HealthStream
Annual Report 2020

Plain-text annual report

Table of Contents UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 FORM 10-K ☒ ☐ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2020 OR Tennessee (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) 500 11th Avenue North, Suite 1000 Nashville, Tennessee (Address of principal executive offices) FOR THE TRANSITION PERIOD FROM TO Commission File Number 000-27701 HEALTHSTREAM, INC. (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) (615) 301-3100 (Registrant’s telephone number, including area code) Securities Registered Pursuant To Section 12(b) Of The Act: 62-1443555 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) 37203 (Zip Code) Title of each class Common Stock (Par Value $0.00) Trading Symbol(s) HSTM Name of each exchange on which registered Nasdaq Global Select Market Securities Registered Pursuant To Section 12(g) Of The Act: None Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒ Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 of 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15 (d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. Large accelerated filer ☒ Accelerated filer ☐ Non-accelerated filer ☐ Smaller reporting company ☐ Emerging growth company ☐ If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒ The aggregate market value of the Common Stock issued and outstanding and held by non-affiliates of the Registrant, based upon the closing sales price for the Common Stock on the Nasdaq Global Select Market on June 30, 2020 was $565.2 million. All executive officers and directors of the registrant have been deemed, solely for the purpose of the foregoing calculation, to be “affiliates” of the registrant. As of February 22, 2021, there were 31,493,677 shares of the Registrant’s common stock outstanding. DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE Portions of the Registrant’s definitive Proxy Statement for its 2021 Annual Meeting of Shareholders are incorporated by reference into Part III hereof. Table of Contents PART I Item 1. Item 1A. Item 1B. Item 2. Item 3. Item 4. PART II Item 5. Item 6. Item 7. Item 7A. Item 8. Item 9. Item 9A. Item 9B. PART III Item 10. Item 11. Item 12. Item 13. Item 14. PART IV Item 15. Item 16. HEALTHSTREAM, INC. TABLE OF CONTENTS ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K Business. Risk Factors Unresolved Staff Comments Properties Legal Proceedings Mine Safety Disclosures Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Selected Financial Data. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure Controls and Procedures Other Information Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance Executive Compensation Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence Principal Accounting Fees and Services Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules Form 10-K Summary Signatures Page 1 10 25 25 25 25 26 28 28 39 41 73 73 74 75 75 75 75 75 76 77 78 Table of Contents PART I This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Such forward- looking statements include, among others, those statements including the words “expects,” “anticipates,” “intends,” “believes,” “may,” “will,” “should,” “continue,” and similar language or the negative of such terms or other comparable terminology. Forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties, and other factors that may cause our actual results, performance, or achievements to be materially different from future results, performance, or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements included herein. Factors that might cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those discussed in the section Risk Factors in Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and elsewhere in this document. In addition, factors that we are not currently aware of, or that we currently deem immaterial, could harm our future operating results. You should carefully review the risks described in other documents HealthStream files from time to time with the Securities and Exchange Commission. You are cautioned not to place undue reliance on forward- looking statements, which speak only as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. HealthStream undertakes no obligation to publicly release any revisions to the forward-looking statements to reflect future events or circumstances after the date of this document. Item 1. Business OVERVIEW AND HISTORY HealthStream, Inc. (HealthStream or the Company) provides workforce and provider solutions for healthcare organizations—all designed to support the people that deliver patient care, which in turn, supports the improvement of business and clinical outcomes. Delivered primarily as Software-as-a-Service (SaaS), our solutions focus on some of the most significant challenges facing the healthcare workforce and healthcare organizations today, including the need to effectively manage, retain, engage, schedule, and develop healthcare workforce talent; meet rigorous compliance requirements; and efficiently manage ongoing medical staff credentialing and privileging processes. With approximately 30 years of experience, HealthStream is recognized as a leading innovator and thought leader in the healthcare industry for its healthcare workforce solutions. Using technology to enhance learning and productivity, HealthStream pioneered the delivery of online learning for hospitals’ required regulatory training as Internet-based training was first introduced. Stemming from that early success, demand for expanded learning solutions led the Company to build a growing ecosystem of diverse workforce and clinical-focused applications, courseware, assessments, and talent management programs. HealthStream believes that the key to quality patient care is—and always has been—the people who deliver care. To that end, the Company’s solutions support the recruiting, retaining, engaging, assessing, developing, scheduling, credentialing, and privileging of the healthcare workforce, including medical staff who provide patient care in our customers’ organizations. The Company was incorporated in 1990 and began providing its SaaS-based workforce solutions in 1999 and its provider solutions in 2012. HealthStream is headquartered in Nashville, Tennessee and had 1,037 full-time and 32 part-time employees as of December 31, 2020. INDUSTRY BACKGROUND According to the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS), spending in the healthcare industry reached $3.8 trillion in 2019, or 17.7% of the U.S. gross domestic product. Hospital care expenditures in 2019 accounted for approximately 31% of the $3.8 trillion industry. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, as of January 2020, approximately 20.1 million professionals are employed in the healthcare segment of the domestic economy, with approximately 5.2 million employed in acute-care hospitals and, according to CMS, approximately 5.3 million employed in healthcare organizations throughout the continuum of care, the primary target markets for our products. (Organizations in the continuum of care employ approximately 1.5 million employees in ambulatory centers, approximately 3.5 million employees in post-acute care facilities, and approximately 300,000 employees in health & human services facilities.) All of the approximately 5.2 million hospital-based healthcare professionals that work in the nation’s approximately 6,000 inpatient hospitals that are registered with Medicare are required by federal and state mandates and accrediting bodies to complete training in a number of areas. This training includes safety training mandated by both the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and The Joint Commission (an independent, not-for-profit organization that accredits and certifies healthcare organizations and programs in the United States), as well as training on patient information confidentiality required under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA). 1 Table of Contents In hospitals, staffing issues and personnel shortages have also contributed to the need for facility-based workforce development as well as additional assessment and competency-based training. An ongoing nursing shortage, for example, is resulting in skill gaps and rising costs. By 2028, more than 371,000 new Registered Nurse (RN) jobs are projected to be added to the workforce from 2018, surging from approximately 3.06 million jobs in 2018 to a projected 3.43 million jobs, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. We believe that offering training and education for hospital personnel is increasingly being utilized as a retention and recruitment incentive. Many healthcare professionals use continuing education to keep abreast of the latest developments as well as meet licensing and certification requirements. Continuing education is required for nurses, emergency medical services personnel, first responder personnel, radiologic personnel, and physicians. Pharmaceutical and medical device companies must also provide their medical industry sales representatives with training mandated for the healthcare industry and training for new products. Such companies also provide support and content for education and training of audiences that use their products in healthcare organizations. The healthcare education and training industry is highly fragmented, varies significantly in delivery methods (i.e., online products, live events, written materials, and technology-enabled manikins for simulation-based training), and is composed of a wide variety of entities competing for customers. The sheer volume of healthcare information available to satisfy continuing education needs, rapid advances in medical developments, and the time constraints that healthcare professionals face can make it difficult to quickly and efficiently access the continuing education content most relevant to an individual’s practice or profession. Historically, healthcare professionals have received continuing education and training through offline publications, such as medical journals or by attending conferences and seminars. In addition, other healthcare workers and pharmaceutical and medical device manufacturers’ sales and internal regulatory personnel usually fulfill their training from external vendors or internal training departments. While these approaches satisfy the ongoing education and training requirements, they are typically costly and inconvenient. In addition, live courses are often limited in the breadth of offerings and do not provide a method for tracking training completion. The results of these traditional methods, both from a business and compliance standpoint, are difficult to track and measure. Provider data management has become more complex and arduous for healthcare organizations. Spurred by The Joint Commission Medical Staff standards and other regulatory requirements, credentialing and privileging has been transformed from a periodic review to continuous, evidence-driven analysis of professional competency and provider performance. This transformation requires ongoing, automatic monitoring of licenses, sanctions, and exclusions, as well as expanding the scope of review at initial credentialing and re-credentialing. In addition, provider enrollment processes have compounded in difficulty. For example, a single provider may need to enroll annually with some 30 to 40 payers, with each payer application often taking two to four hours to complete. Finally, the hospital industry continues to operate under ongoing pressure to reduce costs as a result of potential reductions in government reimbursement rates and increased focus on cost containment consistent with participation of patients in managed care programs, among other factors. In addition, many hospitals, as well as pharmaceutical and medical device companies, may continue to experience rising operating costs, coupled with increased pressure to measure and report on the outcomes of the dollars spent on training. Our products and services are designed to meet these needs by reducing healthcare organizations’ costs of training while improving learning outcomes, enhancing reporting capabilities, and supporting customers’ business objectives. HEALTHSTREAM’S SOLUTIONS During the year ended December 31, 2020, HealthStream’s products, services, and operations were organized and managed under two business segments— Workforce Solutions and Provider Solutions—that collectively help healthcare organizations meet their ongoing clinical development, talent management, training, education, assessment, competency management, compliance, scheduling, provider credentialing & privileging management, and provider enrollment needs. HealthStream’s solutions are provided to a wide range of customers within the healthcare industry across the continuum of care. HealthStream Workforce Solutions — Our workforce solutions, which are comprised primarily of SaaS, subscription-based products, are used by healthcare organizations to meet a broad range of their clinical development, talent management, training, certification, scheduling, competency assessment, performance appraisal, and additional needs. Our numerous content libraries allow customers to subscribe to a wide array of courseware, which includes content from leading healthcare and nursing associations, medical and healthcare publishers, and other content providers. Additionally, medical device companies and other industry partners offer online training support through HealthStream’s platform for their products. HealthStream’s SaaS-based learning application has long been one of the most widely adopted workforce development platforms in healthcare. To facilitate innovation and growth of our ecosystem, HealthStream’s platform technology, 2 Table of Contents hStream™, was launched in 2018. hStream is the essential technology that powers activity in the HealthStream ecosystem. The Company’s existing customers are gradually upgrading to the hStream platform, typically in connection with renewal of their contracts. At December 31, 2020, HealthStream had contracts with customers for approximately 4.22 million subscriptions to hStream, compared to 3.15 million subscribers as of December 31, 2019. The transition to the hStream platform supports our strategic advancement toward a Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) approach. Pricing for hStream and HealthStream’s workforce applications is primarily subscription-based, with fees based on the number of subscriptions, solutions provided, and other factors. We offer implementation, training, and account management services to facilitate adoption of our subscription-based solutions. Fees for implementation services are based on the time and efforts of the personnel involved. Training fees vary based on the size, scope, and complexity of the project. Our platform and subscription-based solutions are hosted on a combination of private-cloud infrastructure and public-cloud infrastructure, leveraging Amazon Web Services and Azure, which allows authorized personnel access to our services through the Internet, thereby eliminating the need for onsite local implementations of installed workforce development products. Other Applications on our Platform — HealthStream offers an array of other applications on our platform, each serving a unique function for hospitals and health systems. Each application on our platform has its own value. Examples of individual applications that are offered on our platform include applications for learning, performance appraisal, compensation management, succession planning, competency management, disclosure management, clinical development, simulation-based education, quality management, scheduling, and industry training. HealthStream Provider Solutions – Our provider solutions are offered through our business segment that is branded in the marketplace as VerityStream. VerityStream delivers enterprise-class solutions to transform the healthcare provider experience for healthcare organizations and providers. We currently serve hospitals and outpatient facilities, including ambulatory surgery centers, urgent care facilities, clinics, medical groups, and other healthcare organizations. As of December 31, 2020, VerityStream had 270 employees with headquarters in Boulder, Colorado and satellite offices in San Diego, California and Chicago, Illinois, as well as employees located in the Nashville, Tennessee corporate office. Our legacy products include EchoCredentialing™ and MSOW™, comprehensive platforms that manage medical staff credentialing, enrollment, and privileging processes for hospitals; EchoOneApp™, a provider enrollment platform for medical groups; and CredentialMyDoc™, a credentialing and enrollment SaaS solution for medical groups and surgery centers. In January 2018, we launched our SaaS-based provider credentialing, privileging, and enrollment solution branded as CredentialStream. As a SaaS-solution, CredentialStream includes an intuitive, modern user experience that delivers a continual stream of platform enhancements, evidence-based content, and curated data. A subscription to this infrastructure provides healthcare organizations with tools to support the provider lifecycle from recruiting, application submission, verification of licensure and other credentials, privileging, appointments by credentialing committees, enrollment, network management, onboarding, and performance evaluation of providers. As of December 31, 2020, more than 300 healthcare organizations had contracted for the CredentialStream SaaS application. BUSINESS ACQUISITIONS As part of our overall growth strategy, we evaluate opportunities for mergers and acquisitions, and since the beginning of 2019, we have completed seven acquisitions. We acquired Providigm in January 2019, and we acquired substantially all the assets of CredentialMyDoc in December 2019. In March 2020, we acquired NurseGrid, in October 2020, we acquired ShiftWizard, and in December 2020, we acquired ANSOS as well as substantially all of the assets of myClinicalExchange. In January 2021, we acquired ComplyALIGN. For additional information regarding acquisitions, please see Note 8 of the Consolidated Financial Statements and Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, included elsewhere in this report. COVID-19 PANDEMIC Our business is focused on providing workforce and provider solutions to healthcare organizations, and as such the pandemic’s adverse impact on healthcare organizations has resulted in an adverse impact on the Company. For information regarding the ongoing impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Company and our response to the pandemic, see the discussion below under “Impact of and Response to COVID-19 Pandemic” included in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in Part II, Item 7 of this Form 10-K. 3 Table of Contents CUSTOMERS We provide our solutions to customers across a broad range of entities within the healthcare industry, including private, not-for-profit, and government entities, as well as pharmaceutical and medical device companies. We derive a substantial portion of our revenues from a relatively small number of customers that are healthcare providers. SALES AND MARKETING We market our products and services primarily through our direct sales teams, who are located throughout the United States. As of December 31, 2020, our Workforce Solutions sales personnel consisted of 164 employees who carried sales quotas, and our Provider Solutions sales personnel consisted of 37 employees who carried sales quotas. We conduct a variety of marketing programs to promote our products and services, including product catalogs, user groups, trade shows, internet promotion and demonstrations, telemarketing campaigns, public relations, distribution of product-specific literature, direct mail, advertising, and in partnership with third parties. We have marketing teams that are responsible for these initiatives and for working with and supporting our product management and sales teams. At December 31, 2020, our marketing personnel consisted of 31 employees. OPERATIONS AND TECHNOLOGY We believe our ability to establish and maintain long-term customer relationships, obtain recurring sales, and develop and maintain new and existing products are dependent on the strength of our operations, customer service, product development and maintenance, training, and other support teams. As of December 31, 2020, our Workforce Solutions operations team consisted of 511 employees and our Provider Solutions operations team consisted of 222 employees. Our operations teams for each of these segments are primarily associated with technical support, customer implementation and training, product management, software development and quality assurance, and other functions. Our services are designed to be reliable, secure, and scalable. Our software is a combination of proprietary and commercially available software and operating systems. Our software solutions support hosting and management of content, publication of our websites, execution of courseware, registration and tracking of users, tracking and reporting of physician credentialing and provider enrollment information, and reporting of information for both internal and external use. We designed the platforms that provide our services to allow each component to be independently scaled by adding commercially available hardware and a combination of commercially available and proprietary software components. Our software applications, servers, and network infrastructure that deliver our services are hosted by a combination of third-party data center providers and cloud- based infrastructure. We maintain fully redundant disaster recovery data centers which are located in geographically separate locations. Our technology equipment is maintained in secure, limited access environments, supported by redundant power, environmental conditioning, and network connectivity, and we follow industry best practices for backup and disaster recovery. Company personnel monitor all servers, networks, and systems on a continuous basis, and we employ enterprise firewall systems and data abstraction to protect our databases, customer information, and courseware library from unauthorized access. COMPETITION In addition to the competing healthcare education delivery methods in the industry, we also have direct competitors. In our Workforce Solutions business segment, a number of companies offer competitive learning management products, scheduling solutions, and talent management modules to the healthcare industry. We compete with companies such as Cornerstone OnDemand, Healthcare Source, Ultimate Kronos Group, Oracle, SAP, Infor, and Workday, who provide their services to multiple industries, including healthcare. We also compete with large medical publishers that have operating units that focus on healthcare, such as Relias Learning. In our Provider Solutions business segment, we have competition primarily from several large companies, such as Symplr, Verisys, MD-Staff, AMN Healthcare, as well as from a broadening array of smaller companies. We believe our Workforce Solutions, which include both products and services that facilitate education, training, assessment, scheduling, and development for healthcare professionals, offer a wide assortment of content, functionality, and applications provided on a single platform over the Internet and provide us with a competitive advantage. In our Provider Solutions business segment, we believe the scope and quality of our products, capability to connect medical staff credentialing with provider enrollment, and innovative new predictive analytics, provide us with a competitive advantage. We believe that the principal competitive factors affecting the marketing of our Workforce and Provider Solutions to the healthcare industry include: • our technology platform, which combines SaaS-based capabilities and certain PaaS capabilities to capture, track, manage, and report on activities, such as learning, performance, scheduling, credentialing, and 4 Table of Contents • • • • • • • • privileging across various modalities, and provides interoperability with external systems such as HRIS and other systems utilized by our customers; scope and variety of Internet-based workforce and provider solutions available, including, without limitation, clinical, compliance, resuscitation, revenue cycle, talent management, scheduling, credentialing, and privileging solutions; our singular focus on the healthcare industry and our deep healthcare expertise; scope and quality of professional services offered, including implementation, benchmarking, and training; competitive pricing, which supports a return on investment to customers when compared to other alternative delivery methods; customer service and support; mobility, security, uniqueness, and value of underlying data sets and embedded content; effectiveness of sales and marketing efforts; and company reputation. We believe these capabilities provide us with the ability to improve the quality of healthcare by developing the people who deliver care. GOVERNMENT REGULATION OF THE INTERNET AND THE HEALTHCARE INDUSTRY Regulation of the Internet and the Privacy and Security of Personal Information We are subject to various legal requirements related to the internet and the privacy and security of personal information, which legal requirements may change rapidly. The following are areas of law in this regard that are significant to our business: • • • Privacy and Security Laws. Federal, state, and foreign privacy and security laws and regulations restricting the collection, use, retention, deletion, security, and disclosure of personal information limit our ability to collect information or use and disclose the information in our databases or derive from other sources to generate revenues. These laws and regulations are rapidly evolving and changing and could have an adverse effect on our operations. For example, the recently enacted California Privacy Rights Act significantly expands and amends existing California privacy law, and there are additional states that may pass their own privacy legislation in 2021 or future years. Moreover, we have expanded our business over the past year into new jurisdictions, which may subject our business to additional privacy and data protections laws and regulations in those jurisdictions. There are significant differences among these various privacy laws, which introduces complexity in our compliance efforts and additional costs and expenses. It may be costly to implement measures such as certain security requirements, contracting terms, assessments, and registrations with authorities that are designed to comply with new legislation, changes to existing laws, or laws in jurisdictions into which we are expanding. The obligations and requirements applicable to companies under these laws and regulations are subject to uncertainty in how they may be interpreted by government authorities and regulators. We may be audited or subject to an investigation by a federal, state, or foreign regulator regarding our compliance with privacy laws. If the Company is determined by a regulator or court to fail to comply with such laws, the Company’s business could be negatively impacted. Content Regulation. Both foreign and domestic governments have adopted and proposed laws governing content and materials transmitted over the Internet. These include laws relating to obscenity, indecency, libel, and defamation. We could be liable if content created, stored, or delivered by us is determined to be in violation of these regulations. Information Security Accountability Regulation. As a business associate of certain of our customers, we are required to report certain breaches of protected health information to our customers, who must in turn notify affected individuals, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and/or other governmental agencies, and, in certain situations, the media. In addition, we are subject to certain state laws that relate to data security or the reporting of security breaches. For example, California law requires notification of security breaches involving personal information and medical information. We may incur costs to comply with these security requirements. Because there is little guidance related to many of these laws, it is difficult to estimate the cost of our compliance with these laws. Further, Congress has considered bills that would require companies to engage independent third parties to audit the companies’ computer information security. 5 Table of Contents If the Company experiences a breach of security or if one of the Company’s customers is required to report a breach of security by the Company, the Company’s business could be negatively impacted. • Sales and Use Tax. We collect sales, use, or other taxes on taxable transactions in states and foreign jurisdictions in which we have employees, have a significant level of sales activity, or otherwise determine that such collection is appropriate. While HealthStream believes that this approach is appropriate, other states or foreign jurisdictions may seek to impose tax collection obligations on companies like us that engage in online commerce. If they do, these obligations could limit the growth of electronic commerce in general and adversely impact our business. Laws and regulations directly applicable to content regulation, e-commerce, Internet communications, and the privacy and security of personal information are becoming more prevalent and/or broader in scope. The dynamic nature of this regulatory environment increases the uncertainty regarding the marketplace impact of such regulation. The enactment of any additional laws or regulations may increase our cost of conducting business or otherwise harm our business, financial condition, and operating results. Regulation of Education, Training, and Other Services for Healthcare Professionals Occupational Safety and Health Administration. OSHA regulations require employers to provide training to employees to minimize the risk of injury from various potential workplace hazards. Employers in the healthcare industry are required to provide training with respect to various topics, including, but not limited to, blood borne pathogens exposure control, laboratory safety, and tuberculosis infection control. OSHA regulations require employers to keep records of their employees’ completion of training with respect to these workplace hazards. The Joint Commission. The Joint Commission accreditation and certification standards require employers in the healthcare industry to provide certain workplace safety and patient interaction training to employees. Training required by The Joint Commission may include programs on infection control, patient bill of rights, radiation safety, and incident reporting. Healthcare organizations are required to provide and document training on these topics to receive accreditation from The Joint Commission. In addition, The Joint Commission imposes continuing education requirements on physicians that relate to each physician’s specific staff appointments. Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act. HIPAA regulations restrict how certain organizations (known as Covered Entities), including most healthcare providers and health plans, use and disclose certain protected health information. HIPAA regulations also require these organizations to provide reasonable and appropriate safeguards to protect the privacy, integrity, and confidentiality of protected health information, whether in paper, oral, or electronic form. Covered Entities are required to establish, maintain, and provide training with regard to their policies and procedures for protecting the integrity and confidentiality of protected health information and must document training on these topics to support their compliance. Certain HIPAA privacy and security requirements apply to entities (known as Business Associates) that handle protected health information on behalf of Covered Entities or other Business Associates. Covered Entities, Business Associates, and their subcontractors may be directly subject to criminal and civil sanctions for violations of HIPAA privacy and security standards. The American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC). ANCC, a subsidiary of the American Nurses Association (ANA), provides individuals and organizations throughout the nursing profession with the resources they need to achieve practice excellence. ANCC’s internationally renowned credentialing programs certify nurses in specialty practice areas; recognize healthcare organizations for promoting safe, positive work environments through the Magnet Recognition Program® and the Pathway to Excellence® Program; and accredit providers of continuing nursing education. In addition, ANCC’s Institute for Credentialing Innovation® offers an array of informational and educational services and products to support its core credentialing programs. ANCC certification exams validate nurses’ skills, knowledge, and abilities. More than a quarter million nurses have been certified by ANCC since 1990. More than 80,000 advanced practice nurses are currently certified by ANCC. The ANCC Magnet Recognition Program recognizes healthcare organizations that provide the very best in nursing care and professionalism in nursing practice. The program also provides a vehicle for disseminating best practices and strategies among nursing systems. The ANCC Magnet Recognition Program is a highly regarded standard for nursing excellence. The Pathway to Excellence Program recognizes the essential elements of a high standard nursing practice environment. The designation is earned by healthcare organizations that create work environments where nurses can develop professionally. The award substantiates the professional satisfaction of nurses and identifies best places to work. Continuing Nursing Education (CNE). State nurse practice laws authorize a state’s board of nursing to establish CNE requirements for professional nurses to maintain valid licensure. CNE requirements vary widely from state to state, with reporting generally on a bi-annual basis. In some states, the CNE requirement only applies to re-licensure of advance practice nurses, while in other states, additional CNEs may be required of this category of nurses. Board certifications 6 Table of Contents (e.g., Certified Nurse Operating Room (CNOR) – certification of perioperative nursing) also require CNE hours/credits, with certain percentages required in specific categories based on the certification type. Failure to obtain the requisite and type of CNE could result in non-renewal of the license or certification. The ANCC Commission on Accreditation is responsible for accrediting or approving organizations to award ANCC nursing continuing professional development (NCPD) credit (contract hours) to activities for a national audience of nurses. State boards of nursing approve individual CNE activities or CE providers that offer CNE activities primarily for nurses within the state. ANCC NCPD credit for online activities is accepted by all state boards of nursing. Our HealthStream CNE Provider Unit is accredited as a provider of NCPD by ANCC. We are also approved by the California Board of Registered Nursing and the Florida Board of Nursing. Continuing Medical Education (CME). State licensing boards, professional organizations, and employers require physicians to certify that they have accumulated a minimum number of CME hours to maintain their licenses. Generally, each state’s medical practice laws authorize the state’s board of medicine to establish and track CME requirements. Forty-eight state medical licensing boards currently have CME requirements, as well as Puerto Rico, Guam, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. The number of CME hours required by each state ranges from 15 to 50 hours per year. Other sources of CME requirements are state medical societies and practice specialty boards. The failure to obtain the requisite amount and type of CME could result in non-renewal of the physician’s license to practice medicine and/or membership in a medical or practice specialty society. The American Medical Association (AMA) classifies CME activities as either Category 1, which includes formal CME activities, or Category 2, which includes self-designated credit for informal activities that meet certain requirements. CME providers that certify educational activities can only designate those activities for AMA PRA Category 1 Credit™. Most boards of medical examiners nationwide that require CME participation specify AMA PRA Category 1 Credit™. Only institutions and organizations accredited to provide CME can designate an activity for AMA PRA Category 1 Credit™. The Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education (ACCME) is responsible for awarding accreditation status to state medical societies, medical schools, and other institutions and organizations that provide CME activities for a national audience of physicians. State medical societies, operating under the aegis of the ACCME, accredit institutions and organizations that provide CME activities primarily for physicians within the state or bordering states. We are recognized as an accredited provider of CME for physicians by the ACCME. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). CMS has summarized its quality strategy vision as “better, smarter, healthier.” The agency is focused on using incentives to improve care; changing how care is delivered, including through improved teamwork and coordination across healthcare settings, increased attention to population health, and utilization of healthcare information; and tying payment to value through new payment models. Value-based purchasing (VBP), which links payment more directly to the quality of care provided, is a strategy that can help to transform the current payment system by rewarding providers for delivering high quality, efficient clinical care. Through a number of public reporting programs, demonstration projects, pilot programs, and other initiatives, some voluntary and some mandatory, CMS has launched VBP initiatives in various settings, including hospitals, physician offices, nursing homes, home health services, and dialysis facilities. Since 2017, CMS has focused on its comprehensive deregulatory initiative, “Meaningful Measures,” which identifies priorities for quality measurement and improvement. The framework is intended to improve patient outcomes while also reducing burdens on providers. Promoting Interoperability Programs. The CMS Interoperability Programs continue to encourage eligible professionals, eligible hospitals, and critical access hospitals (CAHs) to adopt EHR technology by imposing payment reductions for failure to demonstrate meaningful use of certified EHR technology. By putting into action and meaningfully using an EHR system, providers may reap benefits beyond financial incentives–such as reduction in errors, availability of records and data, reminders and alerts, clinical decision support, and e-prescribing/refill automation. Further, the 21st Century Cures Act and implementing regulations promote interoperability and the exchange of patient health information, through a number of requirements including a ban on information blocking by healthcare providers, health IT developers, and certain other entities, which is generally defined as engaging in activities that are likely to interfere with the access, exchange or use of electronic health information, subject to limited exceptions. Allied Disciplines. Various allied health professionals are required to obtain continuing education to maintain their licenses. For example, emergency medical services personnel may be required to attain up to 20 continuing education hours per year, all or a portion of which can be fulfilled online. These requirements vary by state and depend on the professional classification of the individual. HealthStream is an organization accredited by the Commission on Accreditation for Prehospital Continuing Education (CAPCE) and the Florida Board of Emergency Medical Services. Regulation of Educational Program Sponsorship and Support There are a variety of laws and regulations that affect the relationships between our medical device and pharmaceutical customers and the users of our products and services, including the sponsorship and support of educational programs. For example, the Physician Payment Sunshine Act (Sunshine Act) requires manufacturers of drugs, biological devices, and medical devices covered by Medicare, Medicaid, or the Children’s Health Insurance Program to report annually to CMS 7 Table of Contents payments and other transfers of value, given by such manufacturers to physicians and teaching hospitals, including educational programs for physicians, with limited exceptions. CMS regulations require manufacturers to report the physician’s name, business address, and national provider identifier as well as other information about the payment or transfer of value including the amount, date, form, and nature of what is offered. CMS publishes the information on its website. Manufacturers that do not meet the reporting obligations are subject to significant monetary penalties. Further, the Office of Inspector General (OIG) has issued Compliance Program Guidance for Pharmaceutical Manufacturers and for the Durable Medical Equipment, Prosthetics, Orthotics, and Supply Industry (collectively, the Guidelines). The Guidelines address compliance risks raised by the support of continuing educational activities by pharmaceutical and medical device companies. The Guidelines have affected and may continue to affect the type and extent of commercial support we receive for our continuing education activities. The trade associations for the pharmaceutical and medical device industries (PhRMA and AdvaMed, respectively) have also promulgated their own codes of ethics that further restrict the interactions between industry and health care professionals. In addition, the AMA has established its own code of ethics regarding Gifts to Physicians from Industry to provide standards of conduct for the medical profession. We follow all standards/criteria/guidelines set-forth by ACCME, ANCC, and other continuing education organizations regarding the regulation of educational program sponsorship and support. This includes full compliance with the Standards for Integrity and Independence in Accredited Continuing Education, to ensure that our CME and CNE activities are evidence-based, designed to improve patient care and/or community health, and are free from commercial influence. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) Current FDA and FTC rules and enforcement actions and regulatory policies, or those that the FDA or the FTC may develop in the future, could have a material adverse effect on our ability to provide existing or future applications or services to our end users or obtain the necessary corporate sponsorship to do so. The FDA and the FTC regulate the form, content, and dissemination of labeling, advertising, and promotional materials, including direct-to-consumer prescription drug and medical device advertising, prepared by, or for, pharmaceutical, biotechnology, or medical device companies. The FTC regulates over-the-counter drug advertising and, in some cases, medical device advertising. Generally, regulated companies must limit their advertising and promotional materials to discussions of the FDA- approved indications. Therefore, any information that promotes the use of pharmaceutical or medical device products that is presented with our services is subject to the FDA and FTC requirements and regulatory oversight including criminal, civil and administrative actions. We believe that banner advertisements, sponsorship links, and any educational programs we may present with our services, even if we lack independent editorial control over it, could be subject to FDA or FTC regulation. While the FDA and the FTC place the principal burden of compliance with advertising and promotional regulations on the advertiser, if the FDA or FTC finds that any regulated information presented with our services violates FDA or FTC regulations, they may take regulatory action against us or the advertiser or sponsor of that information. In addition, the FDA may adopt new regulatory policies that more tightly regulate the format and content of promotional information on the Internet. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND OTHER PROPRIETARY RIGHTS To protect our proprietary rights, we rely generally on copyright, trademark, patent, and trade secret laws; confidentiality agreements, contracts, and procedures with employees, consultants and other third parties; contractual provisions in license agreements with consultants, vendors, and customers; and use measures designed to control access to our software, documentation, and other proprietary information. We own federal trademark and service mark registrations for several marks, including, without limitation “HEALTHSTREAM”, “HEALTHSTREAM LEARNING CENTER”, “HSTREAM”, “HEALTHSTREAM EPORTFOLIO”, “KNOWLEDGEQ”, and “VERITYSTREAM.” We also have obtained registration of the “HEALTHSTREAM” mark in certain other countries. Additionally, we hold a number of patents related to the solutions we provide. Applications for several trademarks and patents are currently pending. However, there can be no assurance that we will be successful in obtaining registration of trademarks and patents for which we have applied. The content we license to our customers is developed through a combination of license agreements with publishers and authors, assignments and work-for-hire arrangements with third parties, and development by employees. We require publishers, authors, and other third parties to represent and warrant that their content does not infringe on or misappropriate any third-party intellectual property rights and that they have the right to provide their content and have obtained all third- party consents necessary to do so. Our publishers, authors, and other third parties also agree to indemnify us against certain liability we might sustain due to the content they provide. If a third party asserts a claim that we or our third-party partners have infringed its patents or other intellectual property right, we may be required to redesign or discontinue products that we currently offer or enter into royalty or licensing agreements. In addition, we license technologies from third parties for incorporation into our services. Licensing agreements with these third parties may not be available on terms acceptable to us, if at all. Additionally, despite the steps 8 Table of Contents we have taken to protect our intellectual property and proprietary rights, our efforts may not be adequate. Third parties may infringe or misappropriate our intellectual property, and such violations of our intellectual property are difficult to detect and police. Competitors may also independently develop technologies that are substantially equivalent or superior to the technologies we employ in our products or services. If we are unable to safeguard our proprietary rights adequately, our competitors could offer similar services, potentially significantly harming our competitive position and decreasing our revenues. We hold inbound licenses for certain intellectual property that is used internally, and in some cases, utilized in HealthStream’s products or services. While it may be necessary in the future to seek or renew licenses relating to various aspects of our products and services, we believe, based upon past experience and industry practice, such licenses generally can be obtained on commercially reasonable terms. We believe our operations and products and services are not materially dependent on any single license or other agreement with any third party. AVAILABLE INFORMATION The Company files reports with the SEC, including annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, and other reports from time to time. The SEC maintains an Internet site at http://www.sec.gov that contains the reports, proxy, and other filings made by us electronically. Our website address is www.healthstream.com. Please note that our website address is provided as an inactive textual reference only. We make available, free of charge through our website, our annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, all amendments to those reports, and other filings made by us with the SEC, as soon as reasonably practicable after such material is electronically filed with or furnished to the SEC. The information provided on our website is not part of this report and is not incorporated by reference herein. HUMAN CAPITAL RESOURCES As of December 31, 2020, the Company had 1,037 full-time and 32 part-time employees. Since March 2020, all employees have been required to work from home as a matter of safety during the COVID-19 pandemic. Prior to the commencement of this requirement, approximately 25 percent of employees worked remotely, while approximately 45 percent worked in our corporate office in Nashville, Tennessee and the surrounding area, with the remaining 30 percent working across the Company’s other offices. HealthStream’s culture is both exemplified and driven by our Constitution, which is a living document and the lens through which we endeavor to view and shape our actions. Our Constitution is comprised of the Company’s vision statement, values, and business principles. Upon being hired at HealthStream, each employee completes a course on our Constitution, which we view to be an important step in engagement, development, and training of our employees. Our Constitution is available on our website on the Investor Relations page. This and other information on our website is not a part of this report and is not incorporated by reference herein. HealthStream is committed to recruiting, maintaining, and growing a diverse, equitable, and inclusive workforce that help us live our Constitutional values as we strive to achieve positive results for our shareholders, employees, customers, and community. INFORMATION ABOUT OUR EXECUTIVE OFFICERS The following is a brief summary of the business experience of each of the executive officers of the Company. Executive officers of the Company are elected by the Board of Directors and serve at the pleasure of the Board of Directors. The following table sets forth certain information regarding the executive officers of the Company: Name Robert A. Frist, Jr. J. Edward Pearson Michael Sousa Scott A. Roberts Jeffrey D. Cunningham Michael M. Collier Trisha L. Coady M. Scott McQuigg Age Position 53 58 52 44 54 45 45 53 Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board of Directors President and Chief Operating Officer Senior Vice President and President, VerityStream Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer Senior Vice President and Chief Technology Officer Senior Vice President, Corporate Development and General Counsel Senior Vice President and General Manager, Workforce Development Solutions Senior Vice President and General Manager, Workforce Scheduling Solutions 9 Table of Contents Kevin O’Hara Scott Fenstermacher 51 52 Senior Vice President and General Manager, Platform Solutions Senior Vice President, Sales Robert A. Frist, Jr., one of our co-founders, has served as our chief executive officer and chairman of the board of directors since 1990 and served as our president since 2001. On May 15, 2018, following the appointment of Mr. Pearson as the president of the Company, Mr. Frist no longer served in such position. Mr. Frist is the company’s chief operating decision maker. He graduated with a Bachelor of Science in Business with concentrations in Finance, Economics, and Marketing from Trinity University. J. Edward Pearson joined the Company in June 2006 as senior vice president and was promoted to chief operating officer in 2011 and to president on May 15, 2018. He earned a Bachelor of Business Administration in Accounting from Middle Tennessee State University. Michael Sousa joined the Company in October 2004 and served as senior vice president of sales from January 2010 to June 2014. In June 2014, he was promoted to senior vice president of business development. In February 2015, he was named president of Echo, Inc. (now known as VerityStream), HealthStream’s Provider Solutions business segment, while continuing to serve as a senior vice president of the Company. He earned a Bachelor of Science degree from Boston College and a Master of Business Administration from Boston University. Scott A. Roberts joined the Company in January 2002 and served as vice president of accounting and finance beginning in January 2015, following service in multiple positions to which he was promoted. Thereafter, Mr. Roberts was appointed as interim chief financial officer in February 2019 and was appointed as chief financial officer and senior vice president of the Company in September 2019. He earned a Bachelor of Business Administration degree from Middle Tennessee State University. Jeffrey D. Cunningham joined the Company in July 2017 as senior vice president and chief technology officer. Prior to joining the Company, he founded and served as chief technology officer and chief strategy officer for Informatics Corporation of America for twelve years. He earned a Bachelor of Science in Computer Science from University of North Texas. Michael M. Collier joined the Company in August 2011 as vice president and general counsel, began serving as the vice president of business development and general counsel shortly thereafter, and was promoted to senior vice president of corporate development and general counsel in July 2017. Mr. Collier also serves as the Company’s Corporate Secretary. He graduated with bachelors and masters degrees in Philosophy and Religion from University of Tennessee-Knoxville and earned a Juris Doctorate (J.D.) from University of California, Berkeley – School of Law. Trisha L. Coady joined the Company in January 2014 and served as associate vice president and subsequently vice president and general manager of clinical development solutions from June 2015 to November 2018. In November 2018, she was promoted to senior vice president and general manager of clinical solutions. Ms. Coady currently serves as general manager of workforce development solutions. She earned a Science in Nursing degree from Université de Moncton. M. Scott McQuigg joined the Company in January 2019 as senior vice president of hStream solutions. Mr. McQuigg currently serves as general manager of scheduling solutions. Prior to joining the Company, he co-founded and served as chief executive officer for GoNoodle for thirteen years. Before this role, he co- founded and served as chief executive officer of HealthLeaders. Kevin O’Hara joined the Company in January 2021 as senior vice president and general manager of platform solutions. Prior to joining the Company, he served as chief product officer for Caresyntax for one year and as chief executive officer for Syus, a predecessor entity, for eight years. He earned a Bachelor of Arts in Public Policy Studies and a J.D. from Vanderbilt University. Scott Fenstermacher joined the Company in 2012 and served as vice president of sales beginning in 2017 and was promoted to senior vice president of sales in January 2021. He graduated from University of Pittsburg with a Bachelor of Arts and a Bachelor of Science. Item 1A. Risk Factors We believe that the risks and uncertainties described below are the material risks facing the Company as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our business, reputation, financial condition, results of operations, and/or prospects could be materially and adversely affected by the occurrence of any of the following risks and uncertainties. Additional risks or uncertainties not presently known to us, or that we currently deem immaterial, also may adversely affect our business, reputation, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects. Therefore, the risk factors below should not be considered a complete list of potential risks we may face. The trading price of our common stock could also decline due to 10 Table of Contents the occurrence of any of the following risks, as well as risks and uncertainties not presently known to us, or that we currently deem immaterial. Risks Related to the COVID-19 Pandemic The coronavirus pandemic has adversely impacted our business and could have material adverse impacts on our business or financial results, particularly if negative conditions impacting healthcare organizations persist for a significant period of time or deteriorate. The COVID-19 pandemic, which spread throughout the world and the United States during 2020 and has resulted in a significant economic downturn, persists despite vaccines beginning to be administered in the United States and abroad. The pandemic continues to cause uncertainty and economic volatility, including with regard to the pandemic’s various and unpredictable impacts on our healthcare customers and our business. Our business is focused on providing workforce and provider solutions to healthcare organizations. Many healthcare organizations have been, and will likely continue to be, substantially adversely impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, which has resulted in a substantial reduction in the number of elective surgeries, physician office visits, and other healthcare procedures due to restrictive measures, including quarantines and shelter-in-place orders, as well as general concerns related to the risk of contracting COVID-19 from interacting with the healthcare system. Additionally, adverse conditions related to the pandemic have caused, and could continue to cause, certain of our customers to be unable to pay for our products and services in a timely and fulsome manner, or unable to pay at all, which has had, and will likely continue to have, an adverse impact on our financial results. To the extent these trends continue, or our customers are unable to pay due to the deterioration of their businesses as the result of COVID-19, our bad debt may increase and future revenue generating opportunities with those customers may be limited. Conditions related to the pandemic may also adversely impact the ability or willingness of our customers to renew their contracts with us (or to renew contracts at the same levels) and have adversely impacted the willingness of some customers to expand the quantity and type of solutions they purchase from us. For example, renewing customers that have reduced or expect to reduce the number of their staff due to COVID-19 may not have a need to renew their contracts for as many user subscriptions as purchased under their previous contracts. The COVID-19 pandemic has adversely impacted, and will likely continue to adversely impact, our ability to enter into contracts with new potential customers. Customers may also be unwilling or unable to pay the same prices for our products and solutions than they have paid in the past, which could negatively impact our results and growth. Many existing or potential customers are not currently allowing vendors, including ourselves, on their premises, which has reduced, and will likely continue to reduce, the ability of our sales team to make sales they otherwise would likely make but for the impact of COVID-19. Our sales opportunities generated from in-person marketing initiatives, such as tradeshows, have also been negatively impacted due to the cancellation of such in-person events, and this has led to, and will likely continue to lead to, lost or delayed sales opportunities. Additionally, we do not recognize revenue until a software product is made available for a customer to use. In this regard, to the extent our customers delay or fail to implement products they have previously purchased, as we have experienced with certain customers since the onset of the pandemic, or to the extent we are unable to fulfill our own implementation backlogs due to COVID-19, our financial results will likely suffer, as may our future prospects. Our business also relies on a network of partners whose solutions we resell or whose solutions are sold and delivered over our platform. To the extent that COVID- 19 results in ongoing or increased business disruption or adverse impacts to our partners, such disruptions and adverse impacts could adversely impact our business as well. Due to COVID-19, our entire workforce is continuing to work remotely from home, even if and to the extent that phased re-opening orders provided by local and state governments would allow for a limited return to office work. While we have not observed a negative disruption to productivity to date, operating on a prolonged basis as a remote workforce could result in decreases in productivity, increased security risks, impair our ability to manage our business, and harm our ability to attract, retain, and onboard employees. There continue to be significant uncertainties associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, including with respect to the severity and duration of the pandemic, the timing and availability of widespread medical treatments and vaccines with respect to COVID-19, actions that may be taken by governmental authorities and private businesses to mitigate against the impact of the pandemic, and the ongoing impact of COVID-19 on economic activity and unemployment and underemployment levels. Moreover, COVID-19 developments continue to evolve quickly, and additional developments may occur which we are unable to predict, particularly given the various new strains of the virus that have begun to and may continue to emerge and proliferate. Developments related to COVID-19 have adversely impacted our business, and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and/or cash flows, particularly if negative conditions impacting healthcare organizations persist for a significant period of time or deteriorate. In addition, the impact of COVID-19 may 11 Table of Contents exacerbate other risks discussed in Part I, Item 1A, Risk Factors, of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, any of which could have a material effect on us. Risks Related to Our Business Model We may be unable to effectively execute our growth strategy which could have an adverse effect on our business and competitive position in the industry. Our business strategy includes increasing our market share and presence through sales to new customers, additional sales to existing customers, introductions of new products and services, participation in our ecosystem, interoperability and integration with our platform, and maintaining strong relationships with our existing customers. Risks that we may encounter in executing our growth strategy include: • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • expenses, delays, and difficulties in identifying and developing new products or services and integrating such new products or services into our existing organization; inability to leverage or evolve our customer and partner facing technology platform; inability to leverage our operational and financial systems and processes sufficiently to support our growth; inability to generate sufficient revenue from our products to offset investment costs; inability to effectively identify, manage, and benefit from existing and emerging market opportunities; inability to maintain our existing customer relationships; inability to identify, attract, and retain partners; increased competition from new and existing competitors; lengthy sales cycles, or customers delaying purchasing decisions or payments due to economic conditions; reduced spending by customers within our target markets; the loss of a significant customer, including through acquisitions or consolidations; a negative change in the financial condition or creditworthiness of our customers; failure of the market for our products and services to grow to a sufficient size or at a sufficient rate; negative impact on our customers and our business related to the unprecedented impact of COVID-19; and inability to hire sufficient number of qualified employees to execute and support the growth of the Company. If any of these risks are realized, our business, and our competitive position in the industry, could suffer. Unfavorable conditions in our industry or the U.S. economy, or reductions in information technology spending, could limit our ability to grow our business and negatively affect our operating results. Our operating results may vary based on the impact of changes in our industry or the economy on us or our clients. The revenue growth and potential profitability of our business depends on demand for workforce and provider solutions for healthcare providers. We sell our products and services to large, mid-sized and small organizations whose businesses fluctuate based on general economic and business conditions. In addition, a portion of our revenue is attributable to the number of users of our products at each of our clients, which in turn is influenced by the employment and hiring patterns of our clients and potential clients. To the extent that economic uncertainty or weak economic conditions, including in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic as noted above, cause our clients and potential clients to freeze or reduce their headcount or operations, demand for our products may be negatively affected. Historically, as well as in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic, economic downturns have resulted in overall reductions in spending by some healthcare providers as well as pressure from clients and potential clients for extended billing terms. If economic conditions deteriorate, our clients and potential clients may elect to decrease their workforce and provider solutions budgets by deferring or reconsidering purchases, which would limit our ability to grow our business and negatively affect our operating results. In addition, as noted above, there continue to be significant uncertainties associated with the extent and duration of COVID-19’s negative impact on the economy, the healthcare sector, and our financial results. Our business also could be adversely impacted by catastrophic events (particularly in areas where we have office locations and/or where we have network infrastructure), such as fires, earthquakes, hurricanes, natural disasters, civil unrest, geographic instability, terrorist attacks, pandemics or other public health emergencies or the effects of climate change (such as drought, flooding, wildfires, increased storm severity and sea level rise). 12 Table of Contents We may be unable to effectively identify, complete, or integrate the operations of acquisitions, joint ventures, collaborative arrangements, or other strategic investments, which would inhibit our ability to execute upon our growth strategy. As part of our growth strategy, we actively review possible acquisitions, joint ventures, collaborative arrangements, or strategic investments that complement or enhance our business, and we completed four acquisitions in 2020, and have completed one acquisition in 2021, as part of this growth strategy. However, we may be unable to source or complete future acquisitions, joint ventures, collaborative arrangements, or other strategic investments on acceptable terms, or at all. In addition, if we finance acquisitions, joint ventures, collaborative arrangements, or other strategic initiatives by issuing equity securities, our existing shareholders may be diluted, which could affect the market price of our stock. As a result, if we fail to properly evaluate and execute acquisitions, joint ventures, collaborative arrangements, or strategic investments, our performance or prospects may be seriously harmed. Risks that we may encounter in implementing our acquisition, joint venture, collaborative arrangement, or strategic investment strategies include: • • • • • • • • • • expenses, delays, or difficulties in identifying and integrating acquired companies or joint venture operations, collaborative arrangements, or other strategic investments into our organization and to otherwise realize expected synergies; the possibility that we may become responsible for substantial contingent or unanticipated liabilities as the result of an acquisition, joint venture, collaborative arrangement, or other strategic investment; inability to retain key personnel associated with acquired companies, joint ventures, collaborative arrangements, or other strategic investments; loss of material customers or contracts and other key business relations associated with acquired companies, joint ventures, collaborative arrangements, or other strategic investments; diversion of management’s attention from other initiatives and/or day-to-day operations to effectively execute our growth strategy; the incorporation of products associated with acquired companies, joint ventures, collaborative arrangements, or other strategic investments into our product lines; the increasing demands on our operational and informational technology systems which may arise from any such acquired companies or joint venture operations, collaborative arrangements, or other strategic investments; potentially insufficient internal controls over financial activities or financial reporting at any such acquired company that could impact us on a consolidated basis; the financial performance of acquired entities, joint ventures, collaborative arrangements, or other strategic investments may have a negative impact on our financial performance; and an inability to generate sufficient revenue, profit, and cash flow from acquisitions, joint ventures, collaborative arrangements, or other strategic investments to offset our investment costs. Moreover, although we conduct what we believe to be a prudent level of investigation regarding the operating, financial, and information security conditions of acquired companies, joint ventures, collaborative arrangements, or other strategic investments, an unavoidable level of risk remains regarding the operating performance, financial condition, information security, and potential liabilities of these businesses, and we may not be able to fully assess these risks until a transaction has been completed. In addition, a significant portion of the purchase price of companies we acquire may be allocated to acquired goodwill, or intangible assets which must be assessed for impairment at least annually, or to intangible assets, which are assessed for impairment upon certain triggering events. In the future, if our acquisitions do not yield expected returns, we may be required to take charges to our operating results based on this impairment assessment process, which could harm our operating results. We are subject to risks associated with our equity investments, including partial or complete loss of invested capital, and significant changes in the fair value of these investments could adversely impact our financial results. We have invested in, and may continue to invest in, early-to-late stage companies for strategic reasons and to support key business initiatives, and we may not realize a return on our equity investments. Many such companies generate net losses and the market for their products, services, or technologies may be slow to develop or never materialize. 13 Table of Contents Further, valuations of non-marketable equity investments are inherently complex due to the lack of readily available market data. We may experience additional volatility to our financial results due to changes in market prices of our marketable equity investments, the valuation and timing of observable price changes or impairments of our non-marketable equity investments, including impairments to such investments due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and changes in the proportionate share of earnings and losses or impairment of our equity investments accounted for under the equity method. This volatility could be material to our results in any particular period. Our ability to accurately forecast our financial performance for certain products and services may be hindered by customer scheduling. While the revenue we receive from particular products and services in our subscription business may be predictable during the term of the applicable contract, the performance of our subscription business may become more subject to fluctuations between quarterly periods as our solution offerings diversify and become more sophisticated. Certain professional services contracts are subject to the customers’ involvement in the provision of the product or service. The timing and magnitude of these product and service contracts may vary widely from quarter to quarter and year to year, and thus may affect our ability to accurately forecast our financial performance. In addition, some products can require significant implementation lead times and resources and may require a level of change management efforts from our clients, which may also impact our ability to accurately forecast our financial performance. Additionally, as we expand our revenue generating model such that third parties may pay network connection fees based on sales they make, our ability to forecast revenue from such arrangements may not be predictable. Finally, until the impacts arising from the COVID-19 pandemic have abated, it will continue to be more difficult for us to forecast our financial results. Our ability to accurately forecast our financial performance may be affected by lengthy and widely varying sales cycles. The period from our initial contact with a potential customer and such customer’s first purchase of our solution typically ranges from three to nine months, and in some cases may be significantly longer. Sales of additional solutions to existing customers may also experience sales cycles ranging from three to nine months, or longer. The range in the sales cycle can be impacted by multiple factors, including an increasing trend towards more formal request for proposal processes and more competition within our industry, delays associated with the impact of COVID-19, as well as formal budget timelines which impact timing of purchases by target customers. New products, including those that may compete with or replace our former product offerings, tend to have a longer and more unpredictable revenue ramp period because of varying customer adoption rates. As a result of these factors, we have only limited ability to forecast the timing and type of initial sales. This, in turn, makes it more difficult to forecast our financial performance. Additionally, as we expand our revenue generating model such that third parties may pay network connection fees based on sales they make, our ability to forecast revenue from such arrangements may not be predictable. We may not be able to maintain our competitive position against current and potential competitors, especially those with significantly greater financial, technical, marketing, or other resources. Many of our competitors and potential competitors have longer operating histories and significantly greater financial, technical, marketing, or other resources than we do. We encounter direct competition from both large and small companies focused on providing workforce and provider solutions to the healthcare industry. Given the profile and growth of the healthcare industry and the ongoing need for training, simulation, scheduling, credentialing, and other information products and services, it is likely that additional competitors will emerge. Additionally, mergers of or other strategic transactions by our competitors could weaken our competitive position. Moreover, our lack of market diversification resulting from our concentration on the healthcare industry may make us susceptible to losing market share to our competitors who also offer solutions, and in some cases a more robust suite of solutions, to a cross-section of industries. These companies may be able to respond more quickly than we can to new or changing opportunities, technologies, standards, or customer requirements. Further, most of our customer agreements are for terms ranging from one to five years, with no obligation to renew. The terms of these agreements may enable customers to more easily shift to one of our competitors. Expanding our business model such that third-parties may pay network connection fees in exchange for the ability to deliver their products through our technology platform and have them featured as part of our ecosystem may result in unpredictability to and/or harm to the operational and financial performance of our business. Historically, the Company has marketed and sold products and services through our own sales team and for delivery through our technology platform. More recently, the Company began offering third-parties the ability to utilize their sales teams to market and sell their third-party products and have such products delivered through the Company’s technology platform, provided such third-parties pay a network connectivity fee when such products are sold to customers in our network. Given that these third parties are responsible for their products and the marketing and selling thereof, the Company may not always be able to ensure the operational, financial, or security-related performance or impact of 14 Table of Contents products controlled by a third-party. While we have contractual protections with third-parties regarding their products, including but not limited to service levels, information security, confidentiality, data rights, and indemnification against certain breaches, these may not be sufficient to ensure the predictability or performance of such products, or potential negative impacts related thereto. The failure to maintain and strengthen our relationships with ecosystem partners or significant changes in the terms of the agreements we have with them may have an adverse impact on our ability to successfully market, sell, and deliver certain product and service offerings. We have entered into contracts with ecosystem partners, including content, application, infrastructure, technology, and retail channel vendors. Our ability to increase the sales of our products and services depends in part upon maintaining and strengthening relationships with these current and future ecosystem partners. Some of these contracts are on a non-exclusive basis. Certain ecosystem partners may offer multiple products and services, including, in some instances, products or services which may compete with other products and services we offer. Moreover, under contracts with some of our ecosystem partners, we may be bound by provisions that restrict our ability to market and sell our products and services to certain potential customers. The success of these contractual arrangements will depend in part upon the ecosystem partners’ own competitive, marketing, and strategic considerations, including the relative advantages for such ecosystem partners in using alternative products being developed and marketed by them or our competitors, rather than our products and services. We cannot guarantee that we will be able to maintain and strengthen our relationships with ecosystem partners, that we will be successful in effectively integrating such partners’ products and technology, including without limitation through our emerging PaaS strategy, with, into, or through our own, or that such relationships will be successful in generating additional revenue. If any of these ecosystem partners have negative experiences with our products and services, or seek to amend or terminate the financial or other terms of the contracts or arrangements we have with them, we may need to increase our organizational focus on the types of services and solutions they sell and alter our development, integration, and/or distribution strategies, which may divert our planned efforts and resources from other projects. We could also be subject to claims and liability as a result of the activities, products, or services of these ecosystem partners and/or our acts or omissions with regard to these ecosystem partners. Even if these claims do not result in liability to us, investigating and defending these claims could be expensive, time- consuming, divert our attention, and result in suspension of or interference with certain offerings to our clients and/or adverse publicity that could harm our business. We may not be able to retain distribution rights from our ecosystem partners, which could adversely affect our business and results of operations. Most of our agreements with ecosystem partners are for initial terms of three or more years. These partners may choose not to renew their agreements with us or may terminate their agreements early if we do not fulfill our contractual obligations. If our partners terminate or fail to renew their agreements with us on as favorable terms, such as a reduction in our revenue share arrangement, it could result in a reduction in the number of courses and solutions we are able to distribute, declines in the number of subscribers to our platforms, and decreased revenues. Some of our agreements with our ecosystem partners are non-exclusive, and our competitors offer, or could offer, solutions that are similar to or the same as those we offer. If our current partners offer or otherwise make available their products and services to users or our competitors on more favorable terms than those offered to us, or increase our license fees, our competitive position, revenue, and our profit margins and prospects could be harmed. We may not be able to develop new products and services, or enhancements to our existing products and services, or be able to achieve widespread acceptance of new products, services, or features, or keep pace with technological developments. Our growth strategy depends in part on our ability to generate revenue growth through sales to new customers as well as increasing sales of additional subscriptions and other products and services to existing customers. Our identification of additional features, content, products, and services may not result in timely development of complementary products. In addition, the success of certain new products and services may be dependent on continued growth in our customer base. Furthermore, we are not able to accurately predict the volume or speed with which existing and new customers may adopt such new products and services. Because healthcare technology continues to change and evolve, we may be unable to accurately predict and develop new products, features, content, and other products to address the needs of the healthcare industry. Further, the new products, services, and enhancements we develop may introduce significant defects into or otherwise negatively impact our technology platform. While all new products and services are subject to testing and quality control, all software and software-based services are subject to errors and malfunctions. If we release new products, services, and/or enhancements with bugs, defects, or errors or that cause bugs, defects, or errors in existing products, it could result in lost revenues and/or reduced ability to meet contractual obligations and would be detrimental to 15 Table of Contents our business and reputation. If new products, features, or content are not accepted or integrated by new or existing customers, we may not be able to recover the cost of this development, and our financial performance may be adversely affected. Continued growth and maintenance of our customer population is dependent on our ability to continue to provide relevant products and services in a timely manner. The success of our business will depend on our ability to continue providing our products and services as well as enhancing our content, product, and service offerings that address the needs of healthcare organizations. We may be unable to continue to license our third-party software, on which a portion of our product and service offerings rely, or we may experience errors in this software, which could increase our costs and decrease our revenue. We use technology components in some of our products that have been licensed from third parties. Future licenses to these technologies may not be available to us on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. The loss of or inability to obtain or maintain any of these licenses could result in delays in the introduction of new products and services or could force us to discontinue offering portions of solutions until equivalent technology, if available, is identified, licensed, and integrated. In addition, we could experience customers choosing not to renew their agreements with us or terminating their agreements early if we lose or are unable to maintain licenses to some of our product components. If our customers terminate or fail to renew their agreements with us on as favorable terms, it could result in a reduction in the number of content and solutions we are able to distribute, declines in the number of subscribers to our platforms, and decreased revenues. The operation of our products would be impaired if errors occur in third party technology or content that we incorporate, and we may incur additional costs to repair or replace the defective technology or content. It may be difficult for us to correct any errors in third party products because the products are not within our control. Accordingly, our revenue could decrease, and our costs could increase in the event of any errors in this technology. Furthermore, we may become subject to legal claims related to licensed technology based on product liability, infringement of intellectual property, or other legal theories. Even if these claims do not result in liability to us, investigating and defending these claims could be expensive and time-consuming, and could result in suspension of or interference with certain offerings to our clients and/or adverse publicity that could harm our business. Financial Risks A significant portion of our revenue is generated from a relatively small number of customers. We derive a substantial portion of our revenues from a relatively small number of customers. A termination or material modification of our agreements with any of our significant customers or a failure of these customers to renew their contracts on favorable terms, or at all, could have an adverse effect on our business. A significant portion of our business is subject to renewal. Therefore, renewals have a significant impact on our revenue and operating results. For the year ended December 31, 2020, approximately 96% of our net revenue was derived from SaaS-based subscriptions and software licensing agreements. Our product and service contracts typically range from one to five years in length, and customers are not obligated to renew their contract with us after their contract term expires; in fact, some customers have elected not to renew their contract, and this risk has increased as the result of conditions related to the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, our customers may renew at a lower pricing or activity level. Our customers’ renewals may decline or fluctuate as a result of a number of factors, including but not limited to, their dissatisfaction with our service, a dissipation or cessation of their need for one or more of our products or services, pricing, or competitive product offerings. If we are unable to renew a substantial portion of the contracts that are up for renewal or maintain our pricing, our results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected. Failure to adequately expand and optimize our direct sales infrastructure will impede our growth. We will need to continue to expand and optimize our sales infrastructure in order to grow our customer base and our business. Identifying and recruiting qualified personnel and training them in our sales methodology, our sales systems, and the use of our software requires significant time, expense, and attention. It can take significant time before our sales representatives are fully trained and productive. Our business may be adversely affected if our efforts to expand and train our direct sales teams do not generate a corresponding increase in revenues. In particular, if we are unable to hire, develop, and retain talented sales personnel or if new direct sales personnel are unable to achieve desired productivity levels in a reasonable period of time, we may not be able to realize the expected benefits of this investment or increase our revenues. We may be unable to accurately predict the timing of revenue recognition from sales activity as it is often dependent on achieving certain events or performance milestones, and this inability could impact our operating results. Our ability to recognize revenue is dependent upon several factors in order for us to implement customers on our subscription-based platform and platform applications. If customers do not provide us with the information required to complete implementations in a timely manner, our ability to recognize revenue may be delayed, which could adversely 16 Table of Contents impact our operating results. Some products, including several in our Provider Solutions segment, can require significant implementation lead times and the rate at which customer orders move from backlog to revenue generation in connection with these products may significantly affect the timing of revenue recognition. Because we recognize revenue from subscriptions for our products and services over the term of the subscription period, downturns or upturns in sales may not be immediately reflected in our operating results. During the year ended December 31, 2020, we recognized approximately 96% of our revenue from customers monthly over the terms of their subscription or licensing agreements, which generally have contract terms ranging from one to five years. As a result, much of the revenue we report in each quarter is related to subscription or licensing agreements entered into during previous quarters. Consequently, a decline in new or renewed subscription or licensing agreements in any one quarter will not necessarily be reflected in the revenue in that quarter and will negatively affect our revenue in future quarters. In addition, we may be unable to adjust our cost structure to reflect this reduced revenue. Accordingly, the effect of significant downturns in sales and market acceptance of our products and services may not be reflected in our results of operations until future periods. Additionally, our subscription model also makes it difficult for us to rapidly increase our revenue through additional sales in any period, as revenue from new customers must be recognized over the applicable subscription term. We may not be able to meet our strategic business objectives unless we obtain additional financing, which may not be available to us on favorable terms, or at all. We may need to raise additional funds for various purposes, including to: • • • • • develop new, or enhance existing, products, services, and technology; respond to competitive pressures; finance working capital requirements; acquire or invest in complementary businesses, technologies, content, or products; or otherwise effectively execute our growth strategy. At December 31, 2020, we had approximately $46.5 million in cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities. We also have up to $65.0 million of availability under our Revolving Credit Facility, subject to certain covenants, which expires in October 2023. We actively review possible business acquisitions to complement or enhance our products, services, and technology platforms. We may not have adequate cash and investments or availability under our Revolving Credit Facility to consummate one or more of these acquisitions. We cannot assure you that if we need additional financing, it will be available on terms favorable to us, or at all. Moreover, the COVID-19 pandemic has led to disruption and volatility in financial and capital markets and could lead to future disruption and/or volatility, particularly if public health conditions related to the pandemic deteriorate or persist for a significant period of time. If adequate funds are not available or are not available on acceptable terms, our ability to fund expansion, take advantage of available opportunities, develop or enhance services or products, or otherwise respond to competitive pressures would be significantly limited. If we raise additional funds by issuing equity or convertible debt securities, the percentage ownership of our existing shareholders may be reduced. Goodwill, identifiable intangible assets, long-lived assets, and strategic investments recorded on our balance sheet may be subject to impairment losses that could reduce our reported assets and earnings. There are inherent uncertainties in the estimates, judgments, and assumptions used in assessing recoverability of goodwill, intangible assets, long-lived assets, and strategic investments. Economic, legal, regulatory, competitive, reputational, contractual, and other factors could result in future declines in the operating results of our business units or market values that do not support the carrying value of goodwill, identifiable intangible assets, long-lived assets, and strategic investments. Moreover, the risk of such declines in operating results and market values may be increased by conditions resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. If the value of our goodwill, intangible assets, long-lived assets, or strategic investments is impaired, accounting principles require us to reduce their carrying value and report an impairment charge, which would reduce our reported assets and earnings for the period in which an impairment is recognized. We may be affected by healthcare reform efforts and other changes in the healthcare industry that impact us and our clients. Our clients are concentrated in the healthcare industry, which is subject to changing regulatory, economic, and political conditions. In the past several years, we have experienced bankruptcies amongst our customers. Additionally, the 17 Table of Contents COVID-19 pandemic has substantially affected and imposed increased financial pressures on many healthcare organizations. Adverse conditions related to the COVID-19 pandemic have caused, and could continue to cause, certain of our customers to be unable to pay for our products and services in a timely and fulsome manner, or unable to pay at all, which has had, and will likely continue to have, an adverse impact on our financial results. This decrease in creditworthiness among certain of our customers along with other economic challenges facing the healthcare sector caused us to record bad debt expense of $0.3 million, $0.2 million, and $1.0 million in 2020, 2019, and 2018, respectively. Any escalation of these trends could result in our inability to collect amounts owed from existing clients and decrease our ability to gain new clients, which could adversely impact our revenue, results of operations, and ability to execute on our growth strategy. The U.S. Congress and certain state legislatures have passed or are considering laws and regulations intended to result in major changes to the U.S. healthcare system. The most prominent of these reform efforts, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Healthcare and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 (collectively, Affordable Care Act), was designed to increase access to affordable health insurance for U.S. citizens and improve quality of care, but it also has reduced government program spending and imposed operating costs and changes on many of our clients. Changes to the Affordable Care Act have created uncertainty on its future. As a result of Congress eliminating the financial penalty associated with the individual mandate, a federal judge in Texas ruled in December 2018 that the mandate was unconstitutional and determined that the rest of the Affordable Care Act was therefore invalid. In December 2019, the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals upheld this decision with respect to the individual mandate but remanded for further consideration the issue of how this affects the rest of the law. On November 10, 2020, the Supreme Court heard oral arguments, and law remains in place pending the appeals process. There is uncertainty regarding whether, when, and how the Affordable Care Act will be further changed, the ultimate impact of court challenges, how the law will be interpreted and implemented, and the impact of other initiatives intended to reform healthcare delivery, coverage, and/or financial systems. For example, some members of Congress have proposed significantly expanding the coverage of government-funded programs. Any such legal or regulatory developments, as well as other healthcare-related or other developments that adversely impact the business or financial condition of our clients, could reduce the amount of business we receive from such clients and thus have an adverse effect on our results of operations. Some of the recent changes in the healthcare industry have driven consolidation, particularly among health insurance providers. Other industry participants, such as large employer groups and their affiliates, may also introduce financial or delivery system reforms or otherwise intensify competitive pressures. These developments could adversely affect us or our customers and therefore have an adverse effect on our results of operations. We may discover weaknesses in our internal controls over financial reporting, which may adversely affect investor confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports and consequently the market price of our securities. Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 requires our management to report on and requires our independent public accounting firm to attest to, the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting. The rules governing the standards to be met are complex and may require significant process review, documentation and testing, as well as remediation efforts for any identified deficiencies. This process of review, documentation, testing, and remediation may result in increased expenses and require significant attention from management and other internal and external resources. These requirements may also extend to acquired entities and our efforts to integrate those operations into our system of internal controls. Any material weaknesses identified during this process may preclude us from asserting the effectiveness of our internal controls. This may negatively affect our stock price if we cannot effectively remediate the issues identified in a timely manner. Changes in accounting standards issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, could adversely affect our balance sheet, revenue, and results of operations, and could require a significant expenditure of time, attention, and resources, especially by senior management. Our accounting and financial reporting policies conform to GAAP, which are periodically revised and/or expanded. The application of accounting principles is also subject to varying interpretations over time. Accordingly, we are required to adopt new or revised accounting standards or comply with revised interpretations that are issued from time to time by various parties, including accounting standard setters and those who interpret the standards, such as the FASB and the SEC and our independent registered public accounting firm. Changes to regulations concerning revenue recognition could require us to alter our current revenue accounting practices and cause us to either defer revenue into a future period or to recognize lower revenue in a current period. Likewise, changes to regulations concerning expense recognition could require us to alter our current expense accounting practices and cause us to defer recognition of expense into a future 18 Table of Contents period or to recognize increased expenses in a current period. Such changes could also cause us to alter the manner in which we contract for, sell, and incentivize sales of products and services. Changes to either revenue recognition or expense recognition accounting practices could affect our financial results. Risks Related to Operations Our operating margins could be affected if our ongoing refinement to pricing models for our products and services is not accepted by our customers and the market. We continue to make changes in the pricing of our product and service offerings so as to increase revenue and meet the needs of our customers. We cannot predict whether the current pricing of our products and services, or any ongoing refinements we make, will be accepted by our existing customer base or by prospective customers. If our customers and potential customers decide not to accept our current or future pricing or product and service offerings, it could have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations. Additionally, ecosystem partners establish the price for some of the products we market and sell, and we do not have control over such price setting or customer acceptance thereof or reaction thereto. We may be unable to adequately develop our systems, processes, and support in a manner that will enable us to meet the demand for our services. We have provided our online products and services for a significant period of time and continue to expand our ability to provide our solutions on both a subscription and transactional basis over the Internet or otherwise. Our future success will depend on our ability to effectively develop and maintain our infrastructure, including procurement of additional hardware and software, integrate and interoperate with third party systems, and to implement the services, including customer support, necessary to meet the demand for our products and services. Our inability from time to time to successfully develop the necessary systems and implement the necessary services on a timely basis may result in our customers experiencing delays, interruptions, and/or errors in their service. Such delays or interruptions may cause customers to become dissatisfied with our service and move to competing providers of workforce and provider solutions services. If this happens, our reputation, results of operations, and financial condition could be adversely affected. Our business operations could be significantly disrupted if we lose members of, or fail to attract and integrate new members to, our management team. Our future performance is substantially dependent on the continued services of our management team and our ability to attract, retain, and motivate them. The loss of the services of any of our officers or senior managers, or the inability to attract additional officers or senior managers as appropriate, could harm our business, as we may not be able to find suitable replacements. We do not have employment agreements with any of our key personnel, other than our chief executive officer, and we do not maintain any “key person” life insurance policies. We may not be able to attract, hire, and retain a sufficient number of qualified employees and, as a result, we may not be able to effectively execute our growth strategy or maintain the quality of our services. Our future success will depend on our ability to attract, train, motivate, and retain other highly skilled technical, managerial, marketing, sales, and customer support personnel. Competition for certain personnel is intense, especially for software developers, web designers, user experience and interaction designers, and sales personnel, and we may be unable to successfully attract sufficiently qualified personnel. We have experienced in the past, and continue to experience, difficulty hiring qualified personnel in a timely manner for these positions, and we may not be able to fill positions in desired geographic areas or at all. The pool of qualified technical personnel, in particular, is limited in Nashville, Tennessee, where our headquarters are located. Similar challenges exist within our Provider Solutions segment in our locations in San Diego, California, and Boulder, Colorado. Many of the companies with which we compete for experienced personnel have greater resources than we have and some of these companies may offer more lucrative compensation packages. We anticipate needing to continue to maintain or increase the size of our staff to support our anticipated growth, without compromising the quality of our offerings or customer service. Our inability to locate, attract, hire, integrate and retain qualified personnel in sufficient numbers may reduce the quality of our services and impair our ability to grow and adversely impact our financial performance. We may not be able to upgrade our hardware and software technology infrastructure quickly enough to effectively meet demand for our services or our operational needs. We must continue to obtain reasonably priced, commercially available hardware, operating software, and hosting services, as well as continue to enhance our software and systems to accommodate the increased use of our platform, the increased content in our library, the expanding amount and type of data we store on behalf of our customers, and the resulting increase in operational demands on our business, including as imposed by new and changing legal and regulatory requirements applicable to our business. Decisions about hardware and software enhancements are based in part on 19 Table of Contents estimated forecasts of the growth in demand for our services. This growth in demand for our services is difficult to forecast and the potential audience for our services is widespread and dynamic. If we are unable to increase the data storage and processing capacity of our systems at least as fast as the growth in demand, our customers may encounter delays or disruptions in their service. Unscheduled downtime or reduced response time of our platforms could harm our business and could discourage current and potential customers from using or continuing to use our services and reduce future revenue. If we are unable to acquire, update, or enhance our technology infrastructure and systems quickly enough to effectively meet increased operational demands on our business, that may also have an adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition. Further, our applications necessarily must integrate with a variety of systems and technologies. As we develop our platforms and rely on ever changing and improving technologies, we may be impeded by our customers’ and ecosystem partners’ inability to adopt new technologies and technology standards upon which new platform enhancements may be based. Our network infrastructure and computer systems and software may fail. An unexpected event (including but not limited to a cyber-security incident, such as ransomware attack, security compromise, or other attempts to misappropriate our confidential information; telecommunications failure; vandalism; fire; earthquake; public health crises; epidemics or pandemics; or other catastrophic loss) at or impacting our Internet service providers’ facilities, our on-site data center facilities, or our public-cloud infrastructure providers, could cause the loss of critical data and prevent us from offering our products and services for an unknown period of time. Moreover, the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic could have a significant adverse operational impact on these facilities and/or these providers on which we rely, as such providers continue to navigate their own challenges resulting from their employee basis continuing to work remotely and other impacts of the pandemic. System downtime could negatively affect our reputation and ability to sell our products and services and may expose us to significant third-party claims. Our cyber liability and business interruption insurance may not adequately compensate us for losses that may occur. In addition, we rely on third parties to securely store our archived data, house our infrastructure and network systems, and connect us to the Internet. While our service providers have planned for certain contingencies, the failure by any of these third parties to provide these services satisfactorily and our inability to find suitable replacements would impair our ability to access archives and operate our systems and software, and our customers may encounter delays. Such disruptions could harm our reputation and cause customers to become dissatisfied and possibly take their business to a competing provider, which would adversely affect our financial performance. A data breach or security incident could result in a loss of confidential data, give rise to remediation and other expenses, expose us to liability under HIPAA, the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (“FERPA”), the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act (HITECH), foreign data privacy regulations, federal and state privacy laws, consumer protection laws, common law theories or other laws, subject us to litigation and federal and state governmental inquiries, damage our reputation, and otherwise could adversely impact our business. There are a variety of other state, national, foreign, and international laws and regulations that apply to the collection, use, retention, protection, security, disclosure, transfer, and other processing of personal data, such as the California Consumer Protection Act (CCPA), which was recently significantly modified by the California Privacy Rights Act (CPRA), as well as the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). The CCPA and CPRA apply broadly to information that identifies or is associated with any California household or individual, and compliance with the CCPA and CPRA may require us to modify our data processing practices and policies and to incur substantial costs and expenses to comply. In addition, other states, including Virginia and Washington, may pass new privacy legislation, which may lead to additional operational impact and costs for us to comply. Further, many foreign data privacy regulations (including the GDPR and China’s Cybersecurity Law) can be more stringent than those in the United States. These laws and regulations are rapidly evolving and changing and could have an adverse effect on our operations. Companies’ obligations and requirements under these laws and regulations are subject to uncertainty in how they may be interpreted by government authorities and regulators. The costs of compliance with, and the other burdens imposed by, these and other laws or regulatory actions may increase our operational costs, affect our customers’ willingness to permit us to use and store personal data, prevent us from selling our products or services, and/or affect our ability to invest in or jointly develop products. We may also face audits or investigations by one or more domestic or foreign government agencies relating to our compliance with these regulations. We collect and store sensitive information, including intellectual property, individually identifiable health information, provider credentialing and privileging data, education records, and other personal information, on our networks. The secure maintenance of this information is critical to our business operations. As a result, the continued development and enhancement of controls, processes, and practices designed to protect our information systems from attack, damage, or unauthorized access remain a priority for us. If the security measures that we use to protect customer or personal information are ineffective, we may lose users of our services, which could reduce our revenue, tarnish our reputation, and subject us to significant liability. In addition, if our subcontractors, subprocessors, or various other vendors on which we 20 Table of Contents rely fail to use adequate security or data protection processes or use personal date in an unpermitted or improper manner, we may be liable for certain losses and may damage our reputation. We have implemented multiple layers of security measures to protect confidential data that we collect and store through technology, processes, and our people, and our defenses are monitored and routinely tested internally and by external parties. We rely, in part, on security and authentication technology licensed from third parties. With this technology, we perform real-time credit card authorization and verification, as well as the encryption of other selected secure customer data. We cannot predict whether these security measures could be circumvented by new technological developments. Further, the audit processes, penetration and vulnerability testing, and controls used within our production platforms, may not be sufficient to identify and prevent errors or deliberate misuse. In addition, our software, databases, and servers may contain vulnerabilities or irregularities that lead to computer viruses, physical or electronic attacks, and similar disruptions. We may be at increased risk because we outsource certain services or functions to, or have systems that interface with, third parties. For example, third party IT vendors may not provide us with fixes or updates to hardware or software in a manner as to avoid an unauthorized loss, access, or disclosure of data or to address a known vulnerability, which may subject us to known threats and cause system failures or disruptions. Third party vendors that store or have access to our data may not have effective controls, processes, or practices to protect our information from attack, damage, or unauthorized access. A breach or attack affecting any of these third parties could harm our business. We cannot assure that we can prevent all security breaches. Despite these efforts, a data breach or security incident could result from a variety of circumstances and events, including third-party action or inaction, system errors or downtime, employee negligence or error, malfeasance, failures during the process of upgrading or replacing software, databases, or components thereof, power outages, hardware failures, telecommunication failures, user errors, catastrophic events, or threats from malicious persons and groups, new vulnerabilities, and advanced new attacks against information systems. Data incidents could result in interruptions, delays, loss, access, misappropriation, and disclosure or corruption of data which could damage our reputation and could otherwise adversely impact our business. Like many other organizations, we have experienced data incidents from time to time in the course of our business and handled these incidents in accordance with our internal policies and understanding of the applicable laws. There can be no assurance that we will not be subject to data incidents that bypass our security measures, result in loss of confidential information, or dispute our information systems or business. In addition, data incidents could expose us and our customers to liability under privacy, security, and consumer protection laws, such as HIPAA, FERPA, CCPA, and CPRA and foreign data privacy regulations, or litigation under these or other laws, including common law theories, and subject us to federal and state governmental inquiries or enforcement, especially if a large number of individuals are affected or if the compromised information is highly sensitive. Our cyber liability and business interruption insurance may not adequately compensate us for losses that may occur. We may need to spend significant resources to protect against security breaches or to alleviate problems caused by any breaches. Furthermore, we have acquired a number of companies, products, services, and technologies in recent years, including four acquisitions completed during 2020 and one acquisition that has been completed during 2021. Although we devote significant resources to address any security issues with respect to such acquisitions, we still may inherit additional security risks when we integrate those companies within HealthStream. Moreover, if a high-profile security breach occurs with respect to an industry peer, our customers and potential customers may lose trust in the security of our solutions in general. As threats to confidential information continue to evolve, we may be required to expend significant additional resources to continue to modify or enhance our internal processes, governance, protective measures, or to investigate and remediate any security vulnerabilities. The occurrence of a data incident and the resulting potential costs and liabilities could have an adverse effect on our financial position and results of operations and harm our business reputation. We may experience errors or omissions in our software products or processes, including those that deliver provider credentialing, privileging, and payer enrollment services for our hospitals and medical practice customers and those that administer and report on hospital performance, and these errors could result in action taken against us that could harm our business. Hospitals and medical practices use our credentialing, privileging, and payer enrollment software to manage, validate, and maintain their providers’ credentials and authorization to practice in a particular facility and to maintain authorization to perform care covered by insurance providers. In some instances, we rely on sources outside the Company for information that we use in our credentialing and privileging products. If errors or omissions occur that inaccurately validate or invalidate the credentials of a provider, or improperly deny or authorize a provider to practice in a hospital or medical practice, these errors or omissions could result in litigation brought against us either by our customers, the provider, or other interested parties. For example, an important element in a malpractice case brought against a hospital or other provider could be the validation of proper credentialing for the provider, and any errors or omissions in our products that provide these services could subject us to claims. Further, a list of providers’ privileges may be made available to the 21 Table of Contents general public by hospitals and medical practices, and errors in credentialing and privileging may result in damage to the hospital, medical practice, or provider. We may be required to indemnify against such claims and defending against any such claims could be costly and time-consuming and could negatively affect our business. The expiration of our legacy agreements with Laerdal could adversely affect our business and future results of operations. Our legacy agreements with Laerdal (Legacy Agreements) for the HeartCode and Resuscitation Quality Improvement (RQI) products expired pursuant to their terms on December 31, 2018 and were not renewed. Revenues associated with sales of HeartCode and RQI products pursuant to the Legacy Agreements have been significant in recent years, although margins on such products have been lower than HealthStream’s average margin. Revenues from these products were $58.9 million in 2019 and $38.4 million in 2020 and will be approximately zero beginning with the first quarter of 2021. While we have entered into agreements to market, sell, and deliver new resuscitation programs to our customers (i.e., other than HeartCode and RQI), including through our collaboration with the American Red Cross which was announced in January 2019, there is no assurance that we will be successful in efforts to market, sell, or deliver such products. To the extent we are not successful in these efforts and new resuscitation programs do not generate revenue and/or earnings in a manner that supplants the impact of the Legacy Agreements, our revenue and results of operations will be adversely affected. Risks Related to Government Regulation, Content, and Intellectual Property Government regulation may subject us to investigation, litigation, or liability or require us to change the way we do business. The laws and regulations that govern our business change rapidly. Evolving areas of law that are relevant to our business include privacy and security laws, proposed encryption laws, content regulation, information security accountability regulation, sales and use tax laws, and regulations and attempts to regulate activities on the Internet. For example, we are directly subject to certain requirements of the HIPAA privacy and security regulations. In addition, we are required through contracts with our customers known as “business associate agreements” to protect the privacy and security of certain personal and health related information. Further, government laws and regulations, such as the Affordable Care Act, that directly affect our customers, can have an indirect impact on our business. We may also be required to develop features, enhancements, or modifications to our products to support our customers’ evolving compliance obligations. This may require us to divert development and other resources from other areas, incur significant expenditures, or, if we are unsuccessful in delivering these features, enhancements, or modifications, result in monetary damages, loss of revenue or customers, reputational harm, or other adverse impacts to our business. We may lose sales from existing or potential customers or incur significant expenses if states are successful in imposing state sales and use taxes on our services to a greater degree than is currently the case or we inherit potential state sales and use tax compliance issues in connection with acquisitions we may make from time to time. A successful assertion by one or more states that we should collect sales or uses taxes on the sale of our services to a greater degree than is our current practice could result in substantial tax liabilities for past sales, decrease our ability to compete on pricing with other vendors, and otherwise harm our business. Each state has different rules and regulations governing sales and use taxes, and these rules and regulations are subject to varying interpretations that may change over time. We cannot assure you that we will not be subject to sales and use taxes or related penalties for past sales in states where we believe no compliance is necessary. The rapidly evolving and uncertain regulatory and technology environment could require us to change how we do business or incur additional costs. It may be difficult to predict how changes to these laws and regulations might affect our business. Our current and past privacy and security practices, including any breaches of protected health information or other data, could be subject to review or other investigation by various state and federal regulatory authorities or could become the subject of future litigation. While we strive to adhere our practices and procedures to the laws that are applicable to our business, they are subject to evolving rules and regulations, interpretations, and regulator discretion. To the extent a regulator or court disagrees with our interpretation of these laws and determines that our practices are not in compliance with applicable laws and regulations, we could be subject to civil and criminal penalties that could adversely affect the continued operation of our business, including significant fines or monetary damages and/or penalties. In addition, failure to comply with applicable legal or regulatory requirements in the U.S. or in any of the countries in which we operate could result in significant legal and financial exposure, damage to our reputation, subject us to contractual penalties (including termination of our 22 Table of Contents customer agreements), adversely affect our ability to retain clients and attract new clients, or otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business operations, financial condition and results of operations. Any reduction or change in the regulation of continuing education and training in the healthcare industry may adversely affect our business. A portion of our business model is dependent in part on required training and continuing education for healthcare professionals and other healthcare workers resulting from regulations of state and federal agencies, state licensing boards, and professional organizations. Any change in these regulations that reduce the requirements for continuing education and training for the healthcare industry could harm our business. In addition, a portion of our business with pharmaceutical and medical device manufacturers and hospitals is predicated on our ability to maintain accreditation status with organizations such as the ACCME and ANCC. The failure to maintain status as an accredited provider could have a detrimental effect on our business. We may be liable to third parties for content that is sold or made available by us. We may be liable to third parties for the content sold or made available by us if the text, graphics, software, or other content therein violates copyright, trademark, or other intellectual property rights, if our ecosystem partners violate their contractual obligations to others by providing content that we sell or make available, or if the content is inaccurate, incomplete, or does not conform to accepted standards of care in the healthcare profession. Further, we may be liable to these ecosystem partners if we allow access or release and lose control of their intellectual property stored on our platform either due to security issues or through improper release to customers who have not paid for access to such intellectual property. We attempt to minimize these types of liabilities by requiring representations and warranties relating to our intellectual property partners’ ownership of the rights to distribute as well as the accuracy of their intellectual property. We also take measures to review this intellectual property ourselves. Although our agreements with our ecosystem partners in most instances contain provisions providing for indemnification by the ecosystem partners in the event of inaccurate intellectual property, our ecosystem partners may not have the financial resources to meet these indemnification obligations. Alleged liability could harm our business by damaging our reputation, requiring us to incur legal costs in defense, exposing us to awards of damages and costs, and diverting management’s attention away from our business. Protection of certain intellectual property may be difficult and costly, and our inability to protect our intellectual property could reduce the value of our products and services or reduce our competitive advantage. Despite our efforts to protect our intellectual property rights, as well as the intellectual property rights of our ecosystem partners, a third party could, without authorization, copy or otherwise misappropriate our content, information from our databases, or other intellectual property, including that of our third-party ecosystem partners. Our agreements with employees, consultants, and others who participate in development activities could be breached and result in our trade secrets becoming known. Alternatively, competitors and other third parties may independently develop or create content or systems that do not infringe our intellectual property rights. We may not have adequate remedies for such breaches or protections against such competitor developments. In addition, the laws of some foreign countries do not protect our proprietary rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States, and effective intellectual property protection may not be available in those jurisdictions. Our business could be harmed if unauthorized parties infringe upon or misappropriate our intellectual property, proprietary systems, content, platform, services, or other information or the intellectual property of our ecosystem partners. Our efforts to protect our intellectual property through copyright, trademarks, trade secrets, patents, and other forms of protection, as well as our efforts to protect the intellectual property of our ecosystem partners, may not be adequate. For instance, we may not be able to secure trademark or service mark registrations for marks in the United States or in foreign countries, or to secure patents for our proprietary products and services, and even if we are successful in obtaining patent and/or trademark registrations, these registrations may be opposed or invalidated by a third party. We also have certain contractual obligations to protect the intellectual property of our ecosystem partners and could be required to indemnify such ecosystem partners if we do not adequately provide such protections. There has been substantial litigation in the software services and healthcare technology industries regarding intellectual property assets, particularly patents. Third parties may claim infringement by us with respect to current and future products, trademarks, or other proprietary rights, and we may counterclaim against such third parties in such actions. Any such claims or counterclaims could be time-consuming, result in costly litigation, divert management’s attention, cause product release delays, require us to redesign our products, restrict our use of the intellectual property subject to such claim, or require us to enter into royalty or licensing agreements, any of which could have an adverse effect upon our business, financial condition, and operating results. Such royalty and licensing agreements may not be available on terms acceptable to us, if at all. 23 Table of Contents We may be liable for infringing the intellectual property rights of others. Our competitors may develop similar intellectual property, duplicate our products and/or services, or design around any patents or other intellectual property rights we hold. Litigation may be necessary to enforce our intellectual property rights or to determine the validity and scope of the patents, intellectual property, or other proprietary rights of third parties, which could be time consuming and costly and have an adverse effect on our business and financial condition. Intellectual property infringement claims could be made against us and our ecosystem partners, especially as the number of our competitors grows. These claims, even if not meritorious, could be expensive and divert our attention from operating our company and result in a temporary inability to use the intellectual property subject to such claim. In addition, if we, our ecosystem partners, and/or customers become liable to third parties for infringing their intellectual property rights, we could be required to pay a substantial damage award and develop comparable non-infringing intellectual property, to obtain a license, or to cease providing the content or services that contain the infringing intellectual property. We may be unable to develop non-infringing intellectual property or obtain a license on commercially reasonable terms, if at all. We use open source software in our products, which could subject us to litigation or other actions. We use open source software in our products and may use more open source software in the future. From time to time, there have been claims challenging the ownership of open source software against companies that incorporate open source software into their products. As a result, we could be subject to suits by parties claiming ownership of what we believe to be open source software. Litigation could be costly for us to defend, have a negative effect on our operating results and financial condition or require us to devote additional research and development resources to change our products. In addition, if we were to combine our proprietary software products with open source software in a certain manner, we could, under certain of the open source licenses, be required to release the source code of our proprietary software products. If we inappropriately use open source software, we may be required to re-engineer our products, discontinue the sale of our products, or take other remedial actions. Our sources of data might restrict our use of or refuse to license data, which could adversely impact our ability to provide certain products or services. A portion of the data that we use is either purchased or licensed from third parties or public records or is obtained from our customers for specific customer engagements. We believe that we have all rights necessary to use the data that is incorporated into our products and services. However, if new laws or regulations impose restrictions on our use of the data or regulators’ or courts’ interpretations result in restrictions of the data that we currently use in our products and services, or a large number of data providers withdraw their data from us, our ability to provide our products and fulfil our contractual obligations to our customers could be materially adversely impacted. Risks Related to International Operations We face risks arising from our international operations. Following our acquisition of ANSOS, which was completed in December 2020, we have international offices and/or operations in several countries outside of the United States, including Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. Conducting our business internationally, particularly with expansion into countries in which we have limited experience, subjects us to a variety of risks that that we do not necessarily face to the same degree in the US. These risks include, among others: • • • • • • • • • unexpected changes in regulatory requirements, taxes, trade laws, tariffs, export quotas, custom duties, or other trade restrictions; differing labor regulations; regulations relating to data security and the unauthorized use of, or access to, commercial and personal information; potential penalties or other adverse consequences for violations of anti-corruption, anti-bribery, and other similar laws and regulations, including the US Foreign Corrupt Practices Act; greater difficulty in supporting and localizing our products; unrest and/or changes in a specific country’s or region’s social, political, legal, health, or economic conditions; challenges inherent in efficiently managing an increased number of employees over large geographic distances, including the need to implement appropriate systems, controls, policies, benefits, and compliance programs; currency exchange rate fluctuations; limited or unfavorable intellectual property protection; 24 Table of Contents • • • competition with companies or other services that may understand local markets better than we do; increased financial accounting and reporting burdens, and complexities associated with implementing and maintaining adequate internal controls; and restrictions on repatriation of earnings. Risks Related to Provisions in Our Organizational Documents and Tennessee Corporate Law It may be difficult for a third party to acquire our company. Tennessee corporate law and our charter and bylaws contain provisions that could delay, defer, or prevent a change in control of our company or our management. These provisions could also discourage proxy contests and make it more difficult for you and other shareholders to elect directors and take other corporate actions. These provisions in our organizational documents: • • • • • authorize us to issue "blank check" preferred stock, which is preferred stock that can be created and issued by the board of directors, without prior shareholder approval, with rights senior to those of common stock; provide for a staggered board of directors comprised of three classes such that it would take three successive annual meetings to replace all directors; prohibit shareholder action by written consent; do not provide shareholders with the right to call a special shareholders meeting; and establish advance notice requirements for submitting nominations for election to the board of directors and for proposing matters that can be acted upon by shareholders at a meeting. In addition, we are subject to certain provisions of Tennessee law which limit, in some cases, our ability to engage in certain business combinations or transactions with significant shareholders. These provisions, either alone or in combination with each other, give our current directors a substantial ability to influence the outcome of a proposed acquisition of the Company. These provisions would apply even if an acquisition or other significant corporate transaction was considered beneficial by some of our shareholders. If a change in control or change in management is delayed or prevented by these provisions, the market price of our securities could decline. Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments None. Item 2. Properties Our principal office is located in Nashville, Tennessee, which is primarily used to support our workforce solutions operations and corporate functions. Our lease for approximately 92,000 square feet at this location will end in October 2031. As of December 31, 2020, we leased other facilities in Nashville, Tennessee; San Diego, California; Chicago, Illinois; Denver, Colorado; Boulder, Colorado; Savannah, Georgia; Durham, North Carolina; Raleigh, North Carolina; and Christchurch, New Zealand. Item 3. Legal Proceedings None. Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures Not applicable. 25 Table of Contents PART II Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Our common stock is traded on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol “HSTM”. Our common stock began trading on the Nasdaq National Market on April 14, 2000. As of February 18, 2021, the Company had a total of 7,375 shareholders, including 967 registered holders and 6,408 beneficial holders. DIVIDEND POLICY In our history, we have only declared and paid a dividend one time. In connection with the proceeds from divestiture of the Patient Experience business unit in 2018, we declared a $1.00 per common share special cash dividend, which was paid on April 3, 2018 to shareholders of record on March 6, 2018. We do not anticipate paying normal cash dividends in the future as we intend to retain earnings for use in the operation of our business. See the table labeled Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans to be contained in our 2021 Proxy Statement, incorporated by reference in Part III, Item 12 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. 26 Table of Contents STOCK PERFORMANCE GRAPH The graph below matches HealthStream, Inc.'s cumulative 5-Year total shareholder return on common stock with the cumulative total returns of the NASDAQ Composite index and the NASDAQ Computer & Data Processing index. The graph tracks the performance of a $100 investment in our common stock and in each index (with the reinvestment of all dividends) from 12/31/2015 to 12/31/2020. The comparisons in the graph below are based on historical data and are not necessarily indicative of future performance of our common stock. HealthStream, Inc. NASDAQ Composite NASDAQ Computer & Data Processing 12/15 12/16 12/17 12/18 12/19 12/20 100.00 100.00 100.00 113.86 108.87 107.35 105.27 141.13 150.04 114.32 137.12 152.52 128.75 187.44 213.66 103.38 271.64 305.01 The stock price performance included in this graph is not necessarily indicative of future stock price performance. RECENT SALES OF UNREGISTERED SECURITIES None. 27 Table of Contents ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES On March 13, 2020, the Company announced a share repurchase program authorized by the Company’s Board of Directors under which the Company may purchase up to $30.0 million of its common stock. Pursuant to this authorization, repurchases have been made, and may continue to be made from time to time, in the open market through privately negotiated transactions or otherwise, including under a Rule 105b-1 plan, which permits shares to be repurchased when the Company might otherwise be precluded from doing so under insider trading laws in accordance with specific prearranged terms related to timing, price, and volume (among others), without further direction from the Company. Under this program, during 2020 the Company repurchased 957,367 shares of common stock at an aggregate fair value of $20.0 million, reflecting an average price per share of $20.89 (excluding the cost of broker commissions). In addition, any future repurchases under the authorization will be subject to prevailing market conditions, liquidity and cash flow considerations, applicable securities laws requirements (including under Rule 10b-18 and Rule 10b5-1 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as applicable), and other factors. The share repurchase program will terminate on the earlier of March 12, 2021 or when the maximum dollar amount has been expended. The table below sets forth activity under the stock repurchase plan for the three months ended December 31, 2020. Period Month #1 (October 1 - October 31) Month #2 (November 1 - November 30) Month #3 (December 1 - December 31) Total (a) Total number of shares (or units) purchased (b) Average price paid per share (or unit)(1) (c) Total number of shares (or units) purchased as part of publicly announced plans or programs (d) Maximum number (or approximate dollar value) of shares (or units) that may yet be purchased under the plans or programs 119,587 $ 74,937 — 194,524 $ 18.84 18.82 — 18.83 119,587 $ 74,937 — 194,524 $ — — — 10,000,029 (1) The weighted average price paid per share of common stock does not include the cost of broker commissions. Item 6. Selected Financial Data Not applicable. Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations The following discussion of the financial condition and results of operations of HealthStream should be read in conjunction with Selected Financial Data and HealthStream’s Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes thereto included elsewhere in this report. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. HealthStream’s actual results may differ significantly from the results discussed and those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of many factors, including but not limited to the risks described under Risk Factors and elsewhere in this report, as well as additional risks or uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial. The following discussion addresses our 2020 and 2019 results and year-to-year comparisons between 2020 and 2019. A discussion of year-to-year comparisons between 2019 and 2018 can be found in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019, filed with the SEC on February 26, 2020, under Part II, Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. OVERVIEW HealthStream provides workforce and provider solutions for healthcare organizations—all designed to support the people that deliver patient care, which in turn, supports the improvement of business and clinical outcomes. Workforce Solutions products are used by healthcare organizations to meet a broad range of their clinical development, talent management, training, certification, scheduling, competency assessment, and performance appraisal needs. Provider Solutions products are used by healthcare organizations for provider credentialing, privileging, and enrollment needs. HealthStream’s customers include healthcare organizations, pharmaceutical and medical device companies, and other participants in the healthcare industry. Revenues for the year ended December 31, 2020 were $244.8 million, compared to $254.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, a decrease of 4% primarily due to a decline of $20.5 million from the legacy resuscitation products partially offset by increases in other workforce and provider revenues, including revenues from recent acquisitions, of $11.2 million. Gross margins improved to 63.5% during 2020 compared to 59.1% in 2019. Operating income increased by 28 Table of Contents 7% to $15.8 million for 2020, compared to $14.7 million for 2019. Income from continuing operations decreased by 1% to $14.1 million for 2020, compared to $14.2 million for 2019. Earnings per share (EPS) from continuing operations were $0.44 per share (diluted) for both 2020 and 2019, respectively. Net income decreased to $14.1 million for 2020, compared to $15.8 million for 2019. Earnings per share were $0.44 per share (diluted) for 2020, compared to $0.49 per share (diluted) for 2019. Revenues from Workforce Solutions declined by 5%, or $11.0 million, and revenues from Provider Solutions grew by 4%, or $1.7 million. As of December 31, 2020, the Company had approximately 4.22 million contracted subscriptions to hStreamTM, our Platform-as-a-Service technology. During 2020, the Company completed four acquisitions for approximately $121.3 million in cash and made approximately $20.0 million of share repurchases. As of December 31, 2020, cash and investment balances approximated $46.5 million, and the Company maintained full availability under its $65.0 million revolving credit facility. Since the beginning of 2019, we have completed seven acquisitions. We acquired Providigm in January 2019, and we acquired substantially all the assets of CredentialMyDoc in December 2019. Moreover, in March 2020, we acquired NurseGrid, in October 2020, we acquired ShiftWizard, and in December 2020, we acquired ANSOS as well as substantially all the assets of myClinicalExchange. In January 2021, we acquired ComplyALIGN. For additional information regarding acquisitions, please see Note 8 of the Consolidated Financial Statements and Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, included elsewhere in this report. IMPACT AND RESPONSE TO COVID-19 PANDEMIC The COVID-19 pandemic, which spread throughout the world and the United States during 2020 and has resulted in a significant economic downturn, persists despite vaccines beginning to be administered in the United States and abroad. While the vaccines currently approved for distribution appear promising, uncertainty remains regarding the extent to which the availability of these vaccines will positively impact public health conditions and whether new, potentially more contagious and/or virulent strains of COVID-19 may pose additional public health risks. The pandemic continues to cause uncertainty and potential economic volatility, including with regard to the pandemic’s various and unpredictable impacts on our healthcare customers and our business. Our business is focused on providing workforce and provider solutions to healthcare organizations, and as such the pandemic’s adverse impact on healthcare organizations has resulted in an adverse impact on our Company. Although we believe that COVID-19 did not have a significant negative impact on our revenues or net income during 2020, certain developments related to COVID-19 have negatively impacted, and are expected to continue to negatively impact, our business during 2021 and potentially thereafter, as described below. In particular, sales cycles have been delayed or postponed such that declines in sales bookings by customers during 2020 will result in a negative impact to revenue and earnings in 2021 and potentially thereafter. Our operating income for the year ended December 31, 2020 benefited from a temporary reduction of operating expenses related to COVID-19 conditions, but the operating expense reduction itself—despite its positive impact on operating income—is indicative of the negative impact the pandemic is having on new bookings and renewals. We have experienced, and expect to continue to experience, delayed and reduced bookings and renewals due to the pandemic. Given that we sell multiple year subscriptions to our solutions, the revenue impact of lost or delayed sales in a given period generally does not manifest until future periods, just as the revenue we recognize in a given period is generally the result of sales from a prior period. Since mid-March 2020, our sales organization has been unable to travel and conduct onsite sales meetings with existing or prospective customers, and we have also cancelled tradeshows, which typically provide future sales opportunities. As a result, operating income benefitted from a $3.6 million reduction in operating expense related to the discontinuance of travel and a $0.8 million reduction in operating expenses related to the cancellation of tradeshows during 2020 compared to 2019. The extent, timing, and duration of the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business remain uncertain, and will depend upon, among other things, the length and severity of the pandemic, particularly with respect to the pandemic’s ongoing impact on healthcare organizations. We continue to closely monitor developments related to COVID-19 that may have an adverse impact on our operational and financial performance. We also continue to take actions focused on the safety and well-being of our employees, assisting our customers in this time of need, and mitigating operational and financial impacts to our business. We intend to continue serving our customers both in their battle to defeat the coronavirus and across the continuum of their other workforce and provider solution needs. In February 2020, our customers began using our proprietary technology platform to author and deliver COVID-19 training and education courses to their staff as they began to prepare for caring for COVID-19 patients. In March 2020, we made available to all caregivers, free of charge, a curated library of proprietary content and to our customers, a bundle of cross-training courses to further their staff’s preparation to deliver safe and effective care to COVID-19 patients. This has 29 Table of Contents resulted in approximately 3.9 million course completions related to COVID-19 through December 31, 2020, including courses self-authored by customers and proprietary courses, over our technology platform. Additionally, as previously announced, HealthStream, in partnership with the State of Tennessee Office of the Governor, has been providing its COVID-19 Rapid Response Program, which includes training bundles and its workforce platform, along with other workforce resources to support the state’s efforts to rapidly train new, returning, and current caregivers who are volunteering to work in Alternate Healthcare Facilities that have been set-up across the state. This COVID-19 Rapid Response Program continues to be provided free of charge. Additionally, to promote the safety and well-being of our employees, we required our entire workforce to begin working remotely from home beginning March 16, 2020, and the entire workforce continues to work remotely to date. We have not established a date to return to non-remote working conditions. Many healthcare organizations have been, and will likely continue to be, substantially adversely impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. The period of time over which this adverse impact continues, the extent to which certain healthcare organizations continue to receive and/or are eligible to utilize governmental funds as the result of federal stimulus and relief measures, and ongoing public health conditions related to the pandemic are important factors that may impact our business. The pandemic has resulted in a significant reduction of revenue generating services for many healthcare organizations, such as elective surgeries and other elective procedures, while, in some cases, the cost of providing emergency care as the result of treating COVID-19 cases has increased; however, some healthcare organizations have been able to offset, at least in part, adverse impacts from the pandemic with the benefit of governmental funds received as the result of federal stimulus and relief measure as noted above. Healthcare organizations are likely to continue to be adversely impacted by the pandemic, particularly if hospitalizations related to COVID-19 show surges similar to those experienced at various times in 2020. In light of adverse developments with respect to healthcare organizations as noted above, we are continuing to monitor the ability or willingness of our customers to: • • • pay for our solutions in a timely manner, in full, or at all; implement solutions they have purchased from us; and renew existing or purchase new products or services from us. We monitor our cash position and credit exposure by evaluating, among other things, weekly cash receipts, days sales outstanding (DSO), customer requests to modify payment or contract terms, and bankruptcy notices. We experienced modest increases in DSO during 2020 compared to 2019 as a result of slower payments from customers, while bad debts were not significantly different from pre-pandemic levels. While we have not experienced any adverse impacts to customer defaults resulting from COVID-19, we are unable to know whether or to what extent future negative trends related to the pandemic may arise or increase over time. Any deterioration in the collectability (or the timing of payments) of our accounts receivable will adversely impact our financial results. The timing of implementation of our services is also relevant to our business because our software solutions do not result in revenue recognition until they are made available for use. To the extent our customers delay or fail to implement products they have previously purchased, our financial results will be adversely impacted. While we have experienced a negative impact from certain implementation delays related to COVID-19, these delays have not been consistent across products or across customers. Our Provider Solutions business segment has, in some instances, been more sensitive to implementation delays than our Workforce Solutions segment as the result of complexities associated with implementing certain of the solutions offered through that business segment. Conditions related to the pandemic have also adversely impacted the ability or willingness of some customers to renew their contracts with us, or to renew contracts at the same levels. For example, renewing customers that have reduced or expect to reduce the number of their staff due to COVID-19 may not have a need to renew their contracts for as many user subscriptions as purchased under their previous contracts. Pandemic-related conditions have also delayed or otherwise adversely impacted our ability to enter into contracts with new potential customers, as some potential customers have been focused on dealing with the impact and demands that COVID-19 is having on their businesses. In addition, many existing or potential customers are not currently allowing vendors, including representatives of the Company, on their premises, which has reduced, and will likely continue to reduce, the ability of our sales team to make sales they otherwise would likely make but for the impact of COVID-19. In addition, our customers’ uncertainties due to COVID-19, combined with the inability to travel and conduct tradeshows, has had, and is likely to continue to have, a negative impact on our sales volumes. As the pandemic has persisted, we have, however, continued to evolve our sales approach such that our sales representatives are in frequent contact with customers via video conference and other remote means that do not require physical travel or onsite visits to our customers’ facilities. While COVID-19 has had a negative impact on sales volumes, particularly at times when surges in hospitalizations reach or threaten to outpace the capacity of our customers to respond 30 Table of Contents while also maintaining their standard operations, sales have continued throughout the pandemic albeit at a reduced bookings volume. Our business also relies on a network of partners whose solutions we resell or whose solutions are sold and delivered over our platform. At least one of our partners has declared and emerged from bankruptcy during the pandemic, though such partner’s operations were not discontinued as part of the bankruptcy process. To the extent that COVID-19 results in ongoing or increased business disruption or adverse impacts to our partners, such disruptions and adverse impacts could adversely impact our business. Given the uncertainty surrounding the adverse impacts that COVID-19 could have on our business, we took certain expense management measures in 2020, which included: • • • • • • • Foregoing increases to base salaries in 2020, including executive base salaries, though we expect base salary increases to be reinstated in the normal course in 2021. Limiting hiring to critical positions, though we expect hiring to return to at or near pre-pandemic levels in 2021. For a period of time during 2020, limiting the Company’s match to the 401(k) Plan to the previously approved 1% level, rather than providing for a greater match as we did in the prior two years. Restricting employee business travel. Cancelling tradeshows and other events where large gatherings may occur. Requesting key vendors of ours to allow payment term extension without penalty. Evaluating iterative reductions to our capital expenditures to be deployed on an as-needed basis. These expense management measures contributed to the decrease in our operating expenses, which declined by approximately $5.6 million (prior to giving effect to the actions noted in the paragraph below) during 2020 compared to 2019. Additionally, we are continuing to monitor developments regarding the COVID-19 pandemic and may undertake further expense management initiatives in 2021 if we deem necessary. The Company’s financial performance during the pandemic has remained solid, partly due to the above expense control measures. While we believe these expense control measures have been prudent in light of conditions that have been impacting our business, we also intend to continue striking a balance to ensure that our operations are financially stable for the future and that we continue to achieve our growth objectives. In particular, our employees are vitally important to our success and have made numerous contributions during these unprecedented times. Although we forewent salary increases for 2020, and limited the Company’s 401(k) match to one percent for a period of time during 2020 following the onset of the pandemic as noted above, during the third quarter of 2020 we elected to provide our employees, excluding executive officers, with a supplemental payroll payment and an increase of our 401(k) match from one percent to two percent for all employees. The supplemental payroll payment approximated the dollar amount of salary increases that were foregone in 2020 as noted above. The impact of these two items reduced 2020 operating income by approximately $2.1 million. CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES Revenue Recognition Revenues are recognized when control of the promised goods or services is transferred to the customer in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring those goods or services. Revenue is recognized based on the following five step model: • • • • • Identification of the contract with a customer Identification of the performance obligations in the contract Determination of the transaction price Allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract Recognition of revenue when, or as, the Company satisfies a performance obligation Subscription services revenues primarily consist of fees in consideration of providing customers access to one or more of our SaaS-based solutions and/or courseware subscriptions, as well as fees related to licensing agreements, all of which include routine customer support and technology enhancements. Revenue is generally recognized over time during the contract term beginning when the service is made available to the customer. Subscription contracts are generally non- cancelable, one to five years in length, and billed annually, semi-annually, quarterly, or monthly in advance. 31 Table of Contents Professional services revenues primarily consist of fees for implementation services, consulting, custom courseware development, and training. The majority of our professional services contracts are billed in advance based on a fixed price basis, and revenue is recognized over time as the services are performed. For both subscription services and professional services, the time between billing the customer and when performance obligations are satisfied is generally not significant. Our contracts with customers often contain promises for multiple goods and services. For these contracts, the Company accounts for the promised goods and services in its contracts as separate performance obligations if they are distinct. The contract price, which represents transaction price when the contract reflects a fixed fee arrangement, or management’s estimate of variable consideration including application of the constraint when the contract does not have a fixed fee, is allocated to the separate performance obligations on a relative standalone selling price basis. We generally determine standalone selling prices based on the standard list price for each product, taking into consideration certain factors, including contract length and the number of subscriptions within the contract. We receive payments from customers based on billing schedules established in our contracts. Accounts receivable - unbilled represent contract assets related to our conditional right to consideration where performance has occurred under the contract. Accounts receivable are primarily comprised of trade receivables that are recorded at the invoice amount, net of an allowance for doubtful accounts, when the right to consideration becomes unconditional. Deferred revenue represents contract liabilities that are recorded when cash payments are received or are due in advance of our satisfaction of performance obligations. Accounting for Income Taxes The Company accounts for income taxes using the asset and liability method, whereby deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the temporary differences between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities measured at tax rates that will be in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to affect taxable income. Management evaluates all available evidence, both positive and negative, to determine whether, based on the weight of that evidence, a valuation allowance is needed. We assess the realizability of our deferred tax assets, and to the extent that we believe a recovery is not likely, we establish a valuation allowance to reduce the deferred tax asset to the amount we estimate will be recoverable. As of December 31, 2020, the Company established a valuation allowance of $0.6 million for the portion of its deferred tax assets that are not more likely than not expected to be realized, compared to a valuation allowance of $64,000 as of December 31, 2019. Software Development Costs Capitalized software development includes costs to develop, acquire, and maintain our products and applications, including our SaaS-based workforce and provider solutions products, which are accounted for as internal use software. For internal use software development, once planning is completed and the software development process begins, internal costs and payments to third parties associated with the software development efforts are capitalized when the life expectancy is greater than one year and the anticipated cash flows are expected to exceed the cost of the related asset. During 2020 and 2019, we capitalized $17.9 million and $14.1 million, respectively, for software development and content. Such amounts are included in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets under the caption capitalized software development. The Company amortizes capitalized software development costs over their expected life of generally three years using the straight-line method. Capitalized software development costs are subject to a periodic impairment review in accordance with our impairment review policy. Goodwill, Intangibles, and Other Long-lived Assets Goodwill represents the excess of purchase price in a business combination over the fair value of the net identifiable assets acquired. We evaluate goodwill for impairment at the reporting unit level by assessing whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit exceeds its carrying value. If this assessment concludes that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit exceeds its carrying value, then goodwill is not considered impaired and no further impairment testing is required. Conversely, if the assessment concludes that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value, a goodwill impairment test is performed to compare the fair value of the reporting unit to its carrying value. The Company determines fair value of the reporting units using both income and market-based models. Our models contain significant assumptions and accounting estimates about discount rates, future cash flows, and terminal values that could materially affect our operating results or financial position if they were to change significantly in the future and could result in an impairment. We perform our goodwill impairment assessment whenever events or changes in facts or circumstances indicate that impairment may exist and during the fourth quarter each year. Intangible assets and other long-lived assets are also reviewed for events or changes in facts and circumstances, both internally and externally, which may indicate an impairment is present. We measure any impairment using observable market values or discounted future cash flows from the related long-lived assets. The cash flow estimates and discount 32 Table of Contents rates incorporate management’s best estimates, using appropriate and customary assumptions and projections at the date of evaluation. Allowance for Doubtful Accounts The Company estimates its allowance for doubtful accounts based on its historical collection experience, a review in each period of the status of the then- outstanding accounts receivable, and external market factors. Uncollectible receivables are written-off in the period management believes it has exhausted its ability to collect payment from the customer. Bad debt expense is recorded when events or circumstances indicate an additional allowance is required. Our allowance for doubtful accounts totaled $0.5 million and $0.8 million as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. RESULTS OF OPERATIONS Revenues and Expense Components The following descriptions of the components of revenues and expenses apply to the comparison of results of operations. Revenues, net. Revenues for our Workforce Solutions business segment primarily consist of the following products and services: provision of services through our hStreamTM platform, learning management applications, a variety of training and development content subscriptions, staff scheduling software solutions, competency and performance appraisal tools, and training, implementation and consulting services to serve professionals that work within healthcare organizations. Revenues for our Provider Solutions business segment are generated from our proprietary software and SaaS-based applications to help facilitate provider credentialing, privileging, call center, and enrollment administration for healthcare organizations. Cost of Revenues (excluding depreciation and amortization). Cost of revenues (excluding depreciation and amortization) consists primarily of salaries and employee benefits, stock based compensation, employee travel and lodging, materials, contract labor, hosting costs, and other direct expenses associated with revenues, as well as royalties paid by us to content providers. Personnel costs within cost of revenues are associated with individuals that facilitate product delivery, provide services, handle customer support calls or inquiries, manage the technology infrastructure for our applications, manage content, and provide training or implementation services. Product Development. Product development consists primarily of salaries and employee benefits, contract labor, stock based compensation, costs associated with the development of new software feature enhancements, new products, and costs associated with maintaining and developing our products. Personnel costs within product development include our systems teams, application development, quality assurance teams, product managers, and other personnel associated with software and product development. Sales and Marketing. Sales and marketing consist primarily of salaries and employee benefits, commissions, stock based compensation, employee travel and lodging, advertising, trade shows, customer conferences, promotions, and related marketing costs. Personnel costs within sales and marketing include our sales teams and marketing personnel. Other General and Administrative Expenses. Other general and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries and employee benefits, stock based compensation, employee travel and lodging, facility expenses, office expenses, fees for professional services, business development and acquisition-related costs, third party software licensing for internal use, and other operational expenses. Personnel costs within general and administrative expenses include individuals associated with normal corporate functions (accounting, legal, business development, human resources, administrative, internal information systems, and executive management). Depreciation and Amortization. Depreciation and amortization consist of fixed asset depreciation, amortization of intangibles considered to have definite lives, and amortization of capitalized software development. Other Income, Net. The primary component of other income is interest income related to interest earned on cash, cash equivalents, and investments in marketable securities. The primary component of other expense is interest expense related to our revolving credit facility. In addition, the income or loss attributed to equity method investments and fair value adjustments related to non-marketable equity investments is included in this category. 33 Table of Contents 2020 Compared to 2019 Revenues, net. Revenues decreased approximately $9.3 million, or 4%, to $244.8 million for 2020 from $254.1 million for 2019. A comparison of revenues by business segment is as follows (in thousands): Revenues by Business Segment: Workforce Solutions Provider Solutions Total revenues, net % of Revenues Workforce Solutions Provider Solutions Year Ended December 31, $ $ 2020 2019 197,587 47,239 244,826 $ $ 208,599 45,513 254,112 Percentage Change -5% 4% -4% 81% 19% 82% 18% Revenues for Workforce Solutions, which are primarily subscription-based, decreased $11.0 million, or 5%, to $197.6 million in 2020 from $208.6 million in 2019. Revenues in 2020 were negatively impacted by lower revenues from our legacy resuscitation products, which were $38.4 million for 2020 compared to $58.9 million for 2019, a decrease of $20.5 million. Other workforce revenues, including revenues from acquisitions during 2020, increased by $9.4 million, or 6%, and included growth in platform and content subscriptions of $7.1 million, or 5%. Revenues from acquisitions during 2020 were approximately $2.3 million, net of deferred revenue write-downs. At December 31, 2020, the Company had 4.22 million contracted subscriptions to hStreamTM, our Platform-as-a-Service technology, as compared to 3.15 million contracted subscriptions at December 31, 2019. Revenues for Provider Solutions increased $1.7 million, or 4%, to $47.2 million for 2020 from $45.5 million for 2019. Revenue growth in 2019 was primarily attributable to revenues from the CredentialMyDoc acquisition completed in December 2019. Cost of Revenues (excluding depreciation and amortization). Cost of revenues decreased $14.6 million, or 14%, to $89.3 million for 2020 from $103.9 million for 2019. Cost of revenues as a percentage of revenues was 36% and 41% of revenues for 2020 and 2019, respectively Cost of revenues for Workforce Solutions decreased $15.1 million to $73.5 million and approximated 37% and 42% of revenues for Workforce Solutions for 2020 and 2019, respectively. The decrease is primarily associated with the lower royalty expense associated with the decline in the legacy resuscitation revenues along with the favorable $3.4 million contractual adjustment that resulted in a decrease to royalty expense upon the resolution of a mutual disagreement relating to various elements of a past partnership recorded in the first quarter of 2020. These declines in cost of revenues were partially offset by an increase in personnel associated with the 2020 acquisitions. Cost of revenues for Provider Solutions increased $0.5 million to $15.8 million and approximated 34% of Provider Solutions revenues for both 2020 and 2019. The increase is primarily associated with additions to personnel and increased contract labor costs, partially offset by a reduction in travel and entertainment costs resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic conditions as set forth above. Product Development. Product development expenses increased $3.2 million, or 11%, to $32.3 million for 2020 from $29.1 million for 2019. Product development expenses as a percentage of revenues were 13% and 11% of revenues for 2020 and 2019, respectively. Product development expenses for Workforce Solutions increased $1.6 million to $25.5 million and approximated 13% and 11% of revenues for Workforce Solutions for 2020 and 2019, respectively. The increase is primarily due to an increase in personnel associated with the 2020 acquisitions, partially offset by a decrease in travel and entertainment costs resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic conditions as set forth above. Product development expenses for Provider Solutions increased $1.6 million to $6.8 million and approximated 14% and 11% of revenues for Provider Solutions for 2020 and 2019, respectively. The increase is primarily due to increased personnel and contract labor over 2019. Sales and Marketing. Sales and marketing expenses, including personnel costs, decreased $2.6 million, or 7%, to $35.3 million for 2020 from $37.9 million for 2019. Sales and marketing expenses were 14% and 15% of revenues for 2020 and 2019, respectively. Sales and marketing expenses for Workforce Solutions decreased $2.7 million to $28.0 million and approximated 14% and 15% of revenues for Workforce Solutions for 2020 and 2019, respectively. The decrease is primarily due to lower sales commissions, consistent with the decreases in revenues, decreases in travel and entertainment expenses as well as tradeshow expenses as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic conditions as set forth above, and declines in general 34 Table of Contents marketing expenses, but were partially offset by increases to personnel associated with the 2020 acquisitions. Sales and marketing expenses for Provider Solutions increased $62,000 to $6.2 million and approximated 13% and 14% of revenues for Provider Solutions for 2020 and 2019, respectively. The unallocated corporate portion of sales and marketing expenses were approximately $1.1 million for both 2020 and 2019. Other General and Administrative Expenses. Other general and administrative expenses increased $1.3 million, or 3%, to $41.9 million for 2020 from $40.6 million for 2019. Other general and administrative expenses as a percentage of revenues were 17% and 16% of revenues for 2020 and 2019, respectively. Other general and administrative expenses for Workforce Solutions increased $1.7 million to $16.1 million and approximated 8% and 7% of revenues for Workforce Solutions for 2020 and 2019, respectively. The increase is primarily due to the 2020 acquisitions and increases in technology infrastructure expenses. Other general and administrative expenses for Provider Solutions decreased $0.3 million to $3.4 million and approximated 7% and 8% of revenues for Provider Solutions for 2020 and 2019, respectively. The decrease is primarily due to a reduction in professional services and compensation expenses. The unallocated corporate portion of other general and administrative expenses approximated $22.5 million in both 2020 and 2019. The mix of costs was influenced by an increase in acquisition-related expenses and other professional service expenses but was almost entirely offset by reductions in contract labor, share based compensation, office expenses, and travel. Depreciation and Amortization. Depreciation and amortization increased $2.3 million, or 8%, to $30.2 million for 2020 from $27.9 million for 2019. The increase resulted from higher amortization of capitalized software and intangibles resulting from our recent acquisitions. Other Income, Net. Other income, net was $2.0 million for 2020 compared to $3.2 million for 2019. The decrease is due to lower interest income due to reductions in bond yields and bank deposit interest rates partially offset by the $1.2 million gain associated with the change in fair value of the non-marketable equity investment in NurseGrid prior to the acquisition of NurseGrid on March 9, 2020. Income Tax Provision. The Company recorded a provision for income taxes from continuing operations of $3.7 million for both 2020 and 2019. The Company’s effective tax rate was 21% for both 2020 and 2019. Income from Continuing Operations. Income from continuing operations was $14.1 million for 2020 compared to $14.2 million for 2019. Earnings per diluted share from continuing operations were $0.44 for both 2020 and 2019. Income from Discontinued Operations. On February 12, 2018, the Company divested its PX business to Press Ganey for $65.2 million in cash (after giving effect to the post-closing working capital adjustment), resulting in no gain in 2020 and a gain, net of tax, of $1.6 million in 2019. Net Income. Net income decreased $1.7 million, or 11%, to $14.1 million for 2020 compared to $15.8 million for 2019. Earnings per diluted share were $0.44 per share for 2020, compared to $0.49 per share for 2019. Adjusted EBITDA (a non-GAAP financial measure which we define as net income excluding the impact of the deferred revenue write-downs associated with fair value accounting for acquired businesses and before interest, income taxes, stock based compensation, depreciation and amortization, changes in fair value of non- marketable equity investments, and the de-recognition of non-cash royalty expense resulting from our resolution of a mutual disagreement related to various elements of a past partnership which resulted in a reduction to cost of sales in the first quarter of 2020) from continuing operations decreased 2% to $46.0 million for 2020 compared to $47.2 million for 2019. See Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures below for a reconciliation of this calculation to the most comparable measure under U.S. GAAP and information regarding why this non-GAAP financial measure provides useful information in investors. Adjusted EBITDA decreased 7% to $46.0 million for 2020 compared to $49.2 million for 2019. The decrease resulted primarily from the gain on the sale of the PX business in 2019 as noted above. See Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures below for a reconciliation of this calculation to the most comparable measure under US GAAP and information regarding why this non-GAAP financial measure provides useful information to investors. KEY BUSINESS METRICS Our management utilizes the following financial and non-financial key business metrics in connection with managing our business. • Operating Income. Operating income represents the amount of profit realized from our operations and is calculated as the difference between revenues, net and operating costs and expenses. Operating income was $15.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, compared to $14.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. Management utilizes operating income in connection with managing our business as a key indicator of profitability. We also believe that operating income is useful to investors as a key measure 35 Table of Contents • • of our profitability. For 2020, and for several previous years, executive bonuses have been based on the achievement of operating income targets as well. Adjusted EBITDA. Adjusted EBITDA, calculated as set forth below under “Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures,” is utilized by our management in connection with managing our business and provides useful information to investors because adjusted EBITDA reflects net income adjusted for certain GAAP accounting, non-cash and non-operating items, as more specifically set forth below, which may not fully reflect the underlying operating performance of our business. Management further believes that adjusted EBITDA from continuing operations is a useful measure for evaluating the operating performance of the Company because such measure excludes the gain on sale in connection with the sale of the PX business in February 2018 included in our results of operations during the year ended December 31, 2019, and thus reflects the Company’s ongoing business operations and assists in comparing the Company’s results of operations between periods. We believe that adjusted EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA from continuing operations are useful to many investors to assess the Company’s ongoing results from current operations. Adjusted EBITDA from continuing operations was $46.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, compared to $47.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. hStream Subscriptions. hStream subscriptions are determined as the number of subscriptions under contract for hStream, our Platform-as-a- Service technology that enables healthcare organizations and their respective workforces to easily connect to and gain value from the growing HealthStream ecosystem of applications, tools, and content. Our management utilizes hStream subscriptions in connection with managing our business and believes this metric provides useful information to investors as a measure of our progress in growing the value of our customer base. At December 31, 2020, we had approximately 4.22 million contracted subscriptions to hStream compared to 3.15 million as of December 31, 2019. Other Developments Our legacy agreements with Laerdal (Legacy Agreements) for the HeartCode and Resuscitation Quality Improvement (RQI) products expired pursuant to their terms on December 31, 2018. Revenues associated with sales of HeartCode and RQI products pursuant to the Legacy Agreements have been significant in recent years, although margins on such products have been lower than HealthStream’s average margin. Revenue generated by HeartCode and RQI products pursuant to the Legacy Agreements was $38.4 million and $58.9 million in 2020 and 2019, respectively. We do not expect any revenue from HeartCode and RQI products sold pursuant to the Legacy Agreements in 2021. On December 6, 2018, we announced a new agreement with RQI Partners, a joint venture between Laerdal and the American Heart Association. This agreement with RQI Partners was not an extension or renewal of the expired Legacy Agreements with Laerdal and should not be construed as such. Under our agreement with RQI Partners, HealthStream will neither market nor sell HeartCode or RQI. Our RQI Partners agreement provides for continuity of service for customers that desire to purchase HeartCode or RQI from RQI Partners after December 31, 2018 and receive it via the HealthStream Learning Center. RQI Partners will remit a fee to us when sales of HeartCode and RQI are delivered via the HealthStream Learning Center. These fees will not be sufficient to supplant the revenue runout associated with the Legacy Agreements. We remain actively engaged in efforts to broaden the scope and utilization of our simulation-related offerings to include a range of clinical competencies that extend beyond resuscitation, and we intend to bring to market a broadened scope of simulation-based offerings, including resuscitation programs. On January 17, 2019, as part of a seven-year collaboration agreement with the American Red Cross which spans to 2026, we announced the launch of the American Red Cross Resuscitation Suite. We are actively engaged in efforts to market, sell, and deliver our new resuscitation offering, which includes the American Red Cross Resuscitation Suite and validation of skills through a technology enabled Innosonian manikin. A growing number of customers have been implemented on our new resuscitation offering and the solution is gaining acceptance in the market. We believe our efforts to market, sell, and deliver the American Red Cross Resuscitation Suite, along with efforts to bring additional simulation-related offerings to market, are giving rise to additional and higher margin opportunities than those that existed under the Legacy Agreements, and the American Red Cross Resuscitation Suite outperformed our sales expectations in 2020, despite headwinds from COVID-19. Although revenue and earnings from our current simulation-related offerings in 2021 are not expected to equal the revenue and earnings contribution from the Legacy Agreements in 2020, we believe that the revenue and/or earnings achievable from our current and new simulation-based offerings has the potential over time to exceed what we were able to achieve under the Legacy Agreements, though there is no assurance that we will meet or exceed our performance under the Legacy Agreements, or (even if this occurs) the timeframe over which this may occur. 36 Table of Contents Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures This report presents adjusted EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA from continuing operations, both of which are non-GAAP financial measures used by management in analyzing our financial results and ongoing operational performance. In order to better assess the Company’s financial results, management believes that net income excluding the impact of the deferred revenue write-downs associated with fair value accounting for acquired businesses and before interest, income taxes, stock based compensation, depreciation and amortization, changes in fair value of non-marketable equity investments, the de-recognition of non-cash royalty expense resulting from our resolution of a mutual disagreement related to various elements of a past partnership which resulted in a reduction to cost of sales in the first quarter of 2020 (adjusted EBITDA) is a useful measure for evaluating the operating performance of the Company because adjusted EBITDA reflects net income adjusted for certain GAAP accounting, non-cash, and/or non-operating items which may not, in any such case, fully reflect the underlying operating performance of our business. Management also believes that adjusted EBITDA from continuing operations is a useful measure for evaluating the operating performance of the Company because such measure excludes the results of operations of the PX business that we no longer own and the gain on sale in connection with the sale of such business in February 2018 and thus reflects the Company’s ongoing business operations and assists in comparing the Company’s results of operations between periods. We also believe that adjusted EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA from continuing operations are useful to many investors to assess the Company’s ongoing results from current operations. The Company has revised its definition of adjusted EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA from continuing operations to adjust for the impact of the deferred revenue write-downs associated with fair value accounting for acquired businesses and has made this update for the calculation of such non-GAAP financial measures for all periods presented herein. Following the completion of any acquisition by the Company, the Company must record the acquired deferred revenue at fair value as defined in GAAP, which may result in a write-down of deferred revenue. If the Company is required to record a write-down of deferred revenue, it may result in lower recognized revenue, operating income, and net income in subsequent periods. Revenue for any such acquired business is deferred and is typically recognized over a one-to-two year period following the completion of any particular acquisition, so our GAAP revenues for this one-to-two year period will not reflect the full amount of revenues that would have been reported if the acquired deferred revenue was not written down to fair value. Management believes that including an adjustment in the definition of adjusted EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA from continuing operations for the impact of the deferred write-downs associated with fair value accounting for acquired businesses provides useful information to investors because the deferred revenue write-down recognized in periods after an acquisition may, given the nature of this non-cash accounting impact, cause our GAAP financial results during such periods to not fully reflect our underlying operating performance and thus adjusting for this amount may assist in comparing the Company’s results of operations between periods. Adjusted EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA from continuing operations are non-GAAP financial measures and should not be considered as measures of financial performance under GAAP. Because adjusted EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA from continuing operations are not measurements determined in accordance with GAAP, such non-GAAP financial measures are susceptible to varying calculations. Accordingly, adjusted EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA from continuing operations, as presented, may not be comparable to other similarly titled measures of other companies. These non-GAAP financial measures should not be considered as a substitute for, or superior to, measures of financial performance which are prepared in accordance with US GAAP. 37 Table of Contents A reconciliation of adjusted EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA from continuing operations to the most directly comparable GAAP measures is set forth below (in thousands). 2020 2019 2018 GAAP income from continuing operations Deferred revenue write-down Interest income Interest expense Income tax provision Stock based compensation expense Depreciation and amortization Change in fair value of non-marketable equity investments Non-cash royalty expense Adjusted EBITDA from continuing operations GAAP net income Deferred revenue write-down Interest income Interest expense Income tax provision Stock based compensation expense Depreciation and amortization Change in fair value of non-marketable equity investments Non-cash royalty expense Adjusted EBITDA Liquidity and Capital Resources $ $ $ $ 14,091 $ 1,274 (993) 96 3,732 2,218 30,189 (1,181) (3,440) 45,986 $ 14,091 $ 1,274 (993) 96 3,732 2,218 30,189 (1,181) (3,440) 45,986 $ 14,196 $ 280 (3,272) 102 3,733 4,244 27,869 — — 47,152 $ 15,770 $ 280 (3,272) 102 4,212 4,244 27,869 — — 49,205 $ 13,251 887 (2,444) 130 3,324 1,777 24,231 1,271 — 42,427 32,217 887 (2,444) 130 13,783 1,686 24,412 1,271 — 71,942 Net cash provided by operating activities from continuing operations was $35.9 million during 2020 compared to $65.7 million during 2019, a decrease of 45%. The decrease resulted from lower cash receipts compared to the prior year, primarily resulting from the reduction in legacy resuscitation revenues. The number of days sales outstanding (DSO) was 51 days for 2020 compared to 47 days for 2019, which increase was partially due to the increase in accounts receivable balances from acquisitions completed in the fourth quarter of 2020. The Company calculates DSO by dividing the average accounts receivable balance (excluding unbilled and other receivables) by average daily revenues for the year. The Company’s primary sources of cash were receipts generated from the sales of our products and services. The primary uses of cash to fund operations included personnel expenses, sales commissions, royalty payments, payments for contract labor and other direct expenses associated with delivery of our products and services, and general corporate expenses. Net cash used in investing activities was approximately $110.4 million during 2020 compared to $67.5 million during 2019. During 2020, the Company acquired four businesses, NurseGrid, ShiftWizard, ANSOS, and myClinicalExchange, for a combined $121.3 million in cash, invested in marketable securities of $61.2 million, made payments for capitalized software development of $16.8 million, purchased property and equipment of $2.0 million, and invested $1.3 million in non-marketable equity investments. These uses of cash were partially offset by $92.2 million in sales and maturities of marketable securities. During 2019, the Company acquired two businesses, Providigm and CredentialMyDoc, for a combined $27.0 million in cash, invested in marketable securities of $87.3 million, purchased property and equipment of $22.0 million, made payments for capitalized software development of $14.5 million, and invested $3.3 million in non- marketable equity investments. These uses of cash were partially offset by $80.6 million in maturities of marketable securities and $6.1 million in proceeds from the sale of its PX business segment. Cash used in financing activities was $20.5 million during 2020 compared to $0.9 million during 2019. The primary uses of cash in financing activities during 2020 included $20.0 million for repurchases of common stock and $0.4 million for payments of payroll taxes from stock based compensation. During 2019, the primary use of cash in financing activities was $1.0 million for payments of payroll taxes from stock based compensation. During 2019, the primary source of cash from financing activities resulted from $0.2 million from the exercise of employee stock options. Our balance sheet reflects negative working capital of $4.7 million at December 31, 2020 compared to positive working capital of $119.4 million at December 31, 2019. The decrease in working capital was primarily due to a reduction in cash and marketable securities to fund acquisitions and share repurchases. The Company’s primary source of liquidity is $46.5 million of cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities. The Company also has a $65.0 million revolving credit facility loan agreement, all of which was available at December 31, 2020. For additional information regarding our 38 Table of Contents revolving credit facility, see Note 14 to the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this report. We believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities, cash generated from operations, and available borrowings under our revolving credit facility will be sufficient to meet anticipated working capital needs, new product development, and capital expenditures for at least the next 12 months. The Company’s growth strategy includes acquiring businesses that provide complementary products and services. It is anticipated that future acquisitions, if any, would be effected through cash consideration, stock consideration, or a combination of both. The issuance of our stock as consideration for an acquisition or to raise additional capital could have a dilutive effect on earnings per share and could adversely affect our stock price. The revolving credit facility contains financial covenants and availability calculations designed to set a maximum leverage ratio of outstanding debt to consolidated EBITDA (as defined in our credit facility) and an interest coverage ratio of consolidated EBITDA to interest expense. Therefore, the maximum borrowings against the revolving credit facility would be dependent on the covenant values at the time of borrowing. As of December 31, 2020, the Company was in compliance with all covenants. There can be no assurance that amounts available for borrowing under our revolving credit facility will be sufficient to consummate any possible acquisitions, and we cannot assure you that if we need additional financing that it will be available on terms favorable to us, or at all. Failure to generate sufficient cash flow from operations or raise additional capital when required in sufficient amounts and on terms acceptable to us could harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Contractual Obligations The following table presents a summary of future anticipated payments due by the Company under contractual obligations with firm minimum commitments as of December 31, 2020 (in thousands): Operating (a) Purchase obligations(b) Total Payments due by period Less than 1 year 1-3 years 3-5 years More than 5 years Total $ $ 5,229 $ 5,435 10,664 $ 8,560 $ 2,434 10,994 $ 8,119 $ — 8,119 $ 20,650 $ — 20,650 $ 42,558 7,869 50,427 (a) (b) Refer to Note 15 to the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this report for additional information regarding the Company’s operating leases. Represents non-cancelable contractual obligations primarily related to information technology assets and our revolving credit facility, which facility is described further in Note 14 to the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this report. The amounts included above represent the non-cancelable portion of agreements or the minimum cancellation fee. Recent Accounting Pronouncements In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-03, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (ASC 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, which amends guidance on reporting credit losses for assets held at amortized cost basis and available for sale debt securities. For assets held at amortized cost basis, ASC 326 eliminates the probable initial recognition threshold in prior GAAP and, instead, requires an entity to reflect its current estimate of all expected credit losses. The Company adopted this ASU on January 1, 2020, and the effect of adoption on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements and related disclosures was not material. Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk The Company is exposed to market risk from changes in interest rates, foreign currency risk, and investment risk. We do not have any material commodity price risk. Interest Rate Risk As of December 31, 2020, the Company had no outstanding debt. We may become subject to interest rate market risk associated with any future borrowings under our revolving credit facility. The interest rate under the revolving credit facility varies depending on the interest rate option selected by the Company plus a margin determined in accordance with a pricing grid. We are exposed to market risk with respect to our cash and investment balances, which approximated $46.5 million at December 31, 2020. Assuming a hypothetical 10% decrease in interest rates, interest income from cash and investments would decrease on an annualized basis by approximately $17,000. 39 Table of Contents Foreign Currency Risk We have foreign currency risks related to our revenue and operating expenses denominated in currencies other than the US dollar, including Canadian dollar, New Zealand dollar, and Australian dollar. Increases and decreases in our foreign-denominated revenue from movements in foreign exchange rates are often partially offset by the corresponding decreases or increases in our foreign-denominated operating expenses. To the extent that our international operations grow, our risks associated with fluctuation in currency rates will become greater, and we will continue to assess our approach to managing this risk. In addition, currency fluctuations or a weakening US dollar can increase the costs of our international operations. To date, we have not entered into any foreign currency hedging contracts although we may do so in the future. Investment Risk The Company’s investment policy and strategy is focused on investing in highly rated securities, with the objective of minimizing the potential risk of principal loss. The Company’s policy limits the amount of credit exposure to any single issuer and sets limits on the average portfolio maturity. We have an investment portfolio that includes strategic investments in privately held companies, which primarily include early-stage companies. We primarily invest in healthcare technology companies that we believe can help expand our ecosystem. We may continue to make these types of strategic investments as opportunities arise that we find attractive. We may experience additional volatility to our Consolidated Financial Statements due to changes in market prices, observable price changes, and impairments to our strategic investments. These changes could be material based on market conditions and events. The above market risk discussion and the estimated amounts presented are forward-looking statements of market risk assuming the occurrence of certain adverse market conditions. Actual results in the future may differ materially from those projected as a result of actual developments in the market. 40 Table of Contents Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data HEALTHSTREAM, INC. INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Consolidated Balance Sheets Consolidated Statements of Income Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 41 Page 42 45 46 47 48 49 50 Table of Contents Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of HealthStream, Inc. Opinion on the Financial Statements We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of HealthStream, Inc. (the Company) as of December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, shareholders' equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2020, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2020 and 2019, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2020, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) and our report dated February 25, 2021, expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. Basis for Opinion These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures include examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. Critical Audit Matters The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate. Revenue Recognition Description of the Matter As described in Note 1 of the consolidated financial statements, the Company recognizes revenue when control of the promised goods or services is transferred to the customer in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring those goods or services. The Company’s contracts with customers often contain promises for multiple goods and services. The Company accounts for the promised goods and services in its contracts as separate performance obligations if they are distinct. The transaction price is then allocated to the separate performance obligations on a relative standalone selling price basis. Auditing the Company’s accounting for revenue recognition was challenging due to the judgment and effort required to analyze the Company’s contracts to determine whether promised goods and services are distinct performance obligations and to determine stand-alone selling prices used to allocate the transaction price to those performance obligations. How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit We obtained an understanding, evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of controls over the Company's process to identify and evaluate performance obligations and determine the stand-alone selling prices used to allocate the transaction price to those performance obligations. Among other procedures to evaluate management’s identification and determination of the distinct performance obligations, we obtained an understanding of the Company’s various product and service offerings and tested the application of the revenue recognition accounting requirements to determine which performance obligations were distinct. To test management’s determination of relative standalone selling price for each performance obligation, we performed audit procedures that included, among others, assessing the methodology applied and testing the data underlying the Company’s calculations. We inspected a sample of customer contracts to assess management’s treatment of significant terms and tested the amounts recognized as revenue or recorded in deferred revenue. 42 Table of Contents Description of the Matter Valuation – Business Combinations During 2020, the Company completed four acquisitions for a total consideration of $121.3 million as disclosed in Note 8 to the consolidated financial statements. These transactions were accounted for as business combinations. The Company preliminarily allocated $43.3 million of the purchase price from the acquisitions of HcT2 Co. dba NurseGrid (“NurseGrid”), ShiftWizard, Inc. (“ShiftWizard”) and Change Healthcare’s staff scheduling business, consisting of the ANSOSTM Staff Scheduling application and related products (“ANSOS”) to the fair value of acquired customer relationships and developed technology intangible assets. Auditing the Company's accounting for its acquisitions of NurseGrid, ShiftWizard, and ANSOS was challenging due to the estimation uncertainty in the Company’s determination of the fair value of the customer relationships and developed technology. The estimation uncertainty was primarily due to the sensitivity of the respective fair values to the underlying significant assumptions. The fair value estimate of the customer relationships intangible assets included significant assumptions in the prospective financial information (including revenue growth, customer attrition and EBITDA margin) and the discount rates. The fair value estimate of the developed technology intangible assets included significant assumptions such as the estimate of employee hours that would be needed to recreate the software. These significant assumptions are forward looking and could be affected by future economic and market conditions. How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit We tested the Company's controls over its accounting for the acquisitions. Our tests included controls over the estimation process supporting the fair value estimates of the customer relationships and developed technology intangible assets, including management’s review of the significant assumptions discussed above. To test the estimated fair values of the customer relationships and developed technology intangible assets, we performed audit procedures that included, among others, evaluating the Company's selection of the valuation methodologies, testing the significant assumptions and the completeness and accuracy of the underlying data. For example, we compared the significant assumptions in the prospective financial information to current industry trends, as well as to the historical performance of the acquired business and a similar business segment of the Company. To test the number of employee hours that would be needed to recreate the developed technology, we performed inquiries with appropriate non-financial personnel, including IT department management, to corroborate management's assumptions. We also performed sensitivity analyses to evaluate the changes in the fair value of the intangible assets that would result from the changes in significant assumptions. We involved our valuation specialists to assist with our evaluation of the methodologies used by the Company and the evaluation of the discount rates by comparing them against discount rate ranges that were independently developed using publicly available market data for comparable entities. /s/ Ernst & Young LLP We have served as the Company’s auditor since 1998. Nashville, Tennessee February 25, 2021 43 Table of Contents Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of HealthStream, Inc. Opinion on the Internal Control Over Financial Reporting We have audited HealthStream, Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, HealthStream, Inc. (the Company) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020, based on the COSO criteria. As described in Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting, management excluded the following acquired businesses from its assessment of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020: (i) ShiftWizard, whose assets as of December 31, 2020 represented approximately 1% of the Company’s total consolidated assets as of such date, and whose net revenues during the year ended December 31, 2020 (including the period in 2020 prior to the Company’s acquisition of ShiftWizard) represented approximately 2% of the consolidated net revenues of the Company during its fiscal year ended December 31, 2020, (ii) ANSOS, whose assets as of December 31, 2020 represented approximately 3% of the Company’s total consolidated assets as of such date, and whose net revenues represented during the year ended December 31, 2020 (including the period in 2020 prior to the Company’s acquisition of ANSOS) represented approximately 11% of the Company’s consolidated net revenues during its fiscal year ended December 31, 2020, and (iii) myClinicalExchange, whose assets as of December 31, 2020 represented less than 1% of the Company’s total consolidated assets as of such date, and whose net revenues during the year ended December 31, 2020 (including the period in 2020 prior to the Company’s acquisition of myClinicalExchange) represented less than 1% of HealthStream’s consolidated net revenues during such fiscal year. Accordingly, our audit did not include the internal control over financial reporting with respect to the acquired businesses of ShiftWizard, ANSOS and myClinicalExchange. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of HealthStream, Inc. as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2020, and the related notes and our report dated February 25, 2021, expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. Basis for Opinion The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with the respect to the Company in accordance with U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. /s/ Ernst & Young LLP Nashville, Tennessee February 25, 2021 44 Table of Contents HEALTHSTREAM, INC. CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (In thousands) December 31, 2020 December 31, 2019 ASSETS Current assets: Cash and cash equivalents Marketable securities Accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $549 and $843 at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively Accounts receivable - unbilled Prepaid royalties, net of amortization Other prepaid expenses and other current assets Total current assets Property and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation of $19,237 and $19,291 at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively Capitalized software development, net of accumulated amortization of $70,516 and $57,768 at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively Operating lease right of use assets, net Goodwill Customer-related intangibles, net of accumulated amortization of $36,723 and $29,760 at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively Other intangible assets, net of accumulated amortization of $10,748 and $12,735 at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively Deferred tax assets Deferred commissions Non-marketable equity investments Other assets Total assets Current liabilities: Accounts payable Accrued royalties Accrued liabilities Deferred revenue LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY Total current liabilities Deferred tax liabilities Deferred revenue, non-current Operating lease liability, non-current Other long-term liabilities Commitments and contingencies Shareholders’ equity: Common stock, no par value, 75,000 shares authorized; 31,493 and 32,379 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively Retained earnings Accumulated other comprehensive income Total shareholders’ equity Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity $ 36,566 $ 9,928 40,726 5,374 9,571 12,560 114,725 22,218 26,631 28,081 178,440 76,927 23,788 974 19,907 6,845 1,777 500,313 $ 9,333 $ 8,809 20,124 81,176 119,442 14,523 1,603 28,479 2,204 271,784 62,277 1 334,062 500,313 $ $ $ $ 131,538 41,328 27,650 2,726 11,898 9,432 224,572 26,065 21,445 29,615 102,196 52,554 7,527 269 17,645 6,782 874 489,544 4,810 16,736 18,128 65,511 105,185 13,183 1,918 30,733 357 290,021 48,143 4 338,168 489,544 See accompanying notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. 45 Table of Contents HEALTHSTREAM, INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME (In thousands, except per share data) Revenues, net Operating costs and expenses: Cost of revenues (excluding depreciation and amortization) Product development Sales and marketing Other general and administrative expenses Depreciation and amortization Total operating costs and expenses Operating income Other income, net Income from continuing operations before income tax provision Income tax provision Income from continuing operations Discontinued operations Loss from discontinued operations before income tax provision Gain on sale of discontinued operations Income tax provision Income from discontinued operations Net income Net income per share – basic: Continuing operations Discontinued operations Net income per share - basic Net income per share - diluted: Continuing operations Discontinued operations Net income per share - diluted Weighted average shares of common stock outstanding: Basic Diluted Dividends declared per share 2020 Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 $ 244,826 $ 254,112 $ 231,616 89,332 32,305 35,297 41,885 30,189 229,008 103,890 29,109 37,945 40,579 27,869 239,392 15,818 14,720 2,005 3,209 17,823 3,732 14,091 — — — — 14,091 $ 0.44 — 0.44 0.44 — 0.44 $ $ $ $ 17,929 3,733 14,196 — 2,053 479 1,574 15,770 $ 0.44 $ 0.05 0.49 $ 0.44 $ 0.05 0.49 $ 96,014 25,735 35,698 34,447 24,231 216,125 15,491 1,084 16,575 3,324 13,251 (64) 29,489 10,459 18,966 32,217 0.41 0.59 1.00 0.41 0.59 1.00 31,960 31,989 — $ 32,372 32,428 — $ 32,264 32,335 1.00 $ $ $ $ $ $ See accompanying notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. 46 Table of Contents HEALTHSTREAM, INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (In thousands) Net income Other comprehensive income, net of taxes: Foreign currency translation adjustments Unrealized (loss) gain on marketable securities Total other comprehensive income Comprehensive income 2020 Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 $ 14,091 $ 15,770 $ 32,217 6 (9) (3) 14,088 $ 2 25 27 15,797 $ — 15 15 32,232 $ See accompanying notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. 47 Table of Contents HEALTHSTREAM, INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY (In thousands) Balance at December 31, 2017 Cumulative effect of accounting change Net income Comprehensive income Dividends declared on common stock ($1.00 per share) Stock based compensation Common stock issued under stock plans, net of shares withheld for employee taxes Balance at December 31, 2018 Net income Comprehensive income Stock donated to Company (held in treasury) Stock based compensation Common stock issued under stock plans, net of shares withheld for employee taxes Balance at December 31, 2019 Net income Dividend forfeitures on unvested equity awards Comprehensive income Stock based compensation Common stock issued under stock plans, net of shares withheld for employee taxes Repurchase of common stock Balance at December 31, 2020 Common Stock Shares Amount Retained Earnings Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss)/Income Total Shareholders’ Equity 31,908 $ — — — — — 417 32,325 — — (86) — 140 32,379 — — — — 282,666 $ — — — — 1,686 2,245 286,597 — — — 4,244 (820) 290,021 — — — 2,217 17,542 $ 15,132 32,217 — (32,518) — — 32,373 15,770 — — — — 48,143 14,091 43 — — 71 (957) 31,493 $ (435) (20,019) 271,784 $ — — 62,277 $ (38) $ — — 15 — — — (23) — 27 — — — 4 — — (3) — — — 1 $ 300,170 15,132 32,217 15 (32,518) 1,686 2,245 318,947 15,770 27 — 4,244 (820) 338,168 14,091 43 (3) 2,217 (435) (20,019) 334,062 See accompanying notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. 48 Table of Contents HEALTHSTREAM, INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (In thousands) OPERATING ACTIVITIES: Net income Income from discontinued operations Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: 2020 Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 $ 14,091 — $ 15,770 (1,574) $ Depreciation and amortization Stock based compensation Amortization of deferred commissions Provision for doubtful accounts Deferred income taxes Loss (gain) on equity method investments Non-cash royalty expense Change in fair value of non-marketable equity investments Other Changes in operating assets and liabilities: Accounts and unbilled receivables Prepaid royalties Other prepaid expenses and other current assets Deferred commissions Other assets Accounts payable and accrued expenses Accrued royalties Deferred revenue Net cash provided by operating activities Net cash used in discontinued operating activities Net cash provided by operating activities INVESTING ACTIVITIES: Business combinations, net of cash acquired Proceeds from sale of discontinued operations, net of tax Proceeds from maturities of marketable securities Proceeds from sales of marketable securities Purchases of marketable securities Proceeds from sale of property and equipment Payments to acquire non-marketable equity investments Payments associated with capitalized software development Purchases of property and equipment Net cash (used in) provided by continuing investing activities Net cash used in discontinued investing activities Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities FINANCING ACTIVITIES: Proceeds from exercise of stock options Taxes paid related to net settlement of equity awards Payment of earn-out related to prior acquisitions Payment of debt issue cost Repurchases of common stock Payment of cash dividends Net cash used in financing activities Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period Cash and cash equivalents at end of period SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW INFORMATION: Interest paid Income taxes paid Non-cash additions to property and equipment Non-cash additions to non-marketable equity investments 30,189 2,217 8,768 274 4,295 51 (3,440) (1,181) 347 (2,992) 2,397 (2,985) (11,030) (112) 1,124 (4,672) (1,467) 35,874 — 35,874 (121,342) — 77,120 15,051 (61,179) — (1,257) (16,815) (1,988) (110,410) — (110,410) — (435) — — (20,019) (40) (20,494) 58 (94,972) 131,538 36,566 $ 96 $ 877 $ — $ 1,300 $ $ $ $ $ $ 27,869 4,244 8,305 211 2,167 (64) — — (72) 11,605 1,698 4,862 (9,479) (42) 1,098 979 (1,920) 65,657 — 65,657 (27,018) 6,070 80,589 — (87,328) 15 (3,342) (14,513) (21,997) (67,524) — (67,524) 214 (1,034) (38) — — (58) (916) — (2,783) 134,321 131,538 $ 101 $ 630 $ 31 $ — $ See accompanying notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. 49 32,217 (18,966) 24,231 1,777 7,659 1,033 3,017 (42) — 1,271 (9) (4,050) 1,639 (3,938) (11,577) (30) 2,008 2,907 5,103 44,250 (1,004) 43,246 — 44,049 68,992 — (57,085) — (833) (11,284) (7,166) 36,673 (115) 36,558 2,582 (338) (38) (100) — (32,357) (30,251) — 49,553 84,768 134,321 117 16,513 1,013 — Table of Contents HEALTHSTREAM, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 1. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES Description of Business HealthStream, Inc. (the Company) was incorporated in 1990 as a Tennessee corporation and is headquartered in Nashville, Tennessee. As of December 31, 2020, the Company operated in two segments: Workforce Solutions and Provider Solutions. Workforce Solutions products help meet the ongoing training, certification, assessment, development, and scheduling needs of the healthcare workforce; they are primarily delivered via a software-as-a-service (SaaS) model and are sold on a subscription basis. Provider Solutions products offer healthcare organizations software applications for administering and tracking provider credentialing, privileging, call center, and enrollment activities. On February 12, 2018, the Company divested its Patient Experience (PX) business to Press Ganey Associates (Press Ganey) for $65.2 million in cash (after giving effect to the post-closing working capital adjustment). This sale of the PX business resulted in the divestiture of the Company’s patient experience solutions business segment. The results of operations for PX are presented as discontinued operations within the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements herein. Recently Adopted Accounting Standards In June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2016-03, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (ASU 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, which amends the impairment model by requiring entities to use a forward-looking approach, based on expected losses, to estimate credit losses on certain types of financial instruments, including trade accounts receivables. The Company adopted this ASU on January 1, 2020, and the effect of adoption on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements and related disclosures was not material. Recognition of Revenue Revenues are recognized when control of the promised goods or services is transferred to the customer in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring those goods or services. The Company adopted ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customer (referred to as Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Topic 606 or ASC 606) effective as of January 1, 2018 utilizing the modified retrospective approach. This accounting standard required changes to the Company’s accounting policies for revenue recognition, trade and other receivables, and deferred commissions. Revenue is recognized based on the following five step model: • • • • • Identification of the contract with a customer Identification of the performance obligations in the contract Determination of the transaction price Allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract Recognition of revenue when, or as, the Company satisfies a performance obligation Subscription revenues primarily consist of fees in consideration of providing customers access to one or more of our SaaS-based solutions and/or courseware subscriptions, as well as fees related to licensing agreements, all of which include routine customer support and technology enhancements. Revenue is generally recognized over time during the contract term beginning when the service is made available to the customer. Subscription contracts are generally non-cancelable, one to five years in length, and billed annually, semi-annually, quarterly, or monthly in advance. Professional services revenues primarily consist of fees for implementation services, consulting, custom courseware development, and training. The majority of our professional services contracts are billed in advance based on a fixed price basis, and revenue is recognized over time as the services are performed. For both subscription services and professional services, the time between billing the customer and when performance obligations are satisfied is generally not significant. 50 Table of Contents Our contracts with customers often contain promises for multiple goods and services. For these contracts, the Company accounts for the promised goods and services in its contracts as separate performance obligations if they are distinct. The contract price, which represents transaction price when the contract reflects a fixed fee arrangement, or management’s estimate of variable consideration including application of the constraint when the contract does not have a fixed fee, is allocated to the separate performance obligations on a relative standalone selling price basis. We generally determine standalone selling prices based on the standard list price for each product, taking into consideration certain factors, including contract length and the number of subscriptions or users within the contract. We receive payments from customers based on billing schedules established in our contracts. Accounts receivable - unbilled represent contract assets related to our conditional right to consideration for subscription and professional services contracts where performance has occurred under the contract. Accounts receivable are primarily comprised of trade receivables that are recorded at the invoice amount, net of an allowance for doubtful accounts, when the right to consideration becomes unconditional. Deferred revenue represents contract liabilities that are recorded when cash payments are received or are due in advance of our satisfaction of performance obligations. Basis of Presentation The Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Use of Estimates The Consolidated Financial Statements are prepared in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles. These accounting principles require management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates and such differences could be material to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Cash Equivalents The Company considers cash equivalents to be unrestricted, highly liquid investments with initial maturities of less than three months. Marketable Securities Marketable securities are classified as available for sale and are stated at fair market value, with the unrealized gains and losses, net of tax, reported in other accumulated comprehensive income (loss) on the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets. Realized gains and losses and declines in market value judged to be other than temporary on investments in marketable securities are included in other income, net on the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Income. The cost of securities sold is based on the specific identification method. Interest and dividends on securities classified as available for sale are included in other income, net on the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Income. Premiums and discounts are amortized over the life of the related available for sale security as an adjustment to the yield using the effective interest method. Deferred Commissions Deferred commissions represent incremental costs to acquire contracts with customers, such as the initial sales commission payment and associated payroll taxes, which are capitalized and amortized consistent with the transfer of the goods or services to the customer over the expected period of benefit. Capitalized contract costs are included under the caption deferred commissions in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheet. The expected period of benefit is the contract term, except when the capitalized commission is expected to provide economic benefit to the Company for a period longer than the contract term, such as for new customer or incremental sales where renewals are expected and renewal commissions are not commensurate with initial commissions. Non-commensurate commissions are amortized over the greater of the contract term or technological obsolescence period of three years. Prepaid Royalties Prepaid royalties represent advance payments to royalty partners under revenue sharing arrangements for which the Company sells and delivers such partner products to its customers. Royalties are typically paid in advance at the commencement of the subscription period or periodically throughout the subscription period, such as in quarterly, bi-annual, or annual installments. Royalty payments are amortized over the term of the underlying subscription contracts, which generally range from one to five years, in order to match the direct royalty costs to the same period the subscription revenue is recognized. Amortization of royalties is included under the caption cost of revenues (excluding depreciation and amortization) in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Income. 51 Table of Contents Allowance for Doubtful Accounts The Company estimates its allowance for doubtful accounts based on its historical collection experience, a review in each period of the status of the then- outstanding accounts receivable, and external market factors. Uncollectible receivables are written-off in the period management believes it has exhausted its ability to collect payment from the customer. Bad debt expense is recorded when events or circumstances indicate an additional allowance is required. Changes in the allowance for doubtful accounts and the amounts charged to bad debt expense for the years ended December 31 were as follows (in thousands): 2020 2019 2018 Allowance Balance at Beginning of Period Charged to Costs and Expenses Write-offs Allowance Balance at End of Period $ 843 $ 1,161 1,979 274 $ 211 1,033 (568) $ (529) (1,851) 549 843 1,161 Capitalized Software Development Capitalized software development is stated on the basis of cost and is presented net of accumulated amortization. The Company capitalizes costs incurred during the software development phase for projects when such costs are material. These assets are generally amortized using the straight-line method over three years. The Company capitalized $17.9 million and $14.1 million during 2020 and 2019, respectively. Amortization of capitalized software development was $12.7 million, $11.0 million, and $9.6 million during 2020, 2019, and 2018, respectively. Maintenance and operating costs are expensed as incurred. As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, there were no capitalized software development costs for external computer software developed for resale. Fair Value Measurements Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in the principal or most advantageous market in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The fair value hierarchy prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used in measuring fair value. There are three levels to the fair value hierarchy based on the reliability of inputs, as follows: Level 1 – Observable inputs that reflect quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets. Level 2 – Inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. Level 3 – Unobservable inputs in which little or no market data exists, therefore requiring the Company to develop its own assumptions. The Company evaluates assets and liabilities subject to fair value measurements on a recurring basis to determine the appropriate level at which to classify them for each reporting period. This determination requires significant judgments to be made by the Company. At December 31, 2020 and 2019, our assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis consisted of marketable securities, which are classified as available for sale (see Note 4 – Marketable Securities). Property and Equipment Property and equipment are stated on the basis of cost. Depreciation is provided on the straight-line method over the following estimated useful lives, except for leasehold improvements, which are amortized over the shorter of the estimated useful life or their respective lease term. Furniture and fixtures Equipment Goodwill and Intangible Assets Years 5 - 7 3 Goodwill represents the excess of purchase price in a business combination over the fair value of the net identifiable assets acquired, including intangible assets. The Company estimates fair values of intangible assets using the income and cost methods, which are based on management’s estimates and assumptions. The carrying amount of our goodwill is evaluated for impairment at least annually during the fourth quarter and whenever events or changes in facts or circumstances indicate that impairment may exist. In accordance with ASC 350, Intangibles – Goodwill and Other, companies may opt to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. A qualitative assessment includes factors such as financial performance, industry and market metrics, and other factors affecting the reporting unit. If this assessment concludes that it is more likely than not that the 52 Table of Contents fair value of a reporting unit exceeds its carrying value, then goodwill is not considered impaired and no further impairment testing is required. Conversely, if the qualitative assessment concludes that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value, we must then compare the fair value of the reporting unit to its carrying value. The Company determines fair value of the reporting units using both income and market-based models. These models require the use of various assumptions relating to cash flow projections, growth rates, discount rates, and terminal value calculations. There were no goodwill impairments identified or recorded for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, or 2018. As of December 31, 2020, intangible assets include customer relationships, internally developed technology, non-competition agreements, and trade names. Intangible assets that are considered to have definite useful lives are being amortized on a straight-line basis over periods ranging between three and eighteen years. The weighted average amortization period for definite lived intangible assets as of December 31, 2020 was 11.4 years. Intangible assets considered to have indefinite useful lives are evaluated for impairment at least annually during the fourth quarter, and all intangible assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in facts or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be recoverable. There were no intangible asset impairments identified or recorded for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, or 2018. Long-Lived Assets Long-lived assets to be held for use are reviewed for events or changes in facts and circumstances, both internally and externally, which may indicate that an impairment of long-lived assets held for use is present. The Company measures any impairment using observable market values or discounted future cash flows from the related long-lived assets. The cash flow estimates and discount rates incorporate management’s best estimates, using appropriate and customary assumptions and projections at the date of evaluation. Management periodically evaluates whether the carrying value of long-lived assets, including intangible assets, property and equipment, capitalized software development, deferred commissions, and other assets will be recoverable. There were no long-lived asset impairments identified or recorded for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, or 2018. Non-Marketable Equity Investments Non-marketable equity investments in limited liability companies with specific ownership accounts for each investor not resulting in a controlling financial interest are accounted for using the equity method of accounting. Non-marketable equity investments of preferred stock in corporations that do not result in a controlling financial interest are accounted for using the measurement alternative for equity investments that do not have readily determinable fair values. ASU 2016-01, Financial Instruments – Overall (Subtopic 825-10) requires equity investments (except those accounted for under the equity method of accounting or those that result in consolidation of the investee) to be measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in net income. The fair value of non-marketable equity investments is not estimated if there are no identified events or changes in circumstances that may have a significant adverse effect on the fair value of the investment. The proportionate share of income or loss from equity method investments and any changes in fair value of investments accounted for using the measurement alternative are recorded under the caption other income, net in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Income. Financial Instruments The Company has various financial instruments, including cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts receivable-unbilled, accounts payable, accrued liabilities, and deferred revenue. The carrying amounts of these financial instruments approximate fair value because of the short-term maturity or short-term nature of such instruments. The Company also has marketable securities, which are recorded at approximate fair value based on quoted market prices or alternative pricing sources (see Note 4 – Marketable Securities). Advertising The Company expenses the costs of advertising as incurred. Advertising expense for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018 was $1.1 million, $0.8 million, and $0.7 million, respectively, and is included under the caption sales and marketing expense in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Income. Shipping and Handling Costs Shipping and handling costs that are associated with our products and services are included under the caption cost of revenues (excluding depreciation and amortization) in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Income. Income Taxes Income taxes are accounted for using the asset and liability method, whereby deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the temporary differences between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities 53 Table of Contents measured at tax rates that will be in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to affect taxable income. Management evaluates all available evidence, both positive and negative, to determine whether, based on the weight of that evidence, a valuation allowance is needed. Future realization of the tax benefit of an existing deductible temporary difference or carryforward ultimately depends on the existence of sufficient taxable income of the appropriate character within the carryback or carryforward period available under the tax law. There are four possible sources of taxable income that may be available under the tax law to realize a tax benefit for deductible temporary differences and carryforwards: 1) future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, 2) future taxable income exclusive of reversing temporary differences and carryforwards, 3) taxable income in prior carryback year(s) if carryback is permitted under the tax law, and 4) tax-planning strategies that would, if necessary, be implemented to realize deductible temporary differences or carryforwards prior to their expiration. Management reviews the realizability of its deferred tax assets each reporting period to identify whether any significant changes in circumstances or assumptions have occurred that could materially affect the realizability of deferred tax assets. As of December 31, 2020, the Company had established a valuation allowance of $0.6 million for the portion of its net deferred tax assets that are not more likely than not expected to be realized. The Company accounts for income tax uncertainties using a more- likely-than-not recognition threshold based on the technical merits of the tax position taken. Tax positions that meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold are measured in order to determine the tax benefit to be recognized in the financial statements. Earnings per Share Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing the net income available to common shareholders for the period by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per share is computed by dividing the net income for the period by the weighted average number of common and common equivalent shares outstanding during the period. Common equivalent shares are composed of incremental common shares issuable upon the exercise of stock options and restricted share units subject to vesting. The dilutive effect of common equivalent shares is included in diluted earnings per share by application of the treasury stock method. Common equivalent shares that have an anti-dilutive effect on diluted net income per share were excluded from the calculation of diluted weighted average shares outstanding for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018. Concentrations of Credit Risk and Significant Customers The Company’s credit risks relate primarily to cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities, and accounts receivable. The Company places its temporary excess cash investments in high quality, short-term money market instruments. At times, such investments may be in excess of the FDIC insurance limits. Marketable securities consist primarily of investment grade corporate debt securities and government sponsored enterprise debt securities. The Company sells its products and services to various companies in the healthcare industry that are primarily located in the United States. Customer credit worthiness evaluations are performed on an as-needed basis, and the Company generally requires no collateral from customers. An allowance for doubtful accounts is maintained for potentially uncollectible accounts receivable. The Company did not have any single customer representing over 10% of net revenues or accounts receivable during 2020, 2019, or 2018. Stock Based Compensation As of December 31, 2020, the Company maintained one stock based compensation plan under which awards are outstanding, as described in Note 11. The Company accounts for stock based compensation using the fair-value based method for costs related to share-based payments, including stock options and restricted share units. The Company uses the Black Scholes option pricing model for calculating the fair value of option awards issued under its stock based compensation plan. The Company measures compensation cost of restricted share units based on the closing fair market value of the Company’s stock on the date of grant. Stock based compensation cost is measured at the grant date, based on the fair value of the award that is ultimately expected to vest, and is recognized as an expense over the requisite service period. The Company recognizes tax benefits from stock based compensation if an excess tax benefit is realized. Excess tax benefits are reflected in the Consolidated Statements of Income as a component of the provision for income taxes when realized. Leases The Company has various non-cancelable agreements to lease office space. Effective January 1, 2019, the Company adopted ASC 842, which requires an entity to recognize a right-of-use (ROU) asset and a lease liability on the balance sheet for substantially all leases, including operating leases, using the modified retrospective approach. The Company elected to use the package of practicable expedients allowing companies to not reassess: (1) the lease classification for any expired or existing leases, (2) the treatment of initial direct costs as they related to existing leases, and (3) whether existing contracts are or contain leases. The Company did not elect the use of the hindsight practical expedient but did elect the practical expedient not to separate lease components from non-lease components related to its office space leases. 54 Table of Contents The Company does not have any lease contracts that contain: (1) an option to extend that the Company is reasonably certain to exercise, (2) an option to terminate that the Company is reasonably certain not to exercise, or (3) an option to extend (or not to terminate) in which exercise of the option is controlled by the lessor. Additionally, the Company does not have any leases with residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants. For leases already commenced, the lease term was determined to be the remaining months in the lease term as of January 1, 2019, the date of adoption, or for current year acquisitions, the date of acquisition. The Company has elected not to recognize leases with initial terms of one year or less on the balance sheet. Lease liabilities and their corresponding right-of-use assets have been recorded based on the present value of the future lease payments over the expected lease term. Most of the Company’s lease agreements contain provisions for escalating rent payments over the terms of the leases, which escalations are either fixed within the contract or are variable based on the consumer price index. The Company’s leases do not contain readily determinable implicit discount rates, and as such the Company must use its incremental borrowing rate to discount the future lease payments based on information available at lease commencement. The incremental borrowing rate was estimated by determining the rate of interest that the Company would have to pay to borrow on a collateralized basis over a similar term an amount equal to the lease payments in a similar economic environment. Foreign Currency The functional currency for the Company’s subsidiaries is determined based on the primary economic environment in which the subsidiary operates. The Company translates the assets and liabilities of its non-U.S. dollar functional currency subsidiaries into U.S. dollars using exchange rates in effect at the end of each period. Revenues and expenses for these subsidiaries are translated using rates that approximate those in effect during the period. Gains and losses from these translations are recognized as cumulative translation adjustment included in accumulated other comprehensive income in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. 2. SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY Common Stock The Company is authorized to issue up to 75 million shares of common stock. The number of common shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 was 31.5 million and 32.4 million, respectively. Preferred Stock The Company is authorized to issue up to 10 million shares of preferred stock in one or more series, having the relative voting powers, designations, preferences, rights and qualifications, limitations or restrictions, and other terms as the Board of Directors may fix in providing for the issuance of such series, without any vote or action of the shareholders. Share Repurchase Plan On March 13, 2020, the Company’s Board of Directors authorized a share repurchase program to repurchase up to $30.0 million of outstanding shares of common stock. The share repurchase program will terminate on the earlier of March 12, 2021 or when the maximum dollar amount has been expended. Pursuant to this authorization, repurchases have been made, and may continue to be made from time to time, in the open market through privately negotiated transactions or otherwise, including under a Rule 10b5-1 plan, which permits shares to be repurchased when the Company might otherwise be precluded from doing so under insider trading laws in accordance with specific prearranged terms related to timing, price, and volume (among others), without further direction from the Company. The share repurchase program does not require the Company to acquire any amount of shares and may be suspended or discontinued at any time. During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company repurchased 957,367 shares at an aggregate fair value of $20.0 million, based on an average price per share of $20.89 (excluding the cost of broker commissions). 55 Table of Contents 3. EARNINGS PER SHARE The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share for the three years ended December 31, 2020 (in thousands, except per share amounts): Numerator: Income from continuing operations Income from discontinued operations Net income Denominator: Weighted-average shares outstanding Effect of dilutive shares Weighted-average diluted shares Net income per share – basic: Continuing operations Discontinued operations Net income per share - basic Net income per share – diluted: Continuing operations Discontinued operations Net income per share - diluted 2020 Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 $ $ $ $ $ $ 14,091 — 14,091 $ $ 31,960 29 31,989 0.44 $ — 0.44 $ 0.44 $ — 0.44 $ 14,196 1,574 15,770 $ $ 32,372 56 32,428 0.44 $ 0.05 0.49 $ 0.44 $ 0.05 0.49 $ 13,251 18,966 32,217 32,264 71 32,335 0.41 0.59 1.00 0.41 0.59 1.00 Potentially dilutive shares representing 122,000, 93,000, and 91,000 shares of common stock for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018, respectively, were excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share because their effect would have been anti-dilutive. 4. MARKETABLE SECURITIES At December 31, 2020 and 2019, the fair value of marketable securities, which were all classified as available for sale, included the following (in thousands): Cash Level 2: Time deposits Corporate debt securities Total Cash Level 2: Corporate debt securities Government-sponsored enterprise debt securities Total Adjusted Cost Unrealized Gains Unrealized Losses Fair Value Cash and Cash Equivalents Current Marketable Securities $ 31,558 $ — $ — $ 31,558 $ 31,558 $ — December 31, 2020 10,021 4,923 46,502 $ $ — — — $ — (8) (8) $ 10,021 4,915 46,494 $ 5,008 — 36,566 $ 5,013 4,915 9,928 December 31, 2019 Unrealized Gains Unrealized Losses Fair Value Cash and Cash Equivalents Current Marketable Securities — $ — $ 131,538 $ 131,538 $ — 7 — 7 (5) — (5) $ 37,327 4,001 172,866 $ — — 131,538 $ 37,327 4,001 41,328 Adjusted Cost 131,538 $ $ 37,325 4,001 172,864 $ 56 Table of Contents The carrying amounts of the marketable securities reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheets approximate fair value based on quoted market prices or alternative pricing sources and models utilizing market observable inputs. As of December 31, 2020, the Company does not consider any of its marketable securities to be other than temporarily impaired. During the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, the Company did not reclassify any items out of accumulated other comprehensive income to net income. All investments in marketable securities are classified as a current asset on the Consolidated Balance Sheet because the underlying securities mature within one year from the balance sheet date. 5. REVENUE RECOGNITION AND SALES COMMISSIONS Revenue Recognition Revenues are recognized when control of the promised goods or services is transferred to the customer in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring those goods or services. The following table represents revenues included in continuing operations disaggregated by revenue source for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018 (in thousands). Sales taxes are excluded from revenues. Business Segments Subscription services Professional services Total revenues, net Business Segments Subscription services Professional services Total revenues, net Business Segments Subscription services Professional services Total revenues, net Workforce Solutions Year Ended December 31, 2020 Provider Solutions Consolidated 193,673 $ 3,914 197,587 $ 40,237 $ 7,002 47,239 $ 233,910 10,916 244,826 Workforce Solutions Year Ended December 31, 2019 Provider Solutions Consolidated 202,479 $ 6,120 208,599 $ 38,022 $ 7,491 45,513 $ 240,501 13,611 254,112 Workforce Solutions Year Ended December 31, 2018 Provider Solutions Consolidated 184,926 $ 5,213 190,139 $ 35,542 $ 5,935 41,477 $ 220,468 11,148 231,616 $ $ $ $ $ $ For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, the Company recognized $0.3 million and $0.2 million, respectively, in impairment losses on receivables and contract assets arising from the Company’s contracts with customers. During the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018, we recognized revenues of $64.5 million, $64.7 million, and $63.7 million from amounts included in deferred revenue at the beginning of the respective period. As of December 31, 2020, $464 million of revenue is expected to be recognized from remaining performance obligations under contracts with customers. We expect to recognize revenue on approximately 47% of these remaining performance obligations over the 12 months ending December 31, 2020, with the remaining amounts recognized thereafter. Sales Commissions Sales commissions earned by our sales force are considered incremental and recoverable costs of obtaining a contract with a customer. Under ASC 606, costs to acquire contracts with customers, such as the initial sales commission payment and associated payroll taxes, are capitalized in the period a customer contract is entered into and are amortized consistent with the transfer of the goods or services to the customer over the expected period of benefit, whereas subsequent sales commission payments which require a substantive performance condition of the employee are expensed ratably through the payment date. Capitalized contract costs are included in deferred commissions in the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. The expected period of benefit is the contract term, except when the capitalized commission is expected to provide economic benefit to the Company for a period longer than the contract term, such as for new customer or incremental sales where renewals are expected and renewal commissions are not commensurate with initial commissions. Non-commensurate commissions are amortized over the greater of the contract term or technological obsolescence period of approximately three years. The Company recorded amortization of deferred commissions of $8.8 million, $8.3 million, and $7.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, which is included in sales and marketing expenses in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Income. 57 Table of Contents 6. PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT Property and equipment consist of the following (in thousands): Equipment Leasehold improvements Furniture and fixtures Gross property and equipment Accumulated depreciation and amortization Property and equipment, net December 31, 2020 2019 $ $ 21,401 $ 14,980 5,074 41,455 (19,237) 22,218 $ 25,199 14,909 5,248 45,356 (19,291) 26,065 Depreciation of property and equipment totaled $6.9 million, $7.3 million, and $5.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018, respectively. 7. GOODWILL AND INTANGIBLE ASSETS The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 are as follows (in thousands): Balance at January 1, 2020 Acquisition of NurseGrid Acquisition of ShiftWizard Acquisition of ANSOS Acquisition of myClinicalExchange Post-closing adjustment for CredentialMyDoc Balance at December 31, 2020 Balance at January 1, 2019 Acquisition of Providigm, LLC Acquisition of CredentialMyDoc Balance at December 31, 2019 Workforce Solutions Provider Solutions Total 27,776 $ 21,085 19,307 35,258 590 — 104,016 $ 74,420 $ — — — — 4 74,424 $ 102,196 21,085 19,307 35,258 590 4 178,440 Workforce Solutions Provider Solutions 16,381 $ 11,395 — 27,776 $ 69,763 $ — 4,657 74,420 $ Total 86,144 11,395 4,657 102,196 $ $ $ $ Intangible assets other than goodwill that are considered to have finite useful lives include customer-related intangibles consisting of customer relationships, which are amortized over their estimated useful lives ranging from five to eighteen years, and other intangible assets consisting of technology, non-competition agreements, and trade names, which are amortized over their estimated useful lives ranging from one to nine years. The Company also recorded an indefinite lived intangible for a trade name valued at $0.7 million. Amortization of intangible assets was $10.5 million, $9.6 million, and $9.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018, respectively. Identifiable intangible assets are comprised of the following (in thousands): Customer related Other Total As of December 31, 2020 Accumulated Amortization Gross Amount $ $ 113,650 $ 34,536 148,186 $ (36,723) $ (10,748) (47,471) $ As of December 31, 2019 Accumulated Amortization Gross Amount 82,314 $ 20,262 102,576 $ (29,760) $ (12,735) (42,495) $ Net 76,927 $ 23,788 100,715 $ Net 52,554 7,527 60,081 58 Table of Contents The expected future annual amortization expense for the years ending December 31, is as follows (in thousands): 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 Thereafter Total 8. BUSINESS COMBINATIONS NurseGrid $ $ 14,723 13,599 12,937 11,440 10,724 36,593 100,016 On March 9, 2020, the Company acquired all of the outstanding stock of HcT2 Co. dba NurseGrid (NurseGrid), a Portland, Oregon-based healthcare technology company offering NurseGrid Mobile and its corollary application for nurse managers, NurseGrid Enterprise, for net cash consideration of approximately $21.5 million, after giving effect to the post-closing working capital adjustment. The Company accounted for this transaction as a business combination achieved in stages which required the Company to remeasure its previously existing minority ownership interest held in NurseGrid, which was accounted for as a non-marketable equity investment measured using the fair value alternative, to fair value at the acquisition date based on the total enterprise value, adjusting for a control premium. The fair value of the Company’s interest in NurseGrid was $3.6 million at closing, resulting in a gain of $1.2 million, recorded as a change in fair value of non-marketable equity investments in the Company’s Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income. Additionally, the Company’s previously recorded non-marketable equity investment in NurseGrid was de-recognized from the Company’s Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. Acquisition-related transaction costs were $0.2 million. The financial results of NurseGrid have been included in the Workforce Solutions segment from March 9, 2020. A summary of the purchase price is as follows (in thousands): Cash paid at closing Post-closing adjustment, net of cash received Cash acquired Net consideration paid Fair value of existing equity interest in NurseGrid Net consideration paid The following table summarizes the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the date of acquisition (in thousands): Accounts and unbilled receivable, net Prepaid and other current assets Operating lease right-of-use assets Deferred tax assets Goodwill Intangible assets Accounts payable and accrued liabilities Deferred revenue Operating lease liabilities Net assets acquired $ $ $ $ 25,485 33 (4,064) 21,454 3,623 25,077 92 155 50 2,121 21,085 1,845 (143) (78) (50) 25,077 The excess of purchase price over the fair values of net tangible and intangible assets is recorded as goodwill. The fair values of tangible and identifiable intangible assets and liabilities are based on management’s estimates and assumptions. The primary intangible assets acquired were developed technology and trade name. The fair value estimate for developed technology intangible asset included significant assumptions, including the estimate of employee hours that would be needed to recreate the technology. The fair value estimate for trade name intangible asset included significant assumptions in the prospective financial information, such as projected revenues, royalty rate, and the discount rate. Additionally, these assumptions are forward looking and could be affected by future economic and market conditions. The goodwill balance is primarily attributed to the assembled workforce, future market opportunities to engage and support the NurseGrid Mobile 59 Table of Contents user community, and expected synergies from integrating NurseGrid with other combined functional areas within the Company. The goodwill balance is not deductible for U.S. income tax purposes. The net tangible assets include deferred revenue, which was adjusted down from a book value at the acquisition date of $157,000 to an estimated fair value of $78,000. The $79,000 write-down of deferred revenue will result in lower revenues than would have otherwise been recognized for such services. The following table sets forth the components of identifiable intangible assets and their estimated useful lives as of the acquisition date (in thousands): Customer relationships Developed technology Trade name Total intangible assets Fair value Useful life $ $ 35 1,110 700 1,845 8 years 5 years Indefinite The amounts of revenue and operating loss of NurseGrid included in the Company’s Consolidated Statement of Income since the date of acquisition of March 9, 2020 for the year ended December 31, 2020 are as follows (in thousands): Total revenues Operating loss $ $ 219 (2,650) The following unaudited pro forma financial information summarizes the results of operations of the Company and NurseGrid as though the companies were combined as of January 1, 2019 (in thousands, except per share data): Total revenues Income from continuing operations Net income Net income per share - basic Net income per share - diluted Year Ended December 31, 2020 2019 $ $ $ $ $ 244,963 $ 13,576 $ 13,576 $ 0.42 $ 0.42 $ 255,566 11,405 12,979 0.40 0.40 These unaudited pro forma combined results of operations include certain adjustments arising from the acquisition, such as amortization of intangible assets, depreciation of property and equipment, interest expense related to NurseGrid’s previously outstanding debt, and fair value adjustments of acquired deferred revenue balances. The unaudited pro forma combined results of operations is for informational purposes only and is not indicative of what the Company’s results of operations would have been had the transaction occurred at the beginning of the earliest period presented or to project the Company’s results of operations in any future period. ShiftWizard On October 12, 2020, the Company acquired all of the outstanding stock of ShiftWizard, Inc. (ShiftWizard) a Raleigh, North Carolina-based healthcare technology company offering a SaaS-based solution that integrates key workforce management capabilities, including scheduling, productivity, and forecasting. The consideration paid for ShiftWizard consisted of $30.2 million in cash and is subject to a post-closing working capital and purchase price adjustment, of which $0.3 million has been accrued as a liability as of December 31, 2020. Of the purchase price paid at closing, $0.5 million is being held in escrow for a period of time following the closing to serve as a source of recovery for certain potential indemnification claims by the Company. Acquisition-related transaction costs were $0.3 million. The financial results of ShiftWizard have been included in the Workforce Solutions segment from October 12, 2020. 60 Table of Contents The following table summarizes the preliminary fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the date of acquisition (in thousands): Cash Accounts and unbilled receivable, net Prepaid assets Operating lease right-of-use assets Property and equipment Indemnification assets Goodwill Intangible asset Accounts payable and accrued liabilities Deferred revenue Deferred tax liability Operating lease liabilities Indemnification liability Net assets acquired $ $ 1,091 1,041 108 183 50 464 19,307 12,660 (601) (1,601) (1,559) (183) (464) 30,496 The excess of preliminary purchase price over the preliminary fair values of net tangible and intangible assets is recorded as goodwill. The preliminary fair values of tangible and identifiable intangible assets and liabilities are based on management’s estimates and assumptions. The preliminary fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed continue to be subject to change during the measurement period (up to one year from the acquisition date) as the Company finalizes the valuation of these items. The primary areas of the preliminary purchase price allocation that are not finalized include the composition and valuation of income tax attributes and working capital. Included in the preliminary assets and liabilities is an indemnification asset and liability of $0.5 million associated with a Paycheck Protection Program loan pending forgiveness that has subsequently been forgiven. The primary intangible assets acquired were customer relationships and developed technology. The fair value estimate for customer relationships intangible asset included significant assumptions in the prospective financial information, such as revenue growth, customer attrition, EBITDA margin, and the discount rate. The fair value estimate for developed technology intangible asset included significant assumptions, including the estimate of employee hours that would be needed to recreate the technology. Additionally, these assumptions are forward looking and could be affected by future economic and market conditions. The goodwill balance is primarily attributed to the assembled workforce, additional market opportunities from offering ShiftWizard products, and expected synergies from integrating ShiftWizard with other products or other combined functional areas within the Company. The goodwill balance is not deductible for U.S. income tax purposes. The net tangible assets include deferred revenue, which was adjusted down from a book value at the acquisition date of $2.7 million to an estimated fair value of $1.6 million. The $1.1 million write-down of deferred revenue will result in lower revenues than would have otherwise been recognized for such services. The following table sets forth the components of identifiable intangible assets and their estimated useful lives as of the acquisition date (in thousands): Customer relationships Developed technology Non-compete Trade name Total preliminary intangible assets subject to amortization Fair Value Useful life $ $ 7,800 4,050 580 230 12,660 18 years 5 years 1 - 5 years 5 years The amounts of revenue and operating loss of ShiftWizard included in the Company’s Consolidated Statement of Income since the date of acquisition of October 12, 2020 through December 31, 2020 are as follows (in thousands): Total revenues Operating loss $ $ 731 (553) 61 Table of Contents The following unaudited pro forma financial information summarizes the results of operations of the Company and ShiftWizard as though the companies were combined as of January 1, 2019 (in thousands, except per share data): Total revenues Income from continuing operations Net income Net income per share - basic Net income per share - diluted Year Ended December 31, 2020 2019 $ $ $ $ $ 248,306 $ 13,056 $ 13,056 $ 0.41 $ 0.41 $ 257,042 11,604 13,178 0.41 0.41 These unaudited pro forma combined results of operations include certain adjustments arising from the acquisition, such as amortization of intangible assets, depreciation of property and equipment, and fair value adjustments of acquired deferred revenue balances. The unaudited pro forma combined results of operations is for informational purposes only and is not indicative of what the Company’s results of operations would have been had the transaction occurred at the beginning of the earliest period presented or to project the Company’s results of operations in any future period. ANSOSTM Staff Scheduling application On December 2, 2020, the Company acquired all of the equity interests of Change Healthcare’s staff scheduling business, consisting of the ANSOSTM Staff Scheduling application and related products (ANSOS). The consideration paid for ANSOS was $68.0 million in cash, subject to a post-closing working capital and purchase price adjustment. Of the purchase price paid at closing, $0.3 million is being held in escrow for a period of time following the closing to serve as a source of recovery for certain potential indemnification claims by the Company. Acquisition-related transaction costs were $1.1 million. The financial results of ANSOS have been included in the Workforce Solutions segment from December 2, 2020. The following table summarizes the preliminary fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the date of acquisition (in thousands): Cash Accounts and unbilled receivable, net Prepaid assets Operating lease right-of-use assets Property and equipment Deferred tax assets Indemnification asset Goodwill Intangible assets Accounts payable and accrued liabilities Deferred revenue Operating lease liabilities Uncertain tax position liability Net assets acquired $ $ 1,599 11,421 481 888 66 2,938 708 35,258 32,440 (1,693) (14,529) (888) (708) 67,981 The excess of preliminary purchase price over the preliminary fair values of net tangible and intangible assets is recorded as goodwill. The fair values of tangible and identifiable intangible assets and liabilities are based on management’s estimates and assumptions. The preliminary fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed continue to be subject to change during the measurement period (up to one year from the acquisition date) as the Company finalizes the valuation of these items. The primary areas of the preliminary purchase price allocation that are not finalized include the composition and valuation of income tax attributes and working capital. Included in the preliminary assets and liabilities acquired is an indemnification asset and an uncertain tax position liability of $0.7 million determined based on management’s estimate of the most likely value related to income tax attributes. The primary intangible assets acquired were customer relationships and developed technology. The fair value estimate for customer relationships intangible asset included significant assumptions regarding prospective financial information with respect to the acquisition, including with respect to revenue growth, customer attrition, EBITDA margin, and the discount rate. The fair value estimate for developed technology intangible asset included significant assumptions, including the estimate of employee hours that would be needed to recreate the technology. Additionally, these assumptions are forward looking and could be affected by future economic and market conditions. The goodwill balance is primarily attributed to the assembled workforce, additional market opportunities from offering ANSOS products, and expected synergies from integrating ANSOS with other products or other combined functional areas within the Company. 62 Table of Contents The goodwill balance is deductible for U.S. income tax purposes. The net tangible assets include deferred revenue, which was adjusted down from a book value at the acquisition date of $17.8 million to an estimated fair value of $14.5 million. The $3.3 million write-down of deferred revenue will result in lower revenues than would have otherwise been recognized for such services. The following table sets forth the components of identifiable intangible assets and their estimated useful lives as of the acquisition date (in thousands): Customer relationships Developed technology Trade name Total preliminary intangible assets subject to amortization Fair Value Useful life $ $ 21,100 9,800 1,540 32,440 11 - 14 years 5 years 10 years The amounts of revenue and operating loss of ANSOS included in the Company’s Consolidated Statement of Income since the date of acquisition of December 2, 2020 through December 31, 2020 are as follows (in thousands): Total revenues Operating loss $ $ 959 (469) The following unaudited pro forma financial information summarizes the results of operations of the Company and ANSOS as though the companies were combined as of January 1, 2019 (in thousands, except per share data): Total revenues Income from continuing operations Net income Net income per share - basic Net income per share - diluted Year Ended December 31, 2020 2019 $ $ $ $ $ 270,246 $ 18,861 $ 18,861 $ 0.59 $ 0.59 $ 278,491 16,534 18,108 0.56 0.56 These unaudited pro forma combined results of operations include certain adjustments arising from the acquisition, such as amortization of intangible assets, depreciation of property and equipment, and fair value adjustments of acquired deferred revenue balances. The unaudited pro forma combined results of operations is for informational purposes only and is not indicative of what the Company’s results of operations would have been had the transaction occurred at the beginning of the earliest period presented or to project the Company’s results of operations in any future period. Providigm, LLC On January 10, 2019, the Company acquired the outstanding equity of Providigm, LLC (Providigm), a Denver, Colorado based company focusing on quality assurance and performance improvement in healthcare, primarily serving skilled nursing facilities. The Company acquired Providigm to add its comprehensive quality management system, known as abaqis®, to its product portfolio and gain customers in the skilled nursing market. The consideration paid for Providigm consisted of $18.0 million in cash, which the Company funded with cash on hand. The Company incurred $388,000 in transaction costs, of which $63,000 was incurred during 2019 and $325,000 was incurred during 2018. The results of operations for Providigm have been included in the Workforce Solutions segment of the Company’s Financial Statements from the date of acquisition. 63 Table of Contents The following table summarizes the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the date of acquisition (in thousands): Accounts and unbilled receivable, net Prepaid assets Property and equipment Operating lease right-of-use assets Other assets Deferred tax assets Goodwill Intangible assets Accounts payable and accrued liabilities Deferred revenue Operating lease liabilities Net assets acquired $ $ 960 847 50 1,233 49 104 11,395 5,950 (1,196) (141) (1,233) 18,018 The excess of purchase price over the fair values of net tangible and intangible assets is recorded as goodwill. The fair values of tangible and identifiable intangible assets and liabilities are based on management’s estimates and assumptions. The primary intangible assets acquired were customer relationships and developed technology. The fair value estimate for customer relationships intangible asset included significant assumptions in the prospective financial information, such as revenue growth, customer attrition, and EBITDA margin, and the discount rate. The fair value estimate for developed technology intangible asset included significant assumptions, including the estimate of employee hours that would be needed to recreate the technology. Additionally, these assumptions are forward looking and could be affected by future economic and market conditions. The goodwill balance is primarily attributed to the assembled workforce, additional market opportunities from offering Providigm’s products, and expected synergies from integrating Providigm with other products or other combined functional areas within the Company. The goodwill balance is deductible for U.S. income tax purposes. The net tangible assets include deferred revenue, which was adjusted down from a book value at the acquisition date of $266,000 to an estimated fair value of $141,000. The $125,000 write-down of deferred revenue will result in lower revenues than would have otherwise been recognized for such services. The acquired assets and liabilities included a $0.8 million indemnification asset and liability determined based on management’s estimate of the most likely value related to tax liabilities. The following table sets forth the components of identifiable intangible assets and their estimated useful lives as of the acquisition date (in thousands): Customer relationships Developed technology Trade Name Total preliminary intangible assets subject to amortization Fair Value Useful life $ $ 3,500 2,200 250 5,950 12 years 5 years 7 years Pro forma results of operations have not been presented as the impact of the acquisition is not material to the Company’s financial results. CredentialMyDoc On December 16, 2019, the Company acquired substantially all the assets of CredentialMyDoc, a Savannah, Georgia based company focusing on intuitive, easy to use, and fast to implement software-as-a-service solution, especially in ambulatory care settings. The consideration paid for CredentialMyDoc consisted of $9.0 million in cash, after giving effect to the post-closing working capital adjustment. Acquisition-related transaction costs were $90,000. The results of operations for CredentialMyDoc have been included in the Provider Solutions segment of the Company’s Financial Statements from the date of acquisition. 64 Table of Contents The following table summarizes the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the date of acquisition (in thousands): Accounts and unbilled receivable, net Prepaid and other current assets Operating lease right-of-use assets Deferred tax assets Goodwill Intangible assets Accounts payable and accrued liabilities Deferred revenue Operating lease liabilities Net assets acquired $ $ 204 3 30 70 4,661 4,340 (7) (276) (30) 8,995 The excess of purchase price over the fair values of net tangible and intangible assets is recorded as goodwill. The fair values of tangible and identifiable intangible assets and liabilities are based on management’s estimates and assumptions. The primary intangible assets acquired were customer relationships and developed technology. The fair value estimate for customer relationships intangible asset included significant assumptions regarding prospective financial information with respect to this acquisition, including with respect to revenue growth, customer attrition, and EBITDA margin, and the discount rate. The fair value estimate for developed technology intangible asset included significant assumptions, including the estimate of employee hours that would be needed to recreate the technology. Additionally, these assumptions are forward looking and could be affected by future economic and market conditions. The goodwill balance is primarily attributed to the assembled workforce, additional market opportunities from offering CredentialMyDoc products, and expected synergies from integrating CredentialMyDoc with other products or other combined functional areas within the Company. The goodwill balance is deductible for U.S. income tax purposes. The net tangible assets include deferred revenue, which was adjusted down from a book value at the acquisition date of $587,000 to an estimated fair value of $276,000. The $311,000 write-down of deferred revenue will result in lower revenues than would have otherwise been recognized for such services. The following table sets forth the components of identifiable intangible assets and their estimated useful lives as of the acquisition date (in thousands): Customer relationships Developed technology Non-compete Trade name Total intangible assets subject to amortization Preliminary Fair value Useful life $ $ 2,100 2,100 110 30 4,340 9 years 4 years 5 years 3 years Pro forma results of operations have not been presented as the impact of the acquisition is not material to the Company’s financial results. Other Business Combinations On December 10, 2020, the Company acquired substantially all of the assets of myClinicalExchange, LLC, a Denver, Colorado-based information technologies company offering a SaaS-based solution that allows healthcare organizations to track, manage, and report the intern and clinical rotation educational requirements of medical, nursing, and allied healthcare students, as well as host required documentation for medical residents. The consideration paid for myClinicalExchange consisted of $4.4 million in cash. Of the purchase price paid at closing, $0.4 million is being held in escrow for a period of time following the closing to serve as a source of recovery for certain potential indemnification claims by the Company. Acquisition-related transaction costs were $0.1 million. The acquisition is not considered material to the Company’s financial statements. The Company accounted for the acquisition as a business combination and has allocated the purchase consideration based on management’s estimates of fair value. The results of operations for myClinicalExchange are included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements from the date of acquisition and are included in the HealthStream Workforce Solutions segment. 65 Table of Contents 9. BUSINESS SEGMENTS The Company provides services to healthcare organizations and other members within the healthcare industry. The Company’s services are focused on the delivery of workforce training, certification, assessment, development, and scheduling products and services (Workforce Solutions) and provider credentialing, privileging, call center, and enrollment products and services (Provider Solutions). The Company measures segment performance based on operating income before income taxes and prior to the allocation of certain corporate overhead expenses, interest income, interest expense, gains and losses from equity investments, and depreciation. The Unallocated component below includes corporate functions, such as accounting, human resources, legal, information systems, investor relations, administrative and executive personnel, depreciation, a portion of amortization, and certain other expenses, which are not currently allocated in measuring segment performance. The following is the Company’s business segment information as of and for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018 (in thousands). Revenues, net: Workforce Solutions Provider Solutions Total revenues, net Operating income: Workforce Solutions Provider Solutions Unallocated Total operating income Workforce Solutions Provider Solutions Discontinued operations Unallocated Total Assets* 2020 270,924 $ 140,490 — 88,899 500,313 $ $ $ 2019 118,382 $ 148,398 — 222,764 489,544 $ 2020 2019 2018 197,587 $ 47,239 244,826 $ 208,599 $ 45,513 254,112 $ 190,139 41,477 231,616 2020 2019 2018 41,622 $ 4,678 (30,482) 15,818 $ 40,296 $ 5,384 (30,960) 14,720 $ 38,834 3,474 (26,817) 15,491 $ $ $ $ Purchases of long-lived assets 2019 2020 2018 Depreciation and amortization 2019 2018 2020 17,586 2,849 — 573 21,008 $ $ 14,972 $ 2,959 — 13,602 31,533 $ 12,820 $ 5,240 180 7,191 25,431 $ 12,930 10,311 — 6,948 30,189 $ $ 10,813 $ 9,757 — 7,299 27,869 $ 9,780 8,895 181 5,375 24,231 * Segment assets include accounts and unbilled receivables, prepaid royalties, prepaid and other current assets, other assets, capitalized software development, deferred commissions, certain property and equipment, and intangible assets. Cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities, non-marketable equity investments, and certain ROU assets are not allocated to individual segments and are included within Unallocated. A significant portion of property and equipment assets are included within Unallocated. 10. INCOME TAXES Components of earnings before income taxes are as follows (in thousands): United States Foreign Earnings before income taxes The provision for income taxes is comprised of the following (in thousands): Current federal Current state Current foreign Deferred federal Deferred state Deferred foreign Provision for income taxes 2020 Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 $ $ 17,719 $ 105 17,824 $ 17,929 $ — 17,929 $ 16,575 — 16,575 2020 Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 $ $ (1,022) $ 387 71 3,830 467 (1) 3,732 $ 233 $ 634 — 2,717 149 — 3,733 $ (79) 386 — 2,661 356 — 3,324 66 Table of Contents A reconciliation of income taxes at the statutory federal income tax rate to the provision for income taxes included in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Income is as follows (in thousands): Federal tax provision at the statutory rate State income tax provision, net of federal benefit Tax credits Change in valuation allowance Impact of foreign operations Stock compensation Other Provision for income taxes 2020 Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 $ $ 3,743 $ 787 (745) 4 7 27 (91) 3,732 $ 3,765 $ 895 (614) (247) — (117) 51 3,733 $ 3,482 658 (509) 2 — (560) 251 3,324 Management periodically assesses the realizability of its deferred tax assets, and to the extent that a recovery is not likely, a valuation allowance is established to reduce the deferred tax asset to the amount estimated to be recoverable. At December 31, 2020, the Company has a valuation allowance of $0.6 million recorded against deferred tax assets for state net operating losses and certain foreign deferred tax assets. As of December 31, 2020, the Company had federal, state, and foreign net operating loss carryforwards of $13.2 million, $23.2 million, and $0.2 million, respectively. Certain losses have an indefinite carryforward period, while other loss carryforwards will expire in years 2021 through 2041. The net operating loss carryforwards may be subject to annual limitations under Internal Revenue Code Section 382. The annual limitations could result in the expiration of a portion of net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards before they are fully utilized. The Company is subject to income taxation at the federal, foreign, and various state levels. The Company is no longer subject to U.S. federal tax examinations for tax years before 2017, and with few exceptions, the Company is not subject to examination by foreign or state tax authorities for tax years which ended before 2017. Loss carryforwards and credit carryforwards generated or utilized in years earlier than 2017 are also subject to examination and adjustment. A reconciliation of the beginning and ending liability for gross unrecognized tax benefits are as follows (in thousands): Balance at beginning of year Additions for tax positions in the current year Additions for tax positions of prior years Balance at end of year December 31, 2020 2019 $ $ 317 $ — 645 962 $ 317 — — 317 The Company recognized $20,000 and $14,000 for interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits within the provision for income taxes during the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019. Unrecognized tax benefits included tax positions of $317,000 for both December 31, 2020 and 2019, that if recognized would impact the Company’s effective tax rate. The balance of the remaining unrecognized tax benefits are not expected to have a rate impact due to the liability being subject to an indemnification agreement. 67 Table of Contents Deferred federal and state income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. Significant components of deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are as follows (in thousands): Deferred tax assets: Allowance for doubtful accounts Accrued liabilities Lease liability Tax credits Stock based compensation Deferred revenue Basis difference on investments Net operating loss carryforwards Total deferred tax assets Less: Valuation allowance Deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance Deferred tax liabilities: Deductible goodwill Nondeductible intangible assets Right of use assets Prepaid assets Capitalized software development Depreciation Total deferred tax liabilities Net deferred tax liabilities December 31, 2020 2019 $ 143 $ 1,927 8,356 119 691 3,244 395 3,692 18,567 (550) 18,017 2,614 3,752 7,378 6,986 6,989 3,846 31,565 215 1,775 8,778 683 198 381 263 12,293 (64) 12,229 2,236 801 7,773 6,275 5,580 2,478 25,143 $ 13,548 $ 12,914 The Company realized $27,000 of excess tax expense related to stock based awards during the year ended December 31, 2020, which was reflected in the statement of income as a component of the provision for income taxes. 11. STOCK BASED COMPENSATION Stock Incentive Plan The Company has outstanding stock based awards under its 2016 Omnibus Incentive Plan (2016 Plan). The 2016 Plan authorizes the grant of options, restricted share units (RSUs), or other forms of stock based compensation to employees, officers, directors, and others, and such grants must be approved by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors. The 2016 Plan allows the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors to determine the vesting period and parameters of each grant. The vesting period of the options and RSUs granted has historically ranged from immediate vesting to annual vesting up to four years, generally beginning one year after the grant date. As of December 31, 2020, 626,000 shares of common stock were available to be granted under the 2016 Plan. 68 Table of Contents Stock Option Activity A summary of activity and various other information relative to stock options for the year ended December 31, 2020 is presented in the tables below (in thousands, except exercise price). Outstanding at beginning of period Granted Exercised Expired Forfeited Outstanding at end of period Exercisable at end of period Common Shares Weighted- Average Exercise Price Aggregate Intrinsic Value — $ 90 — — — 90 $ — $ — 20.34 — — — 20.34 $ — $ 135 — Other information relative to option activity during the three years ended December 31, 2020 is as follows (in thousands): Total intrinsic value of stock options exercised Cash proceeds from exercise of stock options 2020 2019 2018 $ $ — $ — $ 277 $ 214 $ 6,130 2,582 The aggregate intrinsic value for stock options in the table above represents the total difference between the Company’s closing stock price on December 31, 2020 (the last trading day of the year) of $21.84 per share and the option exercise price, multiplied by the number of in-the money options as of December 31, 2020. The weighted average remaining contractual term of options outstanding at December 31, 2020 was 10 years. Restricted Share Unit Activity A summary of activity relative to RSUs for the year ended December 31, 2020 is as follows (in thousands, except weighted average grant date fair value): Outstanding at beginning of period Granted Vested Forfeited Outstanding at end of period Number of RSU’s Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value Aggregate Intrinsic Value 287 $ 115 (90) (13) 299 $ 25.61 22.94 24.53 24.56 24.95 $ 6,526 The aggregate fair value of RSUs that vested during the year ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, as of the respective vesting dates, was $2.2 million and $1.9 million, respectively. A portion of RSUs that vested in 2020 and 2019 were net-share settled such that the Company withheld shares with value equivalent to the employees’ minimum statutory obligation for the applicable income and other employment taxes and remitted the cash to the appropriate taxing authorities. The total shares withheld for RSUs during 2020 and 2019 were 19,000 and 15,000, respectively, and were based on the value of the RSUs on their respective settlement dates as determined by the Company’s closing stock price. Total payments related to RSUs for the employees’ tax obligations to taxing authorities were $0.4 million in 2020, $0.4 million in 2019, and $0.3 million in 2018, and are reflected as a financing activity within the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. 69 Table of Contents Stock Based Compensation Total stock based compensation expense, which is recorded in our Consolidated Statements of Income, recorded for the years ended December 31, is as follows (in thousands): Cost of revenues (excluding depreciation and amortization) Product development Sales and marketing Other general and administrative Total stock based compensation expense 2020 Years Ended December 31, 2019 2018 $ $ 41 $ 363 199 1,615 2,218 $ 699 $ 956 614 1,975 4,244 $ 37 296 183 1,261 1,777 The Company amortizes the fair value of all stock based awards, net of estimated forfeitures, on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period, which generally is the vesting period. As of December 31, 2020, total unrecognized compensation expense related to non-vested stock options and RSUs was $4.3 million, net of estimated forfeitures, with a weighted average expense recognition period remaining of 2.6 years. The Company realized $27,000 of excess tax expense related to stock based awards during the year ended December 31, 2020, which was reflected in the Consolidated Statement of Income as a component of the provision for income taxes. Stock based compensation cost for RSUs is measured based on the closing fair market value of the Company’s stock on the date of grant. Stock based compensation cost for stock options is estimated at the grant date based on the fair value calculated using the Black-Scholes method. Stock Awards During June 2019, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, Robert A. Frist, Jr., contributed 78,520 of his personally owned shares of HealthStream, Inc. common stock (valued at $2.0 million) to the Company, without any consideration paid to him, for the benefit of the Company’s employees. In connection therewith, effective June 26, 2019 the Company approved the award of 78,520 fully vested shares of common stock to approximately 820 employees of the Company under the HealthStream, Inc. 2016 Omnibus Incentive Plan. These shares were issued in July 2019. As required by ASC Topic 718, Compensation – Stock Compensation, the Company recognized $2.0 million of stock based compensation expense for these stock awards during the three months ended June 30, 2019 based on the closing fair market value of the Company’s stock on the date of the Company’s approval of these grants. Total payments related to the employees’ tax obligations to taxing authorities for these stock awards were $0.6 million and are reflected as a financing activity within the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows for 2019. In addition, the employer taxes and expenses associated with these grants were $0.2 million and were recorded as an expense during June 2019. Mr. Frist contributed an additional 7,852 of his personally owned shares to cover these costs. The receipt of shares from Mr. Frist and in connection with the withholding of shares as set forth above are presented on the Company’s Statement of Shareholders’ Equity in a similar manner as a share repurchase (i.e., reduction of outstanding shares). 12. EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLAN 401(k) Plan The Company has a defined-contribution employee benefit plan (401(k) Plan) incorporating provisions of Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code. Employees must have attained the age of 21 and have completed thirty days of service to be eligible to participate in the 401(k) Plan. Under the provisions of the 401(k) Plan, a plan member may make contributions, on a tax-deferred basis, subject to IRS limitations. The Company elected to provide eligible employees with matching contributions totaling $1.2 million, $1.4 million, and $1.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018, respectively. 13. DISCONTINUED OPERATIONS On February 12, 2018, the Company divested its PX business to Press Ganey for $65.2 million in cash (after giving effect to the post-closing working capital adjustment), resulting in a gain, net of tax, of $20.5 million, of which $19.0 million was recorded during the year ended December 31, 2018 and $1.5 million was recorded during the year ended December 31, 2019. This sale of the PX business resulted in the divestiture of the Company’s patient experience solutions business segment. The Company has classified the results of its PX business segment as discontinued operations in its Consolidated Statements of Income and Cash Flows for all periods presented. 14. DEBT At December 31, 2020 and 2019, the Company had no debt outstanding. 70 Table of Contents Revolving Credit Facility The Company entered into a Third Amendment to Revolving Credit Agreement (Revolving Credit Facility), amending the Revolving Credit Facility, dated as of November 24, 2014 with Truist Bank, successor by merger to SunTrust Bank (Truist), extending the maturity date to October 28, 2023. The Amendment also increased the capacity under the Revolving Credit Facility to $65.0 million, which continues to include a $5.0 million swing line sub-facility and a $5.0 million letter of credit sub-facility, as well as an accordion feature that allows the Company to increase the Revolving Credit Facility by a total of up to $25.0 million, subject to securing additional commitments from existing lenders or new lending institutions. In addition, the Amendment, among other things, (i) increased the basket for dividends to $65.0 million so long as the pro forma leverage ratio is less than or equal to 1.50:1.00 and the Company has minimum liquidity of $30.0 million, (ii) increased the basket for permitted minority owned investments to $20.0 million, (iii) added a LIBOR floor of 0.50%, and (iv) adjusted the applicable margin. At the Company’s election, the borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility bear interest at either (1) a rate per annum equal to the highest of Truist’s prime rate or 0.5% in excess of the Federal Funds Rate or 1.0% in excess of one-month LIBOR (the Base Rate), plus an applicable margin, or (2) the one, two, three, or six-month per annum LIBOR for deposits in the applicable currency (the Eurocurrency Rate), as selected by the Company, plus an applicable margin. The applicable margin for Eurocurrency Rate loans depends on the Company’s funded debt leverage ratio and varies from 1.50% to 1.75%. The applicable margin for Base Rate loans depends on the Company’s funded debt leverage ratio and varies from 0.50% to 0.75%. Commitment fees and letter of credit fees are also payable under the Revolving Credit Facility. Principal is payable in full at maturity on October 28, 2023, and there are no scheduled principal payments prior to maturity. The Company is required to pay a commitment fee ranging between 20 and 30 basis points per annum of the average daily unused portion of the Revolving Credit Facility, depending on the Company’s funded debt leverage ratio. The obligations under the Revolving Credit Facility are guaranteed by each of the Company’s subsidiaries. The purpose of the Revolving Credit Facility is for general working capital needs, permitted acquisitions (as defined in the Loan Agreement), and for stock repurchase and/or redemption transactions that the Company may authorize. The Revolving Credit Facility contains certain covenants that, among other things, restrict additional indebtedness, liens and encumbrances, changes to the character of the Company’s business, acquisitions, asset dispositions, mergers and consolidations, sale or discount of receivables, creation or acquisitions of additional subsidiaries, and other matters customarily restricted in such agreements. In addition, the Revolving Credit Facility requires the Company to meet certain financial tests, including, without limitation: • • a funded debt leverage ratio (consolidated debt/consolidated EBITDA) of not greater than 3.0 to 1.0; and an interest coverage ratio (consolidated EBITDA/consolidated interest expense) of not less than 3.0 to 1.0. As of December 31, 2020, the Company was in compliance with all covenants. There were no balances outstanding on the Revolving Credit Facility as of December 31, 2020 and there were no borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility during the year ended December 31, 2020. 15. LEASES During 2020, the Company acquired operating leases as part of its acquisitions of NurseGrid, Shiftwizard, and ANSOS, resulting in a $1.1 million ROU asset and lease liability. As of December 31, 2020, the Company did not have any leases that have not yet commenced. The Company’s operating lease expense as presented in other general and administrative expense in the Consolidated Statement of Income was $4.8 million and $4.9 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2020 and 2019. Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of operating lease liabilities was $4.9 million and $2.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019. As of December 31, 2020, the weighted-average remaining lease term was 9.6 years, and the weighted-average incremental borrowing rate was 6%. 71 Table of Contents The table below presents the lease-related assets and liabilities recorded on the Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2020 (in thousands). Assets Operating lease right-of-use assets Classification Operating lease right of use assets, net Total leased assets Liabilities Operating lease liabilities, current Operating lease liabilities, noncurrent Total operating lease liabilities Accounts payable and accrued expenses Operating lease liability, noncurrent Year Ended December 31, 2020 2019 $ $ $ $ 28,081 $ 28,081 $ 3,390 $ 28,479 31,869 $ The table below presents the maturities of lease liabilities under non-cancellable leases as of December 31, 2020 (in thousands). 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 Thereafter Total undiscounted lease payments Less imputed interest Total lease liabilities 16. LITIGATION $ $ $ 29,615 29,615 2,797 30,733 33,530 5,229 4,430 4,130 4,176 3,942 20,650 42,557 10,688 31,869 In connection with its business, the Company is from time to time involved in various legal actions. The litigation process is inherently uncertain, and it is possible that the resolution of such matters might have a material adverse effect upon the financial condition and/or results of operations of the Company. However, in the opinion of the Company’s management, matters currently pending or threatened against the Company are not expected to have a material adverse effect on the financial position or results of operations of the Company. 17. NON-MARKETABLE EQUITY INVESTMENTS The aggregate carrying amount of non-marketable equity investments accounted for using the measurement alternative for equity investments that do not have readily determinable fair values was $3.9 million and $5.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, which carrying value we evaluate for impairment at each reporting period. During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company recorded a $1.2 million upward adjustment to the carrying value of our non-marketable equity investment in NurseGrid due to a change in fair value based on the consideration paid upon the Company’s acquisition of NurseGrid on March 9, 2020 (see Note 8). Cumulatively, the Company has recorded $0.1 million in downward adjustments to the carrying value of non-marketable equity investments. Such is the combination of cumulative downward adjustments of $1.3 million offset by cumulative upward adjustments of $1.2 million. Cumulatively, the Company has recorded $1.3 million in reductions to the carrying value of non-marketable equity investments due to downward changes in fair value based on observable prices from orderly transactions for similar investments made in the investee. The fair value of non-marketable equity investments is not estimated if there are no identified events or changes in circumstances that may have a significant adverse effect on the fair value of the investment. 18. SUBSEQUENT EVENT On January 19, 2021, the Company acquired the issued and outstanding equity of ProcessDATA, Ltd. (d/b/a ComplyALIGN and HospitalPORTAL), a Chicago, Illinois-based healthcare technology company offering a SaaS-based policy management system for healthcare organizations, for $2.0 million in cash, subject to customary price adjustments. The acquisition is not considered material to the Company’s financial statements. The Company accounted for the acquisition as a business combination and has allocated the purchase consideration based on management’s estimates of fair value. The results of operations for ComplyALIGN are included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements from the date of acquisition and are included in the HealthStream Workforce Solutions segment. 72 Table of Contents Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure None. Item 9A. Controls and Procedures Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures HealthStream’s chief executive officer and principal financial officer have reviewed and evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the Exchange Act)) as of December 31, 2020. Based on that evaluation, the chief executive officer and principal financial officer have concluded that HealthStream’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective to ensure that the information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports the Company files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms, and the information required to be disclosed in the reports the Company files or submits under the Exchange Act was accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management, including its principal executive and principal financial officer, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act, and for assessing the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting. The Company’s internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with GAAP. The Company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that: (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the Company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP, and that receipts and expenditures of the Company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the Company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the Company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. As discussed above, we completed the acquisition of ShiftWizard on October 12, 2020, completed the acquisition of ANSOS on December 2, 2020, and completed the acquisition of myClinicalExchange on December 10, 2020. We are continuing the process of analyzing the systems of internal control over financial reporting of these acquired businesses and integrating them within our broader framework of controls. In accordance with the SEC’s rules which allow us to exclude these acquired businesses from our internal controls assessment in respect of periods ending on or prior to the first anniversary of the completion of any such acquisition, and taking into account the proximity of the closing date of these acquisitions to our internal controls assessment date of December 31, 2020, we have excluded these acquired businesses from management’s assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020. The assets of ShiftWizard as of December 31, 2020 represented approximately 1% of our total consolidated assets as of such date, and the net revenues of the ShiftWizard during the year ended December 31, 2020 (including the period in 2020 prior to our acquisition of ShiftWizard) represented approximately 2% of our consolidated net revenues during our fiscal year ended December 31, 2020. The assets of ANSOS as of December 31, 2020 represented approximately 3% of our total consolidated assets as of such date, and the net revenues of ANSOS during the year ended December 31, 2020 (including the period in 2020 prior to the acquisition of ANSOS) represented approximately 11% of our consolidated net revenues during our fiscal year ended December 31, 2020. The assets of myClinicalExchange as of December 31, 2020 represented less than 1% of our total consolidated assets as of such date, and the net revenues of myClinicalExchange during the year ended December 31, 2020 (including the period in 2020 prior to our acquisition of myClinicalExchange) represented less than 1% of our consolidated net revenues during our fiscal year ended December 31, 2020. We plan to complete the integration of these acquired businesses within our broader framework of internal controls during 2021 and include these acquired businesses within management’s assessment of our internal control over financial reporting in our next annual report on Form 10-K. Management assessed the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020. In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013 Framework). Management’s assessment included an evaluation of the design of our internal control over financial reporting and testing of the operational 73 Table of Contents effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. Management believes that, as of December 31, 2020, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was effective based on those criteria. The Company’s independent registered public accounting firm, Ernst & Young LLP, has issued an audit report on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting, which appears in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting There were no changes in HealthStream’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the fourth quarter of 2020 that have materially affected, or that are reasonably likely to materially affect, HealthStream’s internal control over financial reporting. Item 9B. Other Information None. 74 Table of Contents Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance PART III Information as to directors of the Company and corporate governance is incorporated by reference from the information to be contained in our proxy statement for the 2021 Annual Meeting of Shareholders (2021 Proxy Statement) that we will file with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days of the end of the fiscal year to which this report relates. Pursuant to General Instruction G(3), certain information concerning executive officers of the Company is included in Part I of this Form 10-K, under the caption Information about our Executive Officers. Item 11. Executive Compensation Incorporated by reference from the information to be contained in the Company’s 2021 Proxy Statement. Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters Incorporated by reference from the information to be contained in the Company’s 2021 Proxy Statement. Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence Incorporated by reference from the information to be contained in the Company’s 2021 Proxy Statement. Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services Incorporated by reference from the information to be contained in the Company’s 2021 Proxy Statement. 75 Table of Contents Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules (a)(1) Financial Statements PART IV Reference is made to the financial statements included in Item 8 to this Report on Form 10-K. (a)(2) Financial Statement Schedules All schedules are omitted because they are not applicable or the required information is shown in the Consolidated Financial Statements or the notes thereto. (a)(3) Exhibits Number 2.1 (1) 2.2 (2) 3.1* 3.2 (3) * 4.1* 4.2* 4.3 (4) 10.1^ (5) 10.2^* 10.3^ (6) 10.4 (7) 10.5^ 10.6^ (8) 10.7^ (9) 10.8^ (10) 10.9^ (10) 10.10 (11) 10.11 (12) 10.12 (13) 10.13 (14) 10.14^ (15) 10.15^ (15) 10.16^ 10.17^ 10.18^ (16) 10.19^ 21.1 23.1 31.1 31.2 Membership Interest Purchase Agreement, by and between HealthStream, Inc. and Press Ganey Associates, Inc., dated February 12, 2018. Equity Purchase Agreement, dated November 25, 2020, by and among HSTM Max Holdings, Inc., Change Healthcare Holdings, LLC, Change Healthcare Technologies, LLC and Change Healthcare Ireland Limited. Description Fourth Amended and Restated Charter of HealthStream, Inc. Second Amended and Restated Bylaws of HealthStream, Inc. Form of certificate representing the common stock, no par value per share, of HealthStream, Inc. Reference is made to Exhibits 3.1 and 3.2. Description of Capital Stock of HealthStream, Inc. 2010 Stock Incentive Plan, effective as of May 27, 2010 Form of Indemnification Agreement Executive Employment Agreement, dated July 21, 2005, between HealthStream, Inc. and Robert A. Frist, Jr. Revolving Credit Agreement, dated November 24, 2014, by and among HealthStream, Inc., the several banks and other financial institutions and lenders from time to time party thereto and SunTrust Bank, as administrative agent, issuing bank, and swingline lender Summary of Director and Executive Officer Compensation Letter Agreement, dated as of September 24, 2015, between HealthStream, Inc. and Michael Sousa. 2016 Omnibus Incentive Plan. Form of HealthStream, Inc. Restricted Share Unit Agreement (Officers) under 2016 Omnibus Incentive Plan. Form of HealthStream, Inc. Restricted Share Unit Agreement (Non-Employee Director) under 2016 Omnibus Incentive Plan. Lease Agreement, dated April 3, 2017, by and between HealthStream, Inc. and Capitol View Joint Venture. First Amendment to Revolving Credit Agreement, dated November 13, 2017, by and between HealthStream, Inc. and SunTrust Bank. Second Amendment to Revolving Credit Agreement, dated as of December 31, 2018, by and between HealthStream, Inc. and SunTrust Bank. Third Amendment to Revolving Credit Agreement, dated as of October 28, 2020, by and between HealthStream, Inc. and SunTrust Bank. Form of HealthStream, Inc. Restricted Share Unit Agreement (Performance) under 2016 Omnibus Plan between HealthStream, Inc. and J. Edward Pearson Form of HealthStream, Inc. Restricted Share Unit Agreement (Performance) under 2016 Stock Incentive Plan between HealthStream, Inc. and Michael Sousa HealthStream, Inc. Amended 2020 Executive and Corporate Management Cash Incentive Bonus Plan HealthStream, Inc. Amended 2020 Provider Solutions Cash Incentive Bonus Plan Contribution Agreement dated as of June 26, 2019 between HealthStream, Inc. and Robert A. Frist, Jr. Form of HealthStream, Inc. Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement under 2016 Omnibus Incentive Plan. Subsidiaries of HealthStream, Inc. Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Certification of the Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Certification of the Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 76 Table of Contents 32.1 32.2 101.1 INS 101.1 SCH 101.1 CAL 101.1 DEF 101.1 LAB 101.1 PRE 104 * ^ (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document. Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted in Inline XBRL and included in Exhibit 101.1) Incorporated by reference to Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1, as amended (Reg. No. 333-88939). Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement Incorporated by reference from exhibit filed on our Current Report on Form 8-K, dated February 12, 2018. Incorporated by reference from exhibit filed on our Current Report on Form 8-K, dated November 30, 2020. Incorporated by reference from exhibit filed on our Current Report on Form 8-K, dated October 23, 2015. Incorporated by reference from exhibit filed on our Annual Report on Form 10-K, for the year ended December 31, 2019, filed with the SEC on February 26, 2020. Incorporated by reference to Appendix B of the Company’s Definitive Proxy Statement filed with the SEC on April 29, 2010. Incorporated by reference from exhibit filed on our Current Report on Form 8-K, dated July 25, 2005. Incorporated by reference from exhibit filed on our Current Report on Form 8-K, dated November 25, 2014. Incorporated by reference from exhibit filed on our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, for the quarterly period ended September 30, 2015, filed with the SEC on October 30, 2015. Incorporated by reference from exhibit filed on our Current Report on Form 8-K, dated May 31, 2016. Incorporated by reference from exhibit filed on our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, for the quarterly period ended March 31, 2017, filed with the SEC on May 1, 2017. Incorporated by reference from exhibit filed on our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, for the quarterly period ended June 30, 2017, filed with the SEC on July 31, 2017. Incorporated by reference from exhibit filed on our Current Report on Form 8-K, dated November 14, 2017. Incorporated by reference from exhibit filed on our Current Report on Form 8-K, dated January 2, 2019. Incorporated by reference from exhibit filed on our Current Report on Form 8-K, dated October 28, 2020. Incorporated by reference from exhibit filed on our Current Report on Form 8-K, dated May 16, 2018. Incorporated by reference from exhibit filed on our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, for the quarterly period ended June 30, 2019, filed with the SEC on July 26, 2019. Item 16. Form 10-K Summary None. 77 Table of Contents SIGNATURES Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized on this 25th day of February 2021. HEALTHSTREAM, INC. By: /s/ ROBERT A. FRIST, JR. Robert A. Frist, Jr. Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated: Signature /s/ ROBERT A. FRIST, JR. Robert A. Frist, Jr. /s/ SCOTT A. ROBERTS Scott A. Roberts /s/ THOMPSON DENT Thompson Dent /s/ FRANK GORDON Frank Gordon /s/ C. MARTIN HARRIS C. Martin Harris /s/ JEFFREY L. MCLAREN Jeffrey L. McLaren /s/ LINDA REBROVICK Linda Rebrovick /s/ MICHAEL SHMERLING Michael Shmerling /s/ WILLIAM STEAD William Stead /s/ DEBORAH TAYLOR TATE Deborah Taylor Tate Title(s) Chief Executive Officer and Chairman (Principal Executive Officer) Chief Financial Officer and Senior Vice President (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) Director Director Director Director Director Director Director Director 78 Date February 25, 2021 February 25, 2021 February 25, 2021 February 25, 2021 February 25, 2021 February 25, 2021 February 25, 2021 February 25, 2021 February 25, 2021 February 25, 2021 HealthStream, Inc. (the Company) Summary of Director and Executive Officer Compensation EXHIBIT 10.5 I. Director Compensation. Directors who are employees of the Company do not receive additional compensation for serving as directors of the Company. For fiscal year 2020, each director received an annual retainer of $5,000, except for the Audit Committee Chair and Nominating and Corporate Governance Chair, who received an additional annual retainer of $7,500, and the Compensation Committee Chair, who received an additional annual retainer of $2,000. Non-employee directors also received a $20,000 flat-fee, except for members of the Audit Committee who received $22,500, for board and committee meeting attendance and participation in lieu of per meeting fees. In addition to the cash compensation set forth above, each non-employee director is eligible to receive a nondiscretionary annual grant of restricted share units. The restricted share units are granted annually and vest ratably over a three-year period. Director compensation for 2021 has not yet been determined by the Compensation Committee. II. Executive Officer Compensation. The following table sets forth the current base salaries and fiscal 2020 performance bonuses to be provided to our executive officers upon review and approval by the Compensation Committee, including the individuals who the Company expects to be its Named Executive Officers for 2021. Executive Officer Robert A. Frist, Jr. J. Edward Pearson Michael Sousa Scott A. Roberts Jeffrey D. Cunningham Michael M. Collier Trisha L. Coady M. Scott McQuigg Kevin O’Hara Scott Fenstermacher Current Base Salary $345,050 $339,900 $339,900 $250,000 $292,520 $272,950 $253,450 $250,000 $285,000 $200,000 Fiscal 2020 Bonus Amount1 $92,473 $91,093 $18,355 $50,000 $58,504 $54,590 $50,690 $50,000 $-2 $-3 1 Fiscal 2020 bonus amounts remain subject to review and approval by the Compensation Committee. 2 Kevin O’Hara’s date of hire with the Company was January 1, 2021. 3 Scott Fenstermacher was promoted to Senior Vice President in January 2021. Base salary adjustments for 2021, bonus targets for 2021 cash bonuses, and 2021 equity grants for executive officers have not yet been determined by the Compensation Committee. III. Additional Information. The foregoing information is summary in nature. Additional information regarding Director and Named Executive Officer compensation will be contained in the Company’s 2021 Proxy Statement. HealthStream, Inc. Board of Directors Compensation Committee Amended and Restated 2020 Executive and Corporate Management Cash Incentive Bonus Plan EXHIBIT 10.16 Overview: Pursuant to the HealthStream, Inc. 2016 Omnibus Incentive Plan, the Compensation Committee (the “Committee”) of the Board of Directors of HealthStream, Inc. (the “Company”) hereby establishes this 2020 Executive and Corporate Management Cash Incentive Bonus Plan (the “Plan”). The Plan is the cash-based, short-term incentive portion of HealthStream's incentive compensation structure for certain executive officers, as well as the vice presidents, associate vice presidents, and directors who are assigned to a corporate function, as opposed to a business unit specific function (such individuals referred to collectively as “Management”). The purpose of the Plan is to specify appropriate opportunities to earn a cash bonus with respect to the Company’s 2020 fiscal year in order to reward Management for the Company’s financial performance during fiscal year 2020 and to further align their interests with those of the shareholders of the Company. Definitions: • • • • Actual Operating Income before bonuses – The Company’s Operating Income achieved in fiscal 2020, excluding bonuses. Annual Bonus – The annual bonus paid to Management after the Committee determines the applicable financial measure has been achieved. Incremental Operating Income - Actual Operating Income before bonuses less Target Operating Income. Operating Income – The Company’s operating income for the 2020 fiscal year calculated in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles under ASC 606 and consistent with the Company’s past practice and presented in the Company’s audited financial statements, provided the following are excluded from the calculation of Operating Income: (i) acquisition and divestiture expenses incurred within the calendar year to the extent such expenses are in excess of the amount originally allocated to such purpose in the Company’s 2020 budget; and (ii) operating income (loss) from acquisitions and divestitures consummated during the calendar year (collectively, the “Excluded Expenses”). The Committee has the negative discretion to include the Excluded Expenses in the calculation of Operating Income. Page 1 of 3 • Target Operating Income – Operating Income for the 2020 fiscal year in an amount established by the Committee by resolution within the first 90 days of the Company’s 2020 fiscal year. EXHIBIT 10.16 2020 Financial Measure and Plan Principles: 1. The financial measure for is Operating Income - Operating Income will be the financial measure for 2020. 2. The Annual Bonus is funded by Incremental Operating Income - The Annual Bonus will be earned from the amount of Incremental Operating Income. The Plan Eligibility Three groups are eligible for participation in the Plan: • • • • • Executive Team – The maximum Annual Bonus that Executive Team members, other than the Chief Executive Officer of HealthStream and the President & Chief Operating Officer of HealthStream, shall be eligible to receive under the Plan shall be an amount equal to 20% of such member’s base salary; provided the CEO and the President & COO shall be eligible to receive an amount equal to 26.8% of their base salary. Unless otherwise excluded below, the Executive Team eligible for participation includes the Chief Executive Officer, President & Chief Operating Officer, and Senior Vice Presidents of the Company. Leadership Team (Vice Presidents and Associate Vice Presidents) – The maximum Annual Bonus that Vice Presidents and Associate Vice Presidents of the Business Unit shall be eligible to receive under the Plan shall be an amount equal to 10.7% of such Vice President or Associate Vice President’s base salary. Senior Directors - The maximum Annual Bonus that Senior Directors of the Business Unit shall be eligible to receive under the Plan shall be an amount equal to 5.4% of such Senior Director’s base salary. For purposes of clarity, Directors do not include members of the Board of Directors, but are management-level employees of the Company. Directors - The maximum Annual Bonus that Directors of the Business Unit shall be eligible to receive under the Plan shall be an amount equal to 4% of such Director’s base salary. For purposes of clarity, Directors do not include members of the Board of Directors, but are management-level employees of the Company. Employment Requirements – Participants in the Plan who were employed with Page 2 of 3 the Company through December 31, 2020 shall be eligible to receive bonus payments, if any, under the Plan regardless of whether such employees are employed on the date such payments are actually made. Notwithstanding the foregoing, in the case of death or disability, the participant’s pro rata share from January 1, 2020 through the date of participant’s death or disability shall be awarded. • Exclusions - Members of the Executive Team with a commission based incentive compensation plan shall not be eligible to participate in the Plan. Additionally, members of the Executive Team who are eligible to participate in any one of the following shall not be eligible to participate in the Plan: (i) the 2020 Workforce Development Cash Bonus Incentive Plan, or (ii) the 2020 Provider Solutions Cash Bonus Incentive Plan. EXHIBIT 10.16 Payout Payouts under the Plan shall be determined as follows: 1. Incremental Operating Income will be determined by subtracting the Target Operating Income from Actual Operating Income before bonuses. The Incremental Operating Income will then be multiplied by 20% of base salary for each member of the Executive Team other than the Chief Executive Officer and the President & COO, 26.8% of base salary for the CEO and the President & COO, 10.7% of base salary for each member of the Leadership Team, 5.4% of base salary for each Senior Director, and 4% of base salary for each Director. 2. Any Annual Bonus payouts made to the Executive Team, Leadership Team, Senior Directors, or Directors pursuant to the Plan shall be payable at such time as bonuses are paid generally to executive officers of the Company. Page 3 of 3 HealthStream, Inc. Board of Directors Compensation Committee Amended and Restated 2020 Provider Solutions Cash Incentive Bonus Plan For the Business Segment President EXHIBIT 10.17 Overview: Pursuant to the HealthStream, Inc. 2016 Omnibus Incentive Plan, the Compensation Committee (the “Committee”) of the Board of Directors of HealthStream, Inc. (the “Company”) hereby establishes this Amended 2020 Provider Solutions Cash Incentive Bonus Plan for the Business Segment President (the “Plan”). The Plan is a cash-based, short-term incentive portion of the Company’s Provider Solutions segment (the “Business Unit”) incentive compensation structure for the president (“President”) of the Business Unit. The purpose of the Plan is to specify appropriate opportunities to earn a cash bonus with respect to the (i) Business Unit’s 2020 fiscal year performance and/or (ii) the Company’s overall 2020 fiscal year performance, each in order to reward the President for the Business Unit’s and/or the Company’s financial performance during fiscal year 2019 and to further align his interest with those of the shareholders of the Company. Definitions: • • • • • • Provider Solutions Actual Operating Income before bonuses – The Business Unit’s Operating Income achieved in fiscal 2020, excluding bonuses. Enterprise Actual Operating Income before bonuses – The Company’s Operating Income achieved in fiscal 2020, excluding bonuses. Annual Bonus – The annual bonus paid to President after the Committee determines the applicable financial measure has been achieved. Provider Solutions Incremental Operating Income – Provider Solutions Actual Operating Income before bonuses less Provider Solutions Target Operating Income. Enterprise Incremental Operating Income – Enterprise Actual Operating Income before bonuses less Enterprise Target Operating Income. Provider Solutions Operating Income – The Business Unit’s Operating Income for the 2020 fiscal year calculated in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles under ASC 606 and consistent with the Company’s past practice and presented in the Company’s audited financial statements, provided the following expenses are excluded from the calculation of Provider Solutions Operating Income: Page 1 of 3 for acquisitions and divestitures within or directly impacting the Business Unit, (i) acquisition and divestiture expenses incurred within the calendar year to the extent such expenses are in excess of the amount originally allocated to such purpose in the Company’s 2020 budget and (ii) operating income (loss) from acquisitions and divestitures consummated during the calendar year (the “Provider Solutions Excluded Expenses”). The Committee has the negative discretion to include the Provider Solutions Excluded Expenses in the calculation of Provider Solutions Operating Income. EXHIBIT 10.17 • • • Enterprise Operating Income - The Company’s Operating Income for the 2019 fiscal year calculated in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles under ASC 606 and consistent with the Company’s past practice and presented in the Company’s audited financial statements, provided the following are excluded from the calculation of Operating Income: (i) acquisition and divestiture expenses incurred within the calendar year to the extent such expenses are in excess of the amount originally allocated to such purpose in the Company’s 2020 budget; and (ii) operating income (loss) from acquisitions and divestitures consummated during the calendar year(collectively, the “Excluded Expenses”). The Committee has the negative discretion to include the Excluded Expenses in the calculation of Enterprise Operating Income. Provider Solutions Target Operating Income – Provider Solutions Operating Income for the 2020 fiscal year in an amount established by the Committee by resolution within the first 90 days of the Company’s 2020 fiscal year. Enterprise Target Operating Income – Enterprise Operating Income for the 2020 fiscal year in an amount established by the Committee by resolution within the first 90 days of the Company’s 2020 fiscal year. 2020 Financial Measure and Plan Principles: 1. The financial measures for 2020 are Provider Solutions and/or Enterprise Operating Income – Provider Solutions and/or Enterprise Operating Income will be the financial measure for 2020. 2. The Annual Bonus is funded by Provider Solutions and/or Enterprise Incremental Operating Income – The Annual Bonus will be earned from an amount of Provider Solutions and/or Enterprise Incremental Operating Income. The Plan Eligibility Page 2 of 3 One individual is eligible for participation in the Plan: EXHIBIT 10.17 • • President – The maximum Annual Bonus the President shall be eligible to receive under the Plan shall be an amount equal to 26.8 percent of the President’s base salary, with that 26.8% being comprised as follows: 21.4% from Provider Solutions Incremental Operating Income and 5.4% from Enterprise Incremental Income. Therefore, approximately 80% of the President’s Annual Bonus is based on achieving and exceeding Provider Solutions Target Operating Income and the other approximately 20% is based on achieving and exceeding Enterprise Target Operating Income. Employment Requirements – Participants in the Plan who were employed with the Company through December 31, 2020 shall be eligible to receive bonus payments, if any, under the Plan regardless of whether such employees are employed on the date such payments are actually made. Notwithstanding the foregoing, in the case of death or disability, the participant’s pro rata share from January 1, 2020 through the date of participant’s death or disability shall be awarded. Payout Payouts under the Plan shall be determined as follows: 1. 2. Provider Solutions Incremental Operating Income will be determined by subtracting the Provider Solutions Target Operating Income from Actual Operating Income before bonuses. The Provider Solutions Incremental Operating Income will then be multiplied by 21.4% for the President. Enterprise Incremental Operating Income will be determined by subtracting the Enterprise Target Operating Income from Enterprise Actual Operating Income before bonuses. The Enterprise Incremental Operating Income will then be multiplied by 5.4% for the President. 3. Any such Annual Bonus made to the President pursuant to the Plan shall be payable at such time as bonuses are paid generally to executive officers of the Company. Page 3 of 3 HEALTHSTREAM, INC. NON-QUALIFIED STOCK OPTION AGREEMENT EXHIBIT 10.19 This NON-QUALIFIED STOCK OPTION AGREEMENT (this “Agreement”) is made and entered into as of the [__] day of [_______________, 20__] (the “Grant Date”), between HealthStream, Inc., a Tennessee corporation (together with its Subsidiaries and Affiliates, the “Company”), and [________________] (the “Grantee”). Capitalized terms not otherwise defined herein shall have the meaning ascribed to such terms in the HealthStream, Inc. 2016 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the “Plan”). WHEREAS, the Company has adopted the Plan, which permits the grant of Non-Qualified Stock Options; and WHEREAS, the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors of the Company (the “Committee”), has determined that it would be to the advantage and best interest of the Company and its shareholders to grant a Non-Qualified Stock Option provided for herein to the Grantee as an incentive for increased efforts during his or her term of service or employment with the Company or its Subsidiaries or Affiliates, and has advised the Company thereof and instructed the undersigned officers to grant such Non-Qualified Stock Option; NOW, THEREFORE, the parties hereto agree as follows: NON-QUALIFIED STOCK OPTION GRANT Grantee: [________________] Aggregate number of Shares Subject to Option: [_________] Exercise Price per Share: $[______] Grant Date: [________________] Option. Grant. The Company hereby grants to the Grantee the option (the “Option”), exercisable in whole or in part, to purchase the number of Shares set forth above (the “Option Shares”), for an exercise price per Share (the “Exercise Price”) in the amount set forth above, on the terms and conditions set forth herein and subject to all provisions of the Plan. This Option is granted as a Non-Qualified Stock Option under the Plan, and is not intended to qualify as an incentive stock option, as that term is used in Section 422 of the Code. encumbered by Grantee other than by will or the laws of descent and distribution. No Transfer. This Option may not be assigned, alienated, pledged, attached, sold or otherwise transferred or Vesting and Other Terms. (and will thereafter be exercisable until its expiration or termination in accordance with Section 4 below): Vesting. Except as otherwise provided in Section 2.2, the Option shall vest and become exercisable as follows 15% of the Option Shares shall vest and become exercisable on the first anniversary of the Grant Date; An additional 20% of the Option Shares shall vest and become exercisable on the second anniversary of the Grant Date; An additional 30% of the Option Shares shall vest and become exercisable on the third anniversary of the Grant Date; and The remaining 35% of the Option Shares shall vest and become exercisable on the fourth anniversary of the Grant Date. Change in Control. Notwithstanding anything contained herein to the contrary, upon the occurrence of a Change in Control, this Option shall become vested immediately prior to such Change in Control as to 100% of the Option Shares (but only to the extent the Option has not otherwise terminated or become vested), and the terms of the Plan shall otherwise apply with respect to the terms of this Option in connection with such Change in Control. Exercise Procedures. Option Payment; Withholding. The Option may be exercised in whole or in part at any time within the period permitted hereunder for the exercise of the Option, with respect to whole Option Shares only, by providing written notice of intent to exercise the Option delivered to the Company at its principal office (or such other means provided by the Company), stating the number of Option Shares to be purchased and such other information as may be requested by the Company. Such notice shall not be effective unless accompanied by payment of the Exercise Price for the number of Option Shares in respect of which the Option is then exercised (the “Option Payment”) in accordance with Section 6.4(d) of the Plan. The issuance of Option Shares upon exercise of the Option shall be subject to federal, state, local and/or foreign tax withholding in accordance with Section 15.6 of the Plan, and the Company shall have the right to require the Grantee to remit to the Company an amount necessary to satisfy any federal, state, local and/or foreign tax withholding requirements prior to the delivery of any issuance of any Option Shares for which this Option is exercised in accordance with Section 15.6 of the Plan. Rights as a Holder. Grantee shall not be the holder of, or have any of the rights of a holder with respect to, any Option Shares in respect of which this Option is exercised until (a) the Option shall have been exercised in accordance with the terms of this Agreement and the Grantee shall have paid the full Option Payment for the number of Option Shares in respect of which the Option has been exercised and any withholding taxes due in connection with such exercise, and (b) the Company shall have issued the Option Shares to Grantee as evidenced by a “book entry” (i.e., a computerized or manual entry) in the records of the Company or its designated agent in the name of the Grantee, or such other means allowed by the Company. Upon the occurrence of the foregoing, Grantee shall have full voting and other ownership rights with respect to Option Shares for which the Option has been exercised. Expiration. This Option, to the extent not previously exercised hereunder, will expire on the date that is 10 years following the Grant Date (the “Expiration Date”), unless earlier terminated as set forth below. Following the termination of Grantee’s employment by the Company, Grantee shall have no further rights with respect to this Option (or any right to exercise this Option), except as otherwise provided in this Section 4 below. Termination by Death. If the Grantee’s employment by the Company terminates by reason of death, or if the Grantee dies within three (3) months after termination of such employment for any reason other than Cause, this Option may thereafter be exercised, to the extent the Option was exercisable at the time of such termination, by the legal representative of the estate or by the legatee of the Grantee under the will of the Grantee, for a period of one (1) year from the date of death or until the Expiration Date, whichever period is shorter. Termination by Reason of Disability. If the Grantee’s employment by the Company terminates by reason of Disability, this Option may thereafter be exercised, to the extent the Option was exercisable at the time of such termination, by the Grantee or personal representative or guardian of the Grantee, as applicable, for a period of one (1) year from the date of such termination of employment or until the Expiration Date, whichever period is the shorter. Termination by Normal Retirement or Early Retirement. If the Grantee’s employment by the Company terminates by reason of Normal Retirement or Early Retirement, this Option may thereafter be exercised by the Grantee, to the extent the Option was exercisable at the time of such termination, for a period of one year from the date of such termination of employment or until the Expiration Date, whichever period is the shorter. terminate immediately and become void and of no effect. Termination for Cause. If the Grantee’s employment by the Company is terminated for Cause, this Option shall Other Termination. If the Grantee’s employment by the Company terminates for any reason other than for Cause, death, Disability, Normal Retirement or Early Retirement, this Option may be exercised, to the extent the Option was exercisable at the time of such termination, by the Grantee for a period of three (3) months from the date of such termination of employment or the Expiration Date, whichever period is the shorter. Adjustments. The provisions of Section 4.2 and Section 14.3 of the Plan are hereby incorporated by reference, and the Option (including the number of Option Shares subject to this Option and the exercise price per Option Share) are subject to such provisions. Any determination made by the Committee pursuant to such provisions shall be made in accordance with the provisions of the Plan and shall be final and binding for all purposes of the Plan and this Agreement. Administration Subject to the Plan. The Grantee hereby acknowledges receipt of a copy of (or an electric link to) the Plan and agrees to be bound by all the terms and provisions thereof. The terms of this Agreement are governed by the terms of the Plan, and in the case of any inconsistency between the terms of this Agreement and the terms of the Plan, the terms of the Plan shall govern. The Committee shall have the power to interpret the Plan and this Agreement and to adopt such rules for the administration, interpretation and application of the Plan as are consistent therewith and to interpret or revoke any such rules. All actions taken and all interpretations and determinations made by the Committee shall be final and binding upon the Grantee, the Company and all other interested persons. No member of the Committee shall be personally liable for any action, determination or interpretation made in good faith with respect to the Plan or this Option. Modification of Agreement. Subject to the restrictions contained in the Plan and applicable law, the Committee may waive any conditions or rights under, amend any terms of, or alter, suspend, discontinue, cancel or terminate, the Option, prospectively or retroactively. No Right to Continued Employment. The grant of the Option shall not be construed as giving the Grantee the right to be retained in the service of the Company, and the Company may at any time dismiss the Grantee from service, free from any liability or any claim under the Plan. Severability. If any provision of this Agreement is, or becomes, or is deemed to be invalid, illegal, or unenforceable in any jurisdiction or as to any Person or the Option, or would disqualify the Plan or Option under any laws deemed applicable by the Committee, such provision shall be construed or deemed amended to conform to the applicable laws, or if it cannot be construed or deemed amended without, in the determination of the Committee, materially altering the intent of the Plan or the Option, such provision shall be stricken as to such jurisdiction, Person or Option, and the remainder of the Plan and Option shall remain in full force and effect. Governing Law. The validity, interpretation, construction and performance of this Agreement shall be governed by the laws of the State of Tennessee without giving effect to the conflicts of law principles thereof, except to the extent that such laws are preempted by Federal law. Successors in Interest. This Agreement shall inure to the benefit of and be binding upon any successor to the Company. This Agreement shall inure to the benefit of the Grantee’s legal representatives. All obligations imposed upon the Grantee and all rights granted to the Company under this Agreement shall be binding upon the Grantee’s heirs, executors, administrators and successors. Resolution of Disputes. Any dispute or disagreement which may arise under, or as a result of, or in any way related to, the interpretation, construction or application of this Agreement shall be determined by the Committee. Any determination made hereunder shall be final, binding and conclusive on the Grantee and the Company for all purposes. Notices. All notices required to be given under this Option shall be deemed to be received if delivered or mailed as provided for herein to the parties at the following addresses, or to such other address as either party may provide in writing from time to time. To the Company: HealthStream, Inc. 500 11th Avenue North, Suite 1000 Nashville TN 37203 To the Grantee: The address then maintained with respect to the Grantee in the Company’s records. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties have caused this Agreement to be duly executed effective as of the day and year first above written. HEALTHSTREAM, INC.: Robert A. Frist, Jr. Chairman and Chief Executive Officer GRANTEE: _________________________________ [signature page to Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement] SUBSIDIARIES OF HEALTHSTREAM, INC. EXHIBIT 21.1 Names Under Which We Do Business VerityStream, Inc. (f/k/a Echo, Inc.) HealthStream Information Solutions Company Change Australia Pty Ltd Change Healthcare New Zealand CHC Max Holdings, LLC ProcessData, Ltd. HCT2 Co. d/b/a/ NurseGrid ShiftWizard, Inc. HSTM Max Holdings, Inc. NHQ Canada, LLC State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization Tennessee Nova Scotia, Canada Australia New Zealand Delaware Illinois Delaware Delaware Tennessee Colorado CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM EXHIBIT 23.1 We consent to the incorporation by reference in the following Registration Statements: (1) (2) (3) Registration Statement (Form S-3 ASR No. 333-230169) of HealthStream, Inc. for the registration of shares of its common stock; Registration Statement (Form S-8 No. 333-211725) pertaining to the HealthStream, Inc. 2016 Omnibus Incentive Plan; and Registration Statement (Form S-8 No. 333-167241) pertaining to the HealthStream, Inc. 2010 Stock Incentive Plan; of our reports dated February 25, 2021, with respect to the consolidated financial statements of HealthStream, Inc. and the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting of HealthStream, Inc. included in this Annual Report (Form 10-K) of HealthStream, Inc. for the year ended December 31, 2020. /s/ Ernst & Young LLP Nashville, Tennessee February 25, 2021 EXHIBIT 31.1 I, 1. 2. 3. 4. Robert A. Frist, Jr., certify that: I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of HealthStream, Inc.; CERTIFICATION Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. Date : February 25, 2021 /s/ ROBERT A. FRIST, JR. Robert A. Frist, Jr. Chief Executive Officer EXHIBIT 31.2 I, Scott A. Roberts, certify that: CERTIFICATION 1. 2. 3. 4. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of HealthStream, Inc.; Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. Date : February 25, 2021 /s/ SCOTT A. ROBERTS Scott A. Roberts Chief Financial Officer CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 EXHIBIT 32.1 In connection with the Annual Report of HealthStream, Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 10-K for the year ending December 31, 2020, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), Robert A. Frist, Jr., Chief Executive Officer of the Company certifies, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §1350, as adopted pursuant to §906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that: (1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and (2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. /s/ ROBERT A. FRIST, JR. Robert A. Frist, Jr. Chief Executive Officer February 25, 2021 CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 EXHIBIT 32.2 In connection with the Annual Report of HealthStream, Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 10-K for the year ending December 31, 2020, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), Scott A. Roberts, Chief Financial Officer of the Company certifies, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, as adopted pursuant to §906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that: (1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and (2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. /s/ SCOTT A. ROBERTS Scott A. Roberts Chief Financial Officer February 25, 2021 

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