GSI
Annual Report 2022

Plain-text annual report

Table of Contents UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 FORM 10-K ☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022 or ☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the transition period from to Commission File Number 001-33387 GSI Technology, Inc. (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) Delaware (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) 77-0398779 (IRS Employer Identification No.) 1213 Elko Drive Sunnyvale, California 94089 (Address of principal executive offices, zip code) (408) 331-8800 (Registrant’s telephone number, including area code) Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of Each Class Common Stock, $0.001 par value Trading Symbol(s) Name of Each Exchange on which Registered GSIT The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒ Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Act. (Check one): Large accelerated filer ☐ Accelerated filer ☐ Non-accelerated filer ☒ Smaller reporting company ☒ Emerging growth company ☐ If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒ The aggregate market value of the registrant’s voting stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant, based upon the closing sale price of the common stock on September 30, 2021, as reported on the Nasdaq Global Market, was approximately $98.7 million. Shares of the registrant’s common stock held by each officer and director and each person who owns 10% or more of the outstanding common stock of the registrant have been excluded in that such persons may be deemed to be affiliates. This determination of affiliate status is not necessarily a conclusive determination for other purposes. As of May 31, 2022, there were 24,553,753 shares of the registrant’s common stock issued and outstanding. Portions of the registrant’s definitive proxy statement for its 2022 annual meeting of stockholders are incorporated by reference into Part III DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE hereof. Table of Contents GSI TECHNOLOGY, INC. 2022 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I Item 1. Item 1A. Item 1B. Item 2. Item 3. Item 4. PART II Item 5. Item 6. Item 7. Item 7A. Item 8. Item 9. Item 9A. Item 9B. Item 9C. PART III Item 10. Item 11. Item 12. Item 13. Item 14. PART IV Item 15. Item 16. Business Risk Factors Unresolved Staff Comments Properties Legal Proceedings Mine Safety Disclosures Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Reserved Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure Controls and Procedures Other Information Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance Executive Compensation Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence Principal Accountant Fees and Services Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules Form 10-K Summary SIGNATURES 2 Page 3 16 35 35 35 35 35 35 36 37 47 48 88 88 90 90 91 91 91 91 91 91 92 92 95 96 Table of Contents Forward-looking Statements In addition to historical information, this Annual Report on Form 10-K includes forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). These forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties. Forward-looking statements are identified by words such as “anticipates,” “believes,” “expects,” “intends,” “may,” “will,” and other similar expressions. In addition, any statements which refer to expectations, projections, or other characterizations of future events or circumstances are forward-looking statements. Actual results could differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements as a result of a number of factors, including those set forth in this report under “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and “Risk Factors,” those described elsewhere in this report, and those described in our other reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). We caution you not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date of this report, and we undertake no obligation to update these forward-looking statements after the filing of this report. You are urged to review carefully and consider our various disclosures in this report and in our other reports publicly disclosed or filed with the SEC that attempt to advise you of the risks and factors that may affect our business. Item 1. Business Overview PART I GSI provides in-place associative computing solutions for applications in high growth markets such as artificial intelligence (AI) and high-performance computing (HPC), including natural language processing and computer vision. Our initial associative processing unit (“APU”) products are focused on applications using similarity search. Similarity search is used in visual search queries for ecommerce, computer vision, drug discovery, cyber security and service markets such as NoSQL, Elasticsearch, and OpenSearch. Our extensive historical experience in developing high speed synchronous static random access memory, or SRAM, facilitated our ability to transform the focus of our business to the development of reliable hardware AI products and solutions like the APU. Even as we expand our offering of in-place associative computing solutions, we continue to be committed to the synchronous SRAM market, by making available exceedingly high density performance memory products for incorporation into in high-performance networking and telecommunications equipment, such as routers, switches, wide area network infrastructure equipment, wireless base stations and network access equipment. Our position in the synchronous SRAM market is well established and we have long-term supplier relationships with many of the leading original equipment manufacturer, or OEM, customers including Nokia. The revenue generated by these sales of high- speed synchronous SRAM products is being used to finance the development of our new in-place associative computing solutions and new types of SRAM products. We also serve the ongoing needs of the military/defense and aerospace markets by offering robust high-quality radiation-tolerant and radiation-hardened space grade SRAMs in addition to new in-place associative computing solutions including synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image processing. We utilize a fabless business model for the manufacture of our APU and SRAM products, which allows us both to focus our resources on research and development, product design and marketing, and to gain access to advanced process technologies with only modest capital investment and fixed costs. GSI’s fiscal year 2022 net revenue increased by 20% over net revenue in fiscal year 2021, reflecting the improvements in global economic conditions as restrictions resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic were lifted as well as the implementation of price increases on our products in December 2021. GSI’s gross margin also improved 3 Table of Contents by 7.8% compared to the prior fiscal year, reflecting increased sales of higher-margin products and our ability to manage supply chain challenges and increased costs brought on by the pandemic. Our first-place wins in the MAFAT challenge and the MoSAIC challenge have given GSI high-profile exposure to the leading agencies in the Israeli and American military and defense organizations allowing us to pursue opportunities such as our proof of concept order from Elta System Ltd, a subsidiary of Israeli Aerospace Industries, which is funding a SAR image processing acceleration system based on the APU technology. Our APU technology and software was proven to perform on par with prominent industry leaders in AI by our results in the Billion-Scale Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search (ANNS) Challenge in early fiscal 2022. We were also named an OpenSearch partner in fiscal 2022 and are pursuing commercial opportunities for the APU with OpenSearch and Elastic. We are preparing to launch our OpenSearch platform on the AWS Marketplace with a software plugin to accelerate vector search in fiscal 2023. We are expecting additional customer interest for our Gemini-I APU product following the release of the initial version of the compiler stack in February 2022 and the expected release of version 2 in July 2022, which will be entirely Python enabled for coding algorithms, applications, and libraries. In fiscal 2022, we shipped prototypes of our radiation-hardened SRAM products to three customers, and in the first quarter of fiscal 2023, we started a program with a major prime contractor for a radiation-hardened SRAM prototype that is anticipated to ship in the first half of fiscal 2023 and has prospects for increasing GSI’s net revenue in fiscal 2023 and beyond. We were incorporated in California in 1995 under the name Giga Semiconductor, Inc. We changed our name to GSI Technology in December 2003 and reincorporated in Delaware in June 2004 under the name GSI Technology, Inc. Our principal executive offices are located at 1213 Elko Drive, Sunnyvale, California, 94089, and our telephone number is (408) 331-8800. Industry and Market Strategy Associative Processing Unit Computing Market Overview The market for associating processing computing solutions is significant and growing rapidly. The total addressable market (TAM) for APU search applications, which is the market where GSI is focusing its commercialization efforts, has been determined by GSI to be approximately $164 billion in 2022, and growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 19% to $287 billion by 2025. GSI has similarly determined that the Serviceable Available Market (SAM) for APU search applications is approximately $5.4 billion in 2022, and anticipated to grow at a CAGR of 21% to $10 billion by 2025. The search market segments included in GSI’s TAM and SAM analysis include computer vision, synthetic aperture radar, drug discovery, cybersecurity, and service markets such as NoSQL, Elasticsearch, and OpenSearch. The growth in demand for associative processing computing solutions is being driven by the increasing market adoption and usage of graphics processing unit (GPU) and CPU farms for AI processing of large data collections, including scientific research. However, the large-scale usage of GPU and CPU farms for AI processing of data is demonstrating the limits of GPU and CPU processing speeds and resulting in ever higher energy consumption. The amounts of data being processed, which is coming from increasing numbers of users and continuously increasing amounts of collected data, has resulted in efforts to split and store the processed data among multiple databases, through a process called sharding. Sharding substantially increases processing costs and worsens the power consumption factors associated with processing so much data. As the environmental impacts of data processing are becoming increasingly important, and complex workloads are causing the migration from enterprise computing to edge computing for real-time applications, it is becoming increasingly difficult to achieve market demands for low power usage, smaller footprints and higher speeds. 4 Table of Contents The GSI APU has the potential to outperform CPU’s and GPU’s in the market for AI processing of large data collections by providing lower latency and increased capacity in a smaller form-factor and achieve such results with lower power consumption. In addition, GSI’s compute-in-place technology has wide application. The APU has several benefits that are particularly useful to overcoming the data processing challenges noted above. First, the APU does not have the word size limitation of traditional CPU and GPU processors. Because traditional data processors move data around to various parts of a system, they need to select or duplicate resources of particular word sizes, be they 8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit or 64-bit. The APU is based on a memory line structure, which means the APU can operate on an instruction at 16-bits, and then the next instruction at say 768-bits or 2048-bits. The APU can operate on any word width that makes sense for the problem and also for what makes sense at the current processing step. This flexibility is a tremendous advantage for non-linear processing like trigonometry. The APU is also an associative machine, which means that data that is resident in the device can be applied to a function only if it is deemed associated (for example, with a meta-tag) to the processing. Such processing is similar to a person looking for his car in a parking lot, but ignoring all cars that are not the color of his car. Another strength of the APU design, is that it is multi-threaded. One sensor or query input can be simultaneously applied to multiple functions or searches in the device. Our associative computing technology utilizes in-memory associative processor structures to address the bottlenecks that limit performance and increase power consumption in CPUs, GPUs, and FPGAs when processing large datasets. By constantly having to move operands and results in and out of devices with ever increasing processing speeds and bus speeds, current solutions are focused on memory transfers rather than addressing the basic computation problem. By changing the computational framework to parallel processing and having search functions conducted directly in a processing memory array, the APU can greatly expedite computation and response times in many “big data” applications. We are creating a new category of computing products that are expected to have substantial target markets and a large new customer base in those markets. Our commercialization efforts for the APU product are focused on markets where the APU shows factors of improvement against CPU or GPU-only systems. The APU differentiates itself most for similarity search, multi-modal search, real-time very large database search, and several scientific high-performance computing workloads processing sensor data. The APU’s improved performance over GPU or GPU systems provides a paradigm-shifting ability to process data in real-time. As a result, we see demand for the APU in artificial intelligence applications, including approximate nearest neighbor searches, natural language processing, cryptography, and synthetic aperture radar as well as other fields where the APU’s smaller footprint, superior speed, and low system power consumption is needed. GSI is currently in development and field testing with potential customers in the computer vision, synthetic aperture radar, drug discovery and cybersecurity market segments and is rolling out a SaaS solution for Elasticsearch and OpenSearch. Our expectations of demand for the APU have been supported by comparisons of the power usage for processing a large area SAR image for one second at high resolution. In one comparison, the APU used on average 93% less power than CPU or GPU systems. Similarity search uses a technique called distance metric learning, in which learning algorithms measure how similar or related objects are. The APU is well suited for very fast similarity search because its design enables distance metric learning at fast computation speeds with high degrees of accuracy. Our APU is further differentiated from other solutions in the market by its scalability for very large datasets. The use of visual search, a subset of similarity search that uses very large datasets, is forecasted to grow rapidly as AI is adopted by the online retail industry. The APU has demonstrated its ability to increase the rate of computation for visual search by orders of magnitude with greater accuracy and reduced power consumption. The APU also adds multi-modal search capability to this computational performance. For instance, the ability to search on a picture of a product on an ecommerce website, with pricing and specific filters, does not impede the performance of the in-memory search. This kind of performance has the potential to transform online retailers’ capabilities to run search queries and improve customers’ online shopping experience. 5 Table of Contents The APU’s higher speeds and increased accuracy in similarity search has been shown to speed drug discovery, which can potentially lower drug discovery costs, an important consideration for research organizations dependent on funding. The APU is well suited for enhancing drug discovery work because it can perform similarity searches using very descriptive molecular representations in a virtual environment. The APU’s ability to process word lengths of 2000-8000 bits can significantly reduce the cost of developing drugs by allowing virtual screening and requires less use of physical laboratories. Use of AI products like the APU could reduce costs, increase drug efficacy and safety, and increase speed to market thereby potentially saving billions of dollars. For these reasons, the APU is drawing interest from prospective customers in the pharmaceutical and genomics industries. New Markets for the APU The APU is capable of processing large data arrays in a very cost competitive solution for large database similarity search, but the mathematical capabilities of the APU also create new opportunities for using real-time causal processing. Examples of this are SAR, image re-registration, and mathematical structural similarity index measure (SSIM). This combination of sensor processing, image processing, and computer vision at high performance has the potential to bring application processing that normally requires several resources in a data center to real-time edge applications. Possible examples are aircraft reconnaissance, satellite processing, and advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) support. Furthermore, GSI’s expertise in developing radiation-tolerant components creates new opportunities in the growing market for AI products that can be used in low earth orbit and space applications, where other AI products are not able to survive the harsh environment. APU Board Level Product The APU is currently available as a full-size PCIe card, which is our LEDA-E product, and is used in enterprise, datacenter, and edge server installations. We are also in the final stages of introducing a short 1U SSD-type E1.L form factor card, that will be our LEDA-S board level product, and is used in short off-the-shelf SSD server boxes. The E1.L form factor enables the use of market standard rack enclosures to build a dense APU compute appliance, such as a 16 card LEDA-S 1U form factor enclosure. We envision that this dense appliance would be of high interest for in- plane real-time SAR applications for instance. The APU board level products are also integrated and sold as server appliances that include software for turn-key applications in various markets such as medical molecular search and edge SAR image processing. APU SaaS Product We are also commercializing the APU as a service. This service offering runs on servers in a datacenter that has a direct connection to Amazon Web Services (AWS). Customers can access the APU via the AWS Cognito user identity and data synchronization service for GSI-packaged Software-as-a-Service (SAAS) applications, or a customer’s own custom APU-accelerated applications. The cloud connected cards in this datacenter are also connected via the same ultra-low latency system to provide approximate nearest neighbor (ANN) and multi-modal extension capability to OpenSearch. APU Commercialization Risk Sales of APU products have not been material to date. If we fail to commercialize our APU products, we may not generate sufficient revenues to offset our development costs and other expenses, which will have an adverse impact on our business including a potential impairment of intangible assets and a negative impact on our market capitalization. 6 Table of Contents High-Speed Synchronous SRAM Market Overview High-speed synchronous SRAMs are incorporated into networking and telecom equipment, military/defense and aerospace applications, audio/video processing, test and measurement equipment, medical and automotive applications, and other miscellaneous applications. The networking and telecom market demand for high-speed synchronous SRAMs has been, and is expected to continue, declining due to the industry trend of embedding greater amounts of SRAM into each generation of ASICs/controllers products, thereby reducing the need for external SRAMs. As a result, the demand for external high-speed synchronous SRAMs in new end-products is being driven by markets such as military/defense and aerospace applications. Such applications require a combination of high densities and high random transaction rates that GSI is well positioned to serve, being the only SRAM manufacturer to offer 288Mb densities as well as offering the highest truly random transaction rate in the industry – 1866 million transactions per second (MT/s). To further serve the military/defense and aerospace markets, GSI has been focusing on qualifying its products for space/satellite applications to capitalize on opportunities resulting from the development of near-earth orbiting satellite mega constellations, as well as the more traditional geo-stationary earth orbit satellite communication platforms and national assets. High-Speed Synchronous SRAM Products We offer four families of high-speed synchronous SRAMs – SyncBurst™, NBT™, SigmaQuad™, and SigmaDDR™. All four SRAM families feature high density, high transaction rate, high data bandwidth, low latency, and low power consumption. These four product families provide the basis for approximately 10,000 individual part numbers. They are available in several density and data width configurations, and are available in a variety of performance, feature, temperature, and package options. Our products can be found in a wide range of networking and telecommunications equipment, including routers, universal gateways, fast Ethernet switches and wireless base stations. We also sell our products to OEMs that manufacture products for military/defense and aerospace applications such as radar and guidance systems and satellites, for test and measurement applications such as high-speed testers, for automotive applications such as smart cruise control, and for medical applications such as ultrasound and CAT scan equipment. We have introduced and are marketing radiation-hardened, or “RadHard”, and radiation-tolerant, or “RadTolerant”, SRAMs for military/defense and aerospace applications such as networking satellites and missiles. Our initial RadHard and RadTolerant products are 288 megabit, 144 megabit, and 72 megabit devices from our SigmaQuad-II+ family. We have also expanded our product offerings to include 144 megabit, 72 megabit, and 32 megabit SyncBurst and NBT SRAMs RadTolerant products to enable the avionics and other space platforms that have historically leveraged smaller asynchronous devices. The RadHard products are housed in a hermetically-sealed ceramic column grid array package, and undergo a special fabrication process that diminishes the adverse effects of high-radiation environments. SRAM Leadership in the High Performance Memory Market We endeavor to address the overall needs of our SRAM customers, not only satisfying their immediate requirements for our latest generation, highest performance networking memory, but also providing them with the ongoing long-term support necessary during the entire lives of the systems in which our products are utilized. Accordingly, the key elements of our SRAM solution include: ● Product Performance Leadership. Through the use of advanced architectures and design methodologies, we have developed high-performance SRAM products offering superior high speed performance capabilities and low power consumption, while our advanced silicon process technologies allow us to optimize yields, lower manufacturing costs and improve quality. 7 Table of Contents ● Product Innovation. We believe that we have established a position as a technology leader in the design and development of Very Fast SRAMs. We are believed to have the industry’s highest density RadHard SRAM, the SigmaQuad-II+, which is an example of our industry-leading product innovation. ● Broad and Readily Available Product Portfolio. We have what we believe is the broadest catalog of Very Fast SRAM products. ● Master Die Methodology. Our master die methodology enables multiple product families, and variations thereof, to be manufactured from a single mask set so that we are able to maintain a common pool of wafers that incorporate all available master die, allowing rapid fulfillment of customer orders and reducing costs. ● Customer Responsiveness. We work closely with leading networking and telecommunications OEMs, as well as their chip-set suppliers, to anticipate their requirements and to rapidly develop and implement solutions that allow them to meet their specific product performance objectives. Business Transformation Strategy Our objective is to market and sell transformative new products utilizing our cutting-edge in-place associative computing technology in high growth markets, while continuing to profitably increase our share of the external SRAM market. Our strategy includes the following key elements: ● Complete productization of our initial In-place Associative Computing product. Our principal operations objective is the completion of productization efforts for our initial in-place associative computing product, including the second release of our compiler stack in the second half of calendar 2022. ● ● Identifying and developing new long tail markets where the APU is differentiated. Realization of this goal will require additional development and marketing efforts in calendar 2022. In many instances, customer evaluations can proceed with the current product. Our initial focus will be in the markets for artificial intelligence and high-performance computing, including natural language processing, computer vision and cyber security with our initial focus in this area being for similarity search applications including facial recognition, drug discovery and drug toxicity, signal and object detection and cryptography. We anticipate that our optimized product will be ready for production in calendar 2022. Identify opportunities and rapidly increase sales of RadHard and RadTolerant SRAMs. We are aggressively targeting the military/defense and aerospace markets now that our radiation hardened qualifications are complete. We plan to continue expansion into the military/defense and aerospace markets with our APU platform that has shown design robustness for those applications and anticipate renewed sales efforts now that COVID-19 restrictions are subsiding. ● Exploit opportunities to expand the market for our SRAM products. We are continuing the expansion of sales of our high-performance SRAM products in the military, industrial, test and measurement, and medical markets and intend to continue penetrating these and other new markets with similar needs for high- performance SRAM technologies. ● Collaborate with wafer foundry to leverage advanced process technologies. We will continue to utilize CMOS fabrication process technologies from TSMC to design our products. ● Seek new market opportunities. We intend to supplement our internal development activities by seeking additional opportunities to acquire other businesses, product lines or technologies, or enter into strategic partnerships, that would complement our current product lines, expand the breadth of our markets, enhance our technical capabilities, or otherwise provide growth opportunities. 8 Table of Contents Customers For our new in-place associative computing solutions, we are focusing sales and marketing efforts in the markets for artificial intelligence and high-performance computing, including natural language processing, computer vision and cyber security with our initial focus in this area being for similarity search applications including facial recognition, drug discovery and drug toxicity, signal and object detection and cryptography. With the SRAM market, we are focusing our sales on network/telecom OEMs and military/defense and aerospace with our radiation hardened and radiation tolerant product offerings. The following is a representative list of our OEM customers that directly or indirectly purchased more than $500,000 of our SRAM products in the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022: BAE Systems Nokia Ciena Raytheon Honeywell Rockwell Many of our OEM customers use contract manufacturers to assemble their equipment. Accordingly, a significant percentage of our net revenues has been derived from sales to these contract manufacturers and to consignment warehouses who purchase products from us for use by contract manufacturers. In addition, we sell our products to OEM customers indirectly through domestic and international distributors. In the case of sales of our products to distributors and consignment warehouses, the decision to purchase our products is typically made by the OEM customers. In the case of contract manufacturers, OEM customers typically provide a list of approved products to the contract manufacturer, which then has discretion whether or not to purchase our products from that list. Direct sales to contract manufacturers and consignment warehouses accounted for 31.0%, 43.7% and 33.7% of our net revenues for fiscal 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Sales to foreign and domestic distributors accounted for 66.8%, 54.7% and 61.3% of our net revenues for fiscal 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The following direct customers accounted for 10% or more of our net revenues in one or more of the following periods: Fiscal Year Ended March 31, 2022 2021 2020 Contract manufacturers and consignment warehouses: Flextronics Technology Sanmina Distributors: Avnet Logistics Nexcomm 16.0 % 21.1 % 14.8 % 11.2 21.5 17.4 38.0 17.2 29.8 14.7 34.3 15.1 Nokia was our largest customer in fiscal 2022, 2021 and 2020. Nokia purchases products directly from us and through contract manufacturers and distributors. Based on information provided to us by its contract manufacturers and our distributors, purchases by Nokia represented approximately 29%, 39% and 38% of our net revenues in fiscal 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. To our knowledge, none of our other OEM customers accounted for more than 10% of our net revenues in any of these periods. 9 Table of Contents Sales, Marketing and Technical Support We sell our products primarily through our worldwide network of independent sales representatives and distributors. As of March 31, 2022, we employed 18 sales and marketing personnel, and were supported by over 200 independent sales representatives, which we believe will enable us to address an expanded customer base with the continuing introduction of our associative computing products in fiscal 2023. We believe that our relationship with our U.S. distributors, Avnet, Mouser and Digi-Key, put us in a strong position to address the Very Fast SRAM memory market in the United States. We currently have regional sales offices located in Canada, China, Hong Kong, Israel and the United States. We believe this international coverage allows us to better serve our distributors and OEM customers by providing them with coordinated support. We believe that our customers’ purchasing decisions are based primarily on product performance, low power consumption, availability, features, quality, reliability, price, manufacturing flexibility and service. Many of our OEM customers have had long-term relationships with us based on our success in meeting these criteria. Our sales are generally made pursuant to purchase orders received between one and twelve months prior to the scheduled delivery date. Because industry practice allows customers to reschedule or cancel orders on relatively short notice, these orders are not firm and hence we believe that backlog is not a good indicator of our future sales. We have experienced increased costs as a result of supply chain constraints for wafers, including a recent 20% increase in the price of wafers, outsourced assembly, burn-in and test operations. We have responded with increased pricing to our customers. We typically provide a warranty of up to 36 months on our products. Liability for a stated warranty period is usually limited to replacement of defective products. Our marketing efforts are, first and foremost, focused on ensuring that the products we develop meet or exceed our customers’ needs. Our marketing efforts are currently focused on marketing the newly developed in-place associative computing solutions and our radiation-tolerant and radiation-hardened space grade SRAMs. Previously, those efforts were focused on defining our high-performance SRAM product roadmap. We work closely with key customers to understand their roadmaps and to ensure that the products we develop meet their requirements (primary aspects of which include functionality, performance, electrical interfaces, power, and schedule). Our marketing group also provides technical, strategic and tactical sales support to our direct sales personnel, sales representatives and distributors. This support includes in-depth product presentations, datasheets, application notes, simulation models, sales tools, marketing communications, marketing research, trademark administration and other support functions. We also engage in various marketing activities to increase brand awareness. We emphasize customer service and technical support in an effort to provide our OEM customers with the knowledge and resources necessary to successfully use our products in their designs. Our customer service organization includes a technical team of applications engineers, technical marketing personnel and, when required, product design engineers. We provide customer support throughout the qualification and sales process and continue providing follow-up service after the sale of our products and on an ongoing basis. In addition, we provide our OEM customers with comprehensive datasheets, application notes and reference designs and access to our FPGA controller IP for use in their product development. Manufacturing We outsource our wafer fabrication, assembly and wafer sort testing, which enables us to focus on our design strengths, minimize fixed costs and capital expenditures and gain access to advanced manufacturing technologies. Our engineers work closely with our outsource partners to increase yields, reduce manufacturing costs, and help assure the quality of our products. 10 Table of Contents Currently, all of our SRAM and APU wafers are manufactured by TSMC under individually negotiated purchase orders. We do not currently have a long-term supply contract with our foundry, and, therefore, TSMC is not obligated to manufacture products for us for any specified period, in any specified quantity or at any specified price, except as may be provided in a particular purchase order. Our future success depends in part on our ability to secure sufficient capacity at TSMC or other independent foundries to supply us with the wafers we require. Our APU products are manufactured at TSMC using 28 nanometer process technology. The majority of our current SRAM products are manufactured using 0.13 micron, 90 nanometer, 65 nanometer and 40 nanometer process technologies on 300 millimeter wafers at TSMC. Our master die methodology enables multiple product families, and variations thereof, to be manufactured from a single mask set. As a result, based upon the way available die from a wafer are metalized, wire bonded, packaged and tested, we can create a number of different products. The manufacturing process consists of two phases, the first of which takes approximately sixteen to seventeen weeks and results in wafers that have the potential to yield multiple products within a given product family. After the completion of this phase, the wafers are stored pending customer orders. Once we receive orders for a particular product, we perform the second phase, consisting of final wafer processing, assembly, burn-in and test, which takes approximately ten to twenty-eight weeks to complete. Substrates are required in the second phase before assembly process can begin for many of our products. Due to supply chain constraints, it can take up to one year or more to acquire the necessary substrates required in the assembly process. We maintain a supply of substrates, based on historical usage or estimated requirements for anticipated orders, to minimize the impact of this lead time. This two-step manufacturing process enables us to significantly shorten our product lead times, providing flexibility for customization and to increase the availability of our products. All of our manufactured wafers, including wafers for our APU product, are tested for electrical compliance and most are packaged at Advanced Semiconductor Engineering, or ASE, which is located in Taiwan. Wistron Neweb Corporation in Taiwan manufactures the boards for our APU product line. Our test procedures require that all of our products be subjected to accelerated burn-in and extensive functional electrical testing which is performed at our Taiwan and U.S. test facilities. Our radiation-hardened products are assembled and tested at STS, located near our Sunnyvale, California headquarters facility. Research and Development We have devoted substantial resources in the last six years on the development of our APU products. Our research and development staff includes engineering professionals with extensive experience in the areas of high-speed circuit design, including APU design, as well as SRAM design and systems level networking and telecommunications equipment design. Additionally, we have assembled a team of software development experts in Israel needed for the development of the various levels of software required in the use of our APU products. The design process for our products is complex. As a result, we have made substantial investments in computer-aided design and engineering resources to manage our design process. Competition Our existing and potential competitors include many large domestic and international companies, some of which have substantially greater resources, offer other types of memory and/or non-memory technologies and may have longer standing relationships with OEM customers than we do. Unlike us, some of our principal competitors maintain their own semiconductor fabs, which may, at times, provide them with capacity, cost and technical advantages. 11 Table of Contents Our principal competitors include NVIDIA Corporation and Intel Corporation for our in-place associative computing solutions and Cypress Semiconductor (Infineon Technologies AG), Integrated Silicon Solution and REC for our SRAM products. We expect additional competitors to enter the associative computing market as well. While some of our competitors offer a broader array of products and offer some of their products at lower prices than we do, we believe that our focus on performance leadership provides us with key competitive advantages. In December 2021, we were among the leaders in the Billion-Scale Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search (ANNS) Challenge held at the NeurIPS 2021 Conference performing on par with NVIDIA and Intel. Our results in the ANNS Challenge proved that our technology could perform on par with the category leaders in AI. The Billion-Scale ANNS Challenge was created to provide a comparative understanding of algorithmic ideas and their application at scale, promote the development of new techniques for the problem and demonstrate their value, and introduce a standard benchmarking approach. In April 2022, we announced that our submission to the Mobile Standoff Autonomous Indoor Capabilities (MoSAIC) Challenge won first place in the Human/Object Tagging category. The MoSAIC Challenge was designed to identify best-in-class, cutting-edge hardware and software solutions to address challenging and longstanding technological gaps concerning remote autonomous indoor maneuvers. The MoSAIC Challenge was led by the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD), Irregular Warfare Technical Support Directorate (IWTSD), and the Israel Ministry of Defense (IMOD), Directorate of Defense Research and Engineering (DDR&D), along with the Merage Institute. We believe that our ability to compete successfully in the rapidly evolving markets for “big data” and memory products for the networking and telecommunications markets depends on a number of factors, including: ● product performance, features, including low power consumption, quality, reliability and price; ● manufacturing flexibility, product availability and customer service throughout the lifetime of the product; ● the availability of software tools, such as compilers and libraries that enable customers to easily design products for their specific needs; ● the timing and success of new product introductions by us, our customers and our competitors; and ● our ability to anticipate and conform to new industry standards. We believe we compete favorably with our competitors based on these factors. However, we may not be able to compete successfully in the future with respect to any of these factors. Our failure to compete successfully in these or other areas could harm our business. The market for networking memory products is competitive and is characterized by technological change, declining average selling prices and product obsolescence. Competition could increase in the future from existing competitors and from other companies that may enter our existing or future markets with solutions that may be less costly or provide higher performance or more desirable features than our products. This increased competition may result in price reductions, reduced profit margins and loss of market share. In addition, we are vulnerable to advances in technology by competitors, including new SRAM architectures as well as new forms of DRAM and other new memory technologies. Because we have limited experience developing IC products other than Very Fast SRAMs, any efforts by us to introduce new products based on new technology, including our new in-place associative computing products, may not be successful and, as a result, our business may suffer. 12 Table of Contents Intellectual Property Our ability to compete successfully depends, in part, upon our ability to protect our proprietary technology and information. We rely on a combination of patents, copyrights, trademarks, trade secret laws, non-disclosure and other contractual arrangements and technical measures to protect our intellectual property. We believe that it is important to maintain a large patent portfolio to protect our innovations. We currently hold 120 United States patents, including 62 memory patents and 58 associative computing patents, and have in excess of a dozen patent applications pending. We cannot assure you that any patents will be issued as a result of our pending applications. We believe that factors such as the technological and creative skills of our personnel and the success of our ongoing product development efforts are also important in maintaining our competitive position. We generally enter into confidentiality or license agreements with our employees, distributors, customers and potential customers and limit access to our proprietary information. Our intellectual property rights, if challenged, may not be upheld as valid, may not be adequate to prevent misappropriation of our technology or may not prevent the development of competitive products. Additionally, we may not be able to obtain patents or other intellectual property protection in the future. Furthermore, the laws of certain foreign countries in which our products are or may be developed, manufactured or sold, including various countries in Asia, may not protect our products or intellectual property rights to the same extent as do the laws of the United States and thus make the possibility of piracy of our technology and products more likely in these countries. The semiconductor industry is characterized by vigorous protection and pursuit of intellectual property rights, which have resulted in significant and often protracted and expensive litigation. We or our foundry from time to time are notified of claims that we may be infringing patents or other intellectual property rights owned by third parties. We have been involved in patent infringement litigation in the past. We have been subject to other intellectual property claims in the past and we may be subject to additional claims and litigation in the future. Litigation by or against us relating to allegations of patent infringement or other intellectual property matters could result in significant expense to us and divert the efforts of our technical and management personnel, whether or not such litigation results in a determination favorable to us. In the event of an adverse result in any such litigation, we could be required to pay substantial damages, cease the manufacture, use and sale of infringing products, expend significant resources to develop non-infringing technology, discontinue the use of certain processes or obtain licenses to the infringing technology. Licenses may not be offered or the terms of any offered licenses may not be acceptable to us. If we fail to obtain a license from a third party for technology used by us, we could incur substantial liabilities and be required to suspend the manufacture of products or the use by our foundry of certain processes. Human Capital Resources As of March 31, 2022, we had 180 full-time employees, including 126 engineers, of which 88 are engaged in research and development and 55 have PhD or MS degrees, 18 employees in sales and marketing, 12 employees in general and administrative capacities and 65 employees in manufacturing. Of these employees, 62 are based in our Sunnyvale facility, 58 are based in our Taiwan facility and 46 are based in our Israel facility. We believe that our future success will depend in large part on our ability to attract and retain highly-skilled, engineering, managerial, sales and marketing personnel. Our employees are not represented by any collective bargaining unit, and we have never experienced a work stoppage. We believe that our employee relations are good. Compensation and benefits Our goal is to attract, motivate and retain talent with a focus on encouraging performance, promoting accountability and adhering to our company values. The future growth and success of our company largely depends on our ability to attract, train and retain qualified professionals. As part of our effort to do so, we offer competitive compensation and benefit programs including a 401(k) Plan, stock options for all employees, flexible spending 13 Table of Contents accounts and paid time off. We understand that effective compensation and benefits programs are important in retaining high-performing and qualified individuals. We continue to assess our healthcare and retirement benefits each year in order to provide competitive benefits to our employees. Diversity, inclusion and belonging We are committed to our continued efforts to increase diversity and foster an inclusive work environment that supports the global workforce and the communities we serve. We recruit the best people for the job regardless of gender, ethnicity or other protected traits and it is our policy to fully comply with all laws applicable to discrimination in the workplace. Our diversity, equity and inclusion principles are also reflected in our employee training and policies. We continue to enhance our diversity, equity and inclusion policies which are guided by our executive leadership team. Ethics & Corporate Responsibility We are committed to ensuring ethical organizational governance, embracing diversity and inclusion in the board room and throughout the organization and are committed to observing fair, transparent, and accountable operating practices. We seek to create and foster a healthy, balanced, and ethical work environment for everyone in our organization. To this end, we promote an ethical organizational culture and encourage all employees to raise questions or concerns about actual or potential ethical issues and company policies and to offer suggestions about how we can make our organization better. These practices are set forth in our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, which is periodically reviewed by all of our employees and is available on our website under “Corporate Governance.” Health and safety We are committed to maintain a safe and healthy workplace for our employees. Our policies and practices are intended to protect our employees. Since fiscal 2021, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, we have implemented safety protocols and new procedures to protect our employees. These protocols include complying with social distancing and other health and safety standards as required by state and local government agencies, taking into consideration guidelines of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and other public health authorities. In addition, we modified the way we conduct many aspects of our business including the practice of social distancing, wearing face coverings and maintaining a quarantine for employees determined to be in close contact with a COVID-19 case. From March 2020 and through April 2022, except for our employees located in Taiwan, the majority of our employees have worked from home around the world. Investor Information You can access financial and other information in the Investor Relations section of our website at www.gsitechnology.com. We make available, on our website, free of charge, copies of our annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act as soon as reasonably practicable after filing such material electronically or otherwise furnishing it to the SEC. The charters of our Audit Committee, our Compensation Committee, and our Nominating and Governance Committee, our code of conduct (including code of ethics provisions that apply to our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, controller, and senior financial officers) and our corporate governance guidelines are also available at our website under “Corporate Governance.” These items are also available to any stockholder who 14 Table of Contents requests them by calling (408) 331-8800. The contents of our website are not incorporated by reference in this report. The SEC maintains an Internet site that contains reports, proxy statements and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC at www.sec.gov. Information About Our Executive Officers The following table sets forth certain information concerning our executive officers as of June 1, 2022: Name Lee-Lean Shu Avidan Akerib Didier Lasserre Douglas Schirle Bor-Tay Wu Ping Wu Robert Yau Age Title 67 66 57 67 70 65 69 President, Chief Executive Officer and Chairman Vice President, Associative Computing Vice President, Sales Chief Financial Officer Vice President, Taiwan Operations Vice President, U.S. Operations Vice President, Engineering, Secretary and Director Lee-Lean Shu co-founded our company in March 1995 and has served as our President and Chief Executive Officer and as a member of our Board of Directors since inception. Since October 2000, Mr. Shu has also served as Chairman of our Board. From January 1995 to March 1995, Mr. Shu was Director, SRAM Design at Sony Microelectronics Corporation, a semiconductor company and a subsidiary of Sony Corporation, and from July 1990 to January 1995, he was a design manager at Sony Microelectronics Corporation. Avidan Akerib has served as our Vice President, Associative Computing since MikaMonu Group Ltd. was acquired in November 2015. From July 2011 to November 2015, Dr. Akerib served as co-founder and chief technologist of MikaMonu Group Ltd, a developer of computer in-memory and storage technologies. From July 2008 to March 2011, Dr. Akerib served as chief scientist of ZikBit Ltd., a developer of DRAM computing technologies. From Jan 2001 to July 2007, Dr. Akerib was the General Manager of NeoMagic Israel, a supplier of low-power audio and video integrated circuits for mobile use. Dr. Akerib has a PhD in applied mathematics and computer science from the Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel, and an MSc and BSc in electrical engineering from Tel Aviv University and Ben Gurion University, respectively. Dr. Akerib is the inventor of more than 50 patents related to parallel and In Memory Associative Computing. Didier Lasserre has served as our Vice President, Sales since July 2002. From November 1997 to July 2002, Mr. Lasserre served as our Director of Sales for the Western United States and Europe. From July 1996 to October 1997, Mr. Lasserre was an account manager at Solectron Corporation, a provider of electronics manufacturing services. From June 1988 to July 1996, Mr. Lasserre was a field sales engineer at Cypress Semiconductor Corporation, a semiconductor company. Douglas Schirle has served as our Chief Financial Officer since August 2000. From June 1999 to August 2000, Mr. Schirle served as our Corporate Controller. From March 1997 to June 1999, Mr. Schirle was the Corporate Controller at Pericom Semiconductor Corporation, a provider of digital and mixed signal integrated circuits. From November 1996 to February 1997, Mr. Schirle was Vice President, Finance for Paradigm Technology, a manufacturer of SRAMs, and from December 1993 to October 1996, he was the Controller for Paradigm Technology. Mr. Schirle was formerly a certified public accountant. 15 Table of Contents Bor-Tay Wu has served as our Vice President, Taiwan Operations since January 1997. From January 1995 to December 1996, Mr. Wu was a design manager at Atalent, an IC design company in Taiwan. Ping Wu has served as our Vice President, U.S. Operations since September 2006. He served in the same capacity from February 2004 to April 2006. From April 2006 to August 2006, Mr. Wu was Vice President of Operations at QPixel Technology, a semiconductor company. From July 1999 to January 2004, Mr. Wu served as our Director of Operations. From July 1997 to June 1999, Mr. Wu served as Vice President of Operations at Scan Vision, a semiconductor manufacturer. Robert Yau co-founded our company in March 1995 and has served as our Vice President, Engineering and as a member of our Board of Directors since inception. From December 1993 to February 1995, Mr. Yau was design manager for specialty memory devices at Sony Microelectronics Corporation. From 1990 to 1993, Mr. Yau was design manager at MOSEL/VITELIC, a semiconductor company. Item 1A. Risk Factors Our future performance is subject to a variety of risks. If any of the following risks actually occur, our business, financial condition and results of operations could suffer and the trading price of our common stock could decline. Additional risks that we currently do not know about or that we currently believe to be immaterial may also impair our business operations. You should also refer to other information contained in this report, including our consolidated financial statements and related notes. Risk Factor Summary Our business is subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, which are more fully described in the Risk Factors below. These risks include, but are not limited to: Risks Related to Our Business and Financial Condition ● Unpredictable fluctuations in our operating results could cause our stock price to decline. ● Our largest OEM customer accounts for a significant percentage of our net revenues. If this customer, or any of our other major customers, reduces the amount they purchase or stops purchasing our products, our financial position and operating results will suffer. Any significant order cancellations or order deferrals could adversely affect our operating results. ● The military conflict in Ukraine, the rapid rise in energy prices and the ongoing COVID-19 global pandemic may continue to adversely affect our financial condition. ● We have incurred significant losses and may incur losses in the future. ● We have identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting, and if our remediation of such material weakness is not effective, our ability to produce timely and accurate financial statements could be impaired. ● We depend upon the sale of our Very Fast SRAMs for most of our revenues and the market for Very Fast SRAMs is highly competitive. ● We are dependent on a number of single source suppliers. ● If we do not successfully develop and introduce new products, which entails certain significant risks, our business will be harmed. 16 Table of Contents ● If we are unable to offset increased wafer fabrication and assembly costs, our gross margins will suffer. ● We are subject to the highly cyclical nature of the networking and telecommunications markets. ● We rely heavily on distributors and our business will be negatively impacted if we are unable to develop and manage distribution channels and accurately predict future sales through our distributors. ● The average selling prices of our products are expected to decline. ● We are substantially dependent on the continued services and performance of our senior management and other key personnel. If we are unable to recruit or retain qualified personnel, our business and product development efforts could be harmed. ● Cyber-attacks could disrupt our operations or the operations of our partners, and result in reduced revenue, increased costs, liability claims and harm our reputation or competitive position. ● Demand for our products may decrease if our OEM customers experience difficulty manufacturing, marketing or selling their products. ● Our products have lengthy sales cycles that make it difficult to plan our expenses and forecast results. ● Our business could be negatively affected as a result of actions of activist stockholders or others. ● Our acquisition of companies or technologies could prove difficult to integrate, disrupt our business, dilute stockholder value and adversely affect our operating results. ● Our business will suffer if we are unable to protect our intellectual property or if there are claims that we infringe third party intellectual property rights. ● If our business grows, such growth may place a significant strain on our management and operations. Risks Related to Manufacturing and Product Development ● We may experience difficulties in transitioning our manufacturing process technologies, which may result in reduced manufacturing yields, delays in product deliveries and increased expenses. ● Manufacturing process technologies are subject to rapid change and require significant expenditures for research and development. ● Our products may contain defects, which could reduce revenues or result in claims against us. Risks Related to Our International Business and Operations ● The international political, social and economic environment, particularly as it relates to Taiwan, may affect our business performance. ● Certain of our independent suppliers and OEM customers have operations in the Pacific Rim, an area subject to significant risk of natural disasters and outbreak of contagious diseases such as COVID-19. ● The United States could materially modify certain international trade agreements, or change tax provisions related to the global manufacturing and sales of our products. 17 Table of Contents ● Some of our products are incorporated into advanced military electronics, and changes in international geopolitical circumstances and domestic budget considerations may hurt our business. Risks Relating to Our Common Stock and the Securities Market ● The trading price of our common stock is subject to fluctuation and is likely to be volatile. ● We may need to raise additional capital in the future, which may not be available on favorable terms or at all, and which may cause dilution to existing stockholders. ● Use of a portion of our cash reserves to repurchase shares of our common stock presents potential risks and disadvantages to us and our continuing stockholders. ● Our executive officers, directors and their affiliates hold a substantial percentage of our common stock. ● The provisions of our charter documents might inhibit potential acquisition bids that a stockholder might believe are desirable, and the market price of our common stock could be lower as a result. Risks Related to Our Business and Financial Condition Unpredictable fluctuations in our operating results could cause our stock price to decline. Our quarterly and annual revenues, expenses and operating results have varied significantly and are likely to vary in the future. For example, in the twelve fiscal quarters ended March 31, 2022, we recorded net revenues of as much as $13.0 million and as little as $6.6 million, including net revenues varying from $6.6 million to $8.8 million in the last eight quarters, and operating losses from $229,000 to $5.7 million, and varying from $2.9 million and $5.7 million in the last eight quarters ended March 31, 2022. We therefore believe that period-to-period comparisons of our operating results are not a good indication of our future performance, and you should not rely on them to predict our future performance or the future performance of our stock price. For the last nine consecutive quarters, our net revenues were adversely impacted by the COVID-19 global pandemic. In future periods, we may not have any revenue growth, or our revenues could decline or continue to be further adversely impacted by the COVID-19 global pandemic. Furthermore, if our operating expenses exceed our expectations, our financial performance could be adversely affected. Factors that may affect periodic operating results in the future include: ● commercial acceptance of our associative computing products; ● commercial acceptance of our RadHard and RadTolerant products; ● changes in our customers' inventory management practices; ● unpredictability of the timing and size of customer orders, since most of our customers purchase our products on a purchase order basis rather than pursuant to a long-term contract; ● changes in our product pricing policies, including those made in response to new product announcements, pricing changes of our competitors and price increases by our foundry and suppliers; ● our ability to anticipate and conform to new industry standards; ● fluctuations in availability and costs associated with materials and manufacturing services needed to satisfy customer requirements caused by supply constraints; 18 Table of Contents ● manufacturing defects, which could cause us to incur significant warranty, support and repair costs, lose potential sales, harm our relationships with customers and result in write-downs; and ● our ability to address technology issues as they arise, improve our products' functionality and expand our product offerings. Our expenses are, to a large extent, fixed, and we expect that these expenses will increase in the future. In fiscal years 2021 and 2022, we experienced, and we expect to continue to experience price increases for raw materials, including a 20% increase in the price of wafers received in early calendar 2022, and manufacturing services due to the supply chain constraints in the semiconductor market. We will not be able to adjust our spending quickly if our revenues fall short of our expectations. If this were to occur, our operating results would be harmed. If our operating results in future quarters fall below the expectations of market analysts and investors, the price of our common stock could fall. The military conflict in Ukraine, the rapid rise in energy prices and the COVID-19 global pandemic have caused increased stock market volatility and uncertainty in customer demand and the worldwide economy in general, and we may continue to experience decreased sales and revenues in the future. We expect such impact will in particular affect our SRAM sales and has also impacted the launch of our APU product to some degree and the adoption of RadHard and RadTolerant SRAM products by aerospace and military customers. However, the magnitude of such impact on our business and its duration is highly uncertain. Our largest OEM customer accounts for a significant percentage of our net revenues. If this customer, or any of our other major customers, reduces the amount they purchase or stop purchasing our products, our operating results will suffer. Nokia, our largest customer, purchases our products directly from us and through contract manufacturers and distributors. Purchases by Nokia represented approximately 29%, 39% and 38% of our net revenues in fiscal 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. We expect that our operating results in any given period will continue to depend significantly on orders from our key OEM customers, particularly Nokia, and our future success is dependent to a large degree on the business success of this customer over which we have no control. We do not have long-term contracts with Nokia or any of our other major OEM customers, distributors or contract manufacturers that obligate them to purchase our products. We expect that future direct and indirect sales to Nokia and our other key OEM customers will continue to fluctuate significantly on a quarterly basis and that such fluctuations may substantially affect our operating results in future periods. If we fail to continue to sell to our key OEM customers, distributors or contract manufacturers in sufficient quantities, our business could be harmed. The military conflict in Ukraine, the rapid rise in energy prices and other inflation and the ongoing COVID- 19 global pandemic may continue to adversely affect our revenues, results of operations and financial condition. Our business may be materially adversely affected by military conflict in Ukraine, the rapid rise in energy prices and other inflation and the ongoing the COVID-19 global pandemic. Since 2020, national, state and local governments in affected regions have implemented, and may continue to implement, safety precautions which include quarantines, travel restrictions, business closures, cancellations of public gatherings and other measures as they deem necessary. Many organizations and individuals, including the Company and our employees, have taken additional steps to avoid or reduce infection, including limiting travel and working from home. These measures have disrupted normal business operations both in and outside of affected areas and have had significant negative impacts on businesses and financial markets worldwide. We continue to monitor our operations and government recommendations and have made modifications to our normal operations because of the COVID-19 global pandemic. We have instituted many preventative measures 19 Table of Contents and are regularly evaluating those measures and others as we continue to better understand our current and future operating environment. From March 2020 through April 2022, except for our employees located in Taiwan, the majority of our employees worked from home around the world. In May 2021, due to a surge in COVID-19 infections in Taiwan, our Taiwan employees worked from home under alternating schedules, and returned to their offices in July 2021. During the pandemic we were able to maintain a substantial portion of our manufacturing operational capacity at our primary manufacturing support facility located in Hsin Chu, Taiwan where our suppliers are located and where all of our products are manufactured. Since the outbreak of COVID-19, aside from the lengthening of lead times for wafers and assembly services and some price increases, including a 20% increase in the cost of wafers received in early calendar 2022, we have experienced minimal impact, and continue to experience minimal impact, on our manufacturing operations in Taiwan. Final testing of our product is conducted in house. Shipping and receiving operations at our Sunnyvale headquarters facility were maintained by a skeleton crew with minimal impact. Our revenues were impacted by changes in customer buying patterns and communication limitations related to COVID-19 restrictions that required a significant number of our customer contacts to work from home. We adapted our sales strategies for the COVID-19 environment where we could not do face-to-face meetings and conduct secure meetings with government and defense contractors. The military conflict in Ukraine and the rapid rise in energy prices may have an adverse impact on our business and financial condition. We experienced, and may continue to experience, a number of adverse impacts as a result of the COVID-19 global pandemic, including reductions in demand for our products, delays and cancellations of orders, difficulties in obtaining raw materials and components, inflation and other price increases, shortages of labor to manufacture products, inefficiencies caused by remote worker’s difficulties in performing their normal work outputs, closures of the facilities of some of our suppliers and customers, delays in shipments and delays in collecting accounts receivable. If the pandemic continues, it may have an adverse effect on our results of operations, financial position, and liquidity the future. This could include results from new information that may emerge concerning COVID-19 and any actions taken to contain or treat COVID-19, as well as the economic impact on local, regional, national and international customers and markets. We have made estimates of the impact of COVID-19 within our financial statements and there may be changes to those estimates in future periods. The disruption to the marketplace that resulted from the COVID-19 global pandemic and that we may continue to experience is unlike anything we have ever had to deal with. While we continue to monitor the business metrics that we have historically used to predict our financial performance, we are uncertain as to whether these metrics will operate consistently with our historical experience. Disruptions in the capital markets as a result of the military conflict in Ukraine, the rapid rise in energy prices and other inflation and the COVID-19 global pandemic may also adversely affect our ability to obtain additional liquidity should the impacts of the global pandemic continue for a prolonged period. We have incurred significant losses and may incur losses in the future. We have incurred significant losses. We incurred net losses of $16.4 million, $21.5 million and $10.3 million during fiscal 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. There can be no assurance that our Very Fast SRAMs will continue to receive broad market acceptance, that our new product development initiatives will be successful or that we will be able to achieve sustained revenue growth or profitability. We have identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting, and if our remediation of such material weakness is not effective, or if we fail to develop and maintain an effective system of disclosure controls and internal control over financial reporting, our ability to produce timely and accurate financial statements or comply with applicable laws and regulations could be impaired. Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 requires that companies evaluate and report on the effectiveness of their internal control over financial reporting. In addition, we engaged our independent registered 20 Table of Contents public accounting firm to report on its evaluation of those controls. As disclosed in more detail under Part II, Item 9A, “Controls and Procedures”, we have identified a material weakness in our internal control as of March 31, 2022 related to the calculation of the contingent consideration liability. In the course of preparing our financial statements for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022, we identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting. A material weakness is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. The material weakness identified pertains to the design of the control over the review of the forecasts used to calculate the contingent consideration liability and used in the recoverability test for intangible assets. Our management is taking steps to remediate our material weakness, including re-evaluating the methodology and procedures involved in developing forecasts used to calculate the contingent consideration liability as well as the review and oversight of the forecasting process. If we are unable to further implement and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting or disclosure controls and procedures, our ability to record, process and report financial information accurately, and to prepare financial statements within required time periods could be adversely affected, which could subject us to litigation or investigations requiring management resources and payment of legal and other expenses, negatively affect investor confidence in our financial statements and adversely impact our stock price. If we are unable to assert that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, or if our independent registered public accounting firm is unable to express an unqualified opinion as to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports, the market price of our common stock could be adversely affected and we could become subject to litigation or investigations by Nasdaq, the SEC or other regulatory authorities, which could require additional financial and management resources. Furthermore, we cannot assure you that the measures we have taken to date, and actions we may take in the future, will be sufficient to remediate the control deficiencies that led to our material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting or that they will prevent or avoid potential future material weaknesses. Our current controls and any new controls that we develop may become inadequate because of changes in conditions in our business. Further, weaknesses in our disclosure controls and internal control over financial reporting may be discovered in the future. Any failure to develop or maintain effective controls or any difficulties encountered in their implementation or improvement could harm our operating results or cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations and may result in a restatement of our financial statements for prior periods. Any failure to implement and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting could adversely affect the results of periodic management evaluations and annual independent registered public accounting firm attestation reports regarding the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting that we are required to include in our periodic reports that are filed with the SEC. We depend upon the sale of our Very Fast SRAMs for most of our revenues, and a downturn in demand for these products could significantly reduce our revenues and harm our business. We derive most of our revenues from the sale of Very Fast SRAMs, and we expect that sales of these products will represent the substantial majority of our revenues for the foreseeable future. Our business depends in large part upon continued demand for our products in the markets we currently serve, which will continue to be adversely impacted by the COVID-19 global pandemic, and adoption of our products in new markets. Market adoption will be dependent upon our ability to increase customer awareness of the benefits of our products and to prove their high- performance and cost-effectiveness. We may not be able to sustain or increase our revenues from sales of our products, particularly if the networking and telecommunications markets were to experience another significant downturn in the future. Any decrease in revenues from sales of our products could harm our business more than it would if we offered a more diversified line of products. 21 Table of Contents Our future success is substantially dependent on the successful introduction of our new APU products which entails significant risks. Since 2015, our principal strategic objective has been the development of our first in-place associative computing product. We have devoted, and will continue to devote, substantial efforts and resources to the development of our new family of in-place associative computing products. This ongoing project involves the commercialization of new, cutting-edge technology, will require a continuing substantial effort during fiscal 2023 and will be subject to significant risks. In addition to the typical risks associated with the development of technologically advanced products, this project will be subject to enhanced risks of technological problems related to the development of this entirely new category of products, substantial risks of delays or unanticipated costs that may be encountered, and risks associated with the establishment of entirely new markets and customer and partner relationships. The establishment of new customer and partner relationships and selling our in-place associative computing products to such new customers is a significant undertaking that requires us to invest heavily in our sales team, enter into new channel partner relationships, expand our marketing activities and change the focus of our business and operations. Our inability to successfully establish a market for the product that we have developed will have a material adverse effect on our future financial and business success, including our prospects for increased revenues. Additionally, if we are unable to meet the expectations of market analysts and investors with respect to this major product introduction effort, then the price of our common stock could fall. We are dependent on a number of single source suppliers, and if we fail to obtain adequate supplies, our business will be harmed and our prospects for growth will be curtailed. We currently purchase several key components used in the manufacture of our products from single sources and are dependent upon supply from these sources to meet our needs. If any of these suppliers cannot provide components on a timely basis, at the same price or at all, our ability to manufacture our products will be constrained and our business will suffer. For example, due to the COVID-19 global pandemic, we could see additional disruptions in our supply chain beyond the longer lead-times for the purchase of wafers and assembly services that we are currently experiencing. Most significantly, we obtain wafers for our Very Fast SRAM and APU products from a single foundry, TSMC, and most of them are packaged at ASE. If we are unable to obtain an adequate supply of wafers from TSMC or find alternative sources in a timely manner, we will be unable to fulfill our customer orders and our operating results will be harmed. We do not have supply agreements with TSMC, ASE or any of our other independent assembly and test suppliers, and instead obtain manufacturing services and products from these suppliers on a purchase-order basis. Our suppliers, including TSMC, have no obligation to supply products or services to us for any specific product, in any specific quantity, at any specific price or for any specific time period. As a result, the loss or failure to perform by any of these suppliers could adversely affect our business and operating results. Should any of our single source suppliers experience manufacturing failures or yield shortfalls, be disrupted by the COVID-19 global pandemic, natural disaster or political instability, choose to prioritize capacity or inventory for other uses or reduce or eliminate deliveries to us for any other reason, we likely will not be able to enforce fulfillment of any delivery commitments and we would have to identify and qualify acceptable replacements from alternative sources of supply. In particular, if TSMC is unable to supply us with sufficient quantities of wafers to meet all of our requirements, we would have to allocate our products among our customers, which would constrain our growth and might cause some of them to seek alternative sources of supply. Since the manufacturing of wafers and other components is extremely complex, the process of qualifying new foundries and suppliers is a lengthy process and there is no assurance that we would be able to find and qualify another supplier without materially adversely affecting our business, financial condition and results of operations. 22 Table of Contents If we do not successfully develop new products to respond to rapid market changes due to changing technology and evolving industry standards, particularly in the networking and telecommunications markets, our business will be harmed. If we fail to offer technologically advanced products, including APU products, and respond to technological advances and emerging standards, we may not generate sufficient revenues to offset our development costs and other expenses, which will hurt our business. The development of new or enhanced products is a complex and uncertain process that requires the accurate anticipation of technological and market trends. In particular, the networking and telecommunications markets are rapidly evolving and new standards are emerging. We are vulnerable to advances in technology by competitors, including new SRAM architectures, new forms of DRAM and the emergence of new memory technologies that could enable the development of products that feature higher performance or lower cost. In addition, the trend toward incorporating SRAM into other chips in the networking and telecommunications markets has the potential to reduce future demand for Very Fast SRAM products. We may experience development, marketing and other technological difficulties that may delay or limit our ability to respond to technological changes, evolving industry standards, competitive developments or end-user requirements. For example, because we have limited experience developing integrated circuits, or IC, products other than Very Fast SRAMs, our efforts to introduce new products, including APU products, may not be successful and our business may suffer. Other challenges that we face include: ● our products may become obsolete upon the introduction of alternative technologies; ● we may incur substantial costs if we need to modify our products to respond to these alternative technologies; ● we may not have sufficient resources to develop or acquire new technologies or to introduce new products capable of competing with future technologies; ● new products that we develop may not successfully integrate with our end-users’ products into which they are incorporated; ● we may be unable to develop new products that incorporate emerging industry standards; ● we may be unable to develop or acquire the rights to use the intellectual property necessary to implement new technologies; and ● when introducing new or enhanced products, we may be unable to manage effectively the transition from older products. If we are unable to offset increased wafer fabrication and assembly costs by increasing the average selling prices of our products, our gross margins will suffer. If there is a significant upturn in the demand for the manufacturing and assembly of semiconductor products as has occurred in recent quarters as a result of the COVID-19 global pandemic, the available supply of wafers and packaging services may be limited. As a result, we could be required to obtain additional manufacturing and assembly capacity in order to meet increased demand. Securing additional manufacturing and assembly capacity may cause our wafer fabrication and assembly costs to increase. If we are unable to offset these increased costs by increasing the average selling prices of our products, our gross margins will decline. 23 Table of Contents We are subject to the highly cyclical nature of the networking and telecommunications markets. Our Very Fast SRAM products are incorporated into routers, switches, wireless local area network infrastructure equipment, wireless base stations and network access equipment used in the highly cyclical networking and telecommunications markets. We expect that the networking and telecommunications markets will continue to be highly cyclical, characterized by periods of rapid growth and contraction. Our business and our operating results are likely to fluctuate, perhaps quite severely, as a result of this cyclicality. The market for Very Fast SRAMs is highly competitive. The market for Very Fast SRAMs, which are used primarily in networking and telecommunications equipment, is characterized by price erosion, rapid technological change, cyclical market patterns and intense foreign and domestic competition. Several of our competitors offer a broad array of memory products and have greater financial, technical, marketing, distribution and other resources than we have. Some of our competitors maintain their own semiconductor fabrication facilities, which may provide them with capacity, cost and technical advantages over us. We cannot assure you that we will be able to compete successfully against any of these competitors. Our ability to compete successfully in this market depends on factors both within and outside of our control, including: ● real or perceived imbalances in supply and demand of Very Fast SRAMs; ● the rate at which OEMs incorporate our products into their systems; ● the success of our customers’ products; ● the price of our competitors’ products relative to the price of our products; ● our ability to develop and market new products; and ● the supply and cost of wafers. We recently experienced a 20% increase in wafer fabrication costs due to supply chain constraints, which resulted in us increasing the cost of our products. Our customers may decide to purchase products from our competitors rather than accept these price increases and our business may suffer. There can be no assurance that we will be able to compete successfully in the future. Our failure to compete successfully in these or other areas could harm our business. We rely heavily on distributors and our success depends on our ability to develop and manage our indirect distribution channels. A significant percentage of our sales are made to distributors and to contract manufacturers who incorporate our products into end products for OEMs. For example, in fiscal 2022, 2021 and 2020, our largest distributor Avnet Logistics accounted for 38.0%, 29.8% and 34.3%, respectively, of our net revenues. Avnet Logistics and our other existing distributors may choose to devote greater resources to marketing and supporting the products of other companies. Since we sell through multiple channels and distribution networks, we may have to resolve potential conflicts between these channels. For example, these conflicts may result from the different discount levels offered by multiple channel distributors to their customers or, potentially, from our direct sales force targeting the same equipment manufacturer accounts as our indirect channel distributors. These conflicts may harm our business or reputation. 24 Table of Contents The average selling prices of our products are expected to decline, and if we are unable to offset these declines, our operating results will suffer. Historically, the average unit selling prices of our products have declined substantially over the lives of the products, and we expect this trend to continue. A reduction in overall average selling prices of our products could result in reduced revenues and lower gross margins. Our ability to increase our net revenues and maintain our gross margins despite a decline in the average selling prices of our products will depend on a variety of factors, including our ability to introduce lower cost versions of our existing products, increase unit sales volumes of these products, and introduce new products with higher prices and greater margins. If we fail to accomplish any of these objectives, our business will suffer. To reduce our costs, we may be required to implement design changes that lower our manufacturing costs, negotiate reduced purchase prices from our independent foundries and our independent assembly and test vendors, and successfully manage our manufacturing and subcontractor relationships. Because we do not operate our own wafer foundry or assembly facilities, we may not be able to reduce our costs as rapidly as companies that operate their own foundries or facilities. We are substantially dependent on the continued services and performance of our senior management and other key personnel. Our future success is substantially dependent on the continued services and continuing contributions of our senior management who must work together effectively in order to design our products, expand our business, increase our revenues and improve our operating results. Members of our senior management team have long-standing and important relationships with our key customers and suppliers. The loss of services, whether as a result of illness, resignation, retirement or death, of Lee-Lean Shu, our President and Chief Executive Officer, Dr. Avidan Akerib, our Vice President of Associative Computing, any other executive officer or other key employee could significantly delay or prevent the achievement of our development and strategic objectives. We do not have employment contracts with, nor maintain key person insurance on, any of our executive officers or other key employees. System security risks, data protection, cyber-attacks and systems integration issues could disrupt our internal operations or the operations of our business partners, and any such disruption could harm our reputation or cause a reduction in our expected revenue, increase our expenses, negatively impact our results of operation or otherwise adversely affect our stock price. Security breaches, computer malware and cyber-attacks have become more prevalent and sophisticated in recent years and may increase in the future due to a number of our employees working from home and the potential for retaliatory cyber-attacks as a result of the military conflict in Ukraine. Experienced computer programmers and hackers may be able to penetrate our network security or the network security of our business partners, and misappropriate or compromise our confidential and proprietary information, create system disruptions or cause shutdowns. The costs to us to eliminate or alleviate cyber or other security problems, bugs, viruses, worms, malicious software programs and security vulnerabilities could be significant, and our efforts to address these problems may not be successful and could result in interruptions and delays that may impede our sales, manufacturing, distribution or other critical functions. We manage and store various proprietary information and sensitive or confidential data relating to our business on the cloud. Breaches of our security measures or the accidental loss, inadvertent disclosure or unapproved dissemination of proprietary information or confidential data about us, including the potential loss or disclosure of such information or data as a result of fraud, trickery or other forms of deception, could expose us to a risk of loss or misuse of this information, result in litigation and potential liability for us, damage our reputation or otherwise harm our business. In addition, the cost and operational consequences of implementing further data protection measures could be significant. 25 Table of Contents Portions of our IT infrastructure also may experience interruptions, delays or cessations of service or produce errors in connection with systems integration or migration work that takes place from time to time. We may not be successful in implementing new systems and transitioning data, which could cause business disruptions and be more expensive, time consuming, disruptive and resource-intensive than originally anticipated. Such disruptions could adversely impact our ability to attract and retain customers, fulfill orders and interrupt other processes and could adversely affect our business, financial results, stock price and reputation. We may be unable to accurately predict future sales through our distributors, which could harm our ability to efficiently manage our resources to match market demand. Our financial results, quarterly product sales, trends and comparisons are affected by fluctuations in the buying patterns of the OEMs that purchase our products from our distributors. While we attempt to assist our distributors in maintaining targeted stocking levels of our products, we may not consistently be accurate or successful. This process involves the exercise of judgment and use of assumptions as to future uncertainties, including end user demand. Inventory levels of our products held by our distributors may exceed or fall below the levels we consider desirable on a going-forward basis. This could result in distributors returning unsold inventory to us, or in us not having sufficient inventory to meet the demand for our products. If we are not able to accurately predict sales through our distributors or effectively manage our relationships with our distributors, our business and financial results will suffer. A small number of customers generally account for a significant portion of our accounts receivable in any period, and if any one of them fails to pay us, our financial position and operating results will suffer. At March 31, 2022, three customers accounted for 34%, 28% and 19% of our accounts receivable, respectively. If any of these customers do not pay us, our financial position and operating results will be harmed. Generally, we do not require collateral from our customers. Demand for our products may decrease if our OEM customers experience difficulty manufacturing, marketing or selling their products. Our products are used as components in our OEM customers’ products, including routers, switches and other networking and telecommunications products. Accordingly, demand for our products is subject to factors affecting the ability of our OEM customers to successfully introduce and market their products, including: ● capital spending by telecommunication and network service providers and other end-users who purchase our OEM customers’ products; ● the competition our OEM customers face, particularly in the networking and telecommunications industries; ● the technical, manufacturing, sales and marketing and management capabilities of our OEM customers; ● the financial and other resources of our OEM customers; and ● the inability of our OEM customers to sell their products if they infringe third-party intellectual property rights. As a result, if OEM customers reduce their purchases of our products, our business will suffer. 26 Table of Contents Our products have lengthy sales cycles that make it difficult to plan our expenses and forecast results. Our products are generally incorporated in our OEM customers’ products at the design stage. However, their decisions to use our products often require significant expenditures by us without any assurance of success, and often precede volume sales, if any, by a year or more. If an OEM customer decides at the design stage not to incorporate our products into their products, we will not have another opportunity for a design win with respect to that customer’s product for many months or years, if at all. Our sales cycle can take up to 24 months to complete, and because of this lengthy sales cycle, we may experience a delay between increasing expenses for research and development and our sales and marketing efforts and the generation of volume production revenues, if any, from these expenditures. Moreover, the value of any design win will largely depend on the commercial success of our OEM customers’ products. There can be no assurance that we will continue to achieve design wins or that any design win will result in future revenues. We are developing a subscription business model for certain of our new APU products, which will take time to implement and will be subject to execution risks. The sales cycle for subscription products is different from our hardware sales business and we will need to implement strategies to manage customer retention, which may be more volatile than the hardware sales to OEM customers. We anticipate that there will be quarterly fluctuations in the revenue and expenses associated with this new license-based business as we optimize the sales process for our target customers. Furthermore, because of the time it takes to build a meaningful subscription business, we expect to incur significant expenses relating to the subscription business before generating revenue from that new business. Our business could be negatively affected as a result of actions of activist stockholders or others. We may be subject to actions or proposals from stockholders or others that may not align with our business strategies or the interests of our other stockholders. Responding to such actions can be costly and time-consuming, disrupt our business and operations, and divert the attention of our board of directors, management, and employees from the pursuit of our business strategies. Such activities could interfere with our ability to execute our strategic plan. Activist stockholders or others may create perceived uncertainties as to the future direction of our business or strategy which may be exploited by our competitors and may make it more difficult to attract and retain qualified personnel and potential customers, and may affect our relationships with current customers, vendors, investors, and other third parties. In addition, a proxy contest for the election of directors at our annual meeting would require us to incur significant legal fees and proxy solicitation expenses and require significant time and attention by management and our board of directors. The perceived uncertainties as to our future direction also could affect the market price and volatility of our securities. Claims that we infringe third party intellectual property rights could seriously harm our business and require us to incur significant costs. In recent years, there has been significant litigation in the semiconductor industry involving patents and other intellectual property rights. We were previously involved in protracted patent infringement litigation, and we could become subject to additional claims or litigation in the future as a result of allegations that we infringe others’ intellectual property rights or that our use of intellectual property otherwise violates the law. Claims that our products infringe the proprietary rights of others would force us to defend ourselves and possibly our customers, distributors or manufacturers against the alleged infringement. Any such litigation regarding intellectual property could result in substantial costs and diversion of resources and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Similarly, changing our products or processes to avoid infringing the rights of others may be costly or impractical. If any claims received in the future were to be upheld, the consequences to us could require us to: ● stop selling our products that incorporate the challenged intellectual property; 27 Table of Contents ● obtain a license to sell or use the relevant technology, which license may not be available on reasonable terms or at all; ● pay damages; or ● redesign those products that use the disputed technology. Although patent disputes in the semiconductor industry have often been settled through cross-licensing arrangements, we may not be able in any or every instance to settle an alleged patent infringement claim through a cross-licensing arrangement in part because we have a more limited patent portfolio than many of our competitors. If a successful claim is made against us or any of our customers and a license is not made available to us on commercially reasonable terms or we are required to pay substantial damages or awards, our business, financial condition and results of operations would be materially adversely affected. Our acquisition of companies or technologies could prove difficult to integrate, disrupt our business, dilute stockholder value and adversely affect our operating results. In November 2015, we acquired all of the outstanding capital stock of privately held MikaMonu Group Ltd., a development-stage, Israel-based company that specializes in in-place associative computing for markets including big data, computer vision and cyber security. We also acquired substantially all of the assets related to the SRAM memory device product line of Sony Corporation in 2009. We intend to supplement our internal development activities by seeking opportunities to make additional acquisitions or investments in companies, assets or technologies that we believe are complementary or strategic. Other than the MikaMonu and Sony acquisitions, we have not made any such acquisitions or investments, and therefore our experience as an organization in making such acquisitions and investments is limited. In connection with the MikaMonu acquisition, we are subject to risks related to potential problems, delays or unanticipated costs that may be encountered in the development of products based on the MikaMonu technology and the establishment of new markets and customer relationships for the potential new products. In addition, in connection with any future acquisitions or investments we may make, we face numerous other risks, including: ● difficulties in integrating operations, technologies, products and personnel; ● diversion of financial and managerial resources from existing operations; ● risk of overpaying for or misjudging the strategic fit of an acquired company, asset or technology; ● problems or liabilities stemming from defects of an acquired product or intellectual property litigation that may result from offering the acquired product in our markets; ● challenges in retaining key employees to maximize the value of the acquisition or investment; ● inability to generate sufficient return on investment; ● incurrence of significant one-time write-offs; and ● delays in customer purchases due to uncertainty. If we proceed with additional acquisitions or investments, we may be required to use a considerable amount of our cash, or to finance the transaction through debt or equity securities offerings, which may decrease our financial liquidity or dilute our stockholders and affect the market price of our stock. As a result, if we fail to properly evaluate and execute acquisitions or investments, our business and prospects may be harmed. 28 Table of Contents If we are unable to recruit or retain qualified personnel, our business and product development efforts could be harmed. We must continue to identify, recruit, hire, train, retain and motivate highly skilled technical, managerial, sales and marketing and administrative personnel. Competition for these individuals is intense, and we may not be able to successfully recruit, assimilate or retain sufficiently qualified personnel. We may encounter difficulties in recruiting and retaining a sufficient number of qualified engineers, which could harm our ability to develop new products and adversely impact our relationships with existing and future end-users at a critical stage of development. The failure to recruit and retain necessary technical, managerial, sales, marketing and administrative personnel could harm our business and our ability to obtain new OEM customers and develop new products. Our business will suffer if we are unable to protect our intellectual property. Our success and ability to compete depends in large part upon protecting our proprietary technology. We rely on a combination of patent, trade secret, copyright and trademark laws and non-disclosure and other contractual agreements to protect our proprietary rights. These agreements and measures may not be sufficient to protect our technology from third-party infringement. Monitoring unauthorized use of our intellectual property is difficult and we cannot be certain that the steps we have taken will prevent unauthorized use of our technology, particularly in foreign countries where the laws may not protect our proprietary rights as fully as in the United States. Our attempts to enforce our intellectual property rights could be time consuming and costly. In the past, we have been involved in litigation to enforce our intellectual property rights and to protect our trade secrets. Additional litigation of this type may be necessary in the future. Any such litigation could result in substantial costs and diversion of resources. If competitors are able to use our technology without our approval or compensation, our ability to compete effectively could be harmed. Any significant order cancellations or order deferrals could adversely affect our operating results. We typically sell products pursuant to purchase orders that customers can generally cancel or defer on short notice without incurring a significant penalty. Any significant cancellations or deferrals in the future could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Cancellations or deferrals could cause us to hold excess inventory, which could reduce our profit margins, increase product obsolescence and restrict our ability to fund our operations. We generally recognize revenue upon shipment of products to a customer. If a customer refuses to accept shipped products or does not pay for these products, we could miss future revenue projections or incur significant charges against our income, which could materially and adversely affect our operating results. If our business grows, such growth may place a significant strain on our management and operations and, as a result, our business may suffer. We are endeavoring to expand our business, and any growth that we are successful in achieving could place a significant strain on our management systems, infrastructure and other resources. To manage the potential growth of our operations and resulting increases in the number of our personnel, we will need to invest the necessary capital to continue to improve our operational, financial and management controls and our reporting systems and procedures. Our controls, systems and procedures may prove to be inadequate should we experience significant growth. In addition, we may not have sufficient administrative staff to support our operations. For example, we currently have only five employees in our finance department in the United States, including our Chief Financial Officer. Furthermore, our officers have limited experience in managing large or rapidly growing businesses. If our management fails to respond effectively to changes in our business, our business may suffer. 29 Table of Contents Our operations involve the use of hazardous and toxic materials, and we must comply with environmental laws and regulations, which can be expensive, and may affect our business and operating results. We are subject to federal, state and local regulations relating to the use, handling, storage, disposal and human exposure to hazardous and toxic materials. If we were to violate or become liable under environmental laws in the future as a result of our inability to obtain permits, human error, accident, equipment failure or other causes, we could be subject to fines, costs, or civil or criminal sanctions, face property damage or personal injury claims or be required to incur substantial investigation or remediation costs, which could be material, or experience disruptions in our operations, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business. In addition, environmental laws could become more stringent over time imposing greater compliance costs and increasing risks and penalties associated with violations, which could harm our business. We face increasing complexity in our product design as we adjust to new and future requirements relating to the material composition of our products, including the restrictions on lead and other hazardous substances that apply to specified electronic products put on the market in the European Union, China and California. Other countries, including at the federal and state levels in the United States, are also considering similar laws and regulations. Certain electronic products that we maintain in inventory may be rendered obsolete if they are not in compliance with such laws and regulations, which could negatively impact our ability to generate revenue from those products. Although we cannot predict the ultimate impact of any such new laws and regulations, they will likely result in additional costs, or in the worst case decreased revenue, and could even require that we redesign or change how we manufacture our products. Such redesigns result in additional costs and possible delayed or lost revenue. Risks Related to Manufacturing and Product Development We may experience difficulties in transitioning to smaller geometry process technologies and other more advanced manufacturing process technologies, which may result in reduced manufacturing yields, delays in product deliveries and increased expenses. In order to remain competitive, we expect to continue to transition the manufacture of our products to smaller geometry process technologies. This transition will require us to migrate to new manufacturing processes for our products and redesign certain products. The manufacture and design of our products is complex, and we may experience difficulty in transitioning to smaller geometry process technologies or new manufacturing processes. These difficulties could result in reduced manufacturing yields, delays in product deliveries and increased expenses. We are dependent on our relationships with TSMC to transition successfully to smaller geometry process technologies and to more advanced manufacturing processes. If we or TSMC experience significant delays in this transition or fail to implement these transitions, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. Manufacturing process technologies are subject to rapid change and require significant expenditures for research and development. We continuously evaluate the benefits of migrating to smaller geometry process technologies in order to improve performance and reduce costs. Historically, these migrations to new manufacturing processes have resulted in significant initial design and development costs associated with pre-production mask sets for the manufacture of new products with smaller geometry process technologies. For example, in the second quarter of fiscal 2019, we incurred approximately $1.0 million in research and development expense associated with a pre-production mask set that will not be used in production as part of the transition to our new 28 nanometer SRAM process technology for our APU product. We will incur similar expenses in the future as we continue to transition our products to smaller geometry processes. The costs inherent in the transition to new manufacturing process technologies will adversely affect our operating results and our gross margin. 30 Table of Contents Our products are complex to design and manufacture and could contain defects, which could reduce revenues or result in claims against us. We develop complex products. Despite testing by us and our OEM customers, design or manufacturing errors may be found in existing or new products. These defects could result in a delay in recognition or loss of revenues, loss of market share or failure to achieve market acceptance. These defects may also cause us to incur significant warranty, support and repair costs, divert the attention of our engineering personnel from our product development efforts, result in a loss of market acceptance of our products and harm our relationships with our OEM customers. Our OEM customers could also seek and obtain damages from us for their losses. A product liability claim brought against us, even if unsuccessful, would likely be time consuming and costly to defend. Defects in wafers and other components used in our products and arising from the manufacturing of these products may not be fully recoverable from TSMC or our other suppliers. Risks Related to Our International Business and Operations Changes in Taiwan’s political, social and economic environment may affect our business performance. Because much of the manufacturing and testing of our products is conducted in Taiwan, our business performance may be affected by changes in Taiwan’s political, social and economic environment. For example, any political instability or armed conflict resulting from changes in the relationship among the United States, Taiwan and the People’s Republic of China could damage our business. Moreover, the role of the Taiwanese government in the Taiwanese economy is significant. Taiwanese policies toward economic liberalization, and laws and policies affecting technology companies, foreign investment, currency exchange rates, taxes and other matters could change, resulting in greater restrictions on our ability and our suppliers’ ability to do business and operate facilities in Taiwan. If any of these changes were to occur, our business could be harmed and our stock price could decline. Our international business exposes us to additional risks. Products shipped to destinations outside of the United States accounted for 53.5%, 55.4% and 59.6% of our net revenues in fiscal 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Moreover, a substantial portion of our products is manufactured and tested in Taiwan, and the software development for our associative computing products occurs in Israel. We intend to continue expanding our international business in the future. Conducting business outside of the United States subjects us to additional risks and challenges, including: ● potential political and economic instability in, or foreign conflicts that involve or affect, the countries in which we, our customers and our suppliers are located; ● local authorities’ decisions regarding travel restrictions, stay-at-home orders, testing requirements and other policies to address public health crises such as the COVID-19 global pandemic which have an adverse impact on the economy and demand for our products; ● uncertainties regarding taxes, tariffs, quotas, export controls and license requirements, trade wars, policies that favor domestic companies over nondomestic companies, including government efforts to provide for the development and growth of local competitors, and other trade barriers; ● heightened price sensitivity from customers in emerging markets; ● compliance with a wide variety of foreign laws and regulations and unexpected changes in these laws and regulations; ● fluctuations in freight rates and transportation disruptions; 31 Table of Contents ● difficulties and costs of staffing and managing personnel, distributors and representatives across different geographic areas and cultures, including assuring compliance with the U. S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and other U. S. and foreign anti-corruption laws; ● difficulties in collecting accounts receivable and longer accounts receivable payment cycles; and ● limited protection for intellectual property rights in some countries. Moreover, our reporting currency is the U.S. dollar. However, a portion of our cost of revenues and our operating expenses is denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar, primarily the New Taiwanese dollar and Israeli Shekel. As a result, appreciation or depreciation of other currencies in relation to the U.S. dollar could result in transaction gains or losses that could impact our operating results. We do not currently engage in currency hedging activities to reduce the risk of financial exposure from fluctuations in foreign exchange rates. TSMC, as well as our other independent suppliers and many of our OEM customers, have operations in the Pacific Rim, an area subject to significant risk of earthquakes, typhoons and other natural disasters and adverse consequences related to the outbreak of contagious diseases such as COVID-19. The foundry that manufactures our Fast SRAM and APU products, TSMC, and all of the principal independent suppliers that assemble and test our products are located in Taiwan. Many of our customers are also located in the Pacific Rim. The risk of an earthquake in these Pacific Rim locations is significant. The occurrence of an earthquake, typhoon or other natural disaster near the fabrication facilities of TSMC or our other independent suppliers could result in damage, power outages and other disruptions that impair their production and assembly capacity. Any disruption resulting from such events could cause significant delays in the production or shipment of our products until we are able to shift our manufacturing, assembling, packaging or production testing from the affected contractor to another third-party vendor. In such an event, we may not be able to obtain alternate foundry capacity on favorable terms, or at all. The COVID-19 global pandemic, along with the previous outbreaks of SARS, H1N1 and the Avian Flu, has curtailed travel between and within countries, including in the Asia-Pacific region. Outbreaks of new contagious diseases or the resurgence of existing diseases that significantly affect the Asia-Pacific region could disrupt the operations of our key suppliers and manufacturing partners. In addition, our business could be harmed if such an outbreak resulted in travel being restricted, the implementation of stay-at-home or shelter-in-place orders or if it adversely affected the operations of our OEM customers or the demand for our products or our OEM customers’ products. We do not maintain sufficient business interruption and other insurance policies to compensate us for all losses that may occur. Any losses or damages incurred by us as a result of a catastrophic event or any other significant uninsured loss in excess of our insurance policy limits could have a material adverse effect on our business. The United States could materially modify certain international trade agreements, or change tax provisions related to the global manufacturing and sales of our products. A portion of our business activities are conducted in foreign countries, including Taiwan and Israel. Our business benefits from free trade agreements, and we also rely on various U.S. corporate tax provisions related to international commerce as we develop, manufacture, market and sell our products globally. Any action to materially modify international trade agreements, change corporate tax policy related to international commerce or mandate domestic production of goods, could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. 32 Table of Contents Some of our products are incorporated into advanced military electronics, and changes in international geopolitical circumstances and domestic budget considerations may hurt our business. Some of our products are incorporated into advanced military electronics such as radar and guidance systems. Military expenditures and appropriations for such purchases rose significantly in recent years. However, if current U.S. military operations around the world are scaled back, demand for our products for use in military applications may decrease, and our operating results could suffer. Domestic budget considerations may also adversely affect our operating results. For example, if governmental appropriations for military purchases of electronic devices that include our products are reduced, our revenues will likely decline. Risks Relating to Our Common Stock and the Securities Market The trading price of our common stock is subject to fluctuation and is likely to be volatile. The trading price of our common stock may fluctuate significantly in response to a number of factors, some of which are beyond our control, including: ● the establishment of a market for our new associative computing products; ● actual or anticipated declines in operating results; ● changes in financial estimates or recommendations by securities analysts; ● the institution of legal proceedings against us or significant developments in such proceedings; ● announcements by us or our competitors of financial results, new products, significant technological innovations, contracts, acquisitions, strategic relationships, joint ventures, capital commitments or other events; ● changes in industry estimates of demand for Very Fast SRAM, RadHard and RadTolerant products; ● the gain or loss of significant orders or customers; ● recruitment or departure of key personnel; and ● market conditions in our industry, the industries of our customers and the economy as a whole. In recent years the stock market in general, and the market for technology stocks in particular, have experienced extreme price fluctuations, which have often been unrelated to the operating performance of affected companies. The market price of our common stock might experience significant fluctuations in the future, including fluctuations unrelated to our performance. These fluctuations could materially adversely affect our business relationships, our ability to obtain future financing on favorable terms or otherwise harm our business. In addition, in the past, securities class action litigation has often been brought against a company following periods of volatility in the market price of its securities. This risk is especially acute for us because the extreme volatility of market prices of technology companies has resulted in a larger number of securities class action claims against them. Due to the potential volatility of our stock price, we may in the future be the target of similar litigation. Securities litigation could result in substantial costs and divert management’s attention and resources. This could harm our business and cause the value of our stock to decline. 33 Table of Contents We may need to raise additional capital in the future, which may not be available on favorable terms or at all, and which may cause dilution to existing stockholders. We may need to seek additional funding in the future. We do not know if we will be able to obtain additional financing on favorable terms, if at all. If we cannot raise funds on acceptable terms, if and when needed, we may not be able to develop or enhance our products, take advantage of future opportunities or respond to competitive pressures or unanticipated requirements, and we may be required to reduce operating costs, which could seriously harm our business. In addition, if we issue equity securities, our stockholders may experience dilution or the new equity securities may have rights, preferences or privileges senior to those of our common stock. Our executive officers, directors and entities affiliated with them hold a substantial percentage of our common stock. As of May 31, 2022, our executive officers, directors and entities affiliated with them beneficially owned approximately 32% of our outstanding common stock. As a result, these stockholders will be able to exercise substantial influence over, and may be able to effectively control, matters requiring stockholder approval, including the election of directors and approval of significant corporate transactions, which could have the effect of delaying or preventing a third party from acquiring control over or merging with us. The provisions of our charter documents might inhibit potential acquisition bids that a stockholder might believe are desirable, and the market price of our common stock could be lower as a result. Our Board of Directors has the authority to issue up to 5,000,000 shares of preferred stock. Our Board of Directors can fix the price, rights, preferences, privileges and restrictions of the preferred stock without any further vote or action by our stockholders. The issuance of shares of preferred stock might delay or prevent a change in control transaction. As a result, the market price of our common stock and the voting and other rights of our stockholders might be adversely affected. The issuance of preferred stock might result in the loss of voting control to other stockholders. We have no current plans to issue any shares of preferred stock. Our charter documents also contain other provisions, which might discourage, delay or prevent a merger or acquisition, including: ● our stockholders have no right to act by written consent; ● our stockholders have no right to call a special meeting of stockholders; and ● our stockholders must comply with advance notice requirements to nominate directors or submit proposals for consideration at stockholder meetings. These provisions could also have the effect of discouraging others from making tender offers for our common stock. As a result, these provisions might prevent the market price of our common stock from increasing substantially in response to actual or rumored takeover attempts. These provisions might also prevent changes in our management. Use of a portion of our cash reserves to repurchase shares of our common stock presents potential risks and disadvantages to us and our continuing stockholders. From November 2008 through December 2021 we repurchased and retired an aggregate of 12,004,779 shares of our common stock at a total cost of $60.7 million, including 3,846,153 shares repurchased at a total cost of $25 million pursuant to a modified “Dutch auction” self-tender offer that we completed in August 2014 and additional shares repurchased in the open market pursuant to our stock repurchase program. At March 31, 2022, we had outstanding authorization from our Board of Directors to purchase up to an additional $4.3 million of our 34 Table of Contents common stock from time to time under our repurchase program. Although our Board has determined that these repurchases are in the best interests of our stockholders, they expose us to certain risks including: ● the risks resulting from a reduction in the size of our “public float,” which is the number of shares of our common stock that are owned by non-affiliated stockholders and available for trading in the securities markets, which may reduce the volume of trading in our shares and result in reduced liquidity and, potentially, lower trading prices; ● the risk that our stock price could decline and that we would be able to repurchase shares of our common stock in the future at a lower price per share than the prices we have paid in our tender offer and repurchase program; and ● the risk that the use of a portion of our cash reserves for this purpose has reduced, or may reduce, the amount of cash that would otherwise be available to pursue potential cash acquisitions or other strategic business opportunities. Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments None. Item 2. Properties Our executive offices, our principal administration, marketing and sales operations and a portion of our research and development operations are located in a 44,277 square foot facility in Sunnyvale, California, which we purchased in fiscal 2010. In addition, we occupy approximately 25,250 square feet in a facility located in Hsin Chu, Taiwan under a lease expiring in August 2023. This facility supports our manufacturing activities. We believe that both our Sunnyvale and Taiwan facilities are adequate for our needs for the foreseeable future. We also lease space in the United States in the states of Georgia and Texas and in Israel. The aggregate annual gross rent for our leased facilities was approximately $806,000 in fiscal 2022. Item 3. Legal Proceedings None. Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures Not applicable. PART II Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Market Information, Holders of Common Stock and Dividends Our common stock is traded on the Nasdaq Global Market under the symbol “GSIT”. On May 31, 2022, there were approximately 21 holders of record of our common stock. Because many of such shares are held by brokers and other institutions on behalf of stockholders, we are unable to estimate the total number of beneficial holders of our common stock represented by these record holders. We have never declared or paid cash dividends on our common stock, and we do not anticipate declaring or paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. 35 Table of Contents Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Our Board of Directors has authorized us to repurchase, at management’s discretion, shares of our common stock. Under the repurchase program, we may repurchase shares from time to time on the open market or in private transactions. The specific timing and amount of the repurchases will be dependent on market conditions, securities law limitations and other factors. The repurchase program may be suspended or terminated at any time without prior notice. During the quarter ended March 31, 2022, we did not repurchase any of our shares under the repurchase program. Item 6. Reserved 36 Table of Contents Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations The following discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ substantially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of many factors, including those set forth under “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this report. The following discussion should be read together with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this report. This discussion and analysis generally covers our financial condition and results of operations for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022, including year-over-year comparisons versus the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021. Our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021 includes a discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020 in Item 7 of Part II, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” Overview We are a leading provider of high-performance semiconductor memory solutions for in-place associative computing applications in high growth markets such as artificial intelligence (AI) and high-performance computing (HPC), including natural language processing and computer vision. Our initial associative processing unit (“APU”) products are focused on applications using similarity search. Similarity search is used in visual search queries for ecommerce, computer vision, drug discovery, cyber security and service markets such as NoSQL, Elasticsearch, and OpenSearch. We also design, develop and market static random access memories, or SRAMs, that operate at speeds of less than 10 nanoseconds, which we refer to as Very Fast SRAMs, primarily for the networking and telecommunications and the military/defense and aerospace markets. We are subject to the highly cyclical nature of the semiconductor industry, which has experienced significant fluctuations, often in connection with fluctuations in demand for the products in which semiconductor devices are used. Our revenues have been substantially impacted by significant fluctuations in sales to our largest customer, Nokia. We expect that future direct and indirect sales to Nokia will continue to fluctuate significantly on a quarterly basis. The networking and telecommunications market has accounted for a significant portion of our net revenues in the past and has declined during the past several years and is expected to continue to decline. In anticipation of the decline of the networking and telecommunications market, we have been using the revenue generated by the sales of high-speed synchronous SRAM products to finance the development of our new in-place associative computing solutions and the marketing and sale of new types of SRAM products such as radiation-hardened and radiation-tolerant SRAMs. However, with no debt and substantial liquidity, we believe we are in a better financial position than many other companies of our size. Since 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic has affected many of the countries in which we, our customers, our suppliers and our other business partners conduct business. Governments in affected regions have implemented, and may continue to implement, safety precautions which include quarantines, travel restrictions, business closures, cancellations of public gatherings and other measures as they deem necessary. Many organizations and individuals, including the Company and our employees, are taking additional steps to avoid or reduce infection, including limiting travel and working from home. These measures have disrupted normal business operations both in and outside of affected areas and have had significant negative impacts on businesses and financial markets worldwide. While originally expected to be temporary, these disruptions negatively impacted our revenue, results of operations, financial condition, and liquidity in fiscal years 2021 and 2022, and may continue to negatively impact us in fiscal 2023. We continue to monitor our operations and government recommendations and have made modifications to our normal operations because of the COVID-19 global pandemic. We have instituted many preventative measures and are regularly evaluating those measures and others as we continue to better understand our current and future operating 37 Table of Contents environment. From March 2020 through April 2022, except for our employees located in Taiwan, the majority of our employees worked from home around the world. In May 2021, due to a surge in COVID-19 infections in Taiwan, our employees in Taiwan worked from home under alternating schedules, and returned to their offices in July 2021. During the pandemic we have been able to maintain a substantial portion of our manufacturing operational capacity at our primary manufacturing support facility located in Hsin Chu, Taiwan where our suppliers are located and all of our products are manufactured. Since the outbreak of COVID-19, aside from the lengthening of lead times for wafers and assembly services and some price increases, including a 20% increase in the cost of wafers received in early calendar 2022, we have experienced minimal impact, and continue to experience minimal impact, on our manufacturing operations in Taiwan. Final testing of our product is conducted in house. Shipping and receiving operations at our United States headquarters were maintained by a skeleton crew with minimal impact. Our revenues were impacted by changes in customer buying patterns and communication limitations related to COVID-19 restrictions that required a significant number of our customer contacts to work from home. Our results for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2021 and 2022 demonstrated the challenges that we have faced during the COVID-19 global pandemic, which restricted the activities of our sales force and distributors, reduced customer demand and caused the postponement of investment in certain customer sectors. These challenges impacted us as we entered new markets and engaged with target customers to sell our new APU product. Industry conferences and on-site training workshops, which are typically used for building a sales pipeline, were limited due to COVID-19 related restrictions. We adapted our sales strategies for the COVID-19 environment, where we could not have face-to-face meetings and conduct secure meetings with government and defense customers. In addition to the continuing COVID-19 global pandemic, the recent military conflict in Ukraine and the rapid rise in energy prices may have an adverse impact on our business and financial condition. The disruption to the marketplace that resulted from the COVID-19 global pandemic and that we may continue to experience is unlike anything we have ever had to deal with. While we continue to monitor the business metrics that we have historically used to predict our financial performance, we are uncertain as to whether these metrics will operate consistently with our historical experience. As of March 31, 2022, we had cash, cash equivalents, and short-term and long-term investments of $47.3 million, with no debt. We have a team in-place with tremendous depth and breadth of experience and knowledge, with a legacy business that is providing an ongoing source of funding for the development of new product lines. We have a strong balance sheet and liquidity position that we anticipate will provide financial flexibility and security in the current environment of economic uncertainty with no current expectations of additional cash infusions required. Generally, our primary source of liquidity is cash equivalents and short-term investments. Our level of cash equivalents and short-term investments has historically been sufficient to meet our current and longer term operating and capital needs. We believe that during the next 12 months the COVID-19 global pandemic will continue to impact general economic activity and demand in our end markets. In addition, supply chain constraints have had an impact on our ability to fulfill all of our orders. While there has been some improvement, the situation remains fluid, and we do not expect significant relief from these constraints before the end of calendar year 2022. Although it is difficult to estimate the length or gravity of the continued impact of the COVID-19 outbreak, it is expected to have an adverse effect on our results of operations, financial position, including potential impairments, and liquidity in fiscal year 2023. On March 27, 2020, the CARES Act was enacted to provide emergency economic stimulus in response to the COVID-19 global pandemic. The CARES Act, along with the Consolidated Appropriations Act (“CAA”) and the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (“ARPA”) is an emergency economic stimulus package passed in response to the COVID-19 global pandemic that includes aid to small businesses in the form of loans and grants and other efforts to stabilize the U.S. economy. Also included in the CARES Act are numerous income tax provisions including changes to the net operating loss rules. During fiscal year 2021, we recorded a $378,000 tax benefit resulting from the carryback of our fiscal year 2020 federal net operating loss to fiscal year 2018 due to the five-year 38 Table of Contents net operating loss carryback provision from the CARES Act. We have not filed for funding related to the CARES Act, CAA and ARPA due to our strong balance sheet and liquidity position. Revenues. Our revenues are derived primarily from sales of our Very Fast SRAM products. Sales to networking and telecommunications OEMs accounted for 49% to 53% of our net revenues during our last three fiscal years. We also sell our products to OEMs that manufacture products for military and aerospace applications such as radar and guidance systems and satellites, for test and measurement applications such as high-speed testers, for automotive applications such as smart cruise control, and for medical applications such as ultrasound and CAT scan equipment. As is typical in the semiconductor industry, the selling prices of our products generally decline over the life of the product. Our ability to increase net revenues, therefore, is dependent upon our ability to increase unit sales volumes of existing products and to introduce and sell new products with higher average selling prices in quantities sufficient to compensate for the anticipated declines in selling prices of our more mature products. Although we expect the average selling prices of individual products to decline over time, we believe that, over the next several quarters, our overall average selling prices will increase due to a continuing shift in product mix to a higher percentage of higher price, higher density products, and to a lesser extent, recent price increases to our customers due to supply constraints. Our ability to increase unit sales volumes is dependent primarily upon increases in customer demand but, particularly in periods of increasing demand, can also be affected by our ability to increase production through the availability of increased wafer fabrication capacity from TSMC, our wafer supplier, and our ability to increase the number of good integrated circuit die produced from each wafer through die size reductions and yield enhancement activities. We may experience fluctuations in quarterly net revenues for a number of reasons. Historically, orders on hand at the beginning of each quarter are insufficient to meet our revenue objectives for that quarter and are generally cancelable up to 30 days prior to scheduled delivery. Accordingly, we depend on obtaining and shipping orders in the same quarter to achieve our revenue objectives. In addition, the timing of product releases, purchase orders and product availability could result in significant product shipments at the end of a quarter. Failure to ship these products by the end of the quarter may adversely affect our operating results. Furthermore, our customers may delay scheduled delivery dates and/or cancel orders within specified timeframes without significant penalty. We sell our products through our direct sales force, international and domestic sales representatives and distributors. Our revenues have been and are expected to continue to be impacted by changes in customer buying patterns and communication limitations related to COVID-19 restrictions that require a significant number of our customer contacts to work from home. The majority of our customer contracts, which may be in the form of purchase orders, contracts or purchase agreements, contain performance obligations for delivery of agreed upon products. Delivery of all performance obligations contained within a contract with a customer typically occurs at the same time (or within the same accounting period). Transfer of control typically occurs at the time of shipment or at the time the product is pulled from consignment as that is the point at which delivery has occurred, title and the risks and rewards of ownership have passed to the customer, and we have a right to payment. Thus, we will generally recognize revenue upon shipment of the product. Sales to consignment warehouses, who purchase products from us for use by contract manufacturers, are recorded upon delivery to the contract manufacturer. Historically, a small number of OEM customers have accounted for a substantial portion of our net revenues, and we expect that significant customer concentration will continue for the foreseeable future. Many of our OEMs use contract manufacturers to manufacture their equipment. Accordingly, a significant percentage of our net revenues is derived from sales to these contract manufacturers and to consignment warehouses. In addition, a significant portion of our sales are made to foreign and domestic distributors who resell our products to OEMs, as well as their contract manufacturers. Direct sales to contract manufacturers and consignment warehouses accounted 39 Table of Contents for 31.0%, 43.7% and 33.7% of our net revenues for fiscal 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Sales to foreign and domestic distributors accounted for 66.8%, 54.7% and 61.3% of our net revenues for fiscal 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The following direct customers accounted for 10% or more of our net revenues in one or more of the following periods: Fiscal Year Ended March 31, 2022 2021 2020 Contract manufacturers and consignment warehouses: Flextronics Technology Sanmina Distributors: Avnet Logistics Nexcomm 16.0 % 21.1 % 14.8 % 11.2 21.5 17.4 38.0 17.2 29.8 14.7 34.3 15.1 Nokia was our largest customer in fiscal 2022, 2021 and 2020. Nokia purchases products directly from us and through contract manufacturers and distributors. Based on information provided to us by its contract manufacturers and our distributors, purchases by Nokia represented approximately 29%, 39% and 38% of our net revenues in fiscal 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Our revenues have been substantially impacted by significant fluctuations in sales to Nokia, and we expect that future direct and indirect sales to Nokia will continue to fluctuate substantially on a quarterly basis and that such fluctuations may significantly affect our operating results in future periods. To our knowledge, none of our other OEM customers accounted for more than 10% of our net revenues in fiscal 2022, 2021 or 2020. Cost of Revenues. Our cost of revenues consists primarily of wafer fabrication costs, wafer sort, assembly, test and burn-in expenses, the amortized cost of production mask sets, stock-based compensation and the cost of materials and overhead from operations. All of our wafer manufacturing and assembly operations, and a significant portion of our wafer sort testing operations, are outsourced. Accordingly, most of our cost of revenues consists of payments to TSMC and independent assembly and test houses. Because we do not have long-term, fixed-price supply contracts, our wafer fabrication, assembly and other outsourced manufacturing costs are subject to the cyclical fluctuations in demand for semiconductors. We have experienced increased costs as a result of supply chain constraints for wafers and outsourced assembly, burn-in and test operations. We expect these increased manufacturing costs will continue into fiscal 2023. Cost of revenues also includes expenses related to supply chain management, quality assurance, and final product testing and documentation control activities conducted at our headquarters in Sunnyvale, California and our branch operations in Taiwan. Gross Profit. Our gross profit margins vary among our products and are generally greater on our radiation hardened and radiation tolerant SRAMS, on our higher density products and, within a particular density, greater on our higher speed and industrial temperature products. We expect that our overall gross margins will fluctuate from period to period as a result of shifts in product mix, changes in average selling prices and our ability to control our cost of revenues, including costs associated with outsourced wafer fabrication and product assembly and testing. Research and Development Expenses. Research and development expenses consist primarily of salaries and related expenses for design engineers and other technical personnel, the cost of developing prototypes, stock-based compensation and fees paid to consultants. We charge all research and development expenses to operations as incurred. We charge mask costs used in production to cost of revenues over a 12-month period. However, we charge costs related to pre-production mask sets, which are not used in production, to research and development expenses at the time they are incurred. These charges often arise as we transition to new process technologies and, accordingly, can cause research and development expenses to fluctuate on a quarterly basis. We believe that continued investment in research and development is critical to our long-term success, and we expect to continue to devote 40 Table of Contents significant resources to product development activities. In particular, we are devoting substantial resources to the development of a new category of in-place associative computing products. Accordingly, we expect that our research and development expenses will continue to be substantial in future periods and may lead to operating losses in some periods. Such expenses as a percentage of net revenues may fluctuate from period to period. Selling, General and Administrative Expenses. Selling, general and administrative expenses consist primarily of commissions paid to independent sales representatives, salaries, stock-based compensation and related expenses for personnel engaged in sales, marketing, administrative, finance and human resources activities, professional fees, costs associated with the promotion of our products and other corporate expenses. We expect that our sales and marketing expenses will increase in absolute dollars in future periods if we are able to grow and expand our sales force but that, to the extent our revenues increase in future periods, these expenses will generally decline as a percentage of net revenues. We also expect that, in support of any future growth that we are able to achieve, general and administrative expenses will generally increase in absolute dollars. Acquisition On November 23, 2015, we acquired all of the outstanding capital stock of privately held MikaMonu Group Ltd. (“MikaMonu”), a development-stage, Israel-based company that specialized in in-place associative computing for markets including big data, computer vision and cyber security. MikaMonu, located in Tel Aviv, held 12 United States patents and had a number of pending patent applications. The acquisition was undertaken in order to gain access to the MikaMonu patents and the potential markets, and new customer base in those markets, that can be served by new products that we are developing using the in-place associative computing technology. The acquisition has been accounted for as a purchase under authoritative guidance for business combinations. The purchase price of the acquisition was allocated to the intangible assets acquired, with the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of assets acquired recorded as goodwill. We perform a goodwill impairment test near the end of each fiscal year. Under the terms of the acquisition agreement, we paid the former MikaMonu shareholders initial cash consideration of approximately $4.9 million. We are also required to pay the former MikaMonu shareholders future contingent consideration consisting of retention payments and “earnout” payments, as described below. We also made cash retention payments totaling $2.5 million to the three former MikaMonu shareholders, conditioned on the continued employment of Dr. Avidan Akerib, MikaMonu’s co-founder and chief technologist. Retention payments of $743,000, $750,000 and $1.0 million were paid to the former MikaMonu shareholders during the quarters ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively. We are not required to make any further retention payments. We will also make “earnout” payments to the former MikaMonu shareholders in cash or shares of our common stock, at our discretion, during a period of up to ten years following the closing if certain product development milestones and revenue targets for products based on the MikaMonu technology are achieved. Earnout amounts of $750,000 were paid in the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019 based on the achievement of certain product development milestones. Earnout payments, up to a maximum of $30.0 million, equal to 5% of net revenues from the sale of qualifying products in excess of certain thresholds, will be made quarterly through December 31, 2025. The portion of the retention payment made to Dr. Akerib (approximately $1.2 million) was recorded as compensation expense over the period that his services were provided to us. The portion of the retention payment made to the other former MikaMonu shareholders (approximately $1.3 million) plus the maximum amount of the 41 Table of Contents potential earnout payments totals approximately $30.0 million at March 31, 2022. We determined that the fair value of this contingent consideration liability was $5.8 million at the acquisition date. The contingent consideration liability is included in contingent consideration, non-current on the Consolidated Balance Sheet at March 31, 2021 and 2022 in the amount of $4.2 million and $2.7 million, respectively. At each reporting period, the contingent consideration liability will be re-measured at then current fair value with changes recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Changes in any of the inputs may result in significant adjustments to the recorded fair value. Re-measurement of the contingent consideration liability at March 31, 2022 resulted in a decrease of the contingent consideration liability of $1.6 million. The allocation of the purchase price to acquired identifiable intangible assets and goodwill was based on their estimated fair values at the date of acquisition. The fair value allocated to patents was $3.5 million and the residual value allocated to goodwill was $8.0 million. Results of Operations The following table sets forth statement of operations data as a percentage of net revenues for the periods indicated: Net revenues Cost of revenues Gross profit Operating expenses: Research and development Selling, general and administrative Total operating expenses Loss from operations Interest and other income (expense), net Loss before income taxes Provision (benefit) for income taxes Net loss Year Ended March 31, 2022 2021 100.0 % 44.5 55.5 73.9 30.6 104.5 (49.0) (0.2) (49.2) (0.2) (49.0) 100.0 % 52.3 47.7 84.2 40.2 124.4 (76.7) 0.3 (76.4) 1.2 (77.6) Fiscal Year Ended March 31, 2022 Compared to Fiscal Year Ended March 31, 2021 Net Revenues. Net revenues increased by 20.4% from $27.7 million in fiscal 2021 to $33.4 million in fiscal 2022. The overall average selling price of all units shipped in fiscal 2022 increased by 12.3% in fiscal 2022 compared to the prior fiscal year. Net revenues in fiscal 2021 and 2022 were impacted by the COVID-19 global pandemic. In addition, supply chain constraints have had an impact on our ability to fulfill all of our orders. While there has been some improvement, the situation remains fluid, and we do not expect significant relief from these constraints before the end of calendar year 2022. Our net revenues continue to demonstrate the challenges that we have faced during the COVID-19 global pandemic, which has restricted the activities of our sales force and distributors, reduced customer demand and caused the postponement of investment in certain customer sectors. These challenges continue to impact us as we enter new markets and engage with target customers. Industry conferences and on-site training workshops, which are typically used for building a sales pipeline, have been limited due to COVID-19 related restrictions. We have adapted our sales strategies for the COVID-19 environment as there are limitations with both 42 Table of Contents in-person and virtual meetings. Requirements for secure videoconferencing has limited our interactions with government and defense customers. Units shipped increased by 5.7% in fiscal 2022 compared to fiscal 2021. The networking and telecommunications markets represented 49% and 53% of shipments in fiscal 2022 and in fiscal 2021, respectively. Direct and indirect sales to Nokia, currently our largest customer, decreased by $1.3 million from $10.9 million in fiscal 2021 to $9.6 million fiscal 2022. Shipments of our SigmaQuad product line accounted for 51.2% of total shipments in fiscal 2022 compared to 56.7% of total shipments in fiscal 2021. We currently expect that net revenues will fluctuate in the future, from period-to-period, based on evolving customer demand for existing products, the pace of adoption of newer products, and macroeconomic conditions, including any impact related to the military conflict in Ukraine, the recent rapid rise in energy prices and the ongoing COVID-19 global pandemic. Further, due to heightened volatility and uncertainty in customer demand resulting from the COVID-19 global pandemic, we may experience decreased sales and revenues. We believe such impact may in particular affect our direct and indirect sales of Very Fast SRAMs to Nokia and our other key OEM customers. Cost of Revenues. Cost of revenues increased by 2.3% from $14.5 million in fiscal 2021 to $14.8 million in fiscal 2022. Cost of revenues included a provision for excess and obsolete inventories of $466,000 in fiscal 2021 compared to $402,000 in fiscal 2022. Cost of revenues included stock-based compensation expense of $248,000 and $346,000, respectively, in fiscal 2022 and fiscal 2021. Gross Profit. Gross profit increased by 40.3% from $13.2 million in fiscal 2021 to $18.5 million in fiscal 2022. Gross margin increased from 47.7% in fiscal 2021 to 55.5% in fiscal 2022. The change in gross profit is primarily related to the change in net revenues discussed above. The increase in gross margin was primarily related to changes in the mix of products and customers and, to a lesser extent, a 20% price increase effective in December 2021 for the majority of our products. Research and Development Expenses. Research and development expenses increased 5.7% from $23.3 million in fiscal 2021 to $24.7 million in fiscal 2022. The increase in research and development spending was primarily related to an increase of $1.4 million in payroll related expenses and lesser increases in software maintenance expense, stock- based compensation expense and facilities related expenses partially offset by decreases in outside consulting expenses and other fees and patent related legal fees. Research and development expenses included stock-based compensation expense of $1.7 million and $1.5 million in fiscal 2022 and fiscal 2021, respectively. Selling, General and Administrative Expenses. Selling, general and administrative expenses decreased 8.3% from $11.1 million in fiscal 2021 to $10.2 million in fiscal 2022. In fiscal 2022, the value of contingent consideration liability resulting from the MikaMonu acquisition was decreased by $1.6 million compared to an increase of $229,000 in fiscal 2021 as a result of re-measurement of contingent consideration liability in each year. The reduction in contingent consideration in fiscal 2022 was partially offset by increases in payroll related expenses, independent sales representative commissions and stock-based compensation expense. Selling, general and administrative expenses included stock-based compensation expense of $1.1 million and $999,000, respectively, in fiscal 2022 and fiscal 2021. Interest and Other Income (Expense), Net. Interest and other income (expense), net decreased from income of $94,000 in fiscal 2021 to an expense of $60,000 in fiscal 2022. Interest income decreased by $224,000 due to lower interest rates received on cash and short-term and long-term investments and lower levels of short-term and long-term investments. The foreign currency exchange loss decreased from ($201,000) in fiscal 2021 to ($131,000) in fiscal 2022. The exchange loss in each period was primarily related to our Taiwan branch operations and operations in Israel. 43 Table of Contents Provision (benefit) for Income Taxes. The provision for income taxes was $335,000 in fiscal 2021 compared to a benefit from income taxes of ($45,000) in fiscal 2022. The tax provision in fiscal 2021 included a settlement of an income tax audit in Israel for fiscal years 2016 through fiscal 2019 which resulted in a discrete tax provision of $479,000, a tax benefit in the amount of $378,000 resulting from the carryback of the Company’s fiscal year 2020 federal net operating loss to fiscal year 2018 due to the five year net operating loss carryback provision from the March 2020 CARES Act, and to a lesser extent due to fluctuations in the relative mix of income among our operating jurisdictions. The benefit for income taxes in fiscal 2022 included a benefit of ($220,000) related to the approval by the Israel tax authorities of a “Preferred Company” tax rate that was retroactively applied to fiscal 2018 and subsequent fiscal years. Because we recorded a cumulative three-year loss on a U.S. tax basis for the year ended March 31, 2022 and the realization of our deferred tax assets is questionable, we recorded a tax provision reflecting a valuation allowance of $16.2 million in net deferred tax assets in fiscal 2022. Reductions in uncertain tax benefits due to lapses in the statute of limitations were not significant in the years ended March 31, 2022 and 2021. Net Loss. Net loss was ($21.5) million in fiscal 2021 compared to a net loss of ($16.4) million in fiscal 2022. This decrease was primarily due to the changes in net revenues, gross profit and operating expenses discussed above. Liquidity and Capital Resources As of March 31, 2022, our principal sources of liquidity were cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments of $44.0 million compared to $54.0 million as of March 31, 2021. Cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments totaling $26.2 million were held in foreign locations as of March 31, 2022. Net cash used in operating activities was $13.8 million and $15.3 million for fiscal 2022 and fiscal 2021, respectively. The primary uses of cash in fiscal 2022 were the net loss of $16.4 million and increases in accounts receivable, inventory and accrued expenses and other liabilities. The primary sources of cash in fiscal 2022 were non-cash items including stock-based compensation of $3.0 million and depreciation and amortization expenses of $1.0 million. The primary use of cash in fiscal 2021 was the net loss of $21.5 million. The primary sources of cash in fiscal 2021 were non-cash items including stock-based compensation of $2.9 million and depreciation and amortization expenses of $1.2 million and a provision for excess and obsolete inventories of $466,000 and a decrease in accounts receivable of $2.6 million. Accounts receivable decreased primarily due to the decreased level of shipments during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2021 compared to the prior year and the timing of shipments during the quarter. Net cash provided by investing activities was $4.2 million and $3.3 million in fiscal 2022 and 2021, respectively. Investment activities in fiscal 2022 primarily consisted of the maturity of certificates of deposit and agency bonds of $12.1 million partially offset by the purchase of certificates of deposit of $7.2 million. Investment activities in fiscal 2021 primarily consisted of the maturity of certificates of deposit, supranational obligations and agency bonds of $21.0 million partially offset by the purchase of certificates of deposit, supranational obligations and agency bonds of $17.5 million. Cash provided by financing activities was $2.4 million and $4.7 million in fiscal 2022 and fiscal 2021, respectively and consisted of the net proceeds from the sale of common stock pursuant to our employee stock plans. At March 31, 2022, we had total minimum lease obligations of approximately $930,000 from April 1, 2022 through February 29, 2024, under non-cancelable operating leases for our facilities. While the unprecedented public health and governmental efforts to contain the spread of COVID-19 have created significant uncertainty as to general economic and capital market conditions for the remainder of 2022 and beyond, we believe that our existing balances of cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments, and cash flow expected to be generated from our future operations, will be sufficient to meet our cash needs for working capital and capital expenditures for at least the next 12 months, although we could be required, or could elect, to seek 44 Table of Contents additional funding prior to that time. Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including the rate of revenue growth, if any, that we experience, any additional manufacturing cost increases resulting from supply constraints and the continuation of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business, the extent to which we utilize subcontractors, the levels of inventory and accounts receivable that we maintain, the timing and extent of spending to support our product development efforts and the expansion of our sales and marketing efforts. A material adverse impact from the COVID-19 global pandemic could result in a need to raise additional capital or incur additional indebtedness to fund strategic initiatives or operating activities, particularly if we pursue additional acquisitions of businesses, products or technologies. We cannot assure you that additional equity or debt financing, if required, will be available on terms that are acceptable or at all. As of March 31, 2022, we had $4.1 million in purchase obligations for facility leases and software and test purchase obligations that are binding commitments, of which $3.2 million are payable in the next twelve months and $832,000 are committed in the long term. As of March 31, 2022, the current portion of our unrecognized tax benefits was $0, and the long-term portion was $0. In connection with the acquisition of MikaMonu on November 23, 2015, we are required to make contingent consideration payments to the former MikaMonu shareholders conditioned upon the achievement of certain revenue targets for products based on the MikaMonu technology. As of March 31, 2022, the accrual for potential payment of contingent consideration was $2.7 million. Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates The preparation of our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”) requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Significant estimates are inherent in the preparation of the consolidated financial statements and include estimates affecting revenue recognition, obsolete and excess inventory, the valuation allowance on deferred tax assets, stock-based compensation expense, contingent consideration and the valuation of intangibles and goodwill. We believe that we consistently apply these judgments and estimates and that our financial statements and accompanying notes fairly represent our financial results for all periods presented. However, any errors in these judgments and estimates may have a material impact on our balance sheet and statement of operations. Critical accounting estimates, as defined by the Securities and Exchange Commission, are those that are most important to the portrayal of our financial condition and results of operations and require our most difficult and subjective judgments and estimates of matters that are inherently uncertain. Our critical accounting estimates include those regarding revenue recognition, the valuation of inventories, accounting for income taxes, stock-based compensation expense, contingent consideration and the valuation of intangibles and goodwill. Revenue Recognition. Revenue is recognized upon transfer of control which typically occurs at the point at which delivery has occurred, title and the risks and rewards of ownership have passed to the customer, and the Company has a right to payment. For all transactions apart from consignment sales, the Company will generally recognize revenue upon shipment of the product. For consignment sales, revenue is recognized at the time that the product is pulled from consignment warehouses. We record revenue net of sales tax, value added tax, excise tax and other taxes collected concurrent with product sales. The impact of such taxes on products sales is immaterial. We have also elected to recognize the cost for freight and shipping when control over the products sold passes to customers and revenue is recognized. 45 Table of Contents There was no revenue in fiscal 2022 resulting from sales of software-as-a-service (SaaS) applications. Valuation of Inventories. Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value, cost being determined on a weighted average basis. Our inventory write-down allowance is established when conditions indicate that the selling price of our products could be less than cost due to physical deterioration, obsolescence, changes in price levels, or other causes. We consider the need to establish the allowance for excess inventory generally based on inventory levels in excess of 12 months of forecasted demand for each specific product. At any point in time, some portion of our inventory is subject to the risk of being materially in excess of our projected demand. Additionally, our average selling prices could decline due to market or other conditions, which creates a risk that costs of manufacturing our inventory may not be recovered. These factors contribute to the risk that we may be required to record additional inventory write-downs in the future, which could be material. In addition, if actual market conditions are more favorable than expected, inventory previously written down may be sold to customers resulting in lower cost of sales and higher income from operations than expected in that period. Accounting for Income Taxes. We account for income taxes under the liability method, whereby deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the difference between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to affect taxable income. We make certain estimates and judgments in the calculation of tax liabilities and the determination of deferred tax assets, which arise from temporary differences between tax and financial statement recognition methods. We record a valuation allowance to reduce our deferred tax assets to the amount that management estimates is more likely than not to be realized. Due to historical losses in the U.S., we have a full valuation allowance on our U.S. federal and state deferred tax assets. If, in the future we determine that we are likely to realize all or part of our net deferred tax assets, an adjustment to deferred tax assets would be added to earnings in the period such determination is made. In addition, the calculation of tax liabilities involves inherent uncertainty in the application of complex tax laws. We record tax reserves for additional taxes that we estimate we may be required to pay as a result of future potential examinations by federal and state taxing authorities. If the payment ultimately proves to be unnecessary, the reversal of these tax reserves would result in tax benefits being recognized in the period we determine such reserves are no longer necessary. If an ultimate tax assessment exceeds our estimate of tax liabilities, an additional charge to provision for income taxes will result. Stock-Based Compensation Expense. Stock-based compensation expense recognized in the statement of operations is based on options ultimately expected to vest, reduced by the amount of estimated forfeitures. We chose the straight-line method of allocating compensation cost over the requisite service period of the related award in accordance with the authoritative guidance. We calculated the expected term based on the historical average period of time that options were outstanding as adjusted for expected changes in future exercise patterns, which, for options granted in fiscal 2022, 2021 and 2020, resulted in an expected term of approximately five years. We used our historical volatility to estimate expected volatility in fiscal 2022, 2021 and 2020. The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yields in effect at the time of grant for periods corresponding to the expected life of the options. The dividend yield is 0% based on the fact that we have never paid dividends and have no present intention to pay dividends. Determining some of these assumptions requires significant judgment and changes to these assumptions could result in a significant change to the calculation of stock-based compensation in future periods. Contingent Consideration. The fair value of the contingent consideration liability potentially payable in connection with our acquisition of MikaMonu was initially determined as of the acquisition date using unobservable inputs. These inputs included the estimated amount and timing of future cash flows, the probability of success (achievement of the various contingent events) and a risk-adjusted discount rate to adjust the probability-weighted cash flows to their present value. Subsequent to the acquisition date, at each reporting period, the contingent consideration liability will be re-measured at its then current fair value with changes recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Due to revisions to the amount of expected revenue, the timing of revenue to be recognized 46 Table of Contents prior to the end of the earnout period and the probability of achievement of the APU revenue forecast, the contingent consideration liability decreased by $1.5 million from March 31, 2021 to March 31, 2022. Future changes to any of the inputs, including forecasted revenues from a new product which are inherently difficult to estimate, may result in material adjustments to the recorded fair value. Valuation of Goodwill and Intangibles. Goodwill represents the difference between the purchase price and the estimated fair value of the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination. We test for goodwill impairment on an annual basis, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the asset is more likely than not impaired. We have one reporting unit. We assess goodwill for impairment on an annual basis on the last day of February in the fourth quarter of our fiscal year. Intangible assets with finite useful lives are amortized over their estimated useful lives, generally on a straight- line basis over five to fifteen years. We review identifiable amortizable intangible assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the assets may not be recoverable. Determination of recoverability is based on the lowest level of identifiable estimated undiscounted cash flows resulting from use of the asset and its eventual disposition. Measurement of any impairment loss is based on the excess of the carrying value of the asset over its fair value. Based on the uncertainty of forecasts, events such as the failure to generate revenue from future product launches could result in impairment in the future. The Company identified a potential impairment indicator for the finite lived intangible assets and performed a recoverability test by comparing the sum of the estimated undiscounted future cash flows of the asset group to the carrying amount as of March 31, 2022. The result of the recoverability test indicated that the sum of the expected future cash flows was greater than the carrying amount of the finite lived intangible assets. Recent Accounting Pronouncements Please refer to Note 1 to our consolidated financial statements appearing under Part II, Item 8 for a discussion of recent accounting pronouncements that may impact the Company. Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk Foreign Currency Exchange Risk. Our revenues and expenses, except those expenses related to our operations in Israel and Taiwan, including subcontractor manufacturing expenses in Taiwan, are denominated in U.S. dollars. As a result, we have relatively little exposure for currency exchange risks, and foreign exchange losses have been minimal to date. We do not currently enter into forward exchange contracts to hedge exposure denominated in foreign currencies or any other derivative financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes. In the future, if we believe our foreign currency exposure has increased, we may consider entering into hedging transactions to help mitigate that risk. Interest Rate Sensitivity. We had cash, cash equivalents, short term investments and long-term investments totaling $47.3 million at March 31, 2022. These amounts were invested primarily in money market funds, certificates of deposit and agency bonds. The cash, cash equivalents and short-term marketable securities are held for working capital purposes. We do not enter into investments for trading or speculative purposes. Due to the short-term nature of these investments, we believe that we do not have any material exposure to changes in the fair value of our investment portfolio as a result of changes in interest rates. We believe a hypothetical 100 basis point increase in interest rates would not materially affect the fair value of our interest-sensitive financial instruments. Declines in interest rates, however, will reduce future investment income. 47 Table of Contents Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data GSI TECHNOLOGY, INC. INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (BDO USA, LLP; San Jose, CA; PCAOB ID#243) Consolidated Balance Sheets As of March 31, 2022 and 2021 Consolidated Statements of Operations For the Three Years Ended March 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss For the Three Years Ended March 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity For the Three Years Ended March 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows For the Three Years Ended March 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Page 49 54 55 56 57 58 59 48 Table of Contents Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Shareholders and Board of Directors GSI Technology, Inc. Sunnyvale, California Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of GSI Technology, Inc. (the “Company”) as of March 31, 2022 and 2021, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive loss, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at March 31, 2022 and 2021, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended March 31, 2022, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of March 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”) and our report dated June 29, 2022 expressed an adverse opinion thereon. Basis for Opinion These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. Critical Audit Matters The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate. 49 Table of Contents Valuation of Inventories As described in Notes 1 and 4 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company’s consolidated inventory balance is stated at lower of cost or net realizable value. The valuation of inventories is adjusted by the Company when conditions indicate a decline in value due to obsolescence and is generally adjusted based on estimates for inventory levels in excess of forecasted demand for a specific product. Forecasting customer demand can be challenging due to relatively short order lead times from customers and contract terms allowing customers to cancel orders with minimal advance notice. We identified the valuation of inventories as a critical audit matter due to the significant judgment and estimates required by management. Determining whether a decline in value has occurred requires management’s complex judgments related to: (i) future demand for excess units on hand based on historical sales and expected future orders, and (ii) obsolescence of certain products based on changes in technology and demand. Auditing these judgments was especially challenging and involved subjective auditor judgment to evaluate sales trends and evolving customer demands. The primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter included: ● Evaluating the appropriateness of management's valuation methodology designed to identify potential (i) excess units on hand based on ending inventory quantities compared to recent and forecasted shipment quantities, and (ii) obsolete inventory based on declining shipment trends. ● Challenging the reasonableness of management's assumptions related to future sales by verifying the reliability of current backlog and historical sales data, evaluating fluctuations in demand for certain materials ordered by a limited number of customers, and assessing changes in macroeconomic conditions. Valuation of Contingent Consideration As described in Note 14 to the consolidated financial statements, on November 23, 2015, the Company acquired all of the outstanding stock of MikaMonu Group Ltd. (“MikaMonu”) for cash and future contingent consideration payable to former MikaMonu shareholders based on the achievement of certain milestones, including development of qualifying products and meeting certain revenue targets from the sale of those products. Since the initial measurement at the acquisition date, the liability has been re-measured to fair value at each reporting period. The inputs used in the valuation include the estimated amount and timing of future cash flows, the probability of success (achievement of the various contingent events) and a risk-adjusted discount rate to adjust the probability-weighted cash flows to their present value. We identified the valuation of the contingent consideration liability as a critical audit matter due to the significant judgment required to estimate the fair value at the balance sheet date. Valuation of the contingent consideration liability involves management’s complex judgments related to determining: (i) the continued appropriateness of the valuation model selected, and (ii) the reasonableness of inputs and assumptions used in the valuation model, including estimated amount and timing of future cash flows, the probability of success and the risk-adjusted discount rate. Auditing these inputs and assumptions involved especially challenging and subjective auditor judgement due to the nature and extent of procedures performed and the specialized knowledge required to audit the valuation. The primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter included: ● Evaluating the reasonableness of inputs used in the valuation including management’s forecast of amount and timing of future cash flows, including challenging assumptions such as the probability of 50 Table of Contents achieving forecasted cash flows and examining contradictory evidence from retrospective reviews and third-party market and industry sources. ● Utilizing professionals with specialized skills and knowledge in valuation to: (i) test the appropriateness of the valuation model utilized by management to estimate the fair value of the contingent consideration; (ii) verify the reasonableness of the discount rate used in the model; and (iii) perform sensitivity analyses to test the effects of potential changes in the risk-adjusted discount rate based on comparable public companies, and incorporating market risk to management’s revenue forecasts. /s/ BDO USA, LLP We have served as the Company's auditor since 2017. San Jose, California June 29, 2022 51 Table of Contents Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Shareholders and Board of Directors GSI Technology, Inc. Sunnyvale, California Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting We have audited GSI Technology, Inc.’s (the “Company’s”) internal control over financial reporting as of March 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (the “COSO criteria”). In our opinion, the Company did not maintain, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of March 31, 2022, based on the COSO criteria. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of March 31, 2022 and 2021, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive loss, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended March 31, 2022, and the related notes, and our report dated June 29, 2022 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. We do not express an opinion or any other form of assurance on management’s statements referring to any corrective actions taken by the Company after the date of management’s assessment. Basis for Opinion The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Item 9A, Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audit of internal control over financial reporting in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the company’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. A material weakness regarding management’s failure to design and maintain controls over the review of forecasts used to calculate the contingent consideration liability and used in the recoverability test over intangible assets has been identified and described in management’s assessment. This material weakness was considered in determining the nature, timing, and extent of audit tests applied in our audit of the 2022 financial statements, and this report does not affect our report dated June 29, 2022 on those financial statements. Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding 52 Table of Contents prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. /s/ BDO USA, LLP San Jose, California June 29, 2022 53 Table of Contents GSI TECHNOLOGY, INC. CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS ASSETS Cash and cash equivalents Short-term investments Accounts receivable, net Inventories Prepaid expenses and other current assets Total current assets Property and equipment, net Operating lease right-of-use assets Long-term investments Goodwill Intangible assets, net Deposits Total assets LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY Accounts payable ($32 and $155 to a related party) Lease liabilities, current Accrued expenses and other liabilities Total current liabilities Deferred tax liability Lease liabilities, non-current Contingent consideration, non-current Total liabilities Commitments and contingencies (Note 9) Stockholders’ equity: Preferred stock: $0.001 par value authorized: 5,000,000 shares; issued and outstanding: none Common Stock: $0.001 par value authorized: 150,000,000 shares; issued and outstanding: 24,486,239 and 24,020,276 shares, respectively Additional paid-in capital Accumulated other comprehensive loss Retained earnings Total stockholders’ equity Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity March 31, 2022 2021 (In thousands, except share and per share amounts) $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 36,971 6,992 4,518 4,655 1,555 54,691 7,359 889 3,345 7,978 2,023 137 76,422 1,474 537 6,850 8,861 11 361 2,738 11,971 44,234 9,717 3,665 4,343 1,487 63,446 7,328 677 5,792 7,978 2,256 135 87,612 1,567 375 5,520 7,462 9 324 4,225 12,020 — — 24 53,083 (154) 11,498 64,451 76,422 $ 24 47,722 (20) 27,866 75,592 87,612 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 54 Table of Contents GSI TECHNOLOGY, INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS Year Ended March 31, Net revenues Cost of revenues ($397, $482 and $357 to a related party) Gross profit Operating expenses: Research and development Selling, general and administrative Total operating expenses Loss from operations Interest income, net Other expense, net Loss before income taxes Provision (benefit) for income taxes Net loss Net loss per share: Basic Diluted Weighted average shares used in per share calculations: Basic Diluted 2022 2020 2021 (In thousands, except per share amounts) $ 43,343 $ 27,729 $ 33,384 18,000 14,512 14,847 25,343 13,217 18,537 24,672 10,218 34,890 (16,353) 71 (131) (16,413) (45) 25,223 10,922 36,145 (10,802) 783 (71) (10,090) 247 $ (16,368) $ (21,505) $ (10,337) 23,344 11,137 34,481 (21,264) 295 (201) (21,170) 335 $ $ (0.67) $ (0.91) $ (0.45) (0.67) $ (0.91) $ (0.45) 24,303 23,671 22,968 24,303 23,671 22,968 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 55 Table of Contents GSI TECHNOLOGY, INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS Year Ended March 31, Net loss Net unrealized gain (loss) on available-for-sale investments Total comprehensive loss 2020 2022 2021 (In thousands) $ (16,368) $ (21,505) $ (10,337) 108 $ (16,502) $ (21,596) $ (10,229) (134) (91) The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 56 Table of Contents GSI TECHNOLOGY, INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY Common Stock Additional Paid-in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Retained Total Stockholders' Shares Amount Capital Income (Loss) Earnings Equity (In thousands, except share amounts) 22,320,156 $ 22 $ 33,462 $ (37) $ 59,708 $ 93,155 909,130 — — — 23,229,286 790,990 — — — 24,020,276 465,963 — — — 24,486,239 $ 1 — — — 23 1 — — — 24 — — — — 24 4,148 2,566 — — 40,176 4,692 2,854 — — 47,722 2,368 2,993 — — — — — — (10,337) 4,149 2,566 (10,337) 108 71 — 49,371 108 89,641 — — — — — (21,505) (91) (20) — 27,866 — — — — — (16,368) 4,693 2,854 (21,505) (91) 75,592 2,368 2,993 (16,368) — $ 53,083 $ (134) — (154) $ 11,498 $ (134) 64,451 Balance, March 31, 2019 Issuance of common stock under employee stock option plans Stock-based compensation expense Net loss Net unrealized gain on available-for-sale investments Balance, March 31, 2020 Issuance of common stock under employee stock option plans Stock-based compensation expense Net loss Net unrealized loss on available-for-sale investments Balance, March 31, 2021 Issuance of common stock under employee stock option plans Stock-based compensation expense Net loss Net unrealized loss on available-for-sale investments Balance, March 31, 2022 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 57 Table of Contents GSI TECHNOLOGY, INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS Cash flows from operating activities: Net loss Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities: Allowance for doubtful accounts and other Provision for excess and obsolete inventories Non-cash lease expense Depreciation and amortization Stock-based compensation Amortization of premium on investments Changes in assets and liabilities: Accounts receivable Inventories Prepaid expenses and other assets Accounts payable Accrued expenses and other liabilities Net cash used in operating activities Cash flows from investing activities: Purchase of investments Maturities of short-term investments Decrease in MikaMonu escrow deposit Purchases of property and equipment Net cash provided by investing activities Cash flows from financing activities: Year Ended March 31, 2022 2021 (In thousands) 2020 $ (16,368) $ (21,505) $ (10,337) (17) 343 611 1,434 2,566 — 1,026 1,060 (431) (680) (256) (4,681) (39) 402 373 1,004 2,993 69 35 466 598 1,214 2,854 88 (814) (714) (70) (127) (535) (13,826) 2,630 (527) 440 383 (1,928) (15,252) (7,163) 12,132 (17,510) 21,000 — (774) 4,195 — (203) 3,287 (18,116) 27,418 1,000 (331) 9,971 Payment of MikaMonu escrow deposit Proceeds from issuance of common stock under employee stock plans Net cash provided by financing activities Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of the period Cash and cash equivalents at end of the period Non-cash investing and financing activities: Purchases of property and equipment through accounts payable and accruals Operating lease right-of-use assets exchanged for lease obligations Supplemental cash flow information: Net cash paid for income taxes (428) — — 4,149 4,693 2,368 3,721 4,693 2,368 9,011 (7,272) (7,263) 44,234 42,495 51,506 $ 36,971 $ 44,234 $ 51,506 $ $ $ 34 585 6 658 $ 19 1,228 26 $ 858 $ 345 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 58 Table of Contents NOTE 1—THE COMPANY AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES The Company GSI Technology, Inc. (the “Company”) was incorporated in California in March 1995 and reincorporated in Delaware on June 9, 2004. The Company is a provider of high-performance semiconductor memory solutions to networking, industrial, medical, aerospace and military customers. The Company’s products are incorporated primarily in high-performance networking and telecommunications equipment, such as routers, switches, wide area network infrastructure equipment, wireless base stations and network access equipment. In addition, the Company serves the ongoing needs of the military, industrial, test equipment and medical markets for high-performance SRAMs. The Company’s in-place associative computing product is targeted for markets including computer vision, synthetic aperture radar, drug discovery, cybersecurity, and service markets such as NoSQL, Elasticsearch, and OpenSearch, which the Company plans to support with a SaaS solution. Accounting principles The consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes were prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). Basis of consolidation The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company’s four wholly-owned subsidiaries, GSI Technology Holdings, Inc., GSI Technology (BVI), Inc., GSI Technology Israel Ltd. and GSI Technology Taiwan, Inc. All inter-company transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation. Use of estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Significant estimates are inherent in the preparation of the consolidated financial statements and include revenue recognition, obsolete and excess inventory, the valuation allowance on deferred tax assets, stock-based compensation, contingent consideration and the valuation of intangibles and goodwill. The uncertainty created by the COVID-19 global pandemic and efforts to contain it, has made such estimates more difficult and subjective. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates. Risk and uncertainties The COVID-19 pandemic has affected many of the countries in which the Company, its customers, suppliers, and other business partners conduct business. Governments in affected regions have implemented, and may continue to implement, safety precautions which include quarantines, travel restrictions, business closures, cancellations of public gatherings and other measures as they deem necessary. Many organizations and individuals, including the Company and its employees, are taking additional steps to avoid or reduce infection, including limiting travel and working from home. These measures are disrupting normal business operations both in and outside of affected areas and have had significant negative impacts on businesses and financial markets worldwide. The Company continues to monitor its operations and government recommendations and has made modifications to its normal operations because of the COVID-19 global pandemic. The Company has instituted many preventative measures and is regularly evaluating those measures and others as it continues to better understand its current and future operating environment. From March 2020 through April 2022, except for the 59 Table of Contents Company’s employees located in Taiwan, the majority of its employees worked from home around the world. In May 2021, due to a surge in COVID-19 infections in Taiwan, the Company’s Taiwan employees worked from home under alternating schedules, and returned to their offices in July 2021. The Company maintained a substantial portion of its manufacturing operational capacity at its primary manufacturing support facility located in Hsin Chu, Taiwan where the Company’s suppliers are located and where all of the Company’s products are manufactured. Since the outbreak of COVID-19, aside from the lengthening of lead times for wafers and assembly services and some price increases, including a 20% increase in the cost of wafers received in early calendar 2022, the Company has experienced minimal impact, and continues to experience minimal impact, on its manufacturing operations in Taiwan. Final testing of the Company’s products is conducted in house. Shipping and receiving operations were maintained by a skeleton crew with minimal impact. The Company’s revenues were impacted by changes in customer buying patterns and communication limitations related to COVID-19 restrictions that required a significant number of its customer contacts to work from home. The Company’s results for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2022 and 2021 demonstrate the challenges that the Company has faced during the COVID-19 global pandemic, which has restricted the activities of the Company’s sales force and distributors, reduced customer demand and caused the postponement of investment in certain customer sectors. These challenges have also impacted the Company as it entered new markets and engaged with target customers to sell its new APU product. Industry conferences and on-site training workshops, which are typically used for building a sales pipeline, were unavailable due to COVID-19 related restrictions. The Company adapted its sales strategies for the COVID-19 environment, where it could not do face-to-face meetings and conduct secure meetings with government and defense customers. In addition to the continuing COVID-19 global pandemic, the recent military conflict in Ukraine and the rapid rise in energy prices may have an adverse impact on the Company’s business and financial condition. The disruption to the marketplace that resulted from the COVID-19 global pandemic that the Company continues to experience is unlike anything the Company has ever had to deal with. While the Company continues to monitor the business metrics that it has historically used to predict its financial performance, the Company is uncertain as to whether these metrics will operate consistently with its historical experience. The Company believes that during the next 12 months the COVID-19 pandemic could impact general economic activity and demand in its end markets. In addition, supply chain constraints have had an impact on our ability to fulfill all of our orders. While there has been some improvement, the situation remains fluid, and we do not expect significant relief from these constraints before the end of calendar year 2022. Although the Company cannot estimate the length or gravity of the continued impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, it is expected to have an adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations, financial position, including potential impairments, and liquidity in fiscal year 2023. This includes results from new information that may emerge concerning COVID-19, the effectiveness of vaccines and any actions taken to contain or treat COVID-19, as well as the economic impact on local, regional, national, and international customers and markets. The Company has made estimates of the impact of COVID-19 within its financial statements and there may be changes to those estimates in future periods that could be material. The Company buys all of its SRAM wafers, an integral component of its products, from a single supplier and is also dependent on independent suppliers to assemble and test its products. During the years ended March 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, all of the wafers used in the Company’s SRAM products were supplied by Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company Limited, or TSMC. If this supplier fails to satisfy the Company’s requirements on a timely basis at competitive prices, the Company could suffer manufacturing delays, a possible loss of revenues, or higher cost of revenues, any of which could adversely affect operating results. A majority of the Company’s net revenues come from sales to customers in the networking and telecommunications equipment industry. A decline in demand in this industry could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s operating results and financial condition. 60 Table of Contents Because much of the manufacturing and testing of the Company’s products is conducted in Taiwan, its business performance may be affected by changes in Taiwan’s political, social and economic environment. For example, any political instability resulting from the relationship among the United States, Taiwan and the People’s Republic of China could damage the Company’s business. Moreover, the role of the Taiwanese government in the Taiwanese economy is significant. Taiwanese policies toward economic liberalization, and laws and policies affecting technology companies, foreign investment, currency exchange rates, taxes and other matters could change, resulting in greater restrictions on the Company’s and its suppliers' ability to do business and operate facilities in Taiwan. If any of these risks were to occur, the Company’s business could be harmed. Some of the Company’s suppliers and the Company’s two principal operations are located near fault lines. In the event of a major earthquake, typhoon or other natural disaster near the facilities of any of these suppliers or the Company, the Company’s business could be harmed. From time to time, the Company is involved in legal actions. There are many uncertainties associated with any litigation, and the Company may not prevail. If information becomes available that causes us to determine that a loss in any of the Company’s pending litigation, or the settlement of such litigation, is probable, and we can reasonably estimate the loss associated with such events, we will record the loss in accordance with GAAP. However, the actual liability in any such litigation may be materially different from the Company’s estimates, which could require us to record additional costs. Revenue recognition The Company recognizes revenue when control of the promised goods or services is transferred to its customers, in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. Under this criteria, revenue from the sale of products is generally recognized upon shipment according to the Company’s shipping terms, net of accruals for estimated variable consideration resulting from sales returns and allowances based on historical experience. When consignment warehouses purchase products from the Company for use by contract manufacturers, revenues are recognized upon delivery to the contract manufacturer. Cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents include cash in demand accounts and highly liquid investments purchased with an original or remaining maturity of three months or less at the date of purchase, stated at cost, which approximates their fair value. Short-term and long-term investments All of the Company’s short-term and long-term investments are classified as available-for-sale. Available-for- sale debt securities with maturities greater than twelve months are classified as long-term investments when they are not intended for use in current operations. Investments in available-for-sale securities are reported at fair value with unrecognized gains (losses), net of tax, as a component of “Accumulated other comprehensive loss” on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company monitors its investments for impairment periodically and records appropriate reductions in carrying values when the declines in fair value are determined to be other-than-temporary. Concentration of credit risk Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to a concentration of credit risk consist primarily of cash, cash equivalents, short-term and long-term investments and accounts receivable. The Company places its cash primarily in checking, certificate of deposit, and money market accounts with reputable financial institutions, and by policy, limits the amount of credit exposure with any one financial institution or commercial issuer. The 61 Table of Contents Company’s accounts receivables are derived primarily from revenue earned from customers located in the U.S. and Asia. The Company performs ongoing credit evaluations of its customers’ financial condition and, generally, requires no collateral from its customers. The Company maintains an allowance for doubtful accounts receivable based upon the expected collectability of accounts receivable. There were no write offs of accounts receivable in the years ended March 31, 2022, 2021 or 2020. At March 31, 2022, three customers accounted for 34%, 28% and 19% of accounts receivable, and for the year then ended, four customers accounted for 38%, 17%, 16% and 11% of net revenues. At March 31, 2021, four customers accounted for 36%, 28%, 15% and 12% of accounts receivable, and for the year then ended, four customers accounted for 30%, 22%, 21% and 15% of net revenues. For the year ended March 31, 2020, four customers accounted for 34%, 17%, 15% and 15% of net revenues. Inventories Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value, cost being determined on a weighted average basis. Inventory write-down allowances are established when conditions indicate that the selling price could be less than cost due to physical deterioration, obsolescence, changes in price levels, or other causes. These allowances, once recorded, result in a new cost basis for the related inventory. These allowances are also considered for excess inventory generally based on inventory levels in excess of 12 months of forecasted demand, as estimated by management, for each specific product. The allowance is not reversed until the inventory is sold or disposed. The Company recorded write-downs of excess and obsolete inventories of $402,000, $466,000 and $343,000, respectively, in fiscal 2022, 2021 and 2020. Property and equipment, net Property and equipment are stated at cost. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets as presented below: Software Computer and other equipment Building and building improvements Furniture and fixtures 3 to 5 years 5 to 10 years 10 to 25 years 7 years Leasehold improvements are amortized using the straight-line method over the shorter of the estimated useful lives of the assets or the remaining lease term of the respective assets. Gains or losses on disposals of property and equipment are recorded within income from operations. Costs of repairs and maintenance are included as part of operating expenses unless they are incurred in relation to major improvements to existing property and equipment, at which time they are capitalized. Operating Leases The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception. Operating leases are included in operating lease right-of-use ("ROU") assets, lease liabilities, current and lease liabilities, non-current on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company did not identify any finance leases as of March 31, 2022 and 2021. Operating lease ROU assets and operating lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value of the future minimum lease payments over the lease term at commencement date. As the Company’s leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company uses an estimate of its incremental borrowing rate based on observed market data and other information available at the lease commencement date. The operating lease ROU assets also include any lease payments made and exclude lease incentives. Lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the 62 Table of Contents lease when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise such options. The Company does not record leases on the Consolidated Balance Sheet with a term of one year or less. The Company does not separate lease and non-lease components but rather account for each separate component as a single lease component for all underlying classes of assets. Variable lease payments are expensed as incurred and are not included within the operating lease ROU asset and lease liability calculation. Variable lease payments primarily include reimbursements of costs incurred by lessors for common area maintenance and utilities. Lease expense for minimum operating lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Impairment of long-lived assets Long-lived assets held and used by the Company are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their net book value may not be recoverable. If the sum of the expected future cash flows (undiscounted and before interest) from the use of the assets is less than the net book value of the asset an impairment could exist and the amount of the impairment loss, if any, will generally be measured as the difference between the net book value of the assets and their estimated fair values. There were no impairment losses recognized during the years ended March 31, 2022, 2021 or 2020. Goodwill and intangible assets Goodwill is not amortized but is tested for impairment on an annual basis or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of these assets may not be recoverable. The Company assesses goodwill for impairment on an annual basis on the last day of February in the fourth quarter of its fiscal year and if certain events or circumstances indicate that an impairment loss may have been incurred, on an interim basis. The Company has one reporting unit. Impairment is recognized if the carrying value of the net assets of the reporting unit exceeds the fair value of the reporting unit, with the impairment loss not to exceed the amount of goodwill allocated to the reporting unit. Intangible assets with finite useful lives are amortized over their estimated useful lives, generally on a straight- line basis over five to fifteen years. The Company reviews identifiable amortizable intangible assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the assets may not be recoverable. Determination of recoverability is based on the lowest level of identifiable estimated undiscounted cash flows resulting from use of the asset and its eventual disposition. Measurement of any impairment loss is based on the excess of the carrying value of the asset over its fair value. The Company identified a potential impairment indicator for the finite lived intangible assets and performed a recoverability test by comparing the sum of the estimated undiscounted future cash flows of the asset group to the carrying amount as of March 31, 2022. The result of the recoverability test indicated that the sum of the expected future cash flows was greater than the carrying amount of the finite lived intangible assets. Based on the uncertainty of forecasts inherent with a new product, events such as the failure to generate forecasted revenue from the APU product could result in impairment in the future. Research and development Research and development expenses are related to new product designs, including, salaries, stock-based compensation, contractor fees, preproduction masks, and allocation of corporate costs and are charged to the statement of operations as incurred. 63 Table of Contents Income taxes The Company accounts for income taxes under the liability method, whereby deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the difference between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to affect taxable income. Valuation allowances are established when it is more likely than not that the deferred tax asset will not be realized. Due to historical losses in the U.S., the Company has a full valuation allowance on its U.S. federal and state deferred tax assets. As of March 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company’s net deferred tax assets of $16.2 and $13.0 million, respectively, were subject to a valuation allowance of $16.2 and $13.0 million, respectively. Management continues to evaluate the realizability of deferred tax assets and the related valuation allowance. Authoritative guidance prescribes a comprehensive model for how a company should recognize, measure, present, and disclose in its financial statements uncertain tax positions that the Company has taken or expects to take on a tax return (including a decision whether to file or not to file a return in a particular jurisdiction). Under the guidance, the financial statements will reflect expected future tax consequences of such positions presuming the taxing Authorities’ full knowledge of the position and all relevant facts, but without considering time values. The first step is to evaluate the tax position for recognition by determining if the weight of available evidence indicates that it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained on audit, including resolution of related appeals or litigation process, if any. The second step is to measure the tax benefit as the largest amount that is more than 50% likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement. Shipping and handling costs The Company records costs related to shipping and handling in cost of revenues. Advertising expense Advertising costs are charged to expense in the period incurred. Advertising expense was not material for the years ended March 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020. Foreign currency transactions The U.S. dollar is the functional currency for all of the Company’s foreign operations. Foreign currency transaction gains and losses, resulting from transactions denominated in currencies other than U.S. dollars are included in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. These gains and losses were not material for the years ended March 31, 2022, 2021 or 2020. Segments Segment reporting is based on the “management approach,” following the method that management organizes the Company’s reportable segments for which separate financial information is made available to, and evaluated regularly by, the chief operating decision maker in allocating resources and in assessing performance. The Company’s chief operating decision maker is its Chief Executive Officer (CEO), who makes the decision on allocating resources and in assessing performance. The CEO reviews the Company's consolidated results as one operating segment. In making operating decisions, the CEO primarily considers consolidated financial information, accompanied by disaggregated information about revenues by customers and product. All of the Company’s principal operations and decision-making functions are located in the U.S. The Company’s CEO views its operations, manages its business, and uses one measurement of profitability for the one operating segment, which designs, develops and sells integrated circuits. 64 Table of Contents Accounting for stock-based compensation Stock-based compensation expense recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Operations is based on options ultimately expected to vest, reduced by the amount of estimated forfeitures. The Company chose the straight- line method of allocating compensation cost over the requisite service period of the related award according to authoritative guidance. The Company calculates the expected term based on the historical average period of time that options were outstanding as adjusted for expected changes in future exercise patterns, which, for options granted in fiscal 2022, 2021 and 2020 resulted in an expected term of approximately five years. The Company uses its historical volatility to estimate expected volatility. The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yields in effect at the time of grant for periods corresponding to the expected life of the options. The dividend yield is 0%, based on the fact that the Company has never paid dividends and has no present intention to pay dividends. Changes to these assumptions may have a significant impact on the results of operations. Authoritative guidance requires cash flows, if any, resulting from the tax benefits from tax deductions in excess of the compensation cost recognized for those options (excess tax benefits) to be classified as financing cash flows in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. Comprehensive loss Comprehensive loss is defined to include all changes in stockholders’ equity during a period except those resulting from investments by owners and distributions to owners. For the years ended March 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, comprehensive loss was $16.5 million, $21.6 million and $10.2 million, respectively. Accounting pronouncements recently adopted In December 2019, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU No. 2019-12, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes” as part of its initiative to reduce complexity in the accounting standards. The standard eliminates certain exceptions related to the approach for intraperiod tax allocation, the methodology for calculating income taxes in an interim period and the recognition of deferred tax liabilities for outside basis differences. The standard also clarifies and simplifies other aspects of the accounting for income taxes. The Company adopted ASU No. 2019-12 in the quarter ended June 30, 2021. Implementation of this guidance did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. Accounting pronouncements not yet effective for fiscal 2022 In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, “Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments.” ASU 2016-13 replaces the incurred loss impairment methodology in current GAAP with a methodology that reflects expected credit losses and requires consideration of a broader range of reasonable and supportable information to inform credit loss estimates. For trade and other receivables, loans, and other financial instruments, the Company will be required to use a forward-looking expected loss model rather than the incurred loss model for recognizing credit losses which reflects losses that are probable. Credit losses relating to available-for-sale debt securities will also be recorded through an allowance for credit losses rather than as a reduction in the amortized cost basis of the securities. ASU 2016-13 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, including interim periods within those fiscal years, with early adoption permitted beginning April 1, 2019. Application of the amendments is through a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the effective date. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this standard on its consolidated financial statements. 65 Table of Contents NOTE 2 —REVENUE RECOGNITION The Company determines revenue recognition through the following steps: (1) identification of the contract with a customer; (2) identification of the performance obligations in the contract; (3) determination of the transaction price; (4) allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (5) recognition of revenue when, or as, we satisfy a performance obligation. The majority of the Company’s customer contracts, which may be in the form of purchase orders, contracts or purchase agreements, contain performance obligations for delivery of agreed upon products. Delivery of all performance obligations contained within a contract with a customer typically occurs at the same time (or within the same accounting period). Transfer of control typically occurs at the point at which delivery has occurred, title and the risks and rewards of ownership have passed to the customer, and the Company has a right to payment. For all transactions apart from consignment sales, the Company will generally recognize revenue upon shipment of the product. For consignment sales, revenue is recognized at the time that the product is pulled from consignment warehouses. Because all of the Company’s performance obligations relate to contracts with a duration of less than one year, the Company elected to apply the optional exemption practical expedient provided in Accounting Standard Codification Topic 606, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers” and, therefore, is not required to disclose the aggregate amount of the transaction price allocated to performance obligations that are unsatisfied or partially unsatisfied at the end of the reporting period. The Company adjusts the transaction price for variable consideration. Variable consideration is not typically significant and primarily results from stock rotation rights and quick pay discounts provided to our distributors. As a practical expedient, the Company is recognizing the incremental costs of obtaining a contract, specifically commission expenses that have a period of benefit of less than twelve months, as an expense when incurred. Additionally, the Company has adopted an accounting policy to recognize shipping costs that occur after control transfers to the customer as a fulfillment activity. The Company’s contracts with customers do not typically include extended payment terms. Payment terms vary by contract type and type of customer and generally range from 30 to 60 days from shipment. Additionally, the Company has right to payment upon shipment. The Company records revenue net of sales tax, value added tax, excise tax and other taxes collected concurrent with product sales. The impact of such taxes on products sales is immaterial. The Company has also elected to recognize the cost for freight and shipping when control over the products sold passes to customers and revenue is recognized. The Company warrants its products to be free of defects generally for a period of three years. The Company estimates its warranty costs based on historical warranty claim experience and includes such costs in cost of revenues. Warranty costs and the accrued warranty liability were not material as of March 31, 2022 and 2021. The majority of the Company’s revenue is derived from sales of SRAM products which represented approximately 97%, 98% and 98% of total revenues in the years ended March 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Nokia, the Company’s largest customer, purchases products directly from the Company and through contract manufacturers and distributors. Based on information provided to the Company by its contract manufacturers and distributors, purchases by Nokia represented approximately 29%, 39% and 38% of the Company’s net revenues in fiscal 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. 66 Table of Contents See “Note 13 - Segment and Geographic Information” for revenue by shipment destination. The following table presents the Company’s revenue disaggregated by customer type. Contract manufacturers Distribution OEMs Year Ended March 31, 2022 2021 2020 (In thousands) $ 10,354 $ 12,127 15,172 430 $ 27,729 22,289 741 $ 33,384 $ 14,603 26,555 2,185 $ 43,343 NOTE 3—NET LOSS PER COMMON SHARE The Company uses the treasury stock method to calculate the weighted average shares used in computing diluted net loss per share. The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net loss per share: Year Ended March 31, 2022 2021 (In thousands, except per share amounts) 2020 Net loss $ (16,368) $ (21,505) $ (10,337) Denominators: Weighted average shares—Basic Dilutive effect of employee stock options Dilutive effect of employee stock purchase plan options Weighted average shares—Dilutive Net loss per common share—Basic Net loss per common share—Diluted 24,303 — — 24,303 23,671 — — 23,671 22,968 — — 22,968 $ $ (0.67) $ (0.67) $ (0.91) (0.91) $ $ (0.45) (0.45) The following shares of common stock (determined on a weighted average basis) were excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per common share as they had an anti-dilutive effect: Year Ended March 31, Shares underlying options and ESPP shares 6,405 NOTE 4—BALANCE SHEET DETAIL 2022 2021 (In thousands) 4,607 2020 3,914 Inventories: Work-in-progress Finished goods Inventory at distributors 67 March 31, 2022 2021 (In thousands) $ 3,085 $ 1,555 15 $ 4,655 $ 1,561 2,764 18 4,343 Table of Contents Accounts receivable, net: Accounts receivable Less: Allowances for doubtful accounts and other Prepaid expenses and other current assets: Prepaid tooling and masks Other receivables Other prepaid expenses and other current assets Property and equipment, net: Computer and other equipment Software Land Building and building improvements Furniture and fixtures Leasehold improvements Less: Accumulated depreciation March 31, 2022 2021 (In thousands) $ 4,599 $ (81) $ 4,518 $ 3,785 (120) 3,665 March 31, 2022 2021 (In thousands) $ 68 226 1,261 $ 1,555 $ $ 584 291 612 1,487 March 31, 2022 2021 (In thousands) $ 18,415 4,425 3,900 3,735 102 878 31,455 (24,096) 7,359 $ $ 18,359 4,097 3,900 3,735 102 877 31,070 (23,742) 7,328 $ Depreciation expense was $771,000, $981,000 and $1.2 million for the years ended March 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The following table summarizes the components of intangible assets and related accumulated amortization balances at March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively (in thousands): Intangible assets: Product designs Patents Software Total As of March 31, 2022 Gross Carrying Amount Accumulated Amortization Net Carrying Amount $ 590 4,220 80 $ 4,890 $ $ (590) (2,197) (80) (2,867) $ $ — 2,023 — 2,023 68 Table of Contents Intangible assets: Product designs Patents Software Total As of March 31, 2021 Gross Carrying Amount Accumulated Amortization Net Carrying Amount $ 590 4,220 80 $ 4,890 $ $ (590) $ (1,964) (80) (2,634) $ — 2,256 — 2,256 Amortization of intangible assets of $233,000, $233,000 and $223,000 was included in cost of revenues for the years ended March 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. As of March 31, 2022, the estimated future amortization expense of intangible assets in the table above is as follows (in thousands): Fiscal year ending March 31, 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 Thereafter Total Accrued expenses and other liabilities: Accrued compensation Accrued commissions Income taxes payable Miscellaneous accrued expenses NOTE 5—GOODWILL $ $ 233 233 233 233 233 858 2,023 March 31, 2022 2021 (In thousands) $ $ 5,524 232 127 967 6,850 $ $ 4,173 217 198 932 5,520 Goodwill represents the difference between the purchase price and the estimated fair value of the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination. The Company tests for goodwill impairment on an annual basis, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the asset is more likely than not impaired. The Company has one reporting unit. The Company assesses goodwill for impairment on an annual basis on the last day of February in the fourth quarter of its fiscal year. The Company had a goodwill balance of $8.0 million as of both March 31, 2022 and 2021. The goodwill resulted from the acquisition of MikaMonu Group Ltd. (“MikaMonu”) in fiscal 2016. The Company completed its annual impairment test during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2022 and concluded that there was no impairment, as the fair value of its sole reporting unit exceeded its carrying value. The Company believes that the fair value established during the fiscal 2022 annual goodwill impairment testing was reasonable, and no triggering event has taken place subsequent to the fiscal 2022 annual assessment. 69 Table of Contents NOTE 6—INCOME TAXES Loss before income taxes and the provision for income taxes consists of the following: Loss before income taxes: U.S. Foreign Current income tax expense (benefit): U.S. federal Foreign State Deferred income tax expense (benefit): U.S. federal State Provision (benefit) for income taxes 70 Year Ended March 31, 2022 2021 (In thousands) 2020 $ (11,132) $ (10,775) $ (8,574) (1,516) (10,395) $ (16,413) $ (21,170) $ (10,090) (5,281) $ $ — $ (48) 1 (47) 2 — 2 (45) $ (379) $ 714 (1) 334 1 — 1 335 $ (39) 274 1 236 12 (1) 11 247 Table of Contents The provision for income tax differs from the amount of income tax determined by applying the applicable U.S. statutory income tax rate to pre-tax loss as follows: Year Ended March 31, U.S. Federal taxes at statutory rate State taxes, net of federal benefit Settlement of uncertain tax positions Stock-based compensation Tax credits Foreign tax rate differential Tax exempt interest Tax remeasurement Non-deductible expenses and other Valuation allowance Deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities consist of the following: Deferred tax assets: Tax credits Net operating losses Stock-based compensation Property and equipment Other reserves and accruals Total deferred tax assets Less valuation allowance Deferred tax assets, net Deferred tax liabilities: Leased assets Unrecognized gains Total deferred tax liabilities Net deferred tax liability 2022 2020 2021 (In thousands) $ (3,447) $ (4,446) $ (2,120) — — (58) (494) 593 (16) — 38 (2,057) 2,304 247 (1) 524 482 (509) 2,419 (5) — (2) (1,538) 1,873 335 1 — 605 (497) 1,277 — (220) 4 (2,277) 2,232 (45) $ $ $ March 31, 2022 2021 (In thousands) $ 7,861 5,207 1,171 771 1,384 16,394 (16,183) 211 $ 6,975 2,980 1,180 807 1,267 13,209 (13,017) 192 (244) 22 (222) $ (11) $ (186) (15) (201) (9) The Company currently intends to indefinitely reinvest earnings in operations outside the United States. No provision has been made for state income taxes that might be payable upon remittance of such earnings, nor is it practicable to determine the amount of such potential liability. The long-term portion of the Company’s unrecognized tax benefits at March 31, 2022 and 2021 was $0 for both years, of which the timing of the resolution is uncertain. As of March 31, 2022 and 2021, $3.5 million and $3.3 million, respectively, of unrecognized tax benefits had been recorded as a reduction to net deferred tax assets. Due to historical losses in the U.S., the Company has a full valuation allowance on its U.S. federal and state deferred tax assets. As of March 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company’s net deferred tax assets of $16.2 and $13.0 million, respectively, were subject to a valuation allowance of $16.2 and $13.0 million, respectively. Management continues to evaluate the realizability of deferred tax assets and the related valuation allowance. It is possible, however, that 71 Table of Contents some months or years may elapse before an uncertain position for which the Company has established a reserve is resolved. A reconciliation of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows: Unrecognized tax benefits, beginning of period Additions based on tax positions related to current year Settlements during the period Reductions based on tax positions related to prior years Lapses during the current year applicable to statutes of limitations Unrecognized tax benefits, end of period Year Ended March 31, 2022 $ 3,273 229 — — — $ 3,502 2021 (In thousands) $ 3,321 233 (203) (78) — $ 3,273 2020 $ 3,102 394 — (158) (17) $ 3,321 There is no unrecognized tax benefit balance as of March 31, 2022 that would affect the Company’s effective tax rate if recognized. At March 31, 2022, due to the Company’s valuation allowance in the United States, there was no net income tax effect related to Global intangible low-taxed income (“GILTI”) in the Company’s fiscal year ended March 31, 2022. On March 27, 2020, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (“CARES Act”) was enacted. The CARES Act, along with the Consolidated Appropriations Act (“CAA”) and the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (“ARPA”) is an emergency economic stimulus package passed in response to the COVID-19 global pandemic that includes aid to small businesses in the form of loans and grants and other efforts to stabilize the U.S. economy. Also included in the CARES Act are numerous income tax provisions including changes to the net operating loss rule. During fiscal year 2021, the Company recorded a $378,000 tax benefit resulting from the carryback of the Company’s fiscal year 2020 federal net operating loss to fiscal year 2018 due to the five-year net operating loss carryback provision from the March 2020 CARES Act. The Company has not filed for funding related to the CARES Act, CAA and ARPA. Management believes that within the next twelve months the Company will have no material reduction in uncertain tax benefits, including interest and penalties, as a result of the lapse of statute of limitations. The Company’s policy is to include interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits within the provision for income taxes in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The Company's federal and state net operating loss carryforwards for income tax purposes are approximately $17.8 and $21.0 million, respectively, at March 31, 2022. The Company's state tax net operating loss carryforwards expire beginning in 2034. The Company's federal and state tax credit carryforwards for income tax purposes are approximately $4.1 million and $4.7 million respectively, at March 31, 2022. The Company's federal tax credit carryforwards expire beginning in 2033. The Company's state tax credit carryforwards have no expiration date. Utilization of the Company’s net operating loss carryforwards and research tax credit carryforwards may be subject to substantial annual limitations due to the ownership change limitations provided by the Internal Revenue Code and similar state provisions. The annual limitation could result in the expiration of the net operating loss carryforwards and research tax credit carryforwards before utilization. The Company has not performed an analysis to determine if a limitation applies and whether the limitation would cause the net operating losses to expire unutilized. As of March 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company maintained a valuation allowance of $16.2 million and $13.0 million, respectively. The net valuation allowance increased by $3.2 million and $3.6 million in fiscal 2022 and 2021, respectively. As of March 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company’s net deferred tax liabilities were $11,000 and $9,000, respectively. The deferred tax assets consist primarily of the federal and state net operating losses. Realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon future taxable income, if any, the amount and timing of which are uncertain. In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, management determined that it is more likely than 72 Table of Contents not that no deferred tax assets will be realized. Therefore, the Company has provided a full valuation allowance against these deferred tax assets. The Company is subject to taxation in the United States and various state and foreign jurisdictions. Fiscal years 2013 through 2022 remain open to examination by the federal tax authorities and fiscal years 2012 through 2022 remain open to examination by the state of California. Fiscal years 2020, 2021 and 2022 are subject to audit by the Israeli tax authorities. During the quarter ended June 30, 2020, the Company settled an income tax audit in Israel for fiscal years 2016 through 2019 that resulted in a discrete tax provision of $479,000 and a tax liability of $713,000 as of June 30, 2020 that was paid in the quarter ended September 30, 2020. NOTE 7—FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS Fair value measurements Authoritative accounting guidance for fair value measurements provides a framework for measuring fair value and related disclosures. The guidance applies to all financial assets and financial liabilities that are measured on a recurring basis. The guidance requires fair value measurement to be classified and disclosed in one of the following three categories: Level 1: Valuations based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities. The fair value of available-for-sale securities included in the Level 1 category is based on quoted prices that are readily and regularly available in an active market. As of March 31, 2022, the Level 1 category included money market funds of $16.1 million, which were included in cash and cash equivalents on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Level 2: Valuations based on observable inputs (other than Level 1 prices), such as quoted prices for similar assets at the measurement date; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable, either directly or indirectly. The fair value of available-for-sale securities included in the Level 2 category is based on the market values obtained from an independent pricing service that were evaluated using pricing models that vary by asset class and may incorporate available trade, bid and other market information and price quotes from well- established independent pricing vendors and broker-dealers. As of March 31, 2022, the Level 2 category included short-term investments of $7.0 million and long term-investments of $3.3 million, which were primarily comprised of certificates of deposit, supranational obligations and agency securities. Level 3: Valuations based on inputs that are unobservable and involve management judgment and the reporting entity’s own assumptions about market participants and pricing. As of March 31, 2022, the Company’s Level 3 financial instruments measured at fair value on the Consolidated Balance Sheets consisted of the contingent consideration liability related to the MikaMonu acquisition. The fair value of the contingent consideration liability was initially determined as of the acquisition date using unobservable inputs. These inputs include the estimated amount and timing of future cash flows, the probability of success (achievement of the various contingent events) and a risk- adjusted discount rate of approximately 14.8% used to adjust the probability-weighted cash flows to their present value. Significant increases (decreases) to the estimated amount and timing of future cash flows or the probability of success would result in a significantly higher (lower) fair value measurement. Conversely, a significant increase (decrease) in the risk-adjusted discount rate would result in a significantly (lower) higher fair value measurement. Generally, changes used in the assumptions for future cash flows and probability of success would be accompanied by a directionally similar change in the fair value measurement and expense. Conversely, changes in the risk-adjusted discount rate would be accompanied by a directionally opposite change in the related fair value measurement and expense. Subsequent to the acquisition date, at each reporting period, the contingent consideration liability is re- measured to fair value with changes recorded in selling, general and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. During the most recent re-measurement of the contingent consideration liability as of March 31, 2022, the Company used a risk-adjusted discount rate of approximately 15.5% to adjust the probability-weighted cash flows to their present value using probabilities ranging from 0% to 73 Table of Contents 15% for the remaining contingent events. The contingent consideration liability is included in contingent consideration, non-current on the Consolidated Balance Sheet at March 31, 2022 and 2021 in the amount of $2.7 million and $4.2 million, respectively. Refer to Note 14, “Acquisition” for more information. The fair value of financial assets measured on a recurring basis is as follows (in thousands): Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets and Liabilities (Level 1) Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) March 31, 2022 $ $ $ 16,142 10,337 26,479 $ $ 16,142 — 16,142 $ $ — $ 10,337 10,337 $ — — — 2,738 $ — $ — $ 2,738 Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets and Liabilities (Level 1) Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) March 31, 2021 $ $ $ 22,992 15,509 38,501 $ $ 22,992 — 22,992 $ $ — $ 15,509 15,509 $ — — — 4,225 $ — $ — $ 4,225 Assets: Money market funds Marketable securities Total Liabilities: Contingent consideration Assets: Money market funds Marketable securities Total Liabilities: Contingent consideration The following table sets forth the changes in fair value of contingent consideration for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively: Contingent consideration, beginning of period Change due to accretion Re-measurement of contingent consideration Payment of contingent consideration Contingent consideration, end of period Year Ended March 31, 2022 2021 2020 4,225 88 (1,575) — 2,738 (In thousands) 3,898 98 229 — 4,225 $ $ $ $ 4,206 112 80 (500) 3,898 $ $ 74 Table of Contents Short-term and long-term investments All of the Company’s short-term and long-term investments are classified as available-for-sale. Available-for- sale debt securities with maturities greater than twelve months are classified as long-term investments when they are not intended for use in current operations. Investments in available-for-sale securities are reported at fair value with unrecognized gains (losses), net of tax, as a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company had money market funds of $16.1 million and $23.0 million at March 31, 2022 and March 31, 2021, respectively, included in cash and cash equivalents on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company monitors its investments for impairment periodically and records appropriate reductions in carrying values when the declines are determined to be other-than-temporary. The following table summarizes the Company’s available-for-sale investments: Short-term investments: Certificates of deposit Supranational obligations Agency bonds Total short-term investments Long-term investments: Certificates of deposit Supranational obligations Agency bonds Total long-term investments March 31, 2022 Gross Gross Unrealized Unrealized Cost Gains Losses (In thousands) Fair Value $ 4,000 1,007 2,011 $ 7,018 $ — $ — — $ — $ (11) $ 3,989 1,000 (7) 2,003 (8) (26) $ 6,992 $ 1,750 651 997 $ 3,398 $ — $ — — $ — $ (18) $ 1,732 634 (17) (18) 979 (53) $ 3,345 75 Table of Contents Short-term investments: Certificates of deposit Supranational obligations Agency bonds Total short-term investments Long-term investments: Certificates of deposit Supranational obligations Agency bonds Total long-term investments March 31, 2021 Gross Gross Unrealized Unrealized Cost Gains Losses (In thousands) Fair Value $ 1,495 2,273 5,911 $ 9,679 $ 3,750 1,023 1,001 $ 5,774 $ $ $ $ 13 1 24 38 19 — 1 20 $ — $ 1,508 — 2,274 — 5,935 $ — $ 9,717 $ $ (1) $ 3,768 (1) 1,022 — 1,002 (2) $ 5,792 The following table shows the gross unrealized losses and fair value of the Company’s investments with unrealized losses aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous loss position as of March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Certificates of deposit Agency bonds Supranational obligations Certificates of deposit Supranational obligations March 31, 2022 Less Than 12 Months 12 Months or Greater Total Fair Value Unrealized Loss Fair Value Unrealized Loss Fair Value Unrealized Loss (In thousands) 4,974 $ 2,982 1,634 9,590 $ (26) $ (26) (24) (76) $ 246 $ — — 246 $ (3) $ — — (3) $ 5,220 2,982 1,634 9,836 $ $ (29) (26) (24) (79) March 31, 2021 Less Than 12 Months 12 Months or Greater Total Fair Value Unrealized Loss Fair Value Unrealized Loss Fair Value Unrealized Loss 1,499 $ 2,037 3,536 $ (1) $ (1) (2) $ (In thousands) — $ — — $ — $ — — $ 1,499 2,037 3,536 $ $ (1) (1) (2) $ $ $ $ The Company’s investment portfolio consists of both corporate and governmental securities that have a maximum maturity of three years. All unrealized gains and losses are due to changes in interest rates and bond yields. Subject to normal credit risks, the Company has the ability to realize the full value of all these investments upon maturity. At March 31, 2022 and 2021, the deferred tax asset (liability) related to unrecognized gains and losses on short- term and long-term investments was $22,000 and ($15,000), respectively. 76 Table of Contents As of March 31, 2022, contractual maturities of the Company’s available-for-sale investments were as follows: Maturing within one year Maturing in one to three years NOTE 8—LEASES Cost Fair Value (In thousands) $ 7,018 3,398 $ 10,416 $ 6,992 3,345 $ 10,337 The Company has operating leases for corporate offices, and research and development facilities. The Company’s leases have remaining lease terms of 1 month to 23 months, some of which include options to extend for up to 5 years. Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases was as follows: Operating Leases Operating lease right-of-use assets Lease liabilities-current Lease liabilities-non-current Total operating lease liabilities The following table provides the details of lease costs: Operating lease cost Short-term lease cost $ $ $ $ $ 77 As of As of March 31, 2022 March 31, 2021 (In thousands) 889 537 361 898 $ $ $ Year Ended March 31, 2022 2021 $ (In thousands) 429 254 683 $ 677 375 324 699 660 48 708 Table of Contents The following table provides other information related to leases: Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities Operating cash flows from operating leases Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations Operating leases $ $ Weighted-average remaining lease term (years): Operating leases Weighted-average discount rate: Operating leases Year Ended March 31, 2022 2021 (In thousands) 436 $ 585 $ 1.7 673 658 2.1 4.25% 4.70% The following table provides the maturities of the Company’s operating lease liabilities as of March 31, 2022: Fiscal Year 2023 2024 Total undiscounted future cash flows Less: Imputed interest Present value of undiscounted future cash flows Presentation on statement of financial position Current Non-current NOTE 9—COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES Royalty obligations Operating Lease Liabilities (In thousands) 548 382 930 (32) 898 537 361 $ $ $ $ The Company has license agreements that require it to pay royalties on the sale of products using the licensed technology. Royalty expense for the years ended March 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 was $32,000, $35,000 and $35,000, respectively, and was included within cost of revenues. Indemnification obligations The Company is a party to a variety of agreements pursuant to which it may be obligated to indemnify the other party with respect to certain matters. Typically, these obligations arise in the context of contracts entered into by the Company, under which the Company customarily agrees to hold the other party harmless against losses arising from a breach of representations and covenants related to such matters as title to assets sold and certain intellectual property rights. In each of these circumstances, payment by the Company is conditioned on the other 78 Table of Contents party making a claim pursuant to the procedures specified in the particular contract, which procedures typically allow the Company to challenge the other party’s claims. Further, the Company’s obligations under these agreements may be limited in terms of time and/or amount, and in some instances, the Company may have recourse against third parties for certain payments made by it under these agreements. It is not possible to predict the maximum potential amount of future payments under these or similar agreements due to the conditional nature of the Company’s obligations and the unique facts and circumstances involved in each particular agreement. Historically, payments made by the Company under these agreements have not had a material effect on its business, financial condition, cash flows or results of operations. The Company believes that if it were to incur a loss in any of these matters, such loss should not have a material effect on its business, financial condition, cash flows or results of operations. Product warranties The Company warrants its products to be free of defects generally for a period of three years. The Company estimates its warranty costs based on historical warranty claim experience and includes such costs in cost of revenues. Warranty costs and the accrued warranty liability were not material as of March 31, 2022 and 2021 and for the years ended March 31, 2022, 2021 or 2020. NOTE 10—COMMON STOCK The Company’s Certificate of Incorporation, as amended, authorizes the Company to issue 150,000,000 shares of $0.001 par value common stock. On August 6, 2014, the Company completed a modified “Dutch auction” self-tender offer to repurchase for cash shares of its common stock. The Company accepted for purchase and retirement an aggregate of 3,846,153 shares of its common stock at a final purchase price of $6.50 per share, for an aggregate cost of approximately $25 million, excluding fees and expenses related to the tender offer. The Company’s board of directors has authorized the repurchase, at management’s discretion, of shares of its common stock. Under the repurchase program, the Company may repurchase shares from time to time on the open market or in private transactions. The specific timing and amount of the repurchases will be dependent on market conditions, securities law limitations and other factors. The repurchase program may be suspended or terminated at any time without prior notice. Through March 31, 2022, including the shares purchased in the modified “Dutch Auction” self-tender offer, the Company has repurchased and retired a total of 12,004,779 shares at an average cost of $5.06 per share for a total cost of $60.7 million. At March 31, 2022, management was authorized to repurchase additional shares with a value of up to $4.3 million under the repurchase program. NOTE 11—STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION The 2007 Equity Incentive Plan In January 2007, the Company’s board of directors approved the 2007 Equity Incentive Plan, (the “2007 Plan”), which was subsequently approved by the Company’s stockholders in March 2007. A total of 3,000,000 shares of common stock were authorized and reserved for issuance under the 2007 Plan. This reserve automatically increased on April 1 of each year through 2017 by an amount equal to the smaller of (a) five percent of the number of shares of common stock issued and outstanding on the immediately preceding March 31, or (b) a lesser amount determined by the board of directors. As described below, the 2007 Plan was terminated in August 2016 and no further awards may be granted pursuant to the 2007 Plan. In the event of a stock split or other change in the 79 Table of Contents Company’s capital structure, appropriate adjustments will be made in the number of outstanding awards to prevent dilution or enlargement of participants’ rights. Awards could be granted under the 2007 Plan to the Company’s employees, including officers, directors, or consultants or those of any present or future parent or subsidiary corporation or other affiliated entity. Options granted to non-officer employees generally vest at the rate of 25% on the first anniversary and subsequent anniversaries of the date of grant, while grants to officers vest in full four years after the anniversary date of the officer’s employment that is closest to the date of grant. In the event of a change in control as described in the 2007 Plan, the acquiring or successor entity may assume or continue all or any awards outstanding under the 2007 Plan or substitute substantially equivalent awards. Any awards which are not assumed or continued in connection with a change in control or exercised or settled prior to the change in control will terminate effective as of the time of the change in control. The administrator may provide for the acceleration of vesting of any or all outstanding awards upon such terms and to such extent as it determines, except that the vesting of all nonemployee director awards will automatically be accelerated in full. The 2007 Plan also authorizes the administrator, in its discretion and without the consent of any participant, to cancel each or any outstanding award denominated in shares upon a change in control in exchange for a payment to the participant with respect to each vested share subject to the cancelled award of an amount equal to the excess of the consideration to be paid per share of common stock in the change in control transaction over the exercise price per share, if any, under the award. The 2016 Equity Incentive Plan In June 2016, the Company’s board of directors approved the 2016 Equity Incentive Plan, (the “2016 Plan”), which was subsequently approved by the Company’s stockholders in August 2016. In connection with the stockholders’ approval of the 2016 Plan, 6,000,000 shares available for future award under the 2007 Plan were transferred to the 2016 Plan, 705,699 shares available for grant under the 2007 plan were canceled and the 2007 Plan was terminated. The Company granted options under the 2007 Plan until August 2016, and the 2007 Plan continues to govern the terms of options that remain outstanding under the 2007 Plan. In July 2021, the Company’s board of directors approved the amendment and restatement of the 2016 Plan, which was subsequently approved by the Company’s stockholders in August 2021. The following summary highlights the material changes to the 2016 Plan: ● The number of shares available for issuance was increased by 4,000,000 shares; ● The sum of the aggregate grant date fair value of all equity awards and cash compensation for services as a director that may be provided to any non-employee director in any fiscal year was limited to $300,000, reflecting an amendment to a provision of the 2016 Plan that applies a limit of $150,000 to the grant of equity awards alone in any fiscal year; and ● The period during which new awards may be granted under the 2016 Plan was extended to August 25, 2031. Appropriate and proportionate adjustments will be made to the number of shares authorized and other numerical limits in the 2016 Plan and to outstanding awards in the event of any change in the Company’s common stock through merger, consolidation, reorganization, reincorporation, recapitalization, reclassification, stock dividend, stock split, reverse stock split, split-up, split-off, spin-off, combination of shares, exchange of shares or similar change in the Company’s capital structure, or if the Company makes a distribution to its stockholders in a form other than common stock (excluding regular and periodic cash dividends) that has a material effect on the fair 80 Table of Contents market value of the Company’s common stock. In such circumstances, the administrator also has the discretion under the 2016 Plan to adjust other terms of outstanding awards as it deems appropriate. If any award granted under the 2016 Plan expires or otherwise terminates for any reason without having been exercised or settled in full, or if shares subject to forfeiture or repurchase are forfeited or repurchased by the Company for not more than the participant's purchase price, any such shares reacquired or subject to a terminated award will again become available for issuance under the 2016 Plan. Shares will not be treated as having been issued under the 2016 Plan and will therefore not reduce the number of shares available for issuance to the extent an award is settled in cash or to the extent that shares are withheld or reacquired by the Company in satisfaction of a tax withholding obligation. Upon the exercise of a stock appreciation right, tender of shares in payment of an option's exercise price or net-exercise of an option, the number of shares available under the 2016 Plan will be reduced by number of shares actually issued in settlement of the award. To enable compensation provided in connection with certain types of awards intended to qualify as “performance-based” within the meaning of Section 162(m) of the Internal Revenue Code, the 2016 Plan establishes limits on the maximum aggregate number of shares or dollar value for which awards may be granted to an employee in any fiscal year, as follows: ● No more than 300,000 shares subject to stock options and stock appreciation rights. ● No more than 100,000 shares subject to restricted stock and restricted stock unit awards. ● For each full fiscal year of the Company contained in the performance period of performance shares or performance unit awards, no more than 50,000 shares subject to performance share awards or more than $500,000 subject to performance unit awards. ● For each full fiscal year of the Company contained in the performance period of cash-based or other stock-based awards, no more than $500,000 subject to cash-based awards or more than 50,000 shares subject to other stock-based awards. Awards may be granted under the 2016 Plan to the Company’s employees, including officers, directors and consultants or those of any present or future parent or subsidiary corporation or other affiliated entity of the Company. To date, options granted to non-officer employees generally vest 25% on the first anniversary and subsequent anniversaries of the date of grant, while grants to officers vest in full four years after the anniversary date of the officer’s employment that is closest to the date of grant. While the Company may grant incentive stock options only to employees, the Company may grant nonstatutory stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock and stock units, performance shares and units, other stock- based awards and cash-based awards to any eligible participant. Non-employee director awards may be granted only to members of the Company’s board of directors who, at the time of grant, are not employees. Only members of the board of directors who are not employees at the time of grant are eligible to participate in the nonemployee director awards component of the 2016 Plan. The board or the compensation committee shall set the amount and type of nonemployee director awards to be awarded on a periodic, non-discriminatory basis. Nonemployee director awards may be granted in the form of NSOs, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards and restricted stock unit awards. Subject to adjustment for changes in the Company's capital structure, no nonemployee director may be awarded, in any fiscal year, one or more nonemployee director awards for more than a number of shares determined by dividing $150,000 by the fair market value of a share of the Company’s stock determined on the last trading day immediately preceding the date on which the applicable nonemployee award is granted. 81 Table of Contents The 2016 Plan provides that, without the approval of a majority of the votes cast in person or by proxy at a meeting of the Company’s stockholders, the administrator may not provide for any of the following with respect to underwater options or stock appreciation rights: (1) either the cancellation of such outstanding options or stock appreciation rights in exchange for the grant of new options or stock appreciation rights at a lower exercise price or the amendment of outstanding options or stock appreciation rights to reduce the exercise price, (2) the issuance of new full value awards in exchange for the cancellation of such outstanding options or stock appreciation rights, or (3) the cancellation of such outstanding options or stock appreciation rights in exchange for payments in cash. In the event of a change in control as described in the 2016 Plan, the surviving, continuing, successor or purchasing entity or its parent may, without the consent of any participant, either assume or continue outstanding awards or substitute substantially equivalent awards for its stock. If so determined by the Committee, stock-based awards will be deemed assumed if, for each share subject to the award prior to the change in control, its holder is given the right to receive the same amount of consideration that a stockholder would receive as a result of the change in control. Any awards which are not assumed or continued in connection with a change in control or exercised or settled prior to the change in control will terminate effective as of the time of the Change in Control. The administrator may provide for the acceleration of vesting or settlement of any or all outstanding awards upon such terms and to such extent as it determines, except that the vesting of all nonemployee director awards will automatically be accelerated in full. The 2016 Plan also authorizes the administrator, in its discretion and without the consent of any participant, to cancel each or any outstanding award denominated in shares of stock upon a change in control in exchange for a payment to the participant with respect each vested share (and each unvested share if so determined by the administrator) subject to the cancelled award of an amount equal to the excess of the consideration to be paid per share of common stock in the change in control transaction over the exercise or purchase price per share, if any, under the award. The 2007 Employee Stock Purchase Plan In January 2007, the board of directors approved the 2007 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “2007 Purchase Plan”) which was subsequently approved by the Company’s stockholders in March 2007. A total of 500,000 shares of the Company’s common stock was authorized and reserved for sale under the 2007 Purchase Plan. In addition, the 2007 Purchase Plan provides for an automatic annual increase in the number of shares available for issuance under the plan on April 1 of each year beginning in 2008 and continuing through and including April 1, 2017 equal to the lesser of (1) one percent of the number of issued and outstanding shares of common stock on the immediately preceding March 31, (2) 250,000 shares or (3) a number of shares as the board of directors may determine. Appropriate adjustments will be made in the number of authorized shares and in outstanding purchase rights to prevent dilution or enlargement of participants' rights in the event of a stock split or other change in our capital structure. Shares subject to purchase rights that expire or are canceled will again become available for issuance under the 2007 Purchase Plan. The Company’s employees and employees of any parent or subsidiary corporation designated by the administrator will be eligible to participate in the 2007 Purchase Plan if they are customarily employed by us for more than 20 hours per week and more than five months in any calendar year. However, an employee may not be granted a right to purchase stock under the 2007 Purchase Plan if: (1) the employee immediately after such grant would own stock possessing 5% or more of the total combined voting power or value of all classes of our capital stock or of any parent or subsidiary corporation, or (2) the employee’s rights to purchase stock under all of our employee stock purchase plans would accrue at a rate that exceeds $25,000 in value for each calendar year of participation in such plans. The 2007 Purchase Plan is designed to be implemented through a series of sequential offering periods, generally six (6) months in duration beginning on the first trading day on or after May 1 and November 1 of each year. The administrator is authorized to establish additional or alternative sequential or overlapping offering periods 82 Table of Contents and offering periods having a different duration or different starting or ending dates, provided that no offering period may have a duration exceeding 27 months. Amounts accumulated for each participant under the 2007 Purchase Plan are used to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock at the end of each offering period at a price generally equal to 85% of the lower of the fair market value of our common stock at the beginning of an offering period or at the end of the offering period. Prior to commencement of an offering period, the administrator is authorized to reduce, but not increase, this purchase price discount for that offering period, or, under circumstances described in the 2007 Purchase Plan, during that offering period. The maximum number of shares a participant may purchase in any six-month offering period is the lesser of (i) that number of shares determined by multiplying (x) 1,000 shares by (y) the number of months (rounded to the nearest whole month) in the offering period and rounding to the nearest whole share or (ii) that number of whole shares determined by dividing (x) the product of $2,083.33 and the number of months (rounded to the nearest whole month) in the offering period and rounding to the nearest whole dollar by (y) the fair market value of a share of our common stock at the beginning of the offering period. Prior to the beginning of any offering period, the administrator may alter the maximum number of shares that may be purchased by any participant during the offering period or specify a maximum aggregate number of shares that may be purchased by all participants in the offering period. If insufficient shares remain available under the plan to permit all participants to purchase the number of shares to which they would otherwise be entitled, the administrator will make a pro rata allocation of the available shares. Any amounts withheld from participants' compensation in excess of the amounts used to purchase shares will be refunded, without interest. During fiscal 2022, 149,179 shares of common stock were issued under the 2007 Purchase Plan. In the event of a change in control, an acquiring or successor corporation may assume our rights and obligations under the 2007 Purchase Plan. If the acquiring or successor corporation does not assume such rights and obligations, then the purchase date of the offering periods then in progress will be accelerated to a date prior to the change in control. 83 Table of Contents The following table summarizes stock option activities: Balance at March 31, 2019 Granted Exercised Forfeited Balance at March 31, 2020 Granted Exercised Forfeited Balance at March 31, 2021 Options reserved Granted Exercised Forfeited Balance at March 31, 2022 Options vested and exercisable Options vested and expected to vest Number of Shares Underlying Options Outstanding Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Weighted Average Exercise Life (Years) Price 8,017,029 1,011,708 (772,667) (120,279) 8,135,791 1,285,252 (667,503) (320,663) 8,432,877 — 1,280,761 (316,784) (806,179) 8,590,675 5,499,074 8,498,505 $ 5.77 $ 8.11 $ 4.39 $ 7.03 $ 6.17 $ 6.46 $ 5.99 $ 7.84 $ 6.17 $ — $ 5.43 $ 5.12 $ 6.45 $ 6.07 $ 5.86 $ 6.07 5.39 3.77 5.35 Intrinsic Value $ 2,614,879 $ 961,633 $ 149,937 $ $ 133,784 133,784 Shares Available for Grant 3,426,548 (1,011,708) — 107,474 2,522,314 (1,285,252) — 94,500 1,331,562 4,000,000 (1,280,761) — 484,862 4,535,663 84 Table of Contents The options outstanding and by exercise price at March 31, 2022 are as follows: Number of Options Outstanding Options Exercisable Shares Underlying Options Outstanding Weighted Average Exercise Price Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years) Number Vested and Exercisable Weighted Average Exercise Price 1,013,655 1,050,501 1,410,456 1,167,427 1,431,119 985,648 726,606 157,210 82,160 565,893 8,590,675 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 4.12 4.99 5.42 5.76 6.43 7.08 7.61 8.06 8.09 8.30 6.07 3.58 3.82 6.37 5.57 5.44 4.05 7.69 7.85 5.83 7.26 5.39 822,845 1,050,501 630,915 535,873 828,589 985,648 398,243 78,604 82,160 85,696 5,499,074 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 4.04 4.99 5.24 5.70 6.36 7.08 7.63 8.06 8.09 8.30 5.86 Exercise Price - - - - - - - 4.81 4.99 5.58 5.83 6.70 7.26 7.88 $ 3.40 $ 4.98 $ 5.13 $ 5.59 $ 5.91 $ 6.86 $ 7.40 $ 8.06 $ 8.09 $ 8.30 Stock-based compensation The Company recognized $3.0 million, $2.9 million and $2.6 million of stock-based compensation expense for the years ended March 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively, as follows: Year Ended March 31, Cost of revenues Research and development Selling, general and administrative Total 2022 $ $ 248 1,676 1,069 2,993 2021 (In thousands) $ 346 1,509 999 2,854 $ 2020 257 1,487 822 2,566 $ $ Stock-based compensation expense in the years ended March 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 included $260,000, $276,000 and $220,000, respectively, related to the Company’s Employee Stock Purchase Plan. No tax benefit was recognized in either fiscal 2022 or fiscal 2021 due to a full valuation allowance. There were no windfall tax benefits realized from exercised stock options recognized in fiscal 2022 or fiscal 2021. Compensation cost capitalized within inventory at March 31, 2022 and 2021 was not material. As of March 31, 2022, the Company’s total unrecognized compensation cost was $5.2 million, which will be recognized over the 85 Table of Contents weighted average period of 1.98 years. The Company calculated the fair value of stock based awards in the periods presented using the Black-Scholes option pricing model and the following weighted average assumptions: Year Ended March 31, 2022 2021 2020 Stock Option Plans: Risk-free interest rate Expected life (in years) Volatility Dividend yield Employee Stock Purchase Plan: Risk-free interest rate Expected life (in years) Volatility Dividend yield 0.66 - 1.62 % 0.22 - 5.00 47.7 - 49.1 % 41.9 - — % 0.04 - 0.07 % 0.12 - 0.50 45.6 - 57.4 % 67.1 - — % 0.42 % 1.35 - 2.30 % 5.00 47.6 % 36.5 - 39.7 % — % — % 5.00 0.15 % 1.58 - 2.43 % 0.50 68.6 % 33.5 - 43.1 % — % — % 0.50 The weighted average fair value of options granted during the years ended March 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 was $2.29, $2.55 and $2.86, respectively. NOTE 12—RELATED PARTY TRANSACTION The Company incurred non-recurring engineering service expense and manufacturing services of approximately $397,000, $482,000 and $357,000 during the fiscal years ended March 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively, from Wistron Neweb Corp (“WNC”) in connection with the manufacturing of single-APU PCIe boards, to be used in the Company’s in-place associative computing product. Haydn Hsieh, a member of the Company’s board of directors, is the Chairman and Chief Strategy Officer of WNC. The amount owed to WNC, of $32,000 and $155,000 at March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, is included in accounts payable in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. NOTE 13—SEGMENT AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION Based on its operating management and financial reporting structure, the Company has determined that it has one reportable business segment: the design, development and sale of integrated circuits. The following is a summary of net revenues by geographic area based on the location to which product is shipped: United States China Singapore Netherlands Germany Rest of the world All sales are denominated in United States dollars. 86 Year Ended March 31, 2022 2021 (In thousands) 2020 $ 15,517 $ 12,375 2,454 4,074 5,555 2,395 876 $ 27,729 2,108 5,731 5,172 3,471 1,385 $ 33,384 $ 17,505 6,079 6,556 5,463 6,604 1,136 $ 43,343 Table of Contents The locations and net book value of long-lived assets are as follows: United States Taiwan Israel NOTE 14—ACQUISITION March 31, 2022 2021 (In thousands) $ 7,027 86 246 $ 7,359 $ 6,948 92 288 $ 7,328 On November 23, 2015, the Company acquired all of the outstanding capital stock of privately held MikaMonu Group Ltd. (“MikaMonu”), a development-stage, Israel-based company that specialized in in-place associative computing for markets including big data, computer vision and cyber security. MikaMonu, located in Tel Aviv, held 12 United States patents and had a number of pending patent applications. The acquisition was accounted for as a purchase under authoritative guidance for business combinations. The purchase price of the acquisition was allocated to the intangible assets acquired, with the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of assets acquired recorded as goodwill. The Company performs a goodwill impairment test in February of each fiscal year. Consideration Under the terms of the acquisition agreement, the Company paid the former MikaMonu shareholders initial cash consideration of approximately $4.9 million. The Company is also required to pay the former MikaMonu shareholders future contingent consideration consisting of retention payments and “earnout” payments, as described below. The Company made cash retention payments of $2.5 million to the three former MikaMonu shareholders in installments over a four-year period, that were conditioned on the continued employment of Dr. Avidan Akerib, MikaMonu’s co-founder and chief technologist. The retention amount of $2.5 million was deposited in escrow. Of this amount, $743,000, $750,000 and $1.0 million was paid to the former MikaMonu shareholders during the quarters ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively. The Company is not required to make any further retention payments. The Company will also make “earnout” payments to the former MikaMonu shareholders in cash or shares of the Company’s common stock, at the Company’s discretion, during a period of up to ten years following the closing if certain product development milestones and revenue targets for products based on the MikaMonu technology are achieved. Earnout amounts of $750,000 were paid in the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019 based on the achievement of certain product development milestones. Additional payments, up to a maximum of $30.0 million, equal to 5% of net revenues from the sale of qualifying products in excess of certain thresholds, will be made quarterly through December 31, 2025. The portion of the retention payment contingently payable to Dr. Akerib (approximately $1.2 million) was recorded as compensation expense over the period that his services were provided to the Company. The portion of the retention payment made to the other former MikaMonu shareholders (approximately $1.3 million) plus the maximum amount of the potential earnout payments as of March 31, 2022 totals approximately $32.0 million. The Company determined that the fair value of this contingent consideration liability was $5.8 million at the acquisition 87 Table of Contents date. The contingent consideration liability is included in contingent consideration, non-current on the Consolidated Balance Sheet at March 31, 2022 and 2021 in the amount of $2.7 million and $4.2 million, respectively. At each reporting period, the contingent consideration liability is re-measured to fair value with changes recorded in selling, general and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Re- measurement of the contingent consideration liability resulted in an increase (reduction) in fair value for the years ended March 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 of ($1.6 million), $229,000 and $80,000, respectively. See Note 7 for the valuation of contingent consideration. NOTE 15—EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS The Company provides a defined contribution retirement plan (the “Retirement Plan”), which qualifies under Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986. The Retirement Plan covers essentially all United States employees. Eligible employees may make contributions to the Retirement Plan up to 15% of their annual compensation, but no greater than the annual IRS limitation for any plan year. The Retirement Plan does not provide for Company contributions. The Company provides a defined contribution retirement plan (the “Taiwan Pension Plan”) that covers essentially all of its employees located in Taiwan. The Company makes contributions to the Taiwan Pension Plan equal to 6% of eligible compensation and employees can make voluntary contributions of up to 6% of eligible compensation. All contributions are fully vested. The Company provides a defined contribution retirement plan (the “Pension Plan”) that covers essentially all of its employees located in Israel. Eligible employees may make contributions to the Pension Plan up to 6% of eligible compensation, and the Company contributes up to 15.83% of eligible compensation. All contributions are fully vested. Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure None. Item 9A. Controls and Procedures Management’s Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures We maintain “disclosure controls and procedures,” as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"), that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the company’s management, including its principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives and management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. Based on the evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of March 31, 2022, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, solely as a result of the material weakness in the Company's internal control over financial reporting, as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective. The material weakness resulted in a material misstatement of the contingent consideration liability in the current 88 Table of Contents period. Management corrected this misstatement prior to issuance of the financial statements for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022. Additionally, management has performed an analysis to ensure no other material errors resulted from this control failure. Management’s Report on Internal Controls Over Financial Reporting Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) of the Exchange Act. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements and can only provide reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Management conducted an assessment of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework established in 2013 by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in Internal Control-Integrated Framework. Based on the assessment, management concluded that, as of March 31, 2022, our internal control over financial reporting was not effective. As a result of its review, management identified a material weakness. Specifically, management concluded that it did not design and maintain controls over the review of forecasts used to calculate of the contingent consideration liability and used in the recoverability test over intangible assets. Our independent registered public accounting firm has issued an attestation report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, which appears in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and which notes the identification of this material weakness. Remediation Plans for Material Weakness in Internal Control over Financial Reporting We are committed to maintaining a strong internal control environment. In response to the identified material weakness above, we, with the oversight of the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors, will take comprehensive actions to remediate the material weakness in internal control over financial reporting. We will re-evaluate the process and procedures involved in developing forecasts used for the calculation of the contingent consideration liability and used in the recoverability test for intangible assets. The remediation efforts are intended both to address the identified material weakness, and to enhance our overall financial control environment. We continue to evaluate and work to improve our controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting. Until this material weakness is remediated, we plan to continue to perform additional analyses and other procedures to ensure our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with GAAP. Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting Except for our identification and assessment of the material weakness described above, there were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the quarter ended March 31, 2022 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. 89 Table of Contents Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, does not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures or our internal controls will prevent all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within GSI Technology, Inc. have been detected. Item 9B. Other Information Not applicable. Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections Not applicable. 90 Table of Contents PART III The SEC allows us to include information required in this report by referring to other documents or reports we have already filed or will soon be filing. This is called “incorporation by reference.” We intend to file our definitive proxy statement for our 2022 annual meeting of stockholders (the “Proxy Statement”) pursuant to Regulation 14A not later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this report, and certain information therein is incorporated in this report by reference. Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance The information required by this item with respect to executive officers is set forth in Part I of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and the remaining information required by this item is incorporated by reference from the sections entitled “Proposal No. 1 - Election of Directors” and “Corporate Governance” to be included in the Proxy Statement. Item 11. Executive Compensation The information required by this item is incorporated by reference from the section entitled “Executive Compensation” to be included in the Proxy Statement. Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters The information required by this item is incorporated by reference from the sections entitled “Principal Stockholders and Stock Ownership by Management” and “Executive Compensation – Equity Compensation Plan Information” to be included in the Proxy Statement. Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence The information required by this item is incorporated by reference from the section entitled “Related Person Transactions” and “Corporate Governance—Director Independence” to be included in the Proxy Statement. Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services The information required by this item is incorporated by reference from the section entitled “Proposal No. 2 - Ratification of Appointment of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm” to be included in the Proxy Statement. 91 Table of Contents Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules PART IV (a) The following documents are filed as part of this Form: 1. Financial Statements Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Consolidated Balance Sheets As of March 31, 2022 and 2021 Consolidated Statements of Operations For the Three Years Ended March 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss For the Three Years Ended March 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity For the Three Years Ended March 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows For the Three Years Ended March 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Page 49 54 55 56 57 58 59 2. Financial Statement Schedules Schedules not listed above have been omitted because the information required to be set forth therein is not applicable, is not material or is shown in the consolidated financial statements or the notes thereto. 92 Table of Contents 3. Exhibits: The following exhibits are filed herewith: Exhibit Number 3.1 3.2 4.1 10.1 Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Registrant (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.3 to Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-139885) filed on February 16, 2007) Name of Document Bylaws of Registrant (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on January 25, 2022) Description of Registrant's securities registered pursuant to Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 Form of Indemnity Agreement between Registrant and Registrant’s directors and officers (Incorporated by reference to identically-numbered exhibit to Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-139885) filed on January 10, 2007) 10.2 (1)2007 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended (Incorporated by reference to Appendix A to Registrant’s definitive Proxy Statement filed on July 21,2011) 10.3 (1)2007 Employee Stock Purchase Plan and form of Subscription Agreement (Incorporated by reference to identically-numbered exhibit to Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333- 139885) filed on February 16, 2007) 10.4 (1)Form of Notice of Grant of Stock Option (U.S. Participant) (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 4, 2007) 10.5 (1)Form of Notice of Grant of Stock Option (Non-U.S. Participant) (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.2 to Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 4, 2007) 10.6 (1)Form of Stock Option Agreement (U.S. Participant) (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.3 to Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 4, 2007) 10.7 (1)Form of Stock Option Agreement (Non-U.S. Participant) (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.4 to Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 4, 2007) 10.8 Intellectual Property Agreement dated August 28, 2009 between GSI Technology, Inc. and Sony Electronics Inc. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on November 16, 2009) 10.9 (2)Master Purchase Agreement dated August 31, 2011 between Registrant and Cisco Systems, Inc. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on November 4, 2011) 10.10 (2)Master Purchase Agreement dated August 31, 2011 between Registrant and Cisco Systems International B.V. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on November 4, 2011) 93 Table of Contents 10.11 Stock Purchase Agreement dated November 23, 2015 among GSI Technology, Inc., GSI Technology Holdings, Inc. and MikaMonu Group Ltd. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 4, 2016) 10.12 (1)GSI Technology, Inc. 2017 Variable Compensation Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 5, 2016) 10.13 (1)GSI Technology, Inc. 2016 Equity Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K/A filed on September 2, 2016) 10.14 (1)GSI Technology, Inc. 2016 Equity Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K/A filed on August 26, 2021) 10.15 (1)Form of Notice of Grant of Stock Option (U.S. Participant) under 2016 Equity Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Registrant’s Form 10-Q filed on November 4, 2016) 10.16 (1)Form of Notice of Grant of Stock Option (Non-U.S. Participant) under 2016 Equity Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to Registrant’s Form 10-Q filed on November 4, 2016) 10.17 (1)Form of Stock Option Agreement (U.S. Participant) under 2016 Equity Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to Registrant’s Form 10-Q filed on November 4, 2016) 10.18 (1)Form of Stock Option Agreement (Non-U.S. Participant) under 2016 Equity Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to Registrant’s Form 10-Q filed on November 4, 2016) 10.19 (1)GSI Technology, Inc. 2018 Variable Compensation Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 1, 2017) 10.20 (1)GSI Technology, Inc. Executive Retention and Severance Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 3, 2014) 10.21 10.22 10.23 (1)First Amendment to the GSI Technology, Inc. Executive Retention and Severance Plan dated August 29. 2017 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 31, 2018) (1)Second Amendment to the GSI Technology, Inc. Executive Retention and Severance Plan dated August 27. 2020 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 28, 2020) Factory Lease Agreement for No. 1, 6th Floor, 30 Tai-Yuan Street, Chu-Pei City, Taiwan dated August 31, 2017 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 27, 2017) 10.24 (1)GSI Technology, Inc. 2019 Variable Compensation Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 31, 2018) 10.25 (1)GSI Technology, Inc. 2020 Variable Compensation Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 12, 2019) 10.26 (1)GSI Technology, Inc. 2021 Variable Compensation Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 4, 2020) 10.27 Factory Lease Agreement for No. 1, 6th Floor, 30 Tai-Yuan Street, Chu-Pei City, Taiwan dated August 13, 2020 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 19, 2020) 10.28 (1)GSI Technology, Inc. 2022 Variable Compensation Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 4, 2021) 94 Table of Contents 10.29 (1)GSI Technology, Inc. 2023 Variable Compensation Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 3, 2022) 21.1 23.1 24.1 31.1 31.2 32.1 List of Subsidiaries Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm – BDO USA, LLP Power of Attorney (Incorporated by reference to the signature page of this Annual Report on Form 10- K) Certification of Lee-Lean Shu, President and Chief Executive Officer, pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Certification of Douglas Schirle, Chief Financial Officer, pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes- Oxley Act of 2002 Certification of Lee-Lean Shu, President and Chief Executive Officer, and Douglas Schirle, Chief Financial Officer, pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 101.INS Inline XBRL Instance Document 101.SCH Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document 101.CAL Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document 101.DEF Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document 101.LAB Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document 101.PRE Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document 104 Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL documents) __________________________________ (1) Compensatory plan or management contract. (2) This exhibit has been filed separately with the Commission pursuant to an application for confidential treatment which has been granted by the Commission. The confidential portions of this exhibit have been omitted and marked by asterisks. Item 16. Form 10-K Summary Not applicable. 95 Table of Contents SIGNATURES Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized. June 29, 2022 GSI TECHNOLOGY, INC. /s/ DOUGLAS M. SCHIRLE Douglas M. Schirle Chief Financial Officer By: 96 Table of Contents POWER OF ATTORNEY KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints Lee-Lean Shu and Robert Yau, jointly and severally, his attorneys-in-fact, each with the power of substitution, for him in any and all capacities, to sign any amendments to this Annual Report on Form 10-K and to file the same, with exhibits thereto and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, hereby ratifying and confirming all that each of said attorneys-in-fact, or his substitute or substitutes, may do or cause to be done by virtue thereof. Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this Annual Report on Form 10-K has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated. Name Title Date /s/ LEE-LEAN SHU President, Chief Executive Officer and Chairman June 29, 2022 Lee-Lean Shu (Principal Executive Officer) /s/ DOUGLAS M. SCHIRLE Chief Financial Officer June 29, 2022 Douglas M. Schirle (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) /s/ ROBERT YAU Robert Yau /s/ JACK A. BRADLEY Jack A. Bradley /s/ ELIZABETH CHOLAWSKY Elizabeth Cholawsky /s/ HAYDN HSIEH Haydn Hsieh /s/ KIM LE Kim Le /s/ RUEY L. LU Ruey L. Lu /s/ BARBARA NELSON Barbara Nelson Vice President, Engineering, Secretary and Director June 29, 2022 June 29, 2022 June 29, 2022 June 29, 2022 June 29, 2022 June 29, 2022 June 29, 2022 Director Director Director Director Director Director 97 Exhibit 4.1 DESCRIPTION OF REGISTRANT'S SECURITIES REGISTERED PURSUANT TO SECTION 12 OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 GSI Technology, Inc. has one class of securities registered under Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), our Common Stock, $0.001 par value per share (“Common Stock”). The following is a summary of the material terms of our Common Stock and does not purport to be complete. It is subject to and qualified in its entirety by reference to our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation (the “Certificate of Incorporation”) and our Amended and Restated Bylaws (the “Bylaws”), each of which are incorporated by reference as an exhibit to the Annual Report on Form 10-K of which this Exhibit 4.1 is a part. We encourage you to read our Certificate of Incorporation, our Bylaws and the applicable provisions of the Delaware General Corporation Law, for additional information. Authorized Capital Stock Our authorized capital stock consists of 150,000,000 shares of Common Stock, and 5,000,000 shares of undesignated preferred stock, $0.001 par value per share. The outstanding shares of Common Stock are fully paid and nonassessable. Common Stock The holders of Common Stock are entitled to one vote for each share held of record on all matters submitted to a vote of stockholders. Holders of a majority of the shares of common stock entitled to vote in any election of directors may elect all of the directors standing for election. Subject to preferences applicable to any outstanding preferred stock, holders of common stock are entitled to receive ratably any dividends declared by our Board of Directors. In the event of a liquidation, dissolution or winding-up of the Company, holders of Common Stock are entitled to share ratably in the assets remaining after payment of liabilities and the liquidation preferences of any outstanding preferred stock. Holders of Common Stock have no preemptive, conversion or redemption rights. Preferred Stock Our Board of Directors has the authority, without further action by our stockholders, to designate and issue up to 5,000,000 shares of preferred stock in one or more series. In addition, the Board may fix the rights, preferences and privileges of any preferred stock it determines to issue. Any or all of these rights may be superior to the rights of the Common Stock. Preferred stock could thus be issued quickly with terms calculated to delay or prevent a change in control of the Company or to make removal of management more difficult. Additionally, the issuance of preferred stock may dilute the voting power and decrease the market price of the Common Stock, and reduce the likelihood that the holders of Common Stock will receive payments in the event of a liquidation, dissolution or winding-up of the Company. Registration Rights None of our stockholders has any registration rights. Antitakeover Provisions Delaware Law We are subject to Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law regulating corporate takeovers, which prohibits a Delaware corporation from engaging in any business combination with an "interested stockholder," unless: · prior to the date of the transaction, the Board of Directors of the corporation approved either the business combination or the transaction, which resulted in the stockholder becoming an interested stockholder; · the interested stockholder owned at least 85% of the voting stock of the corporation outstanding at the time the transaction commenced, excluding for purposes of determining the number of shares outstanding (a) shares owned by persons who are directors and also officers, and (b) shares owned by employee stock plans in which employee participants do not have the right to determine confidentially whether shares held subject to the plan will be tendered in a tender or exchange offer; or · on or subsequent to the date of the transaction, the business combination is approved by the Board and authorized at an annual or special meeting of stockholders, and not by written consent, by the affirmative vote of at least 662/3% of the outstanding voting stock which is not owned by the interested stockholder. Except as otherwise specified in Section 203, an "interested stockholder" is defined to include: · any person that is the owner of 15% or more of the outstanding voting securities of the corporation, or is an affiliate or associate of the corporation and was the owner of 15% or more of the outstanding voting stock of the corporation at any time within three years immediately prior to the date of determination and · the affiliates and associates of any such person. · Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws Our Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws provide that: · no action can be taken by stockholders except at an annual or special meeting of the stockholders called in accordance with the Bylaws, and stockholders may not act by written consent; · the approval of holders of two-thirds of the shares entitled to vote at an election of directors will be required to adopt, amend or repeal the Bylaws or amend or repeal the provisions of the Certificate of Incorporation regarding the election and removal of directors and the ability of stockholders to take action; · our Board of Directors will be expressly authorized to make, alter or repeal our Bylaws; · our Board of Directors will be authorized to issue preferred stock without stockholder approval; and · we will indemnify officers and directors against losses that may incur as a result of investigations and legal proceedings resulting from their services to us, which may include services in connection with takeover defense measures. Our Bylaws provide that directors may be removed by the holders of a majority of the shares entitled to vote at an election of directors, however our Certificate of Incorporation provides that directors may only be removed for cause by the holders of a majority of the shares entitled to vote at an election of directors. We anticipate that our stockholders will approve an amended and restated certificate of incorporation at the next annual meeting of the Company’s stockholders that provides that directors may be removed by the holders of a majority of the shares entitled to vote at an election of directors. These provisions may make it more difficult for stockholders to take specific corporate actions and could have the effect of delaying or preventing a change in control of the Company. Transfer Agent and Registrar The transfer agent and registrar for the Common Stock is Computershare Limited. Nasdaq Global Market Listing Our Common Stock is listed on the Nasdaq Global Market under the symbol “GSIT”. Exhibit 21.1 GSI TECHNOLOGY, INC. SUBSIDIARIES GSI Technology Holdings, Inc., a Cayman Islands company GSI Technology (BVI), Inc., a British Virgin Islands company GSI Technology Taiwan, Inc., a Republic of China company GSI Technology Israel Ltd., an Israeli company Exhibit 23.1 Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm GSI Technology, Inc. Sunnyvale, California We hereby consent to the incorporation by reference in the Registration Statements on Form S-8 (No. 333-144140, 333-219798 and 333-260474) of GSI Technology, Inc. of our reports dated June 29, 2022, relating to the consolidated financial statements and the effectiveness of GSI Technology, Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting, which appear in this Form 10 -K. Our report on the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting expresses an adverse opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of March 31, 2022. /s/ BDO USA, LLP San Jose, California June 29, 2022 CERTIFICATION OF PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE OFFICER PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 I, Lee-Lean Shu, certify that: 1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of GSI Technology, Inc.; Exhibit 31.1 2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; 3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4. The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: (a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; (b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; (c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and (d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): (a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting, which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize, and report financial information; and (b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting. June 29, 2022 /s/ LEE-LEAN SHU Lee-Lean Shu President and Chief Executive Officer CERTIFICATION OF PRINCIPAL FINANCIAL OFFICER PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 I, Douglas M. Schirle, certify that: 1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of GSI Technology, Inc.; Exhibit 31.2 2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; 3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4. The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: (a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; (b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; (c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and (d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): (a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting, which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize, and report financial information; and (b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting. June 29, 2022 /s/ DOUGLAS M. SCHIRLE Douglas M. Schirle Chief Financial Officer CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 Exhibit 32.1 In connection with the Annual Report of GSI Technology, Inc. (the "Company") on Form 10-K for the year ended March 31, 2022 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the "Report"), the undersigned officers of the Company, each certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that: (1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78m or 78o(d)); and (2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. June 29, 2022 /s/ LEE-LEAN SHU Lee-Lean Shu President and Chief Executive Officer /s/ DOUGLAS M. SCHIRLE Douglas M. Schirle Chief Financial Officer A signed original of this written statement required by Section 906, or other document authenticating, acknowledging, or otherwise adopting the signature that appears in typed form within the electronic version of this written statement required by Section 906, has been provided to the Registrant and will be retained by the Registrant and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request. 

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