Level 3 liabilities . . $799 $(143) $— $— $— $ 53 $ (36) (63) — — — — (6) — $— — $ (3) 12 $670 1 $ (60) (1) Represents embedded derivatives associated with our GMWB liabilities, excluding the impact of reinsurance. (2) See note 17 for additional information related to consolidated securitization entities. The following table presents the gains and losses included in net (income) loss from liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis and for which we have utilized significant unobservable (Level 3) inputs to determine fair value and the related income statement line item in which these gains and losses were presented for the years ended December 31: (Amounts in millions) 2018 2017 2016 Total realized and unrealized (gains) losses included in net (income) loss: Net investment income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net investment (gains) losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $— 31 — $ 31 $— $ — (6) — (79) (64) $ (6) $(143) Total (gains) losses included in net (income) loss attributable to liabilities still held: Net investment income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net investment (gains) losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $— 33 $ 33 $— $ — (4) (60) $ (4) $ (60) 323 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 Purchases, sales, issuances and settlements represent the activity that occurred during the period that results in a change of the asset or liability but does not represent changes in fair value for the instruments held at the beginning of the period. Such activity primarily consists of purchases, sales and settlements of fixed maturity and equity securities and purchases, issuances and settlements of derivative instruments. Issuances presented for GMWB embedded derivative liabilities are characterized as the change in fair value associated with the product fees recognized that are attributed to the embedded derivative to equal the expected future benefit costs upon issuance. Issuances for fixed index annuity and indexed universal life embedded derivative liabilities represent the amount of the premium received that is attributed to the value of the embedded derivative. Settlements of embedded derivatives are characterized as the change in fair value upon exercising the embedded derivative instrument, effectively representing a settlement of the embedded derivative instrument. We have shown these changes in fair value separately based on the classification of this activity as effectively issuing and settling the embedded derivative instrument with all remaining changes in the fair value of these embedded derivative instruments being shown separately in the category labeled “included in net (income) loss” in the tables presented above. The following table presents a summary of the significant unobservable inputs used for certain liability fair value measurements that are based on internal models and classified as Level 3 as of December 31, 2018: (Amounts in millions) Valuation technique Fair value Unobservable input Range Weighted- average Policyholder account balances: GMWB embedded derivatives (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . Fixed index annuity embedded derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Indexed universal life embedded derivatives . . . . . Stochastic cash flow model Option budget method Option budget method $337 $389 $12 Withdrawal utilization rate Lapse rate Non-performance risk (credit spreads) Equity index volatility Expected future interest credited Expected future interest credited 43% - 87% 2% - 9% 68% 3% 25bps - 83bps 69bps 17% - 24% 21% —% - 3% 3% - 10% 1% 6% (1) Represents embedded derivatives associated with our GMWB liabilities, excluding the impact of reinsurance. (17) Variable Interest and Securitization Entities VIEs are generally entities that have either a total equity investment that is insufficient to permit the entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support or whose equity investors lack the characteristics of a controlling financial interest. We evaluate VIEs to determine whether we are the primary beneficiary and are required to consolidate the assets and liabilities of the entity. The determination of the primary beneficiary for a VIE can be complex and requires management judgment regarding the expected results of the entity and who directs the activities of the entity that most significantly impact the economic results of the VIE. 324 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 (a) Asset Securitizations We have used former affiliates and third-party entities to facilitate asset securitizations. Disclosure requirements related to off-balance sheet arrangements encompass a broader array of arrangements than those at risk for consolidation. These arrangements include transactions with term securitization entities, as well as transactions with conduits that are sponsored by third parties. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, we had $62 million and $107 million of total securitized assets required to be consolidated, respectively. We do not have any additional exposure or guarantees associated with these securitization entities. There has been no new asset securitization activity in 2018 or 2017. (b) Securitization and Variable Interest Entities Required To Be Consolidated For VIEs related to asset securitization transactions, as of December 31, 2018, we consolidate a securitization entity as a result of our involvement in the entity’s design or having certain decision making ability regarding the assets held by the securitization entity. This securitization entity was designed to have significant limitations on the types of assets owned, the types and extent of permitted activities and decision making rights. The securitization entity that is consolidated comprised an entity backed by commercial mortgage loans. Our primary economic interest in this securitization entity represents the excess interest of the commercial mortgage loans and the subordinated notes of the securitization entity. For VIEs related to certain investments, we previously consolidated three securitization entities as a result of having certain decision making rights related to instruments held by the entities. Upon consolidation, we elected the fair value option for the assets and liabilities for the securitization entities. During 2017, these three securitization entities were dissolved and the investments were repositioned, mostly into short-term investments in connection with the maturity of the associated liabilities. We previously consolidated a securitization entity backed by residual interests in certain policy loan securitization entities. Our primary economic interest in the policy loan securitization entity represented the excess interest received from the residual interest in certain policy loan securitization entities and the floating rate obligation issued by the securitization entity, where our economic interest was not expected to be material in any future years. Upon consolidation, we elected the fair value option for the assets and liabilities for the securitization entity. In June 2016, we amended and exercised a clean-up call on this securitization entity writing off our residual interest and settling the outstanding debt of $70 million. As a result of this transaction, we recorded $64 million of realized investment losses related to the write-off of our residual interest in those entities and a $64 million gain related to the early extinguishment of debt which was included in other income. There was no impact to net loss. In addition, the policy loan securitization entities in which we previously held a residual interest were not required to be consolidated in our balance sheets. 325 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 The following table shows the assets and liabilities that were recorded for the consolidated securitization entity as of December 31: (Amounts in millions) Assets Investments: 2018 2017 Restricted commercial mortgage loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 62 $107 Total investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 1 107 1 Total assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 63 $108 Liabilities Borrowings related to securitization entities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $— $— $ 40 $ 40 The assets and other instruments held by the securitization entity are restricted and can only be used to fulfill the obligations of the securitization entity. Additionally, the obligations of the securitization entity do not have any recourse to the general credit of any other consolidated subsidiaries. The following table shows the activity presented in our consolidated statement of income related to the consolidated securitization entities for the years ended December 31: (Amounts in millions) Revenues: Net investment income: 2018 2017 2016 Restricted commercial mortgage loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restricted other invested assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total net investment income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ — 7 7 Net investment gains (losses): Derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trading securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Borrowings related to securitization entities recorded at fair value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total net investment gains (losses) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expenses: Interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income before income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision (benefit) for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — — — — — 7 2 2 5 1 9 1 10 7 — — 7 — 17 6 6 11 (6) $ 10 3 13 8 (57) (1) (50) 64 27 7 7 20 7 Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 4 $ 17 $ 13 326 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 (c) Borrowings Related To A Consolidated Securitization Entity As of December 31, 2017, we had borrowings related to a securitization entity held by GFCM LLC with an interest rate of 5.7426%, a maturity date of 2035, a principal amount of $40 million and a carrying value of $40 million. These borrowings were required to be paid down as principal was collected on the restricted commercial mortgage loans held by the securitization entity and accordingly the repayment of these borrowings followed the maturity or prepayment, as permitted, of the restricted commercial mortgage loans. During 2018, all of the borrowings related to the securitization entity were repaid due to prepayments made on the related restricted commercial mortgage loans; therefore, as of December 31, 2018, there were no remaining principal or carrying amounts related to these borrowings. (18) Insurance Subsidiary Financial Information and Regulatory Matters Dividends Our insurance company subsidiaries are restricted by state and foreign laws and regulations as to the amount of dividends they may pay to their parent without regulatory approval in any year, the purpose of which is to protect affected insurance policyholders or contractholders, not stockholders. Any dividends in excess of limits are deemed “extraordinary” and require approval. Based on estimated statutory results as of December 31, 2018, in accordance with applicable dividend restrictions, our subsidiaries could pay dividends of approximately $500 million to us in 2019 without obtaining regulatory approval, and the remaining net assets are considered restricted. While the $500 million is unrestricted, our insurance subsidiaries may not pay dividends to us in 2019 at this level if they need to retain capital for growth and to meet capital requirements and desired thresholds. As of December 31, 2018, Genworth Financial’s and Genworth Holdings’ subsidiaries had restricted net assets of $12.1 billion and $11.2 billion, respectively. There are no regulatory restrictions on the ability of Genworth Financial to pay dividends. Our Board of Directors has suspended the payment of dividends on our common stock indefinitely. The declaration and payment of future dividends to holders of our common stock will be at the discretion of our Board of Directors and will be dependent on many factors including the receipt of dividends from our operating subsidiaries, our financial condition and operating results, the capital requirements of our subsidiaries, legal requirements, regulatory constraints, our debt obligations, our credit and financial strength ratings and such other factors as the Board of Directors deems relevant. Our domestic insurance subsidiaries paid dividends of $60 million (none of which were deemed “extraordinary”), $36 million (paid to our principal life insurance subsidiaries and none of which were deemed “extraordinary”) and $80 million (paid to our principal life insurance subsidiaries and none of which were deemed “extraordinary”) during 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Our international insurance subsidiaries paid dividends of $316 million, $301 million and $457 million during 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. U.S. domiciled insurance subsidiaries—statutory financial information Our U.S. domiciled insurance subsidiaries file financial statements with state insurance regulatory authorities and the NAIC that are prepared on an accounting basis either prescribed or permitted by such authorities. Statutory accounting practices differ from U.S. GAAP in several respects, causing differences in reported net income (loss) and stockholders’ equity. Permitted statutory accounting practices encompass all accounting practices not so prescribed but that have been specifically allowed by individual state insurance authorities. Our U.S. domiciled insurance subsidiaries have no material permitted accounting practices, except for River Lake Insurance Company VI (“River Lake VI”), River 327 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 Lake Insurance Company VII (“River Lake VII”), River Lake Insurance Company VIII (“River Lake VIII”), River Lake Insurance Company IX (“River Lake IX”) and River Lake Insurance Company X (“River Lake X”), together with River Lake VI, River Lake VII, River Lake VIII, River Lake IX and River Lake X, the “SPFCs”. The permitted practices of the SPFCs were an essential element of their design and were expressly included in their plans of operation and in the licensing orders issued by their domiciliary state regulators and without those permitted practices, these entities could be subject to regulatory action. Accordingly, we believe that the permitted practices will remain in effect for so long as we maintain the SPFCs. The permitted practices were as follows: • In 2018, River Lake VI was granted a permitted accounting practice from the State of Delaware to carry its reserves on a basis similar to U.S. GAAP. Prior to 2018, River Lake VI was granted a permitted accounting practice to carry its excess of loss reinsurance agreement with The Canada Life Assurance Company as an admitted asset. • River Lake VII and River Lake VIII were granted a permitted accounting practice from the State of Vermont to carry their reserves on a basis similar to U.S. GAAP. • In 2018, River Lake IX and X were granted a permitted accounting practice from the State of Vermont to carry their reserves on a basis similar to U.S. GAAP. Prior to 2018, River Lake IX and River Lake X were granted a permitted accounting practice to carry their excess of loss reinsurance agreements with The Canada Life Assurance Company and Hannover Life Reassurance Company Of America, respectively, as an admitted asset. The impact of these permitted practices on our combined U.S. domiciled life insurance subsidiaries’ statutory capital and surplus was zero as of December 31, 2018 and 2017. If permitted practices had not been used, no regulatory event would have been triggered. The tables below include the combined statutory net income (loss) and statutory capital and surplus for our U.S. domiciled insurance subsidiaries for the periods indicated: (Amounts in millions) Combined statutory net income (loss): Life insurance subsidiaries, excluding captive life Years ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 reinsurance subsidiaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mortgage insurance subsidiaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (895) 697 $(272) 512 $(365) 448 Combined statutory net income, excluding captive reinsurance subsidiaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Captive life insurance subsidiaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (198) 1,520 240 (36) 83 (403) Combined statutory net income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,322 $ 204 $(320) (Amounts in millions) Combined statutory capital and surplus: Life insurance subsidiaries, excluding captive life As of December 31, 2018 2017 reinsurance subsidiaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mortgage insurance subsidiaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,880 3,206 $2,776 2,772 Combined statutory capital and surplus . . . . . . . . . . $5,086 $5,548 328 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 The statutory net income (loss) from our captive life reinsurance subsidiaries relates to the reinsurance of term and universal life insurance statutory reserves assumed from our U.S. domiciled life insurance companies. These reserves are, in turn, funded through the issuance of surplus notes (non-recourse funding obligations) to third parties or secured by excess of loss reinsurance treaties with third parties. Accordingly, the life insurance subsidiaries’ combined statutory net income (loss) and distributable income (loss) are not affected by the statutory net income (loss) of the captives, except to the extent dividends are received from the captives. The combined statutory capital and surplus of our life insurance subsidiaries does not include the capital and surplus of our captive life reinsurance subsidiaries of $217 million and $245 million as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Capital and surplus of our captive life reinsurance subsidiaries included surplus notes (non-recourse funding obligations) of Rivermont I as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, as further described in note 12. The NAIC has adopted RBC requirements to evaluate the adequacy of statutory capital and surplus in relation to risks associated with: (i) asset risk; (ii) insurance risk; (iii) interest rate and equity market risk; and (iv) business risk. The RBC formula is designated as an early warning tool for the states to identify possible undercapitalized companies for the purpose of initiating regulatory action. In the course of operations, we periodically monitor the RBC level of each of our life insurance subsidiaries. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, each of our life insurance subsidiaries exceeded the minimum required RBC levels in their respective domiciliary state. The consolidated RBC ratio of our U.S. domiciled life insurance subsidiaries was approximately 199% and 282% as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. During 2018 and 2017, we established $120 million and $284 million, respectively, of additional statutory reserves resulting from updates to our universal and term universal life insurance products with secondary guarantees in our Virginia and Delaware licensed life insurance subsidiaries. In the second quarter of 2017, the New York State Department of Financial Services (“NYDFS”) required GLICNY, our New York insurance subsidiary, to record an additional $58 million of statutory reserves related to the 2016 asset adequacy analysis. As a result of its year end 2017 asset adequacy analysis, GLICNY recorded an additional $188 million of statutory reserves in the fourth quarter of 2017. Following its recording of the additional statutory reserves in the fourth quarter of 2017, GLICNY had a remaining asset adequacy deficit of approximately $302 million, which was previously agreed with the NYDFS to phase in over a two-year period. During 2018, the NYDFS approved a previously filed in-force rate increase. Therefore, we incorporated this approved in-force rate increase along with other assumption and methodology updates into GLICNY’s 2018 asset adequacy testing. As a result, no incremental additional asset adequacy analysis reserves were recorded for the year ended December 31, 2018. The NYDFS currently does not allow in-force rate increases for long-term care insurance business to be used in asset adequacy analysis until such increases have been approved. For regulatory purposes, our U.S. mortgage insurers are required to establish a special statutory contingency reserve. Annual additions to the statutory contingency reserve must equal 50% of net earned premiums, as defined by state insurance laws. These contingency reserves generally are held until the earlier of (i) the time that loss ratios exceed 35% or (ii) 10 years. However, approval by the North Carolina Department of Insurance (“NCDOI”) is required for contingency reserve releases when loss ratios exceed 35%. The statutory contingency reserve for our U.S. mortgage insurers was approximately $1.6 billion and $1.2 billion, respectively, as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 and was included in the table above containing combined statutory capital and surplus balances. Mortgage insurers are not subject to the NAIC’s RBC requirements but certain states and other regulators impose another form of capital requirement on mortgage insurers requiring maintenance of a risk-to-capital ratio 329 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 not to exceed 25:1. Fifteen other states maintain similar risk-to-capital requirements. As of December 31, 2018, Genworth Mortgage Insurance Corporation’s (“GMICO”) risk-to-capital ratio under the current regulatory framework as established under North Carolina law and enforced by the NCDOI, GMICO’s domestic insurance regulator, was approximately 12.5:1, compared with a risk-to-capital ratio of approximately 12.9:1 as of December 31, 2017. Each government-sponsored enterprise (“GSE”) must meet the private mortgage insurer eligibility requirements (“PMIERs”) in order to remain eligible. Each approved mortgage insurer is required to provide the GSEs with an annual certification and a quarterly report as to its compliance with PMIERs. We have met all PMIERs reporting requirements as required by the GSEs. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, we estimate our U.S. mortgage insurance business had available assets of approximately 129% and 121%, respectively, of the required assets under PMIERs. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the PMIERs sufficiency ratios were in excess of approximately $750 million and $550 million, respectively, of available assets above the PMIERs requirements. Reinsurance transactions provided an aggregate of approximately $515 million of PMIERs capital credit as of December 31, 2018. In addition, the GSEs published revisions to PMIERs, referred to as PMIERs 2.0, on September 27, 2018 with an effective date of March 31, 2019. We estimate that if PMIERs 2.0 had been effective as of December 31, 2018, our sufficiency ratio would have been approximately 120%, or more than $550 million of available assets above the PMIERs 2.0 requirements. This difference is primarily due to the elimination of any credit for future premiums in PMIERs 2.0 that had previously been allowed on insurance policies written in 2008 or earlier. International insurance subsidiaries—statutory financial information Our international insurance subsidiaries also prepare financial statements in accordance with local regulatory requirements. Our international insurance subsidiaries do not have any material accounting practices that differ from local regulatory requirements. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, combined local statutory capital and surplus of our international insurance subsidiaries was $4.6 billion and $5.0 billion, respectively. Combined local statutory net income (loss) included in continuing operations for our international insurance subsidiaries was $421 million, $548 million and $536 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The regulatory authorities in these international jurisdictions generally establish supervisory solvency requirements. Our international insurance subsidiaries had combined surplus levels that exceeded local solvency requirements by $854 million and $988 million as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Certain of our insurance subsidiaries have securities on deposit with various state or foreign government insurance departments in order to comply with relevant insurance regulations. See note 4(d) for additional information related to these deposits. Additionally, under the terms of certain reinsurance agreements that our life insurance subsidiaries have with external parties, we pledged assets in either separate portfolios or in trust for the benefit of external reinsurers. These assets support the reserves ceded to those external reinsurers. See note 8 for additional information related to these pledged assets under reinsurance agreements. Certain of our U.S. life insurance subsidiaries are also members of regional FHLBs and the FHLBs have been granted a lien on certain of our invested assets to collateralize our obligations. See note 9 for additional information related to these pledged assets with the FHLBs. Guarantees of obligations In addition to the guarantees discussed in notes 17 and 21, we have provided guarantees to third parties for the performance of certain obligations of our subsidiaries. We estimate that our potential obligations under such 330 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 guarantees, other than the Rivermont I guarantee, was $6 million as of December 31, 2018 and 2017. Genworth Financial and Genworth Holdings have a joint and several guarantee with Rivermont I, in that, if Rivermont I does not generate sufficient interest income from assumed deposit-type insurance contracts to cover fixed interest payments, Genworth Financial and/or Genworth Holdings will cover the shortfall. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the restricted cash balance associated with this guarantee was $16 million and $4 million, respectively. Genworth Holdings provides capital support of up to $175 million, subject to adjustments, to one of its insurance subsidiaries to fund claims to support its mortgage insurance business in Mexico. We believe this insurance subsidiary has adequate reserves to cover its underlying obligations. Genworth Holdings also provided an unlimited guarantee for the benefit of policyholders for the payment of valid claims by our European mortgage insurance subsidiary prior to its sale in May 2016. Following the sale of this U.K. subsidiary to AmTrust Financial Services, Inc., the guarantee is now limited to the payment of valid claims on policies in-force prior to the sale date and those written approximately 90 days subsequent to the date of the sale, and AmTrust Financial Services, Inc. has agreed to provide us with a limited indemnification in the event there is any exposure under the guarantee. As of December 31, 2018, the risk in-force of the business subject to the guarantee was approximately $1.5 billion. (19) Segment Information (a) Operating Segment Information We have the following five operating business segments: U.S. Mortgage Insurance; Canada Mortgage Insurance; Australia Mortgage Insurance; U.S. Life Insurance (which includes our long-term care insurance, life insurance and fixed annuities businesses); and Runoff (which includes the results of non-strategic products which have not been actively sold). In addition to our five operating business segments, we also have Corporate and Other activities which include debt financing expenses that are incurred at the Genworth Holdings level, unallocated corporate income and expenses, eliminations of inter-segment transactions and the results of other businesses that are managed outside of our operating segments, including certain smaller international mortgage insurance businesses and discontinued operations. On December 22, 2017, the TCJA was signed into law. The TCJA reduced the U.S. corporate federal income tax rate to 21% effective for taxable years beginning on January 1, 2018 and migrated the worldwide tax system to a territorial international tax system. Therefore, beginning on January 1, 2018 we taxed our international businesses at their local statutory tax rates and our domestic businesses at the new enacted tax rate of 21%. We allocate our consolidated provision for income taxes to our operating segments. Our allocation methodology applies a specific tax rate to the pre-tax income (loss) of each segment, which is then adjusted in each segment to reflect the tax attributes of items unique to that segment such as foreign income. The difference between the consolidated provision for income taxes and the sum of the provision for income taxes in each segment is reflected in Corporate and Other activities. We use the same accounting policies and procedures to measure segment income (loss) and assets as our consolidated net income (loss) and assets. Our chief operating decision maker evaluates segment performance and allocates resources on the basis of “adjusted operating income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders.” We define adjusted operating income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders as income (loss) from continuing operations excluding the after-tax effects of income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests, net investment gains (losses), goodwill impairments, gains (losses) on the 331 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 sale of businesses, gains (losses) on the early extinguishment of debt, gains (losses) on insurance block transactions, restructuring costs and infrequent or unusual non-operating items. Gains (losses) on insurance block transactions are defined as gains (losses) on the early extinguishment of non-recourse funding obligations, early termination fees for other financing restructuring and/or resulting gains (losses) on reinsurance restructuring for certain blocks of business. We exclude net investment gains (losses) and infrequent or unusual non-operating items because we do not consider them to be related to the operating performance of our segments and Corporate and Other activities. A component of our net investment gains (losses) is the result of impairments, the size and timing of which can vary significantly depending on market credit cycles. In addition, the size and timing of other investment gains (losses) can be subject to our discretion and are influenced by market opportunities, as well as asset-liability matching considerations. Goodwill impairments, gains (losses) on the sale of businesses, gains (losses) on the early extinguishment of debt, gains (losses) on insurance block transactions and restructuring costs are also excluded from adjusted operating income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders because, in our opinion, they are not indicative of overall operating trends. Infrequent or unusual non-operating items are also excluded from adjusted operating income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders if, in our opinion, they are not indicative of overall operating trends. While some of these items may be significant components of net income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders in accordance with U.S. GAAP, we believe that adjusted operating income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders, and measures that are derived from or incorporate adjusted operating income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders, are appropriate measures that are useful to investors because they identify the income (loss) attributable to the ongoing operations of the business. Management also uses adjusted operating income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders as a basis for determining awards and compensation for senior management and to evaluate performance on a basis comparable to that used by analysts. However, the items excluded from adjusted operating income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders have occurred in the past and could, and in some cases will, recur in the future. Adjusted operating income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders is not a substitute for net income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders determined in accordance with U.S. GAAP. In addition, our definition of adjusted operating income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders may differ from the definitions used by other companies. Beginning in the first quarter of 2018, we assumed a tax rate of 21% on certain adjustments to reconcile net income available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders and adjusted operating income available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders (unless otherwise indicated). In 2017 and 2016, we assumed a tax rate of 35%, the previous U.S. corporate federal income tax rate prior to the enactment of the TCJA, on certain adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders and adjusted operating income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders. These adjustments are also net of the portion attributable to noncontrolling interests and net investment gains (losses) are adjusted for DAC and other intangible amortization and certain benefit reserves. In 2018, 2017 and 2016, we recorded a pre-tax expense of $2 million, $2 million and $22 million, respectively, related to restructuring costs as part of an expense reduction plan as we continue to evaluate and appropriately size our organizational needs and expenses. In 2016, we completed the sale of our term life insurance new business platform and recorded a pre-tax gain of $12 million and we also completed the sale of our mortgage insurance business in Europe and recorded an additional pre-tax loss of $9 million. We had early extinguishment of debt consisting of a $64 million pre-tax 332 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 gain from the settlement of restricted borrowings related to a securitization entity, a pre-tax make-whole expense of $20 million related to the early redemption of Genworth Holdings’ 2016 notes and we repurchased $28 million principal amount of Genworth Holdings’ notes with various maturity dates for a pre-tax gain of $4 million. We completed a life block transaction resulting in a pre-tax loss of $9 million in connection with the early extinguishment of non-recourse funding obligations. There were no infrequent or unusual items excluded from adjusted operating income (loss) during the periods presented other than the following items. In 2018 and 2016, we incurred fees related to Genworth Holdings’ bond consent solicitation of $6 million and $18 million, respectively, for broker, advisor and investment banking fees. The following is a summary of our segments and Corporate and Other activities as of or for the years ended December 31: 2018 U.S. Mortgage Insurance Canada Mortgage Insurance Australia Mortgage Insurance U.S. Life Insurance Runoff Corporate and Other Total (Amounts in millions) Premiums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 746 93 Net investment income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — Net investment gains (losses) . . . . . . . . . . . . Policy fees and other income . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 $ 525 138 (137) — $ 373 $ 2,867 $ — $ 2,781 29 641 174 (33) 153 67 (15) 2 Total revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 841 526 427 6,318 294 $ 8 9 10 (3) 24 4,519 3,262 (146) 795 8,430 Benefits and other changes in policy reserves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest credited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquisition and operating expenses, net of 36 — deferrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 Amortization of deferred acquisition costs and intangibles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total benefits and expenses . . . . . . . . . . Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision (benefit) for income taxes . . . . . . . Income (loss) from continuing operations . . Loss from discontinued operations, net of taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income (loss) Less: net income attributable to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 — 219 622 132 490 — 490 noncontrolling interests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — Net income (loss) available to Genworth 110 — 5,416 461 5 39 150 — 78 — 70 43 18 65 43 9 584 257 16 209 227 6,734 (416) (68) (348) 317 84 233 — 233 108 200 60 140 — 140 70 57 52 33 — 279 15 2 13 1 256 314 (290) (59) (231) — — — (348) 13 (231) — — — 5,684 611 997 391 299 7,982 448 151 297 — 297 178 Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders . . . $ 490 $ 125 $ 70 $ (348) $ 13 $(231) $ 119 Total assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $3,583 $5,038 $2,534 $79,799 $ 9,963 $ 6 $100,923 333 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 2017 U.S. Mortgage Insurance Canada Mortgage Insurance Australia Mortgage Insurance U.S. Life Insurance Runoff Corporate and Other Total (Amounts in millions) Premiums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 695 Net investment income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Net investment gains (losses) . . . . . . . . . . . . Policy fees and other income . . . . . . . . . . . . — 4 $ 519 132 128 1 $ (140) $ 2,922 $ — $ 2,755 134 660 75 25 — 160 16 163 8 $ 5 (38) (2) Total revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 772 780 (40) 6,471 339 (27) Benefits and other changes in policy reserves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest credited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquisition and operating expenses, net of 107 — deferrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Amortization of deferred acquisition costs and intangibles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total benefits and expenses . . . . . . . . . Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision (benefit) for income taxes . . . . . . Income (loss) from continuing 14 — 286 486 175 operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 394 (159) Loss from discontinued operations, net of taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less: net income (loss) attributable to — 311 noncontrolling interests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — — 394 190 Net income (loss) available to Genworth 54 — 80 43 18 109 — 4,880 506 67 24 9 572 328 13 26 140 61 24 2 195 209 6,299 253 585 191 (249) (90) 172 60 112 — 112 — (159) (80) — 86 25 61 — 61 — 4,004 3,200 265 826 8,295 5,179 646 3 — 77 1,022 2 242 324 435 284 7,566 (351) (568) 729 (207) 217 (9) 208 — 936 (9) 927 110 Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders . . $ 311 $ 204 $ (79) $ 112 $ 61 $ 208 $ 817 Total assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $3,273 $5,534 $2,973 $81,295 $10,907 $1,315 $105,297 334 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 2016 U.S. Mortgage Insurance Canada Mortgage Insurance Australia Mortgage Insurance U.S. Life Insurance Runoff Corporate and Other Total (Amounts in millions) Premiums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net investment income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net investment gains (losses) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Policy fees and other income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Benefits and other changes in policy reserves . . . Interest credited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — Acquisition and operating expenses, net of $660 63 (1) 4 726 160 deferrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 Amortization of deferred acquisition costs and intangibles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — 339 Total benefits and expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision (benefit) for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . Income (loss) from continuing operations . . . . . . Loss from discontinued operations, net of 387 138 249 taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — 249 Net income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less: net income attributable to noncontrolling interests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — Net income (loss) available to Genworth $481 126 37 1 645 104 — 77 39 18 238 407 113 294 — 294 135 $337 94 9 — 440 113 — 96 14 10 233 207 67 140 — 140 75 $2,670 2,726 128 726 6,250 4,822 565 $— $ 12 3 (87) 78 6 4 147 (14) 169 302 42 131 — $4,160 3,159 72 978 8,369 5,245 696 648 68 217 1,273 403 38 6,476 (226) (80) (146) — (146) 29 1 271 31 6 25 — 25 1 270 492 498 337 8,049 (486) 114 (600) (29) (629) 320 358 (38) (29) (67) 210 — — — Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders . . . . . . $249 $159 $ 65 $ (146) $ 25 $(629) $ (277) (b) Revenues of Major Product Groups The following is a summary of revenues of major product groups for our segments and Corporate and Other activities for the years ended December 31: (Amounts in millions) 2018 2017 2016 Revenues: U.S. Mortgage Insurance segment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Canada Mortgage Insurance segment Australia Mortgage Insurance segment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . U.S. Life Insurance segment: Long-term care insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Life insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fixed annuities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Runoff segment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corporate and Other activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . U.S. Life Insurance segment $ 841 526 427 $ 772 780 (40) $ 726 645 440 4,197 1,430 691 6,318 294 24 $8,430 4,062 1,591 818 6,471 339 (27) $8,295 4,037 1,381 832 6,250 302 6 $8,369 335 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 (c) Reconciliations The following tables present the reconciliation of net income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders to adjusted operating income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders for our segments and Corporate and Other activities and a summary of adjusted operating income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders for our segments and Corporate and Other activities for the years ended December 31: 2018 (Amounts in millions) $119 Net income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders . . . . . . . 178 Add: net income attributable to noncontrolling interests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 Loss from discontinued operations, net of taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — 297 Income (loss) from continuing operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less: income from continuing operations attributable to noncontrolling interests . . . . . . . 178 Income (loss) from continuing operations available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 Adjustments to income (loss) from continuing operations available to Genworth 2017 $ 817 110 927 (9) 936 110 2016 $(277) 210 (67) (29) (38) 210 826 (248) Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Net investment (gains) losses, net (1) (Gains) losses from sale of businesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — (Gains) losses on early extinguishment of debt, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — Losses from life block transactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — Expenses related to restructuring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fees associated with bond consent solicitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Taxes on adjustments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adjusted operating income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common (16) (202) — — — (66) (3) (48) 9 22 18 2 6 — 2 70 — stockholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $179 $ 696 $(316) (1) For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, net investment (gains) losses were adjusted for DAC and other intangible amortization and certain benefit reserves of $(12) million, $(3) million and $(14) million, respectively, and adjusted for net investment gains (losses) attributable to noncontrolling interests of $(66) million, $66 million and $20 million, respectively. (Amounts in millions) Adjusted operating income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common 2018 2017 2016 stockholders: U.S. Mortgage Insurance segment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Canada Mortgage Insurance segment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Australia Mortgage Insurance segment U.S. Life Insurance segment: Long-term care insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Life insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fixed annuities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . U.S. Life Insurance segment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Runoff segment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corporate and Other activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adjusted operating income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 490 187 76 $311 157 (88) $ 250 146 62 (348) (107) 79 (376) 35 (233) 59 (79) 42 22 51 243 (200) (83) 68 (215) 28 (587) $ 179 $696 $(316) 336 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 (d) Geographic Segment Information We conduct our operations in the following geographic regions: (1) United States (2) Canada (3) Australia and (4) Other Countries. The following is a summary of geographic region activity as of or for the years ended December 31: 2018 (Amounts in millions) United States Canada Australia Other Countries Total International Total revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 7,468 $ 526 $ 427 $ 9 Income (loss) from continuing operations . . . . . . $ (72) $ 233 $ 140 Net income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (72) $ 233 $ 140 $ (4) $ (4) $ 962 $ 369 $ 369 Total 8,430 297 297 $ $ $ Total assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $93,296 $5,038 $2,534 $ 55 $7,627 $100,923 2017 (Amounts in millions) United States Canada Australia Other Countries Total International Total revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 7,546 $ 780 $ (40) $ 9 Income (loss) from continuing operations . . . . . . $ 704 $ 394 $ (159) $ (3) Net income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 695 $ 394 $ (159) $ (3) $ 749 $ 232 $ 232 Total 8,295 936 927 $ $ $ Total assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $96,740 $5,534 $2,973 $ 50 $8,557 $105,297 2016 (Amounts in millions) United States Canada Australia Other Countries Total International Total revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 7,270 $ 645 $ 440 $ 14 Income (loss) from continuing operations . . . . . . $ (447) $ 294 $ 140 Net income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (494) $ 294 $ 140 $(25) $ (7) $1,099 $ 409 $ 427 Total 8,369 (38) (67) $ $ $ 337 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 (20) Quarterly Results of Operations (unaudited) Our unaudited quarterly results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2018 are summarized in the table below. (Amounts in millions, except per share amounts) Three months ended March 31, 2018 June 30, 2018 September 30, 2018 December 31, 2018 Total revenues (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2,115 $2,159 Total benefits and expenses (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,887 $1,799 Income (loss) from continuing operations (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 165 $ 249 Loss from discontinued operations, net of taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ — $ — Net income (loss) (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 165 $ 249 Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests (4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 53 $ 59 $2,143 $1,870 $ 210 $ — $ 210 $ 64 $2,013 $2,426 $ (327) $ — $ (327) $ 2 Net income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 112 $ 190 $ 146 $ (329) Income (loss) from continuing operations available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders per share: Basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 0.22 $ 0.38 Diluted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 0.22 $ 0.38 Net income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders per share: Basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 0.22 $ 0.38 Diluted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 0.22 $ 0.38 Weighted-average common shares outstanding: Basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diluted (5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499.6 502.7 500.6 502.6 $ 0.29 $ 0.29 $ 0.29 $ 0.29 500.7 503.3 $ (0.66) $ (0.66) $ (0.66) $ (0.66) 500.8 500.8 (1) Includes net investment losses of $114 million in the fourth quarter of 2018 primarily from our Canada Mortgage Insurance segment. These losses were primarily related to derivative losses on foreign currency swaps and forwards, and losses on preferred equity securities primarily driven by a decrease in interest rates in Canada during the fourth quarter of 2018. (2) Our long-term care insurance business completed its annual review of claim reserves in the fourth quarter of 2018, which resulted in higher total benefits and expenses of $291 million driven mostly by updates to several assumptions and methodologies, including benefit utilization rates, claim termination rates and other assumptions. Also in our long-term care insurance business, we refined our estimate of unreported policy terminations, which resulted in an unfavorable reserve adjustment of $36 million in 2018. Our life insurance business completed its annual review of assumptions in the fourth quarter of 2018, which resulted in higher total benefits and expenses of $108 million in our universal and term universal life insurance products driven mostly by lower expected growth in interest rates and emerging mortality experience primarily in our term universal life insurance product. In the fourth quarter of 2018, our long-term care insurance business recorded a $230 million unfavorable adjustment, net of taxes, related to its annual review of claim reserves, as described above. In addition, our long-term care insurance business recorded a $28 million unfavorable reserve adjustment, net of taxes, related to a refined estimate of unreported policy terminations. Our life insurance business recorded an unfavorable adjustment, net of taxes, of $91 million resulting from its annual review of assumptions, as described above. Our Canada mortgage insurance business recorded net investment losses, net of taxes, of $107 million, as described above. (3) (4) Our Canada mortgage insurance business recorded net investment losses, net of taxes, of $107 million, as described above, of which the amount attributable to noncontrolling interests was $45 million, net of taxes. (5) Under applicable accounting guidance, companies in a loss position are required to use basic weighted-average common shares outstanding in the calculation of diluted loss per share. Therefore, as a result of our loss from continuing operations available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders for the three months ended December 31, 2018, we were required to use basic weighted-average common shares outstanding in the calculation of diluted loss per share for the three months ended December 31, 2018, as the inclusion of shares for stock options, RSUs and SARs of 7.6 million would have been antidilutive to the calculation. If we had not incurred a loss from continuing operations available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders for the three months ended December 31, 2018, dilutive potential weighted-average common shares outstanding would have been 508.4 million. 338 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 Our unaudited quarterly results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2017 are summarized in the table below. (Amounts in millions, except per share amounts) Three months ended March 31, 2017 June 30, 2017 September 30, 2017 December 31, 2017 Total revenues (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2,171 $2,223 Total benefits and expenses (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,839 $1,822 Income from continuing operations (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 216 $ 271 Loss from discontinued operations, net of taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ — $ — Net income (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 216 $ 271 Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests (4) . . . . . . . . . $ 61 $ 69 $2,215 $1,929 $ 184 $ (9) $ 175 $ 68 $1,686 $1,976 $ 265 $ — $ 265 $ (88) Net income available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 155 $ 202 $ 107 $ 353 Income from continuing operations available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders per share: Basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 0.31 $ 0.40 Diluted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 0.31 $ 0.40 Net income available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders per share: Basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 0.31 $ 0.40 Diluted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 0.31 $ 0.40 Weighted-average common shares outstanding: Basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diluted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498.6 501.0 499.0 501.2 $ 0.23 $ 0.23 $ 0.21 $ 0.21 499.1 501.6 $ 0.71 $ 0.70 $ 0.71 $ 0.70 499.2 502.1 (1) Our Australian mortgage insurance business completed a review of its premium earnings pattern in the fourth quarter of 2017 and recorded $468 million of lower earned premiums. The review indicated an observed and expected continuation of a longer duration between policy inception and first loss event. (3) (2) Our life insurance business completed its annual review of assumptions in the fourth quarter of 2017, which resulted in higher total benefits and expenses of $117 million in our universal and term universal life insurance products driven mostly by emerging mortality experience and from prolonged low interest rates. In addition, we recorded lower total benefits and expenses of $18 million in our Australian mortgage insurance business associated with changes to their premium earnings pattern, as described above. In the fourth quarter of 2017, we recorded $456 million of net tax benefits primarily from changes in U.S. tax legislation under the TCJA and other items. These tax benefits were mostly related to a $258 million release of a valuation allowance recorded in 2016, the impact from changes in the federal tax rate and the release of shareholder liability taxes, partially offset by higher transition taxes. Our valuation allowance was reduced by $258 million principally related to the TCJA and from improvements in business performance, mostly in our U.S. mortgage insurance business, as well as lower operating earnings volatility in our U.S. life insurance businesses. Our Australian mortgage insurance business completed a review of the premium earnings pattern, as described above, which resulted in an unfavorable adjustment of $152 million, net of taxes and noncontrolling interests. A portion of this loss, $11 million, was recorded in Corporate and Other activities in connection with our allocation methodology for income taxes. We also completed our annual review of assumptions in our life insurance business in the fourth quarter of 2017, as described above, which resulted in a $74 million unfavorable adjustment, net of taxes, in our universal and term universal life insurance products. (4) We completed a review of the premium earnings pattern in our Australian mortgage insurance business, as described above, which resulted in an unfavorable adjustment to net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests of $151 million. 339 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 (21) Commitments and Contingencies (a) Litigation and Regulatory Matters We face the risk of litigation and regulatory investigations and actions in the ordinary course of operating our businesses, including the risk of class action lawsuits. Our pending legal and regulatory actions include proceedings specific to us and others generally applicable to business practices in the industries in which we operate. In our insurance operations, we are, have been, or may become subject to class actions and individual suits alleging, among other things, issues relating to sales or underwriting practices, increases to in-force long- term care insurance premiums, payment of contingent or other sales commissions, claims payments and procedures, product design, product disclosure, product administration, additional premium charges for premiums paid on a periodic basis, denial or delay of benefits, charging excessive or impermissible fees on products, recommending unsuitable products to customers, our pricing structures and business practices in our mortgage insurance businesses, such as captive reinsurance arrangements with lenders and contract underwriting services, violations of the Real Estate Settlement and Procedures Act of 1974 or related state anti-inducement laws, and mortgage insurance policy rescissions and curtailments, and breaching fiduciary or other duties to customers, including but not limited to breach of customer information. Plaintiffs in class action and other lawsuits against us may seek very large or indeterminate amounts which may remain unknown for substantial periods of time. In our investment-related operations, we are subject to litigation involving commercial disputes with counterparties. We are also subject to litigation arising out of our general business activities such as our contractual and employment relationships, post-closing obligations associated with previous dispositions and securities lawsuits. In addition, we are also subject to various regulatory inquiries, such as information requests, subpoenas, books and record examinations and market conduct and financial examinations from state, federal and international regulators and other authorities. A substantial legal liability or a significant regulatory action against us could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Moreover, even if we ultimately prevail in the litigation, regulatory action or investigation, we could suffer significant reputational harm, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. In January 2016, Genworth Financial, Inc., its current chief executive officer, its former chief executive officer, its former chief financial officer and current and former members of its board of directors were named in a shareholder derivative suit filed by International Union of Operating Engineers Local No. 478 Pension Fund, Richard L. Salberg and David Pinkoski in the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware. The case was captioned Int’l Union of Operating Engineers Local No. 478 Pension Fund, et al v. McInerney, et al. In February 2016, Genworth Financial, Inc., its current chief executive officer, its former chief executive officer, its former chief financial officer and current and former members of its board of directors were named in a second shareholder derivative suit filed by Martin Cohen in the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware. The case was captioned Cohen v. McInerney, et al. On February 23, 2016, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware consolidated these derivative suits under the caption Genworth Financial, Inc. Consolidated Derivative Litigation. On March 28, 2016, plaintiffs in the consolidated action filed an amended complaint. The amended complaint alleges breaches of fiduciary duties concerning Genworth’s long-term care insurance reserves and concerning Genworth’s Australian mortgage insurance business, including our plans for an IPO of the business and seeks unspecified damages, costs, attorneys’ fees and such equitable relief as the court may deem proper. The amended consolidated complaint also adds Genworth’s current chief financial officer as a defendant, based on the current chief financial officer’s alleged conduct in her former capacity as Genworth’s controller and principal accounting officer. We moved to dismiss the consolidated action on May 27, 2016. Thereafter, plaintiffs filed a substantially similar second amended complaint which we moved to dismiss on September 16, 340 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 2016. The motion is fully briefed and awaiting disposition by the court. The action is stayed pending the completion of the proposed China Oceanwide transaction. In October 2016, Genworth Financial, Inc., its current chief executive officer, its former chief executive officer, its current chief financial officer, its former chief financial officer and current and former members of its board of directors were named in a shareholder derivative suit filed by Esther Chopp in the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware. The case is captioned Chopp v. McInerney, et al. The complaint alleges that Genworth’s board of directors wrongfully refused plaintiff’s demand to commence litigation on behalf of Genworth and asserts claims for breaches of fiduciary duties, waste, contribution and indemnification, and unjust enrichment concerning Genworth’s long-term care insurance reserves and concerning Genworth’s Australian mortgage insurance business, including our plans for an IPO of the business, and seeks unspecified damages, costs, attorneys’ fees and such equitable relief as the court may deem proper. We filed a motion to dismiss on November 14, 2016. The action is stayed pending the completion of the proposed China Oceanwide transaction. In January 2017, two putative stockholder class action lawsuits, captioned Rice v. Genworth Financial Incorporated, et al, and James v. Genworth Financial, Inc. et al, were filed in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, Richmond Division, against Genworth and its board of directors. A third putative stockholder class action lawsuit captioned Rosenfeld Family Trust v. Genworth Financial, Inc. et al, was filed in the United States District Court for the District of Delaware against Genworth and its board of directors. In February 2017, a fourth putative class action lawsuit captioned Chopp v. Genworth Financial, Inc. et al, was filed in the United States District Court for the District of Delaware against Genworth and its board of directors and a fifth putative class action lawsuit captioned Ratliff v. Genworth Financial, Inc. et al, was filed in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, Richmond Division, against Genworth and its board of directors. The complaints in all five actions allege, among other things, that the preliminary proxy statement filed by Genworth with the SEC on December 21, 2016 contains false and/or materially misleading statements and/or omits material information. The complaints assert claims under Sections 14(a) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, and seek equitable relief, including declaratory and injunctive relief, and an award of attorneys’ fees and expenses. On February 2, 2017, the plaintiff in Rice filed a motion for a preliminary injunction to enjoin the transaction described in the preliminary proxy. On February 10, 2017, defendants filed an opposition to the preliminary injunction motion in the Rice action. Also on February 10, 2017, the plaintiff in Rosenfeld Family Trust filed a motion for a preliminary injunction to enjoin the transaction described in the preliminary proxy. On February 14, 2017, defendants filed a motion to transfer the Rosenfeld Family Trust action to the Eastern District of Virginia. On February 15, 2017, defendants filed a motion to transfer the Chopp action to the Eastern District of Virginia. On February 21, 2017, the parties to the Eastern District of Virginia actions (Rice, James and Ratliff) reached an agreement in principle to resolve the pending preliminary injunction motion in the Eastern District of Virginia through additional disclosure prior to the March 7, 2017 stockholder vote on the proposed merger transaction. On February 22, 2017, the plaintiffs in the Eastern District of Virginia withdrew their preliminary injunction motion in consideration of the agreed disclosures to be filed in a Form 8-K by February 24, 2017. Also on February 22, 2017, the court in the District of Delaware suspended briefing on the motion for preliminary injunction in the Rosenfeld Family Trust action and entered an order transferring the Rosenfeld Family Trust and Chopp actions to the Eastern District of Virginia. On February 23, 2017, the court in the Eastern District of Virginia set the Rosenfeld Family Trust preliminary injunction motion for a hearing on March 1, 2017. On February 26, 2017, defendants filed an opposition to the preliminary injunction motion in the Rosenfeld Family Trust action. On February 27, 2017, the parties in the Rosenfeld Family Trust action reached an agreement in principle to resolve the pending preliminary injunction motion in the Rosenfeld Family Trust action through additional disclosure prior to the March 7, 2017 stockholder vote on the proposed merger transaction, and the plaintiff in the Rosenfeld Family Trust action withdrew its preliminary injunction motion in consideration 341 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 of the agreed disclosures as filed in a Form 8-K on February 28, 2017. On March 6, 2017, the court in the Eastern District of Virginia entered an order setting a schedule for proceedings to appoint a lead plaintiff and lead counsel for the purported class action. On March 7, 2017, the court in the Eastern District of Virginia consolidated the Rice, James, Ratliff, Rosenfeld Family Trust, and Chopp actions. On July 5, 2017, the court in the Eastern District of Virginia heard oral argument on the motion to appoint a lead plaintiff and lead counsel. On August 25, 2017, the court in the Eastern District of Virginia entered an order appointing the plaintiffs Alexander Rice and Brian James as lead plaintiffs and their counsel as lead counsel. In November 2017, the parties reached an agreement in principle to settle the action based upon the previously provided additional disclosures, subject to confirmatory discovery and court approval. On April 4, 2018, the parties entered into a stipulation of settlement. On April 24, 2018, the court in the Eastern District of Virginia entered an order preliminarily approving the settlement and following a July 3, 2018 hearing, granted final approval of the settlement and dismissed the action. In December 2017, Genworth Holdings and Genworth Financial were named as defendants in an action captioned AXA S.A. v. Genworth Financial International Holdings, Inc., et al., in the High Court of Justice, Business and Property Courts of England and Wales. In the action, AXA seeks in excess of £28 million on an indemnity provided for in the 2015 agreement pursuant to which Genworth sold to AXA two insurance companies, Financial Insurance Company Limited (“FICL”) and Financial Assurance Company Limited (“FACL”), relating to alleged remediation it has paid to customers who purchased payment protection insurance. AXA also alleges that it is incurring losses on an ongoing basis and therefore that further, significantly larger, sums will be demanded. In February 2018, Genworth served a Particulars of Defence and counterclaim against AXA, and also served other counterclaims against various parties, including Santander Cards UK Limited (“Santander”), alleging that Santander is responsible for any remediation paid to payment protection insurance customers. AXA and Santander have applied to the court for orders dismissing or staying the counterclaims. A hearing on those applications was held in October 2018, and the court dismissed our counterclaims. On November 15, 2018, AXA amended its claim and updated its demand to £237 million. We filed our amended Particulars of Defence and amended counterclaim on December 13, 2018, seeking, among other forms of relief, a declaration that in the event we make any payment to AXA pursuant to the indemnity, we are subrogated to FICL’s and FACL’s rights against Santander with respect to those amounts. We intend to continue to vigorously defend this action. In September 2018, GLAIC, our indirect wholly-owned subsidiary, was named as a defendant in a putative class action lawsuit pending in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia captioned TVPX ARX INC., as Securities Intermediary for Consolidated Wealth Management, LTD. on behalf of itself and all others similarly situated v. Genworth Life and Annuity Insurance Company. The Plaintiff is alleging unlawful and excessive cost of insurance charges were imposed on policyholders. The complaint asserts claims for breach of contract, alleging that Genworth improperly considered non-mortality factors when calculating cost of insurance rates and failed to decrease cost of insurance charges in light of improved expectations of future mortality, and seeks unspecified compensatory damages, costs, and equitable relief. On October 29, 2018, we filed a motion to enforce in the Middle District of Georgia, and a motion to dismiss and motion to stay in the Eastern District of Virginia. We moved to enjoin the prosecution of the Eastern District of Virginia action on the basis that it involves claims released in a prior nationwide class action settlement that was approved by the Middle District of Georgia. Plaintiff filed an amended complaint on November 13, 2018. On November 16, 2018, the Eastern District of Virginia court stayed the case for 60 days. On December 6, 2018, we moved the Middle District of Georgia for leave to file our counterclaim, which alleges that Plaintiff breached the prior settlement agreement by filing its current action. The motion to enjoin is fully briefed and awaiting disposition by the court. 342 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 A hearing on our motion to enjoin and motion for leave to file our counterclaim occurred on February 21, 2019. We intend to continue to vigorously defend this action. In September 2018, we were named as a defendant in a putative class action lawsuit pending in the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware captioned Richard F. Burkhart, William E. Kelly, Richard S. Lavery, Thomas R. Pratt, Gerald Green, individually and on behalf of all other persons similarly situated v. Genworth et al. The Plaintiffs are alleging that GLIC, our indirect wholly-owned subsidiary, failed to maintain adequate capital capable of meeting its obligations to GLIC policyholders and agents. The complaint alleges causes of action for intentional fraudulent transfer and constructive fraudulent transfer, and seeks injunctive relief. We moved to dismiss this action in December 2018. On January 29, 2019, the Plaintiffs exercised their right to amend their complaint. We intend to continue to vigorously defend this action. In January 2019, Genworth Financial and GLIC were named as defendants in a putative class action lawsuit pending in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia captioned Jerome Skochin, Susan Skochin, and Larry Huber, individually and on behalf of all other persons similarly situated v. Genworth Financial, Inc. and Genworth Life Insurance Company. The Plaintiffs seek to represent long-term care insurance policyholders, alleging that Genworth made misleading and inadequate disclosures regarding premium increases for long-term care insurance policies. The complaint asserts claims for breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, fraudulent inducement and violation of Pennsylvania’s Unfair Trade Practices and Consumer Protection Law (on behalf of the two named Plaintiffs who are Pennsylvania residents), and seeks damages (including statutory treble damages under Pennsylvania law) in excess of $5 million. We intend to vigorously defend this action. At this time, other than as noted above, we cannot determine or predict the ultimate outcome of any of the pending legal and regulatory matters specifically identified above or the likelihood of potential future legal and regulatory matters against us. Except as disclosed above, we also are not able to provide an estimate or range of reasonably possible losses related to these matters. Therefore, we cannot ensure that the current investigations and proceedings will not have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. In addition, it is possible that related investigations and proceedings may be commenced in the future, and we could become subject to additional unrelated investigations and lawsuits. Increased regulatory scrutiny and any resulting investigations or proceedings could result in new legal precedents and industry-wide regulations or practices that could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. (b) Commitments As of December 31, 2018, we were committed to fund $539 million in limited partnership investments, $41 million in U.S. commercial mortgage loan investments and $32 million in private placement investments. As of December 31, 2018, we were committed to fund $33 million of bank loan investments which had not yet been drawn. In connection with the issuance of non-recourse funding obligations by Rivermont I, Genworth entered into a liquidity commitment agreement with Rivermont I and a third-party trust which issued the floating rate notes. The liquidity agreement requires Genworth to establish a line of credit facility in 2040 for the benefit of the trust in the amount of the estimated liquidity commitment amount which is the market value of the assets held in the trust supporting the outstanding notes as of the note maturity date in 2050. In addition, it also requires at the note maturity date, that Genworth loan the trust any liquidity commitment amounts. Any loan or drawn line of credit amount is an obligation of the trust and Rivermont I and shall accrue interest at LIBOR plus a margin of 1.2%. In consideration for entering into this agreement, Genworth received from Rivermont I a one-time 343 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 commitment fee of approximately $2 million. The expected amount of future obligation under this agreement before repayment is approximately $25 million based on current projections. (22) Changes In Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) The following tables show the changes in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes, by component as of and for the periods indicated: (Amounts in millions) Balances as of January 1, 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cumulative effect of changes in accounting . . . . . OCI before reclassifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amounts reclassified from (to) OCI . . . . . . . Current period OCI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Balances as of December 31, 2018 before noncontrolling interests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less: change in OCI attributable to noncontrolling interests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net unrealized investment gains (losses) (1) $1,085 164 (653) (18) (671) 578 (17) Derivatives qualifying as hedges (2) $2,065 14 (194) (104) (298) Foreign currency translation and other adjustments $(123) (47) (301) — (301) Total $ 3,027 131 (1,148) (122) (1,270) 1,781 (471) 1,888 — (139) (156) Balances as of December 31, 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 595 $1,781 $(332) $ 2,044 (1) Net of adjustments to DAC, PVFP, sales inducements and benefit reserves. See note 4 for additional information. See note 5 for additional information. (2) (Amounts in millions) Balances as of January 1, 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OCI before reclassifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amounts reclassified from (to) OCI . . . . . . . . Current period OCI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Balances as of December 31, 2017 before noncontrolling interests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less: change in OCI attributable to noncontrolling interests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net unrealized investment gains (losses) (1) $1,262 (84) (102) (186) Derivatives qualifying as hedges (2) $2,085 38 (58) (20) Foreign currency translation and other adjustments $(253) 251 — 251 Total $3,094 205 (160) 45 1,076 2,065 (2) 3,139 (9) — 121 112 Balances as of December 31, 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,085 $2,065 $(123) $3,027 (1) Net of adjustments to DAC, PVFP, sales inducements and benefit reserves. See note 4 for additional information. See note 5 for additional information. (2) 344 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 (Amounts in millions) Balances as of January 1, 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OCI before reclassifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amounts reclassified from (to) OCI . . . . . . . . Current period OCI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Balances as of December 31, 2016 before noncontrolling interests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less: change in OCI attributable to noncontrolling interests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net unrealized investment gains (losses) (1) $1,254 54 (57) (3) Derivatives qualifying as hedges (2) $2,045 120 (80) 40 Foreign currency translation and other adjustments $(289) 54 — 54 Total $3,010 228 (137) 91 1,251 2,085 (235) 3,101 (11) — 18 7 Balances as of December 31, 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,262 $2,085 $(253) $3,094 (1) Net of adjustments to DAC, PVFP, sales inducements and benefit reserves. See note 4 for additional information. See note 5 for additional information. (2) The foreign currency translation and other adjustments balance in the charts above included $(2) million, $(13) million and $(11) million, respectively, net of taxes of $1 million, $6 million and $5 million, respectively, related to a net unrecognized postretirement benefit obligation as of December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016. The balance also included taxes of $(45) million, $— and $19 million, respectively, related to foreign currency translation adjustments as of December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016. These balances include the impact of adopting new accounting guidance related to stranded tax effects. 345 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 The following table shows reclassifications out of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes, for the periods presented: Amount reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) Years ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 Affected line item in the consolidated statements of income (Amounts in millions) Net unrealized investment (gains) losses: Unrealized (gains) losses on investments (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (23) $(157) $ (88) Net investment (gains) losses (Provision) benefit for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 55 31 (Provision) benefit for income taxes Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (18) $(102) $ (57) Derivatives qualifying as hedges: Interest rate swaps hedging assets . . . Interest rate swaps hedging assets . . . Inflation indexed swaps . . . . . . . . . . . Inflation indexed swaps . . . . . . . . . . . (Provision) benefit for income $(153) (9) $(131) (8) — — — — $(112) (2) (2) (7) Net investment income Net investment (gains) losses Net investment income Net investment (gains) losses taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 81 43 (Provision) benefit for income taxes Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $(104) $ (58) $ (80) (1) Amounts exclude adjustments to DAC, PVFP, sales inducements and benefit reserves. (23) Noncontrolling Interests Canada In July 2009, Genworth Canada, our indirect subsidiary, completed an IPO of its common shares and we beneficially owned 57.5% of the common shares of Genworth Canada through subsidiaries. We currently hold approximately 57.0% of the outstanding common shares of Genworth Canada on a consolidated basis through subsidiaries. In addition, we have the right, exercisable at our discretion, to purchase for cash these common shares of Genworth Canada from our U.S. mortgage insurance companies at the then-current market price. We also have a right of first refusal with respect to the transfer of these common shares of Genworth Canada by our U.S. mortgage insurance companies. In May 2018, Genworth Canada announced acceptance by the Toronto Stock Exchange (“TSX”) of its Notice of Intention to Make a Normal Course Issuer Bid (“NCIB”). Pursuant to the NCIB, Genworth Canada may, if considered advisable, purchase from time to time through May 6, 2019, up to an aggregate of approximately 4.5 million of its issued and outstanding common shares. During 2018, Genworth Canada repurchased approximately 2.4 million of its shares for CAD$100 million through the NCIB. We participated in order to maintain our ownership position of approximately 57.0% and received $41 million in cash. Of the $41 million of cash proceeds received, $14 million was paid as a dividend to Genworth Holdings in 2018, $13 million was retained by GMICO and we expect the remaining amount of $14 million to be paid to Genworth Holdings as a dividend in the first quarter of 2019. If Genworth Canada decides to repurchase additional shares through the NCIB, we intend to participate in order to maintain our overall ownership at its current level. 346 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 In May 2017, Genworth Canada announced acceptance by the TSX of its Notice of Intention to Make an NCIB. Pursuant to the NCIB, Genworth Canada repurchased approximately 1.1 million of its shares for CAD$40 million in 2017 through the NCIB. As the majority shareholder, we participated in order to maintain our ownership position and received $18 million in cash. Of the $18 million of cash proceeds received, $12 million was paid as a dividend to Genworth Holdings and $6 million was retained by GMICO. In March 2018, Genworth Canada completed its share repurchases under this program, repurchasing approximately 1.2 million shares for CAD$50 million. We participated in order to maintain our ownership position and received $22 million in cash. Of the $22 million of cash proceeds received, $16 million was paid as a dividend to Genworth Holdings and $6 million was retained by GMICO. In 2018, 2017 and 2016, dividends of $57 million, $54 million and $50 million, respectively, were paid to the noncontrolling interests of Genworth Canada. Australia In May 2014, Genworth Australia, a holding company for our Australian mortgage insurance business, completed an IPO of its ordinary shares and we beneficially owned 66.2% of the ordinary shares of Genworth Australia through subsidiaries. On May 11, 2015, we sold 92.3 million of our shares in Genworth Australia at AUD$3.08 per ordinary share. The offering closed on May 15, 2015. Following completion of the offering, we beneficially owned approximately 52.0% of the ordinary shares of Genworth Australia through subsidiaries. The majority of the net proceeds of the offering were distributed to Genworth Holdings. The net proceeds of the offering were approximately $226 million. In May 2018, Genworth Australia announced its intention to commence an on-market share buy-back program for shares up to a maximum aggregate amount of AUD$100 million. Pursuant to the program, Genworth Australia repurchased approximately 36 million of its shares for AUD$100 million. As the majority shareholder, we participated in on-market sales transactions during the buy-back period to maintain our ownership position of approximately 52.0% and received $37 million in cash, which was paid as dividends to Genworth Holdings. In August 2017, Genworth Australia announced its intention to commence an on-market share buy-back program for shares up to a maximum aggregate amount of AUD$100 million. Pursuant to the program, Genworth Australia repurchased approximately 17 million of its shares for AUD$51 million in 2017. As the majority shareholder, we participated in on-market sales transactions during the buy-back period to maintain our ownership position and received $20 million in cash, which was paid as dividends to Genworth Holdings. In February 2018, Genworth Australia completed its share repurchases under this program, repurchasing approximately 19 million of its shares for AUD$49 million. We participated in on-market sales transactions to maintain our ownership position and received $20 million in cash, which was paid as a dividend to Genworth Holdings. On June 1, 2016, Genworth Australia completed a capital management initiative of AUD$202 million representing a return of capital of AUD$0.34 per share. As a result of the return of capital every one share was converted into 0.8555 shares. We received $76 million for our portion of the capital reduction and our ownership percentage remained at 52.0%. In 2018, 2017 and 2016, dividends of $40 million, $53 million and $88 million, respectively, were paid to the noncontrolling interests of Genworth Australia. 347 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 (24) Sale of Businesses European mortgage insurance business On May 9, 2016, we completed the sale of our European mortgage insurance business to AmTrust Financial Services, Inc., and finalized the accounting of the sale through a purchase price adjustment by recording a net after-tax gain of $18 million comprised of a pre-tax loss of $9 million and a tax benefit of $27 million primarily related to the reversal of a deferred tax valuation allowance. The sale was completed based upon the final receipt of net proceeds of approximately $50 million. The $18 million net gain refined the previously recognized loss on sale of $140 million recorded in 2015. Lifestyle protection insurance On December 1, 2015, we completed the sale of our lifestyle protection insurance business and received approximately $400 million of net proceeds, and recorded an after-tax loss of approximately $381 million, net of taxes of $155 million. In 2016, we continued to finalize the closing balance sheet and purchase price adjustments and recorded an after-tax loss of $29 million which primarily related to tax items and claim liabilities. In 2017, we recorded an additional after-tax loss of $9 million primarily related to an adjustment of certain claims previously included in discontinued operations and tax items. We retained liabilities for certain claims, taxes and sales practices that occurred while we owned the lifestyle protection insurance business. We have established our current best estimates for these liabilities, where appropriate; however, there may be future adjustments to these estimates and contingent liabilities that are not currently recorded that could become probable and estimable, which could result in the establishment of a liability and an expense to net income (loss). In connection with the settlement of the U.K. pension plan as part of the sale of our lifestyle protection insurance business, we purchased a group annuity contract. The amounts associated with the group annuity contract were held in a third-party trust for the benefit of the participants until individual annuity contracts were transferred to the participants on September 1, 2016. As a result, the U.K. pension plan was completely settled in September 2016. Life insurance business On June 24, 2016, we completed the sale of our term life insurance new business platform to Pacific Life Insurance Company for a purchase price of $29 million. The sale primarily included a building located in Lynchburg, Virginia and software. As a result of this transaction, we recorded a pre-tax gain of $12 million and taxes of $4 million. (25) Condensed Consolidating Financial Information Genworth Financial provides a full and unconditional guarantee to the trustee of Genworth Holdings’ outstanding senior and subordinated notes and the holders of the senior and subordinated notes, on an unsecured unsubordinated and subordinated basis, respectively, of the full and punctual payment of the principal of, premium, if any, and interest on, and all other amounts payable under, each outstanding series of senior notes and outstanding subordinated notes, and the full and punctual payment of all other amounts payable by Genworth Holdings under the senior and subordinated notes indentures in respect of such senior and subordinated notes. The following condensed consolidating financial information of Genworth Financial and its direct and indirect subsidiaries has been prepared pursuant to rules regarding the preparation of consolidating financial information of Regulation S-X. 348 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 The condensed consolidating financial information presents the condensed consolidating balance sheet information as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 and the condensed consolidating income statement information, condensed consolidating comprehensive income statement information and condensed consolidating cash flow statement information for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016. The condensed consolidating financial information reflects Genworth Financial (“Parent Guarantor”), Genworth Holdings (“Issuer”) and each of Genworth Financial’s other direct and indirect subsidiaries (the “All Other Subsidiaries”) on a combined basis, none of which guarantee the senior notes or subordinated notes, as well as the eliminations necessary to present Genworth Financial’s financial information on a consolidated basis and total consolidated amounts. The accompanying condensed consolidating financial information is presented based on the equity method of accounting for all periods presented. Under this method, investments in subsidiaries are recorded at cost and adjusted for the subsidiaries’ cumulative results of operations, capital contributions and distributions, and other changes in equity. Elimination entries include consolidating and eliminating entries for investments in subsidiaries and intercompany activity. 349 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 The following table presents the condensed consolidating balance sheet information as of December 31, 2018: (Amounts in millions) Assets Investments: Parent Guarantor All Other Issuer Subsidiaries Eliminations Consolidated Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale, at fair value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Equity securities, at fair value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commercial mortgage loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restricted commercial mortgage loans related to securitization entities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Policy loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other invested assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Investments in subsidiaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued investment income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred acquisition costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Intangible assets and goodwill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reinsurance recoverable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Intercompany notes receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred tax assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Separate account assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ — — — $ — — — $ 59,861 655 6,687 — — — 12,570 12,570 — — — — — 15 — 14 — — — 86 11,462 11,548 429 — — — — 62 180 907 — 62 1,861 1,104 — 70,230 1,748 679 3,263 347 17,278 397 6 (185) 5,859 $ (200) — — — — (2) (24,032) (24,234) — (4) — — — — (186) — — $ 59,661 655 6,687 62 1,861 1,188 — 70,114 2,177 675 3,263 347 17,278 474 — 736 5,859 Total assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $12,599 $13,126 $ 99,622 $(24,424) $100,923 Liabilities and stockholders’ equity Liabilities: Future policy benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Policyholder account balances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Liability for policy and contract claims . . . . . . . . . . Unearned premiums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Intercompany notes payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-recourse funding obligations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long-term borrowings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred tax liability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Separate account liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ — — — — 27 122 — — — — $ — — — — 97 207 — 3,567 — — $ 37,940 22,968 10,379 3,546 1,565 57 311 458 24 5,859 Total liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 3,871 83,107 Equity: Common stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Additional paid-in capital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) . . Retained earnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Treasury stock, at cost Total Genworth Financial, Inc.’s stockholders’ equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Noncontrolling interests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 11,987 2,044 1,118 (2,700) 12,450 — 12,450 — 9,095 2,144 (1,984) — 9,255 — 9,255 3 18,425 2,060 (6,012) — 14,476 2,039 16,515 $ — — — — (7) (386) — — — — (393) (3) (27,520) (4,204) 7,996 — (23,731) (300) (24,031) $ 37,940 22,968 10,379 3,546 1,682 — 311 4,025 24 5,859 86,734 1 11,987 2,044 1,118 (2,700) 12,450 1,739 14,189 Total liabilities and equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $12,599 $13,126 $ 99,622 $(24,424) $100,923 350 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 The following table presents the condensed consolidating balance sheet information as of December 31, 2017: (Amounts in millions) Assets Investments: Parent Guarantor All Other Issuer Subsidiaries Eliminations Consolidated Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale, at fair value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Equity securities, at fair value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commercial mortgage loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restricted commercial mortgage loans related to securitization entities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Policy loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other invested assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Investments in subsidiaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued investment income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred acquisition costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Intangible assets and goodwill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reinsurance recoverable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Intercompany notes receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred tax assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Separate account assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ — — — $ — — — $ 62,725 820 6,341 $ (200) — — $ 62,525 820 6,341 — — — 13,561 13,561 — — — — — 3 — 27 — — — 75 12,867 12,942 795 — — — — 54 155 807 — 107 1,786 1,742 — 73,521 2,080 647 2,329 301 17,569 397 59 (330) 7,230 — — (4) (26,428) (26,632) — (3) — — — (1) (214) — — 107 1,786 1,813 — 73,392 2,875 644 2,329 301 17,569 453 — 504 7,230 Total assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $13,591 $14,753 $103,803 $(26,850) $105,297 Liabilities and stockholders’ equity Liabilities: Future policy benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Policyholder account balances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Liability for policy and contract claims . . . . . . . . . . Unearned premiums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Intercompany notes payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Borrowings related to securitization entities . . . . . . Non-recourse funding obligations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long-term borrowings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred tax liability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Separate account liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ — — — — 41 132 — — — — — $ — — — — 119 259 — — 3,724 — — $ 38,472 24,195 9,594 3,967 1,759 23 40 310 500 27 7,230 Total liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 4,102 86,117 Equity: Common stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Additional paid-in capital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) . . Retained earnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Treasury stock, at cost Total Genworth Financial, Inc.’s stockholders’ equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Noncontrolling interests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 11,977 3,027 1,113 (2,700) 13,418 — 13,418 — 9,096 3,037 (1,482) — 10,651 — 10,651 3 18,420 3,051 (5,998) — 15,476 2,210 17,686 $ — — — — (9) (414) — — — — — (423) (3) (27,516) (6,088) 7,480 — (26,127) (300) (26,427) $ 38,472 24,195 9,594 3,967 1,910 — 40 310 4,224 27 7,230 89,969 1 11,977 3,027 1,113 (2,700) 13,418 1,910 15,328 Total liabilities and equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $13,591 $14,753 $103,803 $(26,850) $105,297 351 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 The following table presents the condensed consolidating income statement information for the year ended December 31, 2018: (Amounts in millions) Revenues: Premiums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net investment income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net investment gains (losses) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Policy fees and other income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Benefits and expenses: Benefits and other changes in policy reserves . . . . . . Interest credited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquisition and operating expenses, net of deferrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of deferred acquisition costs and intangibles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total benefits and expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes and equity in income (loss) of subsidiaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision (benefit) for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Equity in income (loss) of subsidiaries . . . . . . . . . . . . Income (loss) from continuing operations . . . . . . . . . Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income (loss) Less: net income attributable to noncontrolling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Parent Guarantor All Other Issuer Subsidiaries Eliminations Consolidated $ — $ — (3) — — (3) — — 33 — 2 35 (38) (6) 151 119 — 119 14 16 — 30 — — 10 — 268 278 (248) (44) (176) (380) — (380) $4,519 3,266 (162) 798 8,421 5,684 611 954 391 47 7,687 734 201 — 533 — 533 178 $— (15) — (3) (18) — — — — (18) (18) — — 25 25 — 25 — $ 4,519 3,262 (146) 795 8,430 5,684 611 997 391 299 7,982 448 151 — 297 — 297 178 interests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — — Net income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 119 $(380) $ 355 $ 25 $ 119 352 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 The following table presents the condensed consolidating income statement information for the year ended December 31, 2017: (Amounts in millions) Revenues: Premiums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net investment income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net investment gains (losses) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Policy fees and other income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Benefits and expenses: Benefits and other changes in policy reserves . . . . . . Interest credited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquisition and operating expenses, net of deferrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of deferred acquisition costs and intangibles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total benefits and expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes and equity in loss of subsidiaries . . . Benefit for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Equity in income of subsidiaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income from continuing operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less: net income attributable to noncontrolling Parent Guarantor All Other Issuer Subsidiaries Eliminations Consolidated $— $ — (3) — — (3) — — 57 — 1 58 (61) — 878 817 — 817 $4,004 3,210 279 823 8,316 5,179 646 967 435 46 7,273 1,043 (140) — 1,183 (13) 1,170 $ — (15) — (2) (17) — — — — (17) (17) — — (1,649) (1,649) — (1,649) 110 — $4,004 3,200 265 826 8,295 5,179 646 1,022 435 284 7,566 729 (207) — 936 (9) 927 110 8 (14) 5 (1) — — (2) — 254 252 (253) (67) 771 585 4 589 — interests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — Net income available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $817 $ 589 $1,060 $(1,649) $ 817 353 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 The following table presents the condensed consolidating income statement information for the year ended December 31, 2016: (Amounts in millions) Revenues: Premiums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net investment income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net investment gains (losses) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Policy fees and other income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Benefits and expenses: Benefits and other changes in policy reserves . . . . . . Interest credited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquisition and operating expenses, net of deferrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of deferred acquisition costs and intangibles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total benefits and expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes and equity in loss of subsidiaries . . . Provision (benefit) for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . Equity in loss of subsidiaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income (loss) from continuing operations . . . . . . . . . Loss from discontinued operations, net of taxes . . . . Net income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less: net income attributable to noncontrolling (3) — — (3) — — 153 — 1 154 (157) (47) (166) (276) (1) (277) Parent Guarantor All Other Issuer Subsidiaries Eliminations Consolidated $ — $ — $4,160 3,175 73 986 8,394 $ — (15) — — (15) 2 (1) (8) (7) $4,160 3,159 72 978 8,369 5,245 696 1,273 498 337 8,049 320 358 — (38) (29) (67) 210 — — 5,245 696 38 1,082 — 278 316 (323) 71 (53) (447) (12) (459) 498 73 7,594 800 334 — 466 (16) 450 210 — — — — (15) (15) — — 219 219 — 219 — interests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — — Net income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $(277) $(459) $ 240 $ 219 $(277) 354 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 The following table presents the condensed consolidating comprehensive income statement information for the year ended December 31, 2018: Parent Guarantor All Other Issuer Subsidiaries Eliminations Consolidated $ 119 $ (380) $ 533 $ 25 $ 297 (Amounts in millions) Net income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes: Net unrealized gains (losses) on securities not other-than-temporarily impaired . . . . . . . . . Net unrealized gains (losses) on other-than- temporarily impaired securities . . . . . . . . . Derivatives qualifying as hedges . . . . . . . . . . Foreign currency translation and other (652) (602) (669) 1,254 (2) (298) (2) (299) (2) (310) (669) (2) (298) (301) (1,270) (973) 4 609 291 2,158 2,183 adjustments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (162) (129) (301) Total other comprehensive income (loss) . . . . (1,114) (1,032) (1,282) Total comprehensive loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less: comprehensive income attributable to (995) (1,412) (749) noncontrolling interests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — — 22 — 22 Total comprehensive loss available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders . . . . . . . $ (995) $(1,412) $ (771) $2,183 $ (995) The following table presents the condensed consolidating comprehensive income statement information for the year ended December 31, 2017: (Amounts in millions) Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes: Net unrealized gains (losses) on securities not Parent Guarantor All Other Issuer Subsidiaries Eliminations Consolidated $ 817 $ 589 $1,170 $ (1,649) $ 927 other-than-temporarily impaired . . . . . . . . . . . (178) (189) (187) 367 (187) Net unrealized gains (losses) on other-than- temporarily impaired securities . . . . . . . . . . . . Derivatives qualifying as hedges . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign currency translation and other adjustments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total other comprehensive income (loss) . . . . . . Total comprehensive income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less: comprehensive income attributable to 1 (20) 130 (67) 750 1 (19) 109 (98) 491 1 (19) 252 47 (2) 38 (240) 163 1,217 (1,486) noncontrolling interests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — — 222 — 1 (20) 251 45 972 222 Total comprehensive income available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders . . . . . . . . . . $ 750 $ 491 $ 995 $(1,486) $ 750 355 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 The following table presents the condensed consolidating comprehensive income statement information for the year ended December 31, 2016: (Amounts in millions) Net income (loss) Other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net unrealized gains (losses) on securities not other-than-temporarily impaired . . . . . . . . . . . Net unrealized gains (losses) on other-than- temporarily impaired securities . . . . . . . . . . . . Derivatives qualifying as hedges . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign currency translation and other adjustments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total other comprehensive income (loss) . . . . . . Parent Guarantor All Other Issuer Subsidiaries Eliminations Consolidated $(277) $(459) $450 $ 219 $ (67) 17 (9) 40 36 84 14 (6) 39 (28) 19 7 (9) 43 54 95 545 217 (32) 15 (82) (8) (107) 112 — 6 (9) 40 54 91 24 217 Total comprehensive income (loss) Less: comprehensive income attributable to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (193) (440) noncontrolling interests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — — Total comprehensive income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $(193) $(440) $328 $ 112 $(193) 356 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 The following table presents the condensed consolidating cash flow statement information for the year ended December 31, 2018: (Amounts in millions) Cash flows from (used by) operating activities: Net income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash from (used by) operating activities: Equity in (income) loss from subsidiaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dividends from subsidiaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of fixed maturity securities discounts and premiums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net investment (gains) losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Charges assessed to policyholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquisition costs deferred . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of deferred acquisition costs and intangibles . . . . . Deferred income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trading securities, limited partnerships and derivative instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stock-based compensation expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Change in certain assets and liabilities: Accrued investment income and other assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Insurance reserves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Current tax liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other liabilities, policy and contract claims and other policy- related balances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net cash from (used by) operating activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash flows used by investing activities: Proceeds from maturities and repayments of investments: Fixed maturity securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commercial mortgage loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restricted commercial mortgage loans related to securitization entities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Proceeds from sales of investments: Fixed maturity and equity securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Purchases and originations of investments: Fixed maturity and equity securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commercial mortgage loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other invested assets, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Policy loans, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Intercompany notes receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Capital contributions to subsidiaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net cash used by investing activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash flows used by financing activities: Deposits to universal life and investment contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Withdrawals from universal life and investment contracts . . . . . . . . . Proceeds from the issuance of long-term debt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repayment and repurchase of long-term debt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repayment of borrowings related to securitization entities . . . . . . . . . Intercompany notes payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repurchase of subsidiary shares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dividends paid to noncontrolling interests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net cash used by financing activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net change in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash . . . . . . . . . . Cash , cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period . . . . . . . Parent All Other Guarantor Issuer Subsidiaries Eliminations Consolidated $ 119 $(380) $ 533 $ 25 $ 297 (151) 50 — — — — — 13 — 35 — — (35) (13) 18 — — — — — — — — — (6) (6) — — — — — (10) — — (2) (12) — — — 176 182 — (16) — — — (105) 17 — 6 — 13 14 (93) — — — — — — — — (25) — (25) — — 441 (600) — (52) — — (37) (248) — (366) 795 — (232) (122) 162 (697) (83) 391 97 (266) 2 (174) 1,555 (30) 570 1,706 3,756 701 45 6,192 (10,706) (1,047) 404 35 53 6 (561) 1,193 (2,355) — — (40) 34 (105) (97) (19) (1,389) (88) (332) 2,080 (25) — — — — — — — — — — — — 2 2 — — — — — — (2) — (28) — (30) — — — — — 28 — — — 28 — — — $— — — (122) 146 (697) (83) 391 5 (249) 37 (168) 1,555 (52) 573 1,633 3,756 701 45 6,192 (10,706) (1,047) 402 35 — — (622) 1,193 (2,355) 441 (600) (40) — (105) (97) (58) (1,621) (88) (698) 2,875 $ 2,177 Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ — $ 429 $ 1,748 357 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 The following table presents the condensed consolidating cash flow statement information for the year ended December 31, 2017: (Amounts in millions) Cash flows from (used by) operating activities: Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less (income) loss from discontinued operations, net of taxes . . . . . . Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash from (used by) operating activities: Equity in income from subsidiaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dividends from subsidiaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of fixed maturity securities discounts and premiums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net investment (gains) losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Charges assessed to policyholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquisition costs deferred . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of deferred acquisition costs and intangibles . . . . . Deferred income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trading securities and derivative instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stock-based compensation expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Change in certain assets and liabilities: Accrued investment income and other assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Insurance reserves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Current tax liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other liabilities, policy and contract claims and other policy- related balances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net cash from (used by) operating activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash flows used by investing activities: Proceeds from maturities and repayments of investments: Fixed maturity securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commercial mortgage loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restricted commercial mortgage loans related to securitization entities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Proceeds from sales of investments: Fixed maturity and equity securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Purchases and originations of investments: Fixed maturity and equity securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commercial mortgage loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other invested assets, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Policy loans, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Intercompany notes receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Capital contributions to subsidiaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Payments for businesses purchased, net of cash acquired . . . . . . . . . . Net cash used by investing activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash flows from (used by) financing activities: Deposits to universal life and investment contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Withdrawals from universal life and investment contracts . . . . . . . . . Repayment of borrowings related to securitization entities . . . . . . . . . Intercompany notes payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repurchase of subsidiary shares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dividends paid to noncontrolling interests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net cash from (used by) financing activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net change in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash . . . . . . . . . . Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period . . . . . . . Parent All Other Guarantor Issuer Subsidiaries Eliminations Consolidated $ 817 — $ 589 (4) $ 1,170 13 $(1,649) — $ 927 9 (878) — (771) 148 — — — — — 10 — 30 5 — 23 5 14 — — — 7 (44) — (41) — (89) (35) (28) 80 (106) — — — — — — — — — (12) (7) (19) — — — 48 — — (1) 47 — — — — — — — — — 25 — (71) — — (46) — — — (8) — — (43) (51) — (203) 998 — (148) (152) (279) (713) (88) 435 (385) 747 12 66 1,625 62 327 2,692 4,766 579 22 4,226 (8,888) (806) (730) 48 8 12 2 (761) 857 (2,397) (34) 23 (33) (107) (10) (1,701) 64 294 1,786 1,649 — — — — — — — — — — — — (4) (4) — — — — — — 4 — 63 — — 67 — — — (63) — — — (63) — — — — — (147) (265) (713) (88) 435 (368) 703 42 30 1,625 (4) 368 2,554 4,766 579 22 4,226 (8,888) (806) (701) 48 — — (5) (759) 857 (2,397) (34) — (33) (107) (54) (1,768) 64 91 2,784 Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ — $ 795 $ 2,080 $ — $ 2,875 358 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 The following table presents the condensed consolidating cash flow statement information for the year ended December 31, 2016: (Amounts in millions) Cash flows from (used by) operating activities: Net income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less loss from discontinued operations, net of taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash from (used by) operating activities: Equity in loss from subsidiaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dividends from subsidiaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Gain) loss on sale of businesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of fixed maturity securities discounts and premiums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net investment (gains) losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Charges assessed to policyholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquisition costs deferred . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of deferred acquisition costs and intangibles . . . . . . Deferred income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trading securities and derivative instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stock-based compensation expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Change in certain assets and liabilities: Accrued investment income and other assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Insurance reserves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Current tax liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other liabilities, policy and contract claims and other policy- related balances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net cash from (used by) operating activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash flows from (used by) investing activities: Proceeds from maturities and repayments of investments: Fixed maturity securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commercial mortgage loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restricted commercial mortgage loans related to securitization entities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Proceeds from sales of investments: Fixed maturity and equity securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Purchases and originations of investments: Fixed maturity and equity securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commercial mortgage loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other invested assets, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Policy loans, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Intercompany notes receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Proceeds from sale of businesses, net of cash transferred . . . . . . . . . . . Net cash from (used by) investing activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash flows from (used by) financing activities: Deposits to universal life and investment contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Withdrawals from universal life and investment contracts . . . . . . . . . . Redemption and repurchase of non-recourse funding obligations . . . . . Repayment and repurchase of long-term debt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repayment of borrowings related to securitization entities . . . . . . . . . . Intercompany notes payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Return of capital to noncontrolling interests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dividends paid to noncontrolling interests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other, net Net cash from (used by) financing activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash . . . Net change in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period . . . . . . . . . Parent All Other Guarantor Issuer Subsidiaries Eliminations Consolidated $(277) 1 $(459) 12 $ 450 16 $ 219 — $ (67) 29 166 — — — — — — — (6) — 23 (9) — — 20 (82) — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 82 — — — 82 — — — 53 250 1 4 1 — — — 233 5 — 98 — 42 (43) 197 150 — — — — — — — (82) 1 69 — — — (346) — — — — (46) (392) — (126) 1,124 — (250) (27) (142) (73) (782) (150) 498 (82) 704 9 (445) 1,315 (10) 723 1,754 3,739 700 32 5,629 (11,529) (649) (151) (77) — 38 (2,268) 1,349 (2,004) (1,620) (36) (42) — (70) (138) 2 (2,559) (10) (3,083) 4,869 (219) — — — — — — — — — — (2) — — 5 3 — — — — — — (3) — 82 — 79 — — — — — (82) — — — (82) — — — — — (26) (138) (72) (782) (150) 498 145 709 32 (358) 1,315 32 705 1,872 3,889 700 32 5,629 (11,529) (649) (154) (77) — 39 (2,120) 1,349 (2,004) (1,620) (382) (42) — (70) (138) (44) (2,951) (10) (3,209) 5,993 Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ — $ 998 $ 1,786 $ — $ 2,784 For information on significant restrictions on dividends by, or loans or advances from, subsidiaries of Genworth Financial and Genworth Holdings, and the restricted net assets of those subsidiaries, see note 18. 359 Schedule I Genworth Financial, Inc. Summary of Investments—Other Than Investments in Related Parties (Amounts in millions) As of December 31, 2018, the amortized cost or cost, fair value and carrying value of our invested assets were as follows: Type of investment Fixed maturity securities: Bonds: U.S. government, agencies and authorities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . State and political subdivisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-U.S. government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Public utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . All other corporate bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total fixed maturity securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Equity securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commercial mortgage loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restricted commercial mortgage loans related to securitization entities . . . . . . . . Policy loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other invested assets (1) Amortized cost or cost Fair value Carrying value $ 4,175 2,406 2,345 5,495 43,560 57,981 690 6,687 62 1,861 1,081 $ 4,631 2,552 2,393 5,716 44,369 59,661 655 xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx $ 4,631 2,552 2,393 5,716 44,369 59,661 655 6,687 62 1,861 1,188 Total investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $68,362 xxxxx $70,114 (1) The amount shown in the consolidated balance sheet for other invested assets differs from amortized cost or cost presented, as other invested assets include certain assets with a carrying amount that differs from amortized cost or cost. See Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm 360 Schedule II Genworth Financial, Inc. (Parent Company Only) Balance Sheets (Amounts in millions) December 31, 2018 2017 Assets Investments in subsidiaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred tax asset Other assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $12,570 14 15 $13,561 27 3 Total assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $12,599 $13,591 Liabilities and stockholders’ equity Liabilities: Other liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Intercompany notes payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Total liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 27 122 149 41 132 173 Commitments and contingencies Stockholders’ equity: Common stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Additional paid-in capital 1 11,987 1 11,977 Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss): Net unrealized investment gains (losses): Net unrealized gains (losses) on securities not other-than-temporarily impaired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585 1,075 Net unrealized gains (losses) on other-than-temporarily impaired securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net unrealized investment gains (losses) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Derivatives qualifying as hedges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign currency translation and other adjustments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Retained earnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Treasury stock, at cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 595 1,781 (332) 2,044 1,118 (2,700) 10 1,085 2,065 (123) 3,027 1,113 (2,700) Total Genworth Financial, Inc.’s stockholders’ equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,450 13,418 Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $12,599 $13,591 See Notes to Schedule II See Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm 361 Schedule II Genworth Financial, Inc. (Parent Company Only) Statements of Income (Amounts in millions) Years ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 Revenues: Net investment income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (3) $ (3) $ Total revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (3) (3) Expenses: Acquisition and operating expenses, net of deferrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 2 35 57 1 58 Loss before income taxes and equity in income (loss) of subsidiaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Benefit from income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 Equity in income (loss) of subsidiaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss from discontinued operations, net of taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — (61) (38) (6) — 878 — (3) (3) 153 1 154 (157) (47) (166) (1) Net income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders . . . . . . . . $119 $817 $(277) See Notes to Schedule II See Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm 362 Schedule II Genworth Financial, Inc. (Parent Company Only) Statements of Comprehensive Income (Amounts in millions) Net income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders . . . . . Other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes: Years ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 $ 119 $ 817 $(277) Net unrealized gains (losses) on securities not other-than-temporarily impaired . . Net unrealized gains (losses) on other-than-temporarily impaired securities . . . . . Derivatives qualifying as hedges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign currency translation and other adjustments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (652) (2) (298) (162) (178) 1 (20) 130 Total other comprehensive income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1,114) (67) 17 (9) 40 36 84 Total comprehensive income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (995) $ 750 $(193) See Notes to Schedule II See Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm 363 Schedule II Genworth Financial, Inc. (Parent Company Only) Statements of Cash Flows (Amounts in millions) Years ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 Cash flows from (used by) operating activities: Net income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders . . . Less loss from discontinued operations, net of taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s $ 119 $ 817 — $(277) 1 common stockholders to net cash from (used by) operating activities: Equity in (income) loss from subsidiaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dividends from subsidiaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stock-based compensation expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (151) (878) 50 — 13 35 10 30 166 — (6) 23 Change in certain assets and liabilities: Accrued investment income and other assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — Current tax liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other liabilities and other policy-related balances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (35) (13) (9) 5 23 — 20 (35) Net cash from (used by) operating activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 (28) (82) Cash flows used by investing activities: Capital contributions paid to subsidiaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Payments for business purchased . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — (6) (12) — (7) — Net cash used by investing activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (6) (19) — Cash flows from (used by) financing activities: Other, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Intercompany notes payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net cash from (used by) financing activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (2) (10) (12) Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash . . . . . . . . . — Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — (1) — 48 82 47 82 — — — — Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ — $ — $ — See Notes to Schedule II See Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm 364 Schedule II Genworth Financial, Inc. (Parent Company Only) Notes to Schedule II Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 (1) Organization and Purpose Genworth Holdings (formerly known as Genworth Financial, Inc.) was incorporated in Delaware in 2003 in preparation for an IPO of Genworth’s common stock, which was completed on May 28, 2004. On April 1, 2013, Genworth Holdings completed a holding company reorganization pursuant to which Genworth Holdings became a direct, 100% owned subsidiary of a new public holding company that it had formed. The new public holding company was incorporated in Delaware on December 5, 2012, in connection with the reorganization, and was renamed Genworth Financial upon the completion of the reorganization. Genworth Financial is a holding company whose subsidiaries offer mortgage and long-term care insurance products and service life insurance, as well as annuities and other investment products. On October 21, 2016, Genworth Financial entered into an agreement and plan of merger (the “Merger Agreement”) with Asia Pacific Global Capital Co., Ltd. (“Parent”), a limited liability company incorporated in the People’s Republic of China and a subsidiary of China Oceanwide Holdings Group Co., Ltd., a limited liability company incorporated in the People’s Republic of China (together with its affiliates, “China Oceanwide”), and Asia Pacific Global Capital USA Corporation (“Merger Sub”), a Delaware corporation and an indirect, wholly-owned subsidiary of Asia Pacific Insurance USA Holdings LLC (“Asia Pacific Insurance”), which is a Delaware limited liability company and owned by China Oceanwide, pursuant to which, subject to the terms and conditions set forth therein, Merger Sub would merge with and into Genworth Financial with Genworth Financial surviving the merger as an indirect, wholly-owned subsidiary of Asia Pacific Insurance. China Oceanwide has agreed to acquire all of our outstanding common stock for a total transaction value of approximately $2.7 billion, or $5.43 per share in cash. At a special meeting held on March 7, 2017, Genworth Financial’s stockholders voted on and approved a proposal to adopt the Merger Agreement. The closing of the transaction remains subject to other conditions and approvals. (2) Accounting Changes On January 1, 2018, we adopted new accounting guidance related to the classification and presentation of changes in restricted cash. The new guidance requires that changes in the total of cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents be shown in the statements of cash flows and requires additional disclosures related to restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents. We adopted this new accounting guidance retrospectively and modified the line item descriptions on our balance sheets and statements of cash flows in our financial statements. The other impacts from this new accounting guidance did not have a significant impact on our financial statements or disclosures. (3) Commitments Genworth Financial provides a full and unconditional guarantee to the trustee of Genworth Holdings’ outstanding senior and subordinated notes and the holders of the senior and subordinated notes, on an unsecured unsubordinated and subordinated basis, respectively, of the full and punctual payment of the principal of, premium, if any and interest on, and all other amounts payable under, each outstanding series of senior notes and outstanding subordinated notes, and the full and punctual payment of all other amounts payable by Genworth Holdings under the senior and subordinated notes indentures in respect of such senior and subordinated notes. 365 Genworth Financial also provides a full and unconditional guarantee to the holders of Genworth Holdings’ Term Loan. Genworth Financial and Genworth Holdings have joint and several guarantees associated with Rivermont I and the Tax Matters Agreement. (4) Income Taxes As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, Genworth Financial had a deferred tax asset of $14 million and $27 million, respectively, primarily comprised of share-based compensation. In the fourth quarter of 2017, Genworth Financial revalued its deferred tax assets to 21% under the TCJA. The revaluation resulted in a reduction to the deferred tax asset of $18 million, which was recorded through income from continuing operations. We also adopted new accounting guidance related to stock-based compensation in 2017 and recorded a previously disallowed deferred tax asset of $9 million. These amounts are undiscounted pursuant to the applicable rules governing deferred taxes. Genworth Financial’s current income tax receivable was $11 million as of December 31, 2018 and current income tax payable was $23 million as of December 31, 2017. Net cash paid for taxes was $16 million for the year ended December 31, 2018. Net cash received for taxes was $32 million and $41 million for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. 366 Schedule III Genworth Financial, Inc. Supplemental Insurance Information (Amounts in millions) Segment December 31, 2018 Deferred Acquisition Costs Future Policy Benefits Policyholder Account Balances Liability for Policy and Contract Claims Unearned Premiums U.S. Mortgage Insurance . . . . . Canada Mortgage Insurance . . . Australia Mortgage Insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . U.S. Life Insurance . . . . . . . . . . Runoff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corporate and Other . . . . . . . . . $ 28 121 39 2,879 196 — $ — — $ — — $ 296 84 — 37,939 1 — — 19,663 3,305 — 196 9,782 14 7 $ 422 1,533 1,057 530 4 — Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $3,263 $37,940 $22,968 $10,379 $3,546 December 31, 2017 U.S. Mortgage Insurance . . . . . Canada Mortgage Insurance . . . Australia Mortgage Insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . U.S. Life Insurance . . . . . . . . . . Runoff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corporate and Other . . . . . . . . . $ 28 131 49 1,908 213 — $ — — $ — — $ 455 87 — 38,469 3 — — 21,138 3,057 — 218 8,816 11 7 $ 404 1,700 1,299 560 4 — Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2,329 $38,472 $24,195 $ 9,594 $3,967 See Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm 367 Schedule III—Continued Genworth Financial, Inc. Supplemental Insurance Information (Amounts in millions) Segment December 31, 2018 U.S. Mortgage Insurance . . . . Canada Mortgage Premium Revenue Net Investment Income Interest Credited and Benefits and Other Changes in Policy Reserves Amortization of Deferred Acquisition Costs Other Operating Expenses Premiums Written $ 746 $ 93 $ 36 $ 9 $ 174 $ 764 Insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525 138 Australia Mortgage Insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . U.S. Life Insurance . . . . . . . . Runoff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corporate and Other . . . . . . . 373 2,867 — 8 67 2,781 174 9 78 110 5,877 189 5 40 16 218 33 — 91 101 639 57 309 494 242 2,843 — 8 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $4,519 $3,262 $6,295 $316 $1,371 $4,351 December 31, 2017 U.S. Mortgage Insurance . . . . Canada Mortgage $ 695 $ 73 $ 107 $ 10 $ 169 $ 757 Insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519 132 Australia Mortgage Insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . U.S. Life Insurance . . . . . . . . Runoff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corporate and Other . . . . . . . (140) 2,922 — 8 75 2,755 160 5 54 109 5,386 166 3 41 (5) 272 24 — 100 105 641 63 321 509 231 2,902 — 7 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $4,004 $3,200 $5,825 $342 $1,399 $4,406 December 31, 2016 U.S. Mortgage Insurance . . . . Canada Mortgage $ 660 $ 63 $ 160 $ 9 $ 170 $ 744 Insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481 126 Australia Mortgage Insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . U.S. Life Insurance . . . . . . . . Runoff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corporate and Other . . . . . . . 337 2,670 — 12 94 2,726 147 3 104 113 5,387 173 4 37 13 394 28 — 97 107 695 70 488 576 231 2,644 — 13 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $4,160 $3,159 $5,941 $481 $1,627 $4,208 See Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm 368 Item 9. Changes In and Disagreements With Accountants On Accounting and Financial Disclosure None. Item 9A. Controls and Procedures Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures As of December 31, 2018, an evaluation was conducted under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934). Based on this evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2018. Management’s Annual Report On Internal Control Over Financial Reporting Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting for our company. Our internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. With the participation of the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer, our management conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework and criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013), issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on this evaluation, our management has concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2018. Our independent auditor, KPMG LLP, a registered public accounting firm, has issued an attestation report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. This attestation report appears below. /S/ Thomas J. McInerney Thomas J. McInerney President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) /S/ Kelly L. Groh Kelly L. Groh Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) February 27, 2019 369 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm To the Stockholders and Board of Directors Genworth Financial, Inc.: Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting We have audited Genworth Financial, Inc.’s (the Company) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2018, and the related notes and financial statement schedules I to III (collectively, the consolidated financial statements), and our report dated February 27, 2019 expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements. Basis for Opinion The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report On Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. 370 Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. /s/ KPMG LLP Richmond, Virginia February 27, 2019 371 Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting During the Quarter Ended December 31, 2018 There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the quarter ended December 31, 2018 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. Item 9B. Other Information None. 372 Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance The following table sets forth certain information concerning our executive officers: PART III Name Thomas J. McInerney . . . . Kelly L. Groh . . . . . . . . . . Kevin D. Schneider . . . . . . Ward E. Bobitz . . . . . . . . . Lori M. Evangel . . . . . . . . Pamela M. Harrison . . . . . Daniel J. Sheehan IV . . . . William H. Bolinder . . . . . Age 62 50 57 54 56 54 53 75 G. Kent Conrad . . . . . . . . . 70 Melina E. Higgins . . . . . . . 51 David M. Moffett . . . . . . . 67 Thomas E. Moloney . . . . . Debra J. Perry . . . . . . . . . . Robert P. Restrepo Jr. . . . . 75 67 68 James S. Riepe . . . . . . . . . 75 Executive Officers and Directors Positions President and Chief Executive Officer, Director Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer Executive Vice President and General Counsel Executive Vice President and Chief Risk Officer Executive Vice President—Human Resources Executive Vice President—Chief Investment Officer Director, member of Nominating and Corporate Governance and Risk Committees Director, member of Nominating and Corporate Governance and Risk Committees Director, member of Management Development and Compensation and Nominating and Corporate Governance Committees Director, member of Management Development and Compensation and Nominating and Corporate Governance Committees Director, member of Audit and Risk Committees Director, member of Audit and Risk Committees Director, member of Audit and Management Development and Compensation Committees Non-Executive Chairman of the Board, member of Audit and Management Development and Compensation Committees The following sets forth certain biographical information with respect to our executive officers and directors listed above. Thomas J. McInerney has been our President and Chief Executive Officer and a director since January 2013. Before joining our company, Mr. McInerney had served as a Senior Advisor to the Boston Consulting Group from June 2011 to December 2012, providing consulting and advisory services to leading insurance and financial services companies in the United States and Canada. From October 2009 to December 2010, Mr. McInerney was a member of ING Groep’s Management Board for Insurance, where he was the Chief Operating Officer of ING’s insurance and investment management business worldwide. Prior to that, he served in a variety of senior roles with ING Groep NV after serving in many leadership positions with Aetna, where he began his career as an insurance underwriter in June 1978. Mr. McInerney is a member of the American Council of Life Insurers and serves, and has served, on its CEO Steering Committees and Board. Mr. McInerney received a B.A. in Economics from Colgate University and an M.B.A. from the Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth College and serves on Tuck’s Board of Advisors. Kelly L. Groh has been our Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer since October 2015. Ms. Groh also served as our Principal Accounting Officer from May 2012 to April 2016, the Company’s Vice President and Controller from May 2012 to November 2015, and as Acting Chief Financial Officer of our U.S. life insurance businesses from August 2014 through January 2015. Ms. Groh served in the Company’s Investment organization as Senior Vice President of Investment Portfolio Management from December 2010 to May 2012. From August 2008 to December 2010, she served as the Chief Financial Officer of the Company’s previous Retirement and Protection segment. From July 2004 to August 2008, she served as Senior Vice 373 President, Finance, which role included responsibility for varying periods of time over the Financial Planning and Analysis and the Investor Relations functions. From March 1996 until the Company’s IPO in 2004, Ms. Groh served in various finance capacities for predecessor companies, including GE Financial Assurance Holdings, Inc. Prior to joining the Company, Ms. Groh was employed by Price Waterhouse, LLP (now PriceWaterhouseCoopers, LLP) from September 1990 to March 1996. Ms. Groh received a B.A. in Business Administration (Accounting) from the University of Washington and graduated from The Executive Program at the Darden Graduate School of Business at the University of Virginia. Ms. Groh is a certified public accountant (“CPA”) and a chartered global management accountant (“CGMA”). Kevin D. Schneider has been our Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer since January 2016 and is responsible for all the daily operations and operating performance of our businesses. Prior to that, he was Executive Vice President—Global Mortgage Insurance from May 2015 to January 2016 (Executive Vice President-Genworth from May 2012 to May 2015) responsible for our global mortgage insurance businesses. From July 2008 until May 2012, Mr. Schneider was Senior Vice President—Genworth with continuing responsibility for the Company’s U.S. mortgage insurance business. Prior thereto, Mr. Schneider served as the President and Chief Executive Officer of the Company’s U.S. mortgage insurance business since the completion of the Company’s IPO in May 2004. Prior to the IPO, he was a Senior Vice President and Chief Commercial Officer of General Electric Mortgage Insurance Corporation since April 2003. From January 2003 to April 2003, Mr. Schneider was the Chief Quality Officer for GE Commercial Finance—Americas. From September 2001 to December 2002, he was a Quality Leader for GE Capital Corporate. From April 1998 to September 2001, Mr. Schneider was an Executive Vice President with GE Capital Rail Services. Prior thereto, he had been with GATX Corp. where he was a Vice President—Sales from November 1994 to April 1998 and a Regional Manager from October 1992 to November 1994. From July 1984 to October 1992, Mr. Schneider was with Ryder System where he held various positions. Mr. Schneider received a B.S. degree in Industrial Labor Relations from Cornell University and an M.B.A. from the Kellogg Business School. Ward E. Bobitz has been our Executive Vice President and General Counsel since January 2015. Prior to that, he served as a Vice President and Assistant Secretary, responsible for corporate transactions and regulatory matters, since the completion of our IPO in May 2004. Prior to the IPO, he served as a Vice President and Assistant Secretary of GE Financial Assurance Holdings, Inc. (“GEFAHI”) since October 1997. From September 1993 to October 1997, Mr. Bobitz was with the law firm of LeBoeuf, Lamb, Greene, and MacRae. Mr. Bobitz received a B.A. in Economics from Columbia University and a J.D. from the University of Michigan Law School. He is a member of the New York Bar and the Virginia Bar. Lori M. Evangel has been our Executive Vice President and Chief Risk Officer since January 2014. Prior to joining the company, she was Managing Director and Chief Risk Officer, Global Investments for Aflac, Inc. from January 2013 to December 2013. From November 2008 through July 2012, Ms. Evangel served as Senior Vice President and Enterprise Risk Officer at MetLife, Inc., having served as Senior Vice President since joining MetLife in May 2007. Prior thereto, Ms. Evangel acted as Managing Director and Group Head, Portfolio Management and Market Risk for MBIA Insurance Corporation from July 2004 to April 2007 and served in multiple positions for MBIA prior to that time. Ms. Evangel began her career at Moody’s Investors Service in 1986. She received her B.A. in Political Science from Middlebury College in 1984 and her MBA in Finance from State University of New York in 1986. Pamela M. Harrison has been our Executive Vice President—Human Resources since January 2018. Prior thereto, she was the Human Resources Leader responsible for organization and talent development at Latham & Watkins, LLP from March 2012 to December 2017. From June 2003 to October 2011, Ms. Harrison was with Marsh & McLennan Companies where she gained significant experience in the insurance industry and international markets serving in the role of Managing Director International Human Resources with responsibilities in Europe, Latin America, the Middle East, Africa, and the Asia Pacific Region and Senior Vice President Human Resources with responsibilities over global specialty risk and national risk practices. She also served in human resource positions with Protiviti (formerly a division of Arthur Andersen LLP), Frito-Lay, Inc., 374 MasterCard and Liz Claiborne, Inc. Ms. Harrison received a B.A. in Psychology from the University of Delaware. Daniel J. Sheehan IV has been our Executive Vice President—Chief Investment Officer since December 2013. Prior to that, he served as our Senior Vice President—Chief Investment Officer since April 2012. From January 2009 to April 2012, he served as our Vice President with responsibilities that included oversight of the Company’s insurance investment portfolios. From January 2008 through December 2008, Mr. Sheehan had management responsibilities of the Company’s portfolio management team, including fixed-income trading. From December 1997 through December 2007, Mr. Sheehan served in various capacities with the Company and/or its predecessor including roles with oversight responsibilities for the investments real estate team, as risk manager of the insurance portfolios and as risk manager of the portfolio management team. Prior to joining our Company, Mr. Sheehan had been with Sun Life of Canada from 1993 to 1997 as a Property Investment Officer in the Real Estate Investments group. Prior thereto, he was with Massachusetts Laborers Benefit Fund from 1987 to 1993, as an auditor and auditing supervisor. Mr. Sheehan graduated from Harvard University with a BA in Economics and later received an MBA in Finance from Babson College. William H. Bolinder has served as a member of our board of directors since October 2010. Mr. Bolinder retired in June 2006 from serving as President, Chief Executive Officer and a director of Acadia Trust N.A., positions he had held since 2003. He had previously been a member of the Group Management Board for Zurich Financial Services Group from 1994 to 2002. Mr. Bolinder joined Zurich American Insurance Company, USA in 1986 as Chief Operating Officer and became Chief Executive Officer in 1987. Mr. Bolinder also previously served on the boards of directors of Endurance Specialty Holdings Ltd. (“Endurance”) from December 2001 to March 2017 (Endurance was acquired in 2017) and Quanta Capital Holding Ltd. from January 2007 to October 2008. Mr. Bolinder has also served on the board of the American Insurance Association, American Institute for Chartered Property Casualty Underwriting, Insurance Institute for Applied Ethics, Insurance Institute of America, Insurance Services Office, Inc. and the National Association of Independent Insurers. Mr. Bolinder received a B.S. in Business Administration from the University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth. G. Kent Conrad has served as a member of our board of directors since March 2013. Sen. Conrad served as a U.S. Senator representing the State of North Dakota from January 1987 to January 2013. He served as the Chair of the Senate Budget Committee from 2006 until his retirement. Prior to serving in the U.S. Senate, Sen. Conrad served as the Tax Commissioner for the State of North Dakota from 1981 to 1986 and as Assistant Tax Commissioner from 1974 to 1980. Sen. Conrad received an A.B. in Political Science from Stanford University and an M.B.A. from George Washington University. Melina E. Higgins has served as a member of our board of directors since September 2013. Ms. Higgins retired in 2010 from a nearly 20-year career at The Goldman Sachs Group Inc., where she served as a Managing Director from 2001 and a Partner from 2002. During her tenure at Goldman Sachs, Ms. Higgins served as Head of the Americas and Co-Chairperson of the Investment Advisory Committee for the GS Mezzanine Partners funds, which managed over $30 billion of assets. She also served as a member of the Investment Committee for the Principal Investment Area, which oversaw and approved global private equity and private debt investments. Goldman’s Principal Investment Area was one of the largest alternative asset managers in the world. Ms. Higgins has served as a director of Mylan N.V. since February 2013. Ms. Higgins has also served as non-executive chairman of the board of Antares Midco, Inc. since January 2016 and is a member of the Women’s Leadership Board of Harvard University’s John F. Kennedy School of Government. Ms. Higgins received a B.A. in Economics and Spanish from Colgate University and an M.B.A. from Harvard Business School. David M. Moffett has served as a member of our board of directors since December 2012. Mr. Moffett was the Chief Executive Officer and a director of the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation from September 2008 until his retirement in March 2009. Prior to this position, Mr. Moffett served as a Senior Advisor with the Carlyle Group LLC from May 2007 to September 2008. Mr. Moffett also served as the Vice Chairman and Chief Financial Officer of U.S. Bancorp from 2001 to 2007, after its merger with Firstar Corporation, having 375 previously served as Vice Chairman and Chief Financial Officer of Firstar Corporation from 1998 to 2001 and as Chief Financial Officer of StarBanc Corporation, a predecessor to Firstar Corporation, from 1993 to 1998. Mr. Moffett has served as a director of CSX Corporation since May 2015, and PayPal Holdings, Inc. since July 2015 (currently serving as its Lead Director). He also previously served on the boards of directors of CIT Group Inc. from July 2010 to May 2016, eBay Inc. from July 2007 to July 2015, MBIA Inc. from May 2007 to September 2008, The E.W. Scripps Company from May 2007 to September 2008 and Building Materials Holding Corporation from May 2006 to November 2008. Mr. Moffett also serves as a trustee on the boards of Columbia Fund Series Trust I and Columbia Funds Variable Insurance Trust, overseeing approximately 52 funds within the Columbia Funds mutual fund complex. He also serves as a trustee for the University of Oklahoma Foundation. Mr. Moffett holds a B.A. degree in Economics from the University of Oklahoma and an M.B.A. degree from Southern Methodist University. Thomas E. Moloney has served as a member of our board of directors since October 2009. Mr. Moloney served as the interim Chief Financial Officer of MSC—Medical Services Company (“MSC”) from December 2007 to March 2008. He retired as the Senior Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of John Hancock Financial Services, Inc. in December 2004. He had served in this position since 1992. Mr. Moloney served in various roles at John Hancock Financial Services, Inc. during his tenure from 1965 to 1992, including Vice President, Controller, and Senior Accountant. Mr. Moloney has served as a director of SeaWorld Entertainment, Inc. since January 2015. He also previously served as a director of MSC from 2005 to 2012 (MSC was acquired in 2012 and ceased to be a public company in 2008). Mr. Moloney is on the boards of Nashoba Learning Group and the Boston Children’s Museum (past Chairperson), both non-profit organizations. Mr. Moloney received a B.A. in Accounting from Bentley University and holds a Silver Level Executive Masters Professional Director Certification from the Corporate Directors Group. Debra J. Perry has served as a member of our board of directors since December 2016. Ms. Perry worked at Moody’s Corporation from 1992 to 2004. From 2001 to 2004, Ms. Perry was a senior managing director in the Global Ratings and Research Unit of Moody’s Investors Service, Inc. where she oversaw the Americas Corporate Finance and U.S. Public Finance Groups. From 1999 to 2001, Ms. Perry served as Chief Administrative Officer and Chief Credit Officer, and from 1996 to 1999, she was a group managing director for the Finance, Securities and Insurance Rating Groups of Moody’s Corporation. Ms. Perry has served as a director of Assurant, Inc., a provider of risk management solutions, since August 2017 and Korn/Ferry International, a talent management and executive search firm, since 2008. She has also served as a director of The Bernstein Funds (which currently oversees the Sanford C. Bernstein Fund, the Bernstein Fund and the Alliance Multi-Manager Alternative Fund) since July 2011 and has served as chair since July 2018. She was a member of the board of PartnerRe, a Bermuda-based reinsurance company, from June 2013 to March 2016. She was also a trustee of the Bank of America Funds from June 2011 until April 2016. Ms. Perry served on the board of directors of CNO Financial Group, Inc. from 2004 to 2011. In 2014, Ms. Perry was named to the National Association of Corporate Directors’ Directorship 100, which recognizes the most influential people in the boardroom and corporate governance community. From September 2012 to December 2014, Ms. Perry served as a member of the Executive Committee of the Committee for Economic Development (“CED”) in Washington, D.C. a non- partisan, business-led public policy organization, until its merger with the Conference Board, and she continues as a member of CED. Ms. Perry received her B.A. in History from the University of Wisconsin and her M.A. in European History from Yale University. Robert P. Restrepo Jr. has served as a member of our board of directors since December 2016. Mr. Restrepo retired from State Auto Financial Corporation in 2015, having served as its Chairman from 2006 to December 2015 and as its President and Chief Executive Officer from 2006 to May 2015. Mr. Restrepo has over 40 years of insurance industry experience, having held executive roles at Main Street America Group, Hanover Insurance Group Inc. (formerly Allmerica Financial Corp), Travelers and Aetna. Mr. Restrepo has served as a director of Majesco, a provider of insurance software and consulting services, since August 2015, and RLI Corp., a property and casualty insurance company, since July 2016. Mr. Restrepo also currently serves on the boards of 376 directors of The Larry H. Miller Group of Companies and Nuclear Electric Insurance Limited. Mr. Restrepo received a B.A. in English from Yale University. James S. Riepe has served as a member of our board of directors since March 2006 and was appointed Non-Executive Chairman of the Board in May 2012, having previously been appointed as Lead Director in February 2009. Mr. Riepe is a retired Vice Chairman and a Senior Advisor at T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. Mr. Riepe served as the Vice Chairman of T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. from 1997 until his retirement in December 2005. Prior to joining T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. in 1981, Mr. Riepe was an Executive Vice President of The Vanguard Group. He has served as a director of LPL Financial Holdings Inc. since February 2008. Mr. Riepe also previously served on the boards of directors of The NASDAQ OMX Group, Inc. from May 2003 to May 2014, T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. from 1981 to 2006 and 57 T. Rowe Price registered investment companies (mutual funds) until his retirement in 2006. He is an Emeritus member of the University of Pennsylvania’s Board of Trustees and Trustee of Penn Medicine. Mr. Riepe received a B.S. in Industrial Management, M.B.A. and Honorary Doctor of Laws degree from the University of Pennsylvania. From time to time, we or our subsidiaries are subject to court orders, judgments or decrees enjoining us or the subsidiaries from engaging in certain business practices, and sometimes such orders, judgments or decrees are also applicable to our affiliates, officers, employees and certain other related parties, including certain of our executive officers. Other Information We will provide the remaining information that is responsive to this Item 10 in our definitive proxy statement or in an amendment to this Annual Report not later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Annual Report, in either case under the captions “Election of Directors,” “Corporate Governance,” “Board of Directors and Committees,” “Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance,” and possibly elsewhere therein. That information is incorporated into this Item 10 by reference. Item 11. Executive Compensation We will provide information that is responsive to this Item 11 in our definitive proxy statement or in an amendment to this Annual Report not later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Annual Report, in either case under the captions “Board of Directors and Committees,” “Compensation Discussion and Analysis,” “Report of the Management Development and Compensation Committee” (which report shall be deemed furnished with this Form 10-K, and shall not be deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, nor shall it be deemed incorporated by reference in any filing under the Securities Act of 1933 or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934), “Executive Compensation,” and possibly elsewhere therein. That information is incorporated into this Item 11 by reference. Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters We will provide information that is responsive to this Item 12 in our definitive proxy statement or in an amendment to this Annual Report not later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Annual Report, in either case under the caption “Information Relating to Directors, Director Nominees, Executive Officers and Significant Stockholders,” “Equity Compensation Plans” and possibly elsewhere therein. That information is incorporated into this Item 12 by reference. Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence We will provide information that is responsive to this Item 13 in our definitive proxy statement or in an amendment to this Annual Report not later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Annual Report, in either case under the captions “Corporate Governance,” “Certain Relationships and Transactions,” and possibly elsewhere therein. That information is incorporated into this Item 13 by reference. 377 Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services We will provide information that is responsive to this Item 14 in our definitive proxy statement or in an amendment to this Annual Report not later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Annual Report, in either case under the caption “Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm,” and possibly elsewhere therein. That information is incorporated into this Item 14 by reference. 378 PART IV Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules a. Documents filed as part of this report. 1. Financial Statements (see Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data) Report of KPMG LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 Consolidated Statements of Income for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 2. Financial Statement Schedules Schedule I—Summary of Investments—Other Than Investments in Related Parties Schedule II—Financial Statements of Genworth Financial, Inc. (Parent Only) Schedule III—Supplemental Insurance Information 3. Exhibits Number 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Description Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of April 1, 2013, among Genworth Financial, Inc. (renamed Genworth Holdings, Inc.), Sub XLVI, Inc. (renamed Genworth Financial, Inc.) and Sub XLII, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 1, 2013) Offer Management Agreement, dated as of April 23, 2014, among Genworth Mortgage Insurance Australia Limited, Genworth Financial, Inc., Genworth Financial Mortgage Insurance Pty Limited, Genworth Financial Mortgage Indemnity Limited and the joint lead managers named therein (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 21, 2014) Irrevocable Offer Deed, dated as of July 22, 2015, by AXA S.A. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2015) Letter Agreement, dated as of July 22, 2015, by and among Genworth Financial, Inc., Brookfield Life and Annuity Insurance Company Limited, European Group Financing Company Limited, Genworth Financial International Holdings, Inc. and AXA S.A. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.2 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2015) Sale and Purchase Agreement, dated as of September 17, 2015, by and among Genworth Financial, Inc., Brookfield Life and Annuity Insurance Company Limited, European Group Financing Company Limited, Genworth Financial International Holdings, Inc. and AXA S.A. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.3 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2015) Master Agreement, dated as of September 30, 2015, by and between Genworth Life and Annuity Insurance Company and Protective Life Insurance Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.4 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2015) 379 Number 2.7 2.7.1 2.7.2 2.7.3 2.7.4 2.7.5 2.7.6 2.7.7 2.7.8 3.1 3.2 4.1 4.2 Description Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated October 21, 2016, by and among Genworth Financial, Inc., Asia Pacific Global Capital Co., Ltd. and Asia Pacific Global Capital USA Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 24, 2016) Waiver and Agreement, dated as of August 21, 2017, by and among Genworth Financial, Inc., Asia Pacific Global Capital Co., Ltd. and Asia Pacific Global Capital USA Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 21, 2017) Second Waiver and Agreement, dated as of November 29, 2017, by and among Genworth Financial, Inc., Asia Pacific Global Capital Co., Ltd. and Asia Pacific Global Capital USA Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 29, 2017 Third Waiver and Agreement, dated as of February 23, 2018, by and among Genworth Financial, Inc., Asia Pacific Global Capital Co., Ltd., and Asia Pacific Global Capital USA Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 26, 2018) Fourth Waiver and Agreement, dated as of March 27, 2018, by and among Genworth Financial, Inc., Asia Pacific Global Capital Co., Ltd., and Asia Pacific Global Capital USA Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 27, 2018) Fifth Waiver and Agreement, dated as of June 28, 2018, by and among Genworth Financial, Inc., Asia Pacific Global Capital Co., Ltd., and Asia Pacific Global Capital USA Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 28, 2018) Sixth Waiver and Agreement, dated as of August 14, 2018, by and among Genworth Financial, Inc., Asia Pacific Global Capital Co., Ltd., and Asia Pacific Global Capital USA Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 14, 2018) Seventh Waiver and Agreement, dated as of November 30, 2018, by and among Genworth Financial, Inc., Asia Pacific Global Capital Co., Ltd., and Asia Pacific Global Capital USA Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 30, 2018) Eighth Waiver and Agreement, dated as of January 30, 2019, by and among Genworth Financial, Inc., Asia Pacific Global Capital Co., Ltd., and Asia Pacific Global Capital USA Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on January 30, 2019) Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Genworth Financial, Inc., dated as of April 1, 2013 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 1, 2013) Amended and Restated Bylaws of Genworth Financial, Inc., dated as of October 5, 2015 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 5, 2015) Specimen Class A Common Stock certificate (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2012) Indenture, dated as of November 14, 2006, between Genworth Financial, Inc. (renamed Genworth Holdings, Inc.) and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as Trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 14, 2006) 380 Number 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 Description First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of November 14, 2006, between Genworth Financial, Inc. (renamed Genworth Holdings, Inc.) and The Bank of New York Trust Company, N.A., as Trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 14, 2006) Second Supplemental Indenture, dated as of April 1, 2013, among Genworth Holdings, Inc., Genworth Financial, Inc. and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as Trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 1, 2013) Third Supplemental Indenture, dated as of March 18, 2016, among Genworth Holdings, Inc., Genworth Financial, Inc. and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as Trustee, amending the Indenture, dated as of November 14, 2006, between Genworth Financial, Inc. (renamed Genworth Holdings, Inc.) and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as Trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 22, 2016) Indenture, dated as of June 15, 2004, between Genworth Financial, Inc. (renamed Genworth Holdings, Inc.) and The Bank of New York (successor to JPMorgan Chase Bank), as Trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.10 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2004) Supplemental Indenture No. 1, dated as of June 15, 2004, between Genworth Financial, Inc. (renamed Genworth Holdings, Inc.) and The Bank of New York (successor to JPMorgan Chase Bank), as Trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.11 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2004) Supplemental Indenture No. 4, dated as of May 22, 2008, between Genworth Financial, Inc. (renamed Genworth Holdings, Inc.) and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as Trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 22, 2008) Supplemental Indenture No. 5, dated as of December 8, 2009, between Genworth Financial, Inc. (renamed Genworth Holdings, Inc.) and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as Trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 8, 2009) Supplemental Indenture No. 6, dated as of June 24, 2010, between Genworth Financial, Inc. (renamed Genworth Holdings, Inc.) and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as Trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 24, 2010) Supplemental Indenture No. 7, dated as of November 22, 2010, between Genworth Financial, Inc. (renamed Genworth Holdings, Inc.) and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as Trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 22, 2010) Supplemental Indenture No. 8, dated as of March 25, 2011, between Genworth Financial, Inc. (renamed Genworth Holdings, Inc.) and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as Trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 25, 2011) Supplemental Indenture No. 9, dated as of April 1, 2013, among Genworth Holdings, Inc., Genworth Financial, Inc., as guarantor, and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as Trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 1, 2013) 381 Number 4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17 10.1 10.1.1 10.1.2 10.2 10.2.1 10.2.2 Description Supplemental Indenture No. 10, dated as of August 8, 2013, among Genworth Holdings, Inc., Genworth Financial, Inc., as guarantor, and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as Trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 8, 2013) Supplemental Indenture No. 11, dated as of December 10, 2013, among Genworth Holdings, Inc., Genworth Financial, Inc., as guarantor, and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as Trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 10, 2013) Supplemental Indenture No. 12, dated as of March 18, 2016, among Genworth Holdings, Inc., Genworth Financial, Inc. and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as Trustee, amending the Indenture, dated as of June 15, 2004, between Genworth Financial, Inc. (renamed Genworth Holdings, Inc.) and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. (succeeded by The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A.), as Trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 22, 2016) Supplemental Indenture No. 13, dated as of October 3, 2018, among Genworth Holdings, Inc., Genworth Financial, Inc. and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as Trustee, amending the Indenture, dated as of June 15, 2004, between Genworth Financial, Inc. (renamed Genworth Holdings, Inc.) and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. (succeeded by The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A.), as Trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 4, 2018) Master Agreement, dated July 7, 2009, among Genworth Financial, Inc. (renamed Genworth Holdings, Inc.), Genworth Financial Mortgage Insurance Company Canada, Genworth MI Canada Inc. and Brookfield Life Assurance Company Limited (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 10, 2009) Amendment No.1 to Master Agreement, dated April 1, 2013, among Genworth MI Canada Inc., Brookfield Life Assurance Company Limited, Genworth Financial, Inc. (renamed Genworth Holdings, Inc.), Genworth Financial Mortgage Insurance Company Canada and Sub XLVI, Inc. (renamed Genworth Financial, Inc.) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 1, 2013) Assignment and Amending Agreement for Master Agreement, dated October 1, 2015, among Genworth MI Canada Inc., Brookfield Life Assurance Company Limited, Genworth Holdings, Inc., Genworth Financial, Inc., Genworth Financial Mortgage Insurance Company Canada and Genworth Financial International Holdings, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2015) Shareholder Agreement, dated July 7, 2009, among Genworth MI Canada Inc., Brookfield Life Assurance Company Limited and Genworth Financial, Inc. (renamed Genworth Holdings, Inc.) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 10, 2009) Assignment and Assumption Agreement for Shareholder Agreement, dated August 9, 2011, among Genworth MI Canada Inc., Genworth Financial, Inc. (renamed Genworth Holdings, Inc.), Brookfield Life Assurance Company Limited, Genworth Mortgage Holdings, LLC and Genworth Mortgage Insurance Corporation of North Carolina (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2011) Assignment and Assumption Agreement for Shareholder Agreement, dated August 9, 2011, among Genworth MI Canada Inc., Genworth Financial, Inc. (renamed Genworth Holdings, Inc.), Brookfield Life Assurance Company Limited, Genworth Mortgage Holdings, LLC and Genworth Mortgage Insurance Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2011) 382 Number 10.2.3 10.2.4 10.2.5 10.2.6 10.3 10.4 10.4.1 10.4.2 10.5 10.5.1 Description Assignment and Assumption Agreement for Shareholder Agreement, dated August 10, 2011, among Genworth MI Canada Inc., Genworth Financial, Inc. (renamed Genworth Holdings, Inc.), Brookfield Life Assurance Company Limited, Genworth Mortgage Insurance Corporation and Genworth Residential Mortgage Assurance Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2011) Amending Agreement, dated April 1, 2013, among Genworth MI Canada Inc., Brookfield Life Assurance Company Limited, Genworth Financial, Inc. (renamed Genworth Holdings, Inc.), Genworth Mortgage Holdings, LLC, Genworth Mortgage Insurance Corporation, Genworth Mortgage Insurance Corporation of North Carolina, Genworth Financial International Holdings, Inc., Genworth Residential Mortgage Assurance Corporation and Sub XLVI, Inc. (renamed Genworth Financial, Inc.) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 1, 2013) Assignment and Assumption Agreement for Shareholder Agreement, dated July 11, 2014, among Genworth MI Canada Inc., Genworth Mortgage Insurance Corporation and Genworth Residential Mortgage Assurance Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2014) Assignment and Amending Agreement for Shareholder Agreement, dated October 1, 2015, among Genworth MI Canada Inc., Brookfield Life Assurance Company Limited, Genworth Holdings, Inc., Genworth Financial, Inc., Genworth Mortgage Insurance Corporation, Genworth Mortgage Insurance Corporation of North Carolina and Genworth Financial International Holdings, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2015) Master Agreement, dated April 23, 2014, between Genworth Financial, Inc. and Genworth Mortgage Insurance Company Australia Limited (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2014) Shareholder Agreement, dated May 21, 2014, among Genworth Mortgage Insurance Australia Limited, Brookfield Life Assurance Company Limited, Genworth Financial International Holdings, Inc. and Genworth Financial, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2014) Accession and Retirement Deed, dated September 15, 2015, among Genworth Financial International Holdings, Inc., Genworth Holdings, Inc., Brookfield Life Assurance Company Limited, Genworth Financial, Inc. and Genworth Mortgage Insurance Australia Limited (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2015) Accession and Retirement Deed, dated October 1, 2015, among Genworth Financial International Holdings, LLC, Genworth Holdings, Inc., Brookfield Life Assurance Company Limited, Genworth Financial, Inc. and Genworth Mortgage Insurance Australia Limited (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2015) Restated Tax Matters Agreement, dated as of February 1, 2006, by and among General Electric Company, General Electric Capital Corporation, GE Financial Assurance Holdings, Inc., GEI, Inc. and Genworth Financial, Inc. (renamed Genworth Holdings, Inc.) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2006) Consent and Agreement to Become a Party to Restated Tax Matters Agreement, dated April 1, 2013, among Genworth Financial, Inc., Genworth Holdings, Inc., General Electric Company, General Electric Capital Corporation, GE Financial Assurance Holdings, Inc. and GEI, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 1, 2013) 383 Number 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9 10.9.1 10.10 10.10.1 10.11 10.11.1 10.12 10.12.1 10.12.2 10.13 10.13.1 10.13.2 Description Canadian Tax Matters Agreement, dated as of May 24, 2004, among General Electric Company, General Electric Capital Corporation, GECMIC Holdings Inc., GE Capital Mortgage Insurance Company (Canada) (now known as Genworth Financial Mortgage Insurance Company Canada) and Genworth Financial, Inc. (renamed Genworth Holdings, Inc.) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.47 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 7, 2004) European Tax Matters Agreement, dated as of May 24, 2004, among General Electric Company, General Electric Capital Corporation and Genworth Financial, Inc. (renamed Genworth Holdings, Inc.) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.57 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 7, 2004) Australian Tax Matters Agreement, dated as of May 24, 2004, between Genworth Financial, Inc. (renamed Genworth Holdings, Inc.) and General Electric Capital Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.58 to the Current Report on Form 8-K field on June 7, 2004) Coinsurance Agreement, dated as of April 15, 2004, by and between GE Life and Annuity Assurance Company (now known as Genworth Life and Annuity Insurance Company) and Union Fidelity Life Insurance Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11 to the Registration Statement on Form S-1 (No. 333-112009) (the “Registration Statement”)) Amendments to Coinsurance Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6.1 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2008) Coinsurance Agreement, dated as of April 15, 2004, by and between Federal Home Life Insurance Company (merged with and into Genworth Life and Annuity Insurance Company effective January 1, 2007) and Union Fidelity Life Insurance Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.12 to the Registration Statement) Amendments to Coinsurance Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7.1 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2008) Coinsurance Agreement, dated as of April 15, 2004, by and between General Electric Capital Assurance Company (now known as Genworth Life Insurance Company) and Union Fidelity Life Insurance Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.13 to the Registration Statement) Amendments to Coinsurance Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8.1 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2008) Coinsurance Agreement, dated as of April 15, 2004, by and between GE Capital Life Assurance Company of New York (now known as Genworth Life Insurance Company of New York) and Union Fidelity Life Insurance Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.14 to the Registration Statement) Amendments to Coinsurance Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9.1 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2008) Third Amendment to Coinsurance Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11.2 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2009) Coinsurance Agreement, dated as of April 15, 2004, by and between American Mayflower Life Insurance Company of New York (merged with and into Genworth Life Insurance Company of New York effective January 1, 2007) and Union Fidelity Life Insurance Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.15 to the Registration Statement) Amendments to Coinsurance Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.10.1 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2008) Third Amendment to Coinsurance Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.12.2 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2009) 384 Number 10.14 10.14.1 10.15 10.15.1 10.16 10.16.1 10.16.2 10.17 10.17.1 10.17.2 10.18 10.18.1 10.18.2 10.18.3 10.19 10.20 Description Coinsurance Agreement, dated as of April 15, 2004, between First Colony Life Insurance Company (merged with and into Genworth Life and Annuity Insurance Company, effective January 1, 2007) and Union Fidelity Life Insurance Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.54 to the Registration Statement) Amendments to Coinsurance Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11.1 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2008) Retrocession Agreement, dated as of April 15, 2004, by and between General Electric Capital Assurance Company (now known as Genworth Life Insurance Company) and Union Fidelity Life Insurance Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.16 to the Registration Statement) Amendments to Retrocession Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.12.1 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2008) Retrocession Agreement, dated as of April 15, 2004, by and between GE Capital Life Assurance Company of New York (now known as Genworth Life Insurance Company of New York) and Union Fidelity Life Insurance Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.17 to the Registration Statement) Amendments to Retrocession Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.13.1 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2008) Third Amendment to Retrocession Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.15.2 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2009) Reinsurance Agreement, dated as of April 15, 2004, by and between GE Life and Annuity Assurance Company (now known as Genworth Life and Annuity Insurance Company) and Union Fidelity Life Insurance Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.18 to the Registration Statement) First Amendment to Reinsurance Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.14.1 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2008) Second Amendment to Reinsurance Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.15.2 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2012) Reinsurance Agreement, dated as of April 15, 2004, by and between GE Capital Life Assurance Company of New York (now known as Genworth Life Insurance Company of New York) and Union Fidelity Life Insurance Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.19 to the Registration Statement) First Amendment to Reinsurance Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.15.1 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2008) Second Amendment to Reinsurance Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.17.2 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2009) Third Amendment to Reinsurance Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.16.3 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2012) Trust Agreement, dated as of April 15, 2004, among Union Fidelity Life Insurance Company, General Electric Capital Assurance Company (now known as Genworth Life Insurance Company) and The Bank of New York (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.48 to the Registration Statement) Trust Agreement, dated as of April 15, 2004, among Union Fidelity Life Insurance Company, Federal Home Life Insurance Company (merged with and into Genworth Life and Annuity Insurance Company, effective January 1, 2007) and The Bank of New York (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.51 to the Registration Statement) 385 Number 10.21 10.22 10.23 10.24 10.25 10.26 10.26.1 10.27 10.28 10.29 10.30§ 10.30.1§ 10.30.2§ 10.31§ Description Trust Agreement, dated as of April 15, 2004, among Union Fidelity Life Insurance Company, First Colony Life Insurance Company (merged with and into Genworth Life and Annuity Insurance Company, effective January 1, 2007) and The Bank of New York (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.53 to the Registration Statement) Trust Agreement, dated as of April 15, 2004, among Union Fidelity Insurance Company, American Mayflower Life Insurance Company of New York (merged with and into Genworth Life Insurance Company of New York, effective January 1, 2007) and The Bank of New York (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.49 to the Registration Statement) Trust Agreement, dated as of April 15, 2004, among Union Fidelity Life Insurance Company, GE Life and Annuity Assurance Company (now known as Genworth Life and Annuity Insurance Company) and The Bank of New York (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.50 to the Registration Statement) Trust Agreement, dated as of April 15, 2004, among Union Fidelity Life Insurance Company, GE Capital Life Assurance Company of New York (now known as Genworth Life Insurance Company of New York) and The Bank of New York (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.52 to the Registration Statement) Trust Agreement, dated as of December 1, 2009, among Union Fidelity Life Insurance Company, Genworth Life Insurance Company of New York and Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.24 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2009) Capital Maintenance Agreement, dated as of January 1, 2004, by and between Union Fidelity Life Insurance Company and General Electric Capital Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.21 to the Registration Statement) Amendment No. 1 to Capital Maintenance Agreement, dated as of December 1, 2013, by and between General Electric Capital Corporation and Union Fidelity Life Insurance Company (received by Genworth Financial, Inc. with all required signatures for effectiveness from General Electric Capital Corporation and Union Fidelity Life Insurance Company in February 2015) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.27.1 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2014 Replacement Capital Covenant, dated November 14, 2006 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 14, 2006) Assignment and Assumption Agreement, dated as of April 1, 2013, between Genworth Holdings, Inc. and Genworth Financial, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 1, 2013) Credit Agreement, dated as of March 7, 2018, among Genworth Holdings, Inc., as Borrower, Genworth Financial, Inc., as Parent, Goldman Sachs Lending Partners LLC, as Agent and the Lenders party thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 9, 2018) 2004 Genworth Financial, Inc. Omnibus Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.56 to the Registration Statement) First Amendment to the Genworth Financial, Inc. 2004 Omnibus Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2007) Second Amendment to the Genworth Financial, Inc. 2004 Omnibus Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 18, 2009) Amended & Restated Sub-Plan under the 2004 Genworth Financial, Inc. Omnibus Incentive Plan: Genworth Financial Canada Stock Savings Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.31 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2009) 386 Number 10.32§ 10.33§ 10.34§ 10.34.1§ 10.34.2§ 10.34.3§ 10.34.4§ 10.34.5§ 10.35§ 10.35.1§ 10.35.2§ 10.35.3§ 10.35.4§ 10.35.5§ 10.35.6§ 10.35.7§ Description Sub-Plan under the 2004 Genworth Financial, Inc. Omnibus Incentive Plan: Genworth Financial, Inc. U.K. Share Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.52.7 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2006) Sub-Plan under the 2004 Genworth Financial, Inc. Omnibus Incentive Plan: Genworth Financial U.K. Share Option Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.29 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2007) Form of Deferred Stock Unit Award Agreement under the 2004 Genworth Financial, Inc. Omnibus Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.56.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 30, 2004) Form of Deferred Stock Unit Award Agreement under the 2004 Genworth Financial, Inc. Omnibus Incentive Plan (for grants after January 1, 2010) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.34.2 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2009) Form of Stock Option Award Agreement under the 2004 Genworth Financial, Inc. Omnibus Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2007) Form of Stock Appreciation Rights Award Agreement under the 2004 Genworth Financial, Inc. Omnibus Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2007) Form of Stock Appreciation Rights with a Maximum Share Value Award Agreement under the 2004 Genworth Financial, Inc. Omnibus Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2011) Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement under the 2004 Genworth Financial, Inc. Omnibus Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.30.4 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2007) 2012 Genworth Financial, Inc. Omnibus Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 21, 2012) First Amendment to the 2012 Genworth Financial, Inc. Omnibus Incentive Plan, dated as of December 12, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.34.1 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017) Form of Stock Appreciation Rights with a Maximum Share Value Award Agreement under the 2012 Genworth Financial, Inc. Omnibus Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.35.1 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2014) Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement under the 2012 Genworth Financial, Inc. Omnibus Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.35.2 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2014) Form of Deferred Stock Unit Award Agreement under the 2012 Genworth Financial, Inc. Omnibus Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2012) Form of Stock Appreciation Rights with a Maximum Share Value—Executive Officer Retention Agreement under the 2012 Genworth Financial, Inc. Omnibus Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 1, 2012) Stock Appreciation Rights with a Maximum Share Value—CEO New Hire Grant under the 2012 Genworth Financial, Inc. Omnibus Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.32.5 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2012) Form of Performance Stock Unit Award Agreement under the 2012 Genworth Financial, Inc. Omnibus Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.33.6 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2013) 387 Number 10.35.8§ 10.35.9§ 10.36§ 10.37§ 10.38§ 10.39§ 10.39.1§ 10.39.2§ 10.40§ 10.41§ 10.42§ 10.43§ 10.44§ 10.45§ 10.46§ 10.47§ Description Form of Performance Stock Unit Award Agreement under the 2012 Genworth Financial, Inc. Omnibus Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2015) Form of Stock Appreciation Rights with a Maximum Share Value Award Agreement under the 2012 Genworth Financial, Inc. Omnibus Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2015) Amendment to Stock Options and Stock Appreciation Rights under the 2004 Genworth Financial, Inc. Omnibus Incentive Plan and the 2012 Genworth Financial, Inc. Omnibus Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2013) Policy Regarding Personal Use of Non-Commercial Aircraft by Executive Officers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 21, 2006) Amended and Restated Genworth Financial, Inc. Leadership Life Insurance Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.37 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2008) Genworth Financial, Inc. Executive Life Program (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 6, 2005) Amendment to the Genworth Financial, Inc. Executive Life Program (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2007) Amendment to the Genworth Financial, Inc. Executive Life Program (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.38.2 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2008) Amendment to Stock Options and Stock Appreciation Rights under the 2004 Genworth Financial, Inc. Omnibus Incentive Plan and the 2012 Genworth Financial, Inc. Omnibus Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2015) Form of Cash Retention Award Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 15, 2015) Amended and Restated Genworth Financial, Inc. Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.47 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015) Amended and Restated Genworth Financial, Inc. Retirement and Savings Restoration Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.48 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015) Amended and Restated Genworth Financial, Inc. Deferred Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.49 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015) Amended and Restated Genworth Financial, Inc. 2014 Change of Control Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.50 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015) Amended and Restated Genworth Financial, Inc. 2015 Key Employee Severance Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.51 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015)) Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement under the 2012 Genworth Financial, Inc. Omnibus Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2016) 388 Number 10.48§ 10.49§ 10.50§ 10.51§ 10.52§ 21 23 24 31.1 31.2 32.1 32.2 Description Form of 2016-2018 Performance Stock Unit Award Agreement under the 2012 Genworth Financial, Inc. Omnibus Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2016) Form of 2018-2020 Performance Stock Unit Award Agreement under the 2012 Genworth Financial, Inc. Omnibus Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2018) Form of 2018-2020 Performance Cash Award Agreement under the 2012 Genworth Financial, Inc. Omnibus Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2018) Form of Cash Retention Award Agreement under the 2012 Genworth Financial, Inc. Omnibus Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2018) Form of 2017-2019 Performance Stock Unit Award Agreement under the 2012 Genworth Financial, Inc. Omnibus Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2017) Subsidiaries of the registrant (filed herewith) Consent of KPMG LLP (filed herewith) Powers of Attorney (filed herewith) Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002—Thomas J. McInerney (filed herewith) Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002—Kelly L. Groh (filed herewith) Certification Pursuant to Section 1350 of Chapter 63 of Title 18 of the United States Code— Thomas J. McInerney (filed herewith) Certification Pursuant to Section 1350 of Chapter 63 of Title 18 of the United States Code— Kelly L. Groh (filed herewith) 101.INS XBRL Instance Document 101.SCH XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document 101.CAL XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document 101.LAB XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document 101.PRE XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document 101.DEF XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document § Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement. Neither Genworth Financial, Inc., nor any of its consolidated subsidiaries, has outstanding any instrument with respect to its long-term debt, other than those filed as an exhibit to this Annual Report, under which the total amount of securities authorized exceeds 10% of the total assets of Genworth Financial, Inc. and its subsidiaries on a consolidated basis. Genworth Financial, Inc. hereby agrees to furnish to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, upon request, a copy of each instrument that defines the rights of holders of such long-term debt that is not filed or incorporated by reference as an exhibit to this Annual Report. Genworth Financial, Inc. will furnish any exhibit upon the payment of a reasonable fee, which fee shall be limited to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s reasonable expenses in furnishing such exhibit. 389 Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. SIGNATURES Dated: February 27, 2019 GENWORTH FINANCIAL, INC. By: Name: Title: /S/ Thomas J. McInerney Thomas J. McInerney President and Chief Executive Officer; Director (Principal Executive Officer) Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the date indicated. Dated: February 27, 2019 /S/ Thomas J. McInerney Thomas J. McInerney President and Chief Executive Officer; Director (Principal Executive Officer) /S/ Kelly L. Groh Kelly L. Groh Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) /S/ Matthew D. Farney Matthew D. Farney Vice President and Controller (Principal Accounting Officer) * William H. Bolinder * G. Kent Conrad * Melina E. Higgins * David M. Moffett * Thomas E. Moloney * Debra J. Perry * Robert P. Restrepo Jr. * James S. Riepe Director Director Director Director Director Director Director Director *By /S/ Thomas J. McInerney Thomas J. McInerney Attorney-in-Fact 390 [THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK] [THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK] Stockholder Information Stock Purchase and Sale Plan The Computershare CIP plan provides shareholders of record and new investors with a convenient way to make cash purchases of Genworth’s common stock and to automatically reinvest dividends, when paid. Inquiries should be made directly to Computershare. To obtain plan enrollment materials, please call 866 229.8413 or visit www.computershare.com/investor Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm KPMG LLP Suite 2000 1021 East Cary Street Richmond, VA 23219-4023 Tel: 804 782.4200 Fax: 804 782.4300 Corporate Headquarters Genworth Financial, Inc. 6620 West Broad Street Richmond, VA 23230 e-mail: contactus@genworth.com 804 484.3821 Toll free in the U.S.: 888 GENWORTH 888 436.9678 Stock Exchange Listing Genworth Class A Common Stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange (Ticker symbol: GNW) Transfer Agent Computershare Tel: 866 229.8413 Tel: 800 231.5469 (hearing impaired) Tel: 201 680.6578 (outside the U.S. and Canada) Tel: 201 680.6610 (hearing impaired outside the U.S. and Canada) Address Genworth Stockholder Inquiries to: Computershare P.O. Box 505000 Louisville, KY 40233-5000 www.computershare.com/investor Contacts Board of Directors For reporting complaints about Genworth’s accounting, internal accounting controls or auditing matters or any other concerns to the Board of Directors or the Audit Committee, you may write to or call: Board of Directors Genworth Financial, Inc. c/o Corporate Secretary 6620 West Broad Street Richmond, VA 23230 866 717.3594 e-mail: directors@genworth.com Corporate Ombudsperson To report concerns related to compliance with the law, Genworth policies or government contracting requirements, contact: Genworth Ombudsperson 6620 West Broad Street Richmond, VA 23230 888 251.4332 e-mail: ombudsoffice.genworth@ genworth.com Investor Relations 804 922.5765 e-mail: investorinfo@genworth.com genworth.com/investor Product/Service Information For information about products offered by Genworth Financial companies, visit genworth.com. This Annual Report is also available online at genworth.com. Genworth Financial, Inc. 6620 West Broad Street Richmond, Virginia 23230 genworth.com ©2019 Genworth Financial, Inc. All rights reserved. 166011 AR 10/14/19 

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