Granite Construction
Annual Report 2015

Plain-text annual report

2015 Annual Report G r a n i t e C o n s t r u c t i o n I n c o r p o r a t e d 2 0 1 5 A n n u a l R e p o r t graniteconstruction.com Printed on recycled paper with soy-based inks. 304418_GCG_GraniteAR_CVR.indd 1-3 4/15/16 3:31 AM BUILDING EXCELLENCE Corporate Information OFFICERS ELECTRONIC DEPOSIT OF DIVIDENDS BOARD OF DIRECTORS William H. Powell Chairman of the Board Retired Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, National Starch and Chemical Company James H. Roberts President and Chief Executive Officer, Granite Construction Incorporated Claes G. Bjork Retired Chief Executive Officer, Skanska AB, Sweden James W. Bradford, Jr. Retired Dean and Ralph Owen Professor for the Practice of Management, Owen School of Management, Vanderbilt University Gary M. Cusumano Retired Chairman, The Newhall Land and Farming Company William G. Dorey Retired President and Chief Executive Officer, Granite Construction Incorporated David H. Kelsey Retired Chief Financial Officer, Elevance Renewable Sciences, Inc. Michael F. McNally Retired President and Chief Executive Officer, Skanska USA Inc. Gaddi H. Vasquez Senior Vice President of Government Affairs, Edison International and Southern California Edison ANNUAL MEETING OF SHAREHOLDERS Granite’s Annual Meeting of Shareholders will be held at 10:30 a.m. PDT on June 9, 2016, at the James H. Roberts President and Chief Executive Officer Christopher S. Miller Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer Laurel J. Krzeminski Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer Philip M. DeCocco Senior Vice President of Human Resources Michael F. Donnino Senior Vice President and Group Manager Martin P. Matheson Senior Vice President and Group Manager James D. Richards Senior Vice President and Group Manager Michael E. Stoecker Senior Vice President and Group Manager Mathew C. Tyler Senior Vice President and Group Manager Richard A. Watts Senior Vice President, General Counsel, Corporate Compliance Officer and Secretary Jigisha Desai Vice President, Treasurer and Assistant Financial Officer Bradley G. Graham Vice President, Controller and Assistant Financial Officer Quail Lodge, 8205 Valley Greens Drive, Carmel, DIVIDEND POLICY CA 93923. Proxy materials are available on our website at graniteconstruction.com or upon written request to: Investor Relations Granite Construction Incorporated Box 50085 Watsonville, CA 95077-5085 The Company’s Board of Directors has declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.13 per share of common stock payable on April 15, 2016, to shareholders of record as of March 31, 2016. Declaration and payment of dividends are at sole discretion of the Board, subject to limitations imposed by Delaware law, and will depend on the Company’s earnings, capital requirements, financial condition, and other such factors as the Board deems relevant. Registered holders may have their quarterly dividends deposited to their checking or savings account free of charge. Call Computershare at (877) 520-8549 for U.S. residents, or (732) 491-0616 for non-U.S. residents to enroll. FORM 10-K A copy of the company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, which is filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, is available free of charge on our website or upon written request to: Investor Relations Granite Construction Incorporated Box 50085 Watsonville, CA 95077-5085 INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP Three Embarcadero Center San Francisco, CA 94111 REGISTRAR AND TRANSFER AGENT Computershare 250 Royall Street Canton, MA 02021 (877) 520-8549 (U.S.) (732) 491-0616 (non U.S.) COMPANY CONTACT Ronald E. Botoff Director of Investor Relations (831) 728-7532 Ronald.Botoff@gcinc.com CERTIFICATIONS Granite’s Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and Chief Financial Officer have each submitted certifications concerning the accuracy of financial and other information in Granite’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, as required by Section 302(a) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. After our 2016 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, we intend to file with the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) the CEO certification regarding our compliance with the NYSE’s corporate governance listing standards as required by NYSE Rule 303A.12(a). Last year’s certification was filed on July 1, 2015. Through its offices and subsidiaries nationwide, Granite Construction Incorporated (NYSE:GVA) is one of the nation’s largest infrastructure contractors and construction materials producers. Granite specializes in complex infrastructure projects, including transportation, industrial and federal contracting, and is a proven leader in alternative procurement project delivery. Granite is an award-winning firm in safety, quality and environmental stewardship, and has been honored as one of the World’s Most Ethical Companies by Ethisphere Institute for seven consecutive years. Granite is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is part of the S&P MidCap 400 Index, the MSCI KLD 400 Social Index and the Russell 2000 Index. For more information, visit graniteconstruction.com. “We are committed to driving value for our shareholders, customers and employees by living our Core Values and focusing on improved organizational capabilities that provide sustainable top- and bottom-line growth.” - James H. Roberts, President and Chief Executive Officer Pictured on cover: The New NY Bridge takes shape from Rockland County. Photo Credit: New York State Thruway Authority. 304418_GCG_GraniteAR_CVR.indd 4-6 4/15/16 3:31 AM UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015 OR TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the transition period from _____ to _____ Commission file number 1-12911 Granite Construction Incorporated (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) Delaware (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) 77-0239383 (I.R.S. Employer Identification Number) 585 West Beach Street Watsonville, California (Address of principal executive offices) 95076 (Zip Code) Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (831) 724-1011 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of each class Common Stock, $0.01 par value Name of each exchange on which registered New York Stock Exchange Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes No Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes No Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes No Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes No Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§ 229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. Large accelerated filer Accelerated filer Smaller reporting company Non-accelerated filer Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes No The aggregate market value of voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the registrant was $1.4 billion as of June 30, 2015, based upon the price at which the registrant’s Common Stock was last sold as reported on the New York Stock Exchange on such date. At February 15, 2016, 39,413,511 shares of Common Stock, par value $0.01, of the registrant were outstanding. DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE Certain information called for by Part III is incorporated by reference to the definitive Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders of Granite Construction Incorporated to be held on June 9, 2016, which will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission not later than 120 days after December 31, 2015.  PART I Index BUSINESS RISK FACTORS Item 1. Item 1A. Item 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS Item 2. Item 3. Item 4. PROPERTIES LEGAL PROCEEDINGS MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES PART II Item 5. Item 6. Item 7. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS Item 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK Item 8. Item 9. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE Item 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES Item 9B. OTHER INFORMATION PART III Item 10. Item 11. Item 12. Item 13. Item 14. PART IV Item 15. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES EXHIBIT 10.26 EXHIBIT 21 EXHIBIT 23.1 EXHIBIT 31.1 EXHIBIT 31.2 EXHIBIT 32 EXHIBIT 95 EXHIBIT 101.INS EXHIBIT 101.SCH EXHIBIT 101.CAL EXHIBIT 101.DEF EXHIBIT 101.LAB EXHIBIT 101.PRE DISCLOSURE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS From time to time, Granite makes certain comments and disclosures in reports and statements, including in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, or statements made by its officers or directors, that are not based on historical facts, including statements regarding future events, occurrences, circumstances, activities, performance, outcomes and results that may constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These forward-looking statements are identified by words such as “future,” “outlook,” “assumes,” “believes,” “expects,” “estimates,” “anticipates,” “intends,” “plans,” “appears,” “may,” “will,” “should,” “could,” “would,” “continue,” and the negatives thereof or other comparable terminology or by the context in which they are made. In addition, other written or oral statements which constitute forward- looking statements have been made and may in the future be made by or on behalf of Granite. These forward-looking statements are estimates reflecting the best judgment of senior management and reflect our current expectations regarding future events, occurrences, circumstances, activities, performance, outcomes and results. These expectations may or may not be realized. Some of these expectations may be based on beliefs, assumptions or estimates that may prove to be incorrect. In addition, our business and operations involve numerous risks and uncertainties, many of which are beyond our control, which could result in our expectations not being realized or otherwise materially affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and liquidity. Such risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, those more specifically described in this report under “Item 1A. Risk Factors.” Due to the inherent risks and uncertainties associated with our forward-looking statements, the reader is cautioned not to place undue reliance on them. The reader is also cautioned that the forward-looking statements contained herein speak only as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and, except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to revise or update any forward-looking statements for any reason. Item 1. BUSINESS Introduction PART I Granite Construction Company was originally incorporated in 1922. In 1990, Granite Construction Incorporated was formed as the holding company for Granite Construction Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries and was incorporated in Delaware. Unless otherwise indicated, the terms “we,” “us,” “our,” “Company” and “Granite” refer to Granite Construction Incorporated and its consolidated subsidiaries. We deliver infrastructure solutions for public and private clients in North America. We are one of the largest diversified heavy civil contractors and construction materials producers in the United States. We operate nationwide, serving both public and private sector clients. Within the public sector, we primarily concentrate on heavy-civil infrastructure projects, including the construction of streets, roads, highways, mass transit facilities, airport infrastructure, bridges, trenchless and underground utilities, power- related facilities, water and wastewater facilities, utilities, tunnels, dams and other infrastructure-related projects. Within the private sector, we perform site preparation and infrastructure services for residential development, energy development, commercial and industrial sites, and other facilities, as well as provide construction management professional services. We own and lease substantial aggregate reserves and own a number of plant facilities to produce construction materials for use in our construction business and for sale to third parties. We also have one of the largest contractor-owned heavy construction equipment fleets in the United States. We believe that the ownership of a certain amount of these assets enables us to compete more effectively by ensuring availability of these resources at a favorable cost. Operating Structure Our business is organized into three reportable business segments. These business segments are: Construction, Large Project Construction and Construction Materials. See Note 19 of “Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements” for additional information about our reportable business segments. In addition to business segments, we review our business by operating groups and by public and private market sectors. Our operating groups are defined as follows: (i) California; (ii) Northwest, which primarily includes offices in Alaska, Arizona, Nevada, Utah and Washington; (iii) Heavy Civil, which primarily includes offices in California, Florida, New York and Texas; and (iv) Kenny, which primarily includes an office in Illinois. Each of these operating groups may include financial results from our Construction and Large Project Construction segments. A project’s results are reported in the operating group that is responsible for the project, not necessarily the geographic area where the work is located. In some cases, the operations of an operating group include the results of work performed outside of that geographic region. Our California and Northwest operating groups include financial results from our Construction Materials segment. 1 Construction: Revenue from our Construction segment was $1.3 billion and $1.2 billion (53.3% and 52.1% of our total revenue) in 2015 and 2014, respectively. Revenue from our Construction segment is derived from both public and private sector clients. The Construction segment performs construction management, as well as various civil construction projects with a large portion of the work focused on new construction and improvement of streets, roads, highways, bridges, site work, underground, power-related facilities, water-related facilities, utilities and other infrastructure projects. These projects are typically bid-build and construction management projects completed within two years with a contract value of less than $75 million. Large Project Construction: Revenue from our Large Project Construction segment was $812.7 million and $825.0 million (34.3% and 36.3% of our total revenue) in 2015 and 2014, respectively. The Large Project Construction segment focuses on large, complex infrastructure projects which typically have a longer duration than our Construction segment work. These projects include major highways, mass transit facilities, bridges, tunnels, waterway locks and dams, pipelines, canals, power-related facilities, water- related facilities, utilities and airport infrastructure. This segment primarily includes bid-build, design-build and construction management/general contractor contracts, together with various contract methods relating to public-private partnerships, generally with contract values in excess of $75 million. We utilize the design-build construction management/general contractor, construction management at-risk, and other alternative procurement methods of project delivery. Unlike traditional projects where owners first hire a design firm or design a project themselves and then put the project out to bid for construction, design-build projects provide the owner with a single point of responsibility and a single contact for both final design and construction. Although design-build projects carry additional risk as compared to traditional bid/build projects, the profit potential can also be higher. Under the construction management/general contractor method of delivery, we contract with owners to manage the design phase of the contract with the understanding that we will negotiate a contract on the construction phase when the design nears completion. Revenue from alternative procurement method projects represented 83.6% and 74.5% of Large Project Construction revenue in 2015 and 2014, respectively. We participate in joint ventures with other construction companies mainly on projects in our Large Project Construction segment. Joint ventures are typically used for large, technically complex projects, including design-build projects, where it is necessary or desirable to share risk and resources. Joint venture partners typically provide independently prepared estimates, shared financing and equipment, and often bring local knowledge and expertise. For more information see the “Joint Ventures” section below. Construction Materials: Revenue from our Construction Materials segment was $295.6 million and $263.8 million (12.5% and 11.6% of our total revenue) in 2015 and 2014, respectively. The Construction Materials segment mines and processes aggregates and operates plants that produce construction materials for internal use and for sale to third parties. We have significant aggregate reserves that we own or lease through long-term leases. Sales to our construction projects represented 31.6% of our gross sales during 2015, and ranged from 30.5% to 44.7% over the last five years. The remainder is sold to third parties. During 2013 and in connection with our 2010 Enterprise Improvement Plan (“EIP”), we recorded $14.7 million in restructuring charges related to non-performing quarry sites and incurred $3.2 million in lease termination charges, both related to the Construction Materials segment. In addition, during 2013 as part of the EIP we recorded $31.1 million of restructuring charges, including amounts attributable to non-controlling interests of $3.9 million, related to consolidated real estate assets. During 2015, we recorded restructuring gains of $5.0 million, including amounts attributable to non-controlling interests of $3.3 million, and $1.0 million from the sale of the consolidated real estate assets and the sale of a previously impaired quarry site, respectively. During 2014, we recorded a $1.3 million restructuring gain related to our release from the lease obligations. Separate from the EIP, we recorded $1.3 million in non-cash impairment gains and $3.2 million in non-cash impairment charges during 2014 and 2013, respectively, related to the Construction Materials segment. See Note 11 of “Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements” and “Restructuring and Impairment (Gains) Charges, Net” under “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” for additional information. 2 Business Strategy Our business strategy is to consistently deliver ideas, innovations and products and services to our clients to power today’s mobile society. Our most fundamental objective is to increase long-term shareholder value as measured by the appreciation of the value of our common stock over a period of time, as well as dividend payouts. In alphabetical order, the following are key factors in our ability to achieve these objectives: Aggregate Materials - We own and lease aggregate reserves and own processing plants that are vertically integrated into our construction operations. By ensuring availability of these resources and providing quality products, we believe we have a competitive advantage in many of our markets, as well as a source of revenue and earnings from the sale of construction materials to third parties. Controlled Growth - We intend to grow our business by working on many types of infrastructure projects, as well as by expanding into new geographic areas organically and through acquisitions. In addition, our financial strength and project experience provide us with a competitive advantage, as we focus our efforts on larger projects. Core Competency Focus - A core competency is to perform the myriad of tasks necessary to deliver major infrastructure projects. These projects include the building of roads, highways, bridges, dams, tunnels, mass transit facilities, airport and railroad infrastructure, underground utilities, power-related facilities, water-related facilities, materials management, construction management, staff augmentation and site preparation. This focus allows us to most effectively utilize our specialized strengths. Decentralized Profit Centers - Each of our operating groups is established as an individual profit center which encourages entrepreneurial activity while allowing the operating groups to benefit from centralized administrative, operational expertise and support functions. Diversification - To mitigate the risks inherent in the construction business as the result of general economic factors, we pursue projects: (i) in both the public and private sectors; (ii) in federal, rail, power, water and renewable energy markets; (iii) for a wide range of customers within each sector (from the federal government to small municipalities and from large corporations to individual homeowners); (iv) in diverse geographic markets; (v) that are construction management/general contractor, design-build and bid-build; (vi) at fixed price, time and materials, cost reimbursable and fixed unit price; and (vii) of various sizes, durations and complexity. In addition to pursuing opportunities with traditional project funding, we continue to evaluate other sources of project funding (e.g., public and private partnerships). Employee Development - We believe that our employees are the primary factor for the successful implementation of our business strategies. Significant resources are employed to attract, develop and retain extraordinary talent and fully promote each employee’s capabilities. Ownership of Construction Equipment - We own a large fleet of well-maintained heavy construction equipment. The ownership of a large portion of construction equipment enables us to compete more effectively by ensuring availability of the equipment at a favorable cost. Profit-based Incentives - Managers are incentivized with cash compensation and restricted equity awards, payable upon the attainment of pre-established annual financial and non-financial metrics. Selective Bidding - We focus our resources on bidding jobs that meet our selective bidding criteria, which include analyzing the risk of a potential job relative to: (i) available personnel to estimate and prepare the proposal as well as to effectively manage and build the project; (ii) the competitive environment; (iii) our experience with the type of work and with the owner; (iv) local resources and partnerships; (v) equipment resources; and (vi) the size, complexity and expected profitability of the job. Our operating principles include: Accident Prevention - We believe pro-active accident prevention is a moral obligation as well as good business. By identifying and concentrating resources to address jobsite hazards, we continually strive to eliminate our incident rates and the costs associated with accidents. Quality and High Ethical Standards - We believe in the importance of performing high quality work. Additionally, we believe in maintaining high ethical standards through an established code of conduct and an effective company-wide compliance program, while being guided by our Core Values at all times. Sustainability - Our focus on sustainability encompasses many aspects of how we conduct ourselves and practice our core values. We believe sustainability is important to our customers, employees, shareholders, and communities, and is also a long-term business driver. By focusing on specific initiatives that address social, environmental and economic challenges, we can minimize risk and increase our competitive advantage. 3 Raw Materials We purchase raw materials, including but not limited to, aggregate products, cement, diesel and gasoline fuel, liquid asphalt, natural gas, propane and steel, from numerous sources. Our aggregate reserves supply a portion of the raw materials needed in our construction projects. The price and availability of raw materials may vary from year to year due to market conditions and production capacities. We do not foresee a lack of availability of any raw materials over the next twelve months. Seasonality Our operations are typically affected by weather conditions during the first and fourth quarters of our fiscal year which may alter our construction schedules and can create variability in our revenues, profitability and the required number of employees. Customers Customers in our Construction segment include certain federal agencies, state departments of transportation, county and city public works departments, school districts and developers, utilities and owners of industrial, commercial and residential sites. Customers of our Large Project Construction segment are predominantly in the public sector and currently include various state departments of transportation, local transit authorities, utilities and federal agencies. Customers of our Construction Materials segment include internal usage by our own construction projects, as well as third-party customers. Our third party customers include, but, are not limited to, contractors, landscapers, manufacturers of products requiring aggregate materials, retailers, homeowners, farmers and brokers. During the year ended December 31, 2015, our largest volume customer, including both prime and subcontractor arrangements, was the New York State Department of Transportation (“NYSDOT”). Revenue recognized from contracts with NYSDOT during 2015 represented $199.0 million (8.4% of our total revenue), all of which was in our Large Project Construction segment (24.5% of segment revenue). During the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, our largest volume customer, including both prime and subcontractor arrangements, was the California Department of Transportation (“Caltrans”). Revenue from Caltrans represented $195.4 million (8.6% of total revenue) in 2014, of which $178.7 million (15.1% of segment revenue) was in our Construction segment and $16.8 million (2.0% of segment revenue) was in the Large Project Construction segment. Revenue from Caltrans totaled $265.8 million (11.7% of total revenue) in 2013, of which $239.9 million (19.2% of segment revenue) was in the Construction segment and $25.9 million (3.3% of segment revenue) was in the Large Project Construction segment. Contract Backlog Our contract backlog consists of the unearned revenue on awarded contracts, including 100% of our consolidated joint venture contracts and our proportionate share of unconsolidated joint venture contracts. We generally include a project in our contract backlog at the time a contract is awarded and to the extent we believe funding is probable. Certain federal government contracts where funding is appropriated on a periodic basis are included in contract backlog at the time of the award. Contracts that include unexercised contract options and unissued task orders are included in contract backlog as follows: Contract Options: Contract options represent the monetary value of option periods under existing contracts, which are exercisable at the option of our customers without requiring us to go through an additional competitive bidding process and would be canceled only if a customer decided to end the project (a termination for convenience) or through a termination for default. When the options are exercised and funding is in place or probable, the amount associated with the exercised option is recorded into contract backlog. Task Orders: Task orders represent the expected monetary value of signed master contracts under which we perform work only when the customer awards specific task orders to us. When such task orders are signed and funding is in place or probable, the amount associated with the task order is recorded into contract backlog. Substantially all of the contracts in our contract backlog, as well as unexercised contract options and unissued task orders, may be canceled or modified at the election of the customer; however, we have not been materially adversely affected by contract cancellations or modifications in the past (see “Contract Provisions and Subcontracting”). Many projects in our Construction segment are added to backlog and completed within the same fiscal year and therefore may not be reflected in our beginning or year-end contract backlog. Contract backlog by segment is presented in “Contract Backlog” under “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” Our contract backlog was $2.9 billion and $2.7 billion at December 31, 2015 and 2014 respectively. Approximately $1.5 billion of the December 31, 2015 contract backlog is expected to be completed during 2016. 4 Equipment At December 31, 2015 and 2014, we owned the following number of construction equipment and vehicles: December 31, Heavy construction equipment Trucks, truck-tractors, trailers and vehicles 2015 2,439 3,709 2014 2,506 3,851 Our portfolio of equipment includes backhoes, barges, bulldozers, cranes, excavators, loaders, motor graders, pavers, rollers, scrapers, trucks, special equipment for pipeline rehabilitation and tunnel boring machines that are used in our Construction, Large Project Construction and Construction Materials segments. We believe that ownership of equipment is generally preferable to leasing because it ensures the equipment is available as needed and normally results in lower costs. We pool certain equipment for use by our Construction, Large Project Construction and Construction Materials segments to maximize utilization. We continually monitor and adjust our fleet size so that it is consistent with the size of our business, considering both existing backlog and expected future work. On a short-term basis, we lease or rent equipment to supplement our portfolio of equipment in response to construction activity peaks. In 2015 and 2014, we spent $20.0 million and $32.3 million, respectively, on purchases of construction equipment and vehicles. Employees On December 31, 2015, we employed approximately 1,800 salaried employees who work in management, estimating and clerical capacities, plus approximately 1,400 hourly employees. The total number of hourly personnel is subject to the volume of construction in progress and is seasonal. During 2015, the number of hourly employees ranged from approximately 1,400 to 3,000 and averaged approximately 2,500. Four of our wholly-owned subsidiaries, Granite Construction Company, Granite Construction Northeast, Inc., Granite Infrastructure Constructors, Inc., and Kenny Construction Company, are parties to craft collective bargaining agreements in many areas in which they work. We believe our employees are our most valuable resource, and our workforce possesses a strong dedication to and pride in our company. Among salaried and non-union hourly employees, this dedication is reinforced by a 4.8% equity ownership at December 31, 2015 through our 401(k) Plan. Our managerial and supervisory personnel have an average of approximately 10 years of service with Granite. Competition Competitors in our Construction segment typically range from small, local construction companies to large, regional, national and international construction companies. We compete with numerous companies in individual markets; however, there are few, if any, companies which compete in all of our market areas. Many of our Construction segment competitors have the ability to perform work in either the private or public sectors. When opportunities for work in one sector are reduced, competitors tend to look for opportunities in the other sector. This migration has the potential to reduce revenue growth and/or increase pressure on gross profit margins. The scale and complexity of jobs in the Large Project Construction segment preclude many smaller contractors from bidding such work. Consequently, our Large Project Construction segment competition is typically comprised of large, regional, national and international construction companies. We own and/or have long-term leases on aggregate resources that we believe provide a competitive advantage in certain markets for both the Construction and Large Project Construction segments. Competitors in our Construction Materials segment typically range from small local materials companies to large regional, national and international materials companies. We compete with numerous companies in individual markets; however, there are few, if any, companies which compete in all of our market areas. Factors influencing our competitiveness include price, estimating abilities, knowledge of local markets and conditions, project management, financial strength, reputation for quality, aggregate materials availability, and machinery and equipment. Historically, the construction business has not required large amounts of capital for the smaller size construction work pursued by our Construction segment, which can result in relative ease of market entry for companies possessing acceptable qualifications. By contrast, the construction work pursued and performed by our Large Project Construction segment typically requires large amounts of capital that may make entry into the market by future competitors more difficult. Historically, the required amount of capital has not had a significant impact on our ability to compete in the marketplace. Although the construction business is highly competitive, we believe we are well positioned to compete effectively in the markets in which we operate. 5 Contract Provisions and Subcontracting Our contracts with our customers are primarily “fixed unit price” or “fixed price.” Under fixed unit price contracts, we are committed to providing materials or services at fixed unit prices (for example, dollars per cubic yard of concrete placed or cubic yard of earth excavated). While the fixed unit price contract shifts the risk of estimating the quantity of units required for a particular project to the customer, any increase in our unit cost over the expected unit cost in the bid, whether due to inflation, inefficiency, errors in our estimates or other factors, is borne by us unless otherwise provided in the contract. Fixed price contracts are priced on a lump-sum basis under which we bear the risk of performing all the work for the specified amount. The percentage of fixed price contracts in our contract backlog was 67.2% at December 31, 2015 compared with 71.0% at December 31, 2014. The percentage of fixed unit price contracts in our contract backlog was 28.1% and 19.9% at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. All other contract types represented 4.7% and 9.1% of our backlog at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. With the exception of contract change orders and affirmative claims, which is typically sole-source, our construction contracts are obtained through competitive bidding in response to solicitations by both public agencies and private parties and on a negotiated basis as a result of solicitations from private parties. Project owners use a variety of methods to make contractors aware of new projects, including posting bidding opportunities on agency websites, disclosing long-term infrastructure plans, advertising and other general solicitations. Our bidding activity is affected by such factors as the nature and volume of advertising and other solicitations, contract backlog, available personnel, current utilization of equipment and other resources, our ability to obtain necessary surety bonds and competitive considerations. Our contract review process includes identifying risks and opportunities during the bidding process and managing these risks through mitigation efforts such as contract negotiation, bid/no bid decisions, insurance and pricing. Contracts fitting certain criteria of size and complexity are reviewed by various levels of management and, in some cases, by the Executive Committee of our Board of Directors. Bidding activity, contract backlog and revenue resulting from the award of new contracts may vary significantly from period to period. There are a number of factors that can create variability in contract performance as compared to the original bid. Such factors can positively or negatively impact costs and profitability, may cause higher than anticipated construction costs and can create additional liability to the contract owner. The most significant of these include: • • • • • • • • • • • • the completeness and accuracy of the original bid; costs associated with scope changes; costs of labor and/or materials; extended overhead due to owner, weather and other delays; subcontractor performance issues; changes in productivity expectations; site conditions that differ from those assumed in the original bid (to the extent contract remedies are unavailable); changes from original design on design-build projects; the availability and skill level of workers in the geographic location of the project; a change in the availability and proximity of equipment and materials; our ability to fully and promptly recover on claims and back charges for additional contract costs; and the customer’s ability to properly administer the contract. The ability to realize improvements on project profitability at times is more limited than the risk of lower profitability. For example, design-build projects typically incur additional costs such as right-of-way and permit acquisition costs. In addition, design-build contracts carry additional risks such as those associated with design errors and estimating quantities and prices before the project design is completed. We manage this additional risk by adding contingencies to our bid amounts, obtaining errors and omissions insurance and obtaining indemnifications from our design consultants where possible. However, there is no guarantee that these risk management strategies will always be successful. Most of our contracts, including those with the government, provide for termination at the convenience of the contract owner, with provisions to pay us for work performed through the date of termination. We have not been materially adversely affected by these provisions in the past. Many of our contracts contain provisions that require us to pay liquidated damages if specified completion schedule requirements are not met, and these amounts could be significant. We act as prime contractor on most of our construction projects. We complete the majority of our projects with our own resources and subcontract specialized activities such as electrical and mechanical work. As prime contractor, we are responsible for the performance of the entire contract, including subcontract work. Thus, we may be subject to increased costs associated with the failure of one or more subcontractors to perform as anticipated. Based on our analysis of their construction and financial capabilities, among other criteria, we typically require the subcontractor to furnish a bond or other type of security to guarantee their performance and/or we retain payments in accordance with contract terms until their performance is complete. Disadvantaged business enterprise regulations require us to use our good faith efforts to subcontract a specified portion of contract work done for governmental agencies to certain types of disadvantaged contractors or suppliers. As with all of our subcontractors, some may not be able to obtain surety bonds or other types of performance security. 6 Joint Ventures We participate in various construction joint ventures, partnerships and one limited liability company of which we are a limited member (“joint ventures”) in order to share expertise, risk and resources for certain highly complex projects. Generally, each construction joint venture is formed to accomplish a specific project and is jointly controlled by the joint venture partners. We select our joint venture partners based on our analysis of their construction and financial capabilities, expertise in the type of work to be performed and past working relationships, among other criteria. The joint venture agreements typically provide that our interests in any profits and assets, and our respective share in any losses and liabilities, that may result from the performance of the contract are limited to our stated percentage interest in the project. Under each joint venture agreement, one partner is designated as the sponsor. The sponsoring partner typically provides all administrative, accounting and most of the project management support for the project and generally receives a fee from the joint venture for these services. We have been designated as the sponsoring partner in certain of our current joint venture projects and are a non-sponsoring partner in others. We also participate in various “line item” joint venture agreements under which each partner is responsible for performing certain discrete items of the total scope of contracted work. The revenue for these discrete items is defined in the contract with the project owner and each venture partner bears the profitability risk associated only with its own work. There is not a single set of books and records for a line item joint venture. Each partner accounts for its items of work individually as it would for any self-performed contract. We account for our portion of these contracts as project revenues and costs in our accounting system and include receivables and payables associated with our work in our consolidated financial statements. The agreements with our joint venture partners and limited liability company members (“partner(s)”) for both construction joint ventures and line item joint ventures define each partner’s management role and financial responsibility in the project. While the amount of exposure is generally limited to our stated ownership interest due to the joint and several nature of the performance obligations under the associated owner contract, if one of the partners fails to perform, we and the remaining partners, if any, would be responsible for performance of the outstanding work (i.e., we provide a performance guarantee). We estimate our liability for performance guarantees and include them in accrued expenses and other current liabilities with a corresponding increase in equity in construction joint ventures on the consolidated balance sheets. We reassess our liability when and if changes in circumstances occur. The liability and corresponding asset are removed from the consolidated balance sheets upon completion and customer acceptance of the project. Circumstances that could lead to a loss under these agreements beyond our stated ownership interest include the failure of a partner to contribute additional funds to the venture in the event the project incurs a loss or additional costs that we could incur should a partner fail to provide the services and resources that it had committed to provide in the agreement. We are not able to estimate amounts that may be required beyond the remaining cost of the work to be performed. These costs could be offset by billings to the customer or by proceeds from our partners’ corporate and/or other guarantees. At December 31, 2015, there was $5.1 billion of construction revenue to be recognized on unconsolidated and line item construction joint venture contracts, of which $1.6 billion represented our share and the remaining $3.5 billion represented our partners’ share. See Note 6 of “Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements” for more information. Insurance and Bonding We maintain general and excess liability, construction equipment and workers’ compensation insurance; all in amounts consistent with industry practice. In connection with our business, we generally are required to provide various types of surety bonds that provide an additional measure of security for our performance under certain public and private sector contracts. Our ability to obtain surety bonds depends upon our capitalization, working capital, past performance, management expertise and external factors, including the capacity of the overall surety market. Surety companies consider such factors in light of the amount of our contract backlog that we have currently bonded and their current underwriting standards, which may change from time to time. The capacity of the surety market is subject to market-based fluctuations driven primarily by the level of surety industry losses and the degree of surety market consolidation. When the surety market capacity shrinks it results in higher premiums and increased difficulty obtaining bonding, in particular for larger, more complex projects throughout the market. In order to help mitigate this risk, we employ a co- surety structure involving three sureties. Although we do not believe that fluctuations in surety market capacity have significantly affected our ability to grow our business, there is no assurance that it will not significantly affect our ability to obtain new contracts in the future (see “Item 1A. Risk Factors”). 7 Environmental Regulations Our operations are subject to various federal, state and local laws and regulations relating to the environment, including those relating to discharges to air, water and land, the handling and disposal of solid and hazardous waste, the handling of underground storage tanks and the cleanup of properties affected by hazardous substances. Certain environmental laws impose substantial penalties for non-compliance and others, such as the federal Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act, impose strict, retroactive, joint and several liability upon persons responsible for releases of hazardous substances. We continually evaluate whether we must take additional steps at our locations to ensure compliance with environmental laws. While compliance with applicable regulatory requirements has not materially adversely affected our operations in the past, there can be no assurance that these requirements will not change and that compliance will not adversely affect our operations in the future. In addition, our aggregate materials operations require operating permits granted by governmental agencies. We believe that tighter regulations for the protection of the environment and other factors will make it increasingly difficult to obtain new permits and renewal of existing permits may be subject to more restrictive conditions than currently exist. In July 2007, the California Air Resources Board (“CARB”) approved a regulation that will require California equipment owners/ operators to reduce diesel particulate and nitrogen oxide emissions from in-use off-road diesel equipment and to meet progressively more restrictive emission targets from 2010 to 2020. In December 2008, CARB approved a similar regulation for in- use on-road diesel equipment that includes more restrictive emission targets from 2010 to 2022. The emission targets require California off-road and on-road diesel equipment owners to retrofit equipment with diesel emission control devices or replace equipment with new engine technology as it becomes available, which has resulted in higher equipment-related expenses. In December 2010, CARB amended both regulations to grant economic relief to affected fleets by extending initial compliance dates as well as adding additional compliance requirements. To-date, costs to prepare the Company for compliance have totaled $18.4 million and costs of compliance in 2016 are expected to be $13.3 million. We will continue to manage compliance costs; however, it is not possible to determine the total future cost of compliance. As is the case with other companies in our industry, some of our aggregate products contain varying amounts of crystalline silica, a common mineral. Also, some of our construction and material processing operations release, as dust, crystalline silica that is in the materials being handled. Excessive, prolonged inhalation of very small-sized particles of crystalline silica has allegedly been associated with respiratory disease (including Silicosis). For 2016, the Mine Safety and Health Administration and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration are developing new proposed occupational thresholds for crystalline silica exposure as respirable dust at one-half the existing regulatory limits. The initial scope of new proposed occupational thresholds indicates that additional engineering controls will be required to reduce potential exposure in response to the reduced exposure limits. These proposed rule changes are being tracked and monitored to evaluate potential future compliance costs; however, it is not possible at this time to determine the future cost of compliance. However, we have implemented dust control procedures to measure compliance with current requisite thresholds and to verify that respiratory protective equipment is made available as necessary. We also communicate, through safety information sheets and other means, what we believe to be appropriate warnings and cautions to employees and customers about the risks associated with excessive, prolonged inhalation of mineral dust in general and crystalline silica in particular (see “Item 1A. Risk Factors”). Website Access Our website address is www.graniteconstruction.com. On our website we make available, free of charge, our Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and all amendments to those reports as soon as reasonably practicable after such material is electronically filed with or furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). The information on our website is not incorporated into, and is not part of, this report. These reports, and any amendments to them, are also available at the website of the SEC, www.sec.gov. 8 Executive Officers of the Registrant Information regarding our executive officers is set forth below. Name James H. Roberts Christopher S. Miller Laurel J. Krzeminski Michael F. Donnino Martin P. Matheson James D. Richards Age 59 49 61 61 54 52 Position President and Chief Executive Officer Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer Senior Vice President and Group Manager Senior Vice President and Group Manager Senior Vice President and Group Manager Mr. Roberts joined Granite in 1981 and has served in various capacities, including President and Chief Executive Officer since September 2010. He also served as Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer from September 2009 to August 2010, Senior Vice President from May 2004 to September 2009, Granite West Manager from February 2007 to September 2009, Branch Division Manager from May 2004 to February 2007, Vice President and Assistant Branch Division Manager from 1999 to 2004, and Regional Manager of Nevada and Utah Operations from 1995 to 1999. Mr. Roberts served as Chairman of The National Asphalt Pavement Association in 2006. He received a B.S.C.E. in 1979 and an M.S.C.E. in 1980 from the University of California, Berkeley, and an M.B.A. from the University of Southern California in 1981. He also completed the Stanford Executive Program in 2009. Mr. Miller has served as Granite’s Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer since August 2014. From June 2006 to July 2014, he served in various executive positions with CH2M HILL, including Managing Director, Global Operations; Managing Director, United Kingdom Ministry of Defense Programs; President, Government Facilities and Infrastructure Business Group; President, CH2M HILL Constructors, Inc. and Global Business Development and Planning Director. Prior to CH2M Hill, Mr. Miller served as Director of Federal Programs for Jacobs Engineering Group. From 1989 to 1995, Mr. Miller served in the United States Air Force in the Human Systems Division, Weapons System Program Office and the Air Force Center for Environmental Excellence. He received a B.A. in Biology from the University of Louisville and an M.S. in Civil Engineering from the University of Texas at San Antonio. Ms. Krzeminski joined Granite in 2008 and has served as Chief Financial Officer since November 2010. She has served as Executive Vice President since December 2015, Senior Vice President from January 2013 to December 2015, Vice President from July 2008 to December 2012, Interim Chief Financial Officer from June 2010 to October 2010 and Corporate Controller from July 2008 to May 2010. From 1993 to 2007, she served in various corporate and operational finance positions with The Gillette Company (acquired by The Procter & Gamble Company in 2005), including Finance Director for the Duracell and Braun North American business units. Ms. Krzeminski also served as the Director of Gillette’s Sarbanes-Oxley Section 404 Compliance program and as Gillette’s Director of Corporate Financial Reporting. Her experience also includes several years in public accounting with an international accounting firm. She received a Bachelor’s degree in Business Administration-Accounting from San Diego State University. Mr. Donnino joined Granite in 1977 and has served as Senior Vice President and Group Manager since January 2010, Senior Vice President since January 2005, Manager of Granite East from February 2007 to December 2009, and Heavy Construction Division Manager from January 2005 to February 2007. He served as Vice President and Heavy Construction Division Assistant Manager during 2004, Texas Regional Manager from 2000 to 2003 and Dallas Estimating Office Area Manager from 1991 to 2000. Mr. Donnino received a B.S.C.E. in Structural, Water and Soils Engineering from the University of Minnesota in 1976. Mr. Matheson joined Granite in 1989 and has served as Senior Vice President and Group Manager since August 2013. He also served as Washington Region Manager from February 2007 through July 2013, Branch Division Construction Manager from 2006 through February 2007, Utah Operations Area/Operations Manager from 1999 to 2006 and in other positions at Granite’s Nevada Branch between 1989 and 1997. Prior to joining Granite, he worked at Kenny Construction Company. Mr. Matheson received a B.S. in Animal Science from University of Illinois in 1983. Mr. Richards joined Granite in January 1992 and has served as Senior Vice President and Group Manager since January 2013. He also served as Arizona Region Manager from February 2006 through December 2012, Arizona Region Chief Estimator from January 2000 through January 2006 and in other positions at Granite’s Arizona Branch between 1992 and 2000. Prior to joining Granite, he served as a U.S. Army Officer. Mr. Richards received a B.S. in Civil Engineering from New Mexico State University in 1987. 9 Item 1A. RISK FACTORS Set forth below and elsewhere in this report and in other documents we file with the SEC are various risks and uncertainties that could cause our actual results to differ materially from the results contemplated by the forward-looking statements contained in this report or otherwise adversely affect our business. • Unfavorable economic conditions may have an adverse impact on our business. Volatility in the global financial system may have an adverse impact on our business, financial position, results of operations, cash flows and liquidity. In particular, low tax revenues, budget deficits, financing constraints, including timing of Fixing America’s Surface Transportation Act funding releases, and competing priorities may result in cutbacks in new infrastructure projects in the public sector and could have an adverse impact on collectibility of receivables from government agencies. In addition, levels of new commercial and residential construction projects could be adversely affected by oversupply of existing inventories of commercial and residential properties, low property values and a restrictive financing environment. A depressed demand for construction and construction materials in both the public and private sectors could result in intensified competition, which could have an adverse impact on both our revenues and profit margins and could impact growth opportunities. • We work in a highly competitive marketplace. We have multiple competitors in all of the areas in which we work, and some of our competitors are larger than we are and may have greater resources than we do. Government funding for public works projects is limited, thus contributing to competition for the limited number of public projects available. This increased competition may result in a decrease in new awards at acceptable profit margins. In addition, should downturns in residential and commercial construction activity occur, the competition for available public sector work would intensify, which could impact our revenue, contract backlog and profit margins. • Government contracts generally have strict regulatory requirements. Approximately 82.8% of our Construction and Large Project Construction revenue in 2015 was derived from contracts funded by federal, state and local government agencies and authorities. Government contracts are subject to specific procurement regulations, contract provisions and a variety of socioeconomic requirements relating to their formation, administration, performance and accounting and often include express or implied certifications of compliance. Claims for civil or criminal fraud may be brought for violations of regulations, requirements or statutes. We may also be subject to qui tam litigation brought by private individuals on behalf of the government under the Federal Civil False Claims Act, which could include claims for up to treble damages. Further, if we fail to comply with any of the regulations, requirements or statutes or if we have a substantial number of accumulated Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Mine Safety and Health Administration or other workplace safety violations, our existing government contracts could be terminated and we could be suspended from government contracting or subcontracting, including federally funded projects at the state level. Should one or more of these events occur, it could have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations, cash flows and liquidity. • Government contractors are subject to suspension or debarment from government contracting. Our substantial dependence on government contracts exposes us to a variety of risks that differ from those associated with private sector contracts. Various statutes to which our operations are subject, including the Davis-Bacon Act (which regulates wages and benefits), the Walsh-Healy Act (which prescribes a minimum wage and regulates overtime and working conditions), Executive Order 11246 (which establishes equal employment opportunity and affirmative action requirements) and the Drug-Free Workplace Act, provide for mandatory suspension and/or debarment of contractors in certain circumstances involving statutory violations. In addition, the Federal Acquisition Regulation and various state statutes provide for discretionary suspension and/or debarment in certain circumstances that might call into question a contractor’s willingness or ability to act responsibly, including as a result of being convicted of, or being found civilly liable for, fraud or a criminal offense in connection with obtaining, attempting to obtain or performing a public contract or subcontract. The scope and duration of any suspension or debarment may vary depending upon the facts and the statutory or regulatory grounds for debarment and could have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations, cash flows and liquidity. • Our success depends on attracting and retaining qualified personnel, joint venture partners and subcontractors in a competitive environment. The success of our business is dependent on our ability to attract, develop and retain qualified personnel, joint venture partners, advisors and subcontractors. Changes in general or local economic conditions and the resulting impact on the labor market and on our joint venture partners may make it difficult to attract or retain qualified individuals in the geographic areas where we perform our work. If we are unable to provide competitive compensation packages, high-quality training programs and attractive work environments or to establish and maintain successful partnerships, our ability to profitably execute our work could be adversely impacted. 10 • Failure to maintain safe work sites could result in significant losses. Construction and maintenance sites are potentially dangerous workplaces and often put our employees and others in close proximity with mechanized equipment, moving vehicles, chemical and manufacturing processes, and highly regulated materials. On many sites, we are responsible for safety and, accordingly, must implement safety procedures. If we fail to implement these procedures or if the procedures we implement are ineffective, we may suffer the loss of or injury to our employees, as well as expose ourselves to possible litigation. Our failure to maintain adequate safety standards through our safety programs could result in reduced profitability or the loss of projects or clients, and could have a material adverse impact on our financial position, results of operations, cash flows and liquidity. • An inability to obtain bonding could have a negative impact on our operations and results. As more fully described in “Insurance and Bonding” under “Item 1. Business,” we generally are required to provide surety bonds securing our performance under the majority of our public and private sector contracts. Our inability to obtain reasonably priced surety bonds in the future could significantly affect our ability to be awarded new contracts, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations, cash flows and liquidity. • We may be unable to identify and contract with qualified Disadvantaged Business Enterprise (“DBE”) contractors to perform as subcontractors. Certain of our government agency projects contain minimum DBE participation clauses. If we subsequently fail to complete these projects with the minimum DBE participation, we may be held responsible for breach of contract, which may include restrictions on our ability to bid on future projects as well as monetary damages. To the extent we are responsible for monetary damages, the total costs of the project could exceed our original estimates, we could experience reduced profits or a loss for that project and there could be a material adverse impact to our financial position, results of operations, cash flows and liquidity. • Fixed price and fixed unit price contracts subject us to the risk of increased project cost. As more fully described in “Contract Provisions and Subcontracting” under “Item 1. Business,” the profitability of our fixed price and fixed unit price contracts can be adversely affected by a number of factors that can cause our actual costs to materially exceed the costs estimated at the time of our original bid. • Design-build contracts subject us to the risk of design errors and omissions. Design-build is increasingly being used as a method of project delivery as it provides the owner with a single point of responsibility for both design and construction. We generally subcontract design responsibility to architectural and engineering firms. However, in the event of a design error or omission causing damages, there is risk that the subcontractor or their errors and omissions insurance would not be able to absorb the liability. In this case we may be responsible, resulting in a potentially material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations, cash flows and liquidity. • Many of our contracts have penalties for late completion. In some instances, including many of our fixed price contracts, we guarantee that we will complete a project by a certain date. If we subsequently fail to complete the project as scheduled we may be held responsible for costs resulting from the delay, generally in the form of contractually agreed-upon liquidated damages. To the extent these events occur, the total cost of the project could exceed our original estimate and we could experience reduced profits or a loss on that project. • Strikes or work stoppages could have a negative impact on our operations and results. We are party to collective bargaining agreements covering a portion of our craft workforce. Although strikes or work stoppages have not had a significant impact on our operations or results in the past, such labor actions could have a significant impact on our operations and results if they occur in the future. • Failure of our subcontractors to perform as anticipated could have a negative impact on our results. As further described in “Contract Provisions and Subcontracting” under “Item 1. Business,” we subcontract portions of many of our contracts to specialty subcontractors, but we are ultimately responsible for the successful completion of their work. Although we seek to require bonding or other forms of guarantees, we are not always successful in obtaining those bonds or guarantees from our higher-risk subcontractors. In this case we may be responsible for the failures on the part of our subcontractors to perform as anticipated, resulting in a potentially adverse impact on our cash flows and liquidity. In addition, the total costs of a project could exceed our original estimates and we could experience reduced profits or a loss for that project, which could have an adverse impact on our financial position, results of operations, cash flows and liquidity. 11 • Our joint venture contracts subject us to risks and uncertainties, some of which are outside of our control. As further described in Note 1 of “Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements” and under “Item 1. Business; Joint Ventures,” we perform certain construction contracts as a limited member of joint ventures, partnerships and one limited liability company. Participating in these arrangements exposes us to risks and uncertainties, including the risk that if our partners fail to perform under joint and several liability contracts on which we could be liable for completion of the entire contract. In addition, if our partners are not able or willing to provide their share of capital investment to fund the operations of the venture, there could be unanticipated costs to complete the projects, financial penalties or liquidated damages. These situations could have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations, cash flows and liquidity. To the extent we are not the controlling partner, we have limited control over many of the decisions made with respect to the related construction projects. These joint ventures may not be subject to the same compliance requirements, including those related to internal control over financial reporting. While we have controls to sufficiently mitigate the risks associated with reliance on their control environment and financial information, to the extent the controlling partner makes decisions that negatively impact the joint venture or internal control problems arise within the joint venture, it could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial position, results of operations, cash flows and liquidity. • Our failure to adequately recover on claims brought by us against project owners or other project participants for additional contract costs could have a negative impact on our liquidity and future operations. In certain circumstances, we assert claims against project owners, engineers, consultants, subcontractors or others involved in a project for additional costs exceeding the contract price or for amounts not included in the original contract price. These types of claims occur due to matters such as delays or changes from the initial project scope, both of which may result in additional costs. Often, these claims can be the subject of lengthy arbitration or litigation proceedings, and it is difficult to accurately predict when and on what terms these claims will be fully resolved. The potential gross profit impact of recoveries for contract modifications and claims may be material in future periods when claims, or a portion of such claims, against customers become probable and estimable or when claims against other third parties are settled. When these types of events occur, we use working capital in projects to promptly and fully cover cost overruns pending the resolution of the relevant claims and may incur additional costs when pursuing such potential recoveries. A failure to recover on these types of claims promptly and fully could have a negative impact on our liquidity and results of operations. In addition, while clients and subcontractors may be obligated to indemnify us against certain liabilities, such third parties may refuse or be unable to pay us. • Failure to remain in compliance with covenants under our debt and credit agreements, service our indebtedness, or fund our other liquidity needs could adversely impact our business. Our debt and credit agreements and related restrictive and financial covenants are more fully described in Note 12 of “Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.” Our failure to comply with any of these covenants, or to pay principal, interest or other amounts when due thereunder, would constitute an event of default under the applicable agreements. Under certain circumstances, the occurrence of an event of default under one of our debt or credit agreements (or the acceleration of the maturity of the indebtedness under one of our agreements) may constitute an event of default under one or more of our other debt or credit agreements. Default under our debt and credit agreements could result in (i) us no longer being entitled to borrow under the agreements; (ii) termination of the agreements; (iii) the requirement that any letters of credit under the agreements be cash collateralized; (iv) acceleration of the maturity of outstanding indebtedness under the agreements; and/or (v) foreclosure on any collateral securing the obligations under the agreements. If we are unable to service our debt obligations or fund our other liquidity needs, we could be forced to curtail our operations, reorganize our capital structure (including through bankruptcy proceedings) or liquidate some or all of our assets in a manner that could cause holders of our securities to experience a partial or total loss of their investment in us. • Unavailability of insurance coverage could have a negative effect on our operations and results. We maintain insurance coverage as part of our overall risk management strategy and pursuant to requirements to maintain specific coverage that are contained in our financing agreements and in most of our construction contracts. Although we have been able to obtain reasonably priced insurance coverage to meet our requirements in the past, there is no assurance that we will be able to do so in the future, and our inability to obtain such coverage could have an adverse impact on our ability to procure new work, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations, cash flows and liquidity. • Accounting for our revenues and costs involves significant estimates. As further described in “Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates” under “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” accounting for our contract-related revenues and costs, as well as other expenses, requires management to make a variety of significant estimates and assumptions. Although we believe we have sufficient experience and processes to enable us to formulate appropriate assumptions and produce reasonably dependable estimates, these assumptions and estimates may change significantly in the future and could result in the reversal of previously recognized revenue and profit. Such changes could have a material adverse effect on our financial position and results of operations. 12 • We use certain commodity products that are subject to significant price fluctuations. Diesel fuel, liquid asphalt and other petroleum-based products are used to fuel and lubricate our equipment and fire our asphalt concrete processing plants. In addition, they constitute a significant part of the asphalt paving materials that are used in many of our construction projects and are sold to third parties. Although we are partially protected by asphalt or fuel price escalation clauses in some of our contracts, many contracts provide no such protection. We also use steel and other commodities in our construction projects that can be subject to significant price fluctuations. We pre-purchase commodities, enter into supply agreements or enter into financial contracts to secure pricing. We have not been significantly adversely affected by price fluctuations in the past; however, there is no guarantee that we will not be in the future. • We are subject to environmental and other regulation. As more fully described in “Environmental Regulations” under “Item 1. Business,” we are subject to a number of federal, state and local laws and regulations relating to the environment, workplace safety and a variety of socioeconomic requirements. Noncompliance with such laws and regulations can result in substantial penalties, or termination or suspension of government contracts as well as civil and criminal liability. In addition, some environmental laws and regulations impose liability and responsibility on present and former owners, operators or users of facilities and sites for contamination at such facilities and sites, without regard to causation or knowledge of contamination. We occasionally evaluate various alternatives with respect to our facilities, including possible dispositions or closures. Investigations undertaken in connection with these activities may lead to discoveries of contamination that must be remediated, and closures of facilities may trigger compliance requirements that are not applicable to operating facilities. While compliance with these laws and regulations has not materially adversely affected our operations in the past, there can be no assurance that these requirements will not change and that compliance will not adversely affect our operations in the future. Furthermore, we cannot provide assurance that existing or future circumstances or developments with respect to contamination will not require us to make significant remediation or restoration expenditures. • Weather can significantly affect our revenues and profitability. Our ability to perform work is significantly affected by weather conditions such as precipitation and temperature. Changes in weather conditions can cause delays and otherwise significantly affect our project costs. The impact of weather conditions can result in variability in our quarterly revenues and profitability, particularly in the first and fourth quarters of the year. • Increasing restrictions on securing aggregate reserves could negatively affect our future operations and results. Tighter regulations and the finite nature of property containing suitable aggregate reserves are making it increasingly challenging and costly to secure aggregate reserves. Although we have thus far been able to secure reserves to support our business, our financial position, results of operations, cash flows and liquidity may be adversely affected by an increasingly difficult permitting process. • We may be required to contribute cash to meet our unfunded pension obligations in certain multi-employer plans. Four of our wholly-owned subsidiaries, Granite Construction Company, Granite Construction Northeast, Inc., Granite Industrial, Inc., and Kenny Construction Company, participate in various domestic multi-employer pension plans on behalf of union employees. Union employee benefits generally are based on a fixed amount for each year of service. We are required to make contributions to the plans in amounts established under collective bargaining agreements. Pension expense is recognized as contributions are made. The domestic pension plans are subject to the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (“ERISA”). Under ERISA, a contributor to a multi-employer plan may be liable, upon termination or withdrawal from a plan, for its proportionate share of a plan’s unfunded vested liability. While we currently have no intention of withdrawing from a plan and unfunded pension obligations have not significantly affected our operations in the past, there can be no assurance that we will not be required to make material cash contributions to one or more of these plans to satisfy certain underfunded benefit obligations in the future. • Recent healthcare legislation may increase our costs and reduce our future profitability. In 2012, the United States Supreme Court upheld the majority of the provisions in the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (the “Act”). The Act places requirements on employers to provide a minimum level of benefits to employees and assesses penalties on employers if the benefits do not meet the required minimum level or if the cost of coverage to employees exceeds affordability thresholds specified in the Act. The minimum benefits and affordability requirements took effect in 2015 and the associated filings are due in 2016. The Act also imposes an excise tax beginning in 2020 on plans whose average cost exceeds specified amounts. Although our initial assessment indicates that the provisions in the Act will not have a material adverse impact to our financial position, results of operations, cash flows and liquidity, it is difficult to predict the financial and operational impacts due to the breadth and complexity of this legislation. 13 • Force majeure events, including natural disasters and terrorists’ actions, could negatively impact our business, which may affect our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. Force majeure or extraordinary events beyond the control of the contracting parties, such as natural and man-made disasters, as well as terrorist actions, could negatively impact the economies in which we operate. We typically negotiate contract language where we are allowed certain relief from force majeure events in private client contracts and review and attempt to mitigate force majeure events in both public and private client contracts. We remain obligated to perform our services after most extraordinary events subject to relief that may be available pursuant to a force majeure clause. If we are not able to react quickly to force majeure events, our operations may be affected significantly, which would have a negative impact on our financial position, results of operations, cash flows and liquidity. • Changes to our outsourced software or infrastructure vendors as well as any sudden loss, breach of security, disruption or unexpected data or vendor loss associated with our information technology systems could have a material adverse effect on our business. We rely on third-party software and infrastructure to run critical accounting, project management and financial information systems. If software or infrastructure vendors decide to discontinue further development, integration or long-term maintenance support for our information systems, or there is any system interruption, delay, breach of security, loss of data or loss of a vendor, we may need to migrate some or all of our accounting, project management and financial information to other systems. Despite business continuity plans, these disruptions could increase our operational expense as well as impact the management of our business operations, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations, cash flows and liquidity. • An inability to safeguard our information technology environment could result in business interruptions, remediation costs and/or legal claims. To protect confidential customer, vendor, financial and employee information, we employ information security measures that secure our information systems from cybersecurity attacks or breaches. Even with these measures, we may be subject to unauthorized access of digital data with the intent to misappropriate information, corrupt data or cause operational disruptions. If a failure of our safeguarding measures were to occur, it could have a negative impact to our business and result in business interruptions, remediation costs and/or legal claims, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations, cash flow and liquidity. • A change in tax laws or regulations of any federal, state or international jurisdiction in which we operate could increase our tax burden and otherwise adversely affect our financial position, results of operations, cash flows and liquidity. We continue to assess the impact of various U.S. federal, state and international legislative proposals that could result in a material increase to our U.S. federal, state and/or international taxes. We cannot predict whether any specific legislation will be enacted or the terms of any such legislation. However, if such proposals were to be enacted, or if modifications were to be made to certain existing regulations, the consequences could have a material adverse impact on us, including increasing our tax burden, increasing our cost of tax compliance or otherwise adversely affecting our financial position, results of operations, cash flows and liquidity. • Our contract backlog is subject to unexpected adjustments and cancellations and could be an uncertain indicator of our future earnings. We cannot guarantee that the revenues projected in our contract backlog will be realized or, if realized, will be profitable. Projects reflected in our contract backlog may be affected by project cancellations, scope adjustments, time extensions or other changes. Such changes may adversely affect the revenue and profit we ultimately realize on these projects. • Our strategic diversification plan includes growing our international operations in Canada and U.S. Territories, which are subject to a number of special risks. As part of our strategic diversification efforts, we may enter into more construction contracts in Canada or U.S. Territories, which may subject us to a number of special risks unique to foreign countries and/or operations. Due to the special risks associated with non-U.S. operations, our exposure to such risks may not be proportionate to the percentage of our revenues attributable to such operations. • Our real estate investments are subject to mortgage financing and may require additional funding. Our wholly owned subsidiary Granite Land Company’s (“GLC’s”) real estate investments generally utilize short-term debt financing for their development activities. Such financing is subject to the terms of the applicable debt or credit agreement and generally is secured by mortgages on the applicable real property. Although we have significantly reduced our exposure in this area, if our real estate investment partners are unable to make their proportional share of a required repayment, GLC may elect to provide the additional funding which could affect our financial position, cash flows and liquidity. Also, if we determine we are the primary beneficiary of real estate joint ventures, as defined by the applicable accounting guidance, we may be required to consolidate additional real estate investments in our financial statements. 14 • As a part of our growth strategy we have made and may make future acquisitions, and acquisitions involve many risks. These risks include: difficulties integrating the operations and personnel of the acquired companies; diversion of management’s attention from ongoing operations; potential difficulties and increased costs associated with completion of any assumed construction projects; insufficient revenues to offset increased expenses associated with acquisitions and the potential loss of key employees or customers of the acquired companies; assumption of liabilities of an acquired business, including liabilities that were unknown at the time the acquisition was negotiated; difficulties relating to assimilating the personnel, services, and systems of an acquired business and to assimilating marketing and other operational capabilities; increased burdens on our staff and on our administrative, internal control and operating systems, which may hinder our legal and regulatory compliance activities; difficulties in applying and integrating our system of internal controls to an acquired business; the recording of goodwill or other non-amortizable intangible assets that will be subject to subsequent impairment testing and potential impairment charges, as well as amortization expenses related to certain other intangible assets; and while we often obtain indemnification rights from the sellers of acquired businesses, such rights may be difficult to enforce, the losses may exceed any dedicated escrow funds, and the indemnitors may not have the ability to financially support the indemnity. Failure to manage and successfully integrate acquisitions could harm our financial position, results of operations, cash flows and liquidity. • In the event we issue stock as consideration for certain acquisitions we may make, we could dilute share ownership. One method of acquiring companies or otherwise funding our corporate activities is through the issuance of additional equity securities. If we issue additional equity securities, such issuances could have the effect of diluting our earnings per share as well as our existing shareholders’ individual ownership percentages in the Company. • Deterioration of the United States economy could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Fiscal and monetary policies enacted by the U.S. government could negatively impact the ability of government agencies to fund existing or new infrastructure projects. In addition, such actions could have a material adverse effect on the financial markets and economic conditions in the United States as well as throughout the world, which may limit our ability and the ability of our customers to obtain financing and/or could impair our ability to execute our acquisition strategy. Deterioration in general economic activity and infrastructure spending or Congress’ deficit reduction measures could have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations, cash flows and liquidity. • Rising inflation and/or interest rates could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Economic factors, including inflation and fluctuations in interest rates, could have a negative impact on our business. If our costs were to become subject to significant inflationary pressures, we may not be able to fully offset such higher costs through price increases. Our inability or failure to do so could have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations, cash flows and liquidity. The foregoing list is not all-inclusive. There can be no assurance that we have correctly identified and appropriately assessed all factors affecting our business or that the publicly available and other information with respect to these matters is complete and correct. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently believe to be immaterial may also adversely affect us. These developments could have material adverse effects on our business, financial condition, results of operations and liquidity. For these reasons, the reader is cautioned not to place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements. 15 Item 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS None. Item 2. PROPERTIES Quarry Properties As of December 31, 2015, we had 39 active and 25 inactive permitted quarry properties available for the extraction of sand and gravel and hard rock, all of which are located in the western United States. All of our quarries are open-pit and are primarily accessible by road. We process aggregates into construction materials for internal use and for sale to third parties. Our plant equipment is powered mostly by electricity provided by local utility companies. The following map shows the approximate locations of our permitted quarry properties as of December 31, 2015. We estimate our permitted proven1 and probable2 aggregate reserves to be approximately 740.8 million tons with an average permitted life of approximately 73 years at present operating levels. Present operating levels are determined based on a three-year annual average aggregate production rate of 10.2 million tons. Reserve estimates were made by our geologists and engineers based primarily on drilling studies. Reserve estimates are based on various assumptions, and any material inaccuracies in these assumptions could have a material impact on the accuracy of our reserve estimates. These properties are primarily used by our Construction and Construction Materials segments. 1Proven reserves are determined through the testing of samples obtained from closely spaced subsurface drilling and/or exposed pit faces. Proven reserves are sufficiently understood so that quantity, quality, and engineering conditions are known with sufficient accuracy to be mined without the need for any further subsurface work. Actual required spacing is based on geologic judgment about the predictability and continuity of each deposit. 2Probable reserves are determined through the testing of samples obtained from subsurface drilling but the sample points are too widely spaced to allow detailed prediction of quantity, quality, and engineering conditions. Additional subsurface work may be needed prior to mining the reserve. 16 The following tables present information about our quarry properties as of December 31, 2015 (tons in millions): Quarry Properties Owned quarry properties Leased quarry properties1 Type Sand & Gravel 24 23 Hard Rock 5 12 Permitted Aggregate Reserves (tons) 435.8 305.0 Unpermitted Aggregate Reserves (tons) 326.5 41.6 Three-Year Annual Average Production Rate (tons) 5.5 4.7 Average Reserve Life 81.5 65.0 1 Our leases have expiration dates which range from month-to-month to 45 years with most including an option to renew. Permitted Reserves for Each Product Type (tons) Percentage of Permitted Reserves Owned and Leased State California Non-California Plant Properties Number of Properties Sand & Gravel Hard Rock 261.3 137.1 247.5 94.9 29 35 Owned Leased 59% 58% 41% 42% We operate plants at our quarry sites to process aggregates into construction materials. Some of our sites may have more than one crushing, concrete or asphalt processing plant. In an effort to continuously increase efficiencies based on external and internal demands, we sold or otherwise disposed of several plants and the associated land in California during 2015 and in California, Alaska, and Nevada during 2014. These sales or dispositions resulted in gains during 2015 and 2014 of approximately $0.2 million and $9.8 million, respectively, that were recorded to gain on sales of property and equipment in the consolidated statements of operations. At December 31, 2015 and 2014, we owned the following plants: December 31, Aggregate crushing plants Asphalt concrete plants Cement concrete batch plants Asphalt rubber plants Lime slurry plants 2015 2014 32 50 8 5 9 33 52 9 5 9 These plants are primarily used by our Construction and Construction Materials segments. Other Properties The following table provides our estimate of certain information about other properties as of December 31, 2015: Office and shop space (owned and leased) Land Area (acres) 6,351 Building Square Feet 1,190,580 As of December 31, 2015, approximately 49% of our office and shop space was attributable to our Construction segment, 13% to our Large Project Construction segment and 5% to our Construction Materials segment. The remainder is primarily attributable to administration. 17 Item 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS In the ordinary course of business, we and our affiliates are involved in various legal proceedings alleging, among other things, public liability issues or breach of contract or tortious conduct in connection with the performance of services and/or materials provided, the outcomes of which cannot be predicted with certainty. We and our affiliates are also subject to government inquiries in the ordinary course of business seeking information concerning our compliance with government construction contracting requirements and various laws and regulations, the outcomes of which cannot be predicted with certainty. Some of the matters in which we or our joint ventures and affiliates are involved may involve compensatory, punitive, or other claims or sanctions that, if granted, could require us to pay damages or make other expenditures in amounts that are not probable to be incurred or cannot currently be reasonably estimated. In addition, in some circumstances our government contracts could be terminated, we could be suspended, debarred or incur other administrative penalties or sanctions, or payment of our costs could be disallowed. While any of our pending legal proceedings may be subject to early resolution as a result of our ongoing efforts to settle, whether or when any legal proceeding will be resolved through settlement is neither predictable nor guaranteed. Accordingly, it is possible that future developments in such proceedings and inquiries could require us to (i) adjust existing accruals, or (ii) record new accruals that we did not originally believe to be probable or that could not be reasonably estimated. Such changes could be material to our financial condition, results of operations and/or cash flows in any particular reporting period. In addition to matters that are considered probable for which the loss can be reasonably estimated, we also disclose certain matters where the loss is considered reasonably possible and is reasonably estimable. Liabilities relating to legal proceedings and government inquiries, to the extent that we have concluded such liabilities are probable and the amounts of such liabilities are reasonably estimable, are recorded on the consolidated balance sheets. The aggregate liabilities recorded as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 related to these matters were approximately $5.2 million and $9.7 million, respectively, and were primarily included in accrued expenses and other current liabilities. The aggregate range of possible loss related to (i) matters considered reasonably possible, and (ii) reasonably possible amounts in excess of accrued losses recorded for probable loss contingencies, was immaterial as of December 31, 2015. Our estimates of such matters could change in future periods. Investigation Related to Grand Avenue Project Disadvantaged Business Enterprise (“DBE”) Issues: On March 6, 2009, the U.S. Department of Transportation, Office of Inspector General served upon our wholly-owned subsidiary, Granite Construction Northeast, Inc. (“Granite Northeast”), a United States District Court, Eastern District of New York Grand Jury subpoena to produce documents. The subpoena sought all documents pertaining to the use of a DBE firm (the “Subcontractor”), and the Subcontractor’s use of a non-DBE subcontractor/consultant, on the Grand Avenue Bus Depot and Central Maintenance Facility for the Borough of Queens Project (the “Grand Avenue Project”), a Granite Northeast project, that began in 2004 and was substantially complete in 2008. The subpoena also sought any documents regarding the use of the Subcontractor as a DBE on any other projects and any other documents related to the Subcontractor or to the subcontractor/consultant. Granite Northeast produced the requested documents, together with other requested information. Subsequently, Granite Northeast was informed by the Department of Justice (“DOJ”) that it was a subject of an investigation, along with others, and that the DOJ believed that Granite Northeast’s claim of DBE credit for the Subcontractor was improper. In addition to the documents produced in response to the Grand Jury subpoena, Granite Northeast provided the requested information to the DOJ, along with other federal and state agencies (collectively the “Agencies”), concerning other DBE entities for which Granite Northeast historically claimed DBE credit. The matter was settled with the Agencies on November 24, 2015. Granite, Granite Northeast and the DOJ entered into a Non-Prosecution Agreement pursuant to which Granite Northeast agreed to make payments totaling $8.25 million. A total of $3.5 million was paid in 2015 ($2.5 million to the DOJ, and $1.0 million to the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (“MTA”)). A final payment totaling $4.75 million will be made to the DOJ in 2016 (none to MTA in 2016) and is included in accrued and other current liabilities on our consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2015. The Non-Prosecution Agreement contains certain ongoing compliance requirements for Granite and failure to comply with these terms could lead to civil or criminal remedies. Item 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES The information concerning mine safety violations or other regulatory matters required by Section 1503(a) of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act and Item 104 of Regulation S-K (17CFR 229.104) is included in Exhibit 95 to this Annual Report on Form 10-K. 18 PART II Item 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES Our common stock trades on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol GVA. As of February 15, 2016, there were 39,413,511 shares of our common stock outstanding held by 822 shareholders of record. We have paid quarterly cash dividends since the second quarter of 1990, and we expect to continue to do so. However, declaration and payment of dividends is within the sole discretion of our Board of Directors, subject to limitations imposed by Delaware law and compliance with our credit agreements (which allow us to pay dividends so long as we have at least $150 million in unencumbered cash and equivalents and marketable securities on the consolidated balance sheet), and will depend on our earnings, capital requirements, financial condition and such other factors as the Board of Directors deems relevant. As of December 31, 2015, we had unencumbered cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities that exceeded the aforementioned limitations. Market Price and Dividends of Common Stock 2015 Quarters Ended High Low Dividends per share 2014 Quarters Ended High Low Dividends per share December 31, September 30, $ 44.40 $ 28.45 0.13 36.07 $ 28.94 0.13 December 31, September 30, $ 39.09 $ 30.44 0.13 37.49 $ 31.78 0.13 June 30, March 31, 38.68 $ 33.85 0.13 38.42 31.54 0.13 June 30, March 31, 40.52 $ 34.24 0.13 40.55 31.39 0.13 During the three months ended December 31, 2015, we did not sell any of our equity securities that were not registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. The following table sets forth information regarding the repurchase of shares of our common stock during the three months ended December 31, 2015: Period October 1 through October 31, 2015 November 1 through November 30, 2015 December 1 through December 31, 2015 Total Total Number of Shares Purchased1 Average Price Paid per Share 1,486 $ 183 $ 10,166 $ 11,835 $ 30.05 32.84 41.02 39.52 Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs — — — — Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs2 64,065,401 64,065,401 64,065,401 $ $ $ 1The number of shares purchased is in connection with employee tax withholding for shares vested under our Amended and Restated 1999 Equity Incentive Plan. 2 On October 24, 2007, we announced that our Board of Directors authorized us to purchase, at management’s discretion, up to $200.0 million of our common stock. Under this purchase program, the Company may purchase shares from time to time on the open market or in private transactions. The specific timing and amount of purchases will vary based on market conditions, securities law limitations and other factors. Purchases under the share purchase program may be commenced, suspended or discontinued at any time and from time to time without prior notice. 19 Performance Graph The following graph compares the cumulative 5-year total return provided to shareholders on Granite Construction Incorporated’s common stock relative to the cumulative total returns of the S&P 500 index and the Dow Jones U.S. Heavy Construction index. The Dow Jones U.S. Heavy Construction index includes the following companies: AECOM Technology Corp., Chicago Bridge & Iron Co NV, EMCOR Group Inc., Fluor Corp., Jacobs Engineering Group Inc., KBR Inc., and Quanta Services Inc. Certain of these companies differ from Granite in that they derive revenue and profit from non-U.S. operations and have customers in different markets. An investment of $100 (with reinvestment of all dividends) is assumed to have been made in our common stock and in each of the indexes on December 31, 2010 and its relative performance is tracked through December 31, 2015. December 31, Granite Construction Incorporated S&P 500 Dow Jones U.S. Heavy Construction 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 $ 100.00 $ 100.00 100.00 88.44 $ 102.11 82.45 127.64 $ 118.45 100.11 135.01 $ 156.82 131.42 148.86 $ 178.29 97.88 170.49 180.75 86.60 20 Item 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA Other than contract backlog, the selected consolidated financial data set forth below have been derived from our consolidated financial statements. Refer to the consolidated financial statements for further information. These historical results are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations to be expected for any future period. Selected Consolidated Financial Data Years Ended December 31, Operating Summary Revenue Gross profit1 As a percent of revenue Selling, general and administrative expenses1 As a percent of revenue Restructuring and impairment (gains) charges, net2 Net income (loss) Amount attributable to non-controlling interests Net income (loss) attributable to Granite As a percent of revenue Net income (loss) per share attributable to common shareholders: Basic Diluted Weighted average shares of common stock: Basic Diluted Dividends per common share Consolidated Balance Sheet3 Total assets4 Cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities Working capital4 Current maturities of long-term debt Long-term debt Other long-term liabilities Granite shareholders’ equity Book value per share Common shares outstanding Contract backlog 2015 $ 2,371,029 303,358 2012 2013 2014 (In Thousands, Except Per Share Data) $ 2,266,901 177,177 $ 2,083,037 225,895 $ 2,275,270 242,247 2011 $ 2,009,531 238,073 12.8% 10.6% 7.8 % 10.8% 11.8% 207,339 195,762 191,860 176,235 152,412 8.7% 8.6% 8.5 % 8.5% 7.6% (6,003) 68,248 (7,763) 60,485 2.6% (2,643) 35,876 (10,530) 25,346 52,139 (44,766) 8,343 (36,423) 1.1% (1.6)% (3,728) 59,920 (14,637) 45,283 2.2% 2,181 66,085 (14,924) 51,161 2.5% $ $ $ 1.54 1.52 39,337 39,868 0.52 $ $ $ 0.65 0.64 39,096 39,795 0.52 $ $ $ (0.94) (0.94) 38,803 38,803 0.52 $ $ $ 1.17 1.15 38,447 39,076 0.52 $ $ $ 1.32 1.31 38,117 38,473 0.52 $ 1,627,860 $ 1,600,048 $ 1,609,362 $ 1,721,324 $ 1,543,765 358,531 519,177 15,024 245,081 46,613 839,237 21.29 39,413 $ 2,908,438 358,028 454,121 1,247 275,621 44,495 794,385 20.27 39,186 $ 2,718,873 346,323 396,759 1,247 276,868 48,580 781,940 20.09 38,918 $ 2,526,751 433,420 454,098 19,060 271,070 47,124 829,953 21.43 38,731 $ 1,708,761 406,648 422,683 32,173 218,413 49,221 799,197 20.66 38,683 $ 2,022,454 1Gross profit and selling, general and administrative expenses are approximately $8.1 million, $8.1 million, $8.9 million and $9.9 million lower than the amounts previously reported in our Annual Reports on Form 10-K for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively, due to reclassifications related to (i) incentive compensation, and (ii) sales personnel payroll and related expenses. See Note 1 of “Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements” and “Gross Profit” and “Selling, General and Administrative Expenses” under “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” for additional information. 2 During 2015, we recorded restructuring gains of $6.0 million related to our 2010 Enterprise Improvement Plan (“EIP”). During 2014, we recorded restructuring gains of $1.3 million related to our EIP and $1.3 million in impairment gains related to nonperforming quarry sites. During 2013, we recorded net restructuring charges of $52.1 million, during 2012, we recorded net restructuring gains of $3.7 million, and during 2011, we recorded net restructuring charges of $2.2 million (see Note 11 of the “Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements” for additional information regarding the 2015, 2014 and 2013 amounts). 3 Assets acquired and liabilities assumed resulting from the acquisition of Kenny Construction Company are included on the consolidated balance sheet commencing as of December 31, 2012. 4Total assets are $20.4 million, $7.8 million, $8.2 million and $4.0 million lower than the amounts previously reported in our Annual Reports on Form 10-K for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively. Working capital is $53.2 million, $55.9 million, $36.7 million and $38.6 million lower than the amounts previously reported in our Annual Reports on Form 10-K for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively. The decreases are due to reclassifications related to the adoption during 2015 of Accounting Standards Update No. 2015-17, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes. See Note 1 of “Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements” and “Recently Issued and Adopted Accounting Pronouncements” under “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” for additional information. 21 Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS General We are one of the largest diversified heavy civil contractors and construction materials producers in the United States, engaged in the construction and improvement of streets, roads, highways, mass transit facilities, airport infrastructure, bridges, trenchless and underground utilities, power-related facilities, water-related facilities, utilities, tunnels, dams and other infrastructure-related projects. We own aggregate reserves and plant facilities to produce construction materials for use in our construction business and for sale to third parties. We also operate a real estate investment business that we have been divesting over the past five years as part of our 2010 Enterprise Improvement Plan (“EIP”). Our permanent offices are located in Alaska, Arizona, California, Florida, Illinois, Nevada, New York, Texas, Utah and Washington. We have three reportable business segments: Construction, Large Project Construction and Construction Materials (see Note 19 of “Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements” and “Operating Structure” under “Item 1. Business”). In addition to business segments, we review our business by operating groups and by public and private market sectors. Our operating groups are defined as follows: (i) California; (ii) Northwest, which primarily includes offices in Alaska, Arizona, Nevada, Utah and Washington; (iii) Heavy Civil, which primarily includes offices in California, Florida, New York and Texas; and (iv) Kenny, which primarily includes an office in Illinois. Each of these operating groups may include financial results from our Construction and Large Project Construction segments. A project’s results are reported in the operating group that is responsible for the project, not necessarily the geographic area where the work is located. In some cases, the operations of an operating group include the results of work performed outside of that geographic region. Our California and Northwest operating groups include financial results from our Construction Materials segment. With the exception of contract change orders and affirmative claims, which are typically sole-source, our construction contracts are obtained through competitive bidding in response to solicitations by both public agencies and private parties and on a negotiated basis as a result of solicitations from private parties. Project owners use a variety of methods to make contractors aware of new projects, including posting bidding opportunities on agency websites, disclosing long-term infrastructure plans, advertising and other general solicitations. Our bidding activity is affected by such factors as the nature and volume of advertising and other solicitations, contract backlog, available personnel, current utilization of equipment and other resources, our ability to obtain necessary surety bonds and competitive considerations. Our contract review process includes identifying risks and opportunities during the bidding process and managing these risks through mitigation efforts such as insurance and pricing. Contracts fitting certain criteria of size and complexity are reviewed by various levels of management and, in some cases, by the Executive Committee of our Board of Directors. Bidding activity, contract backlog and revenue resulting from the award of new contracts may vary significantly from period to period. Our typical construction project begins with the preparation and submission of a bid to a customer. If selected as the successful bidder, we generally enter into a contract with the customer that provides for payment upon completion of specified work or units of work as identified in the contract. The four primary economic drivers of our business are (i) the overall health of the economy; (ii) federal, state and local public funding levels; (iii) population growth resulting in public and private development; and (iv) the need to replace or repair aging infrastructure. A stagnant or declining economy will generally result in reduced demand for construction and construction materials in the private sector. This reduced demand increases competition for private sector projects and will ultimately also increase competition in the public sector as companies migrate from bidding on scarce private sector work to projects in the public sector. Greater competition can reduce our revenues and/or have a downward impact on our gross profit margins. In addition, a stagnant or declining economy tends to produce less tax revenue for public agencies, thereby decreasing a source of funds available for spending on public infrastructure improvements. Some funding sources that have been specifically earmarked for infrastructure spending, such as diesel and gasoline taxes, are not as directly affected by a stagnant or declining economy, unless actual consumption is reduced or gasoline sales tax revenues decline consistent with fuel prices. However, even these can be temporarily at risk as federal, state and local governments take actions to balance their budgets. Additionally, fuel prices and more fuel efficient vehicles can have a dampening effect on consumption, resulting in overall lower tax revenue. Conversely, increased levels of public funding as well as an expanding or robust economy will generally increase demand for our services and provide opportunities for revenue growth and margin improvement. Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates The financial statements included in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. The preparation of these financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, revenue and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. Our estimates, judgments and assumptions are continually evaluated based on available information and experiences; however, actual amounts could differ from those estimates. 22 The following are accounting policies and estimates that involve significant management judgment and can have significant effects on the Company’s reported results of operations. The Audit & Compliance Committee of our Board of Directors has reviewed our disclosure of critical accounting policies and estimates. Revenue and Earnings Recognition for Construction Contracts Revenue and earnings on construction contracts, including construction joint ventures, are recognized under the percentage of completion method using the ratio of costs incurred to estimated total costs. Revenue in an amount equal to cost incurred is recognized until there is sufficient information to determine the estimated profit on the project with a reasonable level of certainty. The factors considered in this evaluation include the stage of design completion, the stage of construction completion, the status of outstanding subcontracts or buyouts, certainty of quantities of labor and materials, certainty of schedule and the relationship with the owner. Revenue from unapproved change orders is recognized to the extent the related costs have been incurred, the amount can be reliably estimated and recovery is probable. Unresolved contract modifications and claims (“affirmative claims“) to recover additional costs to which the Company believes it is entitled under the terms of the customers’ contracts are pending or have been submitted on certain projects. The owners or their authorized representatives and/or other third parties may be in partial or full agreement with the modifications or claims, or may have rejected or disagree entirely or partially as to such entitlement. Effective January 1, 2015, we changed our accounting policy for recognizing revenue associated with affirmative claims with customers and back charges to vendors, designers, and subcontractors. Claim revenue is recognized to the extent of costs incurred when it is probable that a claim settlement with a customer will result in additional revenue and the amount can be reasonably estimated. Back charges are recognized as a reduction to cost when the estimated recovery is probable and the amount can be reasonably estimated. Prior to these changes in accounting policy, we recognized revenue from affirmative claims with customers and non- customers when the claims were settled, generally when a legally binding agreement was signed. We believe these changes in accounting policy are preferable as they more accurately reflect the timing and amount of revenue earned on our projects, as well as providing better comparability to our industry peers. Except for contractual back charges, claims against non-customers continue to be recognized when the claims are settled. Provisions are recognized in the consolidated statements of operations for the full amount of estimated losses on uncompleted contracts whenever evidence indicates that the estimated total cost of a contract exceeds its estimated total revenue. All contract costs, including those associated with affirmative claims and change orders, are recorded as incurred and revisions to estimated total costs are reflected as soon as the obligation to perform is determined. Contract costs consist of direct costs on contracts, including labor and materials, amounts payable to subcontractors, direct overhead costs and equipment expense (primarily depreciation, fuel, maintenance and repairs). All state and federal government contracts and many of our other contracts provide for termination of the contract at the convenience of the party contracting with us, with provisions to pay us for work performed through the date of termination. Pre- contract costs are expensed as incurred. The accuracy of our revenue and profit recognition in a given period depends on the accuracy of our estimates of the cost to complete each project. Cost estimates for all of our significant projects use a detailed “bottom up” approach and we believe our experience allows us to provide materially reliable estimates. There are a number of factors that can contribute to changes in estimates of contract cost and profitability. The most significant of these include: • • • • • • • • • • • • the completeness and accuracy of the original bid; costs associated with scope changes; costs of labor and/or materials; extended overhead and other costs due to owner, weather and other delays; subcontractor performance issues; changes in productivity expectations; site conditions that differ from those assumed in the original bid (to the extent contract remedies are unavailable); changes from original design on design-build projects; the availability and skill level of workers in the geographic location of the project; a change in the availability and proximity of equipment and materials; our ability to fully and promptly recover on claims and back charges for additional contract costs; and the customer’s ability to properly administer the contract. The foregoing factors, as well as the stage of completion of contracts in process and the mix of contracts at different margins may cause fluctuations in gross profit between periods. Significant changes in cost estimates, particularly in our larger, more complex projects, have had, and can in future periods have, a significant effect on our profitability. 23 Our contracts with our customers are primarily either “fixed unit price” or “fixed price.” Under fixed unit price contracts, we are committed to provide materials or services required by a project at fixed unit prices (for example, dollars per cubic yard of concrete placed or cubic yards of earth excavated). While the fixed unit price contract shifts the risk of estimating the quantity of units required for a particular project to the customer, any increase in our unit cost over the expected unit cost in the bid, whether due to inflation, inefficiency, faulty estimates or other factors, is borne by us unless otherwise provided in the contract. Fixed price contracts are priced on a lump-sum basis under which we bear the risk that we may not be able to perform all the work profitably for the specified contract amount. The percentage of fixed price contracts in our contract backlog was 67.2% at December 31, 2015 compared with 71.0% at December 31, 2014. The percentage of fixed unit price contracts in our contract backlog was 28.1% and 19.9% at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. All other contract types represented 4.7% and 9.1% of our contract backlog at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Goodwill As of December 31, 2015, we had five reporting units in which goodwill was recorded as follows: • Kenny Group Construction • Kenny Group Large Project Construction • Northwest Group Construction • Northwest Group Construction Materials • California Construction The most significant goodwill balances reside in the reporting units associated with the Kenny Group. We perform impairment tests annually as of November 1 and more frequently when events and circumstances occur that indicate a possible impairment of goodwill. In addition, we evaluate goodwill for impairment if events or circumstances change between annual tests indicating a possible impairment. Examples of such events or circumstances include the following: • • • • a significant adverse change in legal factors or in the business climate; an adverse action or assessment by a regulator; a more likely than not expectation that a segment or a significant portion thereof will be sold; or the testing for recoverability of a significant asset group within the segment. In performing step one of the goodwill impairment tests, we calculate the estimated fair value of the reporting unit in which the goodwill is recorded using the discounted cash flows and market multiple methods. Judgments inherent in these methods include the determination of appropriate discount rates, the amount and timing of expected future cash flows and growth rates, and appropriate benchmark companies. The cash flows used in our 2015 discounted cash flow model were based on five-year financial forecasts, which in turn were based on the 2016-2018 operating plan developed internally by management adjusted for market participant-based assumptions. Our discount rate assumptions are based on an assessment of the equity cost of capital and appropriate capital structure for our reporting units. In assessing the reasonableness of our determined fair values of our reporting units, we evaluate the reasonableness of our results against our current market capitalization. After calculating the estimated fair value, we compare the resulting fair value to the net book value of the reporting unit, including goodwill. If the net book value of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value, we measure and record the amount of the impairment loss by comparing the implied fair value of the reporting unit’s goodwill with the carrying amount of that goodwill. The results of our annual goodwill impairment tests, performed in accordance with ASC 350, indicated that the estimated fair values of our reporting units exceeded their net book values (i.e., cushion) by at least 50% for the reporting units with goodwill. Out of the five reporting units with goodwill, the Kenny Large Project Construction business is the most susceptible to fluctuations in results depending on awarded work given the large size and limited frequency of awards. While we believe the current cushion for the reporting unit is adequate to absorb these fluctuations, a material decline in job win rates could have a material impact to this reporting unit’s estimated fair value. 24 Long-lived Assets We review property and equipment and amortizable intangible assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the net book value of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of these assets is measured by comparison of their net book values to the future undiscounted cash flows the assets are expected to generate. If the assets are considered to be impaired, an impairment charge will be recognized equal to the amount by which the net book value of the asset exceeds fair value. We group construction equipment assets at a regional level, which represents the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of the cash flows of other groups of assets. When an individual asset or group of assets are determined to no longer contribute to the vertically integrated asset group, it is assessed for impairment independently. During 2013 and in connection with our EIP, we recorded $14.7 million in restructuring charges related to non-performing quarry sites and incurred $3.2 million in lease termination charges, both related to the Construction Materials segment. In addition, during 2013 as part of the EIP we recorded $31.1 million of restructuring charges, including amounts attributable to non-controlling interests of $3.9 million, related to consolidated real estate assets. During 2015, we recorded restructuring gains of $5.0 million, including amounts attributable to non-controlling interests of $3.3 million, and $1.0 million from the sale of the consolidated real estate assets and the sale of a previously impaired quarry site, respectively. During 2014, we recorded a restructuring gain of $1.3 million resulting from our release from the lease obligations. Separate from the EIP, we recorded $1.3 million in non-cash impairment gains and $3.2 million in non-cash impairment charges during 2014 and 2013, respectively, related to the Construction Materials segment. See Note 11 of “Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements” and “Restructuring and Impairment (Gains) Charges, Net” under “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” for additional information. Insurance Estimates We carry insurance policies to cover various risks, primarily general liability, automobile liability and workers compensation, under which we are liable to reimburse the insurance company for a portion of each claim paid. Payment for general liability and workers compensation claim amounts generally range from the first $0.5 million to $1.0 million per occurrence. We accrue for probable losses, both reported and unreported, that are reasonably estimable using actuarial methods based on historic trends, modified, if necessary, by recent events. Changes in our loss assumptions caused by changes in actual experience would affect our assessment of the ultimate liability and could have an effect on our operating results and financial position up to $1.0 million per occurrence. Asset Retirement and Reclamation Obligations We account for the costs related to legal obligations to reclaim aggregate mining sites and other facilities by recording our estimated reclamation liability at fair value, capitalizing the estimated liability as part of the related asset’s carrying amount and allocating it to expense over the asset’s useful life. To determine the fair value of the obligation, we estimate the cost for a third-party to perform the legally required reclamation including a reasonable profit margin. This cost is then increased for future estimated inflation based on the estimated years to complete and discounted to fair value using present value techniques with a credit-adjusted, risk-free rate. In estimating the settlement date, we evaluate the current facts and conditions to determine the most likely settlement date. We review reclamation obligations at least annually for a revision to the cost or a change in the estimated settlement date. Additionally, reclamation obligations are reviewed in the period that a triggering event occurs that would result in either a revision to the cost or a change in the estimated settlement date. Contingencies Loss contingency provisions are recorded if the potential loss from any asserted or unasserted claim or legal proceeding is considered probable and the amount can be reasonably estimated. If a potential loss is considered probable but only a range of loss can be determined, the low-end of the range is recorded. These accruals represent management’s best estimate of probable loss. Disclosure also is provided when it is reasonably possible that a loss will be incurred or when it is reasonably possible that the amount of a loss will exceed the amount recorded. Significant judgment is required in both the determination of probability of loss and the determination as to whether an exposure is reasonably estimable. Because of uncertainties related to these matters, accruals are based only on the best information available at the time. As additional information becomes available, we reassess the potential liability related to claims and litigation and may revise our estimates. See Note 18 of “Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements” and “Item 3. Legal Proceedings” for additional information. 25 Current Economic Environment and Outlook for 2016 Market conditions remain stable but highly competitive across western geographies and end markets. We finished the 2015 fiscal year with near-record backlog of $2.9 billion, against a backdrop of modest economic growth across certain regions of the country, and following the passage of the first long-term federal highway bill in a decade, the Fixing America’s Surface Transportation (“FAST”) Act, in December 2015. The stability expected to be provided by the five-year FAST Act will allow state departments of transportation to plan more effectively, and we expect a positive impact in our business to begin late in 2016 and to accelerate in 2017. The Construction and Construction Materials segments continue to benefit from private non-residential activity and diversification opportunities, and we believe that long-term dedicated federal infrastructure investment provides these businesses with significant growth opportunities. In our Large Project Construction segment, the market remains robust, but highly competitive. Granite is a highly desired partner for the services we provide, including public-private partnerships. We continue to pursue significant bidding opportunities for our Large Project Construction segment. These include teaming arrangements with partners to bid on more than $15 billion of project opportunities through 2017, with our proportionate share expected to be consistent with recent history. Results of Operations Comparative Financial Summary Years Ended December 31, (in thousands) Total revenue Gross profit Restructuring and impairment (gains) charges, net Operating income (loss) Total other expense Amount attributable to non-controlling interests Net income (loss) attributable to Granite Construction Incorporated 2015 2014 2013 $ $ 2,371,029 303,358 (6,003) 110,308 6,881 (7,763) 60,485 $ 2,275,270 242,247 (2,643) 65,100 9,503 (10,530) 25,346 2,266,901 177,177 52,139 (54,692) 9,337 8,343 (36,423) Revenue Total Revenue by Segment Years Ended December 31, (dollars in thousands) Construction Large Project Construction Construction Materials Total 2015 2014 2013 $ 1,262,675 812,720 295,634 $ 2,371,029 53.2% $ 1,186,445 825,044 34.3 12.5 263,781 100.0% $ 2,275,270 52.1% $ 1,251,197 777,811 36.3 11.6 237,893 100.0% $ 2,266,901 55.2% 34.3 10.5 100.0% 26 Construction Revenue Years Ended December 31, (dollars in thousands) California: Public sector Private sector Northwest: Public sector Private sector Heavy Civil: Public sector Private sector Kenny: Public sector Private sector Total 2015 2014 2013 $ 403,904 127,338 32.0% $ 388,049 103,791 10.1 32.7% $ 386,050 85,219 8.7 31.0% 6.8 415,787 109,682 29,505 — 32.9 8.7 2.3 — 396,919 133,271 19,642 — 33.5 11.2 1.7 — 442,089 132,907 4,093 528 35.3 10.6 0.3 — 98,526 77,933 $ 1,262,675 7.8 6.2 93,291 51,482 100.0% $ 1,186,445 7.9 4.3 77,953 122,358 100.0% $ 1,251,197 6.2 9.8 100.0% Construction revenue for the year ended December 31, 2015 increased by $76.2 million, or 6.4%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2014 primarily due to increased volumes from entering the year with greater backlog in the California and Kenny private sectors and both sectors of the Northwest, as well as improved success rate on bidding activity in the California, Heavy Civil and Kenny public sectors. The increases were partially offset by a decline in the Northwest private sector from completion of projects in 2015 that were not replaced. Large Project Construction Revenue Years Ended December 31, (dollars in thousands) California1 Northwest1 Heavy Civil1 Kenny: Public sector Private sector Total 2015 2014 2013 $ 23,461 45,843 615,070 2.9% $ 5.6 75.7 57,229 13,883 633,063 6.9% $ 1.7 76.7 73,486 24,085 623,166 9.5% 3.1 80.1 86,291 42,055 $ 812,720 10.6 5.2 103,828 17,041 100.0% $ 825,044 12.6 2.1 55,174 1,900 100.0% $ 777,811 7.1 0.2 100.0% 1For the periods presented, this Large Project Construction revenue was earned from the public sector. Large Project Construction revenue for the year ended December 31, 2015 decreased by $12.3 million, or 1.5%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2014, primarily due to decreases in the California operating group and Kenny public sector from completion of projects in late 2014 and early 2015 that were not replaced. In addition, there were decreases in the Heavy Civil operating group from a decline in settlements of outstanding issues with contract owners in 2015 relative to 2014, a decrease in the impact from jobs reaching a reasonably certain profit recognition threshold, as well as costs from outstanding claims and change orders. These decreases were partially offset by increases from estimated claim recoveries in the Heavy Civil operating group, entering 2015 with greater backlog than in 2014 in the Northwest operating group and the start-up of new jobs in the Kenny private sector. Construction Materials Revenue Years Ended December 31, (dollars in thousands) California Northwest Total 2015 2014 2013 $ 191,605 104,029 $ 295,634 64.8% $ 152,959 35.2 110,822 100.0% $ 263,781 58.0% $ 134,697 42.0 103,196 100.0% $ 237,893 56.6% 43.4 100.0% Construction Materials revenue for the year ended December 31, 2015 increased $31.9 million, or 12.1%, when compared to the year ended December 31, 2014 primarily due to increased unit sales volumes from stronger economic drivers in most of the Western states where we operate our plant facilities, partially offset by volume decreases in other Western states. 27 Contract Backlog Our contract backlog consists of the unearned revenue on awarded contracts, including 100% of our consolidated joint venture contracts and our proportionate share of unconsolidated joint venture contracts. We generally include a project in our contract backlog at the time it is awarded and to the extent we believe funding is probable. Certain federal government contracts where funding is appropriated on a periodic basis are included in contract backlog at the time of the award. Existing contracts that include unexercised contract options and unissued task orders are included in contract backlog as task orders are issued or options are exercised as further described in “Contract Backlog” under “Item 1. Business”. Substantially all of the contracts in our contract backlog may be canceled or modified at the election of the customer; however, we have not been materially adversely affected by contract cancellations or modifications in the past. The following tables illustrate our contract backlog as of the respective dates: Total Contract Backlog by Segment December 31, (dollars in thousands) Construction Large Project Construction Total Construction Contract Backlog December 31, (dollars in thousands) California: Public sector Private sector Northwest: Public sector Private sector Heavy Civil1 Kenny: Public sector Private sector Total 2015 2014 860,657 2,047,781 2,908,438 29.6% $ 70.4 100.0% $ 712,967 2,005,906 2,718,873 26.2% 73.8 100.0% 2015 2014 233,691 52,313 285,331 12,922 81,931 143,386 51,083 860,657 27.1% $ 6.1 33.2 1.5 9.5 16.7 5.9 100.0% $ 285,230 60,490 185,987 35,444 27,557 44,927 73,332 712,967 40.0% 8.5 26.1 5.0 3.8 6.3 10.3 100.0% $ $ $ $ 1For the periods presented, all Construction contract backlog is related to contracts with public agencies. Construction contract backlog of $860.7 million at December 31, 2015 was $147.7 million, or 20.7%, higher than at December 31, 2014. The increase was primarily due to improved success rate of bidding activity in the Northwest, Heavy Civil and Kenny operating groups, partially offset by progress on existing projects in the California operating group without receiving new awards. Significant new awards during 2015 in the Northwest, Heavy Civil and Kenny operating groups included a $71.9 million dam project in Texas, a $60.3 million interstate reconstruction project in Illinois and a $76.2 million bridge replacement project in Colorado. 28 Large Project Construction Contract Backlog December 31, (dollars in thousands) Heavy Civil1 California1 Northwest1 Kenny: Public sector2 Private sector Total 2015 2014 $ $ 1,623,832 24,132 66,920 264,559 68,338 2,047,781 79.3% $ 1.2 3.3 1,682,047 19,066 38,463 12.9 3.3 100.0% $ 156,010 110,320 2,005,906 83.9% 1.0 1.8 7.8 5.5 100.0% 1For the periods presented, all Large Project Construction contract backlog is related to contracts with public agencies. 2As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, $13.8 million and $35.0 million, respectively, of Kenny public sector contract backlog was translated from Canadian dollars to U.S. dollars at the spot rate in effect at the date of reporting. Large Project Construction contract backlog of $2.0 billion at December 31, 2015 was $41.9 million, or 2.1%, higher than December 31, 2014 primarily due to new awards in the Heavy Civil and Kenny operating groups, including our $359.6 million share of the Rapid Bridge replacement project in Pennsylvania, a $184.1 million canal interceptor tunnel project in Ohio and the $152.4 million South East Connector Project in Nevada. Increases were partially offset by progress on existing projects. Non-controlling partners’ share of Large Project Construction contract backlog as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 was $75.5 million and $26.8 million, respectively. Three Large Project Construction contracts had forecasted losses representing $2.3 million, or 0.1%, of Large Project Construction contract backlog at December 31, 2015 compared to four contracts representing $32.1 million, or 1.6%, at December 31, 2014. Provisions are recognized in the consolidated statements of operations for the full amount of estimated losses on uncompleted contracts whenever evidence indicates that the estimated total cost of a contract exceeds its estimated total revenue. Future revisions to these estimated losses will be recorded in the periods in which the revisions are made. Gross Profit The following table presents gross profit by business segment for the respective periods: Years Ended December 31, (dollars in thousands) Construction Percent of segment revenue Large Project Construction Percent of segment revenue Construction Materials Percent of segment revenue Total gross profit1 Percent of total revenue 2015 2014 2013 $ 190,190 $ 115,037 $ 102,292 15.1% 9.7% 8.2% 80,012 9.8 33,156 11.2 303,358 $ 107,662 13.0 19,548 7.4 242,247 67,457 8.7 7,428 3.1 177,177 $ 12.8% 10.6% 7.8% $ 1Total gross profit for 2014 and 2013 are both approximately $8.1 million lower than the amounts previously reported in the respective Annual Reports on Form 10-K due to a $9.3 million and $8.9 million, respectively, reclassification of incentive compensation costs from selling, general and administration expenses to cost of revenue to align them with the associated salaries and related benefits, partially offset by a $1.2 million and $0.8 million, respectively, reclassification of sales personnel salaries and related expenses to selling, general and administration expenses from cost of revenue to correct their classification. Construction gross profit in 2015 increased $75.2 million, or 65.4%, compared to 2014. Construction gross margin as a percentage of segment revenue for 2015 increased to 15.1% from 9.7% in 2014. The increases were primarily due to improved safety, better project execution resulting in reduced net project write-downs, as well as gross profit from estimated cost recoveries on claims during 2015 for which the majority of related costs were recorded in prior periods. Large Project Construction gross profit in 2015 decreased $27.7 million, or 25.7%, compared to 2014. Large Project Construction gross margin as a percentage of segment revenue for 2015 decreased to 9.8% from 13.0% in 2014. The decreases were primarily due to a decrease in year-over-year third-party claim recognition and a decrease in the impact from jobs reaching a reasonably certain profit recognition threshold, as well as costs from outstanding claims and change orders. These decreases were partially offset by job progression on jobs that were in the early stages of construction in the prior year, as well as gross profit from estimated cost recoveries on affirmative claims. 29 Construction Materials gross profit in 2015 increased $13.6 million, or 69.6%, compared to 2014. Construction Materials gross margin as a percentage of segment revenue for 2015 increased to 11.2% from 7.4% in 2014. The increases were primarily due to increased volumes from overall improvement in the economy relative to the fixed cost of operating our plants. Revenue in an amount equal to cost incurred is recognized if there is not sufficient information to determine the estimated profit on the project with a reasonable level of certainty. Gross profit can vary significantly in periods where previously deferred profit is recognized on one or more projects or, conversely, if we have outstanding claims that are not probable or estimable or a higher percentage of projects are in their early stages with no associated gross profit recognition. Selling, General and Administrative Expenses The following table presents the components of selling, general and administrative expenses for the respective periods: Years Ended December 31, (dollars in thousands) Selling Salaries and related expenses Other selling expenses Total selling General and administrative Salaries and related expenses Incentive compensation Restricted stock amortization Other general and administrative expenses Total general and administrative Total selling, general and administrative1 Percent of revenue 2015 2014 2013 $ $ 41,428 6,524 47,952 69,704 12,023 9,384 68,276 159,387 207,339 $ $ 41,896 9,561 51,457 61,459 2,433 12,273 68,140 144,305 195,762 $ $ 39,206 6,901 46,107 65,512 464 14,770 65,007 145,753 191,860 8.7% 8.6% 8.5% 1Selling, general and administrative expenses for 2014 and 2013 are both approximately $8.1 million lower than the amounts previously reported in the respective Annual Reports on Form 10-K due to a $9.3 million and $8.9 million, respectively, reclassification of incentive compensation costs from general and administration expenses to cost of revenue to align them with the associated salaries and related benefits, partially offset by a $1.2 million and $0.8 million, respectively, reclassification of sales personnel salaries and related expenses to selling expenses from cost of revenue to correct their classification. Selling, general and administrative expenses for 2015 increased $11.6 million, or 5.9%, compared to 2014. Selling Expenses Selling expenses include the costs for estimating and bidding, business development and materials facility permits. Selling expenses can vary depending on the volume of projects in process and the number of employees assigned to estimating and bidding activities. As projects are completed or the volume of work slows down, we temporarily redeploy project employees to bid on new projects, moving their salaries and related costs from cost of revenue to selling expenses. Selling expenses for 2015 decreased $3.5 million, or 6.8%, compared to 2014. The decreases were primarily due to stipends from owners to defray a portion of bidding expenses received in 2015 and not 2014 for large project opportunities. General and Administrative Expenses General and administrative expenses include costs related to our operational offices that are not allocated to direct contract costs and expenses related to our corporate functions. These costs include variable cash and restricted stock performance-based incentives for select management personnel on which our compensation strategy heavily relies. The cash portion of these incentives is expensed when earned while the restricted stock portion is expensed as earned over the vesting period of the restricted stock award (generally three years). Other general and administrative expenses include travel and entertainment, outside services, information technology, depreciation, occupancy, training, office supplies, changes in the fair market value of our Non-Qualified Deferred Compensation plan liability and other miscellaneous expenses, none of which individually exceeded 10% of total general and administrative expenses. Total general and administrative expenses for 2015 increased $15.1 million, or 10.5%, compared to 2014, primarily due to an increase in incentive compensation from an increase in net income partially offset by a decrease in restricted stock amortization due to decreases in prior year restricted stock awards. 30 Restructuring and Impairment (Gains) Charges, Net The following table presents the components of restructuring and impairment (gains) charges, net during the respective periods (in thousands): Years ended December 31, Impairment (gains) losses associated with our real estate investments, net Impairment (gains) charges on quarry assets Lease termination (gains) costs, net of estimated sublease income Total restructuring (gains) charges Other impairment (gains) charges Total restructuring and impairment (gains) charges, net 2015 2014 2013 $ $ (4,959) $ (1,044) — (6,003) — (6,003) $ — $ — (1,283) (1,283) (1,360) (2,643) $ 31,090 14,651 3,234 48,975 3,164 52,139 In 2010, we announced our EIP, which included actions to reduce our cost structure, enhance operating efficiencies and strengthen our business to achieve long-term profitable growth. The majority of restructuring charges associated with the EIP were recorded in 2010. During 2013 and pursuant to the EIP, management approved a plan to sell or otherwise dispose of all of the remaining consolidated real estate assets, as well as certain assets in our Construction Materials segment. These actions resulted in restructuring charges of $49.0 million in 2013, including amounts attributable to non-controlling interests of $3.9 million. The carrying values of impaired assets were adjusted to their expected fair values, which were estimated by a variety of factors including, but not limited to, comparative market data, historical sales prices, broker quotes and third-party valuations. Restructuring charges in 2013 associated with the Company’s consolidated real estate assets resulted in $31.1 million of non-cash impairment charges, including amounts attributable to non-controlling interests of $3.9 million. During 2015, we recorded a $5.0 million restructuring gain, which included amounts attributable to the non-controlling interests of $3.3 million, from the sale of the previously impaired consolidated real estate assets. Restructuring charges in 2013 associated with the Company’s Construction Materials segment also included $14.7 million of non- cash impairment charges related to non-performing quarry assets, and in connection with the impairment of these quarry assets, we recorded lease termination charges of $3.2 million. In 2014, we recorded a $1.3 million restructuring gain resulting from our release from lease obligations. During 2015, we recorded a $1.0 million restructuring gain from the sale of a previously impaired quarry asset. Separate from the EIP but related to our process of continually optimizing our assets, we identified a quarry asset within our Construction Materials segment that no longer had strategic value to our vertically integrated business. Therefore, during 2013, management approved a plan to sell or otherwise dispose of this asset. We determined that the asset’s carrying value was not recoverable and recorded a $3.2 million non-cash impairment charge in 2013. In 2014, this asset was sold, resulting in a $1.3 million impairment gain. We completed the majority of our EIP during 2013. As the remaining assets are sold, we may recognize additional restructuring charges or gains; however, we do not expect these charges or gains to be material. 31 Gain on Sales of Property and Equipment The following table presents the gain on sales of property and equipment for the respective periods: Years Ended December 31, (in thousands) 2015 2014 2013 Gain on sales of property and equipment (8,286) (15,972) (12,130) Gain on sales of property and equipment for 2015 decreased $7.7 million, or 48.1%, compared to 2014, primarily due to the sale in 2014 of underutilized quarry properties associated with our efforts to continuously optimize the asset base of our Construction Materials segment that did not occur in 2015. Other Expense (Income) The following table presents the components of other expense (income) for the respective periods: Years Ended December 31, (in thousands) Interest income Interest expense Equity in income of affiliates Other income, net Total other expense 2015 2014 2013 $ $ (2,135) $ 14,257 (3,210) (2,031) 6,881 $ (1,872) $ 14,159 (901) (1,883) 9,503 $ (1,785) 14,386 (1,304) (1,960) 9,337 Equity in income of affiliates for 2015 increased $2.3 million when compared to 2014 primarily due to an increase in income from our asphalt terminal business in Nevada. Income Taxes The following table presents the provision for (benefit from) income taxes for the respective periods: Years Ended December 31, (dollars in thousands) Provision for (benefit from) income taxes Effective tax rate 2015 2014 2013 $ 35,179 $ 19,721 $ 34.0% 35.5% (19,263) 30.1% Our 2015 tax rate decreased by 1.5% from 35.5% to 34.0% when compared to 2014. The 1.5% decrease included a 6.1% decrease related to state taxes, offset by a 4.6% increase primarily related to non-controlling interests. The decrease related to state taxes was driven by a state tax law change resulting in a revaluation of our net deferred tax assets in that jurisdiction in 2014. Amount Attributable to Non-controlling Interests The following table presents the amount attributable to non-controlling interests in consolidated subsidiaries for the respective periods: Years Ended December 31, (in thousands) Amount attributable to non-controlling interests 2015 2014 2013 $ (7,763) $ (10,530) $ 8,343 The amount attributable to non-controlling interests represents the non-controlling owners’ share of the income or loss of our consolidated construction joint ventures and real estate entities. The decrease for 2015 when compared to 2014 was primarily due to the settlement of outstanding claims with contract owners in 2014 partially offset by an increase from the sale of our previously impaired consolidated real estate investment in 2015. 32 Prior Years Revenue: Construction revenue for the year ended December 31, 2014 decreased by $64.8 million, or 5.2%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2013 primarily due to lower volumes from entering the year with less backlog, as well as the timing of new awards in the Northwest public and Kenny private sector. The decreases were partially offset by an improved success rate on bidding activity in the California private sector and entering the year with higher backlog in the Heavy Civil and Kenny public sectors from bid successes during 2013. Large Project Construction revenue for the year ended December 31, 2014 increased by $47.2 million, or 6.1%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2013, primarily due to increases in Kenny and Heavy Civil operating groups from entering the year with greater backlog than 2013 and the settlement of outstanding claims. Decreases in the California and Northwest groups were from ongoing projects nearing completion coupled with delayed starts on new work. Construction Materials revenue for the year ended December 31, 2014 increased $25.9 million, or 10.9%, when compared to the year ended December 31, 2013 primarily due to increased volume and pricing. The increased volume and pricing was due to more aggressive sales efforts coupled with increased demand in most Western states. Contract Backlog: Construction contract backlog of $713.0 million at December 31, 2014 was $31.6 million, or 4.6%, higher than at December 31, 2013. The increase was primarily due to an improved success rate on bidding activity in the Northwest and Kenny operating groups, partially offset by progress on existing projects in the California and Heavy Civil operating groups. Large Project Construction contract backlog of $2.0 billion at December 31, 2014 was $160.6 million, or 8.7%, higher than at December 31, 2013. The increase from December 31, 2013 was primarily due to the award of a $696.6 million design-build highway improvement project in Florida for our Heavy Civil operating group, partially offset by progress on existing projects. Gross Profit: Construction gross profit for the year ended December 31, 2014 increased $12.7 million or 12.4%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2013. Construction gross margin as a percentage of segment revenue for 2014 increased to 9.7% from 8.2% in 2013. Improved project efficiency resulting from better utilization of vertically integrated construction materials partially offset the decline in revenue volume. Large Project Construction gross profit for the year ended December 31, 2014 increased $40.2 million, or 59.6%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2013. Large Project Construction gross margin as a percentage of segment revenue for 2014 increased to 13.0% from 8.7% in 2013. The increases were due to increased revenue volume, claims settlements and an increase in the timing of recognition of deferred profit. Construction Materials gross profit for the year ended December 31, 2014 increased $12.1 million, or over 100%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2013. Construction Materials gross margin as a percentage of segment revenue for 2014 increased to 7.4% from 3.1% in 2013. The increases were primarily due to operating cost reductions in both the California and Northwest groups enhanced by improved sales volumes and pricing. Selling, General and Administrative Expenses: Selling, general and administrative expenses for 2014 increased $3.9 million, or 2.0%, compared to 2013. Selling expenses for 2014 increased $5.4 million, or 11.6%, compared to 2013. The increases were primarily due to increased bidding activity. Total general and administrative expenses for 2014 remained relatively flat compared to 2013. Restructuring and Impairment Charges (Gains), Net: During 2014, we recorded net restructuring gains of $2.6 million, and in 2013 we recorded a net restructuring charge of $52.1 million. The restructuring gains and charges recorded in 2014 and 2013 were primarily the result of executing our EIP. Gain on Sales of Property and Equipment: Gain on sales of property and equipment for 2014 increased $3.8 million, or 31.7%, compared to 2013, primarily due to the sale of underutilized quarry properties associated with our efforts to continuously optimize the asset base of our Construction Materials segment. Other Expense (Income): Total other expense for 2014 remained relatively unchanged when compared to 2013. Provision for Income Taxes: Our 2014 tax rate increased by 5.4% from 30.1% to 35.5% when compared to 2013. The 5.4% increase included a 9.9% increase related to state taxes, offset by a 4.5% decrease related to non-controlling interests and all other permanent differences. The increase related to state taxes was driven by a state tax law change resulting in a revaluation of our net deferred tax assets in that jurisdiction in 2014. In addition, there was a change in state apportionment that resulted in an abnormally low state rate in 2013 relative to 2014. Amount Attributable to Non-controlling Interests: The change in non-controlling interests during 2014 was primarily due to the settlement of outstanding claims with contract owners in 2014 partially offset by certain profitable projects nearing completion in 2013, both within our Large Projects Construction segment. In addition, losses incurred in 2013 from the real estate investment restructuring charges did not occur in 2014. 33 Liquidity and Capital Resources The timing differences between our cash inflows and outflows require us to maintain adequate levels of working capital. We believe our cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments, available borrowing capacity and cash expected to be generated from operations will be sufficient to meet our expected working capital needs, capital expenditures, financial commitments, cash dividend payments, and other liquidity requirements associated with our existing operations for the next twelve months. We maintain a collateralized credit facility of $300.0 million, of which $181.0 million was available at December 31, 2015, primarily to provide capital needs to fund growth opportunities, either internal or generated through acquisitions (see Credit Agreement discussion below for further information). We do not anticipate that this credit facility will be required to fund future working capital needs associated with our existing operations. If we experience a prolonged change in our business operating results or make a significant acquisition, we may need to acquire additional sources of financing, which, if available, may be limited by the terms of our existing debt covenants, or may require the amendment of our existing debt agreements. There can be no assurance that sufficient capital will continue to be available in the future or that it will be available on terms acceptable to us. We typically invoice our customers on a monthly basis. Our contracts frequently call for retention that is a specified percentage withheld from each payment until the contract is completed and the work accepted by the customer. Our revenue, gross profit and the resulting cash flows can differ significantly from period to period due to a variety of factors, including our projects’ progressions toward completion, outstanding contract change orders and claims and the payment terms of our contracts. The following table presents our cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities, including amounts from our consolidated joint ventures, as of the respective dates: December 31, (in thousands) Cash and cash equivalents excluding consolidated joint ventures Consolidated construction joint venture cash and cash equivalents1 Total consolidated cash and cash equivalents Short-term and long-term marketable securities2 194,685 61,276 255,961 102,067 358,028 1The volume and stage of completion of contracts from our consolidated construction joint ventures may cause fluctuations in joint venture cash and cash equivalents between periods. These funds generally are not available for the working capital or other liquidity needs of Granite until distributed. 2See Note 3 of “Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements” for the composition of our marketable securities. Total cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities 206,626 46,210 252,836 105,695 358,531 $ $ $ $ 2015 2014 Our primary sources of liquidity are cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities and cash generated from operations. We may also from time to time access our amended and restated credit facility, issue and sell equity, debt or hybrid securities or engage in other capital markets transactions. Our cash and cash equivalents consisted of deposits and money market funds held with established national financial institutions. Marketable securities consist of U.S. Government and agency obligations and commercial paper. Total consolidated cash and cash equivalents decreased $3.1 million during 2015 due to a $15.1 million decrease in consolidated construction joint venture cash and cash equivalents, partially offset by an $11.9 million increase in cash and cash equivalents excluding consolidated joint ventures. Granite’s portion of consolidated joint venture cash and cash equivalents was $28.9 million and $38.6 million as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Granite’s portion of unconsolidated joint venture cash and cash equivalents was $127.8 million and $80.2 million as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Cash and cash equivalents held by our joint ventures are primarily used to fulfill the working capital needs of each joint venture’s project, and generally cannot be distributed to any of the venture partners without the consent of the majority of the venture members. Our principal uses of liquidity are paying the costs and expenses associated with our operations, servicing outstanding indebtedness, making capital expenditures and paying dividends on our capital stock. We may also from time to time prepay or repurchase outstanding indebtedness and acquire assets or businesses that are complementary to our operations, such as our acquisition of Kenny in December 2012. 34 In March 2014, we entered into two diesel commodity swaps covering the periods from May 2014 to October 2014 and from May 2015 to October 2015 which represented roughly 25% of our forecasted purchases for diesel during these periods. In May 2014, we entered into two natural gas commodity swaps covering the periods from June 2014 to October 2014 and from May 2015 to October 2015 representing roughly 25% of our forecasted purchases of natural gas during these periods. The commodity swaps are reported at fair value using Level 2 inputs, and gains or losses, including net periodic settlement amounts, are recorded in other (income) expense, net in our consolidated statements of operations. During the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, we recorded net losses of $0.4 million and $2.0 million, respectively. The fair values of the commodity swaps are recorded in accrued expenses and other current liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets and was $1.7 million as of December 31, 2014. In March 2014, we entered into an interest rate swap designed to convert the interest rate from a fixed rate of 6.11% to a floating rate of 4.15% plus six-month LIBOR (See Senior Notes Payable section below for further discussion). Cash Flows Years Ended December 31, (in thousands) Net cash provided by (used in): Operating activities Investing activities Financing activities 2015 2014 2013 $ $ 66,978 (30,707) (39,396) $ 43,142 780 (17,082) 5,380 (31,648) (66,601) As a large construction and heavy civil contractor and construction materials producer, our operating cash flows are subject to seasonal cycles, as well as the cycles associated with winning, performing and closing projects. Additionally, operating cash flows are impacted by the timing related to funding construction joint ventures and the resolution of uncertainties inherent in the complex nature of the work that we perform, including claims settlements. Cash provided by operating activities of $67.0 million during 2015 increased $23.8 million when compared to 2014. The increase was primarily due to a $54.5 million increase in net income after adjusting for non-cash items and a $15.5 million increase in cash from working capital, offset by a $46.1 million decrease in net distributions from unconsolidated joint ventures. Cash used in investing activities of $30.7 million during 2015 represents a $31.5 million change from the amount of cash provided by investing activities in 2014. The change was primarily due to a $15.7 million decrease in net proceeds and maturities of marketable securities driven by the Company’s cash flow requirements and/or the maturities of investments and a $16.2 million decrease in proceeds, net of additions, from sales of property and equipment. Cash used in financing activities of $39.4 million during 2015 increased $22.3 million when compared to 2014. The increase was primarily due to a $7.3 million decrease in net contributions from non-controlling partners related to consolidated construction joint ventures and a $15.5 million increase in debt principal payments, primarily related to principal payments on our senior notes, net of proceeds from term loan debt. Capital Expenditures During the year ended December 31, 2015, we had capital expenditures of $44.2 million compared to $43.4 million in 2014. Major capital expenditures are typically for aggregate and asphalt production facilities, aggregate reserves, construction equipment, buildings and leasehold improvements and investments in our information technology systems. The timing and amount of such expenditures can vary based on the progress of planned capital projects, the type and size of construction projects, changes in business outlook and other factors. We currently anticipate 2016 capital expenditures to be consistent with 2015, with the possible exception of significant investments in tunnel boring equipment for a new tunnel project. 35 Debt and Contractual Obligations The following table summarizes our significant obligations outstanding as of December 31, 2015: (in thousands) Long-term debt – principal1 Long-term debt – interest2 Operating leases3 Other purchase obligations4 Deferred compensation obligations5 Asset retirement obligations6 Total Payments Due by Period Total Less than 1 year 1-3 years 3-5 years More than 5 years $ 260,105 $ 37,457 42,057 5,600 19,672 26,558 $ 391,449 $ 15,024 $ 12,180 11,141 5,600 2,409 2,026 91,302 $ 153,779 $ 17,981 13,160 — 4,663 4,916 48,380 $ 132,022 $ 175,870 $ 7,296 6,325 — 1,500 6,970 — — 11,431 — 11,100 12,646 35,177 1Included in the “3-5 years” category in the table above is $30.0 million related to the 2016 installment of the 2019 Notes (defined in Senior Notes Payable section below) that we have the intent and ability to repay using our revolving credit facility or other source of financing. 2Included in the total is $13.0 million interest related to borrowings under our Credit Agreement, the terms of which include a variable interest rate that was 2.36% at December 31, 2015 using three-month LIBOR. In addition, included in the total is $24.4 million in interest related to borrowings under our senior notes, respectively, the terms of which include a 6.11% per annum interest rate. The future payments were calculated using rates in effect as of December 31, 2015 and may differ from actual results. See Note 12 of “Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.” 3These obligations represent the minimum rental commitments and minimum royalty requirements under all noncancellable operating leases. See Note 17 of “Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.” 4These obligations represent firm purchase commitments for equipment and other goods and services not connected with our construction contract backlog which are individually greater than $10,000 and have an expected fulfillment date after December 31, 2015. 5The timing of expected payment of deferred compensation is based on estimated dates of retirement. Actual dates of retirement could be different and could cause the timing of payments to change. 6Asset retirement obligations represent reclamation and other related costs associated with our owned and leased quarry properties, the majority of which have an estimated settlement date beyond five years (see Note 8 of “Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements”). In addition to the significant obligations described above, as of December 31, 2015, we had approximately $1.7 million associated with uncertain tax positions filed on our tax returns which were excluded because we cannot make a reasonably reliable estimate of the timing of potential payments relative to such reserves. Credit Agreement Granite entered into the Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated October 28, 2015 (the “Credit Agreement”). The Credit Agreement provides for, among other things, (i) an increase in the total committed credit facility amount to $300.0 million from $215.0 million, of which $200.0 million is a revolving credit facility and $100.0 million is a term loan ($70.0 million of which was drawn on October 28, 2015 and $30.0 million of which was drawn on December 12, 2015); and (ii) a revised maturity date of October 28, 2020 (the “Maturity Date“). There was no change in the aggregate sublimit for letters of credit of $100.0 million nor was there any significant change to the affirmative, restrictive or financial covenant terms. Of the $100.0 million term loan, 1.25% of the principal balance is due in eleven quarterly installments beginning in March 2016, 2.50% of the principal balance is due in eight quarterly installments beginning in December 2018 and the remaining balance is due on the Maturity Date. As of December 31, 2015, $95.0 million of the $100.0 million term loan was included in long-term debt and the remaining $5.0 million was included in current maturities of long-term debt on the consolidated balance sheets. As of December 31, 2015, the total stated amount of all issued and outstanding letters of credit was $19.1 million. The total unused availability under the Credit Agreement was $181.0 million. The letters of credit will expire between March 2016 and December 2019. 36 Borrowings under the Credit Agreement bear interest at LIBOR or a base rate (at our option), plus an applicable margin based on certain financial ratios calculated quarterly. LIBOR varies based on the applicable loan term, market conditions and other external factors. The applicable margin was 1.75% for loans bearing interest based on LIBOR and 0.75% for loans bearing interest at the base rate at December 31, 2015. Accordingly, the effective interest rate using three-month LIBOR and base rate was 2.36% and 4.25%, respectively, at December 31, 2015 and we elected to use LIBOR. Borrowings at the base rate have no designated term and could be repaid without penalty any time prior to the Maturity Date. Borrowings bearing interest at a LIBOR rate have a term no less than one month and no greater than six months (or such longer period not to exceed 12 months if approved by all lenders). At the end of each term, such borrowings can be paid or continued at our discretion as either a borrowing at the base rate or a borrowing at a LIBOR rate with similar terms. Our obligations under the Credit Agreement are guaranteed by certain of our subsidiaries and are collateralized on an equivalent basis with the obligations under the 2019 Notes (defined below) by first priority liens (subject only to other permitted liens) on substantially all of the assets of the Company and our subsidiaries that are guarantors or borrowers under the Credit Agreement. In January 2016, we entered into an interest rate swap designated as a cash flow hedge with an effective date of April 2016 and an initial notional amount of $98.8 million which matures in October 2020. The interest rate swap is designed to convert the interest rate on the $100.0 million term loan from a variable interest rate of LIBOR plus an applicable margin to a fixed rate of 1.47% plus the same applicable margin. Beginning in the first quarter of 2016, the interest rate swap will be reported at fair value on the consolidated balance sheets using Level 2 inputs and gains or losses on the effective portion will initially be reported as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and subsequently reclassified to interest expense when the interest expense on the variable rate debt is recognized. The Credit Agreement provides for the release of the liens securing the obligations, at our option and expense, so long as certain conditions as defined by the terms in the Credit Agreement are satisfied (“Collateral Release Period”). However, if subsequent to exercising the option, our Consolidated Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio is less than 1.25 or our Consolidated Leverage Ratio is greater than 2.50, then we would be required to promptly re-pledge substantially all of the assets of the Company and our subsidiaries that are guarantors or borrowers under the Credit Agreement. As of December 31, 2015, the conditions for the exercise of our right under the Credit Agreement to have liens released were not satisfied. Senior Notes Payable As of December 31, 2015, senior notes payable in the amount of $160.0 million were due to a group of institutional holders with four remaining installments from 2016 through 2019 and bear interest at 6.11% per annum (“2019 Notes”). Of the $40.0 million due for the 2016 installment of the 2019 Notes, $30.0 million is included in long-term debt on the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2015 as we have the ability and intent to pay this installment using borrowings under the Credit Agreement (defined above) or by obtaining other sources of financing. In March 2014, we entered into an interest rate swap with a notional amount of $100.0 million which matures in June 2018 to convert the interest rate of our 2019 Notes from a fixed rate of 6.11% to a floating rate of 4.15% plus six-month LIBOR. The LIBOR floating rate is variable and subject to market changes over the life of the swap with no guarantees to settle as forecasted. The interest rate swap is reported at fair value using Level 2 inputs, and gains or losses, including net periodic settlements, are recorded in other (income) expense, net in our consolidated statements of operations. During the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, we recorded net gains of $1.5 million and $1.4 million, respectively. The fair value of the interest rate swap is recorded in other current assets on the consolidated balance sheets and was $0.6 million and $0.3 million as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Our obligations under the note purchase agreement governing the 2019 Notes (the “2019 NPA”) are guaranteed by certain of our subsidiaries and are collateralized on an equivalent basis with the amended and restated credit facility by liens on substantially all of the assets of the Company and subsidiaries that are guarantors or borrowers under the amended and restated credit facility. The 2019 NPA provides for the release of liens and re-pledge of collateral on substantially the same terms and conditions as those set forth in the amended and restated credit facility. 37 Surety Bonds and Real Estate Mortgages We are generally required to provide various types of surety bonds that provide an additional measure of security under certain public and private sector contracts. At December 31, 2015, approximately $2.7 billion of our contract backlog was bonded. Performance bonds do not have stated expiration dates; rather, we are generally released from the bonds after the owner accepts the work performed under contract. The ability to maintain bonding capacity to support our current and future level of contracting requires that we maintain cash and working capital balances satisfactory to our sureties. Our unconsolidated real estate held for development and sale is subject to mortgage indebtedness. This indebtedness is non- recourse to Granite but is recourse to the real estate entity. The terms of this indebtedness are typically renegotiated to reflect the evolving nature of the real estate project as it progresses through acquisition, entitlement and development. Modification of these terms may include changes in loan-to-value ratios requiring the real estate entity to repay portions of the debt. The debt associated with our unconsolidated real estate ventures is disclosed in Note 7 of “Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements”. Covenants and Events of Default Our debt and credit agreements require us to comply with various affirmative, restrictive and financial covenants, including the financial covenants described below. Our failure to comply with any of these covenants, or to pay principal, interest or other amounts when due thereunder, would constitute an event of default under the applicable agreements. Under certain circumstances, the occurrence of an event of default under one of our debt or credit agreements (or the acceleration of the maturity of the indebtedness under one of our agreements) may constitute an event of default under one or more of our other debt or credit agreements. Default under our debt and credit agreements could result in (i) us no longer being entitled to borrow under the agreements; (ii) termination of the agreements; (iii) the requirement that any letters of credit under the agreements be cash collateralized; (iv) acceleration of the maturity of outstanding indebtedness under the agreements and/or (v) foreclosure on any collateral securing the obligations under the agreements. The most significant financial covenants under the terms of our amended and restated credit facility and 2019 NPA require the maintenance of a minimum Consolidated Tangible Net Worth, a minimum Consolidated Interest Coverage Ratio and a maximum Consolidated Leverage Ratio. As of December 31, 2015 and pursuant to the definitions in the agreements, our Consolidated Tangible Net Worth was $822.8 million, which exceeded the minimum of $659.6 million, our Consolidated Leverage Ratio was 1.83 which did not exceed the maximum of 3.00 and our Consolidated Interest Coverage Ratio was 10.05 which exceeded the minimum of 4.00. As of December 31, 2015, we were in compliance with all covenants contained in the Credit Agreement and 2019 NPA, as amended, and the debt agreements related to our consolidated real estate entity. We are not aware of any non-compliance by any of our unconsolidated real estate entities with the covenants contained in their debt agreements. Share Purchase Program On October 24, 2007, we announced that our Board of Directors authorized us to purchase up to $200.0 million of our common stock at management’s discretion. As of December 31, 2015, $64.1 million remained available under this authorization. We did not purchase shares under the share purchase program in any of the periods presented. The specific timing and amount of any future purchases will vary based on market conditions, securities law limitations and other factors. Purchases under the share purchase program may be commenced, suspended or discontinued at any time and from time to time without prior notice. 38 Recently Issued and Adopted Accounting Pronouncements In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the “FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, which provides guidance for revenue recognition. This ASU’s core principle is that a company will recognize revenue when it transfers promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects consideration to which the company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. In August 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-14, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, which deferred the effective date by one year to December 15, 2017 for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after that date. Therefore, the ASU will be effective commencing with our quarter ending March 31, 2018. We are currently assessing the potential impact of this ASU on our consolidated financial statements. In February 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-02, Consolidation (Topic 810): Amendments to the Consolidation Analysis, which provides guidance for consolidation of certain legal entities. The guidance changes the analysis that a reporting entity must perform to determine whether it should consolidate certain types of legal entities. The ASU will be effective commencing with our quarter ending March 31, 2016. We do not expect the adoption of this ASU to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. In April 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-03, Interest - Imputation of Interest (Subtopic 835-30): Simplifying the Presentation of Debt Issuance Costs, and in August 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-15, Presentation and Subsequent Measurement of Debt Issuance Costs Associated with Line-of-Credit Arrangements. ASU No. 2015-03 requires that debt issuance costs related to a recognized debt liability be presented in the balance sheet as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of that debt liability, consistent with debt discounts. ASU 2015-15 clarifies that the SEC staff would not object to an entity deferring and presenting debt issuance costs related to a line-of-credit arrangement as an asset and subsequently amortizing the deferred debt issuance costs ratably over the term of the arrangement, regardless of whether there are any outstanding borrowings on the line-of-credit arrangement. These ASUs will be effective commencing with our quarter ending March 31, 2016. We do not expect the adoption of these ASUs to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. In April 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-05, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other - Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Customer’s Accounting for Fees Paid in a Cloud Computing Arrangement, which provides guidance on accounting for fees paid by a customer in a cloud computing arrangement. A cloud computing arrangement that contains a software license will be accounted for consistently with the acquisition of other software licenses. If no software license is present in the contract, the entity should account for the arrangement as a service contract. The ASU will be effective commencing with our quarter ending March 31, 2016. We do not expect the adoption of this ASU to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. In July 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-11, Inventory (Topic 330): Simplifying the Measurement of Inventory. Topic 330, Inventory, requires an entity to measure inventory at the lower of cost or market. The amendments to ASU No. 2015-11 require an entity to measure inventory at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Net realizable value is the estimated selling prices in the ordinary course of business, less reasonably predictable costs of completion, disposal, and transportation. The ASU will be effective commencing with our quarter ending March 31, 2017. We do not expect the adoption of this ASU to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. In November 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-17, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes, which amends the current requirements for an entity to separate deferred income tax liabilities and assets into current and noncurrent amounts in the consolidated balance sheets. To simplify the presentation of deferred income taxes, the ASU requires that all deferred tax assets and liabilities be classified as noncurrent on the balance sheets. We elected to early adopt the ASU retrospectively in 2015, which resulted in reclassifications on our consolidated balance sheets of $53.2 million and $20.4 million from current deferred tax assets and long-term deferred tax liabilities, respectively, to noncurrent deferred tax assets, net as of December 31, 2014. 39 Item 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK We maintain an investment portfolio of various holdings, types and maturities. We purchase instruments that meet high credit quality standards, as specified in our investment policy. It also limits the amount of credit exposure to any one issue, issuer or type of instrument. The portfolio is limited to an average maturity of no more than one year from the date of purchase. On an ongoing basis we monitor credit ratings, financial condition and other factors that could affect the carrying amount of our investment portfolio. Marketable securities, consisting of U.S. government and agency obligations and commercial paper, are classified as held-to- maturity and are stated at cost, adjusted for amortization of premiums and discounts to maturity. We are exposed to financial market risks due largely to changes in interest rates, which we have managed primarily by managing the maturities in our investment portfolio. We do not have any material business transactions in foreign currencies. The fair value of our short-term held-to-maturity investment portfolio and related income would not be significantly affected by changes in interest rates since the investment maturities are short and the interest rates are primarily fixed. The fair value of our long-term held-to-maturity investment portfolio may be affected by changes in interest rates. Given the short-term nature of certain investments, our investment income is subject to the general level of interest rates in the United States at the time of maturity and reinvestment. We are exposed to various commodity price risks, including, but not limited to, diesel fuel, natural gas, propane, steel, cement and liquid asphalt arising from transactions that are entered into in the normal course of business. In order to manage or reduce commodity price risk, we monitor the costs of these commodities at the time of bid and price them into our contracts accordingly. Additionally, some of our contracts include commodity price escalation clauses which partially protect us from increasing prices. At times we enter into supply agreements or pre-purchase commodities to secure pricing and use financial contracts to further manage price risk. In 2014, we entered into commodity swaps to protect us from diesel and natural gas market price escalations. Specifically, in March 2014, we entered into two diesel commodity swaps covering May 2014 to October 2014 and May 2015 to October 2015 which represented roughly 25% of our forecasted purchases for diesel. In addition, in May 2014, we entered into two natural gas commodity swaps covering June 2014 to October 2014 and May 2015 to October 2015 representing roughly 25% of our forecasted purchases of natural gas. Each $0.50 decrease in the diesel unit market price when compared to the fixed price of the swaps would result in an additional $0.7 million of annual expense and each $0.50 decrease in the natural gas unit market price when compared to the fixed price of the swaps would result in an additional $0.1 million of annual expense. 40 At December 31, 2015, senior notes payable in the amount of $160.0 million were due to a group of institutional holders in four remaining equal installments from 2016 through 2019 and bear interest at 6.11% per annum. In March 2014, we entered into an interest rate swap with a notional amount of $100.0 million which matures in June 2018 to convert the interest rate from a fixed rate of 6.11% to a floating rate of 4.15% plus six-month LIBOR. LIBOR floating rate is variable and subject to market changes over the life of the swap with no guarantees to settle as forecasted. Each 25 basis point increase in six-month LIBOR would result in an additional $0.3 million of annual interest expense. At December 31, 2015, there was $100.0 million in term loans outstanding under the Credit Agreement of which $95.0 million is included in long-term debt and the remaining $5.0 million was included in current maturities of long-term debt on the consolidated balance sheets. This borrowing bears interest at LIBOR or a base rate (at our option), plus an applicable margin based on certain financial ratios calculated quarterly. The applicable margin was 1.75% for loans bearing interest based on LIBOR and 0.75% for loans bearing interest at the base rate at December 31, 2015. Accordingly, the effective interest rate using three-month LIBOR and the base rate was 2.36% and 4.25%, respectively, at December 31, 2015 and we elected to use LIBOR. In January 2016, we entered into an interest rate swap designated as a cash flow hedge with an effective date of April 2016 and an initial notional amount of $98.8 million which matures in October 2020. The interest rate swap is designed to convert the interest rate on the term loan described above from a variable rate interest of LIBOR plus an applicable margin to a fixed rate of 1.47% plus the same applicable margin. Beginning in the first quarter of 2016, the interest rate swap will be reported at fair value on the consolidated balance sheets using Level 2 inputs, and gains or losses on the effective portion will initially be reported as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and subsequently reclassified to interest expense when the interest expense on the variable rate debt is recognized. The table below presents principal amounts due by year and related weighted average interest rates for our cash and cash equivalents, held-to-maturity investments and significant debt obligations as of December 31, 2015 (dollars in thousands): Assets Cash, cash equivalents, held-to- maturity investments Weighted average interest rate Liabilities Fixed rate debt Senior notes payable1 Weighted average interest rate Variable rate debt Credit Agreement loan1 Weighted average interest rate2 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Thereafter Total $ 277,879 $ 18,004 $ 32,648 $ 30,000 $ 0.51% 0.90% 1.30% 1.47% — $ —% — $ 358,531 —% 0.68% $ 10,000 $ 40,000 $ 40,000 $ 40,000 $ 6.11% 6.11% 6.11% 6.11% — $ —% — $ 130,000 —% 6.11% $ $ 5,000 2.36% $ 5,000 2.36% 6,250 2.36% $ 10,000 $ 103,750 $ 2.36% 2.36% — $ 130,000 —% 2.36% 1As of December 31, 2015, senior notes payable in the amount of $160.0 million were due to a group of institutional holders in four remaining installments from 2016 through 2019. We have the intent and ability to refinance $30.0 million related to the 2016 installment using our Credit Agreement or other source of financing; therefore, it is included in the Credit Agreement loan amount. 2The weighted average interest rate was calculated using three-month LIBOR rates and the applicable margin in effect as of December 31, 2015 and may differ from actual results. The estimated fair value of our cash, cash equivalents and short-term held-to-maturity investments approximates the principal amounts reflected above based on the generally short maturities of these financial instruments. Based on the fixed borrowing rates currently available to us for bank loans with similar terms and average maturities, the fair value of the senior notes payable was approximately $165.7 million as of December 31, 2015 and $220.2 million as of December 31, 2014. The fair value of the Credit Agreement term loan was approximately $99.4 million as of December 31, 2015. 41 Item 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA The following consolidated financial statements of Granite, the supplementary data and the independent registered public accounting firm’s report are incorporated by reference from Part IV, Item 15(1) and (2): Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Consolidated Balance Sheets - At December 31, 2015 and 2014 Consolidated Statements of Operations - Years Ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity - Years Ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows - Years Ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Quarterly Financial Data (unaudited) Schedule II - Schedule of Valuation and Qualifying Accounts Item 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE Not applicable. Item 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures: Our management carried out, as of December 31, 2015, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, an evaluation of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)). Based on that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of December 31, 2015, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to provide reasonable assurance that material information required to be disclosed by us in reports we file under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC rules and forms and that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting: During the quarter ended December 31, 2015, there were no changes to our internal control over financial reporting that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting: Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d -15(f). Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, our management conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in “Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013)” issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on that evaluation, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2015. Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Report: PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, the independent registered public accounting firm that audited our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, has issued a report on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015. The report, which expresses an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015, is included in “Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules” under the heading “Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.” Item 9B. OTHER INFORMATION Not Applicable. 42 PART III Certain information required by Part III is omitted from this report. We will file our definitive proxy statement for our Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held on June 9, 2016 (the “Proxy Statement”) pursuant to Regulation 14A not later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this report, and certain information included therein is incorporated herein by reference. Item 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE For information regarding our Directors and compliance with Section 16(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, we direct you to the sections entitled “Proposal 1 - Election and Ratification of Directors” and “Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance,” respectively, in the Proxy Statement. For information regarding our Audit/Compliance Committee and our Audit/ Compliance Committee’s financial expert, we direct you to the section entitled “Information about the Board of Directors and Corporate Governance - Committees of the Board - Audit/Compliance Committee” in the Proxy Statement. For information regarding our Code of Conduct, we direct you to the section entitled “Information about the Board of Directors and Corporate Governance - Code of Conduct” in the Proxy Statement. Information regarding our executive officers is contained in the section entitled “Executive Officers of the Registrant,” in Part I, Item I of this report. This information is incorporated herein by reference. Item 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION For information regarding our Executive Compensation, we direct you to the section captioned “Executive and Director Compensation and Other Matters” in the Proxy Statement. This information is incorporated herein by reference. Item 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS This information is located in the sections captioned “Stock Ownership of Beneficial Owners and Certain Management” and “Equity Compensation Plan Information” in the Proxy Statement. This information is incorporated herein by reference. Item 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE You will find this information in the sections captioned “Transactions with Related Persons” and “Information about the Board of Directors and Corporate Governance - Director Independence” in the Proxy Statement. This information is incorporated herein by reference. Item 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES You will find this information in the section captioned “Independent Registered Public Accountants - Principal Accountant Fees and Services” in the Proxy Statement. This information is incorporated herein by reference. 43 Item 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES The following documents are filed as part of this report: PART IV 1. Financial Statements. The following consolidated financial statements and related documents are filed as part of this report: Financial Statements Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2015 and 2014 Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Quarterly Financial Data Page F-1 F-2 F-3 F-4 F-5 to F-6 F-7 to F-37 F-38 2. Financial Statement Schedule. The following financial statement schedule of Granite for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 is filed as part of this report and should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements of Granite. Schedule Schedule II - Schedule of Valuation and Qualifying Accounts Page S-1 Schedules not listed above have been omitted because the required information is either not material, not applicable or is shown in the consolidated financial statements or notes thereto. 3. Exhibits. The Exhibits listed in the accompanying Exhibit Index, which is incorporated herein by reference, are filed or incorporated by reference as part of, or furnished with, this report. 44 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM To the Shareholders and Board of Directors of Granite Construction Incorporated: In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements listed in the index appearing under Item 15(1) present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Granite Construction Incorporated and its subsidiaries at December 31, 2015 and 2014, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2015 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. In addition, in our opinion, the financial statement schedule listed in the index appearing under Item 15(2) presents fairly, in all material respects, the information set forth therein when read in conjunction with the related consolidated financial statements. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). The Company’s management is responsible for these financial statements and financial statement schedule, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting appearing under Item 9A. Our responsibility is to express opinions on these financial statements, on the financial statement schedule, and on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our integrated audits. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audits of the financial statements included examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, and evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions. A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. As discussed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company has elected to change its method of accounting for affirmative claims with customers and back charges to vendors, designers, and subcontractors effective January 1, 2015, and changed the manner in which it classifies deferred tax assets and liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets in 2015. /s/PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP San Francisco, California February 25, 2016 F-1 GRANITE CONSTRUCTION INCORPORATED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (dollars in thousands, except share and per share data) 2015 2014 December 31, ASSETS Current assets Cash and cash equivalents ($46,210 and $61,276 related to consolidated construction joint ventures (“CCJV”)) Short-term marketable securities Receivables, net ($44,452 and $36,781 related to CCJVs) Costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings Inventories Real estate held for development and sale Equity in construction joint ventures Other current assets ($5,037 and $1,746 related to CCJVs) Total current assets Property and equipment, net ($5,378 and $11,969 related to CCJVs) Long-term marketable securities Investments in affiliates Goodwill Deferred income taxes, net Other noncurrent assets Total assets LIABILITIES AND EQUITY Current liabilities Current maturities of long-term debt Current maturities of non-recourse debt Accounts payable ($12,494 and $18,009 related to CCJVs) Billings in excess of costs and estimated earnings ($14,281 and $32,830 related to CCJVs) Accrued expenses and other current liabilities ($965 and $2,714 related to CCJVs) Total current liabilities Long-term debt Long-term non-recourse debt Other long-term liabilities Commitments and contingencies Equity Preferred stock, $0.01 par value, authorized 3,000,000 shares, none outstanding Common stock, $0.01 par value, authorized 150,000,000 shares; issued and outstanding 39,412,877 shares as of December 31, 2015 and 39,186,386 shares as of December 31, 2014 Additional paid-in capital Retained earnings Total Granite Construction Incorporated shareholders’ equity Non-controlling interests Total equity Total liabilities and equity The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. $ $ $ $ 252,836 25,043 340,822 59,070 55,553 500 224,689 26,709 985,222 385,129 80,652 33,182 53,799 4,329 85,547 1,627,860 15,024 — 157,571 92,515 200,935 466,045 245,081 — 46,613 394 139,412 699,431 839,237 30,884 870,121 1,627,860 $ $ $ $ 255,961 25,504 310,934 36,411 68,920 11,609 184,575 23,033 916,947 409,653 76,563 32,361 53,799 32,785 77,940 1,600,048 21 1,226 151,935 108,992 200,652 462,826 270,105 5,516 44,495 — 392 134,177 659,816 794,385 22,721 817,106 1,600,048 F-2 GRANITE CONSTRUCTION INCORPORATED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS (in thousands, except per share data) Years Ended December 31, Revenue Construction Large Project Construction Construction Materials Total revenue Cost of revenue Construction Large Project Construction Construction Materials Total cost of revenue Gross profit Selling, general and administrative expenses Restructuring and impairment (gains) charges, net Gain on sales of property and equipment Operating income (loss) Other expense (income) Interest income Interest expense Equity in income of affiliates Other income, net Total other expense Income (loss) before provision for (benefit from) income taxes Provision for (benefit from) income taxes Net income (loss) Amount attributable to non-controlling interests Net income (loss) attributable to Granite Construction Incorporated Net income (loss) per share attributable to common shareholders (see Note 15) Basic Diluted Weighted average shares of common stock Basic Diluted Dividends per common share The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 2015 2014 2013 $ 1,262,675 812,720 295,634 2,371,029 $ 1,186,445 825,044 263,781 2,275,270 $ 1,251,197 777,811 237,893 2,266,901 1,072,485 732,708 262,478 2,067,671 303,358 207,339 (6,003) (8,286) 110,308 (2,135) 14,257 (3,210) (2,031) 6,881 103,427 35,179 68,248 (7,763) 60,485 1.54 1.52 39,337 39,868 0.52 $ $ $ $ 1,071,408 717,382 244,233 2,033,023 242,247 195,762 (2,643) (15,972) 65,100 1,148,905 710,354 230,465 2,089,724 177,177 191,860 52,139 (12,130) (54,692) (1,872) 14,159 (901) (1,883) 9,503 55,597 19,721 35,876 (10,530) 25,346 0.65 0.64 39,096 39,795 0.52 $ $ $ $ (1,785) 14,386 (1,304) (1,960) 9,337 (64,029) (19,263) (44,766) 8,343 (36,423) (0.94) (0.94) 38,803 38,803 0.52 $ $ $ $ F-3 GRANITE CONSTRUCTION INCORPORATED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY (in thousands, except share data) Balances at December 31, 2012 Net loss Stock units vested Amortized restricted stock units Purchase of common stock Cash dividends on common stock Net tax on stock-based compensation Transactions with non-controlling interests, net Stock options exercised and other Balances at December 31, 2013 Net income Stock units vested Amortized restricted stock units Purchase of common stock Cash dividends on common stock Net tax on stock-based compensation Transactions with non-controlling interests, net Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”) and other Balances at December 31, 2014 Net income Stock units vested Amortized restricted stock units Purchase of common stock Cash dividends on common stock Net tax on stock-based compensation Transactions with non-controlling interests, net ESPP and other Balances at December 31, 2015 Outstanding Shares 38,730,665 $ Common Stock Additional Paid-in Capital 387 $ 117,422 $ Retained Earnings Total Granite Shareholders’ Equity Non- controlling Interests Total Equity 712,144 $ (36,423) — — — (20,210) — — (409) 655,102 25,346 — — — (20,354) — 829,953 $ (36,423) — 13,443 (5,902) (20,210) 419 — 660 781,940 25,346 4 11,160 (5,187) (20,354) 1,080 41,905 $ 871,858 (44,766) (8,343) — — 13,443 — (5,902) — (20,210) — 419 — (29,158) — 4,404 10,530 — — — — — (29,158) 660 786,344 35,876 4 11,160 (5,187) (20,354) 1,080 — (4) 13,443 (5,900) — 419 — 1,069 126,449 — — 11,160 (5,186) — 1,080 — — — 7,787 7,787 674 134,177 — — 8,763 (3,855) — 155 (278) 659,816 60,485 — — — (20,476) — 396 794,385 60,485 3 8,763 (3,856) (20,476) 155 — 22,721 7,763 — — — — — 396 817,106 68,248 3 8,763 (3,856) (20,476) 155 — 359,941 — (197,313) — — — 24,435 38,917,728 — 378,027 — (135,028) — — — 25,659 39,186,386 — 317,524 — (114,969) — — — 4 — (2) — — — — 389 — 4 — (1) — — — — 392 — 3 — (1) — — — 23,936 39,412,877 $ — — 394 $ 139,412 $ — 172 — (394) 699,431 $ — (222) 839,237 $ 400 — 400 (222) 30,884 $ 870,121 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. F-4 GRANITE CONSTRUCTION INCORPORATED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (in thousands) Years Ended December 31, Operating activities 2015 2014 2013 Net income (loss) Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating $ 68,248 $ 35,876 $ (44,766) activities: Non-cash restructuring and impairment (gains) charges, net Depreciation, depletion and amortization Gain on sales of property and equipment Change in deferred income taxes Stock-based compensation Equity in net income from unconsolidated joint ventures Changes in assets and liabilities: Receivables Costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings, net Inventories Contributions to unconsolidated construction joint ventures Distributions from unconsolidated construction joint ventures Other assets, net Accounts payable Accrued expenses and other current liabilities, net Net cash provided by operating activities Investing activities Purchases of marketable securities Maturities of marketable securities Proceeds from called marketable securities Purchases of property and equipment Proceeds from sales of property and equipment Final consideration for Kenny acquisition Other investing activities, net Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities Financing activities Proceeds from long-term debt Debt principal payments Cash dividends paid Purchases of common stock Contributions from non-controlling partners Distributions to non-controlling partners Other financing activities, net Net cash used in financing activities (Decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year Cash and cash equivalents at end of year (1,044) 64,309 (8,286) 28,258 8,763 (43,374) (32,877) (22,374) 13,367 (69,313) 53,367 (4,288) 8,363 3,859 66,978 (104,971) 29,260 75,000 (44,179) 13,148 — 1,035 (30,707) 30,000 (46,763) (20,445) (3,777) 7,462 (6,992) 1,119 (39,396) (3,125) 255,961 252,836 $ (2,643) 68,252 (15,972) 14,907 11,160 (49,168) 3,549 (13,856) (6,446) (37,097) 67,255 4,618 (12,669) (24,624) 43,142 (64,975) 45,000 35,000 (43,428) 28,614 — 569 780 — (1,226) (20,319) (5,124) 15,835 (8,066) 1,818 (17,082) 26,840 229,121 255,961 $ 44,734 72,899 (12,130) (19,557) 13,443 (72,764) 12,236 (507) (2,689) (40,758) 110,347 3,961 (34,048) (25,021) 5,380 (74,924) 63,650 5,000 (43,682) 25,759 (8,382) 931 (31,648) — (12,148) (20,210) (5,896) 5,117 (34,600) 1,136 (66,601) (92,869) 321,990 229,121 $ The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. F-5 GRANITE CONSTRUCTION INCORPORATED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS - (Continued) (in thousands) Years Ended December 31, Supplementary Information Cash paid during the period for: Interest Income taxes Other non-cash activities: Performance guarantees Non-cash investing and financing activities: Restricted stock units issued, net of forfeitures (See Note 14) Accrued cash dividends Accrued equipment purchases 2015 2014 2013 $ $ $ $ 14,601 4,298 (10,306) 6,220 5,124 2,891 $ $ 14,666 2,326 21,332 6,514 5,094 (3,704) 14,622 4,119 (23,765) 13,775 5,059 1,525 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. F-6 GRANITE CONSTRUCTION INCORPORATED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Description of Business: Granite Construction Incorporated is one of the largest diversified heavy civil contractors and construction materials producers in the United States, engaged in the construction and improvement of streets, roads, highways, mass transit facilities, airport infrastructure, bridges, trenchless and underground utilities, power-related facilities, utilities, tunnels, dams and other infrastructure-related projects. We have permanent offices located in Alaska, Arizona, California, Florida, Illinois, Nevada, New York, Texas, Utah and Washington. Unless otherwise indicated, the terms “we,” “us,” “our,” “Company” and “Granite” refer to Granite Construction Incorporated and its consolidated subsidiaries. Principles of Consolidation: The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Granite Construction Incorporated and its wholly owned and majority owned subsidiaries. All material inter-company transactions and accounts have been eliminated. We use the equity method of accounting for affiliated companies where we have the ability to exercise significant influence, but not control. Additionally, we participate in various joint ventures, partnerships and a limited liability company of which we are a member (“joint ventures” or “ventures”). We have consolidated these ventures where we have determined that through our participation we have a variable interest and are the primary beneficiary as defined by Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 810, Consolidation, and related standards. The factors we use to determine the primary beneficiary of a variable interest entity (“VIE”) include the decision authority of each partner, which partner manages the day-to-day operations of the project and the amount of our equity investment in relation to that of our partners. Where we have determined we are not the primary beneficiary of a venture but do exercise significant influence, we account for our share of the operations of jointly controlled construction joint ventures on a pro rata basis in the consolidated statements of operations and as a single line item on the consolidated balance sheets, and we account for non-construction ventures under the equity method of accounting, as a single line item in both the consolidated statements of operations and on the consolidated balance sheets. If we determine that the power to direct the significant activities is shared equally by two or more joint venture parties, then there is no primary beneficiary and no party consolidates the VIE. Use of Estimates in the Preparation of Financial Statements: The financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”). The preparation of these financial statements requires management to make estimates that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, revenue and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. Our estimates and related judgments and assumptions are continually evaluated based on available information and experiences; however, actual amounts could differ from those estimates. Revenue Recognition - Construction Contracts: Revenue and earnings on construction contracts, including construction joint ventures, are recognized under the percentage of completion method using the ratio of costs incurred to estimated total costs. Revenue in an amount equal to cost incurred is recognized until there is sufficient information to determine the estimated profit on the project with a reasonable level of certainty. The factors considered in this evaluation include the stage of design completion, the stage of construction completion, the status of outstanding subcontracts or buyouts, certainty of quantities of labor and materials, certainty of schedule and the relationship with the owner. Revenue from unapproved change orders is recognized to the extent the related costs have been incurred, the amount can be reliably estimated and recovery is probable. Unresolved contract modifications and claims (“affirmative claims“) to recover additional costs to which the Company believes it is entitled under the terms of the customers’ contracts are pending or have been submitted on certain projects. The owners or their authorized representatives and/or other third parties may be in partial or full agreement with the modifications or claims, or may have rejected or disagree entirely or partially as to such entitlement. Effective January 1, 2015, we changed our accounting policy for recognizing revenue associated with affirmative claims with customers and back charges to vendors, designers, and subcontractors. Claim revenue is recognized to the extent of costs incurred when it is probable that a claim settlement with a customer will result in additional revenue and the amount can be reasonably estimated. Back charges are recognized as a reduction to cost when the estimated recovery is probable and the amount can be reasonably estimated. Prior to these changes in accounting policy, we recognized revenue from affirmative claims with customers and non-customers when the claims were settled, generally when a legally binding agreement was signed. We believe these changes in accounting policy are preferable as they more accurately reflect the timing and amount of revenue earned on our projects, as well as providing better comparability to our industry peers. F-7 GRANITE CONSTRUCTION INCORPORATED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) Except for contractual back charges, claims against non-customers continue to be recognized when the claims are settled. Customer claim settlements resulting in increases to revenue during the year ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 were $3.8 million and $26.6 million, respectively. Back charge claim settlements resulting in an increase to gross profit during the year ended December 31, 2014 were $7.9 million. There were no material back charge claim settlements during the year ended December 31, 2015. Recognizing claim and back charge recoveries requires significant judgments and estimates. During the first quarter of 2015, we implemented new and refined internal controls and processes to enable the reasonable estimation of claims. Given that these internal controls and processes were not fully implemented until the first quarter of 2015, and we do not believe that it is possible to objectively distinguish information about claims estimates in prior periods from information that subsequently became available, it is impractical to independently and objectively substantiate judgments and estimates that would have been made with respect to claims in prior periods. Therefore, it is not possible to reasonably determine the estimated amounts of and prior reporting periods in which past claims would have met the criteria for recognition under our new accounting policy. Accordingly, we have adopted this accounting policy change prospectively beginning on January 1, 2015. The effect of adopting the new accounting policy for customer affirmative claims was an increase in revenue of $48.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. The effect of adopting the new accounting policy for back charge claims was an increase in gross profit of $7.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. Provisions are recognized in the consolidated statements of operations for the full amount of estimated losses on uncompleted contracts whenever evidence indicates that the estimated total cost of a contract exceeds its estimated total revenue. All contract costs, including those associated with affirmative claims and change orders, are recorded as incurred and revisions to estimated total costs are reflected as soon as the obligation to perform is determined. Contract costs consist of direct costs on contracts, including labor and materials, amounts payable to subcontractors, direct overhead costs and equipment expense (primarily depreciation, fuel, maintenance and repairs). All state and federal government contracts and many of our other contracts provide for termination of the contract at the convenience of the party contracting with us, with provisions to pay us for work performed through the date of termination. Pre-contract costs are expensed as incurred. The accuracy of our revenue and profit recognition in a given period depends on the accuracy of our estimates of the cost to complete each project. Cost estimates for all of our significant projects use a detailed “bottom up” approach, and we believe our experience allows us to create materially reliable estimates. There are a number of factors that can contribute to changes in estimates of contract cost and profitability. The most significant of these include: • • • • • • • • • • • • the completeness and accuracy of the original bid; costs associated with scope changes; costs of labor and/or materials; extended overhead and other costs due to owner, weather and other delays; subcontractor performance issues; changes in productivity expectations; site conditions that differ from those assumed in the original bid (to the extent contract remedies are unavailable); changes from original design on design-build projects; the availability and skill level of workers in the geographic location of the project; a change in the availability and proximity of equipment and materials; our ability to fully and promptly recover on claims and back charges for additional contract costs; and the customer’s ability to properly administer the contract. The foregoing factors, as well as the stage of completion of contracts in process and the mix of contracts at different margins may cause fluctuations in gross profit between periods. Significant changes in cost estimates, particularly in our larger, more complex projects have had, and can in future periods have, a significant effect on our profitability. Revenue Recognition - Materials: Revenue from the sale of materials is recognized when delivery occurs and risk of ownership passes to the customer. F-8 GRANITE CONSTRUCTION INCORPORATED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) Balance Sheet Classifications: Prepaid expenses and amounts receivable and payable under construction contracts (principally retentions) that may exist over the duration of the contract and could extend beyond one year are included in current assets and liabilities. Additionally, the cost of property purchased for development and sale is included in current assets. A one-year time period is used as the basis for classifying all other current assets and liabilities. Cash and Cash Equivalents: Cash equivalents are securities having maturities of three months or less from the date of purchase. Included in cash and cash equivalents on the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, was $46.2 million and $61.3 million, respectively, related to our consolidated joint ventures. Our access to joint venture cash may be limited by the provisions of the venture agreements. Costs and Estimated Earnings in Excess of Billings: Costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings represent unbilled amounts earned and reimbursable under contracts. These amounts become billable according to the contract terms, which usually consider the passage of time, achievement of milestones or completion of the project. Generally, such unbilled amounts will be billed and collected over the next twelve months. Based on our historical experience, we generally consider the collection risk related to these amounts to be low. When events or conditions indicate that the amounts outstanding may become uncollectible, an allowance is estimated and recorded. Marketable Securities: We determine the classification of our marketable securities at the time of purchase and re-evaluate these determinations at each balance sheet date. Debt securities are classified as held-to-maturity when we have the positive intent and ability to hold the securities to maturity. Held-to-maturity investments are stated at amortized cost and are periodically assessed for other-than-temporary impairment. Amortized cost of debt securities is adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts to maturity, and is included in interest income. The cost of securities sold or called is based on the specific identification method. Financial Instruments: The carrying value of marketable securities approximates their fair value as determined by market quotes. Rates currently available to us for debt with similar terms and remaining maturities are used to estimate the fair value of existing debt. The carrying value of receivables and other amounts arising out of normal contract activities, including retentions, which may be settled beyond one year, is estimated to approximate fair value. Derivative Instruments: All derivative instruments are reported on the balance sheet at fair value. To receive hedge accounting treatment, derivative instruments that are designated as cash flow hedges must be highly effective in offsetting changes to expected future cash flows on hedged transactions. The effective portion of the gain or loss on cash flow hedges is reported as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income and subsequently reclassified to income when the hedged transaction affects earnings. Adjustments to fair value on derivative instruments that do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment are reported through income. As of December 31, 2015, we had an interest rate swap designed to convert the interest rate on our senior notes payable from a fixed rate to a variable rate, which does not qualify for hedge accounting treatment. We do not enter into derivative instruments for speculative or trading purposes. As further discussed in Note 4, in January 2016, we entered into an interest rate swap designed to convert the interest rate on borrowings under the Credit Agreement (defined in Note 12) from a variable to a fixed rate, which will be designated as a cash flow hedge. Fair Value of Financial Assets and Liabilities: We measure and disclose certain financial assets and liabilities at fair value. ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures, defines fair value as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. ASC Topic 820 also establishes a fair value hierarchy which requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. The standard describes three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value: Level 1 - Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Level 2 - Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities. Level 3 - Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities. We utilize the active market approach to measure fair value for our financial assets and liabilities. We report separately each class of assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis and include assets and liabilities that are disclosed but not recorded at fair value in the fair value hierarchy. F-9 GRANITE CONSTRUCTION INCORPORATED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) Concentrations of Credit Risk and Other Risks: Financial instruments, which potentially subject us to concentrations of credit risk, consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents, short-term and long-term marketable securities, and accounts receivable. We maintain our cash and cash equivalents and our marketable securities with several financial institutions. We invest with high credit quality financial institutions and, by policy, limit the amount of credit exposure to any one financial institution. Our receivables are from customers concentrated in the United States, and we have no material receivables from foreign operations as of December 31, 2015. We perform ongoing credit evaluations of our customers and generally do not require collateral, although the law provides us the ability to file mechanics’ liens on real property improved for private customers in the event of non-payment by such customers. We maintain an allowance for doubtful accounts which has historically been within management’s estimates. Inventories: Inventories consist primarily of quarry products valued at the lower of average cost or market. We write down the inventories based on estimated quantities of materials on hand in excess of approximately one year. At December 31, 2015, inventory also included materials specifically related to a project in our Kenny Large Project Construction operating group and was valued at cost. Real Estate Held for Development and Sale: Each real estate development project accounted for under the equity method of accounting is reviewed in accordance with ASC Topic 323, Investments - Equity Method and Joint Ventures. These projects are evaluated for impairment using the other-than-temporary impairment model, which requires an impairment charge to be recognized if our investment’s carrying amount exceeds its fair value, and the decline in fair value is deemed to be other than temporary. Events or changes in circumstances, which would cause us to review undiscounted future cash flows include, but are not limited to: • • • • • significant decreases in the market price of the asset; significant adverse changes in legal factors or the business climate; significant changes to the development or business plans of a project; accumulation of costs significantly in excess of the amount originally expected for the acquisition, development or construction of the asset; and current period cash flow or operating losses combined with a history of losses, or a forecast of continuing losses associated with the use of the asset. Future undiscounted cash flows and fair value assessments are estimated based on entitlement status, market conditions, cost of construction, debt load, development schedules, status of joint venture partners and other factors applicable to the specific project. Fair value is estimated based on the expected future cash flows attributable to the asset or group of assets and on other assumptions that market participants would use in determining fair value, such as market discount rates, transaction prices for other comparable assets, and other market data. Our estimates of cash flows may differ from actual cash flows due to, among other things, fluctuations in interest rates, decisions made by jurisdictional agencies, economic conditions, or changes to our business operations. Property and Equipment: Property and equipment are stated at cost. Depreciation for construction and other equipment is primarily provided using accelerated methods over lives ranging from three to seven years, and the straight-line method over lives from three to twenty years for the remaining depreciable assets. We believe that accelerated methods best approximate the service provided by the construction and other equipment. Depletion of quarry property is based on the usage of depletable reserves. We frequently sell property and equipment that has reached the end of its useful life or no longer meets our needs, including depleted quarry property. At the time that an asset or an asset group meets the held-for-sale criteria as defined by ASC Topic 360, Property, Plant, and Equipment, we write it down to fair value, if the fair value is below the carrying value. Fair value is estimated by a variety of factors including, but not limited to, market comparative data, historical sales prices, broker quotes and third party valuations. If material, such property is separately disclosed, otherwise it is held in property and equipment until sold. The cost and accumulated depreciation or depletion of property sold or retired is removed from the balance sheet and the resulting gains or losses, if any, are reflected in operating income (loss) for the period. In the case that we abandon an asset, an amount equal to the carrying amount of the asset, less salvage value, if any, will be recognized as expense in the period that the asset was abandoned. Repairs and maintenance are charged to operations as incurred. F-10 GRANITE CONSTRUCTION INCORPORATED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) Costs related to the development of internal-use software during the preliminary project and post-implementation stages are expensed as incurred. Costs incurred during the application development stage are capitalized. These costs consist primarily of software, hardware and consulting fees, as well as salaries and related costs. Amounts capitalized are reported as a component of office furniture and equipment within property and equipment. Capitalized software costs are depreciated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the related software, which range from three to five years. During the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, we capitalized $2.3 million, $4.1 million and $2.5 million, respectively, of internal-use software development and related hardware costs. Long-lived Assets: We review property and equipment and amortizable intangible assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the net book value of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of these assets is measured by comparison of their net book values to the future undiscounted cash flows the assets are expected to generate. If the assets are considered to be impaired, an impairment charge will be recognized equal to the amount by which the net book value of the asset exceeds its fair value. We group plant equipment assets at a regional level, which represents the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of the cash flows of other groups of assets. When an individual asset or group of assets are determined to no longer contribute to the vertically integrated asset group, it is assessed for impairment independently. Amortizable intangible assets include covenants not to compete, acquired backlog, permits, trade names and customer lists which are being amortized on a straight-line basis over terms from one to thirty years. Capitalized Interest: Interest, to the extent it is incurred in connection with the construction of certain self-constructed assets and real estate development projects, is capitalized and recorded as part of the asset to which it relates. Capitalized interest on self- constructed assets is amortized over their estimated useful lives and is expensed on real estate projects as they are sold. Goodwill: As of December 31, 2015, we had five reporting units in which goodwill was recorded as follows: • Kenny Group Construction • Kenny Group Large Project Construction • Northwest Group Construction • Northwest Group Construction Materials • California Construction The most significant goodwill balances reside in the reporting units associated with the Kenny Group. We perform impairment tests annually as of November 1 and more frequently when events and circumstances occur that indicate a possible impairment of goodwill. In addition, we evaluate goodwill for impairment if events or circumstances change between annual tests indicating a possible impairment. Examples of such events or circumstances include the following: • • • • a significant adverse change in legal factors or in the business climate; an adverse action or assessment by a regulator; a more likely than not expectation that a segment or a significant portion thereof will be sold; or the testing for recoverability of a significant asset group within the segment. In performing step one of the goodwill impairment tests, we calculate the estimated fair value of the reporting unit in which the goodwill is recorded using the discounted cash flows and market multiple methods. Judgments inherent in these methods include the determination of appropriate discount rates, the amount and timing of expected future cash flows and growth rates, and appropriate benchmark companies. The cash flows used in our 2015 discounted cash flow model were based on five-year financial forecasts, which in turn were based on the 2016-2018 operating plan developed internally by management adjusted for market participant based assumptions. Our discount rate assumptions are based on an assessment of equity cost of capital and appropriate capital structure for our reporting units. In assessing the reasonableness of our determined fair values of our reporting units, we evaluate our results against our current market capitalization. After calculating the estimated fair value, we compare the resulting fair value to the net book value of the reporting unit, including goodwill. If the net book value of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value, we measure and record the amount of the impairment loss by comparing the implied fair value of the reporting unit’s goodwill with the carrying amount of that goodwill. The results of our annual goodwill impairment tests, performed in accordance with ASC 350, indicated that the estimated fair values of our reporting units exceeded their net book values (i.e., cushion) by at least 50% for the reporting units with goodwill. Out of the five reporting units with goodwill, the Kenny Large Project Construction business is most susceptible to fluctuations in results depending on awarded work given the large size and limited frequency of awards. While we believe the current cushion for the reporting unit is adequate to absorb these fluctuations, a material decline in job win rates could have a material impact to this reporting unit’s estimated fair value. F-11 GRANITE CONSTRUCTION INCORPORATED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) Billings in Excess of Costs and Estimated Earnings: Billings in excess of costs and estimated earnings is comprised of cash collected from customers and billings to customers on contracts in advance of work performed, including advance payments negotiated as a contract condition. Generally, unearned project-related costs will be earned over the next twelve months. Asset Retirement and Reclamation Obligations: We account for the costs related to legal obligations to reclaim aggregate mining sites and other facilities by recording our estimated reclamation liability when incurred, capitalizing the estimated liability as part of the related asset’s carrying amount and allocating it to expense over the asset’s useful life. Warranties: Many of our construction contracts contain warranty provisions covering defects in equipment, materials, design or workmanship that generally run from six months to one year after our customer accepts the contract. Because of the nature of our projects, including contract owner inspections of the work both during construction and prior to acceptance, we have not experienced material warranty costs for these short-term warranties and, therefore, do not believe an accrual for these costs is necessary. Certain construction contracts carry longer warranty periods, ranging from two to ten years, for which we have accrued an estimate of warranty cost. The warranty cost is estimated based on our experience with the type of work and any known risks relative to the project and was not material during the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013. Accrued Insurance Costs: We carry insurance policies to cover various risks, primarily general liability, automobile liability and workers compensation, under which we are liable to reimburse the insurance company for a portion of each claim paid. The amounts for which we are liable for general liability and workers compensation generally range from the first $0.5 million to $1.0 million per occurrence. We accrue for the estimated ultimate liability for incurred losses, both reported and unreported, using actuarial methods based on historic trends modified, if necessary, by recent events. Changes in our loss assumptions caused by changes in actual experience would affect our assessment of the ultimate liability and could have an effect on our operating results and financial position up to $1.0 million per occurrence. Performance Guarantees: Agreements with our joint venture partners and limited liability company members (“partner(s)”) for both construction joint ventures and line item joint ventures define each partner’s management role and financial responsibility in the project. The amount of operational exposure is generally limited to our stated ownership interest. However, due to the joint and several nature of the performance obligations under the related owner contracts, if one of the partners fails to perform, we and the remaining partners would be responsible for performance of the outstanding work (i.e., performance guarantee). We estimate our liability for performance guarantees using estimated partner bond rates and include them in accrued expenses and other current liabilities (see Note 10) with a corresponding asset in equity in construction joint ventures on the consolidated balance sheets. We reassess our liability when and if changes in circumstances occur. The liability and corresponding asset are removed from the consolidated balance sheets upon customer acceptance of the project. Circumstances that could lead to a loss under these agreements beyond our stated ownership interest include the failure of a partner to contribute additional funds to the venture in the event the project incurs a loss or additional costs that we could incur should a partner fail to provide the services and resources that it had committed to provide in the agreement. Contingencies: We are currently involved in various claims and legal proceedings. Loss contingency provisions are recorded if the potential loss from any claim, asserted or unasserted, or legal proceeding is considered probable and the amount can be reasonably estimated. If a potential loss is considered probable but only a range of loss can be determined, the low-end of the range is recorded. These accruals represent management’s best estimate of probable loss. Disclosure also is provided when it is reasonably possible that a loss will be incurred or when it is reasonably possible that the amount of a loss will exceed the amount recorded. Significant judgment is required in both the determination of probability of loss and the determination as to whether an exposure is reasonably estimable. Because of uncertainties related to these matters, accruals are based only on the best information available at the time. As additional information becomes available, we reassess the potential liability related to claims and litigation and may revise our estimates. Stock-Based Compensation: We measure and recognize compensation expense, net of estimated forfeitures, over the requisite vesting periods for all stock-based payment awards made. Stock-based compensation is included in selling, general and administrative expenses on our consolidated statements of operations. F-12 GRANITE CONSTRUCTION INCORPORATED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) Restructuring and Impairment (Gains) Charges: Pursuant to an approved plan, we record severance costs when an employee has been notified, unless the employee provides future service, in which case severance costs are expensed ratably over the future service period. Other restructuring costs are recognized when the liability is incurred. Costs associated with terminating a lease contract are recorded at the contract termination date, in accordance with contract terms, or on the cease-use date, net of estimated sublease income, if applicable. In determining the amount related to termination of a lease, various assumptions are used including the time period over which facilities will be vacant, expected sublease term and sublease rates. These assumptions may be adjusted upon the occurrence of future events. Asset impairment analyses resulting from restructuring events are performed in accordance with ASC subtopic 360-10, Property, Plant and Equipment. See the Property and Equipment and Long-lived Assets accounting policies above for further information on asset impairment charges. During the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, we recorded net restructuring and impairment gains of $6.0 million, including amounts attributable to non-controlling interests of $3.3 million, and $2.6 million, respectively, and during the year ended December 31, 2013, we recorded net restructuring and impairment charges of $52.1 million (see Note 11). During 2013, we concluded the majority of our 2010 Enterprise Improvement Plan (“EIP”) which included the impairment and planned orderly divestiture of our real estate investment business consistent with our strategy to focus on our core business. Consequently, during 2013 we recorded impairment charges on certain real estate assets in accordance with our EIP. When real estate assets which we continue to have a financial interest are sold, we may recognize additional restructuring charges or gains; however, we do not expect these charges or gains to be material to our consolidated financial statements. Income Taxes: Deferred taxes are provided on a liability method whereby deferred tax assets are recognized for deductible temporary differences and operating loss carry-forwards and deferred tax liabilities are recognized for taxable temporary differences. Temporary differences are the differences between the reported amounts of assets and liabilities on the consolidated financial statements and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when, in the opinion of management, it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are adjusted for the effects of changes in tax laws and rates on the date of enactment. We report a liability for unrecognized tax benefits resulting from uncertain tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. We recognize interest and penalties, if any, related to unrecognized tax benefits in other expense (income) in the consolidated statements of operations. Computation of Earnings Per Share: Basic net income per share is computed using the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net income per share is computed using the weighted-average number of common shares and dilutive potential common shares outstanding during the period. Potential common shares include stock options and restricted stock units, under the 2012 Equity Incentive Plan. Reclassifications: Certain reclassifications of prior period amounts have been made to conform to the current period presentation, as follows: • During the fourth quarter of 2015, we updated our methodology for classifying incentive compensation expenses to align them with the associated salaries and related benefits. As a result, certain prior period incentive compensation costs have been reclassified from selling, general and administrative expenses to cost of revenue based on the associated salaries and related benefits. The reclassifications for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 were $9.3 million and $8.9 million, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, we reclassified $1.2 million and $0.8 million, respectively, of sales personnel salaries and related expenses to selling, general and administrative expenses that were previously recorded to cost of revenue to correct their classification. • These reclassifications had no impact on previously reported operating income (loss) or net income (loss), or on the consolidated balance sheets or statements of cash flows. In addition, current deferred tax assets and long-term deferred tax liabilities as of December 31, 2014 were reclassified to noncurrent deferred tax assets, net on the consolidated balance sheets as a result of early and retrospective adoption of Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2015-17, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes. See Recently Issued and Adopted Accounting Pronouncements below for further details. F-13 GRANITE CONSTRUCTION INCORPORATED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) Recently Issued and Adopted Accounting Pronouncements: In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, which provides guidance for revenue recognition. This ASU’s core principle is that a company will recognize revenue when it transfers promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects consideration to which the company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. In August 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-14, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, which deferred the effective date by one year to December 15, 2017 for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after that date. Therefore, the ASU will be effective commencing with our quarter ending March 31, 2018. We are currently assessing the potential impact of this ASU on our consolidated financial statements. In February 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-02, Consolidation (Topic 810): Amendments to the Consolidation Analysis, which provides guidance for consolidation of certain legal entities. The guidance changes the analysis that a reporting entity must perform to determine whether it should consolidate certain types of legal entities. The amendments modify the evaluation of whether limited partnerships and similar legal entities are variable interest entities or voting interest entities. The ASU will be effective commencing with our quarter ending March 31, 2016. We do not expect the adoption of this ASU to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. In April 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-03, Interest - Imputation of Interest (Subtopic 835-30): Simplifying the Presentation of Debt Issuance Costs and in August 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-15, Presentation and Subsequent Measurement of Debt Issuance Costs Associated with Line-of-Credit Arrangements. ASU No. 2015-03 requires that debt issuance costs related to a recognized debt liability be presented in the balance sheet as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of that debt liability, consistent with debt discounts. ASU 2015-15 clarifies that the SEC staff would not object to an entity deferring and presenting debt issuance costs related to a line-of-credit arrangement as an asset and subsequently amortizing the deferred debt issuance costs ratably over the term of the arrangement, regardless of whether there are any outstanding borrowings on the line-of-credit arrangement. These ASUs will be effective commencing with our quarter ending March 31, 2016. We do not expect the adoption of these ASUs to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. In April 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-05, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other - Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Customer’s Accounting for Fees Paid in a Cloud Computing Arrangement, which provides guidance on accounting for fees paid by a customer in a cloud computing arrangement. A cloud computing arrangement that contains a software license will be accounted for consistently with the acquisition of other software licenses. If no software license is present in the contract, the entity should account for the arrangement as a service contract. The ASU will be effective commencing with our quarter ending March 31, 2016. We do not expect the adoption of this ASU to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. In July 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-11, Inventory (Topic 330): Simplifying the Measurement of Inventory. Topic 330, Inventory, requires an entity to measure inventory at the lower of cost or market. The amendments to ASU No. 2015-11 require an entity to measure inventory at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Net realizable value is the estimated selling prices in the ordinary course of business, less reasonably predictable costs of completion, disposal, and transportation. The ASU will be effective commencing with our quarter ending March 31, 2017. We do not expect the adoption of this ASU to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. In November 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-17, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes, which amends the current requirements for an entity to separate deferred income tax liabilities and assets into current and noncurrent amounts in the consolidated balance sheets. To simplify the presentation of deferred income taxes, the ASU requires that all deferred tax assets and liabilities be classified as noncurrent on the balance sheets. We elected to early adopt the ASU retrospectively in 2015, which resulted in reclassifications of $53.2 million and $20.4 million from current deferred tax assets and long-term deferred tax liabilities, respectively, to noncurrent deferred tax assets, net as of December 31, 2014. F-14 GRANITE CONSTRUCTION INCORPORATED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) 2. Revisions in Estimates Our profit recognition related to construction contracts is based on estimates of costs to complete each project. These estimates can vary significantly in the normal course of business as projects progress, circumstances develop and evolve, and uncertainties are resolved. When we experience significant changes in our estimates of costs to complete, we undergo a process that includes reviewing the nature of the changes to ensure that there are no material amounts that should have been recorded in a prior period rather than as revisions in estimates for the current period. In our review of these changes for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, we did not identify any material amounts that should have been recorded in a prior period. We use the cumulative catch-up method applicable to construction contract accounting to account for revisions in estimates. Under this method, revisions in estimates are accounted for in their entirety in the period of change. There can be no assurance that we will not experience further changes in circumstances or otherwise be required to further revise our cost estimates. Revenue in an amount equal to cost incurred is recognized if there is not sufficient information to determine the estimated profit on the project with a reasonable level of certainty. The gross profit impact from projects that reached initial profit recognition is not considered to be a change in estimate for purposes of the tables below, and is therefore excluded. During the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013, the gross profit impact from projects reaching initial profit recognition was $25.8 million, $74.7 million, and $9.1 million, respectively. Included within the revisions in estimates for the year ended December 31, 2015, is an increase in revenue of $9.7 million due to our change in accounting policy for affirmative claims for which there was no material associated cost during the year ended December 31, 2015. The remaining $38.8 million of the affirmative claims resulted from claim events during the year ended December 31, 2015 that also resulted in revisions to estimated total contract costs. Construction The net changes in project profitability from revisions in estimates, both increases and decreases, that individually had an impact of $1.0 million or more on gross profit was a net increase of $19.9 million and net decreases of $7.3 million and $1.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. The projects are summarized as follows (dollars in millions): Increases Years Ended December 31, Number of projects with upward estimate changes Range of increase in gross profit from each project, net Increase on project profitability 2015 2014 2013 14 1.1 - 6.6 30.7 $ $ 7 1.0 - 1.8 9.2 $ $ 6 1.1 - 3.7 16.1 $ $ The increases during the year ended December 31, 2015 were due to settlements of outstanding issues with contract owners, lower costs than anticipated, owner directed scope changes, and estimated cost recovery from claims. The 2014 increases were due to owner-directed scope changes and lower costs than anticipated, and the 2013 increases were due to owner-directed scope changes and production at a higher rate than anticipated. Decreases Years Ended December 31, Number of projects with downward estimate changes Range of reduction in gross profit from each project, net Decrease on project profitability 2015 2014 2013 5 1.0 - 3.3 10.8 $ $ 6 1.6 - 4.1 16.5 $ $ 5 1.2 - 7.4 17.8 $ $ The decreases during the year ended December 31, 2015 were due to additional costs and lower productivity than originally anticipated. Four of the five projects that had downward estimate changes were complete or substantially complete at December 31, 2015. The fifth project was 81.7% complete and constituted 0.9% of Construction contract backlog as of December 31, 2015. The 2014 decreases were due to higher costs than originally anticipated and outstanding claims and change orders, and the 2013 decreases were due to lower productivity than originally anticipated. F-15 GRANITE CONSTRUCTION INCORPORATED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) Large Project Construction The net changes in project profitability from revisions in estimates, both increases and decreases, that individually had an impact of $1.0 million or more on gross profit were net increases of $7.6 million, $46.9 million and $25.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Amounts attributable to non-controlling interests were $3.0 million, $9.5 million and $5.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. The projects are summarized as follows (dollars in millions): Increases Years Ended December 31, Number of projects with upward estimate changes Range of increase in gross profit from each project, net Increase on project profitability 2015 2014 7 1.5 - 6.7 27.9 $ $ 12 1.0 - 15.2 66.8 $ $ 2013 7 2.6 - 41.3 77.5 $ $ The increases during the year ended December 31, 2015 were due to owner-directed scope changes and lower costs than anticipated, as well as estimated cost recovery from claims. The increases during the year ended December 31, 2014 were due to higher productivity than originally anticipated, owner-directed scope changes and the settlement of outstanding claims with contract owners. The increases during the year ended December 31, 2013 were due to the settlement of outstanding issues with a contract owner and owner-directed scope changes. Decreases Years Ended December 31, Number of projects with downward estimate changes Range of reduction in gross profit from each project, net Decrease on project profitability 2015 2014 6 1.0 - 5.5 20.3 $ $ 3 1.1 - 16.8 19.9 $ $ 2013 5 1.9 - 26.8 52.0 $ $ The decreases during the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 were primarily due to additional costs and lower productivity than originally anticipated. 3. Marketable Securities All marketable securities were classified as held-to-maturity as of the dates presented and the carrying amounts of held-to-maturity securities were as follows (in thousands): December 31, U.S. Government and agency obligations Commercial paper Total short-term marketable securities U.S. Government and agency obligations Total long-term marketable securities Total marketable securities Scheduled maturities of held-to-maturity investments were as follows (in thousands): December 31, 2015 Due within one year Due in one to five years Total 2015 2014 $ $ 15,051 9,992 25,043 80,652 80,652 105,695 $ $ $ $ 10,511 14,993 25,504 76,563 76,563 102,067 25,043 80,652 105,695 F-16 GRANITE CONSTRUCTION INCORPORATED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) 4. Fair Value Measurement The following tables summarize significant assets and liabilities measured at fair value in the consolidated balance sheets on a recurring basis for each of the fair value levels (in thousands): December 31, 2015 Cash equivalents Money market funds Total assets December 31, 2014 Cash equivalents Money market funds Total assets Fair Value Measurement at Reporting Date Using Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total 62,024 62,024 $ $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 62,024 62,024 Fair Value Measurement at Reporting Date Using Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total 60,618 60,618 $ $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 60,618 60,618 $ $ $ $ A reconciliation of cash equivalents to consolidated cash and cash equivalents is as follows (in thousands): December 31, Cash equivalents Cash Total cash and cash equivalents 2015 2014 $ $ 62,024 190,812 252,836 $ $ 60,618 195,343 255,961 In March 2014, we entered into two diesel commodity swaps covering the periods from May 2014 to October 2014 and from May 2015 to October 2015 which represented roughly 25% of our forecasted purchases for diesel during these periods. In May 2014, we entered into two natural gas commodity swaps covering the periods from June 2014 to October 2014 and from May 2015 to October 2015 representing roughly 25% of our forecasted purchases of natural gas during these periods. The commodity swaps are reported at fair value using Level 2 inputs, and gains or losses, including net periodic settlement amounts, are recorded in other (income) expense, net in our consolidated statements of operations. During the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, we recorded net losses of $0.4 million and $2.0 million, respectively. The fair value of the commodity swaps are recorded in accrued expenses and other current liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets and was $1.7 million as of December 31, 2014. In March 2014, we entered into an interest rate swap with a notional amount of $100.0 million which matures in June 2018 designed to convert the interest rate of our 2019 Notes (defined in Note 12) from a fixed rate of 6.11% to a variable rate of 4.15% plus six-month LIBOR. The interest rate swap is reported at fair value using Level 2 inputs on the consolidated balance sheets, and gains or losses, including net periodic settlement amounts, are recorded in other expense (income), net in our consolidated statements of operations. During the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, we recorded net gains of $1.5 million and $1.4 million, respectively. The associated balance is recorded in other current assets on the consolidated balance sheets and was $0.6 million and $0.3 million as of December 31, 2015, and 2014, respectively. In January 2016, we entered into an interest rate swap designated as a cash flow hedge with an effective date of April 2016 and an initial notional amount of $98.8 million which matures in October 2020. The interest rate swap is designed to convert the interest rate on the term loan described in Note 12 from a variable rate of interest of LIBOR plus an applicable margin to a fixed rate of 1.47% plus the same applicable margin. Beginning in the first quarter of 2016, the interest rate swap will be reported at fair value on the consolidated balance sheets using Level 2 inputs and gains or losses on the effective portion will initially be reported as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and subsequently reclassified to interest expense when the interest expense on the variable rate debt is recognized. F-17 GRANITE CONSTRUCTION INCORPORATED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) The carrying values and estimated fair values of our financial instruments that are not required to be recorded at fair value in the consolidated balance sheets are as follows (in thousands): December 31, Assets: 2015 2014 Fair Value Hierarchy Carrying Value Fair Value Carrying Value Fair Value Held-to-maturity marketable securities Level 1 Liabilities (including current maturities): Senior notes payable1 Credit Agreement loan1 Level 3 Level 3 $ $ 105,695 160,000 100,000 $ $ 105,336 165,731 99,375 $ $ 102,067 200,000 70,000 $ $ 101,808 220,226 70,153 1The fair values of the senior notes payable and Credit Agreement (defined in Note 12) loan are based on borrowing rates available to us for long- term loans with similar terms, average maturities, and credit risk. The carrying values of receivables, other current assets, and accrued expenses and other current liabilities approximate their fair values due to the short-term nature of these instruments. In addition, the fair value of non-recourse debt measured using Level 3 inputs approximates its carrying value due to its relative short-term nature and competitive interest rates. We measure certain nonfinancial assets and liabilities at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the nonfinancial assets and liabilities included our asset retirement and reclamation obligations, as well as assets and corresponding liabilities associated with performance guarantees. Fair value for the asset retirement and reclamation obligations were measured using Level 3 inputs and those associated with performance guarantees were measured using Level 2 inputs. Asset retirement and reclamation obligations were initially measured using internal discounted cash flow calculations based upon our estimates of future retirement costs - see Note 8 for details of the asset retirement balances and Note 1 for further discussion on fair value measurements. Performance guarantees were measured using estimated partner bond rates - see Note 10 for the liability balances and Note 1 for further discussion on performance guarantees. During the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, fair value adjustments to our nonfinancial assets and liabilities were related to our asset retirement and reclamation obligations, restructuring gains and charges associated with our EIP and non-cash impairment gains and charges separate from our EIP, and are detailed as follows: • Asset retirement obligations adjustments were $0.2 million, $3.0 million and $2.3 million, respectively. See Note 8 for further information. • Restructuring gains associated with our EIP were $6.0 million and $1.3 million, during the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively, primarily associated with the sale of a previously impaired consolidated real estate asset and the release of lease obligations. During the year ended December 31, 2013, we recorded restructuring charges of $49.0 million. See Note 11 for further information. • Non-cash impairment gains were $1.3 million during 2014 and non-cash impairment charges were $3.2 million during 2013. During 2014 and 2013, the non-cash impairment gains and charges were associated with the write-down and subsequent sale of a nonperforming quarry site (see Note 11). F-18 GRANITE CONSTRUCTION INCORPORATED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) 5. Receivables, net (in thousands) December 31, Construction contracts: Completed and in progress Retentions Total construction contracts Construction material sales Other Total gross receivables Less: allowance for doubtful accounts Total net receivables 2015 2014 $ $ 206,756 91,670 298,426 28,727 14,033 341,186 364 340,822 $ $ 191,094 84,760 275,854 28,549 6,822 311,225 291 310,934 Receivables include amounts billed and billable to clients for services provided as of the end of the applicable period and do not bear interest. To the extent costs have not been billed or are not contractually billable, such as claim recovery estimates, the contract balance is included in costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings, billings in excess of costs and estimated earnings or in equity in construction joint ventures on the consolidated balance sheets. As of December 31, 2015, claim recovery estimates were included in these balances and combined were approximately $48.5 million. Ultimate settlement with the customer is dependent on the claims resolution process and could extend beyond one year or the operating cycle. Included in other receivables at December 31, 2015 and 2014 were items such as notes receivable, fuel tax refunds, receivables from vendors and income tax refunds. No such receivables individually exceeded 10% of total net receivables at any of these dates. Revenue earned by Construction and Large Project Construction from federal, state and local government agencies was $1.7 billion in each 2015, 2014 and 2013, which represented 82.8%, 84.8% and 83.1% of our Construction and Large Project Construction revenue in each of the respective years. During the year ended December 31, 2015, our largest volume customer, including both prime and subcontractor arrangements, was the New York State Department of Transportation (“NYSDOT”). Revenue recognized from contracts with NYSDOT during 2015 represented $199.0 million (8.4% of our total revenue) all of which was in our Large Project Construction segment (24.5% of segment revenue). During the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, our largest volume customer, including both prime and subcontractor arrangements, was the California Department of Transportation (“Caltrans”). Revenue from Caltrans was $195.4 million (8.6% of total revenue) in 2014, of which $178.7 million (15.1% of segment revenue) was in our Construction segment and $16.8 million (2.0% of segment revenue) was in the Large Project Construction segment. Revenue from Caltrans totaled $265.8 million (11.7% of total revenue) in 2013, of which $239.9 million (19.2% of segment revenue) was in the Construction segment and $25.9 million (3.3% of segment revenue) was in the Large Project Construction segment. F-19 GRANITE CONSTRUCTION INCORPORATED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) Financing receivables consisted of retentions receivable and were included in receivables, net on the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2015 and 2014. Certain construction contracts include retainage provisions. The balances billed but not paid by customers pursuant to these provisions generally become due upon completion and acceptance of the project work or products by the owners. No retention receivable individually exceeded 10% of total net receivables at any of the presented dates. As of December 31, 2015, the majority of the retentions receivable are expected to be collected within one year. We segregate our retention receivables into two categories: escrow and non-escrow. The balances in each category were as follows (in thousands): December 31, Escrow Non-escrow Total retention receivables 2015 2014 $ $ 21,958 69,712 91,670 $ $ 28,692 56,068 84,760 The escrow receivables include amounts due to Granite which have been deposited into an escrow account and bear interest. Typically, escrow retention receivables are held until work on a project is complete and has been accepted by the owner who then releases those funds, along with accrued interest, to us. There is minimal risk of not collecting on these amounts. As of December 31, 2015, the non-escrow retention receivables were evaluated for collectibility using certain customer information that includes the following: • • Federal - includes federal agencies such as the Bureau of Reclamation, the Army Corp of Engineers, and the Bureau of Indian Affairs. The obligations of these agencies are backed by the federal government. Consequently, there is minimal risk of not collecting the amounts we are entitled to receive. State - primarily state departments of transportation. The risk of not collecting on these accounts is small; however, we have experienced occasional delays in payment as states have struggled with budget issues. • Local - these customers include local agencies such as cities, counties and other local municipal agencies. The risk of not collecting on these accounts is low; however, we have experienced occasional delays in payment as some local agencies have struggled to deal with budget issues. Private - includes individuals, developers and corporations. The majority of our collection risk is associated with these customers. We perform ongoing credit evaluations of our customers and generally do not require collateral, although the law provides us certain remedies, including, but not limited to, the ability to file mechanics’ liens on real property improved for private customers in the event of non-payment by such customers. • We regularly review our accounts receivable, including past due amounts, to determine their probability of collection. If it is probable that an amount is uncollectible, it is charged to bad debt expense and a corresponding reserve is established in allowance for doubtful accounts. If it is deemed certain that an amount is uncollectible, the amount is written off. Based on contract terms, non-escrow retention receivables are typically due within 60 days of owner acceptance of contract completion. We consider retention amounts beyond 60 days of owner acceptance of contract completion to be past due. There were no material non-escrow retention receivables aged over 90 days as of December 31, 2015, and there was $8.6 million as of December 31, 2014, which was collected in 2015. In addition, our allowance for doubtful accounts contained no material provision related to non-escrow retention receivables as we determined there were no significant collectability issues at any of the presented dates. F-20 GRANITE CONSTRUCTION INCORPORATED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) 6. Construction and Line Item Joint Ventures We participate in various construction joint ventures, partnerships and a limited liability company of which we are a limited member (“joint ventures”). We also participate in various “line item” joint venture agreements under which each member is responsible for performing certain discrete items of the total scope of contracted work. Due to the joint and several nature of the performance obligations under the related owner contracts, if any of the members fail to perform, we and the other members would be responsible for performance of the outstanding work. At December 31, 2015, there was approximately $5.1 billion of construction revenue to be recognized on unconsolidated and line item construction joint venture contracts of which $1.6 billion represented our share and the remaining $3.5 billion represented the other members’ share. We are not able to estimate amounts that may be required beyond the remaining cost of the work to be performed. These costs could be offset by billings to the customer or by proceeds from the other members and/or other guarantors. See Note 10 for disclosure of the amounts recorded on the consolidated balance sheets and Note 1 for additional discussion. Construction Joint Ventures Generally, each construction joint venture is formed to complete a specific contract and is jointly controlled by the venture members. The associated agreements typically provide that our interests in any profits and assets, and our respective share in any losses and liabilities resulting from the performance of the contracts, are limited to our stated percentage interest in the venture. Under our contractual arrangements, we provide capital to these joint ventures in return for an ownership interest. In addition, members dedicate resources to the ventures necessary to complete the contracts and are reimbursed for their cost. The operational risks of each construction joint venture are passed along to the joint venture members. As we absorb our share of these risks, our investment in each venture is exposed to potential gains and losses. We have determined that certain of these joint ventures are consolidated because they are VIEs and we are the primary beneficiary. We continually evaluate whether there are changes in the status of the VIEs or changes to the primary beneficiary designation of the VIE. Based on our assessments during the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, we determined no change was required for existing construction joint ventures. Consolidated Construction Joint Ventures The carrying amounts and classification of assets and liabilities of construction joint ventures we are required to consolidate are included on the consolidated balance sheets as follows (in thousands): December 31, Cash and cash equivalents1 Receivables, net Other current assets Total current assets Property and equipment, net Total assets2 Accounts payable Billings in excess of costs and estimated earnings1 Accrued expenses and other current liabilities Total liabilities2 2015 2014 46,210 45,734 4,863 96,807 5,378 102,185 11,909 15,768 1,171 28,848 $ $ $ $ 61,276 36,781 1,746 99,803 11,969 111,772 18,009 32,830 2,714 53,553 $ $ $ $ 1The volume and stage of completion of contracts from our consolidated construction joint ventures may cause fluctuations in cash and cash equivalents as well as billings in excess of costs and estimated earnings and costs in excess of billings and estimated earnings between periods. 2The assets and liabilities of each consolidated joint venture relate solely to that joint venture. The decision to distribute joint venture cash and cash equivalents and assets must generally be made jointly by a majority of the members and, accordingly, these cash and cash equivalents and assets generally are not available for the working capital needs of Granite until distributed. F-21 GRANITE CONSTRUCTION INCORPORATED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) At December 31, 2015, we were engaged in five active consolidated construction joint venture projects with total contract values ranging from $1.5 million to $293.8 million. Our share of revenue remaining to be recognized on these consolidated joint ventures ranged from $0.1 million to $117.2 million. Our proportionate share of the equity in these joint ventures was between 50.0% and 65.0%. During the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, total revenue from consolidated construction joint ventures was $54.4 million, $155.1 million and $170.0 million, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2015, consolidated construction joint ventures used $16.4 million of operating cash flows, and during the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 operating cash flows provided by such ventures were $22.5 million and $10.9 million, respectively. Unconsolidated Construction Joint Ventures We account for our share of construction joint ventures that we are not required to consolidate on a pro rata basis in the consolidated statements of operations and as a single line item on the consolidated balance sheets. As of December 31, 2015, these unconsolidated joint ventures were engaged in eleven active projects with total contract values ranging from $73.7 million to $3.5 billion. Our proportionate share of the equity in these unconsolidated joint ventures ranged from 20.0% to 50.0%. As of December 31, 2015, our share of the revenue remaining to be recognized on these unconsolidated joint ventures ranged from $1.0 million to $614.0 million. As of December 31, 2015, one of our unconsolidated construction joint ventures was located in Canada and, therefore, the associated disclosures throughout this footnote include amounts that were translated from Canadian dollars to U.S. dollars using the spot rate in effect as of the reporting date for balance sheet items, and the average rate in effect during the reporting period for the results of operations. The associated foreign currency translation adjustments did not have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements for any of the dates or periods presented. The following is summary financial information related to unconsolidated construction joint ventures (in thousands): December 31, Assets: Cash and cash equivalents1 Other assets Less partners’ interest Granite’s interest Liabilities: Accounts payable Billings in excess of costs and estimated earnings1 Other liabilities Less partners’ interest Granite’s interest Equity in construction joint ventures2 2015 2014 $ $ 439,871 859,749 881,183 418,437 218,790 341,609 89,901 447,926 202,374 216,063 $ $ 264,263 573,898 546,907 291,254 146,198 156,604 55,289 251,412 106,679 184,575 1The volume and stage of completion of contracts from our unconsolidated construction joint ventures may cause fluctuations in cash and cash equivalents as well as billings in excess of costs and estimated earnings and costs in excess of billings and estimated earnings between periods. The decision to distribute joint venture cash and cash equivalents and assets must generally be made jointly by all of the partners and, accordingly, these cash and cash equivalents and assets generally are not available for the working capital needs of Granite until distributed. 2As of December 31, 2015, this balance included $8.6 million of deficit in construction joint ventures that is included in accrued expenses and other current liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. F-22 GRANITE CONSTRUCTION INCORPORATED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) Years Ended December 31, Revenue: Total Less partners’ interest and adjustments1 Granite’s interest Cost of revenue: Total Less partners’ interest and adjustments1 Granite’s interest Granite’s interest in gross profit 2015 2014 2013 $ $ 1,924,544 1,341,334 583,210 1,819,257 1,279,954 539,303 43,907 $ $ 1,501,894 1,048,514 453,380 1,386,577 984,062 402,515 50,865 $ $ 1,391,190 982,734 408,456 1,107,533 772,670 334,863 73,593 1Partners’ interest represents amounts to reconcile total revenue and total cost of revenue as reported by our partners to Granite’s interest adjusted to reflect our accounting policies. During the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, unconsolidated construction joint venture net income was $105.6 million, $116.8 million and $283.2 million, respectively, of which our share was $43.4 million, $49.2 million and $72.8 million, respectively. These joint venture net income amounts exclude our corporate overhead required to manage the joint ventures and include taxes only to the extent the applicable states have joint venture level taxes. Line Item Joint Ventures The revenue for each line item joint venture member’s discrete items of work is defined in the contract with the project owner and each venture member bears the profitability risk associated with its own work. There is not a single set of books and records for a line item joint venture. Each member accounts for its items of work individually as it would for any self-performed contract. We include only our portion of these contracts in our consolidated financial statements. As of December 31, 2015, we had four active line item joint venture construction projects with total contract values ranging from $42.5 million to $87.3 million of which our portion ranged from $28.6 million to $64.8 million. As of December 31, 2015, our share of revenue remaining to be recognized on these line item joint ventures ranged from $1.3 million to $37.6 million. 7. Investments in Affiliates Our investments in affiliates balance is related to our investments in unconsolidated non-construction entities that we account for using the equity method of accounting, including investments in real estate entities and a non-real estate entity. The real estate entities were formed to accomplish specific real estate development projects that our wholly-owned subsidiary, GLC, participates in with third-party partners. The non-real estate entity was a 50% interest in a limited liability company which owns and operates an asphalt terminal and operates an emulsion plant in Nevada. We have determined that the real estate entities are not consolidated because although they are VIEs, we are not the primary beneficiary. We have determined that the non-real estate entity is not consolidated because it is not a VIE, and we do not hold the majority voting interest. As such, this entity is accounted for using the equity method. We account for our share of the operating results of the equity method investments in other income in the consolidated statements of operations and as a single line item on the consolidated balance sheets as investments in affiliates. Our investments in affiliates balance consists of the following (in thousands): December 31, Equity method investments in real estate affiliates Equity method investments in other affiliates Total investments in affiliates 2015 2014 $ $ 24,103 9,079 33,182 $ $ 22,623 9,738 32,361 F-23 GRANITE CONSTRUCTION INCORPORATED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) The following table provides summarized balance sheet information for our affiliates accounted for under the equity method on a combined basis (in thousands): December 31, Current assets Long-term assets Total assets Current liabilities Long-term liabilities1 Total Liabilities Net assets Granite’s share of net assets 2015 2014 $ $ $ 26,790 148,687 175,477 25,840 45,267 71,107 104,370 33,182 $ $ $ 28,891 141,283 170,174 5,827 66,708 72,535 97,639 32,361 1The balance primarily relates to debt associated with our real estate investments. See Note 12 for further discussion. The equity method investments in real estate affiliates included $18.5 million and $16.5 million in residential real estate in Texas as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The remaining balances were in commercial real estate in Texas. Of the $175.5 million in total assets as of December 31, 2015, real estate entities had total assets ranging from $1.7 million to $61.4 million and the non-real estate entity had total assets of $23.7 million. The following table provides summarized statement of operations information for our affiliates accounted for under the equity method on a combined basis (in thousands): Years Ended December 31, Revenue Gross profit Income (loss) before taxes Net income (loss) Granite’s interest in affiliates’ net income 8. Property and Equipment, net $ 2015 2014 2013 47,457 $ 19,117 8,446 8,446 3,210 46,597 $ 10,315 3,647 3,647 901 42,563 3,487 (686) (686) 1,304 Balances of major classes of assets and allowances for depreciation and depletion are included in property and equipment, net on the consolidated balance sheets as follows (in thousands): December 31, Equipment and vehicles Quarry property Land and land improvements Buildings and leasehold improvements Office furniture and equipment Property and equipment Less: accumulated depreciation and depletion Property and equipment, net 2015 2014 731,224 178,357 110,294 82,871 60,821 1,163,567 778,438 385,129 $ $ 767,313 172,081 110,235 82,655 70,820 1,203,104 793,451 409,653 $ $ Depreciation and depletion expense primarily included in cost of revenue in our consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 was $61.0 million, $64.9 million and $62.7 million, respectively. We capitalized interest costs of $0.4 million, $0.7 million and $0.9 million in 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively, related to certain self-constructed assets, of which $0.4 million, $0.4 million and $0.6 million, respectively, were included in investments in affiliates and the remaining amounts were included in property and equipment on the consolidated balance sheets. During the year ended December 31, 2014, we recorded an impairment gain of $1.3 million which was related to the sale of non- performing quarry assets. Refer to Note 11 for details. F-24 GRANITE CONSTRUCTION INCORPORATED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) We have recorded liabilities associated with our legally required obligations to reclaim owned and leased quarry property and related facilities. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, $2.0 million and $6.5 million, respectively, of our asset retirement obligations are included in accrued expenses and other current liabilities and $24.6 million and $20.9 million, respectively, are included in other long-term liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. The following is a reconciliation of these asset retirement obligations (in thousands): Years Ended December 31, Beginning balance Revisions to estimates Liabilities settled Accretion Ending balance 9. Intangible Assets Indefinite-lived Intangible Assets 2015 2014 27,441 $ 213 (2,114) 1,018 26,558 $ 29,138 2,969 (5,678) 1,012 27,441 $ $ Indefinite-lived intangible assets primarily consist of goodwill and use rights. Use rights of $0.4 million are included in other noncurrent assets on the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2015 and 2014. The following table presents the goodwill balance by reportable segment (in thousands): December 31, Construction Large Project Construction Construction Materials Total goodwill Amortized Intangible Assets 2015 2014 29,260 22,593 1,946 53,799 $ $ 29,260 22,593 1,946 53,799 $ $ The following is the breakdown of our amortized intangible assets that are included in other noncurrent assets on the consolidated balance sheets (in thousands): December 31, 2015 Permits Acquired backlog Customer lists Trade name Covenants not to compete and other Total amortized intangible assets December 31, 2014 Permits Acquired backlog Customer lists Trade name Covenants not to compete and other Total amortized intangible assets Gross Value Accumulated Amortization Net Value $ $ $ $ 29,713 7,900 4,398 4,100 2,459 48,570 29,713 7,900 4,398 4,100 2,459 48,570 $ $ $ $ (14,239) $ (7,594) (3,078) (1,295) (2,430) (28,636) $ (13,115) $ (7,263) (2,785) (863) (2,428) (26,454) $ 15,474 306 1,320 2,805 29 19,934 16,598 637 1,613 3,237 31 22,116 Amortization expense related to amortized intangible assets for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 was $2.2 million, $2.3 million and $8.8 million, respectively, and was primarily included in selling, general and administrative expenses in our consolidated statements of operations. Based on the amortized intangible assets balance at December 31, 2015, amortization expense expected to be recorded in the future is as follows: $2.0 million in 2016; $1.8 million in 2017; $1.7 million in 2018; $1.7 million in 2019; $1.6 million in 2020; and $11.1 million thereafter. F-25 GRANITE CONSTRUCTION INCORPORATED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) 10. Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities (in thousands): December 31, Payroll and related employee benefits Accrued insurance Performance guarantees (see Note 17) Other Total 2015 2014 56,860 $ 41,154 65,514 37,407 200,935 $ 36,888 44,585 75,820 43,359 200,652 $ $ The increase in the payroll and related employee benefits balance as of December 31, 2015 compared to 2014 is primarily due to an increase in the accrual for incentive compensation related to the increase in net income. Other includes dividends payable, accrued legal reserves, warranty reserves, reclamation reserves, remediation reserves and other miscellaneous accruals, none of which are greater than 5% of total current liabilities. 11. Restructuring and Impairment (Gains) Charges, Net The following table presents the components of restructuring and impairment (gains) charges, net during the respective periods (in thousands): Years ended December 31, Impairment (gains) losses associated with our real estate investments, net Impairment (gains) charges on assets Lease termination (gains) costs, net of estimated sublease income Total restructuring (gains) charges Other impairment (gains) charges Total restructuring and impairment (gains) charges, net 2015 2014 2013 $ $ (4,959) $ (1,044) — (6,003) — (6,003) $ — $ — (1,283) (1,283) (1,360) (2,643) $ 31,090 14,651 3,234 48,975 3,164 52,139 In 2010, we announced our EIP, which included actions to reduce our cost structure, enhance operating efficiencies and strengthen our business to achieve long-term profitable growth. The majority of restructuring charges associated with the EIP were recorded in 2010. During 2013 and pursuant to the EIP, management approved a plan to sell or otherwise dispose of all of the remaining consolidated real estate investments in our real estate investment business, as well as certain assets in our Construction Materials segment. These actions resulted in restructuring charges of $49.0 million in 2013, including amounts attributable to non-controlling interests of $3.9 million. The carrying values of the impaired assets were adjusted to their expected fair values, which were estimated by a variety of factors including, but not limited to, comparative market data, historical sales prices, broker quotes and third-party valuations. Restructuring charges in 2013 associated with our real estate investment business included $31.1 million of non-cash impairment charges related to all of the remaining consolidated real estate assets, including amounts attributable to non-controlling interests of $3.9 million. The impaired assets consisted primarily of our consolidated residential and retail development projects which had a carrying value of $44.6 million prior to the impairment. During 2015, we recorded a restructuring gain of $5.0 million, which includes the amounts attributable to non-controlling interests of $3.3 million, from the sale of the previously impaired consolidated real estate assets. Restructuring charges in 2013 associated with the Company’s Construction Materials segment resulted in $14.7 million of non- cash impairment charges related to non-performing quarry assets which had an aggregate carrying value of $17.1 million prior to the impairment. In connection with the impairment of these quarry assets, we recorded lease termination charges of $3.2 million. In 2014, we recorded a $1.3 million restructuring gain resulting from our release from lease obligations. During 2015, we recorded a $1.0 million restructuring gain from the sale of a previously impaired quarry asset. We concluded the majority of our 2010 EIP during 2013. As the impaired assets are sold, we may recognize additional restructuring charges or gains; however, we do not expect these charges or gains to be material. F-26 GRANITE CONSTRUCTION INCORPORATED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) Separate from the EIP but related to our process of continually optimizing our assets, we identified a quarry asset within our Construction Materials segment that no longer had strategic value to our vertically integrated business. Therefore, during 2013, management approved a plan to sell or otherwise dispose of this asset. We determined that the asset’s carrying value was not recoverable and recorded a $3.2 million non-cash impairment charge in 2013. In 2014, this asset was sold, resulting in a $1.3 million restructuring impairment gain. 12. Long-Term Debt and Credit Arrangements (in thousands): December 31, Senior notes payable Credit Agreement loan Mortgages payable Other notes payable Total debt Less current maturities Total long-term debt 2015 2014 $ $ 160,000 $ 100,000 — 105 260,105 15,024 245,081 $ 200,000 70,000 6,742 126 276,868 1,247 275,621 The aggregate minimum principal maturities of long-term debt for each of the five years following December 31, 2015, after considering our intent and ability to pay $30.0 million of the 2016 installment of the 2019 Notes (defined below) using another source of financing as disclosed below, are as follows: 2016 - $15.0 million; 2017 - $45.0 million; 2018 - $46.3 million; 2019 - $50.0 million; and 2020 - $103.8 million. Senior Notes Payable As of December 31, 2015, senior notes payable in the amount of $160.0 million are due to a group of institutional holders in four remaining equal installments from 2016 through 2019 and bear interest at 6.11% per annum (“2019 Notes”). Of the $40.0 million due for the 2016 installment of the 2019 Notes, $30.0 million is included in long-term debt on the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2015 as we have the ability and intent to pay this installment using borrowings under the Credit Agreement (defined below) or by obtaining other sources of financing. In March 2014, we entered into an interest rate swap designed to convert the interest rate from a fixed rate of 6.11% to a floating rate of 4.15% plus six-month LIBOR (see Note 4 for details). Our obligations under the note purchase agreement governing the 2019 Notes (the “2019 NPA”) are guaranteed by certain of our subsidiaries and are collateralized on an equivalent basis with the Credit Agreement discussed below by liens on substantially all of the assets of the Company and subsidiaries that are guarantors or borrowers under the amended and restated credit facility. The 2019 NPA provides for the release of liens and re-pledge of collateral on substantially the same terms and conditions as those set forth in the amended and restated credit facility. Credit Agreement Granite entered into the Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated October 28, 2015 (the “Credit Agreement”). The Credit Agreement provides for, among other things, (i) an increase in the total committed credit facility amount to $300.0 million from $215.0 million, of which $200.0 million is a revolving credit facility and $100.0 million is a term loan ($70.0 million of which was drawn on October 28, 2015 and $30.0 million of which was drawn on December 12, 2015), and (ii) a revised maturity date of October 28, 2020 (the “Maturity Date”). There was no change in the aggregate sublimit for letters of credit of $100.0 million nor was there any significant change to the affirmative, restrictive or financial covenant terms. Of the $100.0 million term loan, 1.25% of the principal balance is due in eleven quarterly installments beginning in March 2016, 2.50% of the principal balance is due in eight quarterly installments beginning in December 2018 and the remaining balance is due on the Maturity Date. As of December 31, 2015, $95.0 million of the $100.0 million term loan was included in long-term debt and the remaining $5.0 million was included in current maturities of long-term debt on the consolidated balance sheets. As of December 31, 2015, the total stated amount of all issued and outstanding letters of credit was $19.1 million. The total unused availability under the Credit Agreement was $181.0 million. The letters of credit will expire between March 2016 and December 2019. F-27 GRANITE CONSTRUCTION INCORPORATED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) Borrowings under the Credit Agreement bear interest at LIBOR or a base rate (at our option), plus an applicable margin based on certain financial ratios calculated quarterly. LIBOR varies based on the applicable loan term, market conditions and other external factors. The applicable margin was 1.75% for loans bearing interest based on LIBOR and 0.75% for loans bearing interest at the base rate at December 31, 2015. Accordingly, the effective interest rate using three-month LIBOR and base rate was 2.36% and 4.25%, respectively, at December 31, 2015 and we elected to use LIBOR. In January 2016, we entered into an interest rate swap to convert the interest rate on borrowings under the Credit Agreement from a variable rate interest of LIBOR plus an applicable margin to a fixed rate of 1.47% plus the same applicable margin (see Note 4 for details). Borrowings at the base rate have no designated term and may be repaid without penalty any time prior to the Maturity Date. Borrowings bearing interest at a LIBOR rate have a term no less than one month and no greater than six months (or such longer period not to exceed 12 months if approved by all lenders). At the end of each term, such borrowings can be paid or continued at our discretion as either a borrowing at the base rate or a borrowing at a LIBOR rate with similar terms. Our obligations under the Credit Agreement are guaranteed by certain of our subsidiaries and are collateralized on an equivalent basis with the obligations under the 2019 Notes (defined above) by first priority liens (subject only to other permitted liens) on substantially all of the assets of the Company and our subsidiaries that are guarantors or borrowers under the Credit Agreement. The Credit Agreement provides for the release of the liens securing the obligations at our option and expense, so long as certain conditions as defined by the terms in the Credit Agreement are satisfied (“Collateral Release Period”). However, if subsequent to exercising the option, our Consolidated Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio is less than 1.25 or our Consolidated Leverage Ratio is greater than 2.50, then we would be required to promptly re-pledge substantially all of the assets of the Company and our subsidiaries that are guarantors or borrowers under the Credit Agreement. As of December 31, 2015, the conditions for the exercise of our right under Credit Agreement to have liens released were not satisfied. Real Estate Indebtedness Our unconsolidated real estate held for development and sale is subject to mortgage indebtedness. This indebtedness is non- recourse to Granite, but is recourse to the real estate entity. The terms of this indebtedness are typically renegotiated to reflect the evolving nature of the real estate project as it progresses through acquisition, entitlement and development. Modification of these terms may include changes in loan-to-value ratios requiring the real estate entity to repay portions of the debt. The debt associated with our unconsolidated real estate ventures is disclosed in Note 7. Covenants and Events of Default Our debt and credit agreements require us to comply with various affirmative, restrictive and financial covenants, including the financial covenants described below. Our failure to comply with any of these covenants, or to pay principal, interest or other amounts when due thereunder, would constitute an event of default under the applicable agreements. Under certain circumstances, the occurrence of an event of default under one of our debt or credit agreements (or the acceleration of the maturity of the indebtedness under one of our agreements) may constitute an event of default under one or more of our other debt or credit agreements. Default under our debt and credit agreements could result in (i) us no longer being entitled to borrow under the agreements; (ii) termination of the agreements; (iii) the requirement that any letters of credit under the agreements be cash collateralized; (iv) acceleration of the maturity of outstanding indebtedness under the agreements and/or (v) foreclosure on any collateral securing the obligations under the agreements. The most significant financial covenants under the terms of our amended and restated credit facility and 2019 NPA require the maintenance of a minimum Consolidated Tangible Net Worth, a minimum Consolidated Interest Coverage Ratio and a maximum Consolidated Leverage Ratio. As of December 31, 2015 and pursuant to the definitions in the agreements, our Consolidated Tangible Net Worth was $822.8 million, which exceeded the minimum of $659.6 million, our Consolidated Leverage Ratio was 1.83 which did not exceed the maximum of 3.00 and our Consolidated Interest Coverage Ratio was 10.05 which exceeded the minimum of 4.00. As of December 31, 2015, we were in compliance with all covenants contained in the Credit Agreement and 2019 NPA, as amended, and the debt agreements related to our consolidated real estate entity. We are not aware of any non-compliance by any of our unconsolidated real estate entities with the covenants contained in their debt agreements. F-28 GRANITE CONSTRUCTION INCORPORATED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) 13. Employee Benefit Plans Profit Sharing and 401(k) Plan: The Profit Sharing and 401(k) Plan (the “401(k) Plan”) is a defined contribution plan covering all employees except employees covered by collective bargaining agreements and employees of our consolidated construction joint ventures. Each employee’s combined before-tax and Roth 401(k) after- tax contributions cannot exceed 50% of their eligible pay or the 2015 IRS annual contribution limit of $18,000. Our 401(k) matching contributions can be up to 6% of an employee’s gross pay and are available at the discretion of the Board of Directors. Profit sharing contributions from the Company may be made to the 401(k) Plan in an amount determined by the Board of Directors. We made no profit sharing contributions during the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013. Our 401(k) matching contributions to the 401(k) Plan for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 were $5.4 million, $5.0 million and $4.1 million, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2013, eligible Kenny employees that had at least 1,000 hours of service as of March 1, 2013 and were actively employed on March 28, 2013 received a one-time profit sharing contribution of approximately $0.1 million in total, which was equivalent to the Company match during the period they were unable to contribute to the Plan. Non-Qualified Deferred Compensation Plan: We offer a Non-Qualified Deferred Compensation Plan (“NQDC Plan”) to a select group of our highly compensated employees. The NQDC Plan provides participants the opportunity to defer payment of certain compensation as defined in the NQDC Plan. In October 2008, a Rabbi Trust was established to fund our NQDC Plan obligation and was fully funded as of December 31, 2015. The assets held by the Rabbi Trust at December 31, 2015 and 2014 are substantially in the form of Company-owned life insurance and are included in other noncurrent assets on the consolidated balance sheets. As of December 31, 2015, there were 52 active participants in the NQDC Plan. NQDC Plan obligations were $19.7 million and $21.7 million as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. F-29 GRANITE CONSTRUCTION INCORPORATED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) Multi-employer Pension Plans: Four of our wholly-owned subsidiaries, Granite Construction Company, Granite Construction Northeast, Inc., Granite Industrial, Inc., and Kenny Construction Company contribute to various multi-employer pension plans on behalf of union employees. The risks of participating in these multiemployer plans are different from single-employer plans in the following aspects: • Assets contributed to the multi-employer plan by one employer may be used to provide benefits to employees of other • • participating employers. If a participating employer stops contributing to the plan, the unfunded obligations of the plan may be borne by the remaining participating employers. If we chose to stop participating in some of the multi-employer plans, we may be required to pay those plans an amount based on the underfunded status of the plan, referred to as a withdrawal liability. The following table presents our participation in these plans (dollars in thousands): Pension Plan Employer Identification Number 91-6028571 Pension Protection Act (“PPA”) Certified Zone Status1 2015 Green 2014 Green FIP / RP Status Pending / Implemented2 No 95-6032478 Red Red 94-6090764 Red Red Yes Yes Contributions 2015 2014 $ 3,000 $ 3,043 $ 3,260 2013 Surcharge Imposed No Expiration Date of Collective Bargaining Agreement3 02/28/2016 12/31/2016 5/31/2018 3,647 3,001 2,768 No 6/30/2016 9,070 9,590 8,193 No 94-6277608 Yellow Yellow Yes 2,403 2,682 2,500 No 36-2514514 Green Green No 1,919 2,230 1,608 No 5/31/2017 8,520 8,876 8,836 Total Contributions: $ 28,559 $ 29,422 $ 27,165 1The most recent PPA zone status available in 2015 and 2014 is for the plan’s year-end during 2014 and 2013, respectively. The zone status is based on information that we received from the plan and is certified by the plan’s actuary. Among other factors, plans in the red zone are generally less than 65 percent funded, plans in the orange zone are less than 80 percent funded and have an Accumulated Funding Deficiency in the current year or projected into the next six years, plans in the yellow zone are less than 80 percent funded, and plans in the green zone are at least 80 percent funded. 2The “FIP/RP Status Pending/Implemented” column indicates plans for which a financial improvement plan (“FIP”) or a rehabilitation plan (“RP”) is either pending or has been implemented. 3Lists the expiration date(s) of the collective-bargaining agreement(s) to which the plans are subject. Pension trust funds with a range of expiration dates have various collective bargaining agreements. We currently have no intention of withdrawing from any of the multi-employer pension plans in which we participate that would result in a significant withdrawal liability. F-30 Pension Trust Fund Locals 302 and 612 IUOE-Employers Construction Industry Retirement Plan Operating Engineers Pension Trust Fund Pension Trust Fund for Operating Engineers Pension Plan Laborers Pension Trust Fund for Northern California Laborers Pension Fund All other funds (34 as of December 31, 2015) 6/15/2016 6/30/2016 9/30/2016 5/15/2017 6/30/2017 1/31/2018 6/15/2020 6/30/2019 GRANITE CONSTRUCTION INCORPORATED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) 14. Shareholders’ Equity Stock-based Compensation: The 2012 Equity Incentive Plan provides for the issuance of restricted stock, restricted stock units (“RSUs”) and stock options to eligible employees and to members of our Board of Directors. A total of 2,020,983 shares of our common stock have been reserved for issuance of which 1,527,295 remained available as of December 31, 2015. Stock Options: In 2015 and 2014, no stock options were granted. As of December 31, 2015, there were 11,379 stock options outstanding all of which were fully vested as of June 30, 2013. Restricted Stock Units and Restricted Stock: RSUs and restricted stock are issued for services to be rendered and may not be sold, transferred or pledged for such a period as determined by our Compensation Committee. RSU and restricted stock compensation cost is measured at our common stock’s fair value based on the market price at the date of grant. We recognize compensation cost only for RSUs and restricted stock that we estimate will ultimately vest. We estimate the number of shares that will ultimately vest at each grant date based on our historical experience and adjust compensation cost based on changes in those estimates over time. RSU and restricted stock compensation cost is recognized ratably over the shorter of the vesting period (generally three years) or the period from grant date to the first maturity date after the holder reaches age 62 and has completed certain specified years of service, when all restricted stock becomes fully vested. Vesting of restricted stock is not subject to any market or performance conditions and vesting provisions are at the discretion of the Compensation Committee. An employee may not sell or otherwise transfer unvested units or stock and, in the event employment is terminated prior to the end of the vesting period, any unvested units or stock are surrendered to us. We have no obligation to purchase these restricted stock units or restricted stock that are surrendered to us. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014 there was no restricted stock outstanding as all outstanding shares had either been forfeited or vested. Compensation cost related to restricted stock was $0.5 million ($0.3 million net of effective tax rate) for the year ended December 31, 2013. The grant date fair value of restricted stock vested during the year ended December 31, 2013 was $5.1 million. A summary of the changes in our RSUs during the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 is as follows (shares in thousands): Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 Outstanding, beginning balance Granted Vested Forfeited Outstanding, ending balance Weighted- Average Grant-Date Fair Value per RSU RSUs Weighted- Average Grant-Date Fair Value per RSU RSUs 565 $ 228 (300) (42) 451 $ 31.38 33.40 31.50 33.38 32.73 769 $ 212 (365) (51) 565 $ 29.49 37.94 30.15 31.97 31.38 Weighted- Average Grant-Date Fair Value per RSU 27.74 31.12 28.52 29.97 29.49 RSUs 665 $ 506 (337) (65) 769 $ Compensation cost related to RSUs was $8.8 million ($5.8 million net of effective tax rate), $11.2 million ($7.2 million net of effective tax rate), and $13.0 million ($9.1 million net of effective tax rate) for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. The grant date fair value of RSUs vested during the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 was $10.3 million, $11.7 million and $9.6 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2015, there was $6.5 million of unrecognized compensation cost related to RSUs which will be recognized over a remaining weighted-average period of 1.2 years. F-31 GRANITE CONSTRUCTION INCORPORATED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) 401(k) Plan: As of December 31, 2015, the 401(k) Plan owned 1,909,311 shares of our common stock. Dividends on shares held by the 401(k) Plan are charged to retained earnings and all shares held by the 401(k) Plan are treated as outstanding in computing our earnings per share. Employee Stock Purchase Plan: Our ESPP allows qualifying employees to purchase shares of our common stock through payroll deductions of up to 15% of their compensation, subject to Internal Revenue Code limitations, at a price of 95% of the fair market value as of the end of each of the six-month offering periods, which commence on May 15 and November 15 of each year. During the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, proceeds from the ESPP were $0.8 million, $0.7 million and $0.7 million for 22,567, 21,433 and 23,557 shares, respectively. Share Purchase Program: On October 24, 2007, we announced that our Board of Directors authorized us to purchase up to $200.0 million of our common stock at management’s discretion. At December 31, 2015, $64.1 million remained available under this authorization. We did not purchase shares under the share purchase program in any of the periods presented. The specific timing and amount of any future purchases will vary based on market conditions, securities law limitations and other factors. Purchases under the share purchase program may be commenced, suspended or discontinued at any time and from time to time without prior notice. 15. Weighted Average Shares Outstanding and Net Income (Loss) Per Share The following table presents a reconciliation of the weighted average shares outstanding used in calculating basic and diluted net income (loss) per share as well as the calculation of basic and diluted net income (loss) per share (in thousands except per share amounts): Years Ended December 31, Numerator (basic and diluted): Net income (loss) allocated to common shareholders for basic calculation 2015 2014 2013 $ 60,485 $ 25,346 $ (36,423) Denominator: Weighted average common shares outstanding, basic Dilutive effect of stock options and restricted stock units1 Weighted average common shares outstanding, diluted Net income (loss) per share, basic Net income (loss) per share, diluted 39,337 531 39,868 1.54 1.52 $ $ 39,096 699 39,795 0.65 0.64 $ $ 38,803 — 38,803 (0.94) (0.94) $ $ 1Due to the net loss for the year ended December 31, 2013, restricted stock units and common stock options representing approximately 862,000 have been excluded from the number of shares used in calculating diluted net loss per share, as their inclusion would be antidilutive. F-32 GRANITE CONSTRUCTION INCORPORATED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) 16. Income Taxes Following is a summary of the provision for (benefit from) income taxes (in thousands): Years Ended December 31, Federal: Current Deferred Total federal State: Current Deferred Total state 2015 2014 2013 $ 4,810 $ 2,529 $ 25,955 30,765 11,142 13,671 1,914 2,500 4,414 35,179 $ 1,897 4,153 6,050 19,721 $ (1,298) (18,606) (19,904) 1,592 (951) 641 (19,263) Total provision for (benefit from) income taxes $ Following is a reconciliation of our provision for (benefit from) income taxes from the Federal statutory tax rate to our effective tax rate (dollars in thousands): Years Ended December 31, Federal statutory tax State taxes, net of federal tax benefit Percentage depletion deduction Domestic production deduction Non-controlling interests Nondeductible expenses Other Total $ $ 2015 2014 2013 35,165 3,769 (1,444) (306) (2,639) 219 415 35,179 34.0% $ 3.6 (1.4) (0.3) (2.6) 0.2 0.5 34.0% $ 19,459 5,420 (1,217) (2) (3,686) 275 (528) 19,721 35.0% $ 9.7 (2.2) — (6.6) 0.5 (0.9) 35.5% $ (22,411) 101 (787) (27) 2,920 2,384 (1,443) (19,263) 35.0% (0.2) 1.2 0.1 (4.6) (3.7) 2.3 30.1% Following is a summary of the deferred tax assets and liabilities (in thousands): December 31, Long-term deferred tax assets: Receivables Inventory Insurance Deferred compensation Other accrued liabilities Contract income recognition Impairments on real estate investments Accrued compensation Other Net operating loss carryforwards Valuation allowance Total long-term deferred tax assets Long-term deferred tax liabilities: Property and equipment Contract income recognition Total long-term deferred tax liabilities Net long-term deferred tax assets 2015 2014 $ 332 $ 2,710 10,427 11,139 3,405 — 485 12,639 2,925 648 (641) 44,069 30,285 9,455 39,740 $ 4,329 $ 306 3,579 11,534 12,479 4,801 5,592 11,329 7,524 2,107 8,665 (1,185) 66,731 33,946 — 33,946 32,785 As of December 31, 2015, our deferred tax asset for net operating loss carryforwards relates to state and local net operating loss carryforwards which expire beginning in 2026. We have provided a valuation allowance on the net deferred tax assets for certain state and local jurisdictions because we do not believe it is more likely than not that they will be realized. F-33 GRANITE CONSTRUCTION INCORPORATED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) The following is a summary of the change in valuation allowance (in thousands): December 31, Beginning balance Deductions, net Ending balance 2015 2014 2013 $ $ 1,185 $ (544) 641 $ 3,731 $ (2,546) 1,185 $ 5,242 (1,511) 3,731 The deductions to the valuation allowance are related to the revaluation of our net deferred tax asset related to various state and local jurisdictions during the year ended December 31, 2015. Additions to the valuation allowance are immaterial for the year ended December 31, 2015. Uncertain tax positions: We file income tax returns in the U.S. and various state and local jurisdictions. We are currently under examination by various state taxing authorities for various tax years. We do not anticipate that any of these audits will result in a material change in our financial position. We are no longer subject to U.S. federal examinations by tax authorities for years before 2011. With few exceptions, as of December 31, 2015, we are no longer subject to state examinations by taxing authorities for years before 2010. We had approximately $1.6 million and $0.9 million of total gross unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. There were approximately $1.3 million and $0.5 million of unrecognized tax benefits that would affect the effective tax rate in any future period at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. We do not anticipate a significant increase or decrease in our unrecognized tax benefits that will impact our effective tax rate in 2016. The following is a tabular reconciliation of unrecognized tax benefits (in thousands), the balance of which is included in other long-term liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets: December 31, Beginning balance Gross increases – current period tax positions Gross decreases – current period tax positions Gross increases – prior period tax positions Gross decreases – prior period tax positions Settlements with taxing authorities/lapse of statute of limitations Ending balance 2015 2014 2013 $ $ 887 $ 1,006 (156) — — (159) 1,578 $ 2,231 $ — (282) — (2) (1,060) 887 $ 2,315 363 (638) 508 (2) (315) 2,231 We record interest on uncertain tax positions as interest expense in our consolidated statements of operations. During the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, we recognized approximately $0.1 million of interest income, $0.9 million of interest income and $0.1 million of interest expense, respectively. Approximately $0.1 million and $0.2 million of accrued interest were included in our uncertain tax position liability in our consolidated balance sheets at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. 17. Commitments, Contingencies and Guarantees Leases: Minimum rental commitments and minimum royalty requirements under all noncancellable operating leases, primarily quarry property, in effect at December 31, 2015 were (in thousands): Years Ending December 31, 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Later years (through 2040) Total $ $ 11,141 7,277 5,883 3,590 2,735 11,431 42,057 Operating lease rental expense was $11.3 million, $10.6 million and $11.4 million in 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. F-34 GRANITE CONSTRUCTION INCORPORATED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) Performance Guarantees We participate in various joint ventures and line item joint ventures under which each partner is responsible for performing certain discrete items of the total scope of contracted work. See Note 1, Note 6 and Note 10 for further details. Surety Bonds We are generally required to provide various types of surety bonds that provide an additional measure of security under certain public and private sector contracts. At December 31, 2015, $2.7 billion of our contract backlog was bonded. Performance bonds do not have stated expiration dates; rather, we are generally released from the bonds after the owner accepts the work performed under contract. The ability to maintain bonding capacity to support our current and future level of contracting requires that we maintain cash and working capital balances satisfactory to our sureties. 18. Legal Proceedings In the ordinary course of business, we and our affiliates are involved in various legal proceedings alleging, among other things, public liability issues or breach of contract or tortious conduct in connection with the performance of services and/or materials provided, the various outcomes of which cannot be predicted with certainty. We and our affiliates are also subject to government inquiries in the ordinary course of business seeking information concerning our compliance with government construction contracting requirements and various laws and regulations, the outcomes of which cannot be predicted with certainty. Some of the matters in which we or our joint ventures and affiliates are involved may involve compensatory, punitive, or other claims or sanctions that, if granted, could require us to pay damages or make other expenditures in amounts that are not probable to be incurred or cannot currently be reasonably estimated. In addition, in some circumstances our government contracts could be terminated, we could be suspended, debarred or incur other administrative penalties or sanctions, or payment of our costs could be disallowed. While any of our pending legal proceedings may be subject to early resolution as a result of our ongoing efforts to settle, whether or when any legal proceeding will be resolved through settlement is neither predictable nor guaranteed. Accordingly, it is possible that future developments in such proceedings and inquiries could require us to (i) adjust existing accruals, or (ii) record new accruals that we did not originally believe to be probable or that could not be reasonably estimated. Such changes could be material to our financial condition, results of operations and/or cash flows in any particular reporting period. In addition to matters that are considered probable for which the loss can be reasonably estimated, we also disclose certain matters where the loss is considered reasonably possible and is reasonably estimable. Liabilities relating to legal proceedings and government inquiries, to the extent that we have concluded such liabilities are probable and the amounts of such liabilities are reasonably estimable, are recorded on the consolidated balance sheets. The aggregate liabilities recorded as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 related to these matters were approximately $5.2 million and $9.7 million, respectively, and were primarily included in accrued expenses and other current liabilities. The aggregate range of possible loss related to (i) matters considered reasonably possible, and (ii) reasonably possible amounts in excess of accrued losses recorded for probable loss contingencies, was immaterial as of December 31, 2015. Our view as to such matters could change in future periods. Investigation Related to Grand Avenue Project Disadvantaged Business Enterprise (“DBE”) Issues: On March 6, 2009, the U.S. Department of Transportation, Office of Inspector General served upon our wholly-owned subsidiary, Granite Construction Northeast, Inc. (“Granite Northeast”), a United States District Court, Eastern District of New York Grand Jury subpoena to produce documents. The subpoena sought all documents pertaining to the use of a DBE firm (the “Subcontractor”), and the Subcontractor’s use of a non-DBE subcontractor/consultant, on the Grand Avenue Bus Depot and Central Maintenance Facility for the Borough of Queens Project (the “Grand Avenue Project”), a Granite Northeast project, that began in 2004 and was substantially complete in 2008. The subpoena also sought any documents regarding the use of the Subcontractor as a DBE on any other projects and any other documents related to the Subcontractor or to the subcontractor/consultant. Granite Northeast produced the requested documents, together with other requested information. Subsequently, Granite Northeast was informed by the Department of Justice (“DOJ”) that it was a subject of an investigation, along with others, and that the DOJ believed that Granite Northeast’s claim of DBE credit for the Subcontractor was improper. In addition to the documents produced in response to the Grand Jury subpoena, Granite Northeast provided the requested information to the DOJ, along with other federal and state agencies (collectively the “Agencies”), concerning other DBE entities for which Granite Northeast historically claimed DBE credit. The matter was settled with the Agencies on November 24, 2015. Granite, Granite Northeast and the DOJ entered into a Non-Prosecution Agreement where Granite Northeast agreed to make payments totaling $8.25 million. A total of $3.5 million was paid in 2015 ($2.5 million to the DOJ, and $1.0 million to the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (“MTA”)). A final payment totaling $4.75 million will be made to the DOJ in 2016 (none to MTA in 2016) is included in accrued and other current liabilities on our consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2015. The Non-Prosecution Agreement contains certain ongoing compliance requirements for Granite and failure to comply with these terms could lead to civil or criminal remedies. F-35 GRANITE CONSTRUCTION INCORPORATED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) 19. Business Segment Information Our reportable segments are: Construction, Large Project Construction and Construction Materials. The Construction segment performs various construction projects with a large portion of the work focused on new construction and improvement of streets, roads, highways, bridges, site work, underground, power-related facilities, utilities and other infrastructure projects. These projects are typically bid-build projects completed within two years with a contract value of less than $75 million. The Large Project Construction segment focuses on large, complex infrastructure projects which typically have a longer duration than our Construction segment work. These projects include major highways, mass transit facilities, bridges, tunnels, waterway locks and dams, pipelines, canals, power-related facilities, utilities and airport infrastructure. This segment primarily includes bid- build, design-build, construction management/general contractor contracts, together with various contract methods relating to Public Private Partnerships, generally with contract values in excess of $75 million. The Construction Materials segment mines and processes aggregates and operates plants that produce construction materials for internal use and for sale to third parties. In addition, the Construction Materials segment includes real estate investment activity that was not material for any of the periods presented. The accounting policies of the segments are the same as those described in the Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (see Note 1). We evaluate segment performance based on gross profit or loss, and do not include selling, general and administrative expenses or non-operating income or expense. Segment assets include property and equipment, intangibles, goodwill, inventory and equity in construction joint ventures. F-36 GRANITE CONSTRUCTION INCORPORATED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) Summarized segment information is as follows (in thousands): Years Ended December 31, 2015 Total revenue from reportable segments Elimination of intersegment revenue Revenue from external customers Gross profit Depreciation, depletion and amortization Segment assets 2014 Total revenue from reportable segments Elimination of intersegment revenue Revenue from external customers Gross profit Depreciation, depletion and amortization Segment assets 2013 Total revenue from reportable segments Elimination of intersegment revenue Revenue from external customers Gross profit Depreciation, depletion and amortization Segment assets Construction Large Project Construction Construction Materials Total $ $ $ $ $ $ 1,262,675 — 1,262,675 190,190 20,117 139,399 1,186,445 — 1,186,445 115,037 19,141 149,018 1,251,197 — 1,251,197 102,292 26,228 148,459 $ $ $ 812,720 — 812,720 80,012 10,343 274,975 825,044 — 825,044 107,662 16,197 248,464 777,811 — 777,811 67,457 11,679 222,584 $ $ $ 432,284 (136,650) 295,634 33,156 22,389 288,900 385,392 (121,611) 263,781 19,548 21,976 307,229 372,282 (134,389) 237,893 7,428 22,945 326,056 2,507,679 (136,650) 2,371,029 303,358 52,849 703,274 2,396,881 (121,611) 2,275,270 242,247 57,314 704,711 2,401,290 (134,389) 2,266,901 177,177 60,852 697,099 A reconciliation of segment gross profit to consolidated income (loss) before provision for (benefit from) income taxes is as follows (in thousands): Years Ended December 31, Total gross profit from reportable segments Selling, general and administrative expenses Restructuring and impairment (gains) charges, net Gain on sales of property and equipment Other expense, net Income (loss) before provision for (benefit from) income taxes 2015 2014 2013 $ $ 303,358 207,339 (6,003) (8,286) 6,881 103,427 $ $ 242,247 195,762 (2,643) (15,972) 9,503 55,597 $ $ 177,177 191,860 52,139 (12,130) 9,337 (64,029) A reconciliation of segment assets to consolidated total assets is as follows (in thousands): December 31, Total assets for reportable segments Assets not allocated to segments: Cash and cash equivalents Short-term and long-term marketable securities Receivables, net Deferred income taxes Other current assets Property and equipment, net Other noncurrent assets Consolidated total assets 2015 2014 2013 $ 703,274 $ 704,711 $ 697,099 252,836 105,695 340,822 4,329 85,779 36,721 98,404 1,627,860 $ 255,961 102,067 310,934 32,785 60,615 45,188 87,787 1,600,048 $ 229,121 117,202 313,598 48,081 65,674 54,330 84,257 1,609,362 $ F-37 Quarterly Financial Data The following table sets forth selected unaudited quarterly financial information for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014. This information has been prepared on the same basis as the audited consolidated financial statements and, in the opinion of management, contains all adjustments necessary for a fair statement thereof. Net income (loss) per share calculations are based on the weighted average common shares outstanding for each period presented. Accordingly, the sum of the quarterly net income (loss) per share amounts may not equal the per share amount reported for the year. QUARTERLY FINANCIAL DATA (unaudited - dollars in thousands, except per share data) 2015 Quarters Ended Revenue Gross profit1 As a percent of revenue Net income (loss)3 As a percent of revenue Net income (loss) attributable to Granite As a percent of revenue Net income (loss) per share attributable to common shareholders: Basic Diluted 2014 Quarters Ended Revenue Gross profit2 As a percent of revenue Net income (loss)3 As a percent of revenue Net income (loss) attributable to Granite As a percent of revenue Net income (loss) per share attributable to common shareholders: Basic Diluted December 31, September 30, 751,376 $ $ 96,253 630,162 102,008 16.2% 35,139 5.6% 28,673 4.6% 0.73 0.72 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 12.8% 32,180 4.3% 30,759 4.1% 0.78 0.77 December 31, September 30, 719,764 $ $ 66,292 589,789 73,726 12.5% 20,825 3.5% 16,976 2.9% 0.43 0.43 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 9.3% 14,105 2.0% 15,282 2.1% 0.39 0.38 June 30, 569,242 65,045 11.4% 9,539 1.7% 9,613 1.7% 0.24 0.24 June 30, 585,870 80,729 14.1% 22,207 3.8% 13,641 2.3% 0.35 0.34 March 31, 420,249 40,052 9.5 % (8,610) (2.0)% (8,560) (2.0)% (0.22) (0.22) March 31, 379,847 21,499 5.6 % (21,261) (5.6)% (20,553) (5.4)% (0.53) (0.53) $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 1Gross profit is approximately $4.6 million, $0.8 million and $0.1 million lower than the amounts previously reported in our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q for the quarterly periods ended September 30, June 30 and March 31 2015 of $100.9 million, $65.8 million and $40.1 million, respectively, due to net reclassifications from selling, general and administration expenses to cost of revenue primarily related to (i) incentive compensation and (ii) sales personnel payroll and related expenses. See Note 1 of “Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements” and “Gross Profit” and “Selling, General and Administrative Expenses” under “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” for additional information. 2 Gross profit is approximately $6.1 million lower than the amount previously reported in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the quarterly period ended December 31, 2014 of $79.8 million due to the reclassifications referred to 1 above. Gross profit is approximately $0.4 million and $1.7 million lower, and is approximately $0.1 million higher than the amounts previously reported in our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q for the quarterly periods ended September 30, June 30 and March 31 2014 of $66.7 million, $82.4 million and $21.4 million, respectively, due to the reclassifications referred to 1 above. 3During the fourth quarter of 2015, we recorded $1.0 million of restructuring gains resulting from the sale of previously impaired non-performing quarry sites and a restructuring gain of $5.0 million, which includes the amounts attributable to non-controlling interests of $3.3 million, associated with the sale of a previously impaired consolidated real estate investment. In the fourth quarter of 2014, we were released from the lease obligation related to the lease termination in 2013 and recorded a $1.3 million restructuring gain. Also, in the fourth quarter of 2014, we sold an asset which we had previously impaired resulting in a $1.3 million impairment gain. F-38 SIGNATURES Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. GRANITE CONSTRUCTION INCORPORATED By: /s/ Laurel J. Krzeminski Laurel J. Krzeminski Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) Date: February 25, 2016 Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below on February 25, 2016, by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant in the capacities indicated. /s/ James H. Roberts James H. Roberts, President and Chief Executive Officer /s/ William H. Powell William H. Powell, Chairman of the Board and Director /s/ Claes G. Bjork Claes G. Bjork, Director /s/ James W. Bradford, Jr. James W. Bradford, Jr., Director /s/ Gary M. Cusumano Gary M. Cusumano, Director /s/ William G. Dorey William G. Dorey, Director /s/ David H. Kelsey David H. Kelsey, Director /s/ Michael F. McNally Michael F. McNally, Director /s/ Gaddi H. Vasquez Gaddi H. Vasquez, Director SCHEDULE II GRANITE CONSTRUCTION INCORPORATED SCHEDULE OF VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS (in thousands) Description Year Ended December 31, 2015 Allowance for doubtful accounts Year Ended December 31, 2014 Allowance for doubtful accounts Year Ended December 31, 2013 Allowance for doubtful accounts Balance at Beginning of Year Charged to Expenses or Other Accounts, Net Deductions and Adjustments1 Balance at End of Year $ $ $ 291 $ 547 $ (474) $ 2,513 $ 97 $ (2,319) $ 364 291 2,749 $ 944 $ (1,180) $ 2,513 1 Deductions and adjustments for the allowances primarily relate to accounts written off. S-1  INDEX TO 10-K EXHIBITS Exhibit No. Exhibit Description 2.1 3.1 3.2 10.1 10.2 10.2.a 10.3 10.3.a 10.4 10.5 10.6 * Stock Purchase Agreement, dated December 28, 2012, by and between Granite Construction Incorporated and Kenny Industries, Inc. [Exhibit 2.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed on January 4, 2013] * Certificate of Incorporation of Granite Construction Incorporated, as amended [Exhibit 3.1.b to the Company’s Form 10-Q for quarter ended June 30, 2006] * * ** * ** * ** * * * * * Amended Bylaws of Granite Construction Incorporated [Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed on November 15, 2011] Key Management Deferred Compensation Plan II, as amended and restated [Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Form 10-Q for quarter ended March 31, 2010] Granite Construction Incorporated Amended and Restated 1999 Equity Incentive Plan as Amended and Restated [Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Form 10-Q for quarter ended June 30, 2009] Amendment No. 1 to the Granite Construction Incorporated Amended and Restated 1999 Equity Incentive Plan [Exhibit 10.2.a to the Company’s Form 10-K for year ended December 31, 2009] Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated October 11, 2012, by and among Granite Construction Incorporated, Granite Construction Company, GILC Incorporated, the lenders party thereto and Bank of America, N.A., as Administrative Agent, Collateral Agent, Swing Line Lender and L/C Issuer. [Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2012] Amended and Restated Security Agreement, dated October 11, 2012, by and among Granite Construction Incorporated, Granite Construction Company, GILC Incorporated, the guarantors party thereto and Bank of America, N.A., as Collateral Agent. [Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed on October 16, 2012] Amended and Restated Securities Pledge Agreement, dated October 11, 2012, by and among Granite Construction Incorporated, Granite Construction Company, GILC Incorporated, the guarantors party thereto and Bank of America, N.A., as Collateral Agent. [Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed on October 16, 2012] Amended and Restated Guaranty Agreement, dated October 11, 2012, by and among Granite Construction Incorporated, the guarantors party thereto and Bank of America, N.A., as Administrative Agent. [Exhibit 10.4 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed on October 16, 2012] Intercreditor and Collateral Agency Agreement, dated October 11, 2012, by and among Granite Construction Incorporated, for itself and on behalf of certain of its subsidiaries, Bank of America, N.A., as Collateral Agent and the secured creditors party thereto. [Exhibit 10.5 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed on October 16, 2012] 10.7 * Note Purchase Agreement between Granite Construction Incorporated and Certain Purchasers dated December 12, 2007 [Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed January 31, 2008] 10.8 10.9 10.11 10.12 10.13 * * * ** * ** * ** First Amendment to the Note Purchase Agreement, dated October 11, 2012, between Granite Construction Incorporated and the holders of the 2019 Notes party thereto. [Exhibit 10.7 to the Company’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2012] Subsidiary Guaranty Agreement from the Subsidiaries of Granite Construction Incorporated as Guarantors of the Guaranty of Notes and Note Agreement and the Guaranty of Payment and Performance dated December 12, 2007 [Exhibit 10.10 to the Company’s Form 10-K for year ended December 31, 2007] Form of Amended and Restated Director and Officer Indemnification Agreement [Exhibit 10.10 to the Company’s Form 10-K for year ended December 31, 2002] Executive Retention and Severance Plan II effective as of March 9, 2011 [Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2011] Form of Restricted Stock Agreement effective March 2010 [Exhibit 10.18 to the Company’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2010] Exhibit No. Exhibit Description 10.14 10.15 10.16 10.17 10.18 10.19 10.20 10.21 10.22 10.23 10.24 10.25 10.26 10.27 18.1 21 23.1 31.1 31.2 32 95 * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * † † * † † † † Form of Non-employee Director Stock Option Agreement as amended and effective April 7, 2006 [Exhibit 10.19 to the Company’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2010] Form of Restricted Stock Units Agreement effective January 1, 2010 [Exhibit 10.20 to the Company’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2010] Form of Non-employee Director Restricted Stock Units Agreement effective January 1, 2010 [Exhibit 10.21 to the Company’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2010] Granite Construction Incorporated Annual Incentive Plan effective January 1, 2010, as amended [Exhibit 10.25 to the Company’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2011] Amendment No. 2 to the Granite Construction Incorporated Annual Incentive Plan effective January 1, 2012 [Exhibit 10.25 to the Company’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2011] Granite Construction Incorporated Long Term Incentive Plan effective January 1, 2010, as amended [Exhibit 10.25 to the Company’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2011] Amendment No. 2 to the Granite Construction Incorporated Long Term Incentive Plan effective January 1, 2012 [Exhibit 10.25 to the Company’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2011] Granite Construction Incorporated 2012 Equity Incentive Plan [Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed on May 25, 2012] Form of Non-Employee Director Restricted Stock Unit Agreement effective May 22, 2012 [Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed on May 25, 2012] Granite Construction Incorporated NEO LTIP Awards Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement (Vesting on Date of Grant) [Exhibit 10.30 to the Company's Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2012] Granite Construction Incorporated NEO LTIP Awards Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement (3 Year Vesting Schedule) [Exhibit 10.31 to the Company's Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2012] Second Amendment to Note Purchase Agreement, dated as of March 3, 2014 [Exhibit 10.32 to the Company's Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2013] Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated October 28, 2015, by and among Granite Construction Incorporated, Granite Construction Company, GILC Incorporated, the lenders party thereto and Bank of America, N.A., as Administrative Agent, Collateral Agent, Swing Line Lender and L/C Issuer Second Amended and Restated Guaranty Agreement, dated October 28, 2015, by and among Granite Construction Incorporated, the guarantors party thereto and Bank of America, N.A., as Administrative Agent Preferability Letter from PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP [Exhibit 18 to the Company's Form 10-Q for quarter ended March 31, 2015] List of Subsidiaries of Granite Construction Incorporated Consent of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 †† Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 † Mine Safety Disclosure 101.INS 101.SCH † † XBRL Instance Document XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Exhibit No. Exhibit Description 101.CAL 101.DEF 101.LAB 101.PRE † † † † XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase * Incorporated by reference ** Compensatory plan or management contract † Filed herewith †† Furnished herewith Through its offices and subsidiaries nationwide, Granite Construction Incorporated (NYSE:GVA) is one of the nation’s largest infrastructure contractors and construction materials producers. Granite specializes in complex infrastructure projects, including transportation, industrial and federal contracting, and is a proven leader in alternative procurement project delivery. Granite is an award-winning firm in safety, quality and environmental stewardship, and has been honored as one of the World’s Most Ethical Companies by Ethisphere Institute for seven consecutive years. Granite is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is part of the S&P MidCap 400 Index, the MSCI KLD 400 Social Index and the Russell 2000 Index. For more information, visit graniteconstruction.com. “We are committed to driving value for our shareholders, customers and employees by living our Core Values and focusing on improved organizational capabilities that provide sustainable top- and bottom-line growth.” - James H. Roberts, President and Chief Executive Officer Pictured on cover: The New NY Bridge takes shape from Rockland County. Photo Credit: New York State Thruway Authority. Corporate Information BOARD OF DIRECTORS OFFICERS ELECTRONIC DEPOSIT OF DIVIDENDS William H. Powell Chairman of the Board Retired Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, National Starch and Chemical Company James H. Roberts President and Chief Executive Officer, Granite Construction Incorporated Claes G. Bjork Retired Chief Executive Officer, Skanska AB, Sweden James W. Bradford, Jr. Retired Dean and Ralph Owen Professor for the Practice of Management, Owen School of Management, Vanderbilt University Gary M. Cusumano Retired Chairman, The Newhall Land and Farming Company William G. Dorey Retired President and Chief Executive Officer, Granite Construction Incorporated David H. Kelsey Retired Chief Financial Officer, Elevance Renewable Sciences, Inc. James H. Roberts President and Chief Executive Officer Christopher S. Miller Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer Laurel J. Krzeminski Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer Philip M. DeCocco Senior Vice President of Human Resources Michael F. Donnino Senior Vice President and Group Manager Martin P. Matheson Senior Vice President and Group Manager James D. Richards Senior Vice President and Group Manager Michael E. Stoecker Senior Vice President and Group Manager Mathew C. Tyler Senior Vice President and Group Manager Michael F. McNally Retired President and Chief Executive Officer, Skanska USA Inc. Richard A. Watts Senior Vice President, General Counsel, Corporate Compliance Officer and Secretary Gaddi H. Vasquez Senior Vice President of Government Affairs, Edison International and Southern California Edison Jigisha Desai Vice President, Treasurer and Assistant Financial Officer ANNUAL MEETING OF SHAREHOLDERS Granite’s Annual Meeting of Shareholders will be held at 10:30 a.m. PDT on June 9, 2016, at the Quail Lodge, 8205 Valley Greens Drive, Carmel, CA 93923. Proxy materials are available on our website at graniteconstruction.com or upon written request to: Investor Relations Granite Construction Incorporated Box 50085 Watsonville, CA 95077-5085 Bradley G. Graham Vice President, Controller and Assistant Financial Officer DIVIDEND POLICY The Company’s Board of Directors has declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.13 per share of common stock payable on April 15, 2016, to shareholders of record as of March 31, 2016. Declaration and payment of dividends are at sole discretion of the Board, subject to limitations imposed by Delaware law, and will depend on the Company’s earnings, capital requirements, financial condition, and other such factors as the Board deems relevant. Registered holders may have their quarterly dividends deposited to their checking or savings account free of charge. Call Computershare at (877) 520-8549 for U.S. residents, or (732) 491-0616 for non-U.S. residents to enroll. FORM 10-K A copy of the company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, which is filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, is available free of charge on our website or upon written request to: Investor Relations Granite Construction Incorporated Box 50085 Watsonville, CA 95077-5085 INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP Three Embarcadero Center San Francisco, CA 94111 REGISTRAR AND TRANSFER AGENT Computershare 250 Royall Street Canton, MA 02021 (877) 520-8549 (U.S.) (732) 491-0616 (non U.S.) COMPANY CONTACT Ronald E. Botoff Director of Investor Relations (831) 728-7532 Ronald.Botoff@gcinc.com CERTIFICATIONS Granite’s Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and Chief Financial Officer have each submitted certifications concerning the accuracy of financial and other information in Granite’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, as required by Section 302(a) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. After our 2016 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, we intend to file with the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) the CEO certification regarding our compliance with the NYSE’s corporate governance listing standards as required by NYSE Rule 303A.12(a). Last year’s certification was filed on July 1, 2015. 304418_GCG_GraniteAR_CVR.indd 4-6 4/15/16 3:31 AM 2015 Annual Report G r a n i t e C o n s t r u c t i o n I n c o r p o r a t e d 2 0 1 5 A n n u a l R e p o r t graniteconstruction.com Printed on recycled paper with soy-based inks. 304418_GCG_GraniteAR_CVR.indd 1-3 4/15/16 3:31 AM BUILDING EXCELLENCE 

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