Hello Group
Annual Report 2015

Plain-text annual report

Table of Contents UNITED STATESSECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSIONWASHINGTON, D.C. 20549 FORM 20-F (Mark One)¨REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR (g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGEACT OF 1934OR xANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015.OR ¨TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF1934For the transition period from to .OR ¨SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACTOF 1934Date of event requiring this shell company reportCommission file number: 001-36765 Momo Inc.(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter) N/A(Translation of Registrant’s name into English)Cayman Islands(Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)20th Floor, Block BTower 2, Wangjing SOHONo.1 Futongdong StreetChaoyang District, Beijing 100102People’s Republic of China(Address of principal executive offices)Jonathan Xiaosong Zhang, Chief Financial OfficerTelephone: +86-10-5731-0567Email: ir@immomo.com20th Floor, Block BTower 2, Wangjing SOHONo.1 Futongdong StreetChaoyang District, Beijing 100102People’s Republic of China(Name, Telephone, Email and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act. Title of each class Name of each exchange on which registeredAmerican depositary shares, eachrepresenting two Class A ordinary shares The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC(The NASDAQ Global Select Market)Class A ordinary shares, par valueUS$0.0001 per share* *Not for trading, but only in connection with the listing on The NASDAQ Global Select Market of American depositary shares.Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act.NONE(Title of Class)Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act.NONE(Title of Class) Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report:286,865,033 Class A ordinary shares and 96,886,370 Class B ordinary shares, par value US$0.0001 per share, as of December 31, 2015.Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ¨ No xIf this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of theSecurities Exchange Act of 1934. Yes ¨ No xIndicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filingrequirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No ¨Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required tobe submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period thatthe registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes x No ¨Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, or a non-accelerated filer. See definition of “accelerated filer andlarge accelerated filer” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):Large accelerated filer ¨ Accelerated filer x Non-accelerated filer ¨Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing: US GAAP x International Financial Reporting Standards as issuedby the International Accounting Standards Board ¨ Other ¨If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected tofollow. Item 17 ¨ Item 18 ¨If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ¨ No x(APPLICABLE ONLY TO ISSUERS INVOLVED IN BANKRUPTCY PROCEEDINGS DURING THE PAST FIVE YEARS)Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed all documents and reports required to be filed by Sections 12, 13 or 15(d) of the Securities ExchangeAct of 1934 subsequent to the distribution of securities under a plan confirmed by a court. Yes ¨ No ¨ Table of ContentsTABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 FORWARD-LOOKING INFORMATION 1 PART I 2 Item 1. Identity of Directors, Senior Management and Advisers 2 Item 2. Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable 2 Item 3. Key Information 3 Item 4. Information on the Company 37 Item 4A. Unresolved Staff Comments 59 Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects 59 Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees 78 Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions 87 Item 8. Financial Information 93 Item 9. The Offer and Listing 94 Item 10. Additional Information 95 Item 11. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk 102 Item 12. Description of Securities Other than Equity Securities 103 PART II 104 Item 13. Defaults, Dividend Arrearages and Delinquencies 104 Item 14. Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders and Use of Proceeds 104 Item 15. Controls and Procedures 104 Item 16A. Audit Committee Financial Expert 105 Item 16B. Code of Ethics 105 Item 16C. Principal Accountant Fees and Services 105 Item 16D. Exemptions from the Listing Standards for Audit Committees 106 Item 16E. Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers 106 Item 16F. Change in Registrant’s Certifying Accountant 106 Item 16G. Corporate Governance 106 Item 16H. Mine Safety Disclosure 106 PART III 107 Item 17. Financial Statements 107 Item 18. Financial Statements 107 Item 19. Exhibits 107 SIGNATURES 109 iTable of ContentsINTRODUCTIONIn this annual report, except where the context otherwise requires and for purposes of this annual report only: • “$,” “dollars,” “US$” or “U.S. dollars” refers to the legal currency of the United States; • “ADSs” refers to our American depositary shares, each representing two Class A ordinary shares, par value US$0.0001 per share; • “China” or the “PRC” refers to the People’s Republic of China, and solely for the purpose of this annual report, excludes Hong Kong, Macau andTaiwan; • “MAUs” refers to monthly active users. Prior to June 2014, we defined MAUs during a given calendar month as Momo users who were dailyactive users for at least one day during the 28-day period counting back from the last day of such calendar month. Beginning from June 2014, wedefine MAUs during a given calendar month as Momo users who were daily active users for at least one day during the 30-day period countingback from the last day of such calendar month. Daily active users are Momo users who accessed our platform through Momo mobile applicationand utilized any of the functions on our platform on a given day; • “Momo Inc.,” “we,” “us,” “our company,” or “our” refers to our holding company Momo Inc., its subsidiaries and its consolidated affiliatedentity and its subsidiaries; • “ordinary shares” prior to the completion of our initial public offering in December 2014 refers to our ordinary shares of par value US$0.0001 pershare, and upon and after the completion of our initial public offering refers to our Class A and Class B ordinary shares, par value US$0.0001 pershare; and • “RMB” or “Renminbi” refers to the legal currency of China.Our reporting and functional currency is U.S. dollar. This annual report contains translations of certain foreign currency amounts into U.S. dollars forthe convenience of the reader. Unless otherwise stated, all translations of Renminbi into U.S. dollars were made at the rate at RMB6.4778 to US$1.00, thenoon buying rate on December 31, 2015 as set forth in the H.10 statistical release of the U.S. Federal Reserve Board. We make no representation that theRenminbi or U.S. dollar amounts referred to in this annual report could have been or could be converted into U.S. dollars or Renminbi, as the case may be, atany particular rate or at all. On April 15, 2016, the noon buying rate for Renminbi was RMB6.4730 to US$1.00.Unless the context indicates otherwise, all share and per share data in this annual report give effect to a share split effected on September 12, 2012 inwhich each of the previously issued ordinary shares and preferred shares were split into 10 ordinary shares and preferred shares, respectively.FORWARD-LOOKING INFORMATIONThis annual report on Form 20-F contains forward-looking statements that reflect our current expectations and views of future events. These statementsare made under the “safe harbor” provisions of the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. You can identify these forward-looking statementsby words or phrases such as “may,” “could,” “should,” “would,” “will,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “aim,” “estimate,” “intend,” “plan,” “believe,” “likely to,”“project,” “continue,” “potential,” or other similar expressions. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations andprojections about future events and financial trends that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operations, business strategy and financialneeds. These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements about: • our goals and strategies; • our future business development, financial condition and results of operations; 1Table of Contents • the expected growth of mobile social networking platforms, mobile marketing services, mobile games and online entertainment services inChina; • our expectations regarding demand for and market acceptance of our services; • our expectations regarding our user base and level of user engagement; • our monetization strategies; • our plans to invest in our technology infrastructure; • competition in our industry; and • relevant government policies and regulations relating to our industry.You should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements and you should read these statements in conjunction other sections of thisannual report, in particular the risk factors disclosed in “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors.” These statements involve known and unknown risks,uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from those expressed or implied bythe forward-looking statements. Moreover, we operate in a rapidly evolving environment. New risks emerge from time to time and it is impossible for ourmanagement to predict all risk factors, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors,may cause actual results to differ from those contained in any forward-looking statement. The forward-looking statements made in this annual report relateonly to events or information as of the date on which the statements are made in this annual report. We do not undertake any obligation to update or revisethe forward-looking statements except as required under applicable law.PART I Item 1.Identity of Directors, Senior Management and AdvisersNot applicable. Item 2.Offer Statistics and Expected TimetableNot applicable. 2Table of ContentsItem 3.Key Information A.Selected Financial DataThe following table presents the selected consolidated financial information of our company. The selected consolidated statements of comprehensive(loss) income data for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015 and the selected consolidated balance sheets data as of December 31, 2014 and2015 have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements included in this annual report beginning on page F-1. The selected consolidatedstatements of comprehensive (loss) income data for the year ended December 31, 2012 and the selected consolidated balance sheets data as of December 31,2012 and 2013 have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements not included in this annual report. We have not included financialinformation for the year ended December 31, 2011, as such information is not available on a basis that is consistent with the consolidated financialinformation for the years ended December 31, 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2015 and cannot be obtained without unreasonable effort or expense. Our auditedconsolidated financial statements are prepared and presented in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States, or U.S. GAAP.Our historical results do not necessarily indicate results expected for any future period. You should read the following selected financial data in conjunctionwith the consolidated financial statements and related notes and “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects” included elsewhere in this annualreport. Year Ended December 31, 2012 2013 2014 2015 (in US$ thousands, except share and share-related data) Selected Data of Consolidated Statements of Operations Net Revenues Membership subscription fees — 2,808 29,756 58,462 Mobile marketing — 12 1,975 38,885 Mobile games — 92 11,237 31,082 Other services — 217 1,787 5,559 Total net revenues — 3,129 44,755 133,988 Cost and expenses(1) Cost of revenues — (2,927) (15,762) (30,312) Research and development expenses (1,454) (3,532) (9,264) (23,265) Sales and marketing expenses (419) (3,018) (35,538) (52,631) General and administrative expenses (1,969) (3,010) (10,354) (22,879) Total cost and expenses (3,842) (12,487) (70,918) (129,087) Other operating income — — 26 713 (Loss) Income from operations (3,842) (9,358) (26,137) 5,614 Interest income 3 32 722 7,805 (Loss) Income before income tax and share of income on equity methodinvestments — — (25,415) 13,419 Income tax expenses — — — (92) (Loss) Income before share of income on equity method investments — — (25,415) 13,327 Share of income on equity method investments — — — 370 Net (loss) income attributable to Momo Inc. (3,839) (9,326) (25,415) 13,697 Deemed dividend to preferred shareholders (3,093) (8,120) (57,663) — Net (loss) income attributable to ordinary shareholders (6,932) (17,446) (83,078) 13,697 Net (loss) income per share attributable to ordinary shareholders Basic (0.12) (0.26) (0.97) 0.04 Diluted (0.12) (0.26) (0.97) 0.03 Weighted average shares used in computing net (loss) income per ordinary share Basic 60,103,654 67,190,411 85,293,775 342,646,282 Diluted 60,103,654 67,190,411 85,293,775 401,396,548 (1)Share-based compensation expenses were allocated in cost and expenses as follows: 3Table of Contents Year Ended December 31, 2012 2013 2014 2015 (in US$ thousands) Cost of revenues — 34 155 915 Research and development expenses 39 269 674 3,502 Sales and marketing expenses 11 128 736 3,780 General and administrative expenses 542 532 5,073 9,185 Total 592 963 6,638 17,382 The following table presents our selected consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2015. As of December 31, 2012 2013 2014 2015 (in US$ thousands) Selected Consolidated Balance Sheet Data: Cash and cash equivalents 18,539 55,374 450,968 169,469 Total assets 20,784 63,025 478,504 542,157 Total liabilities 143 5,566 38,113 73,771 Total mezzanine equity 27,199 80,319 — — Total (deficit) equity (6,558) (22,860) 440,391 468,386 B.Capitalization and IndebtednessNot applicable. C.Reasons for the Offer and Use of ProceedsNot applicable. D.Risk FactorsRisks Related to Our Business and IndustryWe experienced a significant decrease in the growth rate of our user base in 2015. If we fail to retain our existing users, further grow our user base, or ifuser engagement on our platform declines, our business and operating results may be materially and adversely affected.The size of our user base and the level of our user engagement are critical to our success. Our MAUs reached 69.8 million in December 2015,representing a 0.7% increase from 69.3 million in December 2014, compared to a 105.6% increase from December 2013. The growth rate of our MAUssignificantly decreased in 2015 primarily due to the reduced growth of number of smartphone users in China, and upgrades to our platform that take time forusers to adapt to. Growing our user base and increasing the overall level of user engagement on our social networking platform are critical to our business. Ifour user growth rate continues to slows down, as it did in 2015, our success will become increasingly dependent on our ability to retain existing users andenhance user engagement on our platform. If our Momo mobile application is no longer one of the social networking tools that people frequently use, or ifpeople do not perceive our services to be interesting or useful, we may not be able to attract users or increase the frequency or degree of their engagement. Anumber of user-oriented instant communication products that achieved early popularity have since seen the size of their user base or level of user engagementdecline, in some cases precipitously. There is no guarantee that we will not experience a similar erosion of our user base or user engagement level in thefuture. A number of factors could negatively affect user retention, growth and engagement, including if: • we are unable to attract new users to our platform or retain existing ones; • we fail to introduce new and improved services, or if we introduce services that are not favorably received by users; • we are unable to combat spam on or inappropriate or abusive use of our platform, which may lead to negative public perception of us and ourbrand; • technical or other problems prevent us from delivering our services in a rapid and reliable manner or otherwise adversely affect the userexperience; • we suffer from negative publicity, fail to maintain our brand or if our reputation is damaged; • we fail to address user concerns related to privacy and communication, safety, security or other factors; • there are adverse changes in our services that are mandated by, or that we elect to make to address, legislation, regulations or governmentpolicies; and • the growth of number of smartphone users in China stalls. 4Table of ContentsIf we are unable to grow our user base or enhance user engagement, our platform will become less attractive to our users, customers and platformpartners, which would have a material and adverse impact on our business and operating results.We are in the early stages of monetization and cannot guarantee that the monetization strategies we have adopted will be successfully implemented orgenerate sustainable revenues and profit.Our monetization model is new and evolving. We began to generate revenues in the second half of 2013 primarily through membership subscriptions,but we continue to explore and implement new monetization models. We currently generate revenues through membership subscriptions, mobile marketingservices, mobile games, and other services, which accounted for approximately 43.6%, 29.0%, 23.2%, and 4.2%, respectively, of our net revenues in 2015. In2015, we have continued to strategize to increase monetization of our platform. In January 2015, we launched gift mall services that allow users to send giftsto each other. In February 2015, we launched our first self-developed game on our platform and started to generate revenues by in-game purchases of virtualitems. In the second quarter of 2015, we launched our in-feed marketing solutions powered by a proprietary self-serve advertising system, and started to offerbrand-oriented display ads and action-driven ad products such as app downloads. In addition, in September 2015, we launched our live music andentertainment broadcasting service which adopts a virtual items-based revenue model. If our strategic initiatives do not enhance our ability to monetize ourexisting services or enable us to develop new approaches to monetization, we may not be able to maintain or increase our revenues and profits or recover anyassociated costs. Furthermore, as the online music and entertainment industry in China is relatively young, there are few proven methods of projecting userdemand or available industry standards on which we can rely.As we further expand, we will also seek to develop additional strategic partnerships with third parties, including e-commerce companies, onlinemarketplaces and other content or service providers. There is no assurance that we will be able to develop, maintain or enhance beneficial strategicpartnership at reasonable cost, or at all. In addition, we may in the future introduce new services to further diversify our revenue streams, including serviceswith which we have little or no prior development or operating experience. If these new or enhanced services fail to engage users, customers or platformpartners, we may fail to attract or retain users or to generate sufficient revenues to justify our investments, and our business and operating results may suffer asa result.We have a limited operating history in a dynamic market, which makes it difficult to evaluate our future prospects.The market for social networking platforms is relatively new, highly dynamic and may not develop as expected. Our users, customers and platformpartners may not fully understand the value of our services, and potential new users, customers and platform partners may have difficulty distinguishing ourservices from those of our competitors. Convincing potential users, customers and platform partners of the value of our services is critical to the growth of ouruser base and the success of our business.We launched our Momo mobile application in August 2011, and the relatively short operating history makes it difficult to assess our future prospectsor forecast our future results. You should consider our business and prospects in light of the risks and challenges we encounter or may encounter in thisdeveloping and rapidly evolving market. These risks and challenges include our ability to, among other things: • increase our number of members and other paying users, which include users who purchase emoticons and virtual gifts or virtual items in mobilegames and live music shows offered on our platform, as well as the level of user engagement; • develop and deploy diversified and distinguishable features and services for our users, customers and platform partners; • convince customers of the benefits of our marketing services compared to alternative forms of marketing, and continue to increase the efficiencyof our mobile marketing solutions and expand our network of marketers; • develop or implement strategic initiatives to monetize our platform; 5Table of Contents • maintain or develop beneficial relationship with key strategic partners; • develop a reliable, scalable, secure, high-performance technology infrastructure that can efficiently handle increased usage; • successfully compete with other companies, some of which have substantially greater resources and market power than us, that are currently in, ormay in the future enter, our industry, or duplicate the features of our services; • attract, retain and motivate talented employees; and • defend ourselves against litigation, regulatory, intellectual property, privacy or other claims.If we fail to educate potential users, customers and platform partners about the value of our services, if the market for our platform does not develop aswe expect or if we fail to address the needs of this dynamic market, our business will be harmed. Failure to adequately address these or other risks andchallenges could harm our business and cause our operating results to suffer.We have incurred significant net losses in the past and only recently began to achieve profitability, and we may not be able to subsequently maintainprofitability.We have incurred significant net losses since our inception until 2015, in which we generated a net income of US$13.7 million. As of December 31,2015, we had an accumulated deficit of US$94.1 million. Our profitability may not sustain. We believe that our future revenue growth will depend on, amongother factors, the popularity of social networking applications, as well as our ability to attract new users, increase user engagement, effectively design andimplement monetization strategies, develop new services and compete effectively and successfully. In addition, our ability to sustain profitability is affectedby various factors, many of which are beyond our control, such as the continuous development of social networking, mobile marketing services, mobilegames, and online music and entertainment services in China.We may again incur losses in the near future due to our continued investments in technologies, research and development and our continued sales andmarketing initiatives. Changes in the macroeconomic and regulatory environment or competitive dynamics and our inability to respond to these changes in atimely and effective manner may also impact our profitability. Accordingly, you should not rely on the revenues of any prior quarterly or annual period as anindication of our future performance.We may not be able to successfully maintain and increase the number of our members or other paying users.Revenues generated from membership subscription packages, mobile marketing services, mobile games, and other services including paid emoticonsand live music and entertainment broadcasting service historically accounted for substantially all of our total revenues. Our future growth depends on ourability to convert our existing users into members and other paying users of our services and mobile games and retain our current members and paying users.Paying users include our members as well as users who purchase emoticons and virtual gifts or virtual items in mobile games and live music shows offered onour platform. However, we cannot assure you that we will be able to retain our members and other paying users or continue to convert existing or new usersinto members and other paying users, nor can we assure you that we will be able to successfully compete with current and new competitors on members andother paying users. We had 2.9 million members as of December 31, 2015, same as the number of members as of December 31, 2014. Our efforts to providegreater incentives for our users to subscribe for our membership status may not continue to succeed. Our members and other paying users may discontinuetheir subscriptions or other spending on our services because we no longer serve their needs, or simply because the interests and preferences of these usersshift. If we cannot successfully maintain or increase the number of our members and other paying users, our business, results of operations and prospects willbe adversely affected. 6Table of ContentsWe generate an increasing portion of our revenues from mobile marketing services, and the loss of marketers, or reduction in spending by marketers, couldseriously harm our business.Revenues generated from our mobile marketing services have increased significantly from 0.4% and 4.4% of our net revenues in 2013 and 2014,respectively, to 29.0% of our net revenues in 2015. Since we began to offer mobile marketing services in the third quarter of 2013, we have diversified andexpanded our mobile marketing service offerings to increasingly monetize our platform. Currently our mobile marketing services primarily comprise brand-oriented display ads and in-feed marketing solutions. As is common in the industry, our marketers do not have long-term advertising commitments with us.Many of our marketers spend only a relatively small portion of their overall advertising budget with us. In addition, marketers may view some of our productsas experimental and unproven. Marketers may not continue to do business with us, or they may advertise with us based on terms unfavorable to us, if we donot deliver our marketing solutions in an effective manner, or if they do not believe that their investment in advertising with us will generate a competitivereturn relative to other alternatives. For example, failure to maintain or increase the quantity or quality of ads shown to users, or a decrease in userengagement may cause marketers to reduce or cease their spending on our mobile marketing services.In addition, expenditures by marketers tend to be cyclical, reflecting overall economic conditions and budgeting and buying patterns. Adversemacroeconomic conditions can also have a material negative impact on the demand for advertising and cause our marketers to reduce the amounts they spendon advertising, which could adversely affect our revenues and business.If we fail to launch new games or release upgrades to existing games that attract new players and retain existing players, our business and operatingresults will be materially and adversely affected.We have relied on mobile games for a substantial portion of our revenues, and we expect mobile games to continue to be an important part of ourrevenues. Revenues generated from mobile games contributed 25.1% and 23.2% of our total revenues in 2014 and 2015, respectively. Growing and retainingour user base and converting some of our users into paying users largely depend on our ability to continuously offer new games and game updates thatanticipate and effectively respond to changing player interests and preferences. If we cannot maintain our existing partnership with third-party gamedevelopers, or source new popular games that retain existing players and attract new players by expanding our network of partnering game developers, ourbusiness, results of operations and prospects will be materially and adversely affected.It is difficult to consistently anticipate player preferences or industry changes, particularly games in new genres. Neither can we assure you that the newgames we offer will attract a large number of players and be commercially successful, nor can we guarantee that we will be able to meet our timetable for newgame launches. A number of factors, including changing game player preferences and our relationship with existing and new third-party game developers,could affect the popularity of new games or delay the launch of new games on our platform. If the new games we introduce are not commercially successful,we may not be able to recover the expenses we incur in game development, which can be significant.In addition, new games that we offer may attract game players away from existing games on our platform. If this occurs, it will decrease the player baseof our existing games, which could result in decreased revenues from such existing games. Game players of our existing games may also spend less money topurchase virtual items in our new games than they would have spent if they had continued playing our existing games, which could materially and adverselyaffect our revenues.We may not be able to grow our live music and entertainment broadcasting service and achieve the level of profitability that we currently anticipate.In September 2015, we launched our live music and entertainment broadcasting service with a virtual items-based revenue model whereby users canenjoy live music shows and interact with the singers for free, and have the option of purchasing in-show virtual items. While we plan to continue to investsignificantly in expanding our live music and entertainment broadcasting service, we may not be able to achieve the level of profitability based on thevirtual items-based revenue model, as we have relatively little experience in operating such service in the online music and entertainment industry. Inaddition, popular singers may cease to use our service and we may be unable to attract new talent that can attract users or cause such users to increase theamount of time spent on our platform or the amount of money spent on in-show virtual items. 7Table of ContentsUnder our current arrangements with certain popular singers, we share with them a portion of the revenues we derive from the sales of in-show virtualitems in our live music and entertainment broadcasting service. In the future, the amount we pay to these singers may increase or we may fail to reachmutually acceptable terms with these singers, which may adversely affect our revenues or cause popular performers to leave our platform. In addition, if ourusers decide to use live music and entertainment broadcasting services provided by our competitors, we may not be able to expand the user base of our livemusic and entertainment broadcasting service and achieve or maintain the level of profitability as we currently anticipate.Our business is dependent on the strength of our brand and market perception of our brand.In China, we market our services under the brand “ ” or “Momo.” Our business and financial performance are highly dependent on the strengthand the market perception of our brand and services. A well-recognized brand is critical to increasing our user base and, in turn, facilitating our efforts tomonetize our services and enhancing our attractiveness to customers. From time to time, we conduct marketing activities across various media to enhance ourbrand and to guide public perception of our brand and services. In order to create and maintain brand awareness and brand loyalty, to influence publicperception and to retain existing and attract new mobile users, customers and platform partners, we may need to substantially increase our marketingexpenditures. We cannot assure you, however, that these activities will be successful or that we will be able to achieve the brand promotion effect we expect.In addition, people may not understand the value of our platform, and there may be a misperception that Momo is used solely as a tool to randomlymeet or date strangers. Convincing potential new users, customers and platform partners of the value of our services is critical to increasing the number of ourusers, customers and platform partners and to the success of our business.Negative publicity may harm our brand and reputation and have a material adverse effect on our business and operating results.Negative publicity involving us, our users, our management, our social networking platform or our business model may materially and adversely harmour brand and our business. We cannot assure you that we will be able to defuse negative publicity about us, our management and/or our services to thesatisfaction of our investors, users, customers and platform partners. There has been negative publicity about our company and the misuse of our services,which has adversely affected our brand, public image and reputation. Such negative publicity, especially when it is directly addressed against us, may alsorequire us to engage in defensive media campaigns. This may cause us to increase our marketing expenses and divert our management’s attention and mayadversely impact our business and results of operations.In November 2014, Mr. Yan Tang, our co-founder, chairman and chief executive officer, received a letter from a PRC law firm on behalf of WangzhiyiInformation Technology (Beijing) Co, Ltd., or Wangzhiyi, a PRC company affiliated with Netease, Inc., or Netease, where Mr. Tang was employed fromDecember 2003 to September 2011. The letter claimed that because Mr. Tang established our consolidated affiliated entity Beijing Momo Technology Ltd.,or Beijing Momo, in July 2011 and Beijing Momo launched our application in August 2011, all while Mr. Tang was still an employee of Wangzhiyi, that hebreached the terms of his employment agreement with Wangzhiyi, and violated his covenants to not compete with and to devote himself to Wangzhiyiduring the term of his employment. The letter requested that Mr. Tang apologize in writing to Wangzhiyi promptly and reserved Wangzhiyi’s right to pursuefurther action. Mr. Tang believes the claims lack merit and intends to defend himself against these claims vigorously.On December 10, 2014, Netease posted a formal statement on its website alleging that Mr. Tang engaged in unethical conduct while employed byNetease. The statement contained several allegations, including those made in the letter described in the preceding paragraph. We note that none of theallegations put forth in Netease’s statement are directed against our company, and the allegations essentially relate to several alleged incidents that occurredbefore Mr. Tang joined our company. Mr. Tang has informed us that he believes the allegations are malicious and intends to vigorously defend himselfagainst them. 8Table of ContentsWe cannot predict what future action Netease or Wangzhiyi might take with respect to their claims against Mr. Tang. Nor can we predict whetheradditional public statements will be issued by Netease or any other party containing new allegations against Mr. Tang, other management personnel or ourcompany. In the event that Netease or Wangzhiyi were to pursue these claims by means of court proceedings, we cannot predict the length or outcome of anysuch proceedings. Any legal action, regardless of its merits, could be time consuming and could divert the attention of Mr. Tang away from our business.Should Netease or Wangzhiyi prevail in any future lawsuit against Mr. Tang, his reputation could be harmed and he may be ordered to pay damages and/orcease any actions deemed to be wrongful by the court. Moreover, although we were not named in the letter, we cannot be sure that Netease or Wangzhiyi willnot initiate proceedings against us in the future. Any such proceedings may result in negative publicity for us and divert our management’s attention andcould materially and adversely affect our reputation, business and results of operations.User misconduct and misuse of our platform may adversely impact our brand image, and we may be held liable for information or content displayed on,retrieved from or linked to our platform, which may materially and adversely affect our business and operating results.Our platform allows mobile users to freely contact and communicate with people nearby, and our live music and entertainment services allow users tohost and view live shows. Because we do not have full control over how and what users will use our platform to communicate, our platform may be misusedby individuals or groups of individuals to engage in immoral, disrespectful, fraudulent or illegal activities. For example, on a daily basis we detect spamaccounts through which illegal or inappropriate content is posted and illegal or fraudulent activities are conducted. Media reports and internet forums havecovered some of these incidents, which has in some cases generated negative publicity about our brand and platform. We have implemented controlprocedures to detect and block illegal or inappropriate content and illegal or fraudulent activities conducted through the misuse of our platform, but suchprocedures may not prevent all such content from being posted or activities from being carried out. Moreover, as we have limited control over real-time andoffline behaviors of our users, to the extent such behaviors are associated with our platform, our ability to protect our brand image and reputation may belimited. Our business and the public perception of our brand may be materially and adversely affected by misuse of our platform.In addition, if any of our users suffers or alleges to have suffered physical, financial or emotional harm following contact initiated on our platform, wemay face civil lawsuits or other liabilities initiated by the affected user, or governmental or regulatory actions against us. In response to allegations of illegalor inappropriate activities conducted through our platform or any negative media coverage about us, PRC government authorities may intervene and hold usliable for non-compliance with PRC laws and regulations concerning the dissemination of information on the internet and subject us to administrativepenalties or other sanctions, such as requiring us to restrict or discontinue some of the features and services provided on our mobile application. For example,in March 2015 we were fined by the PRC government authorities for certain videos and comics containing forbidden contents shared by users in certaingroups. In April 2016, the Ministry of Culture of China investigated certain live broadcasts websites in China that are suspected of hosting videos or liveshows containing violent or pornographic content. There can be no assurance that our live music and entertainment shows will not be subject to similarinvestigations or subsequent penalties if contents contained in such shows are deemed to be illegal or inappropriate under PRC laws and regulations. See “—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—If we fail to obtain and maintain the requisite licenses and approvals required under the complex regulatoryenvironment applicable to our businesses in China, or if we are required to take compliance actions that are time-consuming or costly, our business, financialcondition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.” As a result, our business may suffer and our user base, revenues andprofitability may be materially and adversely affected, and the price of our ADSs may decline.The market in which we operate is fragmented and highly competitive. If we are unable to compete effectively for users or user engagement, our businessand operating results may be materially and adversely affected.As a social networking platform that also provides live music and entertainment broadcasting service, we are subject to intense competition fromproviders of similar services, as well as potential new types of online services. Our competitors may have substantially more cash, traffic, technical and otherresources, as well as broader product or service offerings and can leverage their relationships based on other products or services to gain a larger share ofmarketing budgets. We may be unable to compete successfully against these competitors or new market entrants, which may adversely affect our business andfinancial performance. 9Table of ContentsWe believe that our ability to compete effectively depends upon many factors both within and beyond our control, including: • the popularity, usefulness, ease of use, performance and reliability of our services compared to those of our competitors, and the research anddevelopment abilities of us and our competitors; • changes mandated by, or that we elect to make to address, legislation, regulations or government policies, some of which may have adisproportionate effect on us; • acquisitions or consolidation within our industry, which may result in more formidable competitors; • our ability to monetize our services; • our ability to attract, retain, and motivate talented employees; • our ability to manage and grow our operations cost-effectively; and • our reputation and brand strength relative to our competitors.If we fail to keep up with technological developments and evolving user expectations, we may fail to maintain or attract users, customers or platformpartners, and our business and operating results may be materially and adversely affected.We operate in a market characterized by rapidly changing technologies, evolving industry standards, new product and service announcements, newgenerations of product enhancements and changing user expectations. Accordingly, our performance and the ability to further monetize the services on ourplatform will depend on our ability to adapt to these rapidly changing technologies and industry standards, and our ability to continually innovate inresponse to both evolving demands of the marketplace and competitive services. There may be occasions when we may not be as responsive as ourcompetitors in adapting our services to changing industry standards and the needs of our users. Historically, new features may be introduced by one player inthe industry, and if they are perceived as attractive to users, they are often quickly copied and improved upon by others.Introducing new technologies into our systems involves numerous technical challenges, substantial amounts of capital and personnel resources andoften takes many months to complete. For example, the market for mobile devices in China is highly fragmented, and the lower resolution, functionality,operating system compatibility and memory currently associated with the kaleidoscopic models of mobile devices in the Chinese marketplace may make theuse of our services through these devices more difficult and impair the user experience. We intend to continue to devote resources to the development ofadditional technologies and services. We may not be able to effectively integrate new technologies on a timely basis or at all, which may decrease usersatisfaction with our services. Such technologies, even if integrated, may not function as expected or may be unable to attract and retain a substantial numberof mobile device users to use our Momo mobile application. We also may not be able to protect such technology from being copied by our competitors. Ourfailure to keep pace with rapid technological changes may cause us to fail to retain or attract users or generate revenues, and could have a material andadverse effect on our business and operating results.If we fail to effectively manage our growth and control our costs and expenses, our business and operating results could be harmed.We have experienced rapid growth in our business and operations and expansion of our platform since our inception in 2011, which places significantdemands on our management, operational and financial resources. However, given our limited operating history and the rapidly evolving market in which wecompete, we may encounter difficulties as we establish and expand our operations, product development, sales and marketing, and general and administrativecapabilities. We face significant competition for talented employees from other high-growth companies, which include both publicly traded and privatelyheld companies, and we may not be able to hire new talents quickly enough to meet our needs and support our operations. If we fail to effectively manage ourhiring needs and successfully integrate our new hires, our efficiency and ability to meet our forecasts and our employee morale, productivity and retentioncould suffer, and our business and operating results could be adversely affected. 10Table of ContentsWe expect our costs and expenses to continue to increase in the future as we seek to broaden our user base and increase user engagement, and developand implement new features and services that require more complexity. In addition, our cost and expenses, such as our research and development expenses,sales and marketing expenses and general and administrative expenses, have grown rapidly as we expanded our business. Historically, our costs haveincreased each year, and we expect to continue to incur increasing costs to support our anticipated future growth. We expect to continue to invest in ourinfrastructure in order to enable us to provide our services rapidly and reliably to users. Continued growth could also strain our ability to maintain reliableservice levels for our users and customers, develop and improve our operational, financial, legal and management controls, and enhance our reportingsystems and procedures. If we are unable to generate adequate revenues and to manage our expenses, we may again incur significant losses in the future andmay not be able to maintain profitability. Our expenses may grow faster than our revenues, and our expenses may be greater than we anticipate. Managingour growth will require significant expenditures and the allocation of valuable management resources. If we fail to achieve the necessary level of efficiency inour organization as we grow, our business, operating results and financial condition could be harmed.Privacy concerns relating to our services and the use of user information could negatively impact our user base or user engagement, or subject us togovernmental regulation and other legal obligations, which could have a material and adverse effect on our business and operating results.We collect user profile, user location and other personal data from our users in order to better understand our users and their needs and to support oursocial interest graph engine and our big data analytical capabilities for more targeted services such as interest- or location-based user groups and mobilemarketing services. Concerns about the collection, use, disclosure or security of personal information or chat history or other privacy-related matters, even ifunfounded, could damage our reputation, cause us to lose users, customers and platform partners and subject us to regulatory investigations, all of which mayadversely affect our business. While we strive to comply with applicable data protection laws and regulations, as well as our privacy policies pursuant to ourterms of use and other obligations we may have with respect to privacy and data protection, any failure or perceived failure to comply with these laws,regulations or policies may result, and in some cases have resulted, in inquiries and other proceedings or actions against us by government agencies or others,as well as negative publicity and damage to our reputation and brand, each of which could cause us to lose users, customers and platform partners and havean adverse effect on our business and operating results.Any systems failure or compromise of our security that results in the unauthorized access to or release of the data or chat history of our users, customersor platform partners data or chat history could significantly limit the adoption of our services, as well as harm our reputation and brand. We expect tocontinue expending significant resources to protect against security breaches. The risk that these types of events could seriously harm our business is likelyto increase as we expand the number of services we offer and increase the size of our user base.Our practices may become inconsistent with new laws or regulations concerning data protection, or the interpretation and application of existingconsumer and data protection laws or regulations, which is often uncertain and in flux. If so, in addition to the possibility of fines, this could result in an orderrequiring that we change our practices, which could have an adverse effect on our business and operating results. Complying with new laws and regulationscould cause us to incur substantial costs or require us to change our business practices in a manner materially adverse to our business. See also “—RisksRelated to Doing Businesses in China—Uncertainties in the interpretation and enforcement of PRC laws and regulations could limit the legal protectionsavailable to you and us.”The continuing and collaborative efforts of our senior management and key employees are crucial to our success, and our business may be harmed if wewere to lose their services.We depend on the continued contributions of our senior management, especially the executive officers listed in “Item 6. Directors, Senior Managementand Employees—A. Directors and Senior Management” section of this annual report, and other key employees, many of whom are difficult to replace. Theloss of the services of any of our executive officers or other key employees could materially harm our business. Competition for qualified talent in China isintense. Our future success is dependent on our ability to attract a significant number of qualified employees and retain existing key employees. If we areunable to do so, our business and growth may be materially and adversely affected and the trading price of our ADSs could suffer. Our need to significantlyincrease the number of our qualified employees and retain key employees may cause us to materially increase compensation-related costs, including stock-based compensation. 11Table of ContentsWe may not be able to adequately protect our intellectual property, which could cause us to be less competitive and third-party infringements of ourintellectual property rights may adversely affect our business.We rely on a combination of patent, copyright, trademark and trade secret laws and restrictions on disclosure to protect our intellectual property rights.See also “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview.” Despite our efforts to protect our proprietary rights, third parties may attempt to copyor otherwise obtain and use our intellectual property or seek court declarations that they do not infringe upon our intellectual property rights. Monitoringunauthorized use of our intellectual property is difficult and costly, and we cannot be certain that the steps we have taken will prevent misappropriation ofour intellectual property. From time to time, we may have to resort to litigation to enforce our intellectual property rights, which could result in substantialcosts and diversion of our resources.There have been instances where third parties have cloned and launched counterfeits of our Momo mobile application on app stores or internetforums. Some of these counterfeits, once installed inadvertently by mobile users, were reported to automatically download and install other applications tothese users’ mobile phones, charging them various fees. These counterfeits may mislead mobile users and negatively affect their perception of ourapplication. Moreover, we may have to expend resources in connection with any legal actions that we take to curb these counterfeiting activities in order toprotect our intellectual property rights, user experience and brand perception.We have been and may be subject to intellectual property infringement claims or other allegations by third parties for information or content displayed on,retrieved from or linked to our platform, or distributed to our users, which may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition andprospects.We have been and may in the future be subject to intellectual property infringement claims or other allegations by third parties for services we provideor for information or content displayed on, retrieved from or linked to our platform, or distributed to our users, which may materially and adversely affect ourbusiness, financial condition and prospects.Companies in the internet, technology and media industries are frequently involved in litigation based on allegations of infringement of intellectualproperty rights, unfair competition, invasion of privacy, defamation and other violations of other parties’ rights. The validity, enforceability and scope ofprotection of intellectual property rights in internet-related industries, particularly in China, are uncertain and still evolving. We face, from time to time, andexpect to face in the future, allegations that we have infringed the trademarks, copyrights, patents and other intellectual property rights of third parties,including our competitors, or allegations that we are involved in unfair trade practices. For example, on October 22, 2015, we were served a civil complaintby Guangzhou Tian He People’s Court in which the plaintiff claimed that Xiaoyao Xiyou, a game that we operated and currently operate, infringed upon theplaintiff’s copyright in works of literature and art of a game, constituting unfair competition. The plaintiff demanded that we cease the infringement and paycompensation and legal costs totaling approximately RMB10 million (US$1.5 million). See “Item 8. Financial Information— A. Consolidated Statementsand Other Financial Information—Legal Proceedings.” As we face increasing competition and as litigation becomes a more common method for resolvingcommercial disputes in China, we face a higher risk of being the subject of intellectual property infringement claims.We allow users to upload text, graphics, audio, video and other content to our platform and download, share, link to and otherwise access games andother content on our platform. We have procedures designed to reduce the likelihood that content might be used without proper licenses or third-partyconsents. However, these procedures may not be effective in preventing the unauthorized posting of copyrighted content. Therefore, we may face liability forcopyright or trademark infringement, defamation, unfair competition, libel, negligence, and other claims based on the nature and content of the materials thatare delivered, shared or otherwise accessed through our platform.Defending intellectual property litigation is costly and can impose a significant burden on our management and employees, and there can be noassurances that favorable final outcomes will be obtained in all cases. Such claims, even if they do not result in liability, may harm our reputation. Anyresulting liability or expenses, or changes required to our platform to reduce the risk of future liability, may have a material adverse effect on our business,financial condition and prospects. 12Table of ContentsUser growth and engagement depend upon effective interoperation with mobile operating systems, networks, mobile devices and standards that we do notcontrol.We make our services available across a variety of mobile operating systems and devices. We are dependent on the interoperability of our services withpopular mobile devices and mobile operating systems that we do not control, such as Android, iOS and Windows. Any changes in such mobile operatingsystems or devices that degrade the functionality of our services or give preferential treatment to competitive services could adversely affect usage of ourservices. Further, if the number of platforms for which we develop our services increases, which is typically seen in a dynamic and fragmented mobile servicesmarket such as China, it will result in an increase in our costs and expenses. In order to deliver high quality services, it is important that our services workwell across a range of mobile operating systems, networks, mobile devices and standards that we do not control. We may not be successful in developingrelationships with key participants in the mobile industry or in developing services that operate effectively with these operating systems, networks, devicesand standards. In the event that it is difficult for our users to access and use our services, particularly on their mobile devices, our user growth and userengagement could be harmed, and our business and operating results could be adversely affected.Our operations depend on the performance of the internet infrastructure and fixed telecommunications networks in China.Almost all access to the internet in China is maintained through state-owned telecommunication operators under the administrative control andregulatory supervision of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, or the MIIT. Moreover, we primarily rely on a limited number oftelecommunication service providers to provide us with data communications capacity through local telecommunications lines and internet data centers tohost our servers. We have limited access to alternative networks or services in the event of disruptions, failures or other problems with China’s internetinfrastructure or the fixed telecommunications networks provided by telecommunication service providers. Web traffic in China has experienced significantgrowth during the past few years. Effective bandwidth and server storage at internet data centers in large cities such as Beijing are scarce. With the expansionof our business, we may be required to upgrade our technology and infrastructure to keep up with the increasing traffic on our platform. We cannot assure youthat the internet infrastructure and the fixed telecommunications networks in China will be able to support the demands associated with the continued growthin internet usage. If we cannot increase our capacity to deliver our online services, we may not be able to the increases in traffic we anticipate from ourexpanding user base, and the adoption of our services may be hindered, which could adversely impact our business and our ADS price.In addition, we have no control over the costs of the services provided by telecommunication service providers. If the prices we pay fortelecommunications and internet services rise significantly, our results of operations may be materially and adversely affected. Furthermore, if internet accessfees or other charges to internet users increase, some users may be prevented from accessing the mobile internet and thus cause the growth of mobile internetusers to decelerate. Such deceleration may adversely affect our ability to continue to expand our user base.Our business and operating results may be harmed by service disruptions, or by our failure to timely and effectively scale and adapt our existingtechnology and infrastructure.People use our platform for real-time communication, socializing, entertainment and information. We have experienced, and may in the futureexperience, service disruptions, outages and other performance problems due to a variety of factors, including infrastructure changes, human or softwareerrors, hardware failure, capacity constraints due to an overwhelming number of people accessing our mobile services simultaneously, computer viruses anddenial of service, fraud and security attacks. Any disruption or failure in our infrastructure could hinder our ability to handle existing or increased traffic onour platform or cause us to lose content stored on our platform, which could significantly harm our business and our ability to retain existing users and attractnew users. 13Table of ContentsAs the number of our users increases and our users generate more content on our platform, we may be required to expand and adapt our technology andinfrastructure to continue to reliably store and analyze this content. It may become increasingly difficult to maintain and improve the performance of ourservices, especially during peak usage times, as our services become more complex and our user traffic increases. If our users are unable to access Momomobile application in a timely fashion, or at all, our user experience may be compromised and the users may seek other mobile social networking tools tomeet their needs, and may not return to Momo or use Momo as often in the future, or at all. This would negatively impact our ability to attract users andmaintain the level of user engagement.Future strategic alliances or acquisitions may have a material and adverse effect on our business, reputation and results of operations.We may in the future enter into strategic alliances with various third parties. Strategic alliances with third parties could subject us to a number of risks,including risks associated with sharing proprietary information, non-performance by the counterparty and an increase in expenses incurred in establishingnew strategic alliances, any of which may materially and adversely affect our business. We may have little ability to control or monitor their actions and tothe extent strategic third parties suffer negative publicity or harm to their reputation from events relating to their business, we may also suffer negativepublicity or harm to our reputation by virtue of our association with such third parties.In addition, we may acquire additional assets, technologies or businesses that are complementary to our existing business. Future acquisitions and thesubsequent integration of new assets and businesses into our own would require significant attention from our management and could result in a diversion ofresources from our existing business, which in turn could have an adverse effect on our business operations. Acquired assets or businesses may not generatethe financial or operating results we expect. In addition, acquisitions could result in the use of substantial amounts of cash, potentially dilutive issuances ofequity securities, the incurrence of debt, the incurrence of significant goodwill impairment charges, amortization expenses for other intangible assets andexposure to potential unknown liabilities of the acquired business. Moreover, the costs of identifying and consummating acquisitions may be significant. Inaddition to possible shareholders’ approval, we may also have to obtain approvals and licenses from the government authorities in the PRC for theacquisitions and comply with applicable PRC laws and regulations, which could result in increased costs and delays.We rely on assumptions and estimates to calculate certain key operating metrics, and real or perceived inaccuracies in such metrics may harm ourreputation and negatively affect our business.The number of monthly active users of Momo is calculated using internal company data that has not been independently verified. While the number ofmonthly active users is based on what we believe to be reasonable calculations for the applicable periods of measurement, there are inherent challenges inmeasuring usage and user engagement across our large user base. We treat each account as a separate user for the purposes of calculating our monthly activeusers, because it may not always be possible to identify people that have set up more than one account. Accordingly, the calculations of our monthly activeusers may not accurately reflect the actual number of people using Momo.Our measures of user growth and user engagement may differ from estimates published by third parties or from similarly titled metrics used by ourcompetitors due to differences in methodology. If customers or platform partners do not perceive our user metrics to be accurate representations of our userbase or user engagement, or if we discover material inaccuracies in our user metrics, our reputation may be harmed and customers and platform partners maybe less willing to allocate their resources or spending to Momo, which could negatively affect our business and operating results. 14Table of ContentsWe have granted, and expect to continue to grant, share options under our share incentive plans, which may result in increased share-based compensationexpenses.We have adopted three share incentive plans as of the date of this annual report for the purpose of granting share-based compensation awards toemployees, directors and consultants to incentivize their performance and align their interests with ours. In November 2012, we adopted a share incentiveplan, or the 2012 Plan, which was amended and restated in October 2013. In November 2014, we adopted the 2014 share incentive plan, or the 2014 Plan,pursuant to which a maximum aggregate of 14,031,194 Class A ordinary shares may be issued pursuant to all awards granted thereunder. Beginning in 2017,the number of shares reserved for future issuances under the 2014 Plan will be increased by a number equal to 1.5% of the total number of outstanding shareson the last day of the immediately preceding calendar year, or such lesser number of Class A ordinary shares as determined by our board of directors, on thefirst day of each calendar year during the term of the 2014 Plan. With the adoption of the 2014 Plan, we will no longer grant any incentive shares under the2012 Plan. In addition, in January 2015, Momo Technology Overseas Holding Company Limited, or Momo BVI, our wholly owned BVI subsidiary, adopteda share incentive plan, or the BVI Plan. As of March 31, 2016, options to purchase 30,787,026 Class A ordinary shares had been granted under the 2012 Plan,23,013,154 of which remained outstanding. In addition, as of March 31, 2016, options to purchase 10,417,782 Class A ordinary shares and 40,001 restrictedshare units had been granted under the 2014 Plan, of which 9,819,232 options remained outstanding and all restricted share units had vested. Options topurchase an aggregate of 9,600,000 shares of Momo BVI under the BVI Plan remained outstanding as of March 31, 2016. See “Item 6. Directors, SeniorManagement and Employees—B. Compensation” for a detailed discussion. We expect to incur share-based compensation expenses of US$25.1 million,US$23.9 million and US$22.9 million in 2016, 2017, and after 2017, respectively, in connection with the currently outstanding share-based awards, and wemay grant additional share-based awards under our share incentive plans, which will further increase our share-based compensation expenses. We believe thegranting of share-based awards is of significant importance to our ability to attract and retain our employees, and we will continue to grant share-basedawards to employees in the future. As a result, our expenses associated with share-based compensation may increase, which may have an adverse effect on ourresults of operations.If we fail to implement and maintain an effective system of internal controls, we may be unable to accurately report our results of operations or preventfraud or fail to meet our reporting obligations, and investor confidence and the market price of our ADSs may be materially and adversely affected.We are subject to reporting obligations under the U.S. securities laws. The Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, as required bySection 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, has adopted rules requiring public companies to include a report of management in its annual report thatcontains management’s assessment of the effectiveness of such company’s internal controls over financial reporting.Our management has concluded that our internal controls over financial reporting were effective as of December 31, 2015. We however were notsubject to the requirement to provide an attestation report by our registered public accounting firm regarding internal control over financial reporting as wewere an “emerging growth company,” as such term is defined in the JOBS Act as of December 31, 2015.Once we cease to be an “emerging growth company”, our independent registered public accounting firm must attest to and report on the effectivenessof our internal control over financial reporting. If we fail to maintain effective internal controls over financial reporting in the future, our management and, ifapplicable, our independent registered public accounting firm, may not be able to conclude that we have effective internal controls over financial reportingat a reasonable assurance level. This could result in a loss of investor confidence in the reliability of our financial conditions which in turn could negativelyimpact the trading price of our ADSs and result in lawsuits being filed against us by our shareholders or otherwise harm our reputation. Furthermore, we haveincurred and anticipate that we will continue to incur considerable costs and use significant management time and other resources in an effort to comply withSection 404 and other requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.We have limited insurance coverage.The insurance industry in China is still at an early stage of development and business and litigation insurance products offered in China are limited.Other than the directors and officers liability insurance, we do not maintain any third-party liability, property, business interruption or key-man lifeinsurance. The costs of insuring for these risks and the difficulties associated with acquiring such insurance on commercially reasonable terms make itimpractical for us to have such insurance. In addition, any insurance policies that we maintain may not adequately cover our actual loss and we may not beable to successfully claim our losses under the insurance policies at all or on a timely basis. Any business disruption, litigation or natural disaster may causeus to incur substantial costs and divert our resources. 15Table of ContentsWe face risks related to health epidemics and natural disasters.Our business could be adversely affected by the effects of epidemics. In recent years, there have been outbreaks of epidemics in China and globally.Our business operations could be disrupted if one of our employees is suspected of having H1N1 flu, avian flu or another epidemic, since it could require ouremployees to be quarantined and/or our offices to be disinfected. In addition, our results of operations could be adversely affected to the extent that theoutbreak harms the Chinese economy in general and the mobile internet industry in particular.We are also vulnerable to natural disasters and other calamities. Although we have servers that are hosted in an offsite location, our backup system doesnot capture data on a real-time basis and we may be unable to recover certain data in the event of a server failure. We cannot assure you that any backupsystems will be adequate to protect us from the effects of fire, floods, typhoons, earthquakes, power loss, telecommunications failures, break-ins, war, riots,terrorist attacks or similar events. Any of the foregoing events may give rise to server interruptions, breakdowns, system failures, technology platform failuresor internet failures, which could cause the loss or corruption of data or malfunctions of software or hardware as well as adversely affect our ability to provideservices on our platform.Risks Related to Our Corporate StructureIf the PRC government finds that the agreements that establish the structure for operating our businesses in China do not comply with PRC regulations onforeign investment in internet and other related businesses, or if these regulations or their interpretation change in the future, we could be subject to severepenalties or be forced to relinquish our interests in those operations.Current PRC laws and regulations impose certain restrictions or prohibitions on foreign ownership of companies that engage in internet and otherrelated businesses, including the provision of internet content and online game operations. Specifically, foreign ownership of an internet content providermay not exceed 50%. We are a company registered in the Cayman Islands and Beijing Momo Information Technology Ltd., or Beijing Momo IT, our whollyowned PRC subsidiary, is considered a foreign-invested enterprise. To comply with PRC laws and regulations, we conduct our business in China throughBeijing Momo, our consolidated affiliated entity, and its subsidiaries, based on a series of contractual arrangements by and among Beijing Momo IT, BeijingMomo and its shareholders. As a result of these contractual arrangements, we exert control over Beijing Momo and its subsidiaries and consolidate orcombine their operating results in our financial statements under U.S. GAAP. Beijing Momo and its subsidiaries hold the licenses, approvals and key assetsthat are essential for our business operations.In the opinion of our PRC counsel, Han Kun Law Offices, the ownership structure of our PRC subsidiary and Beijing Momo, and the contractualarrangements among our PRC subsidiary, Beijing Momo and its shareholders are in compliance with existing PRC laws, rules and regulations. There are,however, substantial uncertainties regarding the interpretation and application of current or future PRC laws and regulations. Thus, we cannot assure you thatthe PRC government will not ultimately take a view contrary to the opinion of our PRC counsel. If we are found to be in violation of any PRC laws orregulations or if the contractual arrangements among Beijing Momo IT, Beijing Momo and its shareholders are determined to be illegal or invalid by thePRC court, arbitral tribunal or regulatory authorities, the relevant governmental authorities would have broad discretion in dealing with such violation,including, without limitation: • revoke our business and operating licenses; • require us to discontinue or restrict operations; • restrict our right to collect revenues; • block our websites; • require us to restructure the operations in such a way as to compel us to establish a new enterprise, re-apply for the necessary licenses or relocateour businesses, staff and assets; • impose additional conditions or requirements with which we may not be able to comply; or • take other regulatory or enforcement actions against us that could be harmful to our business. 16Table of ContentsThe imposition of any of these penalties may result in a material and adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business. In addition, if the impositionof any of these penalties causes us to lose the rights to direct the activities of our consolidated affiliated entity and its subsidiaries or the right to receive theireconomic benefits, we would no longer be able to consolidate our consolidated affiliated entity and its subsidiaries. We do not believe that any penaltiesimposed or actions taken by the PRC government would result in the liquidation of the Company, Beijing Momo IT, or our consolidated affiliated entity andits subsidiaries.We rely on contractual arrangements with Beijing Momo and its shareholders for our operations in China, which may not be as effective in providingoperational control as direct ownership.Due to the PRC restrictions or prohibitions on foreign ownership of internet and other related businesses in China, we operate our business in Chinathrough our consolidated affiliated entity Beijing Momo and its subsidiaries, in which we have no ownership interest. We rely on a series of contractualarrangements with Beijing Momo and its shareholders, including the powers of attorney, to control and operate its business.Our ability to control the consolidated affiliated entity and its subsidiaries depends on the powers of attorney, pursuant to which Beijing Momo IT canvote on all matters requiring shareholder approval in the Beijing Momo. We believe this power of attorney is legally enforceable but may not be as effectiveas direct equity ownership. These contractual arrangements are intended to provide us with effective control over Beijing Momo and its subsidiaries andallow us to obtain economic benefits from them. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—C. Organizational Structure—Contractual Arrangements withBeijing Momo” for more details about these contractual arrangements.Although we have been advised by our PRC counsel, Han Kun Law Offices, that these contractual arrangements are valid, binding and enforceableunder existing PRC laws and regulations, these contractual arrangements may not be as effective in providing control over Beijing Momo and its subsidiariesas direct ownership. If Beijing Momo or its shareholders fail to perform their respective obligations under the contractual arrangements, we may incursubstantial costs and expend substantial resources to enforce our rights. All of these contractual arrangements are governed by and interpreted in accordancewith PRC law, and disputes arising from these contractual arrangements will be resolved through arbitration in China. However, the legal system in China,particularly as it relates to arbitration proceedings, is not as developed as in other jurisdictions, such as the United States. See “—Risks Related to DoingBusiness in China—Uncertainties in the interpretation and enforcement of PRC laws and regulations could limit the legal protections available to you andus.” There are very few precedents and little official guidance as to how contractual arrangements in the context of a variable interest entity, or a consolidatedaffiliated entity, should be interpreted or enforced under PRC law. There remain significant uncertainties regarding the ultimate outcome of arbitrationshould legal action become necessary. These uncertainties could limit our ability to enforce these contractual arrangements. In addition, arbitration awardsare final and can only be enforced in PRC courts through arbitration award recognition proceedings, which could cause additional expenses and delays. Inthe event we are unable to enforce these contractual arrangements or we experience significant delays or other obstacles in the process of enforcing thesecontractual arrangements, we may not be able to exert effective control over our affiliated entities and may lose control over the assets owned by BeijingMomo and its subsidiaries. As a result, we may be unable to consolidate Beijing Momo and its subsidiaries in our consolidated financial statements, ourability to conduct our business may be negatively affected, and our business operations could be severely disrupted, which could materially and adverselyaffect our results of operations and financial condition.We may lose the ability to use and enjoy assets held by Beijing Momo and its subsidiaries that are important to the operation of our business if BeijingMomo or its subsidiaries declares bankruptcy or becomes subject to a dissolution or liquidation proceeding.Beijing Momo and its subsidiary, Chengdu Momo, hold certain assets that are important to our business operations, including the value-addedtelecommunication service license concerning the internet information service, or the ICP license, and the internet culture operation license. Under ourcontractual arrangements, the shareholders of Beijing Momo may not voluntarily liquidate Beijing Momo or approve it to sell, transfer, mortgage or disposeof its assets or legal or beneficial interests exceeding certain threshold in the business in any manner without our prior consent. However, in the event that theshareholders breach this obligation and voluntarily liquidate Beijing Momo, or Beijing Momo declares bankruptcy, or all or part of its assets become subjectto liens or rights of third-party creditors, we may be unable to continue some or all of our business operations, which could materially and adversely affect ourbusiness, financial condition and results of operations. Furthermore, if Beijing Momo or its subsidiary undergoes a voluntary or involuntary liquidationproceeding, its shareholders or unrelated third-party creditors may claim rights to some or all of its assets, thereby hindering our ability to operate ourbusiness, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. 17Table of ContentsContractual arrangements we have entered into with Beijing Momo may be subject to scrutiny by the PRC tax authorities. A finding that we oweadditional taxes could significantly reduce our consolidated net income and the value of your investment.Pursuant to applicable PRC laws and regulations, arrangements and transactions among related parties may be subject to audit or challenge by the PRCtax authorities. We may be subject to adverse tax consequences if the PRC tax authorities determine that the contractual arrangements among our PRCsubsidiary, Beijing Momo and its shareholders are not on an arm’s length basis and therefore constitute favorable transfer pricing. As a result, the PRC taxauthorities could require that Beijing Momo adjust its taxable income upward for PRC tax purposes. Such an adjustment could adversely affect us byincreasing Beijing Momo’s tax expenses without reducing the tax expenses of our PRC subsidiary, subjecting Beijing Momo to late payment fees and otherpenalties for under-payment of taxes, and resulting in our PRC subsidiary’s loss of its preferential tax treatment. Our consolidated results of operations maybe adversely affected if Beijing Momo’s tax liabilities increase or if it is subject to late payment fees or other penalties.If the chops of Beijing Momo IT, Beijing Momo and Beijing Momo’s subsidiaries, are not kept safely, are stolen or are used by unauthorized persons or forunauthorized purposes, the corporate governance of these entities could be severely and adversely compromised.In China, a company chop or seal serves as the legal representation of the company towards third parties even when unaccompanied by a signature.Each legally registered company in China is required to maintain a company chop, which must be registered with the local Public Security Bureau. Inaddition to this mandatory company chop, companies may have several other chops which can be used for specific purposes. The chops of Beijing Momo IT,our PRC subsidiary, Beijing Momo and Beijing Momo’s subsidiaries are generally held securely by personnel designated or approved by us in accordancewith our internal control procedures. To the extent those chops are not kept safe, are stolen or are used by unauthorized persons or for unauthorized purposes,the corporate governance of these entities could be severely and adversely compromised and those corporate entities may be bound to abide by the terms ofany documents so chopped, even if they were chopped by an individual who lacked the requisite power and authority to do so.The shareholders of Beijing Momo may have potential conflicts of interest with us, which may materially and adversely affect our business.The shareholders of Beijing Momo, our consolidated affiliated entity, include Messrs. Yan Tang, Yong Li, Xiaoliang Lei and Zhiwei Li, who are alsoour shareholders, directors or officers. Conflicts of interest may arise between the roles of Messrs. Yan Tang, Yong Li, Xiaoliang Lei and Zhiwei Li asshareholders, directors or officers of our company and as shareholders of Beijing Momo. We rely on these individuals to abide by the laws of the CaymanIslands, which provide that directors and officers owe a fiduciary duty to our company to act in good faith and in the best interest of our company and not touse their positions for personal gain. The shareholders of Beijing Momo have executed powers of attorney to appoint Beijing Momo IT, our PRC subsidiary,or a person designated by Beijing Momo IT to vote on their behalf and exercise voting rights as shareholders of Beijing Momo. We cannot assure you thatwhen conflicts arise, shareholders of Beijing Momo will act in the best interest of our company or that conflicts will be resolved in our favor. If we cannotresolve any conflicts of interest or disputes between us and these shareholders, we would have to rely on legal proceedings, which may be expensive, time-consuming and disruptive to our operations. There is also substantial uncertainty as to the outcome of any such legal proceedings. 18Table of ContentsWe may rely on dividends paid by our PRC subsidiary to fund cash and financing requirements. Any limitation on the ability of our PRC subsidiary to paydividends to us could have a material adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business and to pay dividends to holders of the ADSs and our ordinaryshares.We are a holding company, and we may rely on dividends to be paid by our PRC subsidiary for our cash and financing requirements, including thefunds necessary to pay dividends and other cash distributions to the holders of the ADSs and our ordinary shares and service any debt we may incur. If ourPRC subsidiary incur debt on their own behalf in the future, the instruments governing the debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends or make otherdistributions to us.Under PRC laws and regulations, a wholly foreign-owned enterprises in the PRC, such as Beijing Momo IT, may pay dividends only out of itsaccumulated profits as determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. In addition, a wholly foreign-owned enterprise is requiredto set aside at least 10% of its after-tax profits each year, after making up previous years’ accumulated losses, if any, to fund certain statutory reserve funds,until the aggregate amount of such a fund reaches 50% of its registered capital. At the discretion of the board of director of the wholly foreign-ownedenterprise, it may allocate a portion of its after-tax profits based on PRC accounting standards to staff welfare and bonus funds. These reserve funds and staffwelfare and bonus funds are not distributable as cash dividends. Any limitation on the ability of our wholly-owned PRC subsidiary to pay dividends or makeother distributions to us could materially and adversely limit our ability to grow, make investments or acquisitions that could be beneficial to our business,pay dividends, or otherwise fund and conduct our business.Substantial uncertainties exist with respect to the enactment timetable, interpretation and implementation of draft PRC Foreign Investment Law and howit may impact the viability of our current corporate structure, corporate governance and business operations.The Ministry of Commerce of the People’s Republic of China, or MOFCOM, published a discussion draft of the proposed Foreign Investment Law inJanuary 2015 aiming to, upon its enactment, replace the trio of existing laws regulating foreign investment in China, namely, the Sino-foreign Equity JointVenture Enterprise Law, the Sino-foreign Cooperative Joint Venture Enterprise Law and the Wholly Foreign-invested Enterprise Law, together with theirimplementation rules and ancillary regulations. The draft Foreign Investment Law embodies an expected PRC regulatory trend to rationalize its foreigninvestment regulatory regime in line with prevailing international practice and the legislative efforts to unify the corporate legal requirements for bothforeign and domestic investments. While the Ministry of Commerce solicited comments on this draft earlier this year, substantial uncertainties exist withrespect to its enactment timetable, interpretation and implementation. The draft Foreign Investment Law, if enacted as proposed, may materially impact theviability of our current corporate structure, corporate governance and business operations in many aspects.Among other things, the draft Foreign Investment Law expands the definition of foreign investment and introduces the principle of “actual control” indetermining whether a company is considered a foreign-invested enterprise, or an FIE. The draft Foreign Investment Law specifically provides that entitiesestablished in China but “controlled” by foreign investors will be treated as FIEs, whereas an entity set up in a foreign jurisdiction would nonetheless be,upon market entry clearance by the MOFCOM, treated as a PRC domestic investor provided that the entity is “controlled” by PRC entities and/or citizens. Inthis connection, “control” is broadly defined in the draft law to cover the following summarized categories: (i) holding 50% of more of the voting rights ofthe subject entity; (ii) holding less than 50% of the voting rights of the subject entity but having the power to secure at least 50% of the seats on the board orother equivalent decision making bodies, or having the voting power to exert material influence on the board, the shareholders’ meeting or other equivalentdecision making bodies; or (iii) having the power to exert decisive influence, via contractual or trust arrangements, over the subject entity’s operations,financial matters or other key aspects of business operations. Once an entity is determined to be an FIE, it will be subject to the foreign investment restrictionsor prohibitions set forth in a “negative list,” to be separately issued by the State Council later, if the FIE is engaged in the industry listed in the negativelist. Unless the underlying business of the FIE falls within the negative list, which calls for market entry clearance by the MOFCOM, prior approval from thegovernment authorities as mandated by the existing foreign investment legal regime would no longer be required for establishment of the FIE. 19Table of ContentsThe “variable interest entity” structure, or VIE structure, has been adopted by many PRC-based companies, including us, to obtain necessary licensesand permits in the industries that are currently subject to foreign investment restrictions in China. See “—If the PRC government finds that the agreementsthat establish the structure for operating our businesses in China do not comply with PRC regulations on foreign investment in internet and other relatedbusinesses, or if these regulations or their interpretation change in the future, we could be subject to severe penalties or be forced to relinquish our interests inthose operations” and “Information on the Company—C. Organizational Structure—Contractual Arrangements with Beijing Momo.” Under the draft ForeignInvestment Law, variable interest entities, or consolidated affiliated entities, that are controlled via contractual arrangement would also be deemed as FIEs, ifthey are ultimately “controlled” by foreign investors. Therefore, for any companies with a VIE structure in an industry category that is on the “negative list,”the VIE structure may be deemed legitimate only if the ultimate controlling person(s) is/are of PRC nationality (either PRC companies or PRC citizens).Conversely, if the actual controlling person(s) is/are of foreign nationalities, then the variable interest entities will be treated as FIEs and any operation in theindustry category on the “negative list” without market entry clearance may be considered as illegal.Through our dual-class share structure, our co-founder, chairman and chief executive officer, Mr. Yan Tang, a PRC citizen, possessed and controlled77.2% of the voting power of our company as of March 31, 2016. However, the draft Foreign Investment Law has not taken a position on what actions shallbe taken with respect to the existing companies with a VIE structure, whether or not these companies are controlled by Chinese parties, although a fewpossible options were proposed at the comment solicitation stage. Moreover, it is uncertain whether the mobile internet industry, in which our variableinterest entities operate, will be subject to the foreign investment restrictions or prohibitions set forth in the “negative list” to be issued. If the enacted versionof the Foreign Investment Law and the final “negative list” mandate further actions, such as MOFCOM market entry clearance, to be completed by companieswith existing VIE structure like us, we face uncertainties as to whether such clearance can be timely obtained, or at all.Risks Related to Doing Business in ChinaUncertainties in the interpretation and enforcement of PRC laws and regulations could limit the legal protections available to you and us.The PRC legal system is based on written statutes and court decisions have limited precedential value. The PRC legal system evolves rapidly, and theinterpretations of many laws, regulations and rules may contain inconsistencies and enforcement of these laws, regulations and rules involves uncertainties.From time to time, we may have to resort to administrative and court proceedings to enforce our legal rights. However, since PRC judicial andadministrative authorities have significant discretion in interpreting and implementing statutory and contractual terms, it may be more difficult to predict theoutcome of a judicial or administrative proceeding than in more developed legal systems. Furthermore, the PRC legal system is based, in part, on governmentpolicies and internal rules, some of which are not published in a timely manner, or at all, but which may have retroactive effect. As a result, we may notalways be aware of any potential violation of these policies and rules. Such unpredictability towards our contractual, property (including intellectualproperty) and procedural rights could adversely affect our business and impede our ability to continue our operations.Regulation and censorship of information disseminated over the mobile and internet in China may adversely affect our business and subject us to liabilityfor content posted on our platform.Internet companies in China are subject to a variety of existing and new rules, regulations, policies, and license and permit requirements. In connectionwith enforcing these rules, regulations, policies and requirements, relevant government authorities may suspend services by, or revoke licenses of, anyinternet or mobile content service provider that is deemed to provide illicit content online or on mobile devices, and such activities may be intensified inconnection with any ongoing government campaigns to eliminate prohibited content online. For example, in April 2014, the Office of the Anti-Pornographyand Illegal Publications Working Group, the State Internet Information Office, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology and the Ministry ofPublic Security jointly launched an “Anti-Pornography and Illegal Publications—Clean Up the Internet 2014” campaign. Based on publicly availableinformation, the campaign aims to eliminate pornographic information and content in the internet information services industry by, among other things,holding liable individuals and corporate entities that facilitate the distribution of pornographic information and content. During the campaign, the Office ofthe Anti-Pornography and Illegal Publications Working Group sanctioned six companies, five of which are publicly traded, due to the presence ofpornographic content on their respective websites or platforms. The sanctions included public criticisms, fines ranging from RMB50,000 (US$8,116) toRMB5.1 million (US$0.8 million), and the revocation of online publishing and online video licenses. Further, in the case of one privately held companyalleged to have directly profited from distributing pornographic and pirated videos via its streaming video player, its chief executive officer was arrested andhas been transferred to the prosecuting authorities for further action. 20Table of ContentsWe endeavor to eliminate illicit content from our platform. We have made substantial investments in resources to monitor content that users post onour platform and the way in which our users engage with each other through our platform. Since our inception, we have terminated over 36 million useraccounts because we viewed content generated by those users to be indecent and in 2015 we terminated approximately 20% of new user accounts in order toeliminate spam, fictitious accounts and indecent content from our platform. We use a variety of methods to ensure our platform remains a healthy andpositive experience for our users, including a designated content management team, licensed third-party software, our own data analytics software, and ouruser tiering system. Although we employ these methods to filter our users and content posted by our users, we cannot be sure that our internal content controlefforts will be sufficient to remove all content that may be viewed as indecent or otherwise non-compliant with PRC law and regulations. Governmentstandards and interpretations as to what constitutes illicit online content or behavior are subject to interpretation and may change. Although we have notreceived any government sanctions in connection with content posted on our platform, government standards and interpretations may change in a mannerthat could render our current monitoring efforts insufficient. The Chinese government has wide discretion in regulating online activities and, irrespective ofour efforts to control the content on our platform, government campaigns and other actions to reduce illicit content and activities could subject us tonegative press or regulatory challenges and sanctions, including fines, the suspension or revocation of our licenses to operate in China or a ban of ourplatform, including closure of one or more parts of or our entire business. Further, our senior management could be held criminally liable if we are deemed tobe profiting from illicit content on our platform. Although our business and operations have not been materially adversely affected by governmentcampaigns or any other regulatory actions in the past, we cannot assure you that our business and operations will be immune from government actions orsanctions in the future. If government actions or sanctions are brought against us, or if there are widespread rumors that government actions or sanctions havebeen brought against us, our reputation could be harmed, we may lose users, customers or platform partners, our revenues and results of operation may bematerially and adversely affected and the price of our ADSs could be dramatically reduced.Content posted or displayed on our social networking platform, including the live music and entertainment shows hosted by us or our users, may be foundobjectionable by PRC regulatory authorities and may subject us to penalties and other severe consequences.The PRC government has adopted regulations governing internet and wireless access and the distribution of information over the internet and wirelesstelecommunication networks. Under these regulations, internet content providers and internet publishers are prohibited from posting or displaying over theinternet or wireless networks content that, among other things, violates PRC laws and regulations, impairs the national dignity of China or the public interest,or is obscene, superstitious, fraudulent or defamatory. Furthermore, internet content providers are also prohibited from displaying content that may bedeemed by relevant government authorities as “socially destabilizing” or leaking “state secrets” of the PRC. Failure to comply with these requirements mayresult in the revocation of licenses to provide internet content or other licenses, the closure of the concerned platforms and reputational harm. The operatormay also be held liable for any censored information displayed on or linked to their platform. For a detailed discussion, see “Item 4. Information on theCompany—B. Business Overview—Regulation.”We have designed and implemented procedures to monitor content on our social networking platform, including the live music and entertainmentshows hosted by us or our users, in order to comply with relevant laws and regulations. However, it may not be possible to determine in all cases the types ofcontent that could result in our liability as a distributor of such content and, if any of the content posted or displayed on our social networking platform isdeemed by the PRC government to violate any content restrictions, we would not be able to continue to display such content and could become subject topenalties, including confiscation of income, fines, suspension of business and revocation of required licenses, which could materially and adversely affectour business, financial condition and results of operations.We may also be subject to potential liability for any unlawful actions by our users on our platform. It may be difficult to determine the type of contentor actions that may result in liability to us and, if we are found to be liable, we may be prevented from operating our business in China. Moreover, the costs ofcompliance with these regulations may continue to increase as a result of more content being made available by an increasing number of users of our socialnetworking platform, which may adversely affect our results of operations. Although we have adopted internal procedures to monitor content and to removeoffending content once we become aware of any potential or alleged violation, we may not be able to identify all the content that may violate relevant lawsand regulations or third-party intellectual property rights. Even if we manage to identify and remove offensive content, we may still be held liable. 21Table of ContentsIf we fail to obtain and maintain the requisite licenses and approvals required under the complex regulatory environment applicable to our businesses inChina, or if we are required to take compliance actions that are time-consuming or costly, our business, financial condition and results of operations maybe materially and adversely affected.The internet and mobile industries in China are highly regulated. Beijing Momo and its subsidiaries are required to obtain and maintain applicablelicenses and approvals from different regulatory authorities in order to provide their current services. Under the current PRC regulatory scheme, a number ofregulatory agencies, including but not limited to the State Administration of Press, Publication, Radio, Film and Television, or SARFT, the Ministry ofCulture, or MOC, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, or MIIT, and the State Council Information Office, or SCIO, jointly regulate all majoraspects of the internet industry, including the mobile internet and mobile games businesses. Operators must obtain various government approvals andlicenses for relevant mobile business.We have obtained the ICP licenses for provision of internet information services and internet culture operation licenses for operation of online games.These licenses are essential to the operation of our business and are generally subject to regular government review or renewal. However, we cannot assureyou that we can successfully renew these licenses in a timely manner or that these licenses are sufficient to conduct all of our present or future business.We are also required to obtain an internet publishing license from SARFT in order to publish online games through the mobile networks. As of the dateof this annual report, we have yet to obtain an internet publishing license, and are in the process of preparing the application documents. Each mobile gameis also required to be approved by SARFT prior to the commencement of its operations in China. As of the date of this annual report, we have obtainedapprovals from the SARFT for five games, and we are still in the process of applying with the SARFT for the approvals of the remaining games. In the event ofany failure to meet the above-mentioned requirements, we may no longer be able to offer games on our platform, which would have a material adverse effecton our business and results of operations. All domestic online games must be filed with the MOC within 30 days after operation, and all imported onlinegames must be approved by the MOC. As of March 31, 2016, 14 of the 31 online games we offered had completed the filing with the MOC. If we fail tocomplete, obtain or maintain any of the required licenses or approvals or make the necessary filings, we may be subject to various penalties, such asconfiscation of the net revenues that were generated through online games, the imposition of fines and the discontinuation or restriction of our operations ofonline games.Considerable uncertainties exist regarding the interpretation and implementation of existing and future laws and regulations governing our businessactivities. Although we do not believe our video sharing function in the user groups requires an internet audio/video program transmission license becausesuch function does not constitute an internet audio/video program service under the Internet Audio/Video Program Services Categories (Provisional), or theProvisional Categories, issued by SARFT, in March 2015, we were warned and penalized with a fine of RMB30,000 (US$4,800) by the BeijingAdministrative Enforcement General Team on Culture Market for failing to obtain an internet audio/video program transmission license for certain video(containing forbidden contents) sharing activities conducted by our users in certain groups. In addition, certain users circulated comics containing forbiddencontents in certain user groups, as a result of which we were penalized with a fine of RMB30,000 (US$4,800) in March 2015 by the Beijing AdministrativeEnforcement General Team on Culture Market for unauthorized operation of comic and animation products. Accordingly, we will apply for an internetaudio/video program transmission license, and we have received the approval to expand the scope of our internet culture operation license to cover theoperation of comic and animation products. We cannot assure you that we will not be found in violation of any future laws and regulations or any of the lawsand regulations currently in effect due to changes in the relevant authorities’ interpretation of these laws and regulations. If we fail to complete, obtain ormaintain any of the required licenses or approvals or make the necessary filings, we may be subject to various penalties, such as confiscation of the netrevenues that were generated through the unlicensed internet or mobile activities, the imposition of fines and the discontinuation or restriction of ouroperations. Any such penalties may disrupt our business operations and materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results ofoperations. 22Table of ContentsAdverse changes in economic and political policies of the PRC government could have a material and adverse effect on overall economic growth in China,which could materially and adversely affect our business.Our revenues are substantially generated in China. Accordingly, our results of operations, financial condition and prospects are influenced byeconomic, political and legal developments in China. Economic reforms begun in the late 1970s have resulted in significant economic growth. However, anyeconomic reform policies or measures in China may from time to time be modified or revised. China’s economy differs from the economies of most developedcountries in many respects, including with respect to the amount of government involvement, level of development, growth rate, control of foreign exchangeand allocation of resources. While the PRC economy has experienced significant growth in the past 30 years, growth has been uneven across different regionsand between economic sectors. The PRC government exercises significant control over China’s economic growth through strategically allocating resources,controlling the payment of foreign currency-denominated obligations, setting monetary policy and providing preferential treatment to particular industries orcompanies. Although the Chinese economy has grown significantly in the past decade, that growth may not continue, as evidenced by the slowing of thegrowth of the Chinese economy since 2012. Any adverse changes in economic conditions in China, in the policies of the Chinese government or in the lawsand regulations in China could have a material adverse effect on the overall economic growth of China. Such developments could adversely affect ourbusiness and operating results, lead to reduction in demand for our services and adversely affect our competitive position.Under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law, we may be classified as a PRC “resident enterprise,” which could result in unfavorable tax consequences to usand our shareholders and have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and the value of your investment.Under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law, or the EIT Law, which became effective on January 1, 2008, an enterprise established outside the PRC with“de facto management bodies” within the PRC is considered a “resident enterprise” for PRC enterprise income tax purposes and is generally subject to auniform 25% enterprise income tax rate on its worldwide income. In 2009, the State Administration of Taxation, or the SAT, issued the Notice Regarding theDetermination of Chinese-Controlled Overseas Incorporated Enterprises as PRC Tax Resident Enterprise on the Basis of De Facto Management Bodies, orSAT Circular 82, which provides certain specific criteria for determining whether the “de facto management body” of a PRC-controlled enterprise that isincorporated offshore is located in China. Further to SAT Circular 82, on July 27, 2011, the SAT issued the Administrative Measures for Enterprise IncomeTax of Chinese-Controlled Offshore Incorporated Resident Enterprises (Trial), or SAT Bulletin 45, to provide more guidance on the implementation of SATCircular 82; the bulletin became effective on September 1, 2011. SAT Bulletin 45 clarified certain issues in the areas of resident status determination, post-determination administration and competent tax authorities’ procedures.According to SAT Circular 82, an offshore incorporated enterprise controlled by a PRC enterprise or a PRC enterprise group will be considered as aPRC tax resident enterprise by virtue of having its “de facto management body” in China and will be subject to PRC enterprise income tax on its worldwideincome only if all of the following conditions are met: (a) the senior management and core management departments in charge of its daily operationsfunction have their presence mainly in the PRC; (b) its financial and human resources decisions are subject to determination or approval by persons or bodiesin the PRC; (c) its major assets, accounting books, company seals, and minutes and files of its board and shareholders’ meetings are located or kept in thePRC; and (d) more than half of the enterprise’s directors or senior management with voting rights habitually reside in the PRC. SAT Bulletin 45 specifies thatwhen provided with a copy of Chinese tax resident determination certificate from a resident Chinese controlled offshore incorporated enterprise, the payershould not withhold 10% income tax when paying the Chinese-sourced dividends, interest, royalties, among others, to the Chinese controlled offshoreincorporated enterprise.Although SAT Circular 82 and SAT Bulletin 45 only apply to offshore incorporated enterprises controlled by PRC enterprises or PRC enterprisegroups and not those controlled by PRC individuals or foreigners, the determination criteria set forth therein may reflect the SAT’s general position on howthe term “de facto management body” could be applied in determining the tax resident status of offshore enterprises, regardless of whether they are controlledby PRC enterprises, individuals or foreigners. 23Table of ContentsIf the PRC tax authorities determine that we or any of our non-PRC subsidiaries is a PRC resident enterprise for PRC enterprise income tax purposes,then we or any such non-PRC subsidiary could be subject to PRC tax at a rate of 25% on its world-wide income, which could materially reduce our netincome. In addition, we will also be subject to PRC enterprise income tax reporting obligations.If the PRC tax authorities determine that our company is a PRC resident enterprise for PRC enterprise income tax purposes, gains realized on the sale orother disposition of ADSs or ordinary shares may be subject to PRC tax, at a rate of 10% in the case of non-PRC enterprises or 20% in the case of non-PRCindividuals (in each case, subject to the provisions of any applicable tax treaty), if such gains are deemed to be from PRC sources. Any such tax may reducethe returns on your investment in the ADSs.We face uncertainty with respect to indirect transfer of equity interests in PRC resident enterprises by their non-PRC holding companies.We face uncertainties regarding the reporting on and consequences of previous private equity financing transactions involving the transfer andexchange of shares in our company by non-resident investors. According to the Notice on Strengthening Administration of Enterprise Income Tax for ShareTransfers by Non-PRC Resident Enterprises issued by the PRC State Administration of Taxation on December 10, 2009, with retroactive effect fromJanuary 1, 2008, or SAT Circular 698, where a non-resident enterprise transfers the equity interests in a PRC resident enterprise indirectly through adisposition of equity interests in an overseas holding company (other than a purchase and sale of shares issued by a PRC resident enterprise in publicsecurities market), or an Indirect Transfer, and such overseas holding company is located in a tax jurisdiction that: (a) has an effective tax rate less than 12.5%or (b) does not tax foreign income of its residents, the non-resident enterprise, as the seller, shall report such Indirect Transfer to the competent tax authorityof the PRC resident enterprise within 30 days of execution of the equity transfer agreement for such Indirect Transfer. The PRC tax authority will examine thetrue nature of the Indirect Transfer, and if the tax authority considers that the foreign investor has adopted an abusive arrangement without reasonablecommercial purposes and for the purpose of avoiding or reducing PRC tax, they will disregard the existence of the overseas holding company that is used fortax planning purposes and re-characterize the Indirect Transfer. As a result, gains derived from such Indirect Transfer may be subject to PRC withholding taxat the rate of up to 10%. SAT Circular 698 also points out that when a non-resident enterprise transfers its equity interests in a PRC resident enterprise to itsrelated parties at a price lower than the fair market value, the competent tax authorities have the power to make a reasonable adjustment on the taxableincome of the transaction.On February 3, 2015, the SAT issued a Public Notice [2015] No. 7, or Public Notice 7, to supersede existing provisions in relation to the IndirectTransfer as set forth in Circular 698, while the other provisions of Circular 698 remain in force. Public Notice 7 introduces a new tax regime that issignificantly different from that under Circular 698. Public Notice extends its tax jurisdiction to capture not only Indirect Transfer as set forth under Circular698 but also transactions involving transfer of immovable property in China and assets held under the establishment and place in China of a foreigncompany through the offshore transfer of a foreign intermediate holding company. Public Notice 7 also addresses the transfer of the equity interest in aforeign intermediate holding company widely. In addition, Public Notice 7 provides clearer criteria than Circular 698 on how to assess reasonablecommercial purposes and introduces safe harbour scenarios applicable to internal group restructurings. However, it also brings challenges to both the foreigntransferor and transferee of the Indirect Transfer as they have to make self-assessment on whether the transaction should be subject to PRC tax and to file orwithhold the PRC tax accordingly.There are few guidances and practical experience as to the application of Circular 698 and Public Notice 7. Where non-resident investors wereinvolved in our private equity financing, if such transactions were determined by the tax authorities to lack reasonable commercial purpose, we and our non-resident investors may become at risk of being taxed under Circular 698 and Public Notice 7 and may be required to expend valuable resources to complywith Circular 698 and Public Notice 7 or to establish that we should not be taxed under Circular 698 and Public Notice 7, which may have a material adverseeffect on our financial condition and results of operations or the non-resident investors’ investments in us. 24Table of ContentsThe PRC tax authorities have the discretion under SAT Circular 59, Circular 698 and Public Notice 7 to make adjustments to the taxable capital gainsbased on the difference between the fair value of the equity interests transferred and the cost of investment. We may pursue acquisitions in the future that mayinvolve complex corporate structures. If we are considered a non-resident enterprise under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law and if the PRC tax authoritiesmake adjustments to the taxable income of the transactions under SAT Circular 59, Circular 698 and Public Notice 7, our income tax costs associated withsuch potential acquisitions will be increased, which may have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.China’s M&A Rules and certain other PRC regulations establish complex procedures for some acquisitions of Chinese companies by foreign investors,which could make it more difficult for us to pursue growth through acquisitions in China.The Regulations on Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors, or the M&A Rules, and other recently adopted regulationsand rules concerning mergers and acquisitions established additional procedures and requirements that could make merger and acquisition activities byforeign investors more time consuming and complex. For example, the M&A Rules require that MOFCOM be notified in advance of any change-of-controltransaction in which a foreign investor takes control of a PRC domestic enterprise, if (i) any important industry is concerned, (ii) such transaction involvesfactors that impact or may impact national economic security, or (iii) such transaction will lead to a change in control of a domestic enterprise which holds afamous trademark or PRC time-honored brand. Moreover, the Anti-Monopoly Law promulgated by the Standing Committee of the National People’sCongress on August 30, 2007 and effective as of August 1, 2008 requires that transactions which are deemed concentrations and involve parties withspecified turnover thresholds (i.e., during the previous fiscal year, (i) the total global turnover of all operators participating in the transaction exceeds RMB10billion and at least two of these operators each had a turnover of more than RMB400 million within China, or (ii) the total turnover within China of all theoperators participating in the concentration exceeded RMB2 billion, and at least two of these operators each had a turnover of more than RMB400 millionwithin China) must be cleared by MOFCOM before they can be completed. In addition, on February 3, 2011, the General Office of the State Councilpromulgated a Notice on Establishing the Security Review System for Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors, or the Circular6, which officially established a security review system for mergers and acquisitions of domestic enterprises by foreign investors. Further, on August 25,2011, MOFCOM promulgated the Regulations on Implementation of Security Review System for the Merger and Acquisition of Domestic Enterprises byForeign Investors, or the MOFCOM Security Review Regulations, which became effective on September 1, 2011, to implement the Circular 6. UnderCircular 6, a security review is required for mergers and acquisitions by foreign investors having “national defense and security” concerns and mergers andacquisitions by which foreign investors may acquire the “de facto control” of domestic enterprises with “national security” concerns. Under the MOFCOMSecurity Review Regulations, MOFCOM will focus on the substance and actual impact of the transaction when deciding whether a specific merger oracquisition is subject to security review. If MOFCOM decides that a specific merger or acquisition is subject to security review, it will submit it to the Inter-Ministerial Panel, an authority established under the Circular 6 led by the National Development and Reform Commission, or NDRC, and MOFCOM underthe leadership of the State Council, to carry out security review. The regulations prohibit foreign investors from bypassing the security review by structuringtransactions through trusts, indirect investments, leases, loans, control through contractual arrangements or offshore transactions. There is no explicitprovision or official interpretation stating that the merging or acquisition of a company engaged in the mobile games business requires security review, andthere is no requirement that acquisitions completed prior to the promulgation of the Security Review Circular are subject to MOFCOM review.In the future, we may grow our business by acquiring complementary businesses. Complying with the requirements of the above-mentioned regulationsand other relevant rules to complete such transactions could be time consuming, and any required approval processes, including obtaining approval from theMOFCOM or its local counterparts may delay or inhibit our ability to complete such transactions. It is unclear whether our business would be deemed to bein an industry that raises “national defense and security” or “national security” concerns. However, MOFCOM or other government agencies may publishexplanations in the future determining that our business is in an industry subject to the security review, in which case our future acquisitions in the PRC,including those by way of entering into contractual control arrangements with target entities, may be closely scrutinized or prohibited. 25Table of ContentsPRC regulations relating to offshore investment activities by PRC residents may limit our PRC subsidiary’s ability to increase its registered capital ordistribute profits to us or otherwise expose us to liability and penalties under PRC law.The SAFE promulgated the Circular on Relevant Issues Relating to Domestic Resident’s Investment and Financing and Roundtrip Investment throughSpecial Purpose Vehicles, or SAFE Circular 37, in July 2014 that requires PRC residents or entities to register with SAFE or its local branch in connectionwith their establishment or control of an offshore entity established for the purpose of overseas investment or financing. In addition, such PRC residents orentities must update their SAFE registrations when the offshore special purpose vehicle undergoes material events relating to any change of basic information(including change of such PRC citizens or residents, name and operation term), increases or decreases in investment amount, transfers or exchanges of shares,or mergers or divisions. SAFE Circular 37 is issued to replace the Notice on Relevant Issues Concerning Foreign Exchange Administration for PRC ResidentsEngaging in Financing and Roundtrip Investments via Overseas Special Purpose Vehicles, or SAFE Circular 75.If our shareholders who are PRC residents or entities do not complete their registration with the local SAFE branches, our PRC subsidiary may beprohibited from distributing its profits and proceeds from any reduction in capital, share transfer or liquidation to us, and we may be restricted in our abilityto contribute additional capital to our PRC subsidiary. Moreover, failure to comply with the SAFE registration described above could result in liability underPRC laws for evasion of applicable foreign exchange restrictions.To our knowledge, Messrs. Yan Tang, Yong Li, Xiaoliang Lei and Zhiwei Li have completed SAFE registration in connection with our financings andshare transfer. However, we cannot compel all of our beneficial owners to comply with SAFE registration requirements. As a result, we cannot assure you thatall of our shareholders or beneficial owners who are PRC residents or entities have complied with, and will in the future make or obtain any applicableregistrations or approvals required by, SAFE regulations. Failure by such shareholders or beneficial owners to comply with SAFE regulations, or failure by usto amend the foreign exchange registrations of our PRC subsidiary, could subject us to fines or legal sanctions, restrict our overseas or cross-borderinvestment activities, limit our subsidiaries’ ability to make distributions or pay dividends or affect our ownership structure, which could adversely affect ourbusiness and prospects.Failure to comply with PRC regulations regarding the registration requirements for employee stock ownership plans or share option plans may subject thePRC plan participants or us to fines and other legal or administrative sanctions.In February 2012, SAFE promulgated the Notices on Issues Concerning the Foreign Exchange Administration for Domestic Individuals Participating inStock Incentive Plans of Overseas Publicly-Listed Companies, or Circular 7, which replaced the Application Procedures of Foreign Exchange Administrationfor Domestic Individuals Participating in Employee Stock Ownership Plans or Stock Option Plans of Overseas Publicly-Listed Companies issued by SAFE onMarch 28, 2007. Under the Circular 7 and other relevant rules and regulations, PRC residents who participate in stock incentive plan in an overseas publicly-listed company are required to register with SAFE or its local branches and complete certain other procedures. Participants of a stock incentive plan who arePRC residents must retain a qualified PRC agent, which could be a PRC subsidiary of such overseas publicly listed company or another qualified institutionselected by such PRC subsidiary, to conduct the SAFE registration and other procedures with respect to the stock incentive plan on behalf of its participants.Such participants must also retain an overseas entrusted institution to handle matters in connection with their exercise of stock options, the purchase and saleof corresponding stocks or interests and fund transfers. In addition, the PRC agent is required to amend the SAFE registration with respect to the stockincentive plan if there is any material change to the stock incentive plan, the PRC agent or the overseas entrusted institution or other material changes. Weand our PRC employees who have been granted stock options are subject to these regulations. Failure of our PRC stock option holders to complete theirSAFE registrations may subject these PRC residents to fines and legal sanctions and may also limit our ability to contribute additional capital into our PRCsubsidiary, limit our PRC subsidiary’s ability to distribute dividends to us, or otherwise materially adversely affect our business. 26Table of ContentsPRC regulation of loans to, and direct investment in, PRC entities by offshore holding companies and governmental control of currency conversion mayrestrict or prevent us from using offshore funds to make loans to our PRC subsidiary and consolidated affiliated entity and its subsidiaries, or to makeadditional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiary.We are an offshore holding company conducting our operations in China through our PRC subsidiary and consolidated affiliated entity and itssubsidiaries. We may make loans to our PRC subsidiary and consolidated affiliated entity and its subsidiaries, or we may make additional capitalcontributions to our PRC subsidiary, or we may establish new PRC subsidiaries and make capital contributions to these new PRC subsidiaries, or we mayacquire offshore entities with business operations in China in an offshore transaction.Most of these ways are subject to PRC regulations and approvals. For example, loans by us to our wholly owned PRC subsidiary to finance theiractivities cannot exceed statutory limits and must be registered with the local counterpart of SAFE. If we decide to finance our wholly owned PRCsubsidiaries by means of capital contributions, these capital contributions must be approved by the MOFCOM or its local counterpart. Due to the restrictionsimposed on loans in foreign currencies extended to any PRC domestic companies, we are not likely to make such loans to Beijing Momo, which is PRCdomestic company. Further, we are not likely to finance the activities of Beijing Momo by means of capital contributions due to regulatory restrictionsrelating to foreign investment in PRC domestic enterprises engaged in mobile internet services, online games and related businesses.On August 29, 2008, SAFE promulgated the Circular on the Relevant Operating Issues Concerning the Improvement of the Administration of thePayment and Settlement of Foreign Currency Capital of Foreign-Invested Enterprises, or SAFE Circular 142, regulating the conversion by a foreign-investedenterprise of foreign currency registered capital into Renminbi by restricting how the converted Renminbi may be used. SAFE Circular 142 provides thatRenminbi capital converted from foreign currency registered capital of a foreign-invested enterprise may only be used for purposes within the business scopeapproved by the applicable governmental authority and may not be used for equity investments within the PRC. In addition, SAFE strengthened its oversightof the flow and use of the Renminbi capital converted from the foreign currency registered capital of a foreign-invested company. The use of such Renminbicapital may not be altered without SAFE approval, and such Renminbi capital may not in any case be used to repay Renminbi loans if the proceeds of suchloans have not been used. Violations of SAFE Circular 142 could result in severe monetary or other penalties. Furthermore, SAFE promulgated a circular onNovember 9, 2010, known as Circular 59, which tightens the examination of the authenticity of settlement of net proceeds from overseas offerings. SAFEfurther promulgated the Circular on Further Clarification and Regulation of the Issues Concerning the Administration of Certain Capital Account ForeignExchange Businesses, or Circular 45, on November 9, 2011, which expressly prohibits foreign-invested enterprises from using registered capital settled inRenminbi converted from foreign currencies to grant loans through entrustment arrangements with a bank, repay inter-company loans or repay bank loansthat have been transferred to a third party. Circular 142, Circular 59 and Circular 45 may significantly limit our ability to transfer the net proceeds from ouroverseas offerings, including our initial public offering consummated in December 2014, to our PRC subsidiary and to convert such proceeds into Renminbi,which may adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business in the PRC.On April 8, 2015, SAFE promulgated the Circular on Reforming the Management Approach Regarding the Foreign Exchange Capital Settlement ofForeign-invested Enterprises, or SAFE Circular 19, which will, upon its effective date as of June 1, 2015, supersedes the SAFE Circular 142. Circular 19provides that, among other things, the foreign-invested company may convert the foreign currency in its capital account into RMB on a “at will” basis andthe RMB funds so converted can be used for equity investments. However, the RMB funds so converted shall not be used for the purposes of, whetherdirectly or indirectly, (i) paying expenditures out of the ordinary course of business; (ii) investing in securities; (iii) extending entrusted loans or paying offloans extended or assumed by other companies; (iv) purchasing real estate properties not for self-use except when the foreign invested company is a companyapproved to engaging in real estate development business.Fluctuation in the value of the RMB may have a material adverse effect on the value of your investment.The value of the RMB against the U.S. dollar and other currencies is affected by changes in China’s political and economic conditions and China’sforeign exchange policies, among other things. In July 2005, the PRC government changed its decades-old policy of pegging the value of the RMB to theU.S. dollar, and the RMB appreciated more than 20% against the U.S. dollar over the following three years. Between July 2008 and June 2010, thisappreciation halted and the exchange rate between the RMB and the U.S. dollar remained within a narrow band. Since June 2010, the RMB has fluctuatedagainst the U.S. dollar, at times significantly and unpredictably. It is difficult to predict how market forces or PRC or U.S. government policy may impact theexchange rate between the RMB and the U.S. dollar in the future. 27Table of ContentsOur revenues and costs are mostly denominated in RMB, whereas our reporting currency is the U.S. dollar. Any significant depreciation of the RMBmay materially and adversely affect our revenues, earnings and financial position as reported in U.S. dollars. To the extent that we need to convert U.S.dollars we received from our initial public offering into RMB for our operations, appreciation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar would have an adverseeffect on the RMB amount we would receive from the conversion. Conversely, if we decide to convert our RMB into U.S. dollars for the purpose of makingpayments for dividends on our ordinary shares or ADSs or for other business purposes, appreciation of the U.S. dollar against the RMB would have a negativeeffect on the U.S. dollar amount available to us.Our leased property interests may be defective and our right to lease the properties affected by such defects may be challenged, which could causesignificant disruption to our business.Under PRC laws, all lease agreements are required to be registered with the local housing authorities. We presently lease five premises in China, andthe landlords of these premises have not completed the registration of their ownership rights or the registration of our leases with the relevant authorities.Failure to complete these required registrations may expose our landlords, lessors and us to potential monetary fines. If these registrations are not obtained ina timely manner or at all, we may be subject to monetary fines or may have to relocate our offices and incur the associated losses.The audit report included in this annual report is prepared by an auditor who is not inspected by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board and, assuch, you are deprived of the benefits of such inspection.Our independent registered public accounting firm that issues the audit reports included in this annual report filed with the US Securities andExchange Commission, as auditors of companies that are traded publicly in the United States and a firm registered with the US Public Company AccountingOversight Board (United States), or the PCAOB, is required by the laws of the United States to undergo regular inspections by the PCAOB to assess itscompliance with the laws of the United States and professional standards. Because our auditors are located in the Peoples’ Republic of China, a jurisdictionwhere the PCAOB is currently unable to conduct inspections without the approval of the Chinese authorities, our auditors are not currently inspected by thePCAOB.Inspections of other firms that the PCAOB has conducted outside China have identified deficiencies in those firms’ audit procedures and qualitycontrol procedures, which may be addressed as part of the inspection process to improve future audit quality. This lack of PCAOB inspections in Chinaprevents the PCAOB from regularly evaluating our auditor’s audits and its quality control procedures. As a result, investors may be deprived of the benefits ofPCAOB inspections.The inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections of auditors in China makes it more difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of our auditor’s auditprocedures or quality control procedures as compared to auditors outside of China that are subject to PCAOB inspections. Investors may lose confidence inour reported financial information and procedures and the quality of our financial statements.If additional remedial measures are imposed on the Big Four PRC-based accounting firms, including our independent registered public accounting firm,in administrative proceedings brought by the SEC alleging the firms’ failure to meet specific criteria set by the SEC, with respect to requests for theproduction of documents, we could be unable to timely file future financial statements in compliance with the requirements of the Exchange Act.Starting in 2011, the Chinese affiliates of the “big four” accounting firms, including our independent registered public accounting firm, were affectedby a conflict between US and Chinese law. Specifically, for certain U.S. listed companies operating and audited in mainland China, the SEC and the PCAOBsought to obtain from the Chinese firms access to their audit work papers and related documents. The firms were, however, advised and directed that underChina law they could not respond directly to the US regulators on those requests, and that requests by foreign regulators for access to such papers in Chinahad to be channeled through the China Securities Regulatory Commission, or CSRC. 28Table of ContentsIn late 2012, this impasse led the SEC to commence administrative proceedings under Rule 102(e) of its Rules of Practice and also under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 against the Chinese accounting firms, including our independent registered public accounting firm. A first instance trial of theproceedings in July 2013 in the SEC’s internal administrative court resulted in an adverse judgment against the firms. The administrative law judge proposedpenalties on the firms including a temporary suspension of their right to practice before the SEC, although that proposed penalty did not take effect pendingreview by the Commissioners of the SEC. On February 6, 2015, before a review by the Commissioner had taken place, the firms reached a settlement with theSEC. Under the settlement, the SEC accepts that future requests by the SEC for the production of documents will normally be made to the CSRC. The firmswill receive matching Section 106 requests, and are required to abide by a detailed set of procedures with respect to such requests, which in substance requirethem to facilitate production via the CSRC. If they fail to meet specified criteria, the SEC retains authority to impose a variety of additional remedialmeasures on the firms depending on the nature of the failure. Remedies for any future noncompliance could include, as appropriate, an automatic six-monthbar on a single firm’s performance of certain audit work, commencement of a new proceeding against a firm, or in extreme cases the resumption of the currentproceeding against all four firms.In the event that the SEC restarts the administrative proceedings, depending upon the final outcome, listed companies in the United States with majorPRC operations may find it difficult or impossible to retain auditors in respect of their operations in the PRC, which could result in financial statements beingdetermined to not be in compliance with the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, including possibledelisting. Moreover, any negative news about any such future proceedings against these audit firms may cause investor uncertainty regarding China-based,United States-listed companies and the market price of our ADSs may be adversely affected.If our independent registered public accounting firm were denied, even temporarily, the ability to practice before the SEC and we were unable to timelyfind another registered public accounting firm to audit and issue an opinion on our financial statements, our financial statements could be determined not tobe in compliance with the requirements of the Exchange Act. Such a determination could ultimately lead to the delisting of our ADSs from the NASDAQGlobal Select Market or deregistration from the SEC, or both, which would substantially reduce or effectively terminate the trading of our ADSs in the UnitedStates.Risks Related to Our ADSsThere can be no assurance that the proposed going private transaction will continue to be pursued, approved by our shareholders or successfullyconsummated. Potential uncertainty involving the proposed going private transaction may adversely affect our business and the market price of our ADSs.Our board of directors received a preliminary non-binding proposal letter dated June 23, 2015 from Yan Tang, our chairman and chief executiveofficer, Matrix Partners China II Hong Kong Limited, Sequoia Capital China Investment Management L.P. and Huatai Ruilian Fund Management Co., Ltd.,or collectively the Buyer Group, to acquire all of our outstanding Class A ordinary shares not already owned by the Buyer Group in a going privatetransaction for US$18.90 per ADS, or US$9.45 per Class A ordinary share, in cash. Our board of directors formed a special committee consisting of two of ourindependent directors, namely, Dr. Dave Daqing Qi and Mr. Benson Bing Chung Tam, on June 23, 2015 to consider and evaluate the proposal and any otheralternative proposals or other strategic alternatives that may be available to our company, and to negotiate the terms of any potential definitive agreement.On April 5, 2016, Alibaba Investment Limited and Rich Moon Limited joined the Buyer Group for the proposed going private transaction. See “Item 4.Information on the Company—A. History and Development of the Company.” As of April 6, 2016, the Buyer Group and their affiliates beneficially owned anaggregate of approximately 72.6% of all of our company’s issued and outstanding shares, which represented approximately 91.6% of the aggregate votingpower of our company. There can be no assurance that the going private transaction will continue to be pursued, approved by sufficient affirmative vote orconsummated.The going private transaction, whether or not pursued or consummated, presents a risk of diverting management focus, employee attention andresources from other strategic opportunities and from operational matters. In addition, if we sign any definitive agreement with the Buyer Group, we may besubject to various restrictions under those agreements on the conduct of our business prior to the completion of the transaction, which may delay or preventus from undertaking business opportunities that may arise pending completion of the transaction. Also, any development of the transaction, such as enteringinto or termination of any definitive agreement, may increase volatility of the trading price of our ADSs. 29Table of ContentsThe trading price of our ADSs is likely to be volatile, which could result in substantial losses to investors.The price of our ADSs has been and is likely to continue to be volatile and could fluctuate widely due to factors beyond our control. This may happenbecause of broad market and industry factors, like the performance and fluctuation of the market prices of other companies with business operations locatedmainly in China that have listed their securities in the United States. A number of Chinese companies have listed their securities on U.S. stock markets. Thesecurities of some of these companies have experienced significant volatility, including price declines in connection with their initial public offerings. Thetrading performances of these Chinese companies’ securities after their offerings may affect the attitudes of investors toward Chinese companies listed in theUnited States in general and consequently may impact the trading performance of our ADSs, regardless of our actual operating performance.In addition to market and industry factors, the price and trading volume for our ADSs may be highly volatile for factors specific to our own operations,including the following: • variations in our revenues, earnings, cash flow and data related to our user base or user engagement; • announcements of new investments, acquisitions, strategic partnerships or joint ventures by us or our competitors; • announcements of new products, services and expansions by us or our competitors; • changes in financial estimates by securities analysts; • detrimental adverse publicity about us, our services or our industry; • additions or departures of key personnel; • release of lock-up or other transfer restrictions on our outstanding equity securities or sales of additional equity securities; and • potential litigation or regulatory investigations.Any of these factors may result in large and sudden changes in the volume and price at which our ADSs will trade.In the past, shareholders of public companies have often brought securities class action suits against those companies following periods of instabilityin the market price of their securities. If we were involved in a class action suit, it could divert a significant amount of our management’s attention and otherresources from our business and operations and require us to incur significant expenses to defend the suit, which could harm our results of operations. Anysuch class action suit, whether or not successful, could harm our reputation and restrict our ability to raise capital in the future. In addition, if a claim issuccessfully made against us, we may be required to pay significant damages, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition andresults of operations.If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about our business, or if they adversely change their recommendations regarding ourADSs, the market price for our ADSs and trading volume could decline.The trading market for our ADSs will be influenced by research or reports that industry or securities analysts publish about our business. If one or moreanalysts who cover us downgrade our ADSs, the market price for our ADSs would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease to cover us or fail toregularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which in turn could cause the market price or trading volume for our ADSs todecline. 30Table of ContentsWe currently do not expect to pay dividends in the foreseeable future, and you must rely on price appreciation of our ADSs for return on your investment.We currently intend to retain most, if not all, of our available funds and any future earnings to fund the development and growth of our business. As aresult, we do not expect to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Therefore, you should not rely on an investment in our ADSs as a source for anyfuture dividend income.Our board of directors has complete discretion as to whether to distribute dividends subject to our memorandum and articles of association and certainrestrictions under Cayman Islands law. In addition, our shareholders may by ordinary resolution declare a dividend, but no dividend may exceed the amountrecommended by our directors. Even if our board of directors decides to declare and pay dividends, the timing, amount and form of future dividends, if any,will depend on, among other things, our future results of operations and cash flow, our capital requirements and surplus, the amount of distributions, if any,received by us from our subsidiary, our financial condition, contractual restrictions and other factors deemed relevant by our board of directors. Accordingly,the return on your investment in our ADSs will likely depend entirely upon any future price appreciation of our ADSs. There is no guarantee that our ADSswill appreciate in value or even maintain the price at which you purchased the ADSs. You may not realize a return on your investment in our ADSs and youmay even lose your entire investment in our ADSs.Substantial future sales or the expectation of substantial sales of our ADSs in the public market could cause the price of our ADSs to decline.Sales of our ADSs in the public market, or the perception that these sales could occur, could cause the market price of our ADSs to decline. Such salesalso might make it more difficult for us to sell equity or equity-related securities in the future at a time and price that we deem appropriate. If any existingshareholder or shareholders sell a substantial amount of ADSs, the prevailing market price for our ADSs could be adversely affected. In addition, if we pay forour future acquisitions in whole or in part with additionally issued ordinary shares, your ownership interests in our company would be diluted and this, inturn, could have a material and adverse effect on the price of our ADSs.Mr. Yan Tang, our co-founder, chairman and chief executive officer, has considerable influence over important corporate matters. Our dual-class votingstructure will limit your ability to influence corporate matters and could discourage others from pursuing any change of control transactions that holdersof our Class A ordinary shares and ADSs may view as beneficial.Mr. Yan Tang, our co-founder, chairman and chief executive officer, has considerable influence over important corporate matters. We have adopted adual-class voting structure in which our ordinary shares consists of Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares. Holders of Class A ordinary shares areentitled to one vote per share in respect of matters requiring the votes of shareholders, while holders of Class B ordinary shares are entitled to ten votes pershare. Each Class B ordinary share is convertible into one Class A ordinary share at any time by the holder thereof, while Class A ordinary shares are notconvertible into Class B ordinary shares under any circumstances. Due to the disparate voting powers associated with our two classes of ordinary shares,Mr. Tang beneficially owned a total of 77.2% of the aggregate voting power of our company as of March 31, 2016, including 77.1% that was owned throughGallant Future Holdings Limited, a company 100% beneficially owned by Mr. Tang through a family trust. As of March 31, 2016, Gallant Future HoldingsLimited held 96,886,370 Class B ordinary shares, which constitutes all of our outstanding Class B ordinary shares.As a result of his majority voting power, Mr. Tang has considerable influence over matters such as electing directors and approving material mergers,acquisitions or other business combination transactions. This concentrated control will limit your ability to influence corporate matters and could alsodiscourage others from pursuing any potential merger, takeover or other change of control transactions, which could have the effect of depriving the holdersof our Class A ordinary shares and our ADSs of the opportunity to sell their shares at a premium over the prevailing market price. 31Table of ContentsWe may be classified as a passive foreign investment company under U.S. tax law, which could result in adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences toU.S. holders of our ADSs or ordinary shares.Under United States federal income tax law, we will be classified as a PFIC for any taxable year if either (i) 75% or more of our gross income for thetaxable year is passive income or (ii) 50% or more of the value of our assets (determined on the basis of a quarterly average) is attributable to assets thatproduce or are held for the production of passive income (the “asset test”). Although the law in this regard is unclear, we treat Beijing Momo as being ownedby us for U.S. federal income tax purposes, not only because we exercise effective control over the operation of this entity but also because we are entitled tosubstantially all of its economic benefits, and, as a result, we consolidate its results of operations in our consolidated U.S. GAAP financial statements. If itwere determined, however, that we are not the owner of Beijing Momo for U.S. federal income tax purposes, we would likely be treated as a PFIC for thetaxable year ended December 31, 2015 and would anticipate being a PFIC for future taxable years. Assuming that we are the owner of Beijing Momo forUnited States federal income tax purposes and based upon our income and assets and the value of our ADSs, we do not believe that we were a PFIC for thetaxable year ended December 31, 2015 and do not anticipate becoming a PFIC in the foreseeable future.However, because PFIC status is a factual determination made annually after the close of each taxable year on the basis of the composition of ourincome and assets, there can be no assurance that we will not be a PFIC for current the taxable year or any future taxable year. Fluctuations in the market priceof our ADSs may cause us to become a PFIC for the current or subsequent taxable years because the value of our assets for purposes of the asset test, includingthe value of our goodwill and unbooked intangibles, may be determined by reference to the market price of our ADSs from time to time (which may bevolatile). In estimating the value of our goodwill and other unbooked intangibles, we have taken into account our current market capitalization. If our marketcapitalization subsequently declines, we may be or become classified as a PFIC for the current taxable year or future taxable years. In addition, the overalllevel of our passive assets will be affected by how, and how quickly, we spend our liquid assets. Under circumstances where our revenue from activities thatproduce passive income significantly increase relative to our revenue from activities that produce non-passive income, or where we determine not to deploysignificant amounts of cash for active purposes, our risk of becoming classified as a PFIC may substantially increase. Furthermore, because there areuncertainties in the application of the relevant rules, it is possible that the IRS may challenge our classification of certain income or assets as non-passive, orour valuation of our goodwill and other unbooked intangibles, each of which may result in our company becoming classified as a PFIC for the current orsubsequent taxable years.If we were to be or become classified as a PFIC, a U.S. Holder (as defined in “Item 10. Additional Information—E. Taxation—United States FederalIncome Tax Considerations”) will generally be subject to reporting requirements and may incur significantly increased U.S. federal income tax on gainrecognized on the sale or other disposition of the ADSs or ordinary shares and on the receipt of distributions on the ADSs or ordinary shares to the extent suchgain or distribution is treated as an “excess distribution” under the U.S. federal income tax rules. Further, if we were a PFIC for any year during which a U.S.Holder held our ADSs or ordinary shares, we generally would continue to be treated as a PFIC for all succeeding years during which such U.S. Holder held ourADSs or ordinary shares. You are urged to consult your tax advisor concerning the U.S. federal income tax consequences of holding and disposing of ADSs orordinary shares if we are or become classified as a PFIC. For more information see “Item 10. Additional Information—E. Taxation—United States FederalIncome Tax Considerations—Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules.”The approval of the China Securities Regulatory Commission may be required in connection with our initial public offering under PRC law.The M&A Rules, which were adopted in 2006 by six PRC regulatory agencies, including the CSRC, purport to require offshore special purposevehicles that are controlled by PRC companies or individuals and that have been formed for the purpose of seeking a public listing on an overseas stockexchange through acquisitions of PRC domestic companies or assets to obtain CSRC approval prior to publicly listing their securities on an overseas stockexchange. The interpretation and application of the regulations remain unclear, and our initial public offering consummated in December 2014 mayultimately require approval from the CSRC. If CSRC approval is required, it is uncertain how long it will take us to obtain the approval and any failure toobtain or delay in obtaining CSRC approval for our initial public offering would subject us to sanctions imposed by the CSRC and other PRC regulatoryagencies, which could include fines and penalties on our operations in China, restrictions or limitations on our ability to pay dividends outside of China, andother forms of sanctions that may materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. 32Table of ContentsOur PRC counsel, Han Kun Law Offices, has advised us that, based on its understanding of the current PRC laws and regulations, we are not required tosubmit an application to the CSRC for the approval of the listing and trading of our ADSs on the NASDAQ Global Select Market because (i) the CSRCcurrently has not issued any definitive rule or interpretation concerning whether offerings like our initial public offering are subject to this regulation, and(ii) our wholly owned PRC subsidiary was established by foreign direct investment, rather than through a merger or acquisition of a domestic company asdefined under the M&A Rules. However, we cannot assure you that relevant PRC government agencies, including the CSRC, would reach the sameconclusion as our PRC counsel, and hence we may face regulatory actions or other sanctions from the CSRC or other PRC regulatory agencies. Theseregulatory agencies may impose fines and penalties on our operations in China, limit our operating privileges in China, delay or restrict the repatriation ofthe proceeds from our initial public offering into China or take other actions that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition,results of operations and prospects, as well as the trading price of the ADSs. In addition, if the CSRC or other regulatory agencies later promulgate new rulesor explanations requiring that we obtain their approvals for our initial public offering, we may be unable to obtain a waiver of such approval requirements, ifand when procedures are established to obtain such a waiver. Any uncertainties and/or negative publicity regarding such approval requirement could have amaterial adverse effect on the trading price of the ADSs.Our memorandum and articles of association contain anti-takeover provisions that could have a material adverse effect on the rights of holders of ourClass A ordinary shares and ADSs.Our currently effective second amended and restated memorandum and articles of association contain provisions to limit the ability of others to acquirecontrol of our company or cause us to engage in change-of-control transactions. These provisions could have the effect of depriving our shareholders of anopportunity to sell their shares at a premium over prevailing market prices by discouraging third parties from seeking to obtain control of our company in atender offer or similar transaction. Our dual-class voting structure gives disproportionate voting power to the Class B ordinary shares held by Gallant FutureHoldings Limited, a company 100% beneficially owned by Yan Tang, our co-founder, chairman and chief executive officer. Mr. Tang beneficially owned77.2% of the aggregate voting power of our company as of March 31, 2016, including 77.1% of the aggregate voting power owned through Gallant FutureHoldings Limited. In addition, our board of directors has the authority, without further action by our shareholders, to issue preferred shares in one or moreseries and to fix their designations, powers, preferences, privileges, and relative participating, optional or special rights and the qualifications, limitations orrestrictions, including dividend rights, conversion rights, voting rights, terms of redemption and liquidation preferences, any or all of which may be greaterthan the rights associated with our Class A ordinary shares, in the form of ADS or otherwise. Preferred shares could be issued quickly with terms calculated todelay or prevent a change in control of our company or make removal of management more difficult. If our board of directors decides to issue preferred shares,the price of our ADSs may fall and the voting and other rights of the holders of our Class A ordinary shares and ADSs may be materially and adverselyaffected.You may face difficulties in protecting your interests, and your ability to protect your rights through U.S. courts may be limited, because we are registeredby way of continuation under Cayman Islands law.We are an exempted company limited by shares registered under the laws of the Cayman Islands. Our corporate affairs are governed by ourmemorandum and articles of association, the Companies Law (2013 Revision) of the Cayman Islands and the common law of the Cayman Islands. The rightsof shareholders to take action against the directors, actions by minority shareholders and the fiduciary responsibilities of our directors to us under CaymanIslands law are to a large extent governed by the common law of the Cayman Islands. The common law of the Cayman Islands is derived in part fromcomparatively limited judicial precedent in the Cayman Islands as well as from the common law of England, the decisions of whose courts are of persuasiveauthority, but are not binding, on a court in the Cayman Islands. The rights of our shareholders and the fiduciary responsibilities of our directors underCayman Islands law are not as clearly established as they would be under statutes or judicial precedent in some jurisdictions in the United States. Inparticular, the Cayman Islands has a less developed body of securities laws than the United States. Some U.S. states, such as Delaware, have more fullydeveloped and judicially interpreted bodies of corporate law than the Cayman Islands. In addition, Cayman Islands companies may not have standing toinitiate a shareholder derivative action in a federal court of the United States.Shareholders of Cayman Islands exempted companies like us have no general rights under Cayman Islands law to inspect corporate records or to obtaincopies of lists of shareholders of these companies. Our directors have discretion under our articles of association to determine whether or not, and under whatconditions, our corporate records may be inspected by our shareholders, but are not obliged to make them available to our shareholders. This may make itmore difficult for you to obtain the information needed to establish any facts necessary for a shareholder motion or to solicit proxies from other shareholdersin connection with a proxy contest. 33Table of ContentsAs a result of all of the above, public shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests in the face of actions taken by management,members of the board of directors or controlling shareholders than they would as public shareholders of a company incorporated in the United States.Certain judgments obtained against us by our shareholders may not be enforceable.We are a Cayman Islands company and all of our assets are located outside of the United States. Substantially all of our current operations areconducted in China. In addition, a majority of our current directors and officers are nationals and residents of countries other than the United States.Substantially all of the assets of these persons are located outside the United States. As a result, it may be difficult or impossible for you to effect service ofprocess within the United States upon us or these persons or to bring an action against us or against these individuals in the United States in the event thatyou believe that your rights have been infringed under the U.S. federal securities laws or otherwise. Even if you are successful in bringing an action of thiskind, the laws of the Cayman Islands and of China may render you unable to enforce a judgment against our assets or the assets of our directors and officers.There is no statutory enforcement in the Cayman Islands of judgments obtained in the federal or state courts of the United States (and the Cayman Islands arenot a party to any treaties for the reciprocal enforcement or recognition of such judgments), a judgment obtained in such jurisdiction will be recognized andenforced in the courts of the Cayman Islands at common law, without any re-examination of the merits of the underlying dispute, by an action commenced onthe foreign judgment debt in the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands, provided such judgment (a) is given by a foreign court of competent jurisdiction,(b) imposes on the judgment debtor a liability to pay a liquidated sum for which the judgment has been given, (c) is final, (d) is not in respect of taxes, a fineor a penalty, and (e) was not obtained in a manner and is not of a kind the enforcement of which is contrary to natural justice or the public policy of theCayman Islands. However, the Cayman Islands courts are unlikely to enforce a judgment obtained from the U.S. courts under civil liability provisions of theU.S. federal securities law if such judgment is determined by the courts of the Cayman Islands to give rise to obligations to make payments that are penal orpunitive in nature. Because such a determination has not yet been made by a court of the Cayman Islands, it is uncertain whether such civil liabilityjudgments from U.S. courts would be enforceable in the Cayman Islands.We are an emerging growth company within the meaning of the Securities Act and may take advantage of certain reduced reporting requirements.We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the JOBS Act, and we may take advantage of certain exemptions from requirements applicable toother public companies that are not emerging growth companies including, most significantly, not being required to comply with the auditor attestationrequirements of Section 404 for so long as we are an emerging growth company until the fifth anniversary from the date of our initial listing.The JOBS Act also provides that an emerging growth company does not need to comply with any new or revised financial accounting standards untilsuch date that a private company is otherwise required to comply with such new or revised accounting standards. However, we had elected to “opt out” of thisprovision and, as a result, we will comply with new or revised accounting standards as required when they are adopted for public companies. This decision toopt out of the extended transition period under the JOBS Act was irrevocable.We are a foreign private issuer within the meaning of the rules under the Exchange Act, and as such we are exempt from certain provisions applicable toUnited States domestic public companies.Because we are a foreign private issuer under the Exchange Act, we are exempt from certain provisions of the securities rules and regulations in theUnited States that are applicable to U.S. domestic issuers, including: • the rules under the Exchange Act requiring the filing of quarterly reports on Form 10-Q or current reports on Form 8-K with the SEC; • the sections of the Exchange Act regulating the solicitation of proxies, consents, or authorizations in respect of a security registered under theExchange Act; • the sections of the Exchange Act requiring insiders to file public reports of their stock ownership and trading activities and liability for insiderswho profit from trades made in a short period of time; and • the selective disclosure rules by issuers of material nonpublic information under Regulation FD. 34Table of ContentsWe are required to file an annual report on Form 20-F within four months of the end of each fiscal year. In addition, we intend to publish our results ona quarterly basis through press releases, distributed pursuant to the rules and regulations of the NASDAQ Global Select Market. Press releases relating tofinancial results and material events will also be furnished to the SEC on Form 6-K. However, the information we are required to file with or furnish tothe SEC will be less extensive and less timely compared to that required to be filed with the SEC by U.S. domestic issuers. As a result, you may not beafforded the same protections or information, which would be made available to you, were you investing in a U.S. domestic issuer. As a Cayman Islandscompany listed on the NASDAQ Global Select Market, we are subject to the NASDAQ Global Select Market corporate governance listing standards.However, NASDAQ Global Select Market rules permit a foreign private issuer like us to follow the corporate governance practices of its home country.Certain corporate governance practices in the Cayman Islands, which is our home country, may differ significantly from the NASDAQ Global Select Marketcorporate governance listing standards. To the extent that we choose to utilize the home country exemption for corporate governance matters, ourshareholders may be afforded less protection than they otherwise would under the NASDAQ Global Select Market corporate governance listing standardsapplicable to U.S. domestic issuers. We follow home country practice with respect to annual shareholders meetings and did not hold an annual meeting ofshareholders in 2015. As a result, you may not be afforded the same protections or information, which would be made available to you, were you investing ina U.S. domestic issuer.The voting rights of holders of ADSs are limited by the terms of the deposit agreement, and you may not be able to exercise your right to vote your Class Aordinary shares.As a holder of our ADSs, you will only be able to exercise the voting rights with respect to the underlying Class A ordinary shares in accordance withthe provisions of the deposit agreement. Under the deposit agreement, you must vote by giving voting instructions to the depositary. Upon receipt of yourvoting instructions, the depositary will vote the underlying Class A ordinary shares in accordance with these instructions. You will not be able to directlyexercise your right to vote with respect to the underlying shares unless you withdraw the shares. Under our currently effective second amended and restatedmemorandum and articles of association, the minimum notice period required for convening a general meeting is 14 days. When a general meeting isconvened, you may not receive sufficient advance notice to withdraw the shares underlying your ADSs to allow you to vote with respect to any specificmatter. If we ask for your instructions, the depositary will notify you of the upcoming vote and will arrange to deliver our voting materials to you. We cannotassure you that you will receive the voting materials in time to ensure that you can instruct the depositary to vote your shares. In addition, the depositary andits agents are not responsible for failing to carry out voting instructions or for their manner of carrying out your voting instructions. This means that you maynot be able to exercise your right to vote and you may have no legal remedy if the shares underlying your ADSs are not voted as you requested.The depositary for our ADSs will give us a discretionary proxy to vote our Class A ordinary shares underlying your ADSs if you do not vote atshareholders’ meetings, except in limited circumstances, which could adversely affect your interests.Under the deposit agreement for the ADSs, if you do not vote, the depositary will give us a discretionary proxy to vote our Class A ordinary sharesunderlying your ADSs at shareholders’ meetings unless: • we have failed to timely provide the depositary with notice of meeting and related voting materials; • we have instructed the depositary that we do not wish a discretionary proxy to be given; • we have informed the depositary that there is substantial opposition as to a matter to be voted on at the meeting; • a matter to be voted on at the meeting would have a material adverse impact on shareholders; or • the voting at the meeting is to be made on a show of hands. 35Table of ContentsThe effect of this discretionary proxy is that if you do not vote at shareholders’ meetings, you cannot prevent our Class A ordinary shares underlyingyour ADSs from being voted, except under the circumstances described above. This may make it more difficult for shareholders to influence the managementof our company. Holders of our Class A ordinary shares are not subject to this discretionary proxy.You may not receive dividends or other distributions on our Class A ordinary shares and you may not receive any value for them, if it is illegal orimpractical to make them available to you.The depositary of our ADSs has agreed to pay to you the cash dividends or other distributions it or the custodian receives on Class A ordinary shares orother deposited securities underlying our ADSs, after deducting its fees and expenses. You will receive these distributions in proportion to the number ofClass A ordinary shares your ADSs represent. However, the depositary is not responsible if it decides that it is unlawful or impractical to make a distributionavailable to any holders of ADSs. For example, it would be unlawful to make a distribution to a holder of ADSs if it consists of securities that requireregistration under the Securities Act but that are not properly registered or distributed under an applicable exemption from registration. The depositary mayalso determine that it is not feasible to distribute certain property through the mail. Additionally, the value of certain distributions may be less than the costof mailing them. In these cases, the depositary may determine not to distribute such property. We have no obligation to register under U.S. securities laws anyADSs, ordinary shares, rights or other securities received through such distributions. We also have no obligation to take any other action to permit thedistribution of ADSs, ordinary shares, rights or anything else to holders of ADSs. This means that you may not receive distributions we make on our Class Aordinary shares or any value for them if it is illegal or impractical for us to make them available to you. These restrictions may cause a material decline in thevalue of our ADSs.You may experience dilution of your holdings due to inability to participate in rights offerings.We may, from time to time, distribute rights to our shareholders, including rights to acquire securities. Under the deposit agreement, the depositary willnot distribute rights to holders of ADSs unless the distribution and sale of rights and the securities to which these rights relate are either exempt fromregistration under the Securities Act with respect to all holders of ADSs, or are registered under the provisions of the Securities Act. The depositary may, but isnot required to, attempt to sell these undistributed rights to third parties, and may allow the rights to lapse. We may be unable to establish an exemption fromregistration under the Securities Act, and we are under no obligation to file a registration statement with respect to these rights or underlying securities or toendeavor to have a registration statement declared effective. Accordingly, holders of ADSs may be unable to participate in our rights offerings and mayexperience dilution of their holdings as a result.You may be subject to limitations on transfer of your ADSs.Your ADSs are transferable on the books of the depositary. However, the depositary may close its books at any time or from time to time when it deemsexpedient in connection with the performance of its duties. The depositary may close its books from time to time for a number of reasons, including inconnection with corporate events such as a rights offering, during which time the depositary needs to maintain an exact number of ADS holders on its booksfor a specified period. The depositary may also close its books in emergencies, and on weekends and public holidays. The depositary may refuse to deliver,transfer or register transfers of our ADSs generally when our share register or the books of the depositary are closed, or at any time if we or the depositarythinks it is advisable to do so because of any requirement of law or of any government or governmental body, or under any provision of the depositagreement, or for any other reason. 36Table of ContentsItem 4.Information on the Company A.History and Development of the CompanyWe started our operations in July 2011 when our founders established our consolidated affiliated entity Beijing Momo in China. In order to facilitateforeign investment in our company, we incorporated our holding company under the name of Momo Technology Company Limited in the British VirginIslands in November 2011. In July 2014, Momo Technology Company Limited was redomiciled in the Cayman Islands as an exempted company registeredunder the laws of the Cayman Islands, and was renamed Momo Inc. In December 2011, we established Momo HK, a wholly owned subsidiary, in Hong Kong.Subsequently, Momo HK established a wholly-owned PRC subsidiary, Beijing Momo IT in March 2012. In May 2013, we established Chengdu Momo as awholly owned subsidiary of Beijing Momo. In March 2014, we formed our Delaware subsidiary, Momo Information Technologies Corp., which conductsmarket research and new product development. In January 2015, we established Shanghai Momo Technology Co., Ltd., or Shanghai Momo, as a wholly-owned subsidiary of Beijing Momo. In October 2015, we established Chengdu Biyou Technology Co., Ltd., or Chengdu Biyou, as a wholly-ownedsubsidiary of Chengdu Momo.In December 2014, we completed our initial public offering and listed our ADSs on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbol “MOMO.”Our principal executive offices are located at 20th Floor, Block B, Tower 2, Wangjing SOHO, No. 1 Futongdong Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing100102, People’s Republic of China. Our telephone number at this address is +86-10-5731-0567. Our registered office in the Cayman Islands is located atP.O. Box 309, Ugland House, Grand Cayman KY1-1104, Cayman Islands. Our agent for service of process in the United States is Law Debenture CorporateServices Inc., of 4th Floor, 400 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10017.Proposed Going Private TransactionOur board of directors received a preliminary non-binding proposal letter dated June 23, 2015 from Yan Tang, our chairman and chief executiveofficer, Matrix Partners China II Hong Kong Limited, Sequoia Capital China Investment Management L.P. and Huatai Ruilian Fund Management Co., Ltd.,or collectively the Buyer Group, to acquire all of our outstanding Class A ordinary shares not already owned by the Buyer Group in a going privatetransaction for US$18.90 per ADS, or US$9.45 per Class A ordinary share, in cash. Our board of directors formed a special committee consisting of two of ourindependent directors, namely, Dr. Dave Daqing Qi and Mr. Benson Bing Chung Tam, on June 23, 2015 to consider and evaluate the proposal and any otheralternative proposals or other strategic alternatives that may be available to our company, and to negotiate the terms of any potential definitive agreement.On April 5, 2016, Alibaba Investment Limited and Rich Moon Limited joined the Buyer Group for the proposed going private transaction.On April 5, 2016, the Buyer Group (including Alibaba Investment Limited and Rich Moon Limited) executed an amendment to the consortiumagreement dated July 6, 2015 among themselves to extend the exclusivity period, pursuant to which the Buyer Group agreed that during the periodbeginning on July 6, 2015 and ending on the earlier of (i) April 5, 2017 and (ii) the termination of the consortium agreement by mutual written agreement ofthe members of the Buyer Group, members of the Buyer Group will work exclusively with each other with respect to the going private transaction.There can be no assurance that the going private transaction will continue to be pursued, approved by sufficient affirmative vote or consummated. See“Item 3. Key Information on the Company—Risks Related to Our ADSs—There can be no assurance that the proposed going private transaction willcontinue to be pursued, approved by our shareholders or successfully consummated. Potential uncertainty involving the proposed going private transactionmay adversely affect our business and the market price of our ADSs.” B.Business OverviewWe operate Momo, one of China’s leading mobile-based social networking platforms. We enable users to establish and expand social relationshipsbased on location and interests. Our platform includes our Momo mobile application and a variety of related features, functionalities, tools and services thatwe provide to users, customers and platform partners.We aim to offer our users an authentic social experience by encouraging them to provide detailed personal information on Momo. Leveraging oursocial interest graph engine and our analysis of user behavior data, we are able to provide users a customized experience based on their social preferences andneeds. Momo users can maintain and strengthen their relationships through our private and group communication tools, content creation and sharingfunctions, as well as the offline social activities promoted on our platform. In order to enhance user engagement, we also started to offer live music andentertainment broadcasts on our Momo platform in September 2015. 37Table of ContentsWe have built a large user base on Momo since its launch 2011. Our MAUs were 69.8 million and 69.3 million in December 2015 and December 2014,respectively. We had 2.9 million members as of December 31, 2015, same as the number of members as of December 31, 2014. The growth rate of our MAUsand number of members has slowed down in 2015 primarily due to the reduced growth of number of smartphone users in China, and upgrades to our platformthat take time for users to adapt to.Amid the fast evolving mobile internet market in China, we have focused on building and growing our user base and improving user experience. OurMomo mobile application is free of charge. We began to generate revenues in July 2013 from our membership subscription package, which providesmembers with additional functions and privileges. We generated 66.5% and 43.6% of our net revenues from membership subscription fees in 2014 and 2015,respectively. We also began to generate revenues from mobile games, mobile marketing services and paid emoticons in the second half of 2013. Mobilegames, mobile marketing services and other services contributed 25.1%, 4.4% and 4.0%, respectively, of our revenues in 2014, and 23.2%, 29.0% and 4.2%,respectively, of our revenues in 2015. Our revenues increased significantly from US$3.1 million in 2013 to US$44.8 million in 2014 and further to US$134.0million in 2015. We had net losses of US$9.3 million and US$25.4 million in 2013 and 2014, respectively, and net income of US$13.7 million in 2015.The Momo PlatformOur Momo platform includes our Momo mobile application and a variety of related features, functionalities, tools and services that we provide to users,customers and platform partners. The Momo mobile application, which is available on Android, iOS and Windows platforms, enables users to establish andexpand their social relationships based on locations and interests. Momo offers a personal and lively way for users to discover people nearby, and facilitatesthe connecting, communicating, interacting, and content sharing with others. Momo features various location and interest-based features, including Nearbyfunctions and other functions. Communications within our platform are supported by multi-media instant messaging tools.Key features and functionalities offered by our platform include the following:“Nearby” FunctionsNearby People. This function allows users to find out their approximate distance from each other in real time and is the primary tool through whichusers can establish and expand their social relationships.Nearby People is organized under our default tab and presents a curated list of nearby users with their profile pictures, relative distances and the timethey last checked-in on Momo. The list of nearby people is by default ordered by proximity to the application users. All users can customize the list byviewing nearby people by gender and a specific period of time within which the nearby people last checked in. Users can initiate contact with nearby usersby sending greeting messages and selecting to follow their accounts in order to receive notifications on their status updates. A user who receives a greetingmessage may then reply and choose to become a Momo friend of the initiator by also following such user. Users can adjust their privacy settings to avoidbeing seen by strangers or to appear invisible. Our application also allows users to block other users and report inappropriate behaviors. Our members mayfurther filter the list of nearby users by age group, occupation, horoscope and whether the nearby person has linked his or her Momo account with otherpopular social network applications.We enhance user stickiness by providing a comprehensive suite of push notifications, which include status updates, greetings from nearby users, chatmessages and location of Momo friends. Our application will also notify users when their Momo friends come within close proximity. We also keep users up-to-date on the latest postings in their groups, as well as groups that their Momo friends have joined.User Profile. This function allows users to share basic personal information and interests and encourage interactions. To begin the Momo experience,after downloading and installing the application, each user is asked to fill out a profile featuring pictures and detailed personal information, such as name,age, horoscope, occupation, employer, school, relationship status, date of registration with Momo, groups and topics joined, interests, accounts at other socialnetwork applications, frequent places of appearance and a personal note. Members can also post a voice recording as part of their profile. The profile pagealso contains a link to a chronologically arranged display of status updates, blogs and pictures posted by the user, allowing the user to share his or herexperience and interest. 38Table of ContentsTo further improve user experience, we have developed a tiering system whereby each user is assigned one of six scores based primarily on his or herbehavioral patterns, profile credibility, degree of engagement, etc. Each user can monitor the score on his or her profile page. A user can generally improvehis or her tiering score by demonstrating a pattern of wholesome social behavioral, a credible social profile and active engagement.Message Board. An important entry point for users to interact with and learn about all other users nearby is our Message Board function. Our MessageBoard contains a stream of feeds, including status updates, micro-blogs, photos, videos, music and commentaries posted by nearby users, facilitatingconnections between people in the same neighborhoods. The order of feeds is defined by our algorithm, which is based on both physical proximity andcompatibility of user profiles. For each feed they create, users can control whether the feed may be viewed by all Momo users, only their friends or onlythemselves. Users can comment on or “like” the postings made by others, which are arranged by proximity. Message Board can also be linked to users’WeChat, Weibo and QQ accounts, such that users can simultaneously share their Message Board updates with their friends on those accounts. Our MessageBoard function has proven to be an effective means of stimulating interaction and creating social relationships among our users. As one of the mostfrequently visited functions by users, the Message Board is currently grouped under our Nearby default tab together with our two other popular functionsNearby People and Groups.Groups. Our application allows users to create and participate in location-based groups across points of interest, including residential complexes,educational institutions and commercial buildings. Location-based groups are generally established around a certain topic of interest. Each group is given ashared Momo discussion page on which group members can discuss their common interests, post their photos and exchange messages. As of December 31,2015, our users had created 6.1 million groups.Our users can create groups by first selecting a specific location around which the group is centered, which must be associated with a specificresidential complex, educational institution or commercial building, and second, selecting a topic of interest for the group. We limit the size of each group to100 users in order to foster a closer, more engaged and interactive community. The maximum size of a particular group is determined by whether the group’screator is a member and the activity level of the group, such as the frequency of messaging among users. Our application displays nearby groups created byusers as ranked by proximity. A user must apply to join a nearby group, and membership admission is determined by the creator and managers of the group. Inaddition to our default distance-based listing of nearby groups, users are also able to search for groups using keywords. To further enhance interaction, wealso display who among the people that a user has followed are members of a particular group.Users can propose and organize offline events for the location-based groups. A separate page will be created for an event containing information aboutthe activity such as type, venue and time, based on which group members can decide whether to join the event and confirm attendance. A list of confirmedattendees will be shown on the activity page as well.To enhance the synergies between our social functions and mobile games offered on our platform, we have established groups for our mobile gamesplayers called Player Unions. Our Player Unions provide users with increased opportunities to interact and foster closer social relationships.Other FunctionsFriends’ Message Board. This function operates in a way similar to Message Board and contains feeds from users’ friends on their contact lists, aimedat facilitating interaction and strengthening relationships between users and their friends.Topics. Our Topics is another feature aimed at enabling users to discover other users with common interests. Our Topics present popular themes ofinterest to all users. Users who have joined a certain Topic, such as Fitness or Pets, can post threads and interact with other users by replying to the threads.Users can view other users who have joined the same Topic, in the order of proximity. We also recommend popular Topics and threads to users based on theirprofiles. Users can also search for Topics that most interest them. 39Table of ContentsTopics are created by us based on user feedback. Daily management of a Topic is delegated to the Topics host, who is responsible for selecting prioritypostings, and monitoring posted content for inappropriate, off-topic or unlawful materials.Nearby Events. To facilitate offline interaction between our users and to promote our brand, we publicize events taking place in various Chinese citiesclose to our users, such as concerts, seminars, sport events, plays and exhibitions.We cooperate with leading event promoters and ticketing platforms in China to upload information about popular events onto Momo. Moreover, eventhosts can open a Momo account and promote their events on our platform by submitting a description of the event to us. Once we approve an eventsubmission, it will appear on our Nearby Events page. For highly popular events, our sales team will actively seek to partner with the hosts in order topromote our brand and potentially explore monetization opportunities.Our users can search and filter events by date, type, distance, popularity and number of attendees. Our users can sign up for the events and view otherpeople who have expressed interest in attending, to whom they may send invitations to attend the event together. After a user has signed up for an event, it isadded to his/her Momo event calendar in our application.Chat Rooms. Chat Rooms allow users to create, organize and participate in group chats based on location and common interest. Compared to Groups,Chat Rooms are open forums where users can easily participate in conversations without pre-approval from creators of relevant chat rooms.Gift Mall. Our gift mall showcases gifts that our users may purchase and send to each other. Gifts in our gift mall currently primarily include flowers,electronic products, food, cosmetics, household fittings and accessories. The gift mall is accessible via users’ personal page, and contains a library ofinformation that facilitates customized gift purchase, including gift recommendation, birthday reminders, gift catalogue with list prices, and friends’favorites. Users may also send customized message along with a gift. Gifts may only be sent between friends on Momo, and gift recipients may accept orreject the gifts.Instant MessagingOur application is supported by instant messaging function, with which users can send text, emoticons, voice recordings, pictures and video messagesto other users. Many of our fun and trendy emoticons are inspired by characters in popular culture. One of the key features of our instant messaging functionis that the dialogue window presents the distance between the two parties in real time. Senders can see whether their messages have been delivered to or readby the recipient. Our instant messaging feature also allows users to turn voice messages into text, share their location information and engage in multi-persongroup chats. Users can sync their chat histories with multiple devices. We have also embedded third-party applications such as WeChat and Alipay redenvelopes in order to stimulate interaction between our users.Live Music and Entertainment BroadcastsIn order to enhance user engagement, we started to offer live music and entertainment broadcasting service in September 2015, creating a brand newway for our users to socialize and have fun on our platform.Through an entry point in the Momo platform, users are able to enjoy live music and entertainment broadcasts by performers on our platform. Our livemusic and entertainment broadcasting service currently comprise three major components, Momo Live, PC-based live broadcast and mobile live broadcast,through which users gather and enjoy live music and entertainment shows while interacting with the performers and other users through instant messaging.Momo Live features professionally produced shows broadcasted from a studio room for a limited number of sessions per day. By contrast, PC-based livebroadcast and mobile live broadcast, which are broadcasted through simple PC-based video devices and mobile phones, are hosted by performers that werecruit from the public through a selective application process, and are much more flexible in terms of time and venue for the broadcasts. We aim to providean open platform for ordinary people to show their talents. Users accessing our live music and entertainment shows interact with the performers by sendingonline messages, which are free of charge, as well as on-screen messages and virtual gifts, which are purchased using virtual currency. 40Table of ContentsMobile GamesOur application offers games primarily developed by third-party developers, some of which are customized for our platform and user profile. InFebruary 2015, we launched our first self-developed game on our platform and started to generate revenues by in-game purchases of virtual items. Games onour platform are designed with a variety of themes, cultural characteristics and features to appeal to different segments of the game player community. Thegames on our platform have rich social features and are developed to be enjoyed, shared and played among Momo friends. Our users log into and play ourgames with their Momo accounts. Such social features contribute to the high player stickiness of mobile games offered on our platform.Monetization OpportunitiesWe started monetization in July 2013. We currently generate revenues primarily from membership subscription fees, mobile marketing services, mobilegames, and other services. Because we started to monetize from the third quarter of 2013 only, we cannot confirm or otherwise describe the seasonality of ourbusiness as a result of this very short history of monetization.Membership SubscriptionWe provide enhanced membership privileges to users who subscribe to our membership package by paying membership fees. Our memberships arecurrently divided into two tiers, basic and premium. Enhanced privileges for all members include VIP logos, advanced search options, discounts in ouremoticon store, higher limits on the maximum number of users group and the number of users that the member can follow, the ability to add a 60 secondvoice recording to the profile page, to search for Momo users anywhere in the world using our location roaming services, to see a list of recent visitors to theirprofile page and to appear invisible to specific users. Additional privileges for our premium members include the abilities to check out visitors to theirmessage boards and to remove advertisements from their feeds. We offer four basic membership subscription packages, priced at RMB12 (US$2) per month,RMB30 (US$5) per three months, RMB60 (US$9) per six months and RMB108 (US$17) per year, respectively, and four premium membership subscriptionpackages, priced at RMB30 (US$5) per month, RMB88 (US$14) per three months, RMB168 (US$26) per six months and RMB298 (US$46) per year,respectively. We offer diverse payment options for users to pay membership subscription fees, including third-party online channels, such as Apple App Storeand Alipay, as well as through mobile operators, including prepaid cell-phone recharge cards. We had 2.9 million members as of December 31, 2015. Weintend to continue exploring different ways to expand our members-only offerings so as to better serve our members and attract a larger membership base.Mobile Marketing ServicesWe seek to provide advertising and marketing solutions to enable our customers to promote their brands and conduct effective marketing activities.We provide our customers with analytical tools to enable them to track and improve the effectiveness of their marketing campaigns on our platform. Ouradvertising and marketing customers include brand marketers, local merchants, application developers and other small and medium-sized businesses. Ourmobile marketing services currently include the following:Brand-oriented display ads. We provide brand marketers with various ad formats for them to drive brand awareness through our platform. The forms ofadvertisements we offer to brand marketers currently include full screen banner ads that appear before the application is loaded, top banners on MessageBoard, and banners on frequently visited pages on our platform. As the features and functionalities of our platform continue to evolve, we may offer otherpackages of marketing solutions that integrate multiple ad units such as banners, video ads and sponsorships.In-feed marketing solutions. We offer advertising units that appear as feeds on Message Board and Nearby People. Powered by a proprietary self-serveadvertising system with a real-time bidding mechanism, our in-feed marketing solutions are performance-based, and serve a wide range of marketersincluding application developers, local businesses, brand owners, as well as other small and medium-sized businesses. 41Table of ContentsThird-party partnerships. In December 2014, we started to cooperate with 58.com to provide Momo users with easy access to 58.com’s onlinemarketplaces through an entry point on our platform. In January 2015, we started to cooperate with Alibaba Group Holding Limited and its affiliates, orAlibaba, to place advertisements of the merchants on Alibaba’s marketplaces on our Nearby People function.Mobile GamesAs a social networking platform, we intend to offer games that have strong features which we believe will not only increase the interactions betweenusers and communication within groups, but also broaden our revenue sources. Such games may be developed by third parties, where we share revenuesgenerated by in-game purchases of virtual items with such developers, or developed in-house.Other ServicesOur other services include paid emoticons, gift mall sales and virtual gifts sales through our live music and entertainment broadcasts.TechnologyOur proprietary networking protocols ensure fast, reliable and stable mobile communications under different network environments in China. Ourarchitecture focus on providing consistent user experience across different mobile devices, operating systems and network environments, which isparticularly necessary in China given the wide variety of choices of mobile devices, operating systems and mobile networks.Social Interest Graph Recommendation EngineWe have developed a comprehensive database of user social interests from the activities on our platform. We create a social interest profile for eachuser account based on user actions, such as group and topics memberships, social relationships, as well as demographic data such as age, gender and location.Based on these social interest profiles, our recommendation engine allows us to push content to Momo users who are more likely to find such contentinteresting and relevant. We believe that social context can improve the relevance of advertisements and make them a more integral part of the userexperience, rather than an interruption of it. Therefore, we are continually refining our recommendation engine to improve the relevance of information wepush to users.Leveraging on our social interest graph recommendation engine and our analysis of user behavior data, we have developed a tiering system wherebyeach user is assigned one of six scores based on his or her behavioral patterns. Each user can monitor his or her tiering system score on our application. Usingsuch a tiering system, we aim to enable users to connect with each other and maintain relationships based on their mutual social preferences and needs,thereby increasing the likelihood of establishing a new relationship and strengthening existing relationships. We use our tiering system to foster a healthyecosystem and to deter harassment and other undesirable behaviors on our platform.Scalable Distributed StorageOur proprietary model optimizes and facilitates cost-effective data storage by building memory on solid state drives. This distributed storage modelallows us to efficiently and securely manage a large amount of data while storing data on servers that are easily scalable.Service Oriented ArchitectureOur platform adopts service-oriented architecture that allows efficient software development and frequent upgrading of our services. Our platform isbuilt on technologies that can facilitate cost-effective learning and joint research and development across different coding languages. 42Table of ContentsPrecision in Locating UsersLocation is a key attribute of our social networking platform. Our rich experience in location-based technology has allowed us to develop technologycapable of precisely locating static or mobile users within units of five meters horizontally. We believe our ability to locate users with this precision is uniquein our industry.Content Management and MonitoringAs of the date of this annual report, we have a dedicated team of over 150 personnel reviewing and handling content on our mobile platform forcompliance with applicable laws and regulations. They are aided by both proprietary and third-party software and technologies to sweep our platform and thedata being transmitted on a real-time basis around-the-clock. We monitor and screen user information and user generated content against a spam list, which isa list of content and behaviors that we have determined are likely to be indicative of inappropriate or illegal content or illegal activities. Additionally, Momousers can also easily report fraud if they come across suspicious content, and each user complaint is processed by our content management and monitoringsystem.Our corporate policy requires a user to accept our terms of use during the registration process before becoming a Momo user. In the user agreement, theuser makes certain acknowledgments and covenants, including, among others, (i) the user is solely responsible for the authenticity, legality, harmlessness andrelevancy of all information submitted for registration purpose or delivered to other users, (ii) the user is not impersonating other people or spreadinginformation in the name of others, (iii) the user alone is responsible for any losses or injuries arising from or caused by the content on our platform and (iv) theuser agrees to indemnify us for our losses or injuries arising from or caused by the activities of or content generated by the user.Branding and MarketingWe primarily attract our users through word-of-mouth and other free channels. Our brand building activities generally comprise purchasing onlineadvertising in the form of text, banner and video, placing TV commercials, and public relations efforts. We also acquire users directly through online andoffline marketing channels such as search engines, application stores and pre-installations.Customer ServiceAs of the date of this annual report, we have a dedicated team of over 80 customer service personnel in our customer service center in Chengdu, China,who support our members and mobile game players. Our dedicated customer service team is well-trained on our membership services and mobile gamesfunctionalities. For our users who subscribed to our membership services, our customer service personnel provide around-the-clock support through amembers-only toll-free phone number and other online communication channels. Our customer service team helps our members with issues they encounter onour mobile platform, gathers feedback on how to improve our services and receives member complaints and suggestions. Our customer service team alsoaddresses issues that our mobile game players encounter and gathers player feedback on the functionality and popularity of the mobile games we offer.Intellectual PropertyWe rely on a combination of patent, copyright, trademark and trade secret laws and restrictions on disclosure to protect our intellectual property rights.As of December 31, 2015, we had four pending patent applications filed with the State Intellectual Property Office of the PRC. We had registered 13trademarks and had applied for 293 trademarks with the Trademark Office of the State Administration for Industry & Commerce of the PRC. We hadregistered 33 software copyrights and 54 copyrights with the PRC National Copyright Administration, and had two pending applications for copyrights filedwith the PRC National Copyright Administration. We had also registered 44 domain names, including immomo.com, wemomo.com, immomogame.com andmomocdn.com.CompetitionAs a mobile social networking platform that also provides live music and entertainment broadcasting service, we are subject to intense competitionfrom providers of similar services, as well as potential new types of online services. 43Table of ContentsOur competitors may have substantially more cash, traffic, technical and other resources, as well as broader product or service offerings and canleverage their relationships based on other products or services to gain a larger share of marketing budgets from customers. We believe that our ability tocompete effectively depends upon many factors, including the size, composition and engagement of our user base, our ad targeting capabilities, marketacceptance of our mobile marketing services and online entertainment services, our marketing and selling efforts, and the strength and reputation of ourbrand. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—The market in which we operate is fragmented andhighly competitive. If we are unable to compete effectively for users or user engagement, our business and operating results may be materially and adverselyaffected.” We also experience significant competition for highly skilled personnel, including management, engineers, designers and product managers. Ourgrowth strategy depends in part on our ability to retain our existing personnel and add additional highly skilled employees. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—The continuing and collaborative efforts of our senior management and key employees arecrucial to our success, and our business may be harmed if we were to lose their services.”InsuranceWe do not maintain property insurance, business interruption insurance or general third-party liability insurance, nor do we maintain key-man lifeinsurance.RegulationThis section sets forth a summary of the most significant rules and regulations that affect our business activities in China or our shareholders’ rights toreceive dividends and other distributions from us.Corporate Laws and Industry Catalog Relating to Foreign InvestmentThe establishment, operation and management of corporate entities in China are governed by the Company Law of the PRC, or the Company Law,effective in 1994, as amended in 1999, 2004, 2005 and 2013, respectively. The Company Law is applicable to our PRC subsidiary and consolidatedaffiliated entity and its subsidiaries unless the PRC laws on foreign investment have stipulated otherwise.The establishment, approval, registered capital requirement and day-to-day operational matters of wholly foreign-owned enterprises, such as our PRCsubsidiary, are regulated by the Wholly Foreign-owned Enterprise Law of the PRC effective in 1986, as amended in 2000, and the Implementation Rules ofthe Wholly Foreign-owned Enterprise Law of the PRC effective in 1990, as amended in 2001 and 2014.Investment activities in the PRC by foreign investors are principally governed by the Guidance Catalog of Industries for Foreign Investment, or theCatalog, which was promulgated and is amended from time to time by the Ministry of Commerce and the National Development and Reform Commission.The latest version of the Catalogue went effective on April 10, 2015. The Catalog divides industries into three categories: encouraged, restricted andprohibited. Industries not listed in the Catalog are generally open to foreign investment unless specifically restricted by other PRC regulations.Establishment of wholly foreign-owned enterprises is generally permitted in encouraged industries. Some restricted industries are limited to equity orcontractual joint ventures, while in some cases Chinese partners are required to hold the majority interests in such joint ventures. In addition, restrictedcategory projects are subject to higher level government approvals. Foreign investors are not allowed to invest in industries in the prohibited category. Forexample, pursuant to the latest Catalog amended in 2011, the provision of value-added telecommunications services falls in the restricted category and thepercentage of foreign ownership cannot exceed 50%.To comply with such foreign ownership restrictions, we operate our businesses in China through Beijing Momo, which is owned by PRC citizens.Beijing Momo is controlled by Beijing Momo IT through a series of contractual arrangements. Beijing Momo holds an internet content provider, or ICP,license to provide value-added telecommunication services, which is an industry in which foreign investment is “restricted” under the currently effectiveCatalog. 44Table of ContentsBeijing Momo IT is currently engaged in the business of software development, which is an industry in which foreign investment is “encouraged”under the currently effective Catalog.Regulations Relating to Telecommunications ServicesIn September 2000, the State Council issued the Regulations on Telecommunications of China, or the Telecommunications Regulations, to regulatetelecommunication activities in China. The telecommunications industry in China is governed by a licensing system based on the classifications of thetelecommunications services set forth under the Telecommunications Regulations.The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, together with the provincial-level communications administrative bureaus, supervises andregulates the telecommunications industry in China. The Telecommunications Regulations divide the telecommunications services into two categories:infrastructure telecommunications services and value-added telecommunications services. The operation of value-added telecommunications services issubject to the examination, approval and licenses granted by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology or its provincial-level communicationsadministrative bureaus. According to the Catalog of Classification of Telecommunications Businesses effective in April 2003, provision of informationservices through the internet, such as the operation of our immomo.com.com website, is classified as value-added telecommunications services.Regulations Relating to Foreign Investment in Value-Added Telecommunications IndustryAccording to the Administrative Rules for Foreign Investment in Telecommunications Enterprises issued by the State Council effective in January2002, as amended in September 2008, a foreign investor may hold no more than a 50% equity interest in a value-added telecommunications services providerin China and such foreign investor must have experience in providing value-added telecommunications services overseas and maintain a good track record.Due to these regulations, we operate our website through Beijing Momo and its subsidiaries. The most updated version of Guiding Catalog for ForeignInvestment Industries, which was promulgated by the MOFCOM and the National Development and Reform Commission and became effective fromJanuary 30, 2012, or the Guiding Catalog, imposes the 50% restrictions on foreign ownership in value-added telecommunications business as well.The Circular on Strengthening the Administration of Foreign Investment in and Operation of Value-added Telecommunications Business, or theCircular, issued by the former Ministry of Information Industry in July 2006, reiterated the regulations on foreign investment in telecommunicationsbusinesses, which require foreign investors to set up foreign-invested enterprises and obtain an internet content provider, or ICP, license to conduct anyvalue-added telecommunications business in China. Under the Circular, a domestic company that holds an ICP license is prohibited from leasing, transferringor selling the license to foreign investors in any form, and from providing any assistance, including providing resources, sites or facilities, to foreign investorsthat conduct value-added telecommunications business illegally in China. Furthermore, certain relevant assets, such as the relevant trademarks and domainnames that are used in the value-added telecommunications business must be owned by the local ICP license holder or its shareholders. The Circular furtherrequires each ICP license holder to have the necessary facilities for its approved business operations and to maintain such facilities in the regions covered byits license. In addition, all value-added telecommunications service providers are required to maintain network and information security in accordance withthe standards set forth under the relevant PRC regulations. If an ICP license holder fails to comply with the requirements in the Circular and also fails toremedy such non-compliance within a specified period of time, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology or its local counterparts have thediscretion to take administrative measures against such license holder, including revoking its ICP license. Beijing Momo, the operator of our website, ownsthe relevant domain names and registered trademarks and has the necessary personnel to operate the website.Regulations on Broadcasting Audio/Video Programs through the InternetOn July 6, 2004, the SARFT promulgated the Rules for the Administration of Broadcasting of Audio/Video Programs through the Internet and OtherInformation Networks, or the Audio/Video Broadcasting Rules. The Audio/Video Broadcasting Rules apply to the launch, broadcasting, aggregation,transmission or download of audio/video programs via the Internet and other information networks. Anyone who wishes to engage in Internet broadcastingactivities must first obtain an audio/video program transmission license, with a term of two years, issued by the SARFT and operate internet broadcastingactivities pursuant to the scope as provided in such license. Foreign invested enterprises are not allowed to engage in the above referenced business. 45Table of ContentsOn April 13, 2005, the State Council announced Several Decisions on Investment by Non-state-owned Companies in Culture-related Business inChina. These decisions encourage and support non-state-owned companies to enter certain culture-related business in China, subject to restrictions andprohibitions for investment in audio/video broadcasting, website news and certain other businesses by non-state-owned companies. These decisionsauthorize the SARFT and the Ministry of Culture to adopt detailed implementing rules according to these decisions.On December 20, 2007, the SARFT and the MIIT jointly issued the Rules for the Administration of Internet Audio and Video Program Services,commonly known as Circular 56, which came into effect as of January 31, 2008. Circular 56 reiterates the requirement set forth in the Audio/VideoBroadcasting Rules that online audio/video service providers must obtain a license from the SARFT. Furthermore, Circular 56 requires all online audio/videoservice providers to be either wholly state-owned or state-controlled. According to relevant official answers to press questions published on the SARFT’swebsite dated February 3, 2008, officials from the SARFT and the MIIT clarified that online audio/video service providers that already had been operatinglawfully prior to the issuance of Circular 56 may re-register and continue to operate without becoming state-owned or controlled, provided that suchproviders have not engaged in any unlawful activities. This exemption will not be granted to online audio/video service providers established after Circular56 was issued. Such policies have been reflected in the Application Procedure for Audio/Video Program Transmission License.On April 1, 2010, the SARFT issued the Internet Audio/Video Program Services Categories (Provisional), or the Provisional Categories, whichclassified internet audio/video programs into four categories.In 2009, the SARFT released a Notice on Strengthening the Administration of Online Audio/Video Content. This notice reiterated, among other things,that all movies and television shows released or published online must comply with relevant regulations on the administration of radio, film and television.In other words, these movies and television shows, whether produced in the PRC or overseas, must be pre-approved by SARFT, and the distributors of thesemovies and television shows must obtain an applicable permit before releasing any such movie or television show. In 2012, the SARFT and the State InternetInformation Office of the PRC issued a Notice on Improving the Administration of Online Audio/Video Content Including Internet Drama and Micro Films.In 2013, SARFT released a Supplemental Notice on Improving the Administration of Online Audio/Video Content Including Internet Drama and MicroFilms. This notice stresses that entities producing online audio/video content, such as internet dramas and micro films, must obtain a permit for radio andtelevision program production and operation, and that online audio/video content service providers should not release any internet dramas or micro filmsthat were produced by any entity lacking such permit. For internet dramas or micro films produced and uploaded by individual users, the online audio/videoservice providers transmitting such content will be deemed responsible as a producer. Further, under this notice, online audio/video service providers canonly transmit content uploaded by individuals whose identity has been verified and such content shall comply with the relevant content management rules.This notice also requires that online audio/video content, including internet drama and micro films, be filed with the relevant authorities before release. As ofthe date of this annual report, we have not obtained an audio/video program transmission license, and we plan to apply for the license.Regulations on Online Comics and Internet Cultural ProductsThe Interim Administrative Provisions on Internet Culture was promulgated by MOC on February 17, 2011 and became effective on April 1, 2011.Pursuant to the Interim Administrative Provisions on Internet Culture, online comics are deemed to be online culture products, and any entity engaged inproducing, transmitting and distributing online culture products shall apply for an internet culture operation license that includes the business scope ofactual online activities. As of the date of this annual report, we have obtained an internet culture operation license and received the approval to expand thescope of the license to cover the operation of comic and animation products. 46Table of ContentsRegulations on Internet Publication and Cultural ProductsThe Administrative Measures for Internet Publication Service, or Internet Publication Measures, were jointly promulgated by the SARFT and the MIITon February 6, 2016 and became effective on March 10, 2016. The Internet Publication Measures superseded the Tentative Measures for Internet PublicationAdministration, which were jointly promulgated by the SARFT and the MIIT in 2002. The Internet Publication Measures define internet publication serviceand internet publication item, and publication of internet publication item via the internet requires an internet publishing license. Pursuant to the InternetPublication Measures, online game constitutes an internet publication item and therefore, an online game operator shall obtain an internet publishing licenseso that it can directly offer its online games to the public in the PRC. As of the date of this annual report, we have not yet obtained an internet publishinglicense, and are in the process of preparing the application documents.Regulations on Online Games and Foreign Ownership RestrictionsPursuant to the Guidance Catalog, the internet culture business (other than online music business) falls within the category of industries prohibitingforeign investment. On February 17, 2011, the Ministry of Culture issued the revised Interim Provisions on the Administration of Internet Culture, or theInternet Culture Interim Provisions, effective as of April 1, 2011. According to the Internet Culture Interim Provisions, “internet cultural products” are definedas including the online games specially produced for Internet and games reproduced or provided through Internet. Provision of operating Internet culturalproducts and related services is subject to the approval of the Ministry of Culture or its provincial counterpart.On June 3, 2010, the Ministry of Culture promulgated the Provisional Administration Measures of Online Games, or the Online Game Measures, whichcame into effect on August 1, 2010. The Online Game Measures governs the research, development and operation of online games and the issuance andtrading services of virtual currency. Under the Online Game Measures, all operators of online games, issuers of virtual currencies and providers of virtualcurrency trading services, or Online Game Business Operators, are required to obtain internet culture operation licenses. An internet culture operation licenseis valid for three years and in case of renewal, the renewal application should be submitted 30 days prior to the expiry date of such license.In addition, Online Game Business Operators should request the valid identity certificate of game users for registration, and notify the public 60 daysahead of the termination of any online game operations or the transfer of online game operational rights. Online game business operators are also prohibitedfrom (i) setting compulsory matters in the online games without game users’ consent; (ii) advertising or promoting the online games that contain prohibitedcontent, such as anything that compromise state security or divulges state secrets; and (iii) inducing game users to input legal currencies or virtual currenciesto gain online game products or services, by way of random draw or other incidental means. The Online Game Measures also states that the state culturaladministration authorities will formulate the compulsory clauses of a standard online game service agreement, which have been promulgated on July 29,2010 and are required to be incorporated into the service agreement entered into between online game business operators and game users, with no conflictswith the rest of clauses in such service agreements.On July 11, 2008, the General Office of the State Council promulgated the Regulation on Main Functions, Internal Organization and Staffing of theGeneral Administration of Press and Publication, or the Regulation on Three Provisions. On September 14, 2009, the Central Organization EstablishmentCommission issued the corresponding interpretations, or the Interpretations on Three Provisions. The Regulation on Three Provisions and the Interpretationon Three Provisions granted the Ministry of Culture overall jurisdiction to regulate the online game industry, and granted the General Administration of Pressand Publication the authority to issue approvals for the internet publication of online games. Specifically, (i) the Ministry of Culture is empowered toadministrate online games (other than the pre-examination and approval before internet publication of online games); (ii) subject to the Ministry of Culture’soverall administration, General Administration of Press and Publication is responsible for the pre-examination and approval of the internet publication ofonline games; and (iii) once an online game is launched, the online game will be only administrated and regulated by the Ministry of Culture. As ofMarch 31, 2016, 14 of the 31 online games we offered had completed the filing with the Ministry of Culture. If we fail to complete, obtain or maintain any ofthe required licenses or approvals or make the necessary filings, we may be subject to various penalties, such as confiscation of the net revenues that weregenerated through online games, the imposition of fines and the discontinuation or restriction of our operations of online games. 47Table of ContentsOn September 28, 2009, the General Administration of Press and Publication, the National Copyright Administration and the National Working Groupto Eliminate Pornography and Illegal Publications jointly issued the Circular on Consistent Implementation of the Stipulation on the Three Provisions of theState Council and the Relevant Interpretations of the State Commission for Public Sector Reform and the Further Strengthening of the Pre-examination andapproval of Online Games and the Approval and Examination of Imported Online Games, or the GAPP Notice. The GAPP Notice explicitly prohibits foreigninvestors from directly or indirectly engaging in online game business in China, including through consolidated affiliated entities. Foreign investors are notallowed to indirectly control or participate in PRC operating companies’ online game operations, whether (i) by establishing other joint ventures, enteringinto contractual arrangements or providing technical support for such operating companies; or (ii) in a disguised form such as by incorporating or directinguser registration, user account management or game card consumption into online game platforms that are ultimately controlled or owned by foreigncompanies. The GAPP Notice reiterates that the General Administration of Press and Publication is responsible for the examination and approval of theimport and publication of online games and states that downloading from the internet is considered a publication activity, which is subject to approval fromthe General Administration of Press and Publication. Violations of the GAPP Notice will result in severe penalties. For detailed analysis, see “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure—If the PRC government finds that the agreements that establish the structure for operating our businesses in Chinado not comply with PRC regulations on foreign investment in internet and other related businesses, or if these regulations or their interpretation change inthe future, we could be subject to severe penalties or be forced to relinquish our interests in those operations.”Regulations Relating to Internet Content and Information SecurityThe Administrative Measures on Internet Information Services specify that internet information services regarding news, publications, education,medical and health care, pharmacy and medical appliances, among other things, are to be examined, approved and regulated by the relevant authorities.Internet information providers are prohibited from providing services beyond those included in the scope of their ICP licenses or filings. Furthermore, thesemeasures clearly specify a list of prohibited content. Internet information providers are prohibited from producing, copying, publishing or distributinginformation that is humiliating or defamatory to others or that infringes the lawful rights and interests of others. Internet information providers that violate theprohibition may face criminal charges or administrative sanctions by the PRC authorities. Internet information providers must monitor and control theinformation posted on their websites. If any prohibited content is found, they must remove the offensive content immediately, keep a record of it and report itto the relevant authorities. Beijing Momo, as an ICP license holder, is subject to these measures.Internet information in China is also regulated and restricted from a national security standpoint. The Standing Committee of the National People’sCongress has enacted the Decisions on Maintaining Internet Security, which may subject violators to criminal punishment in China for any effort to: (i) gainimproper entry into a computer or system of strategic importance; (ii) disseminate politically disruptive information; (iii) leak state secrets; (iv) spread falsecommercial information; or (v) infringe intellectual property rights. The Ministry of Public Security has promulgated measures that prohibit use of theinternet in ways which, among other things, result in a leakage of state secrets or a spread of socially destabilizing content. As an ICP license holder, BeijingMomo is subject to the laws and regulations relating to information security.In August 2013, the MOC issued the Administration Measures on Content Review by Internet Culture Operating Entities, or the Content ReviewMeasures, which became effective on December 1, 2013. According to the Content Review Measures, an internet culture operating entity shall censor andreview its products and services to be provided to the public to ensure that such products and services do not contain any content prohibited by law, and thecensor record shall be kept for at least two years. Internet culture operating entities shall adopt technical measures to conduct real-time censor over theproducts and services, set up internal content control department and establish content control policies. If the internet culture operating entity identifies anyillegal content, it shall immediately suspend the products or services containing such content and preserve relevant record, and, in the event that such illegalcontent might lead to material issues, report to provincial branch of MOC. 48Table of ContentsRegulations on Anti-fatigue Compliance System and Real-name Registration SystemOn April 15, 2007, eight PRC government authorities, including the General Administration of Press and Publication, the Ministry of Education, theMinistry of Public Security and the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, jointly issued the Notice on Protecting Minors Mental and PhysicalHealth and Implementation of Online Game Anti-fatigue System, which requires the implementation of an anti-fatigue compliance system and a real-nameregistration system by all PRC online game operators. Under the anti-fatigue compliance system, three hours or less of continuous playing by minors, definedas game players under 18 years of age, is considered to be “healthy”, three to five hours is deemed “fatiguing”, and five hours or more is deemed “unhealthy.”Game operators are required to reduce the value of in-game benefits to a game player by half if it discovers that the amount of a time a game player spendsonline has reached the “fatiguing” level, and to zero in the case of the “unhealthy” level.To identify whether a game player is a minor and thus subject to the anti-fatigue compliance system, a real-name registration system should be adoptedto require online game players to register their real identity information before playing online games. Pursuant to a notice issued by the relevant eightgovernment authorities on August 3, 2011, online game operators must submit the identity information of game players to the National Citizen IdentityInformation Center, a subordinate public institution of the Ministry of Public Security, for verification as of October 1, 2011.Regulations Relating to Internet Information Services and Content of Internet InformationIn September 2000, the State Council issued the Administrative Measures on Internet Information Services, or the Internet Measures, to regulate theprovision of information services to online users through the internet. According to the Internet Measures, internet information services are divided into twocategories: services of an operative nature and services of a non-operative nature. Our business conducted through our immomo.com website involvesoperating internet information services, which requires us to obtain an ICP license. If an internet information service provider fails to obtain an ICP license,the relevant local branch of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology may levy fines, confiscate its income or even block its website. When theICP service involves areas of news, publication, education, medical treatment, health, pharmaceuticals and medical equipment, and if required by law orrelevant regulations, specific approval from the respective regulatory authorities must be obtained prior to applying for the ICP license from the Ministry ofIndustry and Information Technology or its provincial level counterpart. Our affiliated PRC entity, Beijing Momo, currently holds an ICP license issued byBeijing Communications Administration, a local branch of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology. Our ICP license will expire in February2017 and we plan to renew such license prior to its expiration date.Regulations Relating to Privacy ProtectionAs an internet content provider, we are subject to regulations relating to protection of privacy. In recent years, PRC government authorities haveenacted laws and regulations on internet use to protect personal information from any unauthorized disclosure. The Administrative Measures on InternetInformation Services prohibit ICP service operators from insulting or slandering a third party or infringing upon the lawful rights and interests of a third party.Under the Several Provisions on Regulating the Market Order of Internet Information Services, issued by the Ministry of Industry and InformationTechnology in 2011, an ICP service operator may not collect any user personal information or provide such information to third parties without the consentof a user. An ICP service operator must expressly inform the users of the method, content and purpose for the collection and processing of such user personalinformation and may only collect such information necessary for the provision of its services. An ICP service operator is also required to properly keep theuser personal information, and in case of any leak or likely leak of the user personal information, the ICP service operator must take immediate remedialmeasures and, in severe circumstances, to make an immediate report to the telecommunications regulatory authority. In addition, pursuant to the Decision onStrengthening the Protection of Online Information issued by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress in December 2012 and the Order forthe Protection of Telecommunication and Internet User Personal Information issued by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology in July 2013,any collection and use of user personal information must be subject to the consent of the user, abide by the principles of legality, rationality and necessityand be within the specified purposes, methods and scopes. An ICP service operator must also keep such information strictly confidential, and is furtherprohibited from divulging, tampering or destroying of any such information, or selling or providing such information to other parties. Any violation of theabove decision or order may subject the ICP service operator to warnings, fines, confiscation of illegal gains, revocation of licenses, cancellation of filings,closedown of websites or even criminal liabilities. We are subject to these regulations as an online business operator. 49Table of ContentsRegulations Relating to TaxationUp until December 31, 2007, our PRC subsidiary and consolidated affiliated entity and its subsidiaries were subject to PRC enterprise income tax atthe statutory rate of 33% on their PRC taxable income.In January 2008, the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law took effect. The PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law applies a uniform 25% enterprise income taxrate to both foreign-invested enterprises and domestic enterprises, except where tax incentives are granted to special industries and projects. Under the PRCEnterprise Income Tax Law and its implementation regulations, dividends generated from the business of a PRC subsidiary after January 1, 2008 and payableto its foreign investor may be subject to a withholding tax rate of 10% if the PRC tax authorities determine that the foreign investor is a non-residententerprise, unless there is a tax treaty with China that provides for a preferential withholding tax rate. Distributions of earnings generated before January 1,2008 are exempt from PRC withholding tax.Under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law, an enterprise established outside China with “de facto management bodies” within China is considered a“resident enterprise” for PRC enterprise income tax purposes and is generally subject to a uniform 25% enterprise income tax rate on its worldwide income. Acircular issued by the State Administration of Taxation in April 2009 regarding the standards used to classify certain Chinese-invested enterprises controlledby Chinese enterprises or Chinese enterprise groups and established outside of China as “resident enterprises” clarified that dividends and other income paidby such PRC “resident enterprises” will be considered PRC-source income and subject to PRC withholding tax, currently at a rate of 10%, when paid to non-PRC enterprise shareholders. This circular also subjects such PRC “resident enterprises” to various reporting requirements with the PRC tax authorities.Under the implementation regulations to the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law, a “de facto management body” is defined as a body that has material andoverall management and control over the manufacturing and business operations, personnel and human resources, finances and properties of an enterprise. Inaddition, the tax circular mentioned above specifies that certain PRC-invested overseas enterprises controlled by a Chinese enterprise or a Chinese enterprisegroup in the PRC will be classified as PRC resident enterprises if the following are located or resided in the PRC: senior management personnel anddepartments that are responsible for daily production, operation and management; financial and personnel decision making bodies; key properties,accounting books, the company seal, and minutes of board meetings and shareholders’ meetings; and half or more of the senior management or directors whohave the voting rights.Pursuant to the Arrangement between Mainland China and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region for the Avoidance of Double Taxation andTax Evasion on Income, the withholding tax rate in respect to the payment of dividends by a PRC enterprise to a Hong Kong enterprise is reduced to 5% froma standard rate of 10% if the Hong Kong enterprise directly holds at least 25% of the PRC enterprise. Pursuant to the Notice of the State Administration ofTaxation on the Issues concerning the Application of the Dividend Clauses of Tax Agreements, or Circular 81, a Hong Kong resident enterprise must meet thefollowing conditions, among others, in order to enjoy the reduced withholding tax: (i) it must be a company; (ii) it must directly own the required percentageof equity interests and voting rights in the PRC resident enterprise; and (iii) it must have directly owned such required percentage in the PRC residententerprise throughout the 12 months prior to receiving the dividends. Furthermore, the Administrative Measures for Non-Resident Enterprises to EnjoyTreatments under Tax Treaties (For Trial Implementation), which became effective in October 2009, require that non-resident enterprises must obtainapproval from the relevant tax authority in order to enjoy the reduced withholding tax rate. There are also other conditions for enjoying the reducedwithholding tax rate according to other relevant tax rules and regulations. Accordingly, Momo Technology HK Company Limited may be able to benefitfrom the 5% withholding tax rate for the dividends it receives from Beijing Momo, if it satisfies the conditions prescribed under Circular 81 and otherrelevant tax rules and regulations, and obtain the approvals as required. However, according to Circular 81, if the relevant tax authorities consider thetransactions or arrangements we have are for the primary purpose of enjoying a favorable tax treatment, the relevant tax authorities may adjust the favorablewithholding tax in the future. 50Table of ContentsIn January 2009, the SAT promulgated the Provisional Measures for the Administration of Withholding of Enterprise Income Tax for Non-residentEnterprises, or the Non-resident Enterprises Measures, pursuant to which entities that have direct obligation to make certain payments to a non-residententerprise shall be the relevant tax withholders for such non-resident enterprise. Further, the Non-resident Enterprises Measures provides that, in case of anequity transfer between two non-resident enterprises which occurs outside China, the non-resident enterprise which receives the equity transfer payment shall,by itself or engage an agent to, file tax declaration with the PRC tax authority located at place of the PRC company whose equity has been transferred, andthe PRC company whose equity has been transferred shall assist the tax authorities to collect taxes from the relevant non-resident enterprise. On April 30,2009, the MOF and the SAT jointly issued the Notice on Issues Concerning Process of Enterprise Income Tax in Enterprise Restructuring Business, orCircular 59. On December 10, 2009, the SAT issued the Notice on Strengthening the Administration of the Enterprise Income Tax concerning Proceeds fromEquity Transfers by Non-resident Enterprises, or Circular 698. Both Circular 59 and Circular 698 became effective retroactively as of January 1, 2008. Bypromulgating and implementing these two circulars, the PRC tax authorities have enhanced their scrutiny over the direct or indirect transfer of equityinterests in a PRC resident enterprise by a non-resident enterprise.On February 3, 2015, the SAT issued a Public Notice [2015] No. 7, or Public Notice 7, to supersede existing provisions in relation to the IndirectTransfer as set forth in Circular 698, while the other provisions of Circular 698 remain in force. Public Notice 7 introduces a new tax regime that issignificantly different from that under Circular 698. Public Notice extends its tax jurisdiction to capture not only Indirect Transfer as set forth under Circular698 but also transactions involving transfer of immovable property in China and assets held under the establishment and place, in China of a foreigncompany through the offshore transfer of a foreign intermediate holding company. Public Notice 7 also addresses transfer of the equity interest in a foreignintermediate holding company widely. In addition, Public Notice 7 provides clearer criteria than Circular 698 on how to assess reasonable commercialpurposes and introduces safe harbor scenarios applicable to internal group restructurings. However, it also brings challenges to both the foreign transferor andtransferee of the Indirect Transfer as they have to make self-assessment on whether the transaction should be subject to PRC tax and to file or withhold thePRC tax accordingly.There are few guidances and practical experience as to the application of Circular 698 and Public Notice 7. Where non-resident investors wereinvolved in our private equity financing, if such transactions were determined by the tax authorities to lack reasonable commercial purpose, we and our non-resident investors may become at risk of being taxed under Circular 698 and Public Notice 7 and may be required to expend valuable resources to complywith Circular 698 and Public Notice 7 or to establish that we should not be taxed under Circular 698 and Public Notice 7.The PRC tax authorities have the discretion under SAT Circular 59, Circular 698 and Public Notice 7 to make adjustments to the taxable capital gainsbased on the difference between the fair value of the equity interests transferred and the cost of investment.PRC Business TaxPursuant to applicable PRC tax regulations, any entity or individual conducting business in the service industry is generally required to pay a businesstax at the rate of 5% on the revenues generated from providing such services. However, if the services provided are related to technology development andtransfer, such business tax may be exempted subject to the approval of relevant tax authorities.Value Added TaxOn January 1, 2012, the Chinese State Council officially launched a pilot value-added tax (“VAT”) reform program, or Pilot Program, applicable tobusinesses in selected industries. Businesses in the Pilot Program would pay VAT instead of business tax. The Pilot Industries in Shanghai includedindustries involving the leasing of tangible movable property, transportation services, research and development and technical services, informationtechnology services, cultural and creative services, logistics and ancillary services, certification and consulting services. Revenues generated by advertisingservices, a type of “cultural and creative services,” are subject to the VAT tax rate of 6%. According to official announcements made by competent authoritiesin Beijing and Guangdong province, Beijing launched the same Pilot Program on September 1, 2012, and Guangdong province launched it on November 1,2012. On May 24, 2013, the Ministry of Finance and the State Administration of Taxation issued the Circular on Tax Policies in the Nationwide PilotCollection of Value Added Tax in Lieu of Business Tax in the Transportation Industry and Certain Modern Services Industries, or the Pilot CollectionCircular. The scope of certain modern services industries under the Pilot Collection Circular extends to the inclusion of radio and television services. OnAugust 1, 2013, the Pilot Program was implemented throughout China. We currently pay the pilot VAT instead of business taxes for our advertisingactivities, and for any other parts of our business that are deemed by the local tax authorities to belong to the applicable industries. 51Table of ContentsRegulations Relating to Copyright and Trademark ProtectionChina has adopted legislation governing intellectual property rights, including copyrights and trademarks. China is a signatory to major internationalconventions on intellectual property rights and is subject to the Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights as a result of itsaccession to the World Trade Organization in December 2001.Copyright. The National People’s Congress amended the Copyright Law in 2001 and 2010 to widen the scope of works and rights that are eligible forcopyright protection. The amended Copyright Law extends copyright protection to Internet activities, products disseminated over the Internet and softwareproducts. In addition, there is a voluntary registration system administered by the China Copyright Protection Center. To address copyright infringementrelated to content posted or transmitted over the internet, the National Copyright Administration and former Ministry of Information Industry jointlypromulgated the Administrative Measures for Copyright Protection Related to the Internet in April 2005. These measures became effective in May 2005. Tocomply with these laws and regulations, we have implemented internal procedures to monitor and review the content we have been licensed from contentproviders before they are released on our website and remove any infringing content promptly after we receive notice of infringement from the legitimaterights holder.On December 20, 2001, the State Council promulgated the new Regulations on Computer Software Protection, effective from January 1, 2002, whichare intended to protect the rights and interests of the computer software copyright holders and encourage the development of software industry andinformation economy. In the PRC, software developed by PRC citizens, legal persons or other organizations is automatically protected immediately after itsdevelopment, without an application or approval. Software copyright may be registered with the designated agency and if registered, the certificate ofregistration issued by the software registration agency will be the primary evidence of the ownership of the copyright and other registered matters. OnFebruary 20, 2002, the National Copyright Administration of the PRC introduced the Measures on Computer Software Copyright Registration, which outlinethe operational procedures for registration of software copyright, as well as registration of software copyright license and transfer contracts. The CopyrightProtection Center of China is mandated as the software registration agency under the regulations.The State Council and the National Copyright Administration have promulgated various rules and regulations and rules relating to protection ofsoftware in China, including the Regulations on Protection of Computer Software promulgated by State Council on January 30, 2013 and effective sinceMarch 1, 2013, and the Measures for Registration of Copyright of Computer Software promulgated by SARFT on February 20, 2002 and effective since thesame date. According to these rules and regulations, software owners, licensees and transferees may register their rights in software with the NationalCopyright Administration or its local branches and obtain software copyright registration certificates. Although such registration is not mandatory underPRC law, software owners, licensees and transferees are encouraged to go through the registration process and registered software rights may be entitled tobetter protections. As of December 31, 2015, we had registered 33 software copyrights in China.Trademark. The PRC Trademark Law, adopted in 1982 and revised in 1993, 2001 and 2013 respectively, protects the proprietary rights to registeredtrademarks. The Trademark Office under the State Administration for Industry and Commerce handles trademark registrations and may grant a term of tenyears for registered trademarks, which may be extended for another ten years upon request. Trademark license agreements shall be filed with the TrademarkOffice for record. In addition, if a registered trademark is recognized as a well-known trademark, the protection of the proprietary right of the trademark holdermay reach beyond the specific class of the relevant products or services. As of December 31, 2015, we had 13 registered trademarks and 293 trademarkapplications in China.Regulations Relating to Foreign ExchangePursuant to the Regulations on the Administration of Foreign Exchange issued by the State Council and effective in 1996, as amended in January 1997and August 2008, respectively, current account transactions, such as the sale or purchase of goods, are not subject to PRC governmental approvals. Certainorganizations in the PRC, including foreign-invested enterprises, may purchase, sell and/or remit foreign currencies at certain banks authorized to conductforeign exchange business upon providing valid commercial documents. However, approval of the PRC State Administration of Foreign Exchange, or SAFE,is required for capital account transactions. 52Table of ContentsIn August 2008, SAFE issued a circular on the conversion of foreign currency into Renminbi by a foreign-invested company that regulates how theconverted Renminbi may be used, or the SAFE Circular 142. The circular requires that the registered capital of a foreign-invested enterprise converted intoRenminbi from foreign currencies may only be utilized for purposes within its business scope. For example, such converted amounts may not be used forinvestments in or acquisitions of other companies, which can inhibit the ability of companies to consummate such transactions. In addition, SAFEstrengthened its oversight of the flow and use of the Renminbi registered capital of foreign-invested enterprises converted from foreign currencies. The use ofsuch Renminbi capital may not be changed without SAFE’s approval, and may not in any case be used to repay Renminbi loans if the proceeds of such loanshave not been utilized. Furthermore, SAFE promulgated a circular in November 2010, which, among other things, requires the authenticity of settlement ofnet proceeds from offshore offerings to be closely examined and the net proceeds to be settled in the manner described in the offering documents. Violationsmay result in severe penalties, such as heavy fines.In November 2012, SAFE promulgated the Circular of Further Improving and Adjusting Foreign Exchange Administration Policies on Foreign DirectInvestment which substantially amends and simplifies the current foreign exchange procedure. Pursuant to this circular, the opening of various specialpurpose foreign exchange accounts (e.g. pre-establishment expenses account, foreign exchange capital account, guarantee account), the reinvestment ofRMB proceeds by foreign investors in the PRC, and remittance of foreign exchange profits and dividends by a foreign-invested enterprise to its foreignshareholders no longer require the approval or verification of SAFE, and multiple capital accounts for the same entity may be opened in different provinces,which was not possible before. In addition, SAFE promulgated the Circular on Printing and Distributing the Provisions on Foreign Exchange Administrationover Domestic Direct Investment by Foreign Investors and the Supporting Documents in May 2013, which specifies that the administration by SAFE or itslocal branches over direct investment by foreign investors in the PRC shall be conducted by way of registration and banks shall process foreign exchangebusiness relating to the direct investment in the PRC based on the registration information provided by SAFE and its branches.In April 8, 2015, SAFE promulgated the Circular on Reforming the Management Approach Regarding the Foreign Exchange Capital Settlement ofForeign-invested Enterprises, which will, upon its effective date as of June 1, 2015, supersedes the SAFE Circular 142. This circular provides that, amongother things, the foreign-invested company may convert the foreign currency in its capital account into RMB on a “at will” basis and the RMB funds soconverted can be used for equity investments. However, the RMB funds so converted shall not be used for the purposes of, whether directly or indirectly,(i) paying expenditures out of the ordinary course of business; (ii) investing in securities; (iii) extending entrusted loans or paying off loans extended orassumed by other companies; or (iv) purchasing real estate properties not for self-use except when the foreign invested company is a company approved toengaging in real estate development business.Regulations Relating to LaborPursuant to the PRC Labor Law effective in 1995 and the PRC Labor Contract Law effective in 2008, a written labor contract is required when anemployment relationship is established between an employer and an employee. Other labor-related regulations and rules of the PRC stipulate the maximumnumber of working hours per day and per week as well as the minimum wages. An employer is required to set up occupational safety and sanitation systems,implement the national occupational safety and sanitation rules and standards, educate employees on occupational safety and sanitation, prevent accidents atwork and reduce occupational hazards.In the PRC, workers dispatched by an employment agency are normally engaged in temporary, auxiliary or substitute work. Pursuant to the PRC LaborContract Law, an employment agency is the employer for workers dispatched by it and shall perform an employer’s obligations toward them. Theemployment contract between the employment agency and the dispatched workers, and the placement agreement between the employment agency and thecompany that receives the dispatched workers shall be in writing. Furthermore, the company that accepts the dispatched workers shall be jointly andseverally liable for any damage caused to the dispatched workers due to violation of the Labor Contract Law by the employment agencies arising from theircontracts with dispatched workers. An employer is obligated to sign an indefinite term labor contract with an employee if the employer continues to employthe employee after two consecutive fixed-term labor contracts. The employer also has to pay compensation to the employee if the employer terminates anindefinite term labor contract. Except where the employer proposes to renew a labor contract by maintaining or raising the conditions of the labor contractand the employee is not agreeable to the renewal, an employer is required to compensate the employee when a definite term labor contract expires.Furthermore, under the Regulations on Paid Annual Leave for Employees issued by the State Council in December 2007 and effective as of January 2008, anemployee who has served an employer for more than one year and less than ten years is entitled to a five-day paid vacation, those whose service period rangesfrom 10 to 20 years is entitled to a 10-day paid vacation, and those who has served for more than 20 years is entitled to a 15-day paid vacation. An employeewho does not use such vacation time at the request of the employer shall be compensated at three times their normal salaries for each waived vacation day. 53Table of ContentsPursuant to the Regulations on Occupational Injury Insurance effective in 2004, as amended in 2010, and the Interim Measures concerning theMaternity Insurance for Enterprise Employees effective in 1995, PRC companies must pay occupational injury insurance premiums and maternity insurancepremiums for their employees. Pursuant to the Interim Regulations on the Collection and Payment of Social Insurance Premiums effective in 1999 and theInterim Measures concerning the Administration of the Registration of Social Insurance effective in 1999, basic pension insurance, medical insurance andunemployment insurance are collectively referred to as social insurance. Both PRC companies and their employees are required to contribute to the socialinsurance plans. Pursuant to the Regulations on the Administration of Housing Fund effective in 1999, as amended in 2002, PRC companies must registerwith applicable housing fund management centers and establish a special housing fund account in an entrusted bank. Both PRC companies and theiremployees are required to contribute to the housing funds.According to the Social Insurance Law, an employer that fails to make social insurance contributions may be ordered to pay the required contributionswithin a stipulated deadline and be subject to a late fee. If the employer still fails to rectify the failure to make social insurance contributions within thestipulated deadline, it may be subject to a fine ranging from one to three times the amount overdue. According to the Regulations on Administration ofHousing Fund, an enterprise that fails to make housing fund contributions may be ordered to rectify the noncompliance and pay the required contributionswithin a stipulated deadline; otherwise, an application may be made to a local court for compulsory enforcement.Regulations Relating to Dividend DistributionWholly foreign-owned companies in the PRC may pay dividends only out of their accumulated profits after tax as determined in accordance with PRCaccounting standards. Remittance of dividends by a wholly foreign-owned enterprise out of China is subject to examination by the banks designated bySAFE. Wholly foreign-owned companies may not pay dividends unless they set aside at least 10% of their respective accumulated profits after tax each year,if any, to fund certain reserve funds, until such time as the accumulative amount of such fund reaches 50% of the wholly foreign-owned company’s registeredcapital. These reserve funds are not distributable as cash dividends.SAFE Regulations on Offshore Special Purpose Companies Held by PRC Residents or CitizensSAFE Circular on Relevant Issues Relating to Domestic Resident’s Investment and Financing and Roundtrip Investment through Special PurposeVehicles, or Circular 37, issued by SAFE and effective in July 2014, regulates foreign exchange matters in relation to the use of special purpose vehicles, orSPVs, by PRC residents or entities to seek offshore investment and financing and conduct round trip investment in China. Under Circular 37, a SPV refers toan offshore entity established or controlled, directly or indirectly, by PRC residents or entities for the purpose of seeking offshore financing or makingoffshore investment, using legitimate domestic or offshore assets or interests, while “round trip investment” refers to the direct investment in China by PRCresidents or entities through SPVs, namely, establishing foreign-invested enterprises to obtain the ownership, control rights and management rights. Circular37 requires that, before making contribution into an SPV, PRC residents or entities are required to complete foreign exchange registration with the SAFE orits local branch. SAFE Circular 37 further provides that option or share-based incentive tool holders of a non-listed SPV can exercise the options or shareincentive tools to become a shareholder of such non-listed SPV, subject to registration with SAFE or its local branch. 54Table of ContentsPRC residents or entities who have contributed legitimate domestic or offshore interests or assets to SPVs but have yet to obtain SAFE registrationbefore the implementation of the Circular 37 shall register their ownership interests or control in such SPVs with SAFE or its local branch. An amendment tothe registration is required if there is a material change in the SPV registered, such as any change of basic information (including change of such PRCresidents, name and operation term), increases or decreases in investment amount, transfers or exchanges of shares, or mergers or divisions. Failure to complywith the registration procedures set forth in Circular 37, or making misrepresentation on or failure to disclose controllers of foreign-invested enterprise that isestablished through round-trip investment, may result in restrictions on the foreign exchange activities of the relevant foreign-invested enterprises, includingpayment of dividends and other distributions, such as proceeds from any reduction in capital, share transfer or liquidation, to its offshore parent or affiliate,and the capital inflow from the offshore parent, and may also subject relevant PRC residents or entities to penalties under PRC foreign exchangeadministration regulations.We have completed the foreign exchange registration of PRC resident shareholders of Mr. Yan Tang, Mr. Yong Li, Mr. Xiaoliang Lei and Mr. ZhiweiLi for our financings and share transfer.M&A Rule and Overseas ListingIn August 2006, six PRC regulatory agencies, including China Securities Regulatory Commission, or CSRC, jointly adopted the Provisions RegardingMergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors, or the M&A Rule, which became effective in September 2006. This M&A Rulepurports to require, among other things, offshore SPVs, formed for listing purposes through acquisition of PRC domestic companies and controlled by PRCcompanies or individuals, to obtain the approval of the CSRC prior to publicly listing their securities on an overseas stock exchange. We believe that CSRCapproval is not required in the context of our initial public offering as we are not a special purpose vehicle formed for listing purpose through acquisition ofdomestic companies that are controlled by our PRC individual shareholders, as we acquired contractual control rather than equity interests in our domesticaffiliated entities.However, we cannot assure you that the relevant PRC government agency, including the CSRC, would reach the same conclusion as we do. If theCSRC or other PRC regulatory agency subsequently determines that we need to obtain the CSRC’s approval for our initial public offering or if CSRC or anyother PRC government authorities will promulgate any interpretation or implementing rules before our listing that would require CSRC or othergovernmental approvals for our initial public offering, we may face sanctions by the CSRC or other PRC regulatory agencies. In such event, these regulatoryagencies may impose fines and penalties on our operations in the PRC, limit our operating privileges in the PRC, delay or restrict the repatriation of theproceeds from our initial public offering into the PRC, or take other actions that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition,results of operations, and prospects, as well as the trading price of our ADSs.SAFE Regulations on Employee Share OptionsPursuant to the Notice on Issues Concerning the Foreign Exchange Administration for Domestic Individuals Participating in Stock Incentive Plan ofOverseas Publicly Listed Company, or Circular 7, issued by SAFE in February 2012, employees, directors, supervisors and other senior managementparticipating in any stock incentive plan of an overseas publicly listed company who are PRC citizens or who are non-PRC citizens residing in China for acontinuous period of not less than one year, subject to a few exceptions, are required to register with SAFE through a domestic qualified agent, which couldbe a PRC subsidiary of such overseas listed company, and complete certain other procedures. Failure to complete the SAFE registrations may subject them tofines and legal sanctions and may also limit our ability to contribute additional capital into our wholly foreign-owned subsidiaries in China and limit thesesubsidiaries’ ability to distribute dividends to us.In addition, the State Administration for Taxation has issued certain circulars concerning employee share options or restricted shares. Under thesecirculars, the employees working in the PRC who exercise share options or are granted restricted shares will be subject to PRC individual income tax. ThePRC subsidiaries of such overseas listed company have obligations to file documents related to employee share options or restricted shares with relevant taxauthorities and to withhold individual income taxes of those employees who exercise their share options. If the employees fail to pay or the PRC subsidiariesfail to withhold their income taxes according to relevant laws and regulations, the PRC subsidiaries may face sanctions imposed by the tax authorities orother PRC government authorities. These registrations and filings are a matter of foreign exchange control and tax procedure and the grant of share incentiveawards to employees is not subject to the government’s discretionary approval. Compliance with PRC regulations on employee incentive plans has not had,and we believe will not in the future have, any material adverse effect on the implementation of our 2012 Plan and 2014 Plan. 55Table of ContentsC.Organizational StructureThe following diagram illustrates our corporate structure, including our subsidiaries, consolidated affiliated entity and its subsidiaries as of the date ofthis annual report. Note:(1)We exercise effective control over Beijing Momo through contractual arrangements among Beijing Momo IT, Beijing Momo and Messrs. Yan Tang,Yong Li, Xiaoliang Lei and Zhiwei Li, who hold 72.0%, 16.0%, 6.4% and 5.6% of the equity interest in Beijing Momo, respectively. The shareholdersof Beijing Momo are shareholders, directors or officers of Momo Inc. 56Table of ContentsContractual Arrangements with Beijing MomoPRC laws and regulations place certain restrictions on foreign investment in and ownership of internet-based businesses. Accordingly, we conduct ouroperations in China principally through Beijing Momo and its subsidiaries, over which we exercise effective control through contractual arrangementsamong Beijing Momo IT, Beijing Momo and its shareholders.The contractual arrangements allow us to: • exercise effective control over Beijing Momo; • receive substantially all of the economic benefits of Beijing Momo; and • have an option to purchase all or part of the equity interests in Beijing Momo when and to the extent permitted by PRC law.As a result of these contractual arrangements, we are the primary beneficiary of Beijing Momo and its subsidiaries, and, therefore, have consolidatedthe financial results of Beijing Momo and its subsidiaries in our consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP.The following is a summary of the currently effective contractual arrangements by and among our wholly-owned subsidiary, Beijing Momo IT, BeijingMomo, and the shareholders of Beijing Momo.Business operation agreement. Under the business operation agreement entered into among Beijing Momo IT, Beijing Momo and the shareholders ofBeijing Momo on April 18, 2012, as supplemented on June 9, 2014, the shareholders of Beijing Momo agreed that Beijing Momo would not enter into anytransaction that could materially or adversely affect its assets, business, interests or operations without prior written consent from Beijing Momo IT, includingconducting business beyond the usual and normal scope, entering into any loan or other debtor-creditor relationship with third party, selling or disposing ofassets or rights, including intellectual property rights, and creating guarantees or any other security on any of its assets or intellectual property rights in favorof a third party. In addition, the shareholders of Beijing Momo agreed to vote for or appoint nominees designated by Beijing Momo IT to serve as BeijingMomo’s directors, chairman, general managers, financial controllers and other senior managers. Furthermore, Beijing Momo’s shareholders agreed to acceptand implement proposals set forth by Beijing Momo IT regarding employment, day-to-day business operations and financial management. Beijing Momo ITis entitled to any dividends or other interests declared by Beijing Momo and the shareholders of Beijing Momo have agreed to promptly transfer suchdividends or other interests to Beijing Momo IT. These agreements have an initial term of ten years from the date of execution, and may be extended at thediscretion of Beijing Momo IT. Beijing Momo IT may terminate this agreement at any time by giving a prior written notice to Beijing Momo and itsshareholders. Neither Beijing Momo nor its shareholders may terminate this agreement.Exclusive call option agreements. Under the exclusive call option agreements between Beijing Momo IT, Beijing Momo and each of the shareholdersof Beijing Momo entered into on April 18, 2012, and amended and restated on April 18, 2014, each of the shareholders of Beijing Momo irrevocably grantedBeijing Momo IT an exclusive option to purchase, to the extent permitted under PRC law, all or part of their equity interests in Beijing Momo for a nominalprice of RMB10 or the lowest price permitted under PRC law. In addition, Beijing Momo irrevocably granted Beijing Momo IT an exclusive and irrevocableoption to purchase any or all of the assets owned by Beijing Momo at the lowest price permitted under PRC law. Without Beijing Momo IT’s prior writtenconsent, Beijing Momo and its shareholders will not sell, transfer, mortgage or otherwise dispose of Beijing Momo’s material assets, legal or beneficialinterests or revenues of more than RMB500,000, or allow an encumbrance on any interest in Beijing Momo. These agreements will remain effective until allequity interests held in Beijing Momo by its shareholders are transferred or assigned to Beijing Momo IT. 57Table of ContentsEquity interest pledge agreements. Under the equity interest pledge agreements between Beijing Momo IT, Beijing Momo and the shareholders ofBeijing Momo entered into on April 18, 2012, and amended and restated on April 18, 2014, the shareholders of Beijing Momo pledged all of their equityinterests in Beijing Momo (including any equity interest subsequently acquired) to Beijing Momo IT to guarantee the performance by Beijing Momo and itsshareholders of their respective obligations under the contractual arrangements, including the payments due to Beijing Momo IT for services provided. IfBeijing Momo or any of its shareholders breach their obligations under these contractual arrangements, Beijing Momo IT, as the pledgee, will be entitled tocertain rights and remedies, including priority in receiving the proceeds from the auction or disposal of the pledged equity interests in Beijing Momo.Beijing Momo IT has the right to receive dividends generated by the pledged equity interests during the term of the pledge. The pledge becomes effective onthe date when the pledge of equity interests contemplated under the agreement is registered with the relevant local administration for industry and commerceand will remain binding until Beijing Momo and its shareholders discharge all their obligations under the contractual arrangements. We have registered theequity interest pledge agreements with Chaoyang Branch of Beijing Administration for Industry and Commerce in Beijing.Powers of attorney. Pursuant to the powers of attorney entered into on April 18, 2012 and amended and restated on April 18, 2014, each shareholder ofBeijing Momo irrevocably appointed Beijing Momo IT as their attorney-in-fact to act for all matters pertaining to Beijing Momo and to exercise all of theirrights as shareholders of Beijing Momo, including attending shareholders’ meetings and designating and appointing legal representatives, directors andsenior management members of Beijing Momo. Beijing Momo IT may authorize or assign its rights under this appointment to any other person or entity at itssole discretion without prior notice to or prior consent from the shareholders of Beijing Momo. Each power of attorney remains in force until the shareholderceases to hold any equity interest in Beijing Momo.Spousal consent letters. Under the spousal consent letters, each spouse of the married shareholders of Beijing Momo unconditionally and irrevocablyagreed that the equity interest in Beijing Momo held by and registered in the name of their spouse will be disposed of pursuant to the equity interest pledgeagreement, the exclusive call option agreement, and the power of attorney. Each spouse agreed not to assert any rights over the equity interest in BeijingMomo held by their spouse. In addition, in the event that the spouses obtain any equity interest in Beijing Momo held by their spouse for any reason, theyagreed to be bound by the contractual arrangements.Exclusive cooperation agreements. Beijing Momo IT entered into an exclusive cooperation agreement and a supplemental agreement with BeijingMomo on August 31, 2014 to supersede the exclusive technology consulting and management services agreement signed in April 2012 between BeijingMomo IT and Beijing Momo. Under the agreement, Beijing Momo IT has the exclusive right to provide, among other things, licenses, copyrights, technicaland non-technical services to Beijing Momo and receive license fees and service fees as consideration. Without Beijing Momo IT’s prior written consent,Beijing Momo may not engage any third party to provide the same or similar licenses and services provided by Beijing Momo IT under the agreement.Beijing Momo IT also solely and exclusively owns any intellectual property rights arising from the performance of the agreement. Beijing Momo IT agrees tocharge the licensing and service fees only if the operating profit rate, as such term is defined in the agreement, of Beijing Momo exceeds a specifiedthreshold, which is initially set at 3.5% and will be adjusted from time to time. Any amount over the operating profit rate will be paid to Beijing Momo IT inthe form of licensing and service fees. A breakdown of licensing and service fees will be exchanged between the parties each month and paid within 60 daysfrom the end of such month. The licensing fee for the mobile social networking software owned by Beijing Momo IT will be 12.5% of Beijing Momo’srevenues generated from its principal business, while the licensing fee for the emoticons owned by Beijing Momo IT and licensed to Beijing Momo will be12.5% of Beijing Momo’s revenues from emoticon sales, both to be adjusted from time to time. The agreement has retrospective effect starting fromJanuary 1, 2014 with respect to the licensing and service fees. The agreement has an initial term of ten years from the date of execution, and may be extendedat the sole discretion of Beijing Momo IT. Beijing Momo IT may terminate the agreement at any time with a 30-day notice to Beijing Momo, but BeijingMomo may not terminate the agreement. 58Table of ContentsIn the opinion of Han Kun Law Offices, our PRC counsel: • the ownership structures of Beijing Momo IT and Beijing Momo will not result in any violation of PRC laws or regulations currently in effect;and • the contractual arrangements among Beijing Momo IT, Beijing Momo and the shareholders of Beijing Momo governed by PRC law are valid,binding and enforceable, and do not and will not result in any violation of PRC laws or regulations currently in effect.However, there are substantial uncertainties regarding the interpretation and application of current and future PRC laws, regulations and rules.Accordingly, the PRC regulatory authorities may in the future take a view that is contrary to the above opinion of our PRC counsel. If the PRC governmentfinds that the agreements that establish the structure for operating our business do not comply with PRC government restrictions on foreign investment in ourbusinesses, we could be subject to severe penalties, including being prohibited from continuing operations. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure—If the PRC government finds that the agreements that establish the structure for operating our businesses in Chinado not comply with PRC regulations on foreign investment in internet and other related businesses, or if these regulations or their interpretation change inthe future, we could be subject to severe penalties or be forced to relinquish our interests in those operations,” and “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—Uncertainties in the interpretation and enforcement of PRC laws and regulations could limit the legalprotections available to you and us.”Beijing Momo IT also entered into an exclusive cooperation agreement and a supplemental agreement with Chengdu Momo on August 31, 2014,which agreements are substantially similar to the ones entered into between Beijing Momo IT and Beijing Momo described above. D.Property, Plant and EquipmentOur headquarters and our principal service development facilities are located in Beijing. We have leased an aggregate of approximately 9,841 squaremeters of office space in Beijing, Chengdu, Shanghai and San Francisco as of March 31, 2016. These leases vary in duration from two to three years.The servers that we use to provide our services are primarily maintained at various third-party internet data centers in Beijing. Item 4A.Unresolved Staff CommentsNone. Item 5.Operating and Financial Review and ProspectsThe following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations is based upon, and should be read in conjunction with, our auditedconsolidated financial statements and the related notes included in this annual report on Form 20-F. This report contains forward-looking statements. See“Forward-Looking Information.” In evaluating our business, you should carefully consider the information provided under the caption “Item 3. KeyInformation—D. Risk Factors” in this annual report on Form 20-F. We caution you that our businesses and financial performance are subject to substantialrisks and uncertainties. A.Operating ResultsMajor Factors Affecting Our Results of OperationsUser Growth. Our revenues are driven by the number of our paying users, which include our members as well as users who purchase emoticons, virtualgifts or virtual items in mobile games and live music and entertainment shows offered on our platform. The number of our paying users is in turn affected bythe growth in our active user base, and strategies we pursue to achieve active user growth that may affect our costs and expenses and results of operations. Wehave experienced rapid user growth since our inception, although such rate of growth slowed significantly in 2015. Currently, membership subscription feesare the largest component of our revenues. The growth of our member base is driven primarily by the growth of the number of active users and our ability toconvert a greater portion of our users into members. 59Table of ContentsUser Engagement. Changes in user engagement could affect our revenues and financial results. Active user engagement powered by diversefunctionalities and rich content enables us to secure an abundant supply of user profiles and behavioral data, which is essential for our mobile marketingservices and our ability to improve our service features, including our user tiering system.Monetization. We started monetization in the third quarter of 2013, and we are continuing to refine the ways to monetize our service offerings withoutadversely affecting user experience. In 2015, we started to offer premium services to our premium members, which contributed to our revenue growth. Weplan to continue to partner with third-party game developers and to develop games in-house to offer more games tailored to our platform and our users. Tofurther monetize our large user base, in 2015 we have launched our live music and entertainment broadcasting services and our in-feed marketing solutions.Our future revenue growth will be affected by our ability to effectively execute our monetization strategies.Investment in Technology Infrastructure and Talent. Our technology infrastructure is critical for us to retain and attract users, customers and platformpartners. We must continue to upgrade and expand our technology infrastructure to keep pace with the growth of our business, to further enhance our big dataanalytical capabilities, and to develop new features and services for our platform.Our employee headcount has increased significantly as our business has grown and we expect this trend to continue for the foreseeable future. Thenumber of our employees increased from 209 as of December 31, 2013 to 456 as of December 31, 2014 and further to 779 as of December 31, 2015. There isstrong demand in China’s internet industry for talented and experienced personnel from fast-growing and large-scale social networking platforms. We mustrecruit, retain and motivate talented employees while controlling our personnel-related expenses, including share-based compensation expenses.TaxationCayman IslandsWe are registered by way of continuation into the Cayman Islands. Under the current law of the Cayman Islands, we are not subject to income or capitalgains tax in the Cayman Islands. In addition, our payment of dividends to our shareholders, if any, is not subject to withholding tax in the Cayman Islands.British Virgin IslandsOur subsidiary incorporated in the British Virgin Islands is a tax-exempted company.United StatesOur subsidiary incorporated in the United States is subject to state income tax and federal income tax at different tax rates, depending on taxableincome levels. As our US subsidiary did not have any taxable income, no income tax expense was provided for in the year ended December 31, 2015.Hong KongOur subsidiary incorporated in Hong Kong is subject to the uniform tax rate of 16.5%. Under the Hong Kong tax laws, it is exempted from the HongKong income tax on its foreign-derived income and there are no withholding taxes in Hong Kong on the remittance of dividends. No provision for HongKong tax has been made in our consolidated financial statements, as our Hong Kong subsidiary had not generated any assessable income in 2013, 2014 or2015.People’s Republic of ChinaPursuant to the EIT Law, which became effective on January 1, 2008, foreign-invested enterprises and domestic companies are subject to enterpriseincome tax at a uniform rate of 25%. In August 2014, Beijing Momo IT was qualified as a software enterprise. As such, Beijing Momo IT will be exempt fromincome taxes for two years beginning in its first profitable year followed by a tax rate of 12.5% for the succeeding three years. For the years endedDecember 31, 2013 and 2014, as Beijing Momo IT was in accumulated loss position, the applicable tax rate was 25%. Beijing Momo IT was eligible forincome tax exemptions for 2015 and 2016, followed by a reduced income tax rate of 12.5% for each of 2017, 2018 and 2019. Chengdu Momo qualified as awestern China development enterprise and the income tax rate was 15% in 2014. Chengdu Momo applied the same income tax rate in 2015 and we are in theprocess of renewing Chengdu Momo’s qualification as a western China development enterprise. The other entities incorporated in the PRC were subject to anenterprise income tax at a rate of 25%. 60Table of ContentsWe have recognized income tax expense of nil, nil and $92 for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively.Effective January 1, 2012, the PRC Ministry of Finance and the State Administration of Taxation launched a Business Tax to Value-Added TaxTransformation Pilot Program, or the VAT Pilot Program, which imposes VAT in lieu of business tax for certain “modern service industries” in certain regionsand eventually expands to nation-wide in 2013. According to the implementation circulars released by the Ministry of Finance and the State Administrationof Taxation on the VAT Pilot Program, the “modern service industries” include research, development and technology services, information technologyservices, cultural innovation services, logistics support, lease of corporeal properties, attestation and consulting services. All of our entities were subject tothe VAT Pilot Program as of December 31, 2015, or specifically, VAT at rate of 6% in lieu of business tax. With the adoption of the VAT Pilot Program, ourrevenues are subject to VAT payable on goods sold or taxable services provided by a general VAT taxpayer for a taxable period, which is the net balance ofthe output VAT for the period after crediting the input VAT for the period. Hence, the amount of VAT payable does not result directly from output VATgenerated from goods sold or taxable services provided. Therefore, we have adopted the net presentation of VAT.Pursuant to applicable PRC laws and regulations, arrangements and transactions among related parties may be subject to audit or challenge by the PRCtax authorities. We may be subject to adverse tax consequences and our consolidated results of operations may be adversely affected if the PRC taxauthorities determine that the contractual arrangements among our PRC subsidiary, Beijing Momo and its shareholders are not on an arm’s length basis andtherefore constitute favorable transfer pricing. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure—Contractualarrangements we have entered into with Beijing Momo may be subject to scrutiny by the PRC tax authorities. A finding that we owe additional taxes couldsignificantly reduce our consolidated net income and the value of your investment.”Results of OperationsThe following table sets forth a summary of our consolidated results of operations for the periods indicated, both in absolute amounts and aspercentages of our total net revenues. This information should be read together with our consolidated financial statements and related notes includedelsewhere in this annual report. The results of operations in any period are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any future period. Year Ended December 31, 2013 2014 2015 US$ % US$ % US$ % (in US$ thousands, except for percentages) Net revenues 3,129 100.0 44,755 100.0 133,988 100.0 Membership subscription 2,808 89.7 29,756 66.5 58,462 43.6 Mobile marketing services 12 0.4 1,975 4.4 38,885 29.0 Mobile games 92 2.9 11,237 25.1 31,082 23.2 Other services 217 7.0 1,787 4.0 5,559 4.2 Cost and expenses Cost of revenues (2,927) (93.5) (15,762) (35.2) (30,312) (22.6) Research and development expenses (3,532) (112.9) (9,264) (20.7) (23,265) (17.4) Sales and marketing expenses (3,018) (96.5) (35,538) (79.4) (52,631) (39.3) General and administrative expenses (3,010) (96.2) (10,354) (23.2) (22,879) (17.0) Total cost and expenses (12,487) (399.1) (70,918) (158.5) (129,087) (96.3) Other operating income — — 26 0.1 713 0.5 (Loss) Income from operations (9,358) (299.1) (26,137) (58.4) 5,614 4.2 Interest income 32 1.0 722 1.6 7,805 5.8 (Loss) Income before income tax and share of income on equity method investments (9,326) (298.1) (25,415) (56.8) 13,419 10.0 Income tax expense — — — (92) (0.1) (Loss) Income before share of income on equity method investments (9,326) (298.1) (25,415) (56.8) 13,327 9.9 Share of income on equity method investments — — — — 370 0.3 Net (loss) income (9,326) (298.1) (25,415) (56.8) 13,697 10.2 61Table of ContentsComparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015Net revenuesWe started to generate revenues in the second half of 2013. We currently generate revenues primarily from membership subscription, mobile marketingservices, mobile games, and other services. Membership subscription and other service revenues are presented net of surcharges and taxes. Mobile marketingservices are presented net of agency rebates, surcharges and taxes. Mobile games revenues include revenues generated from mobile games developed bythird-party game developers and from self-developed mobile game. Mobile games revenues generated by third-party game developers are presented net ofrevenue sharing with game developers, commission fees made to third-party application stores and other payment channels, surcharges and taxes. Mobilegames revenues derived from self-developed game are recorded on a gross basis. Net revenues increased significantly from US$44.8 million in 2014 toUS$134.0 million in 2015, primarily due to a significant increase in net revenues from membership subscription, mobile marketing services and mobilegames. Net revenues increased significantly from US$3.1 million in 2013 to US$44.8 million in 2014, primarily due to a significant increase in net revenuesfrom membership subscription and mobile games.Membership subscriptionMomo users can become members by paying monthly, quarterly, semi-annual or annual membership fees. Momo members are entitled to additionalfunctionalities and privileges on our mobile application.2015 compared to 2014. Our membership subscription revenues increased to US$58.5 million in 2015 from US$29.8 million in 2014, primarily drivenby the increase in the number of our members and the increase in average revenue per paying user, due to the premium membership introduced in June 2015.2014 compared to 2013. Our membership subscription revenues were US$29.8 million in 2014, compared to US$2.8 million in 2013, all of which weregenerated in the second half of 2013. The growth in membership subscription fees revenues was primarily driven by the significant increase in the number ofour members since we started monetization. Our members increased from 0.6 million as of December 31, 2013 to 2.9 million as of December 31, 2014. Theincrease in the number of our members was in turn driven by the growth in our active user base and increased user engagement. Our MAUs increased from33.7 million in December 2013 to 69.3 million in December 2014.Mobile marketing servicesWe began to offer mobile marketing services in the third quarter of 2013. As of December 31, 2015, our mobile marketing services included brand-oriented display ads, in-feed marketing solutions powered by a proprietary self-serve advertising system, and advertising services provided through third-party partnerships.2015 compared to 2014. Mobile marketing services revenues increased to US$38.9 million in 2015 from US$2.0 million in 2014, primarily due toimproving efficiency of our proprietary in-feed marketing system launched in the second quarter of 2015, stronger demand for display banners from brandmarketers and, to a lesser extent, increase in mobile marketing revenues from third-party strategic partnerships with Alibaba and 58.com. 62Table of Contents2014 compared to 2013. Mobile marketing services revenues were US$2.0 million in 2014, compared to approximately US$12,000 in 2013. Thegrowth in mobile marketing services revenues from 2013 to 2014 was primarily due to increased placement of display banners in our mobile application andthe launch of our Dao Dian Tong service in the third quarter of 2014.Mobile gamesWe began to generate mobile games revenues in the fourth quarter of 2013, when we introduced two games on our platform. As of December 31, 2015,we had three types of mobile game services, namely, non-exclusive licensed mobile game services, exclusive licensed mobile game services and self-developed mobile game services. For non-exclusive licensed mobile game services, we offer our mobile game platform for mobile games developed by third-party game developers, and we share user payments with such game developers. Game developers may offer their games on other platforms in addition toours. For exclusive licensed mobile game services, we offer our mobile game platform for mobile games developed by third-party game developers, and ourplatform is the only one through which players can access such games. In addition to licensed mobile games, we also operate self-developed mobile games onour mobile game platform. As of December 31, 2015, we operated 22 non-exclusive licensed games, seven exclusive licensed games and one self-developedgame. We expect the number of games operated on our platform to increase in the future. Our revenues from mobile games depend on the number of payingusers, which ultimately is determined by our ability to select and offer engaging games tailored to our platform and our user profiles.2015 compared to 2014. Our mobile games revenues increased to US$31.1 million in 2015 from US$11.2 million in 2014, primarily due to the launchof 22 new games in 2015 resulting in more paying users.2014 compared to 2013. Our mobile games revenues were US$11.2 million in 2014, compared to US$92,000 in 2013. The growth in mobile gamesrevenues was primarily due to the launch of 11 new games in 2014 resulting in more paying users.Other servicesOur other services include paid emoticons and our live music and entertainment broadcasting service.2015 compared to 2014. Other services revenues were US$5.6 million in 2015, compared to US$1.8 million in 2014. The growth in other servicesrevenues from 2014 to 2015 was primarily due to revenues from our live music and entertainment broadcasting services launched in the third quarter of 2015and increase in revenues from the sale of paid emoticons.2014 compared to 2013. Other services revenues, which comprised revenues from sales of paid emoticons, were US$1.8 million in 2014, compared toUS$0.2 million in 2013. Our virtual store began to generate revenues from stylish and trendy emoticons for sale in the third quarter of 2013. The growth ofour paid emoticon revenues was primarily attributable to the increase in our paying users, which was in turn driven by the size of our active user base.Cost and expensesCost of revenuesCost of revenues consists primarily of costs associated with the operation and maintenance of our platform, including bandwidth costs, commissionfees, depreciation, SMS costs, labor costs and professional fees. Bandwidth costs, including internet data center and content delivery network fees, consist offees that we pay to telecommunication carriers and other service providers for telecommunication services, hosting our servers at their internet data centers,and providing content and application delivery services. Commission fees are payments made to third-party application stores and other payment channelsfor distributing our membership subscription services, self-developed mobile games, paid emotions and our mobile marketing services. Users and customerscan make payments for such services through third-party online and mobile phone payment channels. These third-party payment channels typically charge ahandling fee for their services. Depreciation mainly consists of depreciation cost on our servers, computers and other equipment. SMS costs consist of feesthat we pay to telecommunication carriers for text message services provided to our users for verification purpose. Labor costs consist of salaries and benefits,including share-based compensation expenses, for our employees involved in the operation of our platform. Service fees mainly consist of service costsrelated to our live music and entertainment broadcasting services. We expect our cost of revenues to increase in the future as we continue to enhance thecapability and reliability of our infrastructure to support user growth and increased activity on our platform. 63Table of ContentsThe following table sets forth the components of our cost of revenues by amounts and percentages of our total cost of revenues for the periodspresented: Year Ended December 31, 2013 2014 2015 US$ % US$ % US$ % (in US$ thousands, except for percentages) Cost of revenues: Bandwidth costs 1,265 43.2 6,425 40.7 8,064 26.6 Commission fees 339 11.6 4,202 26.7 7,348 24.2 Labor costs 412 14.1 1,395 8.9 4,848 16.0 Depreciation 387 13.2 1,748 11.1 4,637 15.3 SMS costs 445 15.2 1,493 9.5 2,007 6.6 Service fees — — 40 0.3 1,448 4.8 Other costs 79 2.7 459 2.8 1,960 6.5 Total cost of revenues 2,927 100.0 15,762 100.0 30,312 100.0 2015 compared to 2014. Our cost of revenues increased 92.3% from US$15.8 million in 2014 to US$30.3 million in 2015, primarily due to a US$3.5million increase in labor costs resulting from an increase in the number of employees involved in the operation of our platform, a US$3.1 million increase incommission fees, which was driven by the growth of our revenues, a US$2.9 million increase in depreciation costs and a US$2.2 million in bandwidth costsand SMS costs, which were driven by strong traffic growth, and a US$1.4 million increase in the service costs related to our newly launched live music andentertainment broadcasting service.2014 compared to 2013. Our cost of revenues was US$2.9 million and US$15.8 million in 2013 and 2014, respectively. The significant increase in costof revenues was primarily due to our rapid business expansion. Prior to generating revenues in the third quarter of 2013, we recorded US$0.8 million ofbandwidth costs and SMS costs in general and administrative expenses in the first half of 2013.Research and development expensesResearch and development expenses consist primarily of salaries and benefits, including share-based compensation expenses, for research anddevelopment personnel and rental expenses associated with research and development activities. Expenditures incurred during the research phase areexpensed as incurred. We expect our research and development expenses to increase as we expand our research and development team to further enhance ourbig data analytical capabilities and to develop new features and services for our platform.2015 compared to 2014. Our research and development expenses increased by 151.1% from US$9.3 million in 2014 to US$23.3 million in 2015. Thisincrease was primarily due to a US$13.2 million increase in salaries and benefits for research and development personnel. Our research and developmentheadcount increased from 213 as of December 31, 2014 to 319 as of December 31, 2015.2014 compared to 2013. Our research and development expenses increased by 162.3% from US$3.5 million in 2013 to US$9.3 million in 2014. Thisincrease was primarily due to a US$4.6 million increase in salaries and benefits for research and development personnel and a US$0.6 million increase inrental expenses associated with research and development activities as a result of our moving into a new headquarters office in May 2014. Our research anddevelopment headcount increased from 101 as of December 31, 2013 to 213 as of December 31, 2014. 64Table of ContentsSales and marketing expensesSales and marketing expenses consist primarily of general marketing and promotional expenses, as well as salaries and benefits, including share-basedcompensation expenses, for our sales and marketing personnel. We expect our sales and marketing expenses to increase as we plan to enhance our brandawareness, attract new users and promote our new services.2015 compared to 2014. Our sales and marketing expenses increased from US$35.5 million in 2014 to US$52.6 million in 2015, primarily due to aUS$13.7 million increase in salaries and other benefits for our sales and marketing personnel. Our sales and marketing headcount increased from 148 as ofDecember 31, 2014 to 274 as of December 31, 2015.2014 compared to 2013. Our sales and marketing expenses increased from US$3.0 million in 2013 to US$35.5 million in 2014, primarily due to aUS$26.2 million increase in marketing and promotional expenses to enhance our brand awareness and a US$4.7 million increase in salaries and other benefitsfor our sales and marketing personnel. Our sales and marketing headcount increased from 57 as of December 31, 2013 to 148 as of December 31, 2014.General and administrative expensesGeneral and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries and expenses, including share-based compensation expense, professional fees andrental expenses. We expect our general and administrative expenses to increase as our business grows and as we comply with our reporting obligations underU.S. securities laws as a public company.2015 compared to 2014. Our general and administrative expenses increased from US$10.4 million in 2014 to US$22.9 million in 2015. This increasewas primarily due to a US$7.7 million increase in salaries and other benefits including share-based compensation expenses for our general and administrativepersonnel, a US$1.6 million increase in professional fees for legal, auditing and other services and a US$1.4 million increase in expense of writing offprepayments to game developers due to termination of certain game licensing contracts.2014 compared to 2013. Our general and administrative expenses increased from US$3.0 million in 2013 to US$10.4 million in 2014. This increasewas primarily due to a US$6.6 million increase in salaries and other benefits including share-based compensation expenses for our general and administrativepersonnel, a US$1.3 million increase in professional fees for legal, auditing and other services, and a US$0.4 million increase of rental expenses as a result ofmoving into a new headquarters office in May 2014, offset by a decrease in costs associated with the maintenance of our platform. We included bandwidthcosts and SMS costs in an amount of US$0.8 million in the first half of 2013 in our general and administrative expenses prior to our monetization in the thirdquarter of 2013, but have included them in cost of revenues since then.Net (loss) income2015 compared to 2014. Primarily as a result of the foregoing, we recorded net income of US$13.7 million in 2015, compared to net loss of US$25.4million in 2014.2014 compared to 2013. Primarily as a result of the foregoing, we recorded net loss of US$9.3 million in 2013 and US$25.4 million in 2014.InflationSince our inception, inflation in China has not materially impacted our results of operations. According to the National Bureau of Statistics of China,the year-over-year percent changes in the consumer price index for December 2013, 2014 and 2015 were increases of 2.5%, 1.5% and 1.6%, respectively.Although we have not in the past been materially affected by inflation since our inception, we can provide no assurance that we will not be affected in thefuture by higher rates of inflation in China. 65Table of ContentsCritical Accounting PoliciesWe prepare our financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP, which requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect our reporting of,among other things, assets and liabilities, revenues and expenses and contingent assets and liabilities. We continually evaluate these estimates andassumptions based on the most recently available information, our own historical experience and other factors that we believe to be relevant under thecircumstances. Since our financial reporting process inherently relies on the use of estimates and assumptions, our actual results could differ from what weexpect. This is especially true with some accounting policies that require higher degrees of judgment than others in their application. We consider thepolicies discussed below to be critical to an understanding of our audited consolidated financial statements because they involve the greatest reliance on ourmanagement’s judgment.Revenue RecognitionWe recognize revenues when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, delivery has occurred, the sales price is fixed or determinable, andcollectability is reasonably assured. We principally derive our revenues from membership subscriptions, mobile marketing services, mobile games, and otherservices, including the use of paid emoticons and live music and entertainment broadcasting services.Membership Subscription. Membership subscription is a service package that enables members to enjoy additional functions and privileges. Thecontract periods for the membership subscription are one month, one quarter, six months and one year. All membership subscription is non-refundable. Wecollect membership subscription in advance and record it as deferred revenue. Revenues are recognized ratably over the contract period for the membershipsubscription services.Mobile Marketing. We provide advertising and marketing solutions to customers, enabling them to promote their brands and to conduct effectivemarketing activities through our mobile application.(i) Display-based online advertising servicesFor display-based online advertising services such as banners and location-based advertising on mobile applications, we recognize revenue ratablyover the period that the advertising service is provided commencing on the date the customer’s advertisement is displayed, or on the number of times that theadvertisement has been displayed for advertising arrangements based on cost per thousand impressions.(ii) Performance-based mobile marketing servicesWe enable advertising customers to place links on our mobile platform on a pay-for-effectiveness basis, which is referred as cost for performance model.We charge fees directly from advertising customers based on the effectiveness of advertising links, which is measured by active clicks. We estimate revenuebased on our internal data, which are confirmed by the respective customers.Our revenue transactions are based on standard business terms and conditions, which are recognized net of agency rebates, if applicable.Mobile Games. We publish licensed mobile games developed by third-party game developers and our self-developed mobile games to game playersthrough our mobile application.Licensed mobile games servicesWe generate revenue by offering mobile games services developed by third-party game developers. All of the licensed games can be accessed andplayed by game players directly through our mobile game platform. We primarily view the game developers to be our customers and consider ourresponsibility under our agreements with the game developers to be promotion of the game developers’ games. We generally collect payments from gameplayers in connection with the sale of in-game virtual currencies and remit certain agreed-upon percentages of the proceeds to the game developers andrecords revenues net of remittances. Purchases of in-game currencies are not refundable after they have been sold unless there are unused in-game currenciesat the time a game is discontinued. Typically, a game will only be discontinued when the monthly revenues generated by a game become consistentlyinsignificant. We do not currently expect to pay any material cash refunds to game players or game developers in connection with a discontinued game. 66Table of ContentsLicensed mobile game revenue recognition involves certain management judgments, such as determining who is the principal in providing gameservices to our players, estimating the consumption date of the in-game currencies and the period of player relationship. We concluded that licensed gamedevelopers are the principals based on the fact that the games are primarily hosted by the game developers and such developers are responsible for themaintenance of the games and determination of the prices of the virtual items used in the games. Our primary responsibility is to promote the games of thethird-party developers, provide virtual currency exchange services, and offer customer support to resolve registration, log-in, virtual currency exchange andother related issues. Therefore, we report such revenues net of predetermined revenue-sharing with the game developers and commission fees made to third-party application stores and other payment channels.(i) Non-exclusive licensed mobile games servicesWe enter into non-exclusive agreements with game developers and offer our mobile game platform for the mobile games developed by such gamedevelopers. We have determined that we have no additional performance obligation to the developers or game players upon players’ completion of thecorresponding in-game purchase. Therefore, revenues from the sale of in-game currencies are primarily recorded net of remittances to game developers andcommission fees made to third-party application stores and other payment channels and deferred until the estimated consumption date by individual games(i.e., the estimated date in-game currencies are consumed within the game), which is typically within a short period of time ranging from one to six days afterpurchase of the in-game currencies.We estimate the in-game virtual currency consumption date based on the consumption behavior of game players for each reporting period. The amountand timing of our game revenues could be materially different for any period if management made different judgments or utilized different estimates. Anyadjustments arising from changes in the estimate would be applied prospectively on the basis that such changes are caused by new information indicating achange in the user behavior pattern.(ii) Exclusive licensed mobile games servicesWe enter into exclusive agreements with game developers and provide our mobile game platform for the mobile games developed by such gamedevelopers. Under the exclusive agreements, players can access the games only through our platform. We have determined that we are obligated to providemobile games services to game players who purchased virtual items to gain an enhanced game-playing experience over an average period of playerrelationship. We believe that our performance for, and obligation to, the game developers correspond to the game developers’ services to the players. We donot have access to the data on the consumption details and the types of virtual items purchased by game players. Therefore, we cannot estimate the economiclife of the virtual items. However, we maintain historical data of a particular player when the player makes a purchase and logs into the relevant games. Wehave adopted a policy to recognize revenues net of remittances to game developers and commission fees made to third-party application stores and otherpayment channels over the estimated period of player relationship on a game-by-game basis.We estimate the period of player relationship based on an assessment of our historical data, user behavioral patterns as well as industry research data.The period of player relationship is estimated based on data collected from those players who have purchased in-game currencies. We estimate the life of theplayer relationship to be the average period from the first purchase of in-game currencies to the date the player ceases to play the game.To estimate the last login date the player plays the game, we selected all paying players that logged into the game during a particular period andcontinue to track these players’ log-on behaviors over a period to determine if each user is “active” or “inactive,” which is determined based on a review ofthe period of inactivity or idle period from the user’s last log-in. We observe the behaviors of these players to see whether they subsequently return to a gamebased on different inactive periods (e.g. not logging in) of one month. The percentage of players calculated that do not log back in is estimated to be theprobability that players will not return to the game after a certain period of inactivity.We consider a paying player to be inactive once he or she has reached a period of inactivity for which it is probable (defined as at least 80%) that aplayer will not return to a specific game. We believe that using an 80% threshold for the likelihood that a player will not return to a game is a reasonableestimate. We have consistently applied this threshold to our analysis. 67Table of ContentsIf a new game is launched and only a limited period of paying player data is available, then we consider other qualitative factors, such as the playingpatterns for paying players for other games with similar characteristics in the market. As of December 31, 2015, we operated seven games under exclusivearrangements and the estimated period of the player relationship ranged from 20 to 75 days.Future usage patterns may differ from historical usage patterns and therefore the estimated period of player relationship with us may change in thefuture. The consideration of player relationship with each game is based on our best estimate that takes into account all known and relevant information atthe time of assessment. We assess the estimated period of player relationships on a quarterly basis. Any adjustments arising from changes in the estimatedperiod of player relationships are applied prospectively as such change results from new information indicating a change in the game player’s behavioralpatterns.Self-developed mobile gamesIn February 2015, we launched the first self-developed game on our platform and started to generate revenues by in-game sales of virtual item. We havedetermined that we have an implied obligation to the players who purchased the virtual items to gain an enhanced game-playing experience over the averageplaying period of the paying players, and accordingly, we recognize the revenues ratably over the estimated period of player relationship starting from thepoint in time when the players purchase the virtual items and when all other revenue recognition criteria are met. The estimated period of player relationshipof our only self-developed game is 56 days for the year ended December 31, 2015. We recognize revenue derived from our self-developed mobile games on agross basis as we act as a principal to fulfill all obligations related to the mobile game operation. Commission fees paid to third-party application stores andother payment channels are recorded as cost of revenues.Paid Emoticons. All paid emoticons are durable with indefinite lives and each of them is effective upon purchase payment made and downloadcompleted by a user. The price of each emoticon is fixed and identifiable. The revenues are recognized ratably over the estimated usage life of the emoticon(i.e. 180 days) by the user from the date when the emoticon is downloaded.Revenue recognition from emoticons also involves certain management judgments. We performed the analysis to estimate the usage life of theemoticons based on the historical attrition pattern of the usage frequency per day from the launching date to December 31, 2015, weighted by the salesamount from each selected emoticon sample during such period. We reassess the estimated life periodically. Any adjustments arising from changes in theestimate would be applied prospectively to all existing emoticons which are not fully amortized on the basis that such changes are caused by newinformation indicating a change in the frequency of usage pattern.Consolidation of Affiliated EntitiesPRC regulations currently limit direct foreign ownership of business entities providing value-added telecommunications services, advertising servicesand internet services in the PRC where certain licenses are required for the provision of such services. To comply with these PRC regulations, we conduct asubstantial majority of our business through Beijing Momo and its subsidiaries.Beijing Momo IT, our wholly-owned PRC subsidiary, holds the power to direct the activities of Beijing Momo and its subsidiaries that mostsignificantly affect our economic performance and bears the economic risks and receives the economic benefits of Beijing Momo and its subsidiaries througha series of contractual agreements with Beijing Momo and/or their nominee shareholders, including: • Exclusive cooperation agreements, as supplemented; • Equity interest pledge agreement; • Business operation agreement; • Exclusive call option agreement; • Powers of attorney; and 68Table of ContentsBased on the advice of Han Kun Law Offices, our PRC legal counsel, we believe above contractual agreements are currently legally enforceable underPRC law and regulations.More specifically, through these contractual agreements, we believe that the nominee shareholders of Beijing Momo do not have the direct or indirectability to make decisions regarding the activities of Beijing Momo that could have a significant impact on the economic performance of Beijing Momobecause all of the voting rights of Beijing Momo’s nominee shareholders have been contractually transferred to Beijing Momo. Therefore, we have effectivecontrol over Beijing Momo. In addition, we believe that our ability to exercise effective control, together with the exclusive cooperation agreements, assupplemented, exclusive call option agreement and equity interest pledge agreement, give us the rights to receive substantially all of the economic benefitsfrom Beijing Momo. Hence, we believe that the nominee shareholders of Beijing Momo do not have the rights to receive the expected residual returns ofBeijing Momo, as such rights have been transferred to Beijing Momo. We evaluated the rights we obtained through entering into these contractualagreements and concluded we have the power to direct the activities that most significantly affect Beijing Momo’s economic performance and also have therights to receive the economic benefits of Beijing Momo that could be significant to Beijing Momo.Accordingly, we are the primary beneficiary of Beijing Momo and have consolidated the financial results of Beijing Momo and its subsidiaries in ourconsolidated financial statements.The shareholders of Beijing Momo are also our shareholders, directors or officers and therefore have no current interest in acting contrary to thecontractual arrangements. However, uncertainties in the PRC legal system could limit our ability to enforce these contractual arrangements and if theshareholders of Beijing Momo were to reduce their shareholdings in our company, their interests may diverge from our interests, which may increase the riskthat they would act contrary to the contractual arrangements, such as causing Beijing Momo to not pay service fees under the contractual arrangements whenrequired to do so. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure—We rely on contractual arrangements withBeijing Momo and its shareholders for our operations in China, which may not be as effective in providing operational control as direct ownership.”Income TaxesIn preparing our consolidated financial statements, we must estimate our income taxes in each of the jurisdictions in which we operate. We estimate ouractual tax exposure and assess temporary differences resulting from different treatment of items for tax and accounting purposes. These differences result indeferred tax assets and liabilities, which we include in our consolidated balance sheet. We must then assess the likelihood that we will recover our deferredtax assets from future taxable income. If we believe that recovery is not likely, we must establish a valuation allowance. To the extent we establish avaluation allowance or increase this allowance, we must include an expense within the tax provision in our consolidated statement of operations.Management must exercise significant judgment to determine our provision for income taxes, our deferred tax assets and liabilities and any valuationallowance recorded against our net deferred tax assets. We base the valuation allowance on our estimates of taxable income in each jurisdiction in which weoperate and the period over which our deferred tax assets will be recoverable. If actual results differ from these estimates or we adjust these estimates in futureperiods, we may need to establish an additional valuation allowance, which could materially impact our financial position and results of operations.U.S. GAAP requires that an entity recognize the impact of an uncertain income tax position on the income tax return at the largest amount that is morelikely than not to be sustained upon audit by the relevant tax authority. If we ultimately determine that payment of these liabilities will be unnecessary, wewill reverse the liability and recognize a tax benefit during that period. Conversely, we record additional tax charges in a period in which we determine that arecorded tax liability is less than the expected ultimate assessment. We did not recognize any significant unrecognized tax benefits during the periodspresented in this annual report.Uncertainties exist with respect to the application of the New EIT Law to our operations, specifically with respect to our tax residency status. The NewEIT Law specifies that legal entities organized outside of the PRC will be considered residents for PRC income tax purposes if their “de facto managementbodies” are located within the PRC. The New EIT Law’s implementation rules define the term “de facto management bodies” as “establishments that carryout substantial and overall management and control over the manufacturing and business operations, personnel, accounting, properties, etc. of an enterprise.” 69Table of ContentsBecause of the uncertainties resulted from limited PRC tax guidance on the issue, it is uncertain whether our legal entities organized outside of thePRC constitute residents under the New EIT Law. If one or more of our legal entities organized outside of the PRC were characterized as PRC tax residents,the impact would adversely affect our results of operations. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China.”The useful lives and impairment of property and equipmentProperty and equipment are stated at historical cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over theestimated useful lives of the assets, generally from three to five years. Judgment is required to determine the estimated useful lives of assets, especially forcomputer equipment, including determining how long existing equipment can function and when new technologies will be introduced at cost-effective pricepoints to replace existing equipment. Changes in these estimates and assumptions could materially impact our financial position and results of operations.We review our long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may nolonger be recoverable. When these events occur, we measure impairment by comparing the carrying value of the long-lived assets to the estimatedundiscounted future cash flows expected to result from the use of the assets and their eventual disposition. If the sum of the expected undiscounted cash flowis less than the carrying amount of the assets, we would recognize an impairment loss based on the fair value of the assets.Fair value of our ordinary sharesPrior to our initial public offering in December 2014, we were a private company with no quoted market prices for our ordinary shares. We thereforeneeded to make estimates of the fair value of our ordinary shares at various dates for the following purposes: • Determining the fair value of our ordinary shares at the date of issuance of convertible instruments as one of the inputs into determining theintrinsic value of the beneficial conversion feature, if any. • Determining the fair value of our ordinary shares at the date of the grant of a share-based compensation awards to our employees as one of theinputs into determining the grant date fair value of the award. • Determining the fair value of our ordinary shares at the date of the grant of a share-based compensation awards to non-employees as one of theinputs into determining the grant date fair value of the award and fair value as of each period end thereafter.In determining the estimated fair value of our ordinary shares, we have considered the guidance prescribed by the AICPA Audit and AccountingPractice Aid, Valuation of Privately-Held-Company Equity Securities Issued as Compensation, or the Practice Aid, which sets forth the preferred types ofvaluation that should be used. These estimates are not necessary for determining the fair value of our ordinary shares after our ADSs began trading. 70Table of ContentsThe following table sets forth the fair value of our ordinary shares estimated at different dates in 2012, 2013 and 2014: Date Class of Shares Fair Value Purpose of Valuation DLOM Discount Rate April 12, 2012 Ordinary shares US$0.01 To determine potentialbeneficial conversion feature inconnection with the issuance ofSeries A-1 and Series A-2preferred shares 33.5% 40.0% June 11, 2012 Ordinary shares US$0.03 To determine potentialbeneficial conversion feature inconnection with the issuance ofSeries A-3 preferred shares 33.5% 38.0% July 13, 2012 Ordinary shares US$0.09 To determine potentialbeneficial conversion feature inconnection with the issuance ofSeries B preferred shares 33.5% 38.0% November 1, 2012 Ordinary shares US$0.19 Share option grant 33.0% 35.0% October 8, 2013 Ordinary shares US$0.40 To determine potentialbeneficial conversion feature inconnection with the issuance ofSeries C preferred shares 20.0% 30.0% March 1, 2014 Ordinary shares US$4.00 Share option grant 16.0% 21.0% April 22, 2014 Ordinary shares US$4.22 To determine potentialbeneficial conversion feature inconnection with the issuance ofSeries D preferred shares 14.0% 21.0% October 29, 2014 Ordinary shares US$6.75 Share option grant 5.0% 18.0% Note: the fair values of ordinary shares stated above were adjusted by 1:10 share split that occurred in September 2012.In determining the fair value of our equity interest in 2012, 2013 and 2014 prior to the completion of our initial public offering, we used both themarket approach, also known as backsolve method, and the income approach, also known as the discounted cash flow method.The backsolve method takes into consideration of the rights and preferences of each class of equity and solves for the total equity value that iscomparable with a recent transaction in our own securities, considering the rights and preferences of each class of equity. The method was used when wecompleted financing transactions with investors on arm’s length basis.The discounted cash flow, or DCF method, incorporates the projected cash flow of our management’s best estimation as of each measurement date. Theprojected cash flow estimation includes, among others, analysis of projected revenue growth, gross margins and terminal value. The assumptions used inderiving the fair value of ordinary shares are consistent with our business plan.The DCF method of the income approach involves applying appropriate discount rates to discount the future cash flows forecast to present value. Indetermining an appropriate discount rate, we have considered (i) the weighted-average cost of capital, or WACC and (ii) the rate of return expected byventure capitalists, or VCR.Weighted Average Cost of Capital. We calculated the cost of equity of the business as of the valuation dates using the capital asset pricing model, orCAPM, the most commonly adopted method for estimating the required rate of return for equity. Under CAPM, the cost of equity is determined withconsideration of, the risk-free rate, systematic risk, equity market premium, size of our company, the scale of our business and our ability in achievingforecasted projections. In deriving the WACCs, certain publicly traded companies involving social network were selected for reference as our guidelinecompanies. To reflect the operating environment in China and the general sentiment in the U.S. capital markets towards the social network, the guidelinecompanies were selected with consideration of the following factors: (i) the guideline companies should provide similar services, and (ii) the guidelinecompanies should either have their principal operations in Asia Pacific region, as we operate in China, and/or are publicly listed companies in the UnitedStates as we planned to list our shares in the United States. 71Table of ContentsVCR. According to guidance prescribed by the AICPA Audit and Accounting Practice Aid, “Valuation of Privately-Held-Company Equity SecuritiesIssued as Compensation,” because private enterprises often seek financing from private equity investors, including venture capital firms, the venture capitalarena provides an observable market for the cost of capital for privately held enterprises. The expected return from venture capitalists for investing in ourcompany when we were in expansion stage ranges from 35% to 50%. As we progress through early stage of development towards our initial public offering,the expected return from venture capitalists for investing in our company gradually declines when we were in bridge and IPO stage, which generally rangefrom 25% to 35%.After considering the WACC, VCR, the relative risk of the industry and the characteristics of our company, we used a discount rate of 40% as of thevaluation dates in April 2012 and 18% as of October 2014. The decrease in discount rates was primarily due to our business growth and additional fundingfrom multiple series of preferred shares investments.The above assumptions used in determining the fair values were consistent with our business plan and major milestones we achieved. We also appliedgeneral assumptions, including the following: • there will be no major changes in the existing political, legal, fiscal and economic conditions in countries in which we will carry on our business; • there will be no major changes in the current taxation law in countries in which we operates, that the rates of tax payable remain unchanged andthat all applicable laws and regulations will be complied with; • exchange rates and interest rates will not differ materially from those presently prevailing; • the availability of financing will not be a constraint on the future growth of our operation; • we will retain and have competent management, key personnel, and technical staff to support our ongoing operation; and • industry trends and market conditions for related industries will not deviate significantly from economic forecasts.Since our capital structure comprised convertible preferred shares and ordinary shares at each grant date, we used the option-pricing method to allocateequity value of our company to preferred and ordinary shares, taking into account the guidance prescribed by the Practice Aid. This method involves makingestimates of the anticipated timing of a potential liquidity event, such as a sale of our company or an initial public offering, and estimates of the volatility ofour equity securities. The anticipated timing is based on the plans of our board and management. Estimating the volatility of the share price of a privatelyheld company is complex because there is no readily available market for the shares. We estimated the volatility of our shares based on historical volatility ofguideline companies’ shares. Had we used different estimates of volatility, the allocations between preferred and ordinary shares would have been different.We also applied a discount for lack of marketability, or DLOM, ranging from 33.5% to 5.0%, to reflect the fact that there is no ready market for sharesin a closely-held company like us. When determining the DLOM, the Black-Scholes option pricing model was used. Under this option-pricing method, thecost of the put option, which can hedge the price change before the privately held shares can be sold, was considered as a basis to determine the discount forlack of marketability. This option pricing method was used because it takes into account certain company-specific factors, including the timing of our initialpublic offering and the volatility of the share price of the guideline companies engaged in the same industry.Since our initial public offering in December 2014, the determination of the fair value of the ordinary shares is based on the market price of our ADSs,each representing two Class A ordinary shares, traded on the NASDAQ Global Select Market.Share-based CompensationAll share-based awards to employees and non-employee, including share options, restricted shares and restricted share units, are measured at the grantdate based on the fair value of the awards. Share-based compensation, net of forfeitures, is recognized as an expense on a straight-line basis over the requisiteservice period, which is the vesting period. 72Table of ContentsThe following table sets forth certain information regarding the share options granted under our 2012 Plan and 2014 Plan to our employees andadvisors at different dates in 2013, 2014 and 2015. Grant Date Category No. of OptionsGrant Exercise Priceper Option WeightedAverage FairValue perOption at theGrant Dates IntrinsicValue perOption at theGrant Dates Type of ValuationOctober 10, 2013 Staff 8,580,000 US$0.1404 US$0.29 US$0.26 RetrospectiveOctober 10, 2013 Management 5,500,000 US$0.1404 US$0.30 US$0.26 RetrospectiveMarch 1, 2014 Management 4,048,660 US$0.1404 US$3.87 US$3.86 RetrospectiveMarch 1, 2014 Staff 444,866 US$0.1404 US$3.87 US$3.86 RetrospectiveMarch 1, 2014 Non-employee 100,000 US$0.1404 US$3.87 US$3.86 RetrospectiveOctober 29, 2014 Staff 2,583,500 US$0.0002 US$6.75 US$6.75 ContemporaneousOctober 29, 2014 Management 380,000 US$0.0002 US$6.75 US$6.75 ContemporaneousApril 22, 2015 Staff 1,680,800 US$0.0002 US$5.60 US$5.60 ContemporaneousApril 22, 2015 Management 1,294,597 US$0.0002 US$5.60 US$5.60 ContemporaneousMay 4, 2015 Staff 2,752,000 US$0.0002 US$5.63 US$5.63 ContemporaneousAugust 13, 2015 Staff 476,000 US$0.0002 US$7.86 US$7.86 ContemporaneousOctober 15, 2015 Staff 1,535,525 US$0.0002 US$6.51 US$6.51 ContemporaneousNovember 13, 2015 Staff 93,000 US$0.0002 US$6.34 US$6.34 ContemporaneousWe estimated the fair value of share options using the binomial tree or Black-Sholes option-pricing model with the assistance from an independentvaluation firm. The fair value of each option grant is estimated on the date of grant with the following key assumptions: 2013 2014 2015 Risk-free interest rate 3.09% 2.44%-3.25% 2.15%-2.19% Contractual term (number of years) 10 10 10 Expected volatility 54.40% 53.70%-57.50% 55.30%-55.70% Expected dividend yield 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% The following table sets forth certain information regarding the restricted share units granted under our 2014 Plan to certain directors on December 11,2014. Grant Date Category No. of RestrictedShare UnitsGrant Weighted Average FairValue per RestrictedShare Units at theGrant Date Type of Valuation December 11, 2014 Management 40,001 US$8.51 Contemporaneous Recent Accounting PronouncementsA list of recent accounting pronouncements that are relevant to us is included in note 2 to our consolidated financial statements, which are included inthis annual report. B.Liquidity and Capital ResourcesAs of December 31, 2015, we have financed our operations primarily through the issuance of preferred shares in private placements and net cashprovided by operating activities. As of December 31, 2013 and 2014 and 2015, we had US$55.4 million, US$451.0 million and US$169.5 million,respectively, in cash and cash equivalents. Our cash and cash equivalents primarily consist of cash on hand and highly liquid investments, which areunrestricted from withdrawal or use, or which have original maturities of three months or less when purchased. We believe that our current cash and cashequivalents and our anticipated cash flows from operations will be sufficient to meet our anticipated working capital requirements and capital expendituresfor the next 12 months. We may, however, need additional capital in the future to fund our continued operations. 73Table of ContentsIn the future, we may rely significantly on dividends and other distributions paid by our PRC subsidiary for our cash and financing requirements. Theremay be restrictions on the dividends and other distributions by our PRC subsidiary. The PRC tax authorities may require us to adjust our taxable incomeunder the contractual arrangements that our PRC subsidiary currently has in place with our consolidated affiliated entity in a way that could materially andadversely affect the ability of our PRC subsidiary to pay dividends and make other distributions to us. In addition, under PRC laws and regulations, our PRCsubsidiary may pay dividends only out of its accumulated profits as determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. Our PRCsubsidiary is required to set aside at least 10% of its accumulated after-tax profits each year, if any, to fund a statutory reserve fund, until the aggregateamount of such fund reaches 50% of its respective registered capital. At its discretion, our PRC subsidiary may allocate a portion of its after-tax profits basedon PRC accounting standards to staff welfare and bonus funds. The reserve fund and the staff welfare and bonus funds cannot be distributed as cashdividends. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure—We may rely on dividends paid by our PRCsubsidiary to fund cash and financing requirements. Any limitation on the ability of our PRC subsidiary to pay dividends to us could have a material adverseeffect on our ability to conduct our business and to pay dividends to holders of the ADSs and our ordinary shares.” Furthermore, our investments made asregistered capital and additional paid-in capital of our PRC subsidiary, consolidated affiliated entity and its subsidiaries are also subject to restrictions ontheir distribution and transfer according to PRC laws and regulations.As a result, our PRC subsidiary, consolidated affiliated entity and its subsidiaries in China are restricted in their ability to transfer their net assets to usin the form of cash dividends, loans or advances. As of December 31, 2015, the amount of the restricted net assets, which represents registered capital andadditional paid-in capital cumulative appropriations made to statutory reserves, was US$91.0 million. As of December 31, 2015, we held cash and cashequivalents of US$82.4 million in aggregate outside of the PRC and US$87.1 million in aggregate in the PRC, of which US$75.8 million was denominated inRMB and US$11.3 million was in U.S. dollars. Of such cash and cash equivalents held in the PRC, our PRC subsidiary held cash and cash equivalents in theamount of US$11.3 million and RMB98.7 million (US$15.3 million), and our consolidated affiliated entity and its subsidiaries held cash and cashequivalents in the amount of RMB392.1 million (US$60.5 million).As an offshore holding company, we are permitted under PRC laws and regulations to provide funding from the proceeds of our offshore fund raisingactivities to our PRC subsidiary only through loans or capital contributions, and to our consolidated affiliated entity and its subsidiaries only through loans,in each case subject to the satisfaction of the applicable government registration and approval requirements. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—PRC regulation of loans to, and direct investment in, PRC entities by offshore holding companies andgovernmental control of currency conversion may restrict or prevent us from using offshore funds to make loans to our PRC subsidiary and consolidatedaffiliated entity and its subsidiaries, or to make additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiary.” As a result, there is uncertainty with respect to ourability to provide prompt financial support to our PRC subsidiary and consolidated affiliated entity when needed. Notwithstanding the foregoing, our PRCsubsidiary may use its own retained earnings (rather than RMB converted from foreign currency denominated capital) to provide financial support to ourconsolidated affiliated entity either through entrustment loans from our PRC subsidiary to our consolidated affiliated entity or direct loans to suchconsolidated affiliated entity’s nominee shareholders, which would be contributed to the consolidated variable entity as capital injections. Such direct loansto the nominee shareholders would be eliminated in our consolidated financial statements against the consolidated affiliated entity’s share capital.Our full-time employees in the PRC participate in a government-mandated contribution plan pursuant to which certain pension benefits, medical care,unemployment insurance, employee housing fund and other welfare benefits are provided to such employees. We accrue for these benefits based on certainpercentages of the employees’ salaries. The total provisions for such employee benefits were US$1.0 million, US$2.6 million and US$6.5 million in 2013,2014 and 2015, respectively. We expect our contribution towards such employee benefits to increase in the future as we continue to expand our workforceand as salary levels of our employees continue to increase.The following table sets forth a summary of our cash flows for the periods indicated: Year Ended December 31, 2013 2014 2015 (in US$ thousands) Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities (5,135) (5,933) 57,252 Net cash used in investing activities (3,181) (9,549) (333,380) Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities 45,000 412,256 (2,233) Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents 151 (1,180) (3,138) Net increase in (decrease by) cash and cash equivalents 36,835 395,594 (281,499) Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period 18,539 55,374 450,968 Cash and cash equivalents at end of period 55,374 450,968 169,469 74Table of ContentsAnticipated Use of CashWe intend to invest in our research and development capabilities to grow our user base and enhance user experience. We intend to continue to marketour services, promote our brand, strengthen our customer service capabilities and enhance monetization. In order to support our overall business expansion,we also expect to make investments in our corporate facilities and information technology infrastructure. We may pursue strategic alliances and acquisitionsthat complement our social networking platform. We plan to fund these expenditures with cash and cash equivalents that we have.Operating ActivitiesNet cash provided by operating activities amounted to US$57.3 million in 2015, which was primarily attributable to a net income of US$13.7 million,adjusted for non-cash items of US$23.7 million and an increase of US$19.9 million in working capital. The non-cash items primarily included US$17.4million in share-based compensation expenses and US$6.6 million in depreciation on property and equipment. The increase in working capital was primarilyattributable to an increase in accrued expenses and other current liabilities of US$20.7 million, an increase in deferred revenue of US$13.0 million, anincrease in accounts payable of US$5.3 million and an increase in other non-current liabilities of US$1.8 million, which was partially offset by an increase inprepaid expenses and other current assets of US$11.2 million, an increase in accounts receivable of US$8.5 million and an increase in amount due fromrelated parties of US$1.2 million. The increase in accrued expenses and other current liabilities was mainly attributable to (i) an increase in payable toemployees for exercise of stock options, (ii) an increase in payroll and welfare payable due to increased headcount and increased salaries, and (iii) an increasein marketing promotional fees payable. The increase in deferred revenue was mainly attributable to the increase of our members and membership subscriptionfees that our members paid in advance, as well as the increase in mobile games revenues and mobile marketing revenues paid in advance. The increase inaccounts payable was mainly attributable to the increase in revenue-sharing payable to game developers. The increase in prepaid expenses and other currentassets was mainly attributable to (i) an increase in interest receivable, (ii) an increase in advance payment made to third-party game developers, (iii) anincrease in VAT resulting primarily from the purchase of property and equipment as well as advertising activities; and (iv) an increase in commission fees wepaid to third-party application stores and other payment channels for distributing our mobile application and services.Net cash used in operating activities amounted to US$5.9 million in 2014, which was primarily attributable to a net loss of US$25.4 million, adjustedfor non-cash items of US$9.5 million and increase of US$10.0 million in working capital. The non-cash items primarily included US$6.6 million in share-based compensation expenses and US$2.8 million in depreciation on property and equipment. The increase in working capital was primarily attributable toan increase in deferred revenue of US$12.8 million, an increase in accounts payable of US$4.5 million and an increase in accrued expenses and other currentliabilities of US$5.9 million, which was partially offset by an increase in prepaid expenses and other current assets of US$7.5 million and an increase inaccounts receivable of US$5.2 million. The increase in deferred revenue was mainly attributable to the increase of our members and membership subscriptionfees that our members paid in advance, as well as the increase in mobile games revenues paid in advance. The increase in accounts payable was mainlyattributable to the increase in revenue-sharing payable to game developers. The increase in accrued expenses and other current liabilities was mainlyattributable to (i) an increase in payroll and welfare payable due to an increased headcount and increased salaries, (ii) an increase in marketing promotionalfees payable, and (iii) an increase in fees payable for professional services. The increase in prepaid expenses and other current assets is mainly attributable to(i) an increase in VAT resulting primarily from the purchase of property and equipment as well as advertising activities; (ii) an increase in commission fees wepaid to third-party application stores and other payment channels for distributing our mobile application and membership subscription services; and (iii) anincrease in advance payment made to third-party game developers.Net cash used in operating activities amounted to US$5.1 million in 2013, which was primarily attributable to a net loss of US$9.3 million, adjusted fornon-cash items of US$1.8 million and increase of US$2.4 million in working capital. The non-cash items included US$1.0 million in share-basedcompensation expenses and US$0.8 million in depreciation. The increase in working capital was primarily attributable to an increase in deferred revenue ofUS$3.7 million and an increase in accrued expenses and other current liabilities of US$1.3 million, which was partially offset by an increase in accountsreceivable of US$1.9 million and an increase in prepaid expenses and other current assets of US$0.8 million. The increase in deferred revenue was mainlyattributable to the increase of our members and membership subscription fees that our members paid in advance. The increase in accrued expenses and othercurrent liabilities was mainly attributable to (i) increase in payroll and welfare payable relating to our increased headcount and increased salaries; and(ii) increased deferred government subsidy. The increase in accounts receivable is mainly attributable for the revenues collected through third-party paymentchannels. The increase in prepaid expenses and other current assets is mainly attributable to the increase in commission fees we paid to third-partyapplication stores and other payment channels for distributing our mobile application and membership subscription services. 75Table of ContentsInvesting ActivitiesNet cash used in investing activities amounted to US$333.4 million in 2015, which was primarily attributable to purchase of term deposits, purchase ofservers, computers and other equipments, and payment and prepayment of long term equity investments.Net cash used in investing activities amounted to US$9.5 million in 2014, which was primarily attributable to our purchase of servers, computers andother equipment and payments for leasehold improvements for our new office in Beijing, which we have occupied since June 2014.Net cash used in investing activities amounted to US$3.2 million in 2013, which was primarily attributable to our purchase of servers, computer andother equipment.Financing ActivitiesNet cash used in financing activities amounted to US$2.2 million in 2015, which was primarily attributable to payment of our costs incurred inconnection with our initial public offering.Net cash provided by financing activities amounted to US$412.3 million in 2014, which was primarily attributable to proceeds from our issuance ofpreferred shares to investors and proceeds from our initial public offering.Net cash provided by financing activities amounted to US$45.0 million in 2013, which was attributable to proceeds from our issuance of preferredshares to investors.Holding Company StructureOur company is a holding company with no material operations of its own. We conduct our operations primarily through our wholly ownedsubsidiaries and our consolidated affiliated entity and its subsidiaries in China. As a result, our ability to pay dividends depends upon dividends paid by ourwholly owned subsidiaries. If our wholly owned subsidiaries or any newly formed subsidiaries incur debt on their own behalf in the future, the instrumentsgoverning their debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends to us. In addition, our wholly owned subsidiaries are permitted to pay dividends to us only outof their retained earnings, if any, as determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. Under PRC law, each of our wholly ownedPRC subsidiaries and our consolidated affiliated entity is required to set aside at least 10% of its after-tax profits each year, if any, to fund a statutory reserveuntil such reserve reaches 50% of its registered capital. Although the statutory reserves can be used, among other ways, to increase the registered capital andeliminate future losses in excess of retained earnings of the respective companies, the reserve funds are not distributable as cash dividends except in the eventof liquidation. As a result of these PRC laws and regulations, the capital and statutory reserves restricted which represented the amount of net assets of ourrelevant subsidiaries in PRC not available for distribution were US$91.0 million as of December 31, 2015.Capital ExpendituresOur capital expenditures amounted to US$3.2 million, US$8.7 million and US$13.5 million in 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively. In the past, ourcapital expenditures were principally incurred to purchase servers, computers and other office equipment, and to pay for leasehold improvements for ouroffices. As our business expands, we may purchase new servers, computers and other equipment in the future, as well as make leasehold improvements. 76Table of ContentsC.Research and DevelopmentWe focus our research and development efforts on the continual improvement and enhancement of our platform’s features and services, as well as thedesign and development of games that are suitable for publishing on our own platform. We have a large team of engineers and developers, which accountedfor over 40% of our employees as of December 31, 2015. Most of our engineers and developers are based in our headquarters in Beijing.In the three years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, our research and development expenditures, including share-based compensationexpenses for research and development staff, were US$3.5 million, US$9.3 million and US$23.3 million. For the year ended December 31, 2015, our researchand development expenditures represented 17.4% of our total revenues. Our research and development expenses primarily consist of salaries and benefits,including share-based compensation expenses, for research and development personnel and rental expenses. Expenditures incurred during the research phaseare expensed as incurred. We expect our research and development expenses to increase as we expand our research and development team to develop newfeatures and services for our platform and further enhance our big data analytical capabilities. D.Trend InformationOther than as disclosed elsewhere in this annual report, we are not aware of any trends, uncertainties, demands, commitments or events for the yearended December 31, 2015 that are reasonably likely to have a material and adverse effect on our net revenues, income, profitability, liquidity or capitalresources, or that would cause the disclosed financial information to be not necessarily indicative of future results of operations or financial conditions. E.Off-Balance Sheet ArrangementsWe have not entered into any financial guarantees or other commitments to guarantee the payment obligations of any third parties. We have notentered into any derivative contracts that are indexed to our shares and classified as shareholder’s equity or that are not reflected in our consolidated financialstatements. Furthermore, we do not have any retained or contingent interest in assets transferred to an unconsolidated entity that serves as credit, liquidity ormarket risk support to such entity for such assets. We do not have any obligation, including a contingent obligation, arising out of a variable interest in anyunconsolidated entity that we hold and material to us, where such entity provides financing, liquidity, market risk or credit risk support to us or engages inleasing, hedging or research and development services with us. F.Contractual ObligationsWe lease certain of our facilities and offices under non-cancellable operating lease agreements. The rental expenses were US$0.9 million, US$3.0million and US$3.7 million during the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively.As of December 31, 2015, future minimum commitments under non-cancelable agreements were as follows: Total 2016 2017 2018 2019 andthereafter (in US$ thousands) Operating lease 2,047 1,605 416 26 — We were also obligated to subscribe US$2.7 million for partnership interest of the equity-method investees under various arrangements as ofDecember 31, 2015.Other than the operating lease and investment commitments shown above, we did not have any significant other commitments, long-term obligations,or guarantees as of December 31, 2015. 77Table of ContentsG.Safe HarborSee “Forward-Looking Information.” Item 6.Directors, Senior Management and Employees A.Directors and Senior ManagementThe following table sets forth information regarding our executive officers and directors as of the date of this annual report. Directors and Executive Officers Age Position/TitleYan Tang 37 Chairman and Chief Executive OfficerYong Li 41 Independent DirectorSichuan Zhang 32 Director and President of U.S. OperationsDavid Ying Zhang 42 DirectorJoseph C. Tsai 52 DirectorNeil Nanpeng Shen 48 Independent DirectorFeng Yu 52 Independent DirectorBenson Bing Chung Tam 52 Independent DirectorDave Daqing Qi 52 Independent DirectorXiaoliang Lei 32 Co-presidentJingping Zhang 41 Co-presidentZhiwei Li 30 Chief Technology OfficerJonathan Xiaosong Zhang 52 Chief Financial OfficerLi Wang 32 Chief Operating OfficerMr. Yan Tang is our co-founder and has served as our director and chief executive officer since our inception in July 2011. Mr. Tang was appointed tobe the chairman of our board of directors in November 2014. Prior to founding our company, from 2003 to 2011, Mr. Tang worked at NetEase, Inc.(NASDAQ: NTES), or NetEase, initially as editor and later editor-in-chief. Mr. Tang was named by Fortune Magazine as one of its “40 Under 40,” a list of themost powerful, influential and important business elites under the age of 40, in October 2014. Mr. Tang received his bachelor of science degree fromChengdu University of Technology in China in 2000.Mr. Yong Li is our co-founder and has been our director since April 2012 and our independent director since December 2015. Mr. Li founded Fenbi Inc.(Cayman), a provider of online education services, in May 2011, in which he now serves as a board director and chief executive officer. In April 2012, hefounded Beijing Jingguanyu Technology Co., Ltd., a software service company, and has been its chief executive officer since then. From May 2005 to May2010, Mr. Li was the editor-in-chief and vice president at NetEase, and then the vice president at NetEase and president of NetEase career portal business unit.Between February 2001 and May 2005, Mr. Li served as an executive editor, executive editor-in-chief and then general manager of Global Entrepreneur, aChinese magazine. Mr. Li is also a director of two privately held companies. Mr. Li received his MBA degree from Peking University in 2004 and bachelor’sdegree in law from Renmin University in China in 1996.Ms. Sichuan Zhang has been our director since April 2012 and the president of our U.S. operations since June 2014. Ms. Zhang joined the company inJuly 2011 and was responsible for product design, then marketing strategies and executions. Prior to joining our company, from June 2009 to February 2011,she co-founded 4 Degrees Motion Design, an advertising design firm. She was an art director of Modern Media, a Chinese media company, from January2009 to May 2009, a senior designer of Phoenix New Media Limited (NYSE: FENG) from January 2008 to January 2009, and a web designer of NetEase fromMarch 2006 to April 2007. Ms. Zhang received her bachelor’s degree in South China Normal University in 2005. Ms. Zhang is the wife of Mr. Yan Tang.Mr. David Ying Zhang has been our director since April 2012. Mr. Zhang is a founding managing partner of Matrix Partners China, where he overseesall of the venture capital investment firm’s operations. Mr. Zhang is currently also a director of Cheetah Mobile Inc. (NYSE: CMCM). In 2002, Mr. Zhangestablished and has since expanded WI Harper Group’s Beijing operations and co-managed its China portfolios. Prior to joining WI Harper Group, Mr. Zhangworked at Salomon Smith Barney, where he was responsible for analyzing, structuring and marketing companies in the internet, software and semiconductorsectors. Before then, Mr. Zhang worked at ABN AMRO Capital as a senior venture associate. Mr. Zhang received master of science degree in biotechnologyand business from Northwestern University in 1999 and bachelor of science degree in clinical science with minor in chemistry from California StateUniversity in 1997. 78Table of ContentsMr. Joseph C. Tsai has been our director since February 2016. Mr. Tsai joined Alibaba Group in 1999 as a member of its founding team and has servedas Alibaba Group’s executive vice chairman since May 2013. He has been a non-executive director of Alibaba Health Information Technology Limited sinceSeptember 2015. Mr. Tsai previously served as Alibaba Group’s chief financial officer and has been a member of Alibaba Group’s board of directors since itsformation. From 1995 to 1999, Mr. Tsai worked in Hong Kong with Investor AB, the main investment vehicle of Sweden’s Wallenberg family, where he wasresponsible for Asian private equity investments. Prior to that, Mr. Tsai was vice president and general counsel of Rosecliff, Inc., a management buyout firmbased in New York. From 1990 to 1993, Mr. Tsai was an associate attorney in the tax group of Sullivan & Cromwell LLP, a New York-based international lawfirm. Mr. Tsai serves on the boards of directors of several of Alibaba Group’s investee companies. Mr. Tsai is qualified to practice law in the State of NewYork. He received his bachelor’s degree in economics and East Asian studies from Yale College and a juris doctor degree from Yale Law School.Mr. Neil Nanpeng Shen has been our director since May 2014 and our independent director since December 2015. Mr. Shen is the founding managingpartner of Sequoia Capital China. Mr. Shen is a co-founder and director of Ctrip.com International, Ltd. (NASDAQ: CTRP), or Ctrip, a leading online travelservices provider in China. Mr. Shen served as the chief financial officer of Ctrip from 2000 to October 2005 and as president from August 2003 to October2005. Mr. Shen also co-founded Home Inns & Hotels Management Inc. (NASDAQ: HMIN), or Home Inns, a leading economy hotel chain in China. Prior tofounding Ctrip and Home Inns, Mr. Shen had worked for more than eight years in the investment banking industry in New York and Hong Kong. Currently,Mr. Shen is the co-chairman of Home Inns, a non-executive director of E-House (China) Holdings Limited (NYSE: EJ), and a director of Qihoo 360Technology Co. Ltd. (NYSE: QIHU) and Noah Holdings Limited (NYSE: NOAH). Mr. Shen received his master’s degree from the Yale University in 1992 andhis bachelor’s degree from Shanghai Jiao Tong University in 1988.Mr. Feng Yu has been our director since May 2014 and our independent director since December 2015. Mr. Yu is the co-founder and chairman ofYunfeng Capital, a private equity fund established in 2010. Between 2006 and 2008, Mr. Yu was the co-chairman and president of Focus Media HoldingLimited, which was previously listed on NASDAQ. Prior to that, in 2003, Mr. Yu founded Shanghai Target Media Co., Ltd., which operated out-of-hometelevision advertising network, and served as its chief executive officer. Mr. Yu currently is also a director of Huayi Brothers Media Group, a company listedon the Shenzhen Stock Exchange (Stock Code: 300027) and Media Asia Group Holdings Limited, a company listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange(Stock Code: 8075). Mr. Yu is also an independent director of ZhongAn Online P&C Insurance Co., Ltd. and Beijing Vantone Real Estate Co., Ltd. listed onthe Shenzhen Stock Exchange (Stock Code: 600246). Mr. Yu received an EMBA degree from China Europe International Business School in 2001, master’sdegree in philosophy from Fudan University in 1991 and a bachelor’s degree in philosophy from the same university in 1986.Mr. Benson Bing Chung Tam has served as our independent director since December 2014. Mr. Tam is a chartered accountant. He is the founder andchairman of Venturous Group, a global CEO network based in Beijing. From 2002 to February 2012, Mr. Tam was a partner and head of technologyinvestments at Fidelity Growth Partners Asia (formerly named Fidelity Asia Ventures). Prior to joining Fidelity Growth Partners Asia, Mr. Tam was a partner ofElectra Partners Asia from 1998 to 2002, and was the founding director of Hellman & Friedman Asia from 1992 to 1998. Mr. Tam worked in M&A corporatefinance at S.G. Warburg from 1989 to 1992. Mr. Tam is currently a director of certain privately held companies. Mr. Tam received his master’s degree incomputer science from Oxford University in 1986 and his bachelor’s degree in civil engineering from Imperial College of London University in 1984.Dr. Dave Daqing Qi has served as our independent director since December 2014. Dr. Qi is a professor of accounting and the former associate dean ofthe Cheung Kong Graduate School of Business. He began teaching at the Cheung Kong Graduate School of Business in 2002 and was the founding directorof the Executive MBA program. Prior to that, Dr. Qi was an associate professor at the School of Accounting of the Chinese University of Hong Kong. Dr. Qialso serves as director of a number of public companies, such as Sohu.com (NASDAQ: SOHU), iKang Healthcare Group (NASDAQ: KANG), Jutal Offshore OilServices Limited (HKEx: 3303), Wanda Commercial Properties (Group) Co., Limited (HKEx: 0169) and Reorient Group Limited (HKEx: 0376). He receivedhis Ph.D. degree in accounting from the Eli Broad Graduate School of management of Michigan State University in 1996, MBA degree from the University ofHawaii at Manoa in 1992 and bachelor of science and bachelor of arts degrees from Fudan University in 1985 and 1987, respectively. Dr. Qi is currently amember of the American Accounting Association. 79Table of ContentsMr. Xiaoliang Lei is our co-founder and has been our co-president since June 2014. Mr. Lei is responsible for product development. Prior to co-founding our company, Mr. Lei was the product management staff then manager at NetEase, from 2008 to 2011. Mr. Lei was an editor in charge of contentdevelopment and team management at 21CN Game Channel, a game information exchange platform in China from 2004 to 2008. Mr. Lei received hisbachelor of science degree in software engineering from South China University of Technology in 2004.Mr. Jingping Zhang has been our co-president since March 2014. Prior to joining us, Mr. Zhang was a partner at Concord & Partners, a PRC law firm,from June 2012 to March 2014, and a lawyer at King & Wood Mallesons from August 2008 to June 2012. Mr. Zhang had served as a legal counsel for anumber of large companies and had participated in private equity fund formation and investments, M&As, corporate restructuring, domestic and offshoreinitial public offerings, as well as outbound investments by Chinese companies. Mr. Zhang was a journalist, chief reporter, columnist and editor-in-chief atvarious media organizations, including Nanfang Media Group from August 2007 to August 2009, Economic Observer from August 2005 to August 2007 andGuangzhou Media Group from August 2003 to August 2005. Mr. Zhang received a Ph.D. from Soochow University Law School in July 2007 and a bachelor’sdegree of media and mass communication from Anhui Normal University in July 1998.Mr. Zhiwei Li is our co-founder and has been our chief technology officer since our inception. Mr. Li is in charge of overseeing the technicalarchitecture of our company. From July 2009 to March 2011, Mr. Li was the technology director in the finance channel at NetEase. He received his bachelorof science degree in software engineering from South China University of Technology in 2008.Mr. Jonathan Xiaosong Zhang has served as our chief financial officer since May 2014. From July 2010 to April 2014, Mr. Zhang served as the chieffinancial officer of iSoftStone Holdings Limited, and was the company’s independent director between February 2010 and July 2010. Prior to joiningiSoftStone Holdings Limited, Mr. Zhang served as the chief financial officer of several companies, including BJB Career Education Company Limited fromJune 2009 to June 2010, and Vimicro International Corporation (NASDAQ: VIMC) from September 2004 to January 2007. From 2000 to 2004, Mr. Zhangworked as a manager and then a senior manager at the Beijing office of PricewaterhouseCoopers. From 1995 to 1999, Mr. Zhang was an auditor and then asenior auditor at the Los Angeles office of KPMG LLP. Mr. Zhang is also an independent director, the chairman of audit committee, and a member of thecompensation committee and the nominating and corporate governance committee of Tarena International Inc. (NASDAQ: TEDU). Mr. Zhang received hismaster’s degree in accountancy from the University of Illinois in 1994, his master’s degree in meteorology from Saint Louis University in 1992, and hisbachelor’s degree in meteorology from Peking University in 1986. Mr. Zhang is a Certified Public Accountant in the State of California.Mr. Li Wang has been our chief operation officer since June 2014. Mr. Wang joined the company as our operation director in July 2011. Prior tojoining us, Mr. Wang was the managing director of Laoluo English Training School, a start-up education service business from November 2008 to May 2011.He was the general administration staff at NEC China Co., Ltd. from April 2005 to April 2007. Mr. Wang received a bachelor’s degree in management fromBeijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics in China in 2004. B.CompensationFor the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015, we paid an aggregate of approximately US$2.6 million in cash to our executive officers, and we did notpay any compensation to our non-executive directors. We have not set aside or accrued any amount to provide pension, retirement or other similar benefits toour executive officers and directors. In accordance with the PRC law, our PRC subsidiary and consolidated affiliated entity and its subsidiaries are requiredby law to make contributions equal to certain percentages of each employee’s salary for his or her pension insurance, medical insurance, unemploymentinsurance and other statutory benefits and a housing provident fund. 80Table of ContentsShare Incentive Plans2012 PlanIn November 2012, we adopted a share incentive plan, or the 2012 Plan, which was amended and restated in October 2013. The maximum aggregatenumber of shares which may be issued pursuant to all awards under the 2012 Plan is 44,758,220 Class A ordinary shares. With the adoption of our 2014 Plan,we no longer issue incentive shares under the 2012 Plan.As of March 31, 2016, options to purchase 30,787,026 Class A ordinary shares had been granted under the 2012 Plan, of which options to purchase anaggregate of 23,013,154 Class A ordinary shares remained outstanding. The following paragraphs summarize the principal terms of the 2012 Plan.Plan Administration. Our board of directors or one or more committees consisting solely of directors designated by our board will administer the 2012Plan. The committee or the full board of directors, as applicable, will determine the participants to receive awards, the type and number of awards to begranted to each participant, and the terms and conditions of each grant. The board or such committee(s) may also delegate, to the extent permitted byapplicable laws, to one or more officers of our company, its powers under the 2012 Plan to determine the officers and employees who will receive awards, thenumber of such awards, and the terms and conditions thereof. Subject to the limitations under the 2012 Plan, the plan administrator from time to time mayauthorize, generally or in specific cases only, for the benefit of any participant, any adjustment in exercise or purchase price, vesting schedule, and regrantingof awards by waiver or by other legally valid means.Award Agreement. Awards granted under the 2012 Plan are evidenced by an award agreement that sets forth terms, provisions and restrictions for eachaward, which may include the type of award, the term of the award, vesting provisions, the exercise or purchase price, and the provisions applicable in theevent that the recipient’s employment or service terminates. Under the plan, each recipient of option award shall duly sign a power of attorney delegating thevoting rights and signing rights of ordinary shares issued upon the exercise of the option award.Eligibility. We may grant awards to our officers, directors, employees, consultants and advisors of our company.Acceleration of Awards upon Change in Control. If a change in control of our company occurs, the plan administrator may, in its sole discretion,accelerate the awards so that they may immediately vest without any forfeiture restrictions, unless the plan administrator has otherwise provided forsubstitution, assumption, exchange or other continuation or settlement of the award.Vesting Schedule. In general, the plan administrator determines the vesting schedule, which is specified in the relevant award agreement.Exercise of Options. The plan administrator determines the exercise price for each option award, which is stated in the award agreement and shall in nocase be lower than the par value of our ordinary shares. Once vested, an option award will remain exercisable until the date of expiration or termination,unless otherwise provided by the plan administrator. However, each option award shall expire no more than 10 years after its date of grant.Transfer Restrictions. Awards may not be transferred in any manner by the recipient, save for certain exceptions including transfers to our company,transfers by gift to an affiliate or an immediately family member, transfer by will or the laws of descent and distribution, and other exceptions provided for bythe plan administrator.Amendment and Termination of the 2012 Plan. Subject to any shareholder approval, our board of directors may, at any time, terminate or, from time totime, amend, modify or suspend this 2012 Plan. Unless terminated earlier, the 2012 Plan will terminate at the close of business on October 31, 2022. 81Table of Contents2014 PlanWe adopted the 2014 share incentive plan, or the 2014 Plan, in November 2014. The maximum aggregate number of shares which may be issuedpursuant to all awards under the 2014 Plan is initially 14,031,194 Class A ordinary shares. Beginning in 2017, the number of shares reserved for futureissuances under the 2014 Plan will be increased by a number equal to 1.5% of the total number of outstanding shares on the last day of the immediatelypreceding calendar year, or such lesser number of Class A ordinary shares as determined by our board of directors, on the first day of each calendar yearduring the term of the 2014 Plan. As of March 31, 2016, we have granted options to purchase 10,417,782 Class A ordinary shares and 40,001 restricted shareunits under our 2014 Plan, of which options to purchase an aggregate of 9,819,232 Class A ordinary shares remained outstanding and all restricted share unitshad vested. The following paragraphs summarize the terms of the 2014 Plan.Types of Awards. The 2014 Plan permits the awards of options, restricted shares and restricted share units.Plan Administration. Our board or a committee of one or more members of our board duly authorized for the purpose of the 2014 Plan can act as theplan administrator.Award Agreement. Options, restricted shares or restricted share units granted under the 2014 Plan are evidenced by an award agreement that sets forththe terms, conditions and limitations for each grant.Eligibility. We may grant awards to our employees, directors, consultants, or other individuals as determined, authorized and approved by the planadministrator. However, we may grant options that are intended to qualify as incentive share options only to our employees and employees of our parentcompanies and subsidiaries.Acceleration of Awards upon Change in Control. If a change in control, liquidation or dissolution of our company occurs, the plan administrator may,in its sole discretion, provide for (i) all awards outstanding to terminate at a specific time in the future and give each participant the right to exercise thevested portion of such awards during a specific period of time, or (ii) the purchase of any award for an amount of cash equal to the amount that could havebeen attained upon the exercise of such award, or (iii) the replacement of such award with other rights or property selected by the plan administrator in its solediscretion, or (iv) payment of award in cash based on the value of Class A ordinary shares on the date of the change-in-control transaction plus reasonableinterest.Exercise of Options. The plan administrator determines the exercise price for each award, which is stated in the award agreement. The vested portion ofoption will expire if not exercised prior to the tenth anniversary after the date of a grant, unless extended by the plan administrator.Exercise Price of Options. The exercise price in respect of any option shall be determined by the plan administrator and set forth in the awardagreement which may be a fixed or variable price related to the fair market value of the shares. The exercise price per share subject to an option may beamended or adjusted in the absolute discretion of the plan administrator, the determination of which shall be final, binding and conclusive.Vesting Schedule. In general, the plan administrator determines the vesting schedule, which is set forth in the award agreement.Transfer Restrictions. Awards may not be transferred in any manner by the recipient other than by will or the laws of descent and distribution, except asotherwise provided by the plan administrator.Termination. Unless terminated earlier, the 2014 Plan will terminate automatically in 2024. 82Table of ContentsThe following table summarizes, as of March 31, 2016, the outstanding options under the 2012 Plan and 2014 Plan to certain officers, directors,employees and consultants. Name Class AOrdinary SharesUnderlyingOptionsAwarded Exercise Price(US$/Share) Date of Grant Date of Expiration Yan Tang 4,500,000 0.1404 October 10, 2013 October 9, 2023 * 0.0002 October 29, 2014 October 28, 2024 * 0.0002 April 22, 2015 April 21, 2025 * 0.0002 March 31, 2016 March 30, 2026 Sichuan Zhang * 0.0327 November 1, 2012 October 31, 2022 * 0.1404 October 10, 2013 October 9, 2023 David Ying Zhang * 0.1404 October 10, 2013 October 9, 2023 Xiaoliang Lei * 0.1404 October 10, 2013 October 9, 2023 * 0.0002 October 29, 2014 October 28, 2024 * 0.0002 April 22, 2015 April 21, 2025 * 0.0002 March 31, 2016 March 30, 2026 Jingping Zhang * 0.1404 March 1, 2014 February 28, 2024 * 0.0002 October 29, 2014 October 28, 2024 * 0.0002 April 22, 2015 April 21, 2025 Zhiwei Li * 0.1404 October 10, 2013 October 9, 2023 * 0.0002 October 29, 2014 October 28, 2024 * 0.0002 April 22, 2015 April 21, 2025 * 0.0002 March 31, 2016 March 30, 2026 Jonathan Xiaosong Zhang * 0.1404 March 1, 2014 February 28, 2024 * 0.0002 October 29, 2014 October 28, 2024 * 0.0002 April 22, 2015 April 21, 2025 * 0.0002 March 31, 2016 March 30, 2026 Li Wang * 0.0327 November 1, 2012 October 31, 2022 * 0.1404 October 10, 2013 October 9, 2023 * 0.0002 October 29, 2014 October 28, 2024 * 0.0002 April 22, 2015 April 21, 2025 * 0.0002 March 31, 2016 March 30, 2026 Other individuals as a group 4,174,116 0.0327 November 1, 2012 October 31, 2022 1,906,496 0.1404 October 10, 2013 October 9, 2023 262,434 0.1404 March 1, 2014 February 28, 2024 1,741,448 0.0002 October 29, 2014 October 28, 2024 1,532,500 0.0002 April 22, 2015 April 21, 2025 2,502,000 0.0002 May 4, 2015 May 3, 2025 432,000 0.0002 August 13, 2015 August 12, 2025 1,379,275 0.0002 October 15, 2015 October 14, 2025 93,000 0.0002 November 13, 2015 November 12, 2025 Total 32,832,386 *Aggregate number of shares represented by all grants of options or restricted share units to the person account for less than 1% of our total outstandingordinary shares on an as-converted basis.BVI PlanIn January 2015, Momo Technology Overseas Holding Company Limited, or Momo BVI, our wholly owned BVI subsidiary, adopted a share incentiveplan, or the BVI Plan. The maximum number of ordinary shares issuable pursuant to awards granted under the BVI Plan is 30,000,000. The BVI Plan isadministered by the board of directors of Momo BVI or one or more committees thereof, which shall determine the participants to receive awards, the typeand number of awards to be granted to each participant, and the terms and conditions of each grant. Under the BVI Plan, Momo BVI may grant options,restricted shares or unrestricted ordinary shares to directors of Momo BVI, officers or employees of Momo BVI or its affiliates, or consultants to Momo BVI orits affiliates.In 2015, Momo BVI granted options to purchase a total of 5,550,000 and 5,000,000 of its shares to employees and an executive of Momo InformationTechnologies Corp., its wholly owned subsidiary incorporated in Delaware, respectively, with exercise prices ranging from US$0.10 to US$0.11 per share forthe awards granted to the employees and $0.11 per share for the award granted to the executive. Of such awards, options to purchase an aggregate of9,600,000 shares remained outstanding as of March 31, 2016. 83Table of ContentsEmployment Agreements and Indemnification AgreementsWe have entered into employment agreements with each of our executive officers. Under these agreements, each of our executive officers is employedfor a specified time period. We may terminate employment for cause, at any time, without advance notice or remuneration, for certain acts of the executiveofficer, such as conviction or plea of guilty to a felony or any crime involving moral turpitude, negligent or dishonest acts to our detriment, or misconduct ora failure to perform agreed duties. We may also terminate an executive officer’s employment without cause upon three-month advance written notice. In suchcase of termination by us, we will provide severance payments to the executive officer as expressly required by applicable law of the jurisdiction where theexecutive officer is based. The executive officer may resign at any time with a three-month advance written notice.Each executive officer has agreed to hold, both during and after the termination or expiry of his or her employment agreement, in strict confidence andnot to use, except as required in the performance of his or her duties in connection with the employment or pursuant to applicable law, any of our confidentialinformation or trade secrets, any confidential information or trade secrets of our clients or prospective clients, or the confidential or proprietary information ofany third party received by us and for which we have confidential obligations. The executive officers have also agreed to disclose in confidence to us allinventions, designs and trade secrets which they conceive, develop or reduce to practice during the executive officer’s employment with us and to assign allright, title and interest in them to us, and assist us in obtaining and enforcing patents, copyrights and other legal rights for these inventions, designs and tradesecrets.In addition, each executive officer has agreed to be bound by non-competition and non-solicitation restrictions during the term of his or heremployment and typically for one year following the last date of employment. Specifically, each executive officer has agreed not to (i) approach oursuppliers, clients, customers or contacts or other persons or entities introduced to the executive officer in his or her capacity as a representative of us for thepurpose of doing business with such persons or entities that will harm our business relationships with these persons or entities; (ii) assume employment withor provide services to any of our competitors, or engage, whether as principal, partner, licensor or otherwise, any of our competitors, without our expressconsent; or (iii) seek directly or indirectly, to solicit the services of any of our employees who is employed by us on or after the date of the executive officer’stermination, or in the year preceding such termination, without our express consent.We have also entered into indemnification agreements with each of our directors and executive officers. Under these agreements, we agree to indemnifyour directors and executive officers against certain liabilities and expenses incurred by such persons in connection with claims made by reason of their beinga director or officer of our company. C.Board PracticesBoard of DirectorsOur board of directors consists of nine directors. A director is not required to hold any shares in our company to qualify to serve as a director. A directorwho is in any way, whether directly or indirectly, interested in a contract or transaction or proposed contract or transaction with our company must declare thenature of his or her interest at a meeting of the directors. Subject to applicable NASDAQ Stock Market Rules and disqualification by the chairman of therelevant board meeting, a director may vote in respect of any contract or transaction or proposed contract or transaction notwithstanding that he or she maybe interested therein, and if he or she does so his or her vote shall be counted and he or she may be counted in the quorum at the relevant board meeting atwhich such contract or transaction or proposed contract or transaction is considered. The directors may exercise all the powers of the company to borrowmoney, to mortgage or charge its undertaking, property and uncalled capital, and to issue debentures or other securities whenever money is borrowed or assecurity for any debt, liability or obligation of the company or of any third party. None of our non-executive directors has a service contract with us thatprovides for benefits upon termination of service. 84Table of ContentsCommittees of the Board of DirectorsWe have established an audit committee, a compensation committee and a nominating and corporate governance committee under the board ofdirectors. We have adopted a charter for each of the three committees. Each committee’s members and functions are described below.Audit CommitteeOur audit committee consists of Benson Bing Chung Tam, Dr. Dave Daqing Qi and Yong Li. Mr. Tam is the chairman of our audit committee. We havedetermined that each member satisfies the “independence” requirements of the NASDAQ Stock Market Rules and Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act, andthat each of Mr. Tam and Dr. Qi qualifies as an “audit committee financial expert.” The audit committee oversees our accounting and financial reportingprocesses and the audits of the financial statements of our company. The audit committee is responsible for, among other things: • appointing the independent auditors and pre-approving all auditing and non-auditing services permitted to be performed by the independentauditors; • reviewing with the independent auditors any audit problems or difficulties and management’s response; • discussing the annual audited financial statements with management and the independent auditors; • reviewing the adequacy and effectiveness of our accounting and internal control policies and procedures and any steps taken to monitor andcontrol major financial risk exposures; • reviewing and approving all proposed related party transactions; • meeting separately and periodically with management and the independent auditors; and • monitoring compliance with our code of business conduct and ethics, including reviewing the adequacy and effectiveness of our procedures toensure proper compliance.Compensation CommitteeOur compensation committee consists of Yong Li, Benson Bing Chung Tam and Dr. Dave Daqing Qi. Mr. Li is the chairman of our compensationcommittee. We have determined that each member satisfies the “independence” requirements of the NASDAQ Stock Market Rules. The compensationcommittee assists the board in reviewing and approving the compensation structure, including all forms of compensation, relating to our directors andexecutive officers. Our chief executive officer may not be present at any committee meeting during which his compensation is deliberated. The compensationcommittee is responsible for, among other things: • reviewing and approving, or recommending to the board for its approval, the compensation for our chief executive officer and other executiveofficers; • reviewing and recommending to the board for determination with respect to the compensation of our non-employee directors; • reviewing periodically and approving any incentive compensation or equity plans, programs or similar arrangements; and • selecting compensation consultant, legal counsel or other adviser only after taking into consideration all factors relevant to that person’sindependence from management. 85Table of ContentsNominating and Corporate Governance CommitteeOur nominating and corporate governance committee consists of Yong Li, Benson Bing Chung Tam and Dr. Dave Daqing Qi. Mr. Li is the chairpersonof our nominating and corporate governance committee. We have determined that each member satisfies the “independence” requirements of the NASDAQStock Market Rules. The nominating and corporate governance committee assists the board of directors in selecting individuals qualified to become ourdirectors and in determining the composition of the board and its committees. The nominating and corporate governance committee is responsible for, amongother things: • selecting and recommending to the board nominees for election by the shareholders or appointment by the board; • reviewing annually with the board the current composition of the board with regards to characteristics such as independence, knowledge, skills,experience and diversity; • making recommendations on the frequency and structure of board meetings and monitoring the functioning of the committees of the board; and • advising the board periodically with regards to significant developments in the law and practice of corporate governance as well as ourcompliance with applicable laws and regulations, and making recommendations to the board on all matters of corporate governance and on anyremedial action to be taken.Duties of DirectorsUnder Cayman Islands law, our directors have a fiduciary duty to act honestly, in good faith and with a view to our best interests. Our directors alsoowe to our company a duty to act with skill and care. It was previously considered that a director need not exhibit in the performance of his duties a greaterdegree of skill than may reasonably be expected from a person of his knowledge and experience. However, English and Commonwealth courts have movedtowards an objective standard with regard to the required skill and care and these authorities are likely to be followed in the Cayman Islands. In fulfillingtheir duty of care to us, our directors must ensure compliance with our memorandum and articles of association, as amended and restated from time to time,and the class rights vested thereunder in the holders of the shares. Our company has the right to seek damages if a duty owed by our directors is breached.Our board of directors has all the powers necessary for managing, and for directing and supervising, our business affairs. The functions and powers ofour board of directors include, among others: • convening shareholders’ annual general meetings and reporting its work to shareholders at such meetings; • declaring dividends and distributions; • appointing officers and determining the term of office of the officers; • exercising the borrowing powers of our company and mortgaging the property of our company; and • approving the transfer of shares in our company, including the registration of such shares in our share register.Terms of Directors and Executive OfficersOur officers are elected by and serve at the discretion of the board of directors. Our directors are not subject to a term of office and hold office until suchtime as they are removed from office by ordinary resolution of the shareholders or by the unanimous written resolution of all the shareholders. A director willcease to be a director automatically if, among other things, the director (i) becomes bankrupt or makes any arrangement or composition with his creditors;(ii) dies or is found by our company to be or becomes of unsound mind; (iii) resigns his or her office by notice in writing to our company; (iv) without specialleave of absence from our board of directors, is absent from meetings of our board of directors for three consecutive meetings and the board resolves that hisor her office be vacated; or (v) is removed from office pursuant to any other provision of our memorandum and articles of association. 86Table of ContentsD.EmployeesWe had 209, 456 and 779 employees as of December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively. As of December 31, 2015, we had 779 employees,including 627 employees in Beijing, 88 employees in Chengdu, 55 employees in Shanghai and nine employees in the United States. The following table setsforth the numbers of our employees categorized by function as of December 31, 2015. As ofDecember 31,2015 Function: Operations 108 Service development 319 General administration and human resources 78 Sales, customer service and marketing 274 Total 779 In addition to our full-time employees, we used 196 contract workers dispatched to us by staffing agencies as of December 31, 2015. These contractworkers are primarily responsible for content management and monitoring and for customer service.As required by laws and regulations in China, we participate in various employee social security plans that are organized by municipal and provincialgovernments, including housing, pension, medical insurance and unemployment insurance. We are required under Chinese law to make contributions toemployee benefit plans at specified percentages of the salaries, bonuses and certain allowances of our employees, up to a maximum amount specified by thelocal government from time to time.We typically enter into standard confidentiality and employment agreements with our management and service development personnel. Thesecontracts include a standard non-compete covenant that prohibits the employee from competing with us, directly or indirectly, during his or her employmentand for two years after the termination of his or her employment, provided that we pay compensation equal to a certain percentage of the employee’s salaryduring the restriction period in accordance with applicable laws.We believe that we maintain a good working relationship with our employees, and we have not experienced any labor disputes. None of our employeesare represented by labor unions. E.Share OwnershipFor information regarding the share ownership of our directors and officers, see “Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions—A. MajorShareholders.” For information as to stock options granted to our directors, executive officers and other employees, see “Item 6. Directors, SeniorManagement and Employees—B. Compensation—Share Incentive Plans.” Item 7.Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions A.Major ShareholdersThe following table sets forth information with respect to the beneficial ownership of our shares as of March 31, 2016 by: • each of our current directors and executive officers; and • each person known to us to own beneficially more than 5% of our shares.Percentage of beneficial ownership is based on a total of 384,253,289 outstanding ordinary shares of our company as of the date of March 31, 2016,comprising (i) 287,366,919 Class A ordinary shares, excluding the 10,002,822 Class A ordinary shares issued to our depositary bank for bulk issuance ofADSs reserved for future issuances upon the exercise or vesting of awards granted under our share incentive plans, and (ii) 96,886,370 Class B ordinaryshares. 87Table of ContentsBeneficial ownership is determined in accordance with the rules and regulations of the SEC. These rules generally provide that a person is thebeneficial owner of securities if such person has or shares the power to vote or direct the voting of securities, or to dispose or direct the disposition ofsecurities or has the right to acquire such powers within 60 days. In computing the number of shares beneficially owned by a person and the percentageownership of that person, we have included shares that the person has the right to acquire within 60 days, including through the exercise of any option,warrant or other right or the conversion of any other security, in both the numerator and the denominator. These shares, however, are not included in thecomputation of the percentage ownership of any other person. Shares Beneficially Owned Ordinary SharesBeneficiallyOwned Voting Power Class AOrdinary Shares Class BOrdinary Shares Directors and executive officers**: %(1) %(2) Yan Tang(3) * 96,886,370 25.9 77.2 Yong Li(4) 14,846,899 — 3.9 1.2 Sichuan Zhang(5) * 96,886,370 25.9 77.2 David Ying Zhang(6) 66,377,147 — 17.3 5.3 Joseph C. Tsai(7) — — — — Neil Nanpeng Shen(8) 18,570,966 — 4.8 1.5 Feng Yu(9) 18,570,966 — 4.8 1.5 Benson Bing Chung Tam(10) * — * * Dave Daqing Qi(11) * — * * Xiaoliang Lei(12) 9,960,127 — 2.6 * Jingping Zhang(13) * — * * Zhiwei Li(14) 8,401,037 — 2.2 * Jonathan Xiaosong Zhang(15) * — * * Li Wang(16) * — * * All directors and executive officers as a group 144,817,949 96,886,370 61.4 88.0 Principal Shareholders: Gallant Future Holdings Limited(17) — 96,886,370 25.2 77.1 Alibaba Investment Limited(18) 77,749,140 — 20.2 6.2 Matrix Partners China II Hong Kong Limited(19) 65,970,897 — 17.2 5.3 Notes:*Less than 1% of our total outstanding Class A and Class B ordinary shares.**Except for Messrs. David Ying Zhang, Joseph C. Tsai, Neil Nanpeng Shen, Feng Yu, Mr. Benson Bing Chung Tam and Mr. Dave Daqing Qi, thebusiness address for our executive officers and directors is 20th Floor, Block B, Tower 2, Wangjing SOHO, No.1 Futongdong Street, Chaoyang District,Beijing 100102, People’s Republic of China.(1)Percentage ownership is calculated by dividing the number of Class A and Class B ordinary shares beneficially owned by a given person or group bythe sum of (i) 384,253,289 ordinary shares and (ii) and the number of shares such person or group has the right to acquire upon exercise of option,warrant or other right within 60 days after March 31, 2016. Our Class B ordinary shares are convertible at any time by the holder thereof into Class Aordinary shares on a one-for-one basis.(2)For each person and group included in this column, percentage of voting power is calculated by dividing the voting power beneficially owned by suchperson or group by the voting power of all of our Class A and Class B ordinary shares as a single class. Each holder of Class A ordinary shares isentitled to one vote per share and each holder of our Class B ordinary shares is entitled to ten votes per share on all matters submitted to them for vote.(3)Includes (i) 96,886,370 Class B ordinary shares held by Gallant Future Holdings Limited, (ii) Class A ordinary shares that Mr. Tang is entitled toacquire within 60 days from March 31, 2016 upon exercise of share options held by him under our share incentive plans, and (iii) Class A ordinaryshares that Ms. Sichuan Zhang, the wife of Mr. Tang, is entitled to acquire within 60 days from March 31, 2016 upon exercise of share options held byMs. Zhang under our share incentive plans. Gallant Future Holdings Limited is incorporated in the British Virgin Islands and is wholly owned by afamily trust controlled by Mr. Tang. 88Table of Contents(4)Represents 14,846,899 Class A ordinary shares held by Joyous Harvest Holdings Limited, a company incorporated in the British Virgin Islands andwholly owned by a family trust controlled by Mr. Li.(5)Includes (i) 96,886,370 Class B ordinary shares held by Gallant Future Holdings Limited, (ii) Class A ordinary shares that Mr. Yan Tang, the husbandof Ms. Zhang, is entitled to acquire within 60 days from March 31, 2016 upon exercise of share options held by him under our share incentive plans,and (iii) Class A ordinary shares that Ms. Zhang is entitled to acquire within 60 days from March 31, 2016 upon exercise of share options held by herunder our share incentive plans. Gallant Future Holdings Limited is incorporated in the British Virgin Islands and is wholly owned by a family trustcontrolled by Ms. Zhang’s husband, Mr. Yan Tang.(6)Represents (i) 52,770,897 Class A ordinary shares held by Matrix Partners China II Hong Kong Limited and (ii) 13,200,000 Class A ordinary sharesrepresented by ADSs held by Matrix Partners China II Hong Kong Limited, as reported on the Amendment No. 1 to Schedule 13D filed by MatrixPartners China II Hong Kong Limited, among others, on April 6, 2016, and (iii) Class A ordinary shares that Mr. Zhang is entitled to acquire within 60days from March 31, 2016 upon exercise of share options held by him under our share incentive plans. Matrix Partners China II Hong Kong Limited isa limited company incorporated in Hong Kong. Matrix Partners China II Hong Kong Limited is controlled and 90%-owned by Matrix Partners China II,L.P., and the remaining 10% shares is held by Matrix Partners China II-A, L.P. The general partner of Matrix Partners China II, L.P. and Matrix PartnersChina II-A, L.P. is Matrix China II GP GP, Ltd. The directors of Matrix China II GP GP, Ltd. are David Ying Zhang, Timothy A. Barrows, David Su andYibo Shao. The business address of Mr. Zhang is Suite 2601, Taikang Financial Tower, No. 38 Yard East 3rd Ring Road North, Chaoyang District,Beijing 100026, People’s Republic of China.(7)The business address of Mr. Tsai is 26/F, Tower 1, Times Square, 1 Matheson Street, Causeway Bay, Hong Kong.(8)Represents, as reported on the Amendment No. 1 to Schedule 13D jointly filed by the Sequoia Funds (as defined below) on April 7, 2016: (i) 2,063,441Class A ordinary shares held by SCC Growth I Holdco A, Ltd., a Cayman Islands exempted company, (ii) 11,348,923 Class A ordinary shares held bySequoia Capital China GF Holdco III-A, Ltd., a Cayman Islands exempted company, and (iii) 5,158,602 Class A ordinary shares held by SC ChinaGrowth III Co-Investment 2014-A, L.P., a Cayman Islands exempted limited partnership. SCC Growth I Holdco A, Ltd., Sequoia Capital China GFHoldco III-A, Ltd. and SC China Growth III Co-Investment 2014-A, L.P. are herein collectively referred to as the Sequoia Funds. The shareholders ofSCC Growth I Holdco A, Ltd. are Sequoia Capital China Growth Fund I, L.P., Sequoia Capital China Growth Partners Fund I, L.P. and Sequoia CapitalChina GF Principals Fund I, L.P. (collectively, the “GF I Funds”). The general partner of each of the GF I Funds is Sequoia Capital China Growth FundManagement I, L.P., whose general partner is SC China Holding Limited. The sole shareholder of Sequoia Capital China GF Holdco III-A, Ltd. isSequoia Capital China Growth Fund III, L.P. The general partner of Sequoia Capital China Growth Fund III, L.P. is SC China Growth III Management,L.P., whose general partner is SC China Holding Limited. The general partner of SC China Growth III Co-Investment 2014-A, L.P. is SC China GrowthIII Management L.P., whose general partner is SC China Holding Limited. SC China Holding Limited is wholly owned by SNP China EnterprisesLimited, a company wholly owned by Mr. Shen. As a result, Mr. Shen may be deemed to share voting and investment power with respect to the sharesheld by the Sequoia Funds. The business address of Mr. Shen is Room 3606, China Central Place Tower 3, 77 Jianguo Road Chaoyang District, Beijing100027, China.(9)Represents 18,570,966 Class A ordinary shares held by Rich Moon Limited. Rich Moon Limited is 77.8% owned by Yunfeng Fund II, L.P., or YF FundII, and 22.2% owned by Yunfeng Moon Co-invest, L.P., or YF Moon. The general partner of YF Fund II is Yunfeng Investment II, L.P. and the generalpartner of YF Moon is Yunfeng Moon Co-Invest GP, Ltd. Both general partners are in turn managed by their general partner, Yunfeng Investment GP II,Ltd. Mr. Yu has the sole power to direct the voting and disposition of shares of our company directly or indirectly held by Yunfeng Investment GP II,Ltd. The business address of Mr. Yu is Room 3501, 35/F, 1010 Huaihaizhong Road, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China.(10)The business address of Mr. Tam is Room 1-4-2503, No. 2 East Xibahe, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China.(11)The business address of Dr. Qi is Room 332, Tower E3, Oriental Plaza, 1 East Chang An Avenue, Dong Cheng District, Beijing 100738, China. 89Table of Contents(12)Represents (i) Class A ordinary shares that Mr. Lei is entitled to acquire within 60 days from March 31, 2016 upon exercise of share options held byhim under our share incentive plans, and (ii) 9,587,116 Class A ordinary shares held by First Optimal Holdings Limited, a company incorporated in theBritish Virgin Islands and wholly owned by a family trust controlled by Mr. Lei.(13)Represents Class A ordinary shares that Mr. Zhang is entitled to acquire within 60 days from March 31, 2016 upon exercise of share options held byhim under our share incentive plans.(14)Represents (i) Class A ordinary shares that Mr. Li is entitled to acquire within 60 days from March 31, 2016 upon exercise of share options held by himunder our share incentive plans, and (ii) 8,028,026 Class A ordinary shares held by Fast Prosperous Holdings Limited, a company incorporated in theBritish Virgin Islands and wholly owned by a family trust controlled by Mr. Li.(15)Represents Class A ordinary shares that Mr. Zhang is entitled to acquire within 60 days from March 31, 2016 upon exercise of share options held byhim under our share incentive plans.(16)Represents Class A ordinary shares that Mr. Wang has the right to acquire within 60 days from March 31, 2016 upon exercise of share options held byhim under our share incentive plans.(17)Represents 96,886,370 Class B ordinary shares held by Gallant Future Holdings Limited, a company incorporated in the British Virgin Islands andwholly owned by a family trust controlled by Mr. Yan Tang. Mr. Tang has sole power to direct the voting and disposition of shares of our companydirectly or indirectly held by Gallant Future Holdings Limited. The registered address of Gallant Future Holdings Limited is Sertus Chambers, P.O. Box905, Quasticky Building, Road Town, Tortola, British Virgin Islands.(18)Represents 77,749,140 Class A ordinary shares, including 1,480,000 Class A ordinary shares in the form of ADSs, held by Alibaba Investment Limited,as reported on the Schedule 13D jointly filed by Alibaba Investment Limited and Alibaba Group Holding Limited on April 7, 2016. The percentage ofbeneficial ownership in this annual report was calculated based on the total number of our Class A and Class B ordinary shares outstanding as ofMarch 31, 2016. Alibaba Investment Limited is a limited liability company incorporated under the laws of the British Virgin Islands, and is whollyowned by Alibaba Group Holding Limited, which is listed on the New York Stock Exchange. The registered address of Alibaba Investment Limited isTrident Chambers, P.O. Box 146 Road Town, Tortola, British Virgin Islands.(19)Represents (i) 52,770,897 Class A ordinary shares held by Matrix Partners China II Hong Kong Limited and (ii) 13,200,000 Class A ordinary sharesrepresented by ADSs held by Matrix Partners China II Hong Kong Limited, as reported on the Amendment No. 1 to Schedule 13D filed by MatrixPartners China II Hong Kong Limited, among others, on April 6, 2016. The percentage of beneficial ownership in this annual report was calculatedbased on the total number of our Class A and Class B ordinary shares outstanding as of March 31, 2016. Matrix Partners China II Hong Kong Limited isa limited company incorporated in Hong Kong. Matrix Partners China II Hong Kong Limited is controlled and 90%-owned by Matrix Partners China II,L.P., and the remaining 10% shares is held by Matrix Partners China II-A, L.P. The general partner of Matrix Partners China II, L.P. and Matrix PartnersChina II-A, L.P. is Matrix China II GP GP, Ltd. The directors of Matrix China II GP GP, Ltd. are David Ying Zhang, Timothy A. Barrows, David Su andYibo Shao. Mr. Zhang, Mr. Barrows, Mr. Su and Mr. Shao share power to direct the voting and disposition of shares of our company directly orindirectly held by Matrix China II GP GP, Ltd. The registered address of Matrix Partners China II Hong Kong Limited is Suite 3701, 37/F, JardineHouse, 1 Connaught Place, Central, Hong Kong. 90Table of ContentsTo our knowledge, on the same basis of calculation as above, approximately 25.7% of our total outstanding Class A ordinary shares were held by onerecord shareholder in the United States, namely, Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas, the depositary of our ADS program, which held 98,725,728Class A ordinary shares represented by 49,362,864 ADSs, including 10,002,822 Class A ordinary shares underlying 5,001,411 ADSs that it held on reservefor our company for the purposes of future issuances upon the exercise or vesting of awards granted under our share incentive plans.The number of beneficial owners of our ADSs in the United States is likely to be much larger than the number of record holders of our ordinary sharesin the United States.Our ordinary shares are divided into Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares. Holders of Class A ordinary shares are entitled to one vote pershare, while holders of Class B ordinary shares are entitled to ten votes per share. We are not aware of any arrangement that may, at a subsequent date, resultin a change of control of our company. None of our major shareholders have different voting rights apart from any Class B ordinary shares that they may holdin our company. B.Related Party TransactionsContractual Arrangements with Beijing Momo and Its ShareholdersPRC laws and regulations currently limit foreign ownership of companies that engage in a value-added telecommunications service business in China.As a result, we operate our relevant business through contractual arrangements between Beijing Momo IT, our PRC subsidiary, Beijing Momo and theshareholders of Beijing Momo. For a description of these contractual arrangements, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—C. Organizational Structure—Contractual Arrangements with Beijing Momo.”Transactions with our FoundersOn April 22, 2014, Joyous Harvest Holdings Limited, First Optimal Holdings Limited and Fast Prosperous Holdings Limited, which are companieswholly owned by family trusts controlled by Yong Li, Xiaoliang Lei and Zhiwei Li, three of our founders, respectively, surrendered a total of 15,651,589ordinary shares to our company at no consideration. On the same date, we declared a special dividend of US$64.5 million in aggregate to these shareholders,of which US$58.0 million was paid in May 2014. US$6.5 million remained unpaid to these shareholders as of the date of this annual report. The specialdividend was approved by the shareholders.Pursuant to the third amended and restated shareholders’ agreement dated May 15, 2014 executed in connection with the private placement of ourSeries D preferred shares, each of our founders including Messrs. Yan Tang, Yong Li, Xiaoliang Lei and Zhiwei Li agreed to subject the ordinary sharesrespectively held by their 100% beneficially owned BVI companies, Gallant Future Holdings Limited, Joyous Harvest Holdings Limited, First OptimalHoldings Limited and Fast Prosperous Holdings Limited, to our repurchase rights upon termination of employment of the founders with us. The sharessubject to our repurchase rights include 96,886,370 ordinary shares held by Gallant Future Holdings Limited, 16,846,899 ordinary shares held by JoyousHarvest Holdings Limited, 9,587,116 ordinary shares held by First Optimal Holdings Limited and 8,028,026 ordinary shares held by Fast ProsperousHoldings Limited. If a founder terminates his employment or consulting relationship with us before April 17, 2015, we are entitled to repurchase 50% of theshares beneficially owned by such founder through the BVI holding company at a price of US$0.0001 per share or the lowest price permitted underapplicable laws. If the termination takes place after April 17, 2015 but before April 17, 2016, we are entitled to repurchase 25% of such shares on the sameterms. Our repurchase rights over the ordinary shares held by Joyous Harvest Holdings Limited has terminated upon the completion of our initial publicoffering in December 2014. Upon completion of our initial public offering, the 96,886,370 ordinary shares held by Gallant Future Holdings Limited wereredesignated as Class B ordinary shares, while the 9,587,116 ordinary shares held by First Optimal Holdings Limited and the 8,028,026 ordinary shares heldby Fast Prosperous Holdings Limited were redesignated as Class A ordinary shares.Transactions with Affiliates of Certain Major ShareholderIn 2015, we provided mobile marketing services to Hangzhou Alimama Technology Co., Ltd. and purchased cloud computing services from AlibabaCloud Computing Ltd. For the year ended December 31, 2015, the total amount of service fees from Hangzhou Alimama Technology Co., Ltd. was US$6.0million, and the total amount of service fees to Alibaba Cloud Computing Ltd. was US$0.3 million. Hangzhou Alimama Technology Co., Ltd. and AlibabaCloud Computing Ltd. are affiliates of Alibaba Investment Limited. 91Table of ContentsRegistration RightsPursuant to the third amended and restated shareholders agreement that we entered into on May 15, 2014 with all our then shareholders in connectionwith our issuance of Series D preferred shares prior to our initial public offering, we have granted certain registration rights to holders of our registrablesecurities, which include our ordinary shares issued or issuable upon conversion of our preferred shares, ordinary shares issued as a dividend for our preferredshares, or any other ordinary shares thereafter owned or acquired by purchasers of our preferred shares in our pre-IPO private placements, subject to certainexceptions. Set forth below is a description of the registration rights granted under the agreement.Demand Registration Rights. Holders of at least 10% of registrable securities have the right to demand in writing, at any time after the effectiveness ofa registration statement for our initial public offering, that we file a registration statement to register their registrable securities and other holders of registrablesecurities who choose to participate in the offering. We, however, are not obligated to effect a demand registration if we have already effected (i) two demandregistrations or (ii) one registration pursuant to the same demand registration rights or the F-3 registration rights within the six-month period preceding thedate of such request. We have the right to defer the filing of a registration statement up to 90 days if our board of directors determines in good faith that theregistration at such time would be materially detrimental to us and our shareholders, provided that we may not utilize this right more than twice in any 12-month period.Form F-3 Registration Rights. When we are eligible for registration on Form F-3, upon a written request from the holders of at least 10% of theregistrable securities then outstanding, we must file a registration statement on Form F-3 covering the offer and sale of the registrable securities by therequesting shareholders and other holders of registrable securities who choose to participate in the offering. There is no limit on the number of the registrationmade pursuant to this registration right. We, however, are not obligated to effect such registration if, among other things, (i) the aggregate anticipated price ofsuch offering is less than US$1,000,000, or (ii) we have, within six months period preceding the date of such request, already effected a registration pursuantto an exercise of demand registration rights or piggyback registration rights. We may defer filing of a registration statement on Form F-3 no more than onceduring any twelve month period for up to 60 days if our board of directors determines in good faith that filing such registration statement will be materiallydetrimental to us and our shareholders.Piggyback Registration Rights. If we propose to file a registration statement for a public offering of our securities other than relating to a demandregistration right, F-3 registration right, an employee benefit plan or a corporate reorganization, then we must offer holders of registrable securities anopportunity to include in this registration all or any part of their registrable securities. The underwriters of any underwritten offering may in good faithallocate the shares to be included in the registration statement first to us, and second to each requesting holder of registrable securities on a pro rata basis,subject to certain limitations.Expenses of Registration. We will pay all registration expenses and all participating holders of registrable securities will pay the underwritingdiscounts and selling commissions relating to any demand, Form F-3, or piggyback registration. However, we are not obligated to pay any expenses relatingto a demand registration if the registration request is subsequently withdrawn at the request of holders of a majority of the registrable securities to beregistered, subject to certain exceptions.Termination of Obligations. The registration rights set forth above shall terminate on the earlier of (i) the date that is five years after the completion ofour initial public offering, (ii) the date of the completion of a liquidation event, or (iii) as to any holder of registrable securities, the time when all registrablesecurities held by such holder may be sold in any three-month period without restriction pursuant to Rule 144 under the Securities Act.Employment Agreements and Indemnification AgreementsSee “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—B. Compensation—Employment Agreements and Indemnification Agreements.” 92Table of ContentsShare Incentive Plans“Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—B. Compensation—Share Incentive Plans.” C.Interests of Experts and CounselNot applicable. Item 8.Financial Information A.Consolidated Statements and Other Financial InformationWe have appended consolidated financial statements filed as part of this annual report.Legal ProceedingsOther than a civil complaint in China, we are currently not a party to any material legal or administrative proceedings. On October 22, 2015, we wereserved a civil complaint by Guangzhou Tian He People’s Court in which the plaintiff claimed that Xiaoyao Xiyou, a game that we operated and currentlyoperate, infringed upon the plaintiff’s copyright in works of literature and art of a game, constituting unfair competition. The plaintiff demanded that wecease the infringement and pay compensation and legal costs totalling approximately RMB10 million (US$1.5 million). Previously, on December 25,2014, in the Beijing Intellectual Property Court located in Beijing, China, in which the plaintiff claimed that our use of the Chinese characters “ ” inmarketing our brand infringed upon the trademark of the plaintiff, and demanded that we cease using the Chinese characters and pay for the plaintiff’slitigation-related costs in the amount of RMB11 million (US$1.8 million). The plaintiff withdrew the complaint in October 2015. We may from time to timebe subject to various legal or administrative claims and proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business. Litigation or any other legal or administrativeproceeding, regardless of the outcome, is likely to result in substantial cost and diversion of our resources, including our management’s time and attention.See also “Item 3. Key Information on the Company—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—We have been and may be subject tointellectual property infringement claims or other allegations by third parties for information or content displayed on, retrieved from or linked to ourplatform, or distributed to our users, which may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and prospects” and “Item 3. Key Informationon the Company—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—If we fail to obtain and maintain the requisite licenses and approvalsrequired under the complex regulatory environment applicable to our businesses in China, or if we are required to take compliance actions that are time-consuming or costly, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.”Dividend PolicyOur board of directors has discretion on whether to distribute dividends, subject to our memorandum and articles of association and certain restrictionsunder Cayman Islands law, namely that our company may only pay dividends out of profits or share premium, and provided always that it is able to pay itsdebts as they fall due in the ordinary course of business. In addition, our shareholders may by ordinary resolution declare a dividend, but no dividend mayexceed the amount recommended by our directors. Even if our board of directors decides to pay dividends, the form, frequency and amount will depend uponour future operations and earnings, capital requirements and surplus, general financial condition, contractual restrictions and other factors that the board ofdirectors may deem relevant.With shareholders’ approval, we declared a special dividend to certain holders of our ordinary shares in the amount of US$64.5 million in April 2014,of which US$58.0 million was paid. The special dividend was paid out of our share premium. We do not have any present plan to pay any cash dividends onour ordinary shares in the foreseeable future. We currently intend to retain most, if not all, of our available funds and any future earnings to operate andexpand our business. 93Table of ContentsWe are a holding company registered by way of continuation into the Cayman Islands. We may rely on dividends from our subsidiary in China for ourcash requirements, including any payment of dividends to our shareholders. PRC regulations may restrict the ability of our PRC subsidiary to pay dividendsto us. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation—Regulations Relating to Dividend Distribution” and “—Regulation—Regulations Relating to Taxation.”If we pay any dividends, we will pay our ADS holders to the same extent as holders of our ordinary shares, subject to the terms of the depositagreement, including the fees and expenses payable thereunder. See “Item 12. Description of Securities Other than Equity Securities—D. AmericanDepositary Shares.” Cash dividends on our Class A ordinary shares, if any, will be paid in U.S. dollars. B.Significant ChangesExcept as disclosed elsewhere in this annual report, we have not experienced any significant changes since the date of our audited consolidatedfinancial statements included in this annual report. Item 9.The Offer and Listing A.Offering and Listing DetailsOur ADSs have been listed on The NASDAQ Global Select Market since December 11, 2014. Our ADSs currently trade on The NASDAQ Global SelectMarket under the symbol “MOMO.” One ADS represented two Class A ordinary shares.The following table provides the high and low trading prices for our ADSs on the NASDAQ Global Select Market for the time periods indicated. Trading Price High Low Annual Highs and Lows 2014 17.50 10.82 2015 19.89 9.50 Quarterly Highs and Lows Fourth Quarter 2014 17.50 10.82 First Quarter 2015 13.63 9.70 Second Quarter 2015 19.89 9.50 Third Quarter 2015 17.00 10.55 Fourth Quarter 2015 16.59 12.16 First Quarter 2016 16.07 6.72 Monthly Highs and Lows October 2015 13.64 12.36 November 2015 14.42 12.16 December 2015 16.59 13.57 January 2016 16.07 11.55 February 2016 12.45 6.72 March 2016 14.72 11.09 April 2016 (through April 22, 2016) 16.74 10.57 B.Plan of DistributionNot applicable. C.MarketsOur ADSs have been listed on NASDAQ Global Select Market since December 11, 2014 under the symbol “MOMO.” D.Selling ShareholdersNot applicable. 94Table of ContentsE.DilutionNot applicable. F.Expenses of the IssueNot applicable. Item 10.Additional Information A.Share CapitalNot applicable. B.Memorandum and Articles of AssociationWe incorporate by reference into this annual report the description of our second amended and restated memorandum and articles of associationcontained in our F-1 registration statement (File No. 333-199996), as amended, initially filed with the SEC on November 7, 2014. The second amended andrestated memorandum and articles of association was adopted by our shareholders by unanimous resolutions on the November 28, 2014, and becameeffective upon completion of our initial public offering of our Class A ordinary shares represented by ADSs. C.Material ContractsWe have not entered into any material contracts other than in the ordinary course of business and other than those described in “Item 4. Information onthe Company” or elsewhere in this annual report on Form 20-F. D.Exchange ControlsSee “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation—Regulations Relating to Foreign Exchange.” E.TaxationCayman Islands TaxationThe Cayman Islands currently levies no taxes on individuals or corporations based upon profits, income, gains or appreciation and there is no taxationin the nature of inheritance tax or estate duty. There are no other taxes likely to be material to us levied by the government of the Cayman Islands except forstamp duties which may be applicable on instruments executed in, or after execution brought within the jurisdiction of the Cayman Islands. The CaymanIslands is not party to any double tax treaties that are applicable to any payments made to or by our company. There are no exchange control regulations orcurrency restrictions in the Cayman Islands.People’s Republic of China TaxationUnder the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law, or the EIT Law, which became effective on January 1, 2008, an enterprise established outside the PRC with“de facto management bodies” within the PRC is considered a “resident enterprise” for PRC enterprise income tax purposes and is generally subject to auniform 25% enterprise income tax rate on its worldwide income. 95Table of ContentsOn April 22, 2009, the State Administration of Taxation, or the SAT, issued the Notice Regarding the Determination of Chinese-Controlled OverseasIncorporated Enterprises as PRC Tax Resident Enterprise on the Basis of De Facto Management Bodies, or SAT Circular 82, which provides certain specificcriteria for determining whether the “de facto management body” of a PRC controlled enterprise that is incorporated offshore is located in China. Further toSAT Circular 82, on July 27, 2011, the SAT issued the Administrative Measures for Enterprise Income Tax of Chinese-Controlled Offshore IncorporatedResident Enterprises (Trial), or SAT Bulletin 45, to provide more guidance on the implementation of SAT Circular 82; the bulletin became effective onSeptember 1, 2011. SAT Bulletin 45 clarified certain issues in the areas of resident status determination, post-determination administration and competent taxauthorities procedures. According to SAT Circular 82, an offshore incorporated enterprise controlled by a PRC enterprise or a PRC enterprise group will beconsidered as a PRC tax resident enterprise by virtue of having its “de facto management body” in China only if all of the following conditions are met:(a) the senior management and core management departments in charge of its daily operations function have their presence mainly in the PRC; (b) itsfinancial and human resources decisions are subject to determination or approval by persons or bodies in the PRC; (c) its major assets, accounting books,company seals, and minutes and files of its board and shareholders’ meetings are located or kept in the PRC; and (d) more than half of the enterprise’sdirectors or senior management with voting rights habitually reside in the PRC. Although SAT Circular 82 and SAT Bulletin 45 only apply to offshoreincorporated enterprises controlled by PRC enterprises or PRC enterprise groups and not those controlled by PRC individuals or foreigners, thedetermination criteria set forth therein may reflect the SAT’s general position on how the term “de facto management body” could be applied in determiningthe tax resident status of offshore enterprises, regardless of whether they are controlled by PRC enterprises, individuals or foreigners.We do not believe Momo Inc. meets all of the criteria described above. We believe that none of Momo Inc. and its subsidiaries outside of China is aPRC tax resident enterprise, because none of them is controlled by a PRC enterprise or PRC enterprise group, and because their records (including theresolutions of its board of directors and the resolutions of shareholders) are maintained outside the PRC. However, as the tax resident status of an enterprise issubject to determination by the PRC tax authorities and uncertainties remain with respect to the interpretation of the term “de facto management body” whenapplied to our offshore entities, we may be considered as a resident enterprise and may therefore be subject to PRC enterprise income tax at 25% on ourglobal income. In addition, if the PRC tax authorities determine that our company is a PRC resident enterprise for PRC enterprise income tax purposes,dividends paid by us to non-PRC holders may be subject to PRC withholding tax, and gains realized on the sale or other disposition of ADSs or ordinaryshares may be subject to PRC tax, at a rate of 10% in the case of non-PRC enterprises or 20% in the case of non-PRC individuals (in each case, subject to theprovisions of any applicable tax treaty), if such dividends or gains are deemed to be from PRC sources. Any such tax may reduce the returns on yourinvestment in the ADSs.If we are considered a “non-resident enterprise” by the PRC tax authorities, the dividends paid to us by our PRC subsidiaries will be subject to a 10%withholding tax. The EIT Law also imposes a withholding income tax of 10% on dividends distributed by an foreign invested enterprise to its immediateholding company outside of China, if such immediate holding company is considered as a non-resident enterprise without any establishment or place withinChina or if the received dividends have no connection with the establishment or place of such immediate holding company within China, unless suchimmediate holding company’s jurisdiction of incorporation has a tax treaty with China that provides for a different withholding arrangement. The CaymanIslands, where our Company is incorporated does not have such tax treaty with China. Our US subsidiary is not an immediate holding company of any of ourPRC subsidiaries. Under the Arrangement Between the PRC and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region on the Avoidance of Double Taxation andPrevention of Fiscal Evasion with Respect to Taxes on Income and Capital, the dividend withholding tax rate may be reduced to 5%, if a Hong Kong residententerprise that receives a dividend is considered a non-PRC tax resident enterprise and holds at least 25% of the equity interests in the PRC enterprisedistributing the dividends, subject to approval of the PRC local tax authority. However, if the Hong Kong resident enterprise is not considered to be thebeneficial owner of such dividends under applicable PRC tax regulations, such dividends may remain subject to withholding tax at a rate of 10%.Accordingly, Momo Technology HK Company Limited may be able to enjoy the 5% withholding tax rate for the dividends it receives from its PRCsubsidiaries if it satisfies the relevant conditions under tax rules and regulations, and obtains the approvals as required.According to the Notice on Strengthening Administration of Enterprise Income Tax for Share Transfers by Non-PRC Resident Enterprises issued by thePRC State Administration of Taxation on December 10, 2009, with retroactive effect from January 1, 2008, or SAT Circular 698, where a non-residententerprise transfers the equity interests in a PRC resident enterprise indirectly through a disposition of equity interests in an overseas holding company (otherthan a purchase and sale of shares issued by a PRC resident enterprise in public securities market), or an Indirect Transfer, and such overseas holdingcompany is located in a tax jurisdiction that: (a) has an effective tax rate less than 12.5% or (b) does not tax foreign income of its residents, the non-residententerprise, as the seller, shall report such Indirect Transfer to the competent tax authority of the PRC resident enterprise within 30 days of execution of theequity transfer agreement for such Indirect Transfer. The PRC tax authority will examine the true nature of the Indirect Transfer, and if the tax authorityconsiders that the foreign investor has adopted an abusive arrangement without reasonable commercial purposes and for the purpose of avoiding or reducingPRC tax, they will disregard the existence of the overseas holding company that is used for tax planning purposes and re-characterize the Indirect Transfer. Asa result, gains derived from such Indirect Transfer may be subject to PRC withholding tax at the rate of up to 10%. SAT Circular 698 also points out thatwhen a non-resident enterprise transfers its equity interests in a PRC resident enterprise to its related parties at a price lower than the fair market value, thecompetent tax authorities have the power to make a reasonable adjustment on the taxable income of the transaction. 96Table of ContentsOn February 3, 2015, the SAT issued a Public Notice [2015] No. 7, or Public Notice 7, to supersede existing provisions in relation to the IndirectTransfer as set forth in Circular 698, while the other provisions of Circular 698 remain in force. Public Notice 7 introduces a new tax regime that issignificantly different from that under Circular 698. Public Notice extends its tax jurisdiction to capture not only Indirect Transfer as set forth under Circular698 but also transactions involving transfer of immovable property in China and assets held under the establishment and place in China of a foreigncompany through the offshore transfer of a foreign intermediate holding company. Public Notice 7 also addresses transfer of the equity interest in a foreignintermediate holding company widely. In addition, Public Notice 7 provides clearer criteria than Circular 698 on how to assess reasonable commercialpurposes and introduces safe harbour scenarios applicable to internal group restructurings. However, it also brings challenges to both the foreign transferorand transferee of the Indirect Transfer as they have to make self-assessment on whether the transaction should be subject to PRC tax and to file or withholdthe PRC tax accordingly.There are few guidances and practical experience as to the application of Circular 698 and Public Notice 7. Where non-resident investors wereinvolved in our private equity financing, if such transactions were determined by the tax authorities to lack reasonable commercial purpose, we and our non-resident investors may become at risk of being taxed under Circular 698 and Public Notice 7 and may be required to expend valuable resources to complywith Circular 698 and Public Notice 7 or to establish that we should not be taxed under Circular 698 and Public Notice 7, which may have a material adverseeffect on our financial condition and results of operations or the non-resident investors’ investments in us.The PRC tax authorities have the discretion under SAT Circular 59, Circular 698 and Public Notice 7 to make adjustments to the taxable capital gainsbased on the difference between the fair value of the equity interests transferred and the cost of investment. We may pursue acquisitions in the future that mayinvolve complex corporate structures. If we are considered a non-resident enterprise under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law and if the PRC tax authoritiesmake adjustments to the taxable income of the transactions under SAT Circular 59, Circular 698 and Public Notice 7, our income tax costs associated withsuch potential acquisitions will be increased, which may have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.United States Federal Income Tax ConsiderationsThe following discussion is a summary of United States federal income tax considerations relating to the ownership and disposition of our ADSs orordinary shares by a U.S. Holder (as defined below) that holds our ADSs or ordinary shares as “capital assets” (generally, property held for investment) underthe United States Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code. This discussion is based upon existing United States federal tax law, which issubject to differing interpretations or change, possibly with retroactive effect. No ruling has been sought from the Internal Revenue Service, or the IRS, withrespect to any United States federal income tax consequences described below, and there can be no assurance that the IRS or a court will not take a contraryposition. This discussion does not discuss all aspects of United States federal income taxation that may be important to particular investors in light of theirindividual investment circumstances, including investors subject to special tax rules that may differ significantly from those discussed below (including forexample, financial institutions, insurance companies, regulated investment companies, real estate investment trusts, broker-dealers, traders in securities thatelect mark-to-market treatment, tax-exempt organizations (including private foundations), holders who are not U.S. Holders, holders who own (directly,indirectly or constructively) 10% or more of our voting stock, holders who acquire their ADSs or ordinary shares pursuant to any employee share option orotherwise as compensation, investors that will hold their ADSs or ordinary shares as part of a straddle, hedge, conversion, constructive sale or other integratedtransaction for United States federal income tax purposes, or investors that have a functional currency other than the United States dollar). This discussion,moreover, does not address the United States federal estate, gift, Medicare or alternative minimum tax, or any non-United States, state, or local taxconsiderations of the ownership and disposition of our ADSs or ordinary shares. Each U.S. Holder is urged to consult its tax advisor regarding the UnitedStates federal, state, local, non-United States income, and other tax considerations of an investment in our ADSs or ordinary shares. 97Table of ContentsGeneralFor purposes of this discussion, a “U.S. Holder” is a beneficial owner of our ADSs or ordinary shares that is, for United States federal income taxpurposes, (i) an individual who is a citizen or resident of the United States, (ii) a corporation (or other entity treated as a corporation for United States federalincome tax purposes) created in, or organized under the law of, the United States or any state thereof or the District of Columbia, (iii) an estate the income ofwhich is includible in gross income for United States federal income tax purposes regardless of its source, or (iv) a trust (A) the administration of which issubject to the primary supervision of a United States court and which has one or more United States persons who have the authority to control all substantialdecisions of the trust or (B) that has otherwise validly elected to be treated as a United States person under the Code.If a partnership (or other entity treated as a partnership for United States federal income tax purposes) is a beneficial owner of our ADSs or ordinaryshares, the tax treatment of a partner in the partnership will generally depend upon the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership. Partnershipsholding our ADSs or ordinary shares and their partners are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding an investment in our ADSs or ordinary shares.For United States federal income tax purposes, it is generally expected that a U.S. Holder of ADSs will be treated as the beneficial owner of theunderlying shares represented by the ADSs. The remainder of this discussion assumes that a U.S. Holder of our ADSs will be treated in this manner.Accordingly, deposits or withdrawals of ordinary shares for ADSs will generally not be subject to United States federal income tax.Passive Foreign Investment Company ConsiderationsA non-United States corporation, such as our company, will be classified as a “passive foreign investment company,” or PFIC, for United States federalincome tax purposes for any taxable year, if either (i) 75% or more of its gross income for such year consists of certain types of “passive” income or (ii) 50%or more of the value of its assets (determined on the basis of a quarterly average) during such year is attributable to assets that produce or are held for theproduction of passive income (the “asset test”). For this purpose, cash and assets readily convertible into cash are categorized as passive assets, and thecompany’s goodwill and other unbooked intangibles associated with our active business are taken into account as nonpassive assets. Passive incomegenerally includes, among other things, dividends, interest, rents, royalties, and gains from the disposition of passive assets. We will be treated as owning aproportionate share of the assets and earning a proportionate share of the income of any other corporation in which we own, directly or indirectly, more than25% (by value) of the stock.Although the law in this regard is not entirely clear, we treat Beijing Momo as being owned by us for United States federal income tax purposes,because we control its management decisions and we are entitled to substantially all of the economic benefits associated with this entity, and, as a result, weconsolidate the results of its operations in our consolidated U.S. GAAP financial statements. If it were determined, however, that we do not own the stock ofBeijing Momo for United States federal income tax purposes, we would likely be treated as a PFIC for the taxable year ended December 31, 2015 and wouldanticipate being a PFIC for future taxable years. Assuming that we are the owner of Beijing Momo for United States federal income tax purposes and basedupon our income and assets and the value of our ADSs, we do not believe that we were a PFIC for the taxable year ended December 31, 2015 and do notanticipate becoming a PFIC in the foreseeable future.While we do not anticipate being a PFIC in the current taxable year or the foreseeable future, there can be no assurance in this regard because thedetermination of whether we will be or become a PFIC is a factual determination made annually that will depend, in part, upon the composition of our incomeand assets. Fluctuations in the market price of our ADSs may cause us to become a PFIC for the current or subsequent taxable years because the value of ourassets for purposes of the asset test, including the value of our goodwill and unbooked intangibles, may be determined by reference to the market price of ourADSs from time to time (which may be volatile). In estimating the value of our goodwill and other unbooked intangibles, we have taken into account ourcurrent market capitalization. If our market capitalization subsequently declines, we may be or become classified as a PFIC for the current taxable year orfuture taxable years. In addition, the composition of our income and our assets will be affected by how, and how quickly, we spend our liquid assets. Undercircumstances where our revenue from activities that produce passive income significantly increase relative to our revenue from activities that produce non-passive income, or where we determine not to deploy significant amounts of cash for active purposes, our risk of becoming classified as a PFIC maysubstantially increase. 98Table of ContentsFurthermore, because there are uncertainties in the application of the relevant rules, it is possible that the IRS may challenge our classification ofcertain income or assets as non-passive, or our valuation of our goodwill and other unbooked intangibles, each of which may result in our companybecoming classified as a PFIC for the current or subsequent taxable years. For example, the IRS may challenge the classification of certain of our non-passiverevenues as passive royalty income, which would result in a portion of our goodwill as being treated as a passive asset. If we are classified as a PFIC for anyyear during which a U.S. Holder holds our ADSs or ordinary shares, we generally will continue to be treated as a PFIC for all succeeding years during whichsuch U.S. Holder holds our ADSs or ordinary shares.The discussion below under “Dividends” and “Sale or Other Disposition of ADSs or Ordinary Shares” is written on the basis that we will not beclassified as a PFIC for United States federal income tax purposes. The United States federal income tax rules that apply if we are treated as a PFIC aregenerally discussed below under “Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules.”DividendsSubject to the discussion below under “Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules,” any cash distributions (including the amount of any PRC taxwithheld) paid on our ADSs or ordinary shares out of our current or accumulated earnings and profits, as determined under United States federal income taxprinciples, will generally be includible in the gross income of a U.S. Holder as dividend income on the day actually or constructively received by the U.S.Holder, in the case of ordinary shares, or by the depositary, in the case of ADSs. Because we do not intend to determine our earnings and profits on the basisof United States federal income tax principles, any distribution we pay will generally be treated as a “dividend” for United States federal income taxpurposes. A non-corporate U.S. Holder will be subject to tax on dividend income from a “qualified foreign corporation” at a lower applicable capital gainsrate rather than the marginal tax rates generally applicable to ordinary income provided that certain holding period requirements are met. A non-United Statescorporation (other than a corporation that is classified as a PFIC for the taxable year in which the dividend is paid or the preceding taxable year) willgenerally be considered to be a qualified foreign corporation (i) if it is eligible for the benefits of a comprehensive tax treaty with the United States which theSecretary of Treasury of the United States determines is satisfactory for purposes of this provision and which includes an exchange of information program, or(ii) with respect to any dividend it pays on stock (or ADSs in respect of such stock) which is readily tradable on an established securities market in the UnitedStates. Our ADSs are listed on the NASDAQ Global Select Market, which is an established securities market in the United States, and the ADSs are readilytradable. Thus, the dividends we pay on our ADSs are expected to satisfy the conditions required for the reduced tax rates, but there can be no assurance thatour ADSs will continue to be considered readily tradable on an established securities market in later years. Since we do not expect that our ordinary shareswill be listed on an established securities market, it is unclear whether dividends that we pay on our ordinary shares that are not represented by ADSs willmeet the conditions required for the reduced tax rate. However, in the event we are deemed to be a PRC resident enterprise under the PRC Enterprise IncomeTax Law (see “People’s Republic of China Taxation” above), we may be eligible for the benefits of the United States-PRC income tax treaty. If we are eligiblefor such benefits (which the Secretary of the Treasury of the United States has determined is satisfactory for this purpose), dividends we pay on our ADSs orordinary shares, regardless of whether such shares are represented by the ADSs, would be eligible for the reduced rates of taxation. U.S. Holders are urged toconsult their tax advisors regarding the availability of the reduced tax rate on dividends with respect to our ADSs or ordinary shares in their particularcircumstances. Dividends received on our ADSs or ordinary shares will not be eligible for the dividends-received deduction allowed to corporations. 99Table of ContentsDividends will generally be treated as income from foreign sources for United States foreign tax credit purposes and will generally constitute passivecategory income. In the event that we are deemed to be a PRC resident enterprise under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law, a U.S. Holder may be subject toPRC withholding taxes on dividends paid on our ADSs or ordinary shares. Depending on the U.S. Holder’s individual facts and circumstances, a U.S. Holdermay be eligible, subject to a number of complex limitations, to claim a foreign tax credit not in excess of any applicable treaty rate in respect of any foreignwithholding taxes imposed on dividends received on our ADSs or ordinary shares. A U.S. Holder who does not elect to claim a foreign tax credit for foreigntax withheld may instead claim a deduction, for United States federal income tax purposes, in respect of such withholding, but only for a year in which suchholder elects to do so for all creditable foreign income taxes. The rules governing the foreign tax credit are complex and their outcome depends in large parton the U.S. Holder’s individual facts and circumstances. Accordingly, U.S. Holders are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding the availability of theforeign tax credit under their particular circumstances.Sale or Other Disposition of ADSs or Ordinary SharesSubject to the discussion below under “Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules,” a U.S. Holder will generally recognize capital gain or loss uponthe sale or other disposition of ADSs or ordinary shares in an amount equal to the difference between the amount realized upon the disposition and the U.S.Holder’s adjusted tax basis in such ADSs or ordinary shares. Any capital gain or loss will be long-term if the ADSs or ordinary shares have been held for morethan one year and will generally be United States-source gain or loss for United States foreign tax credit purposes. Long-term capital gains of non-corporatetaxpayers are currently eligible for reduced rates taxation. In the event that gain from the disposition of the ADSs or ordinary shares is subject to tax in thePRC, such gain may be treated as PRC-source gain under the United States-PRC income tax treaty. The deductibility of a capital loss may be subject tolimitations. U.S. Holders are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding the tax consequences if a foreign tax is imposed on a disposition of our ADSs orordinary shares, including the availability of the foreign tax credit under their particular circumstances.Passive Foreign Investment Company RulesIf we are classified as a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. Holder holds our ADSs or ordinary shares, and unless the U.S. Holder makes amark-to-market election (as described below), the U.S. Holder will generally be subject to special tax rules that have a penalizing effect, regardless of whetherwe remain a PFIC, on (i) any excess distribution that we make to the U.S. Holder (which generally means any distribution paid during a taxable year to a U.S.Holder that is greater than 125 percent of the average annual distributions paid in the three preceding taxable years or, if shorter, the U.S. Holder’s holdingperiod for the ADSs or ordinary shares), and (ii) any gain realized on the sale or other disposition, including a pledge, of ADSs or ordinary shares. Under thePFIC rules: • the excess distribution or gain will be allocated ratably over the U.S. Holder’s holding period for the ADSs or ordinary shares; • the amount allocated to the current taxable year and any taxable years in the U.S. Holder’s holding period prior to the first taxable year in whichwe are classified as a PFIC (each, a “pre-PFIC year”), will be taxable as ordinary income; • the amount allocated to each prior taxable year, other than a pre-PFIC year, will be subject to tax at the highest tax rate in effect applicable to theU.S. Holder for that year; and • an additional tax equal to the interest charge generally applicable to underpayments of tax will be imposed on the tax attributable to each priortaxable year, other than a pre-PFIC year.If we are a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. Holder holds our ADSs or ordinary shares and any of our subsidiaries is also a PFIC, such U.S.Holder would be treated as owning a proportionate amount (by value) of the shares of the lower-tier PFIC for purposes of the application of these rules. U.S.Holders are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding the application of the PFIC rules to any of our subsidiaries. 100Table of ContentsAs an alternative to the foregoing rules, a U.S. Holder of “marketable stock” in a PFIC may make a mark-to-market election with respect to such stock,provided that such stock is “regularly traded” within the meaning of applicable United States Treasury regulations. For those purposes, our ADSs, but not ourordinary shares are treated as marketable stock on the NASDAQ Global Select Market. We believe that our ADSs should qualify as being regularly traded, butno assurances may be given in this regard. If a U.S. Holder makes this election, the U.S. Holder will generally (i) include as ordinary income for each taxableyear that we are a PFIC the excess, if any, of the fair market value of ADSs held at the end of the taxable year over the adjusted tax basis of such ADSs and(ii) deduct as an ordinary loss the excess, if any, of the adjusted tax basis of the ADSs over the fair market value of such ADSs held at the end of the taxableyear, but such deduction will only be allowed to the extent of the amount previously included in income as a result of the mark-to-market election. The U.S.Holder’s adjusted tax basis in the ADSs would be adjusted to reflect any income or loss resulting from the mark-to-market election. If a U.S. Holder makes amark-to-market election in respect of a corporation classified as a PFIC and such corporation ceases to be classified as a PFIC, the U.S. Holder will not berequired to take into account the gain or loss described above during any period that such corporation is not classified as a PFIC. If a U.S. Holder makes amark-to-market election, any gain such U.S. Holder recognizes upon the sale or other disposition of our ADSs in a year when we are a PFIC will be treated asordinary income and any loss will be treated as ordinary loss, but such loss will only be treated as ordinary loss to the extent of the net amount previouslyincluded in income as a result of the mark-to-market election.Because a mark-to-market election cannot be made for any lower-tier PFICs that we may own, a U.S. Holder may continue to be subject to the PFICrules with respect to such U.S. Holder’s indirect interest in any investments held by us that are treated as an equity interest in a PFIC for United States federalincome tax purposes.We do not intend to provide information necessary for U.S. Holders to make qualified electing fund elections which, if available, would result in taxtreatment different from the general tax treatment for PFICs described above.If a U.S. Holder owns our ADSs or ordinary shares during any taxable year that we are a PFIC, the U.S. Holder must generally file an annual IRSForm 8621 or such other form as is required by the United States Treasury Department. Each U.S. Holder is urged to consult its tax advisor concerning theUnited States federal income tax consequences of holding and disposing ADSs or ordinary shares if we are or become treated as a PFIC, including thepossibility of making a mark-to-market election and the unavailability of the election to treat us as a qualified electing fund.Information ReportingCertain U.S. Holders are required to report information to the IRS relating to an interest in “specified foreign financial assets,” including shares issuedby a non-United States corporation, for any year in which the aggregate value of all specified foreign financial assets exceeds US$50,000 (or a higher dollaramount prescribed by the IRS), subject to certain exceptions (including an exception for shares held in custodial accounts maintained with a United Statesfinancial institution). These rules also impose penalties if a U.S. Holder is required to submit such information to the IRS and fails to do so.In addition, U.S. Holders may be subject to information reporting to the IRS with respect to dividends on and proceeds from the sale or otherdisposition of our ADSs or ordinary shares. Each U.S. Holder is advised to consult with its tax advisor regarding the application of the United Statesinformation reporting rules to their particular circumstances. F.Dividends and Paying AgentsNot applicable. G.Statement by ExpertsNot applicable. 101Table of ContentsH.Documents on DisplayWe previously filed with the SEC our registration statement on Form F-1, as amended, and the related prospectus under the Securities Act of 1933, withrespect to our Class A ordinary shares. We are subject to the periodic reporting and other informational requirements of the Exchange Act. Under theExchange Act, we are required to file reports and other information with the SEC. Specifically, we are required to file annually a Form 20-F within fourmonths after the end of each fiscal year, which is December 31. Copies of reports and other information, when so filed, may be inspected without charge andmay be obtained at prescribed rates at the public reference facilities maintained by the SEC at 100 F Street, N.E., Room 1580, Washington, D.C. 20549. Thepublic may obtain information regarding the Washington, D.C. Public Reference Room by calling the Commission at 1-800-SEC-0330. The SEC alsomaintains a website at www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding registrants that make electronicfilings with the SEC using its EDGAR system. As a foreign private issuer, we are exempt from the rules under the Exchange Act prescribing the furnishing andcontent of quarterly reports and proxy statements, and officers, directors and principal shareholders are exempt from the reporting and short-swing profitrecovery provisions contained in Section 16 of the Exchange Act.We will furnish Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas, the depositary of our ADSs, with our annual reports, which will include a review ofoperations and annual audited consolidated financial statements prepared in conformity with U.S. GAAP, and all notices of shareholders’ meetings and otherreports and communications that are made generally available to our shareholders. The depositary will make such notices, reports and communicationsavailable to holders of ADSs and, upon our request, will mail to all record holders of ADSs the information contained in any notice of a shareholders’ meetingreceived by the depositary from us.In accordance with NASDAQ Stock Market Rule 5250(d), we will post this annual report on Form 20-F on our website at http://ir.immomo.com. Inaddition, we will provide hardcopies of our annual report free of charge to shareholders and ADS holders upon request. I.Subsidiary InformationNot applicable. Item 11.Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market RiskInterest Rate RiskOur exposure to interest rate risk primarily relates to the interest income generated by excess cash, which is mostly held in interest-bearing bankdeposits. We generated interest income of US$32 thousand, US$722 thousand and US$7.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015,respectively. We had cash and cash equivalents of US$169.5 million as of December 31, 2015. Assuming such amount of cash and cash equivalents were heldentirely in interest-bearing bank deposits, a hypothetical one percentage point (100 basis-point) decrease in interest rates would decrease our interest incomefrom these interest-bearing bank deposits for one year by approximately US$1.7 million. Interest-earning instruments carry a degree of interest rate risk. Wehave not been exposed to, nor do we anticipate being exposed to, material risks due to changes in market interest rates. However, our future interest incomemay fall short of expectations due to changes in market interest rates.Foreign Exchange RiskOur revenues and costs are mostly denominated in RMB, and a significant portion of our financial assets are also denominated in RMB, whereas ourreporting currency is the U.S. dollar. The Renminbi is not freely convertible into foreign currencies for capital account transactions. The value of theRenminbi against the U.S. dollar and other currencies is affected by, among other things, changes in China’s political and economic conditions and China’sforeign exchange policies. On July 21, 2005, the PRC government changed its decade-old policy of pegging the value of the RMB to the U.S. dollar, and theRenminbi appreciated more than 20% against the U.S. dollar over the following three years. Between July 2008 and June 2010, this appreciation halted andthe exchange rate between the RMB and the U.S. dollar remained within a narrow band. Since June 2010, the RMB has fluctuated against the U.S. dollar, attimes significantly and unpredictably. It is difficult to predict how market forces or PRC or U.S. government policy may impact the exchange rate betweenthe RMB and the U.S. dollar in the future. To date, we have not entered into any hedging transactions in an effort to reduce our exposure to foreign currencyexchange risk.Our net revenues, as denominated in RMB, was RMB843.1 million in 2015. Assuming that we convert the full amount of our net revenues in 2015 intoU.S. dollars, a 10% appreciation of the U.S. dollar against RMB, from a rate of RMB6.2925 to US$1.00, which was the average RMB to U.S. dollars exchangerate in 2015, to a rate of RMB6.9217 to US$1.00, will result in a decrease of US$12.2 million in our net revenues in 2015. Conversely, a 10% depreciation ofthe U.S. dollar against the RMB, from a rate of RMB6.2925 to US$1.00 to a rate of RMB5.6632 to US$1.00, will result in an increase of US$14.9 million inour net revenues in 2015. 102Table of ContentsOur net income, as denominated in RMB, was RMB189.4 million in 2015. Assuming that we convert the full amount of our net income in 2015 intoU.S. dollars, a 10% appreciation of the U.S. dollar against RMB, from a rate of RMB6.2925 to US$1.00 to a rate of RMB6.9217 to US$1.00, will result in adecrease of US$2.7 million in our net income in 2015. Conversely, a 10% depreciation of the U.S. dollar against the RMB, from a rate of RMB6.2925 toUS$1.00 to a rate of RMB5.6632 to US$1.00, will result in an increase of US$3.4 million in our net income in 2015. Item 12.Description of Securities Other than Equity Securities A.Debt SecuritiesNot applicable. B.Warrants and RightsNot applicable. C.Other SecuritiesNot applicable. D.American Depositary SharesFees and Charges Our ADS holders May Have to PayDeutsche Bank Trust Company Americas, the depositary of our ADS program, collects its fees for delivery and surrender of ADSs directly frominvestors depositing shares or surrendering ADSs for the purpose of withdrawal or from intermediaries acting for them. The depositary collects fees for makingdistributions to investors by deducting those fees from the amounts distributed or by selling a portion of distributable property to pay the fees. Thedepositary may collect its annual fee for depositary services by deductions from cash distributions or by directly billing investors or by charging the book-entry system accounts of participants acting for them. The depositary may generally refuse to provide fee-attracting services until its fees for those servicesare paid. The depositary’s principal office at which the ADSs will be administered is located at 60 Wall Street, New York, NY 10005, USA. The principalexecutive office of the depositary is located at 60 Wall Street, New York, NY 10005, USA. Service Fees• To any person to which ADSs are issued or to any person to which adistribution is made in respect of ADS distributions pursuant to stockdividends or other free distributions of stock, bonus distributions, stocksplits or other distributions (except where converted to cash) Up to US$0.05 per ADS issued• Cancellation of ADSs, including termination of the deposit agreement Up to US$0.05 per ADS cancelled• Distribution of cash dividends Up to US$0.05 per ADS held• Distribution of cash entitlements (other than cash dividends) and/or cashproceeds, including proceeds from the sale of rights, securities and otherentitlements Up to US$0.05 per ADS held• Distribution of ADSs pursuant to exercise of rights. Up to US$0.05 per ADS held• Depositary services Up to US$0.05 per ADS held on the applicable record date(s) establishedby the depositary bank 103Table of ContentsFees and Other Payments Made by the Depositary to UsThe depositary has agreed to reimburse us annually for our expenses incurred in connection with the administration and maintenance of our ADSfacility including, but not limited to, investor relations expenses, other program related expenses related to our ADS facility and the travel expense of our keypersonnel in connection with such programs. The depositary has also agreed to provide additional payments to us based on the applicable performanceindicators relating to our ADS facility. There are limits on the amount of expenses for which the depositary will reimburse us, but the amount ofreimbursement available to us is not necessarily tied to the amount of fees the depositary collects from investors. We did not receive any fee or other directand indirect payment from the depositary for the year ended December 31, 2015.PART II Item 13.Defaults, Dividend Arrearages and DelinquenciesNone. Item 14.Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders and Use of ProceedsThe following “Use of Proceeds” information relates to our initial public offering of 18,400,000 ADSs representing 36,800,000 of our Class A ordinaryshares, including 2,400,000 ADSs representing 4,800,000 Class A ordinary shares sold pursuant to the full exercise of over-allotment option by theunderwriters, at an initial offering price of US$13.50 per ADS, which was completed in December 2014.After deducting the total expenses of approximately US$17.4 million and other expenses of approximately US$4.4 million, we received net proceedsof approximately US$226.7 million from our initial public offering. Concurrently with the initial public offering, we completed a private placement andreceived an additional US$60.0 million. As of December 31, 2015, we had used an insignificant amount of net proceeds received from the initial publicoffering because the net cash provided by our operations was sufficient to cover our capital needs.None of the net proceeds from our initial public offering were directly or indirectly paid to the directors, officers, general partners of our company ortheir associates, persons owning 10% or more of our ordinary shares, or our affiliates. Item 15.Controls and ProceduresEvaluation of Disclosure Controls and ProceduresOur management, with the participation of our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, has performed an evaluation of the effectiveness ofour disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of the end of the period covered by this report, as requiredby Rule 13a-15(b) under the Exchange Act.Based upon that evaluation, our management has concluded that, as of December 31, 2015, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective inensuring that the information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file and furnish under the Exchange Act was recorded, processed,summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that the information required to be disclosed by us in the reportsthat we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our chief executive officer and chieffinancial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial ReportingOur management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) underthe Exchange Act. Our management evaluated the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, as required by Rule 13a-15(c) of theExchange Act, based on criteria established in the framework in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (1992) issued by the Committee of SponsoringOrganizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on this evaluation, our management has concluded that our internal control over financial reporting waseffective as of December 31, 2015. 104Table of ContentsDesigning and implementing an effective financial reporting system is a continuous effort that requires us to devote significant resources to maintain afinancial reporting system that adequately satisfies our reporting obligations. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reportingmay not prevent or detect misstatements. In addition, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting to futureperiods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies andprocedures may deteriorate.Attestation Report of the Registered Public Accounting FirmThis annual report on Form 20-F does not include an attestation report of our independent registered public accounting firm because we qualified as an“emerging growth company” as defined under the JOBS Act as of December 31, 2015.Changes in Internal Control over Financial ReportingThere were no significant changes in our internal controls over financial reporting during the year ended December 31, 2015 that have materiallyaffected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal controls over financial reporting. We may identify additional control deficiencies in thefuture. Should we discover such deficiencies, we intend to remediate them as soon as possible. Item 16A.Audit Committee Financial ExpertOur board of directors has determined that each of Mr. Benson Bing Chung Tam and Dr. Dave Daqing Qi, independent directors (under the standardsset forth in NASDAQ Stock Market Rule 5605(a)(2) and Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act) and members of our audit committee, is an audit committeefinancial expert. Item 16B.Code of EthicsOur board of directors has adopted a code of ethics that applies to our directors, officers and employees, including certain provisions that specificallyapply to our senior officers, including our chief executive officer, chief financial officer, other chief senior officers, senior finance officer, controller, seniorvice presidents, vice presidents and any other persons who perform similar functions for us. We have filed our code of business conduct and ethics as Exhibit99.1 to our registration statement on Form F-1 (File Number 333-199996), as amended, initially filed with the SEC on November 7, 2014. The code is alsoavailable on our official website under the corporate governance section at our investor relations website http://ir.immomo.com. Item 16C.Principal Accountant Fees and ServicesThe following table sets forth the aggregate fees by categories specified below in connection with certain professional services rendered by DeloitteTouche Tohmatsu Certified Public Accountants LLP, our principal external accounting firm, for the periods indicated. 2014 2015 Audit fees(1) US$ 735,000 US$ 800,000 Audit-related fees(2) US$— US$— Tax fees(3) US$226,000 US$44,157 (1)“Audit fees” represents the aggregate fees billed for each of the fiscal years listed for professional services rendered by our principal accounting firm forthe audit of our annual financial statements or services that are normally provided by the auditors in connection with statutory and regulatory filings orengagements. 105Table of Contents(2)“Audit-related fees” represents the aggregate fees billed for professional services rendered by our principal accounting firm for the assurance andrelated services, which mainly included the audit and review of financial statements and are not reported under “Audit Fees” above.(3)“Tax fees” represents the aggregate fees billed for professional services rendered by our principal accounting firm for tax compliance, tax advice andtax planning.The policy of our audit committee is to pre-approve all audit and non-audit services provided by Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Certified PublicAccountants LLP, including audit services, audit-related services and tax services as described above, other than those for de minimis services which areapproved by the audit committee prior to the completion of the audit. Item 16D.Exemptions from the Listing Standards for Audit CommitteesNot applicable. Item 16E.Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated PurchasersNone. Item 16F.Change in Registrant’s Certifying AccountantNot applicable. Item 16G.Corporate GovernanceNASDAQ Stock Market Rule 5620 requires each issuer to hold an annual meeting of shareholders no later than one year after the end of the issuer’sfiscal year-end. However, NASDAQ Stock Market Rule 5615(a)(3) permits foreign private issuers like us to follow “home country practice” in certaincorporate governance matters. Maples and Calder, our Cayman Islands counsel, has provided a letter to the NASDAQ Stock Market certifying that underCayman Islands law, we are not required to hold annual shareholders meetings every year. We followed home country practice and did not hold an annualmeeting of shareholders in 2015. We may, however, hold annual shareholders meetings in the future.Other than the annual meeting practice described above, there are no significant differences between our corporate governance practices and thosefollowed by U.S. domestic companies under NASDAQ Stock Market Rules. Item 16H.Mine Safety DisclosureNot applicable. 106Table of ContentsPART III Item 17.Financial StatementsWe have elected to provide financial statements pursuant to Item 18. Item 18.Financial StatementsThe consolidated financial statements of Momo Inc., its subsidiaries and its consolidated affiliated entity and its subsidiaries are included at the end ofthis annual report. Item 19.Exhibits ExhibitNumber Description of Document1.1 Second amended and restated memorandum and articles of association of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 of ourregistration statement on Form F-1, as amended (file no. 333-199996), filed with the SEC on November 28, 2014)2.1 Registrant’s specimen American depositary receipt (included in Exhibit 2.3)2.2 Registrant’s specimen certificate for ordinary shares (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 of our registration statement on Form F-1, asamended (file no. 333-199996), filed with the SEC on November 28, 2014)2.3 Deposit agreement dated December 10, 2014 among the Registrant, the depositary and holders and beneficial owners of American depositaryshares evidenced by American depositary receipts issued thereunder (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 of our registration statement onForm S-8 filed with the SEC on January 30, 2015)4.1 Third amended and restated shareholders agreement among the Registrant, shareholders of the Registrant and other parties thereto, datedMay 15, 2014 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 of our registration statement on Form F-1 (file no. 333-199996) filed with the SEC onNovember 7, 2014)4.2 Amended and restated 2012 share incentive plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of our registration statement on Form F-1 (file no.333-199996) filed with the SEC on November 7, 2014)4.3 2014 share incentive plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of our registration statement on Form F-1 (file no. 333-199996) filedwith the SEC on November 7, 2014)4.4 Series C preferred share purchase agreement by and among the Registrant, Matrix Partners China II Hong Kong Limited, Gothic Partners, L.P.,PJF Acorn I Trust, Gansett Partners, L.L.C, PH momo investment Ltd., Tenzing Holding 2011 Ltd., Alibaba Investment Limited and DSTTeam Fund Limited, as investors, and other parties thereto, dated October 8, 2013 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of ourregistration statement on Form F-1 (file no. 333-199996) filed with the SEC on November 7, 2014)4.5 Series D preferred share purchase agreement by and among the Registrant, SCC Growth I Holdco A, Ltd. (formerly known as Sequoia CapitalChina Investment Holdco II Ltd.), Sequoia Capital China GF Holdco III-A, Ltd., SC China Growth III Co-Investment 2014-A, L.P., Rich MoonLimited and Tiger Global Eight Holdings, as investors, and other parties thereto, dated April 22, 2014 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit10.5 of our registration statement on Form F-1 (file no. 333-199996) filed with the SEC on November 7, 2014)4.6 Form of indemnification agreement between the Registrant and each of its directors and executive officers (incorporated by reference toExhibit 10.5 of our registration statement on Form F-1 (file no. 333-199996) filed with the SEC on November 7, 2014)4.7 Form of employment agreement between the Registrant and each of its Executive Officers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 of ourregistration statement on Form F-1 (file no. 333-199996) filed with the SEC on November 7, 2014)4.8 English translation of business operation agreement by and among Beijing Momo IT, Beijing Momo and its shareholders, dated April 18,2012, and confirmation letter by Yan Tang, dated June 9, 2014 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 of our registration statement onForm F-1 (file no. 333-199996) filed with the SEC on November 7, 2014) 107Table of ContentsExhibitNumber Description of Document4.9 English translation of exclusive cooperation agreement by and between Beijing Momo IT and Beijing Momo, and a supplementalagreement thereto dated August 31, 2014 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 of our registration statement on Form F-1 (file no. 333-199996) filed with the SEC on November 7, 2014)4.10 English translation of exclusive cooperation agreement by and between Beijing Momo IT and Chengdu Momo, and a supplementalagreement thereto, dated August 31, 2014 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9 of our registration statement on Form F-1 (file no. 333-199996) filed with the SEC on November 7, 2014)4.10 English translation of exclusive cooperation agreement by and between Beijing Momo IT and Chengdu Momo, and a supplementalagreement thereto, dated August 31, 2014 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9 of our registration statement on Form F-1 (file no. 333-199996) filed with the SEC on November 7, 2014)4.11 Exclusive call option agreement by and among Beijing Momo IT, Beijing Momo and each of its shareholders, dated April 18, 2014(incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.10 of our registration statement on Form F-1 (file no. 333-199996) filed with the SEC onNovember 7, 2014)4.12 Power of attorney by each shareholder of Beijing Momo, dated April 18, 2014 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11 of our registrationstatement on Form F-1 (file no. 333-199996) filed with the SEC on November 7, 2014)4.13 Equity interest pledge agreement by and among Beijing Momo IT, Beijing Momo and each of its shareholders, dated April 18, 2014(incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.12 of our registration statement on Form F-1 (file no. 333-199996) filed with the SEC onNovember 7, 2014)4.14 Spousal consent letter by the spouse of each of Yong Li, Zhiwei Li and Yan Tang (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.13 of ourregistration statement on Form F-1 (file no. 333-199996) filed with the SEC on November 7, 2014)4.15 Shareholder confirmation letter by each of the shareholders of Beijing Momo, dated April 18, 2014 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit10.14 of our registration statement on Form F-1 (file no. 333-199996) filed with the SEC on November 7, 2014)4.16 Subscription agreement by and between the Registrant and 58.com Inc., dated November 28, 2014 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit10.15 of our registration statement on Form F-1 (file no. 333-199996) filed with the SEC on November 7, 2014)4.17 Subscription agreement by and between the Registrant and Alibaba Investment Limited, dated November 28, 2014 (incorporated byreference to Exhibit 10.16 of our registration statement on Form F-1 (file no. 333-199996) filed with the SEC on November 7, 2014)8.1* List of subsidiaries and consolidated entities of the Registrant11.1 Code of business conduct and ethics of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 of our Registration Statement on Form F-1(file no. 333-199996) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 7, 2014)12.1* Certification by Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 200212.2* Certification by Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 200213.1** Certification by Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 200213.2** Certification by Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 200215.1* Consent of Han Kun Law Offices15.2* Consent of Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Certified Public Accountants LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm101.INS* XBRL Instance Document101.SCH* XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document101.CAL* XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document101.DEF* XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document101.LAB* XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document101.PRE* XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document *Filed herewith**Furnished herewith 108Table of ContentsSIGNATURESThe registrant hereby certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing its annual report on Form 20-F and that it has duly caused and authorizedthe undersigned to sign this annual report on its behalf. Momo Inc.By: /s/ Yan Tang Name: Yan Tang Title: Chairman and Chief Executive OfficerDate: April 25, 2016 109Table of ContentsMOMO INC.INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTSFOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2013, 2014 AND 2015 CONTENTS PAGE(S) REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM F-2 CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETSAS OF DECEMBER 31, 2014 AND 2015 F-3 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONSFOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2013, 2014 AND 2015 F-4 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE (LOSS) INCOMEFOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2013, 2014 AND 2015 F-5 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY (DEFICIT)FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2013, 2014 AND 2015 F-6 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWSFOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2013, 2014 AND 2015 F-7 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTSFOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2013, 2014 AND 2015 F-8 - F-57 F-1Table of ContentsREPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRMTO THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS ANDSHAREHOLDERS OF MOMO INC.We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Momo Inc. (the “Company”), its subsidiaries, its variable interest entity (“VIE”), and itsVIE’s subsidiaries (collectively, the “Group”) as of December 31, 2014 and 2015 and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive (loss)income, changes in (deficit) equity and cash flows for the three years in the period ended December 31, 2015. These financial statements are theresponsibility of the Group’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits.We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require thatwe plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement. TheGroup is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. Our audits include consideration ofinternal control over financial reporting as a basis for designing audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose ofexpressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Group’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion. An audit alsoincludes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements, assessing the accountingprinciples used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall consolidated financial statement presentation. We believethat our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.In our opinion, such consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Group as of December 31, 2014 and2015, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2015, in conformity with accountingprinciples generally accepted in the United States of America./s/ Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Certified Public Accountants LLPBeijing, the People’s Republic of ChinaApril 25, 2016 F-2Table of ContentsMOMO INC.CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS(In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and share related data, or otherwise noted) As of December 31, 2014 2015 Assets Current assets Cash and cash equivalents $450,968 $169,469 Term deposits — 300,000 Accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $nil and $nil as of December 31, 2014 and 2015,respectively 7,038 14,896 Amount due from related parties — 1,175 Prepaid expenses and other current assets 8,009 18,297 Total current assets 466,015 503,837 Property and equipment, net 9,936 16,259 Rental deposits 793 743 Long term investments 1,760 19,318 Other non-current assets — 2,000 Total assets 478,504 542,157 Liabilities and equity Current liabilities Accounts payable (including accounts payable of the consolidated VIE without recourse to the Company of $3,728 and$9,040 as of December 31, 2014 and 2015, respectively) 5,900 10,445 Deferred revenue (including deferred revenue of the consolidated VIE without recourse to the Company of $16,348 and$28,274 as of December 31, 2014 and 2015, respectively) 16,348 28,274 Accrued expenses and other current liabilities (including accrued expenses and other current liabilities of the consolidatedVIE without recourse to the Company of $1,100 and $1,954 as of December 31, 2014 and 2015, respectively) 9,415 26,694 Amount due to related parties (including amount due to related parties of the consolidated VIE without recourse to theCompany of $nil and $nil as of December 31, 2014 and 2015, respectively) 6,450 6,532 Total current liabilities 38,113 71,945 Other non-current liabilities — 1,826 Total liabilities 38,113 73,771 Commitments and contingencies (Note14) Equity Class A ordinary shares ($0.0001 par value; 800,000,000 and 800,000,000 shares authorized as of December 31, 2014 and2015 respectively; 280,869,740 and 286,865,033 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2014 and 2015,respectively) 30 31 Class B ordinary shares ($0.0001 par value; 100,000,000 and 100,000,000 shares authorized as of December 31, 2014 and2015, respectively; 96,886,370 and 96,886,370 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2014 and 2015,respectively) 10 10 Treasury stock (64,494) (64,494) Additional paid-in capital 613,678 631,474 Accumulated deficit (107,806) (94,109) Accumulated other comprehensive loss (1,027) (4,526) Total equity 440,391 468,386 Total liabilities and equity $478,504 $542,157 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. F-3Table of ContentsMOMO INC.CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS(In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and share related data, or otherwise noted) For the years ended December 31, 2013 2014 2015 Net revenues $3,129 $44,755 $133,988 Cost and expenses: Cost of revenues (including share-based compensation of $34, $155 and $915 in 2013,2014 and 2015, respectively) (2,927) (15,762) (30,312) Research and development (including share-based compensation of $269, $674 and $3,502in 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively) (3,532) (9,264) (23,265) Sales and marketing (including share-based compensation of $128, $736 and $3,780 in2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively) (3,018) (35,538) (52,631) General and administrative (including share-based compensation of $532, $5,073 and$9,185 in 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively) (3,010) (10,354) (22,879) Total cost and expenses (12,487) (70,918) (129,087) Other operating income — 26 713 (Loss) Income from operations (9,358) (26,137) 5,614 Interest income 32 722 7,805 (Loss) Income before income tax and share of income on equity method investments (9,326) (25,415) 13,419 Income tax expense — — (92) (Loss) Income before share of income on equity method investments (9,326) (25,415) 13,327 Share of income on equity method investments — — 370 Net (loss) income attributable to Momo Inc. (9,326) (25,415) 13,697 Deemed dividend to preferred shareholders (8,120) (57,663) — Net (loss) income attributable to ordinary shareholders $(17,446) $(83,078) 13,697 Net (loss) income per share attributable to ordinary shareholders Basic $(0.26) $(0.97) $0.04 Diluted $(0.26) $(0.97) $0.03 Weighted average shares used in calculating net (loss) income per ordinary share Basic 67,190,411 85,293,775 342,646,282 Diluted 67,190,411 85,293,775 401,396,548 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. F-4Table of ContentsMOMO INC.CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE (LOSS) INCOME(In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and share related data) For the years ended December 31, 2013 2014 2015 Net (loss) income attributable to Momo Inc. $(9,326) $(25,415) $13,697 Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax: Foreign currency translation adjustment 181 (1,185) (3,499) Comprehensive (loss) income attributable to Momo Inc. $(9,145) $(26,600) $10,198 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. F-5Table of ContentsMOMO INC.CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN (DEFICIT) EQUITY(In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and share related data) Additional Accumulatedother Total Ordinary shares paid-in Treasury Subscription Accumulated comprehensive shareholders’ Shares Amount capital stock receivable deficit income (loss) (deficit) equity Balance as of January 1, 2013 147,000,000 15 747 — (15) (7,282) (23) (6,558) Net loss — — — — — (9,326) — (9,326) Share-based compensation — — 963 — — — — 963 Deemed dividend to preferred shareholders — — — — — (8,120) — (8,120) Foreign currency translation adjustment — — — — — — 181 181 Balance as of December 31, 2013 147,000,000 15 1,710 — (15) (24,728) 158 (22,860) Net loss — — — — — (25,415) — (25,415) Share-based compensation — — 6,638 — — — — 6,638 Repurchase of ordinary shares (15,651,589) — — (64,494) — — — (64,494) Issuance of ordinary shares upon Initial public offering(“IPO”), net of offering costs of $4,361 45,688,888 5 286,646 — — — — 286,651 Conversion of participating convertible redeemable preferredshares to ordinary shares 200,718,811 20 318,684 — — — — 318,704 Deemed dividend to preferred shareholders — — — — — (57,663) — (57,663) Subscription Receivable — — — — 15 — — 15 Foreign currency translation adjustment — — — — — — (1,185) (1,185) Balance as of December 31, 2014 377,756,110 $40 $613,678 $(64,494) $— $(107,806) $(1,027) $440,391 Net income — — — — — 13,697 — 13,697 Share-based compensation — — 17,382 — — — — 17,382 Issuance of ordinary shares in connection with exercise ofoptions and vesting of restricted share units 5,995,293 1 414 — — — — 415 Foreign currency translation adjustment — — — — — (3,499) (3,499) Balance as of December 31, 2015 383,751,403 $41 $631,474 $(64,494) $— $(94,109) $(4,526) $468,386 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. F-6Table of ContentsMOMO INC.CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS(In thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and share related data) For the years ended December 31, 2013 2014 2015 Cash flows from operating activities Net (loss) income $(9,326) $(25,415) $13,697 Adjustments to reconcile net (loss) income to net cash (used in) provided by operating activities Depreciation of property and equipment 842 2,805 6,646 Share-based compensation 963 6,638 17,382 Share of income on equity method investments — — (370) Loss on disposal of property and equipment — 64 5 Changes in operating assets and liabilities Accounts receivable (1,906) (5,205) (8,538) Prepaid expenses and other current assets (846) (7,489) (11,247) Amount due from related parties (198) 198 (1,218) Rental deposits — (797) 38 Accounts payable 338 4,494 5,274 Deferred revenue 3,657 12,825 12,996 Accrued expenses and other current liabilities 1,341 5,949 20,671 Amount due to related parties — — 88 Other non-current liabilities — — 1,828 Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities (5,135) (5,933) 57,252 Cash flows from investing activities Purchase of property and equipment (3,181) (8,740) (13,521) Payment for long term investments — (809) (17,859) Prepayment for long term investments — — (2,000) Purchase of term deposits — — (450,000) Cash received on maturity of term deposits — — 150,000 Net cash used in investing activities (3,181) (9,549) (333,380) Cash flows from financing activities Proceeds from issuance of convertible redeemable participating preferred shares 45,000 211,750 — Repurchase of convertible redeemable participating preferred shares — (30,750) — Proceeds from issuance of ordinary shares — 291,012 — Payment for IPO costs — (1,727) (2,634) Capital contribution from shareholders — 15 — Repurchase of ordinary shares — (58,044) — Proceeds from exercise of share options — — 401 Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities 45,000 412,256 (2,233) Effect of exchange rate on cash and cash equivalents 151 (1,180) (3,138) Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents 36,835 395,594 (281,499) Cash and cash equivalents at the beginning of year 18,539 55,374 450,968 Cash and cash equivalents at the end of year $55,374 $450,968 $169,469 Non-cash investing and financing activities Payable for purchase of property and equipment — 1,105 765 Payable for deferred IPO cost — 2,634 — Payable for repurchase of ordinary shares — 6,450 6,450 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. F-7Table of ContentsMOMO INC.NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTSFOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2013, 2014 AND 2015(In U.S. dollars in thousands, except share data) 1.ORGANIZATION AND PRINCIPAL ACTIVITIESMomo Inc. (the “Company”, formerly known as Momo Technology Company Limited) is the holding company for a group of companies, which isincorporated in the British Virgin Islands (“BVI”) on November 23, 2011. In July 2014, the Company was redomiciled in the Cayman Islands(“Cayman”) as an exempted company registered under the laws of the Cayman Islands, and was renamed Momo Inc. The Company, its subsidiaries, itsconsolidated variable interest entity (“VIE”) and VIE’s subsidiaries (collectively the “Group”) are principally engaged in providing mobile-basedsocial networking services. The Group started its operation in July 2011. The Group started its monetization by introducing fee based membershipsubscription services and emoticons in the third quarter of 2013 as well as by offering the platform for mobile games and mobile marketing services inthe fourth quarter of 2013.As of December 31, 2015, details of the Company’s subsidiaries, VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries are as follows: Percentage Date of Place of of economic incorporation incorporation ownership Subsidiaries Momo Technology HK Company Limited (“Momo HK”) December 5, 2011 Hong Kong 100% Beijing Momo Information Technology Co., Ltd. (“Beijing Momo IT”) March 9, 2012 PRC 100% Momo Technology Overseas Holding Company Limited (“Momo BVI”) March 5, 2014 BVI 100% Momo Information Technologies Corp. (“Momo US”) March 7, 2014 US 100% VIE Beijing Momo Technology Co., Ltd. (“Beijing Momo”) July 7, 2011 PRC N/A* VIE’s subsidiaries Chengdu Momo Technology Co., Ltd. (“Chengdu Momo”) May 9, 2013 PRC N/A* Shanghai Momo Technology Co., Ltd. (“Shanghai Momo”) January 19, 2015 PRC N/A* Chengdu Biyou Technology Co., Ltd. (“Chengdu Biyou”) October 16, 2015 PRC N/A* *These entities are controlled by the Company pursuant to the contractual arrangements disclosed below.The Company was established on November 23, 2011 with share capital of $15, which was 65% owned by Mr. Yan Tang, 20% owned by Mr. Yong Li,8% owned by Mr. Xiaoliang Lei, and 7% owned by Mr. Zhiwei Li, (Yan Tang, Yong Li, Xiaoliang Lei and Zhiwei Li are collectively referred to as“Founders”) as a vehicle for the group reorganization.The Group commenced its business in China in July 2011 through Beijing Momo which has subsequently become the Group’s VIE through thecontractual arrangements described below in “the VIE arrangements”.Beijing Momo was established by the Founders in Beijing, the People’s Republic of China (“PRC”), as a limited liability company on July 7, 2011,which was 65% owned by Mr. Yan Tang, 20% owned by Mr. Yong Li, 8% owned by Mr. Xiaoliang Lei, and 7% owned by Mr. Zhiwei Li. BeijingMomo and its subsidiaries principally engaged in the provision of substantially all of the Group’s services in the PRC. F-8Table of ContentsMOMO INC.NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continuedFOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2013, 2014 AND 2015(In U.S. dollars in thousands, except share data) 1.ORGANIZATION AND PRINCIPAL ACTIVITIES - continued The Company owns 100% of the equity interests in Momo HK, an intermediate holding company incorporated in Hong Kong on December 5, 2011,which owns 100% of the equity interests in Beijing Momo IT, a wholly foreign-owned enterprise (“WFOE”), incorporated in the PRC by the Companyon March 9, 2012.The Company entered into group reorganization by way of entering into a series of contractual arrangements between its WFOE, VIE and the Companyon April 18, 2012. Immediately after the reorganization, the Founders controlled the Company, WFOE and Beijing Momo; therefore, thereorganization was accounted for as a transaction among entities under common control. Accordingly, the accompanying audited consolidatedfinancial statements have been prepared by using historical cost basis and include the assets, liabilities, revenue, expenses and cash flows that weredirectly attributable to Beijing Momo for all periods presented.In December 2014, the Company completed its IPO and a concurrent private placement, upon which the Company’s ordinary shares were divided intoClass A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares. Holders of Class A ordinary shares are entitled to one vote per share, while holders of Class Bordinary shares are entitled to ten votes per share. Each Class B ordinary share is convertible into one Class A ordinary share at any time by the holderthereof, while Class A ordinary shares are not convertible to Class B ordinary shares under any circumstances. The Company newly issued 45,688,888Class A ordinary shares, consisting of (i) 36,800,000 Class A ordinary shares offered through IPO, and (ii) 8,888,888 Class A ordinary shares issued inconnection with the concurrent private placement. All of the Company’s Series A, Series B, Series C and Series D shares were automatically convertedupon IPO into 200,718,811 Class A ordinary shares.The VIE arrangementsPRC regulations currently limit direct foreign ownership of business entities providing value-added telecommunications services, advertising servicesand internet services in the PRC where certain licenses are required for the provision of such services. To comply with these PRC regulations, BeijingMomo IT and Beijing Momo’s shareholders entered into various contractual arrangements whereby the shareholders’ claim to the economic benefits ofBeijing Momo and their ability to control the activities of Beijing Momo were transferred to Beijing Momo IT.The Group provides substantially all of its services in China through Beijing Momo and Chengdu Momo, which hold the operating licenses andapprovals to enable the Group to provide such mobile internet content services in the PRC. The equity interests of Beijing Momo are legally held bycertain employees and shareholders of the Company (“Nominee Shareholders”). F-9Table of ContentsMOMO INC.NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continuedFOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2013, 2014 AND 2015(In U.S. dollars in thousands, except share data) 1.ORGANIZATION AND PRINCIPAL ACTIVITIES - continuedThe VIE arrangements - continued The Company obtained control over Beijing Momo through Beijing Momo IT on April 18, 2012 by entering into a series of contractual arrangementsbetween Beijing Momo IT, Beijing Momo and its Nominee Shareholders that enable the Company to (1) have power to direct the activities that mostsignificantly affects the economic performance of the VIE, and (2) receive the economic benefits of the VIE that could be significant to the VIE.Accordingly, the Company is considered the primary beneficiary of the VIE and has consolidated the VIE’s financial results of operations, assets andliabilities in the Company’s consolidated financial statements. In making the conclusion that the Company is the primary beneficiary of the VIE, theCompany’s rights under the Power of Attorney also provide the Company’s abilities to direct the activities that most significantly impact the VIE’seconomic performance. The Company also believes that this ability to exercise control ensures that the VIE will continue to execute and renew theExclusive Technology Consulting and Management Services Agreement and pay service fees to the Company. By charging service fees in whateveramounts the Company deems fit, and by ensuring that the Exclusive Technology Consulting and Management Services Agreement is executed andrenewed indefinitely, the Company has the rights to receive substantially all of the economic benefits from the VIE.To further strengthen the Company’s corporate structure, the Group amended its Power of Attorney, Exclusive Call Option Agreement and EquityInterest Pledge Agreement with the Nominee Shareholders and also entered into the Spousal Consent Letters with the Nominee Shareholders in April2014, and amended the Exclusive Cooperation Agreements and Supplemental Agreements in August 2014. There was no substantial change to theterm and condition of the VIE agreements and the change had no impact on to the Company’s VIE consolidation.The following is a summary of the contractual agreements that the Company, through Beijing Momo IT, entered into with Beijing Momo and itsNominee Shareholders, as amended and entered into on April 18, 2014 and August 31, 2014:Agreements that provide the Company effective control over the VIE: (1)Power of AttorneyPursuant to the Power of Attorney, the Nominee Shareholders of Beijing Momo each irrevocably appointed Beijing Momo IT as the attorney-in-fact to act on their behalf on all matters pertaining to Beijing Momo and to exercise all of their rights as a shareholder of Beijing Momo,including but not limited to convene, attend and vote on their behalf at shareholders’ meetings, designate and appoint directors and seniormanagement members. Beijing Momo IT may authorize or assign its rights under this appointment to a person as approved by its board ofdirectors at its sole discretion. Each power of attorney will remain in force until the shareholder ceases to hold any equity interest in BeijingMomo. The Company believes the Powers of Attorney can demonstrate the power of its PRC subsidiary (Beijing Momo IT) to direct how the VIEshould conduct its daily operations. F-10Table of ContentsMOMO INC.NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continuedFOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2013, 2014 AND 2015(In U.S. dollars in thousands, except share data) 1.ORGANIZATION AND PRINCIPAL ACTIVITIES - continuedThe VIE arrangements - continued (2)Exclusive Call Option AgreementUnder the Exclusive Call Option Agreement among Beijing Momo IT, Beijing Momo and Nominee Shareholders of Beijing Momo, each of theNominee Shareholders irrevocably granted Beijing Momo IT or its designated representative(s) an exclusive option to purchase, to the extentpermitted under PRC law, all or part of his, her or its equity interests in Beijing Momo at the consideration equal to the nominal price or atlowest price as permitted by PRC laws.Beijing Momo IT or its designated representative(s) have sole discretion as to when to exercise such options, either in part or in full. WithoutBeijing Momo IT’s written consent, the Nominee Shareholders of Beijing Momo shall not transfer, donate, pledge, or otherwise dispose anyequity interests of Beijing Momo in any way. In addition, any consideration paid by Beijing Momo IT to the Nominee Shareholders of BeijingMomo in exercising the option shall be transferred back to Beijing Momo IT or its designated representative(s). This agreement could beterminated when all the shareholders’ equity were acquired by WFOE or its designated representative(s) subject to the law of People’s Republicof China.In addition, Beijing Momo irrevocably granted Beijing Momo IT an exclusive and irrevocable option to purchase any or all of the assets ownedby Beijing Momo at the lowest price permitted under PRC law. Without Beijing Momo IT’s prior written consent, Beijing Momo and itsNominee Shareholders will not sell, transfer, mortgage or otherwise dispose of Beijing Momo’s material assets, legal or beneficial interests orrevenues of more than RMB500,000 or allow an encumbrance on any interest in Beijing Momo. (3)Spousal Consent LettersOn April 18, 2014, each spouse of the married Nominee Shareholders of Beijing Momo entered into a Spousal Consent Letter, whichunconditionally and irrevocably agreed that the equity interests in Beijing Momo held by and registered in the name of their spouse will bedisposed of pursuant to the Equity Interest Pledge Agreement, the Exclusive Call Option Agreement, and the Power of Attorney. Each spouseagreed not to assert any rights over the equity interests in Beijing Momo held by their spouse. In addition, in the event that the spouse obtainsany equity interests in Beijing Momo held by their spouse for any reason, they agreed to be bound by the contractual arrangements. F-11Table of ContentsMOMO INC.NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continuedFOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2013, 2014 AND 2015(In U.S. dollars in thousands, except share data) 1.ORGANIZATION AND PRINCIPAL ACTIVITIES - continuedThe VIE arrangements - continued Agreements that transfer economic benefits to the Company: (1)Exclusive Cooperation Agreements and Supplemental AgreementsIn August 2014, Beijing Momo IT entered into an Exclusive Cooperation Agreements and a Supplemental Agreement with Beijing Momo andChengdu Momo, respectively, to supersede the Exclusive Technology Consulting and Management Services Agreements signed in April 2012by Beijing Momo IT and Beijing Momo. Pursuant to the amended agreements, Beijing Momo IT has the exclusive right to provide, among otherthings, licenses, copyrights, technical and non-technical services to Beijing Momo and Chengdu Momo and receive service fees and license feesas consideration. Beijing Momo and Chengdu Momo will maintain a pre-determined level of operating profit and remit the excess operatingprofit, if any, to Beijing Momo IT as the consideration of the licenses, copyrights, technical and non-technical services provided by BeijingMomo IT. The agreements will remain effective for 10 years. At the sole discretion of Beijing Momo IT, the agreements could be renewed onapplicable expirations dates, or Beijing Momo IT, Beijing Momo and Chengdu Momo could enter into other exclusive agreements.For the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, Beijing Momo IT charged Beijing Momo and Chengdu Momo a service fee of $3,356,$35,188 and $112,043 at the WFOE’s discretion, respectively.Since Beijing Momo IT has effectively controlled Beijing Momo through Power of Attorney, Equity Interest Pledge Agreement and ExclusiveCall Option Agreement, Beijing Momo IT has the right to adjust the service fees at its sole discretion. The agreement shall remain effective forten years. At the discretion of Beijing Momo IT, this agreement could be renewed on applicable expiration dates, or Beijing Momo IT andBeijing Momo could enter into another exclusive agreement. F-12Table of ContentsMOMO INC.NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continuedFOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2013, 2014 AND 2015(In U.S. dollars in thousands, except share data) 1.ORGANIZATION AND PRINCIPAL ACTIVITIES - continuedThe VIE arrangements - continued (2)Equity Interest Pledge AgreementUnder the equity interest pledge agreement among Beijing Momo IT and each of the Nominee Shareholders of Beijing Momo, the NomineeShareholders pledged all of their equity interests in Beijing Momo to Beijing Momo IT to guarantee Beijing Momo’s and its shareholders’payment obligations arising from the Exclusive Technology Consulting and Management Service Agreement, Business Operation Agreementand Exclusive Call Option Agreement, including but not limited to, the payments due to Beijing Momo IT for services provided.If Beijing Momo or any of its Nominee Shareholders breaches its contractual obligations under the above agreements, Beijing Momo IT, as thepledgee, will be entitled to certain rights and entitlements, including receiving priority proceeds from the auction or sale of whole or part of thepledged equity interests of Beijing Momo in accordance with PRC legal procedures. During the term of the pledge, the shareholders of BeijingMomo shall cause Beijing Momo not to distribute any dividends and if they receive any dividends generated by the pledged equity interests,they shall transfer such received amounts to an account designated by Beijing Momo IT according to the instruction of Beijing Momo IT.The pledge will remain binding until Beijing Momo and its Nominee Shareholders has fully performed all their obligations under the ExclusiveCooperation Agreements and Supplemental Agreements, Business Operations Agreement and Exclusive Call Option Agreement. (3)Business Operations AgreementUnder the Business Operations Agreement among Beijing Momo IT, Beijing Momo and the Nominee Shareholders of Beijing Momo, withoutthe prior written consent of Beijing Momo IT or its designated representative(s), Beijing Momo shall not conduct any transaction that maysubstantially affect the assets, business, operation or interest of Beijing Momo IT. Beijing Momo and Nominee Shareholders shall also followBeijing Momo IT’s instructions on management of Beijing Momo’s daily operation, finance and employee matters and appoint the nominee(s)designated by Beijing Momo IT as the director(s) and senior management members of Beijing Momo. In the event that any agreements betweenBeijing Momo IT and Beijing Momo terminates, Beijing Momo IT has the sole discretion to determine whether to continue any otheragreements with Beijing Momo. Beijing Momo IT is entitled to any dividends or other interests declared by Beijing Momo and the shareholdersof Beijing Momo have agreed to promptly transfer such dividends or other interests to Beijing Momo IT. The agreement shall remain effectivefor 10 years. At the discretion of Beijing Momo IT, this agreement will be renewed on applicable expiration dates, or Beijing Momo IT andBeijing Momo will enter into another exclusive agreement.Through these contractual agreements, the Company has the ability to effectively control the VIE and is also able to receive substantially all theeconomic benefits of the VIE. F-13Table of ContentsMOMO INC.NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continuedFOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2013, 2014 AND 2015(In U.S. dollars in thousands, except share data) 1.ORGANIZATION AND PRINCIPAL ACTIVITIES - continued Risk in relation to the VIE structureThe Company believes that Beijing Momo IT and Beijing Momo’s contractual arrangements with the VIE are in compliance with PRC law and arelegally enforceable. Certain shareholders of Beijing Momo are also shareholders of the Company and therefore have no current interest in seeking toact contrary to the contractual arrangements. However, uncertainties in the PRC legal system could limit the Company’s ability to enforce thesecontractual arrangements and if the shareholders of the VIE were to reduce their interest in the Company, their interests may diverge from that of theCompany and that may potentially increase the risk that they would seek to act contrary to the contractual terms, for example by influencing the VIEnot to pay the service fees when required to do so.However, the Company cannot assure that when conflicts of interest arise, the shareholders will act in the best interests of the Company or that conflictsof interests will be resolved in the Company’s favor. Currently, the Company does not have existing arrangements to address potential conflicts ofinterest the shareholders of the VIE may encounter in their capacity as the beneficial owners and director of the VIE on the one hand, and as beneficialowners and directors or officer of the Company, on the other hand. The Company believes the shareholders of the VIE will not act contrary to any ofthe contractual arrangements and the Exclusive Call Option Agreement provides the Company with a mechanism to remove the shareholders as thebeneficial shareholders of the VIE should they act to the detriment of the Company. The Company relies on the VIE’s shareholders, as directors andofficer of the Company, to fulfill their fiduciary duties and abide by laws of the PRC and the Cayman and act in the best interest of the Company. If theCompany cannot resolve any conflicts of interest or disputes between the Company and the VIE’s shareholders, the Company would have to rely onlegal proceedings, which could result in disruption of its business, and there is substantial uncertainty as to the outcome of any such legal proceedings.The Company’s ability to control the VIE also depends on the Power of Attorney. Beijing Momo IT and Beijing Momo have to vote on all mattersrequiring shareholder approval in the VIE. As noted above, the Company believes this power of attorney is legally enforceable but may not be aseffective as direct equity ownership.In addition, if the legal structure and contractual arrangements were found to be in violation of any existing PRC laws and regulations, the PRCgovernment could: • revoke the Group’s business and operating licenses; • require the Group to discontinue or restrict operations; • restrict the Group’s right to collect revenues; • block the Group’s websites; • require the Group to restructure the operations in such a way as to compel the Group to establish a new enterprise, re-apply for the necessarylicenses or relocate our businesses, staff and assets; • impose additional conditions or requirements with which the Group may not be able to comply; or • take other regulatory or enforcement actions against the Group that could be harmful to the Group’s business. F-14Table of ContentsMOMO INC.NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continuedFOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2013, 2014 AND 2015(In U.S. dollars in thousands, except share data) 1.ORGANIZATION AND PRINCIPAL ACTIVITIES - continuedRisk in relation to the VIE structure - continued The imposition of any of these penalties may result in a material and adverse effect on the Group’s ability to conduct the Group’s business. In addition,if the imposition of any of these penalties causes the Group to lose the rights to direct the activities of the VIE or the right to receive their economicbenefits, the Group would no longer be able to consolidate the VIE. The Group does not believe that any penalties imposed or actions taken by thePRC government would result in the liquidation of the Company, Beijing Momo IT, or the VIE.The following financial statements amounts and balances of the VIE were included in the accompanying consolidated financial statements after theelimination of intercompany balances and transactions as of and for the years ended December 31: As of December 31, 2014 2015 Cash and cash equivalents $9,867 $60,526 Accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $nil and $nil as ofDecember 31, 2014 and 2015, respectively 7,038 14,896 Amount due from related parties — 1,175 Prepaid expenses and other current assets 5,306 9,495 Total current assets 22,211 86,092 Property and equipment, net 1,318 1,538 Rental deposits 312 244 Long term investments 809 19,318 Total assets 24,650 107,192 Accounts payable 3,728 9,040 Deferred revenue 16,348 28,274 Accrued expenses and other current liabilities 1,100 1,954 Total current liabilities 21,176 39,268 Total liabilities $21,176 $39,268 For the years ended December 31, 2013 2014 2015 Net revenues $3,129 $44,755 $133,988 Net (loss) income $(2,179) $32,945 $118,404 F-15Table of ContentsMOMO INC.NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continuedFOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2013, 2014 AND 2015(In U.S. dollars in thousands, except share data) 1.ORGANIZATION AND PRINCIPAL ACTIVITIES - continuedRisk in relation to the VIE structure - continued For the years ended December 31, 2013 2014 2015 Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities $(2,956) $40,383 $124,786 Net cash used in investing activities $(723) $(1,921) $(19,435) Net cash used in financing activities $— $— $— The unrecognized revenue-producing assets that are held by the VIE are primarily self-developed intangible assets such as domain names, trademarkand various licenses which are un-recognized at consolidated balance sheets.The VIE contributed an aggregate of 100%, 100% and 100% of the consolidated net revenues for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015,respectively. As of the fiscal years ended December 31, 2014 and 2015, the VIE accounted for an aggregate of 5.2% and 19.8%, respectively, of theconsolidated total assets, and 55.6% and 53.2%, respectively, of the consolidated total liabilities. The assets that were not associated with the VIEprimarily consist of cash and cash equivalents, and term deposits.There are no consolidated VIE’s assets that are collateral for the VIE’s obligations and can only be used to settle the VIE’s obligations. There are nocreditors (or beneficial interest holders) of the VIE that have recourse to the general credit of the Company or any of its consolidated subsidiaries. Thereare no terms in any arrangements, considering both explicit arrangements and implicit variable interests, that require the Company or its subsidiaries toprovide financial support to the VIE. However, if the VIE ever needs financial support, the Company or its subsidiaries may, at its option and subject tostatutory limits and restrictions, provide financial support to its VIE through loans to the shareholders of the VIE or entrustment loans to the VIE.Relevant PRC laws and regulations restrict the VIE from transferring a portion of its net assets, equivalent to the balance of its statutory reserve and itsshare capital, to the Company in the form of loans and advances or cash dividends. Please refer to Note 18 for disclosure of restricted net assets. TheGroup may lose the ability to use and enjoy assets held by the VIE that are important to the operation of business if the VIE declares bankruptcy orbecomes subject to a dissolution or liquidation proceeding. F-16Table of ContentsMOMO INC.NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continuedFOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2013, 2014 AND 2015(In U.S. dollars in thousands, except share data) 2.SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIESBasis of presentationThe consolidated financial statements of the Group have been prepared in accordance with the accounting principles generally accepted in the UnitedStates of America (“U.S. GAAP”).Basis of consolidationThe consolidated financial statements of the Group include the financial statements of Momo Inc., its subsidiaries, its VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries. Allinter-company transactions and balances have been eliminated upon consolidation.Use of estimatesThe preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reportedamounts of assets and liabilities and revenues, cost and expenses in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Significant accounting estimatesreflected in the Group’s consolidated financial statements include revenue recognition, the useful lives and impairment of property and equipment,valuation allowance for deferred tax assets, share-based compensation and fair value of the ordinary shares and convertible redeemable participatingpreferred shares.Cash and cash equivalentsCash and cash equivalents consist of cash on hand and highly liquid investments, which are unrestricted from withdrawal or use, or which haveoriginal maturities of three months or less when purchased.Term depositsTerm deposits consist of bank deposits with an original maturity of over three months.Accounts receivableAccounts receivable primarily represents the cash due from third-party payment channels and advertising customers, net of allowance for doubtfulaccounts. The Group makes estimates for the allowance for doubtful accounts based upon its assessment of various factors, including the age ofaccounts receivable balances, credit quality of third party payment channels and advertising customers, current economic conditions and other factorsthat may affect their ability to pay. No allowance for doubtful accounts as of December 31, 2014 and 2015, respectively, was provided as there was norisk of collecting this account receivable. F-17Table of ContentsMOMO INC.NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continuedFOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2013, 2014 AND 2015(In U.S. dollars in thousands, except share data) 2.SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES - continued Financial instrumentsFinancial instruments of the Group primarily consist of cash and cash equivalents, term deposits, accounts receivable, accounts payable, cost methodinvestments, deferred revenue, amount due from related parties and amount due to related parties.The carrying values of cash and cash equivalents, term deposits, accounts receivable, accounts payable, deferred revenue, amount due from relatedparties and amount due to related parties approximate their fair values due to short-term maturities. It is not practical to estimate the fair value of theGroup’s cost method investments because of the lack of quoted market price and the inability to estimate fair value without incurring excessive costs.Foreign currency riskThe Renminbi (“RMB”) is not a freely convertible currency. The State Administration for Foreign Exchange, under the authority of the People’s Bankof China, controls the conversion of RMB into foreign currencies. The value of the RMB is subject to changes in central government policies and tointernational economic and political developments affecting supply and demand in the China Foreign Exchange Trading System market. Cash andcash equivalents of the Group included aggregate amounts of $20,181 and $75,759 as of December 31, 2014 and 2015, respectively, which weredenominated in RMB.Concentration of credit riskFinancial instruments that potentially expose the Group to concentration of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents, term depositsand accounts receivable. The Group places their cash with financial institutions with high-credit ratings and quality.Third-party payment channels accounting for 10% or more of accounts receivables are as follows: December 31, 2014 2015 A 34% 31% B 26% 6% No user or advertising customer accounted for 10% or more of accounts receivables for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2015, respectively. F-18Table of ContentsMOMO INC.NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continuedFOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2013, 2014 AND 2015(In U.S. dollars in thousands, except share data) 2.SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES - continued Concentration of revenueThe following table summarizes sales generated from games that individually accounting for 10% or more of net revenues: For the years ended December 31, 2013 2014 2015 Game C — 14% 2% No user or advertising customer accounted for 10% or more of net revenues for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively.Cost method investmentsFor investments in an investee over which the Company does not have significant influence, the Company carries the investment at cost andrecognizes income as any dividends declared from distribution of investee’s earnings. The Company reviews the cost method investments forimpairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may no longer be recoverable. An impairment loss isrecognized in earnings equal to the difference between the investment’s cost and its fair value at the balance sheet date of the reporting period forwhich the assessment is made. The fair value of the investment would then become the new cost basis of the investment.Equity method investmentsThe investee company over which the Group has the ability to exercise significant influence, but does not have a controlling interest are accounted forusing the equity method. Significant influence is generally considered to exist when the Group has an ownership interest in the voting stock of theinvestee between 20% and 50%, and other factors, such as representation in the investee’s Board of Directors, voting rights and the impact ofcommercial arrangements, are considered in determining whether the equity method of accounting is appropriate. For the investment in limitedpartnerships, where the Group holds less than a 20% equity or voting interest, the Group’s influence over the partnership operating and financialpolicies is more than minor, thus, as subject to equity method as well.Under the equity method of accounting, the affiliated company’s accounts are not reflected within the Group’s consolidated balance sheets andstatements of operations; however, the Group’s share of the earnings or losses of the affiliated company is reflected in the caption “share income or losson equity method investments” in the consolidated statements of operations. An impairment charge is recorded if the carrying amount of theinvestment exceeds its fair value and this condition is determined to be other-than temporary. F-19Table of ContentsMOMO INC.NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continuedFOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2013, 2014 AND 2015(In U.S. dollars in thousands, except share data) 2.SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES - continued Property and equipment, netProperty and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is calculated on a straight-line basis over the followingestimated useful lives: Office equipment 3-5 years Computer equipment 3 years Vehicles 5 years Leasehold improvement Shorter of the lease term or estimated useful lives Impairment of long-lived assetsThe Group reviews its long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset mayno longer be recoverable. When these events occur, the Group measures impairment by comparing the carrying value of the long-lived assets to theestimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to result from the use of the assets and their eventual disposition. If the sum of the expectedundiscounted cash flow is less than the carrying amount of the assets, the Group would recognize an impairment loss based on the fair value of theassets.Fair valueFair value is the price that would be received from selling an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants atthe measurement date. When determining the fair value measurements for assets and liabilities required or permitted to be recorded at fair value, theGroup considers the principal or most advantageous market in which it would transact and it considers assumptions that market participants would usewhen pricing the asset or liability.Authoritative literature provides a fair value hierarchy that requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use ofunobservable inputs when measuring fair value. An asset or liability categorization within the fair value hierarchy is based upon the lowest level ofinput that is significant to the fair value measurement as follows:Level 1Level 1 applies to assets or liabilities for which there are quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. F-20Table of ContentsMOMO INC.NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continuedFOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2013, 2014 AND 2015(In U.S. dollars in thousands, except share data) 2.SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES - continuedFair value - continued Level 2Level 2 applies to assets or liabilities for which there are inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the assets orliabilities such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets; quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in markets withinsufficient volume or infrequent transactions (less active markets); or model-derived valuations in which significant inputs are observable or can bederived principally from, or corroborated by, observable market data.Level 3Level 3 applies to assets or liabilities for which there are unobservable inputs to the valuation methodology that are significant to the measurement ofthe fair value of the assets or liabilities.Revenue recognitionThe Group recognizes revenue when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, delivery has occurred, the sales price is fixed or determinable, andcollectability is reasonably assured. The Group principally derives its revenue from membership subscription services, mobile marketing services,mobile games and other services, including the use of the paid emoticons. (a)Membership subscriptionMembership subscription is a service package which enables members to enjoy additional functions and privileges. The contract period for themembership subscription ranges from one month to one year. All membership subscription is nonrefundable. The Group collects membershipsubscription in advance and records it as deferred revenue. Revenue is recognized ratably over the contract period for the membershipsubscription services.Net revenues of $2,808, $29,756 and $58,462 were recognized for membership subscription for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and2015, respectively. (b)Mobile marketingThe Group provides advertising and marketing solutions to customers for promotion of their brands and conduction of effective marketingactivities through its mobile application. F-21Table of ContentsMOMO INC.NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continuedFOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2013, 2014 AND 2015(In U.S. dollars in thousands, except share data) 2.SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES - continuedRevenue recognition - continued (b)Mobile marketing - continued Display-based mobile marketing servicesFor display-based online advertising services such as banners and location-based advertising on the mobile applications, the Group recognizesrevenue ratably over the period that the advertising is provided commencing on the date the customer’s advertisement is displayed, or on thenumber of times that the advertisement has been displayed for cost per thousand impressions advertising arrangements.Performance-based mobile marketing servicesThe Group enables advertising customers to place link on its mobile platform on a pay-for-effectiveness basis, which is referred to as the cost forperformance model. The Group charges fees to advertising customers based on the effectiveness of advertising links, which is measured by activeclicks. Revenue is estimated by the Group based on its internal data, which is confirmed with respective customers.The Group’s revenue transactions are based on standard business terms and conditions, which are recognized net of agency rebates, if applicable.Net revenues of $12, $1,975 and $38,885 were recognized for mobile marketing for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015,respectively. (c)Mobile gamesThe Group publishes both licensed mobile games developed by third-party game developers and its self-developed game to the game playersthrough its mobile application.Licensed mobile gamesThe Group generates revenue from offering services of mobile games developed by third-party game developers. All of the licensed games can beaccessed and played by game players directly through the Group’s mobile game platform. The Group primarily views the game developers to beits customers and considers its responsibility under its agreements with the game developers to be promotion of the game developers’ games. TheGroup generally collects payments from game players in connection with the sale of in-game currencies and remits certain agreed-uponpercentages of the proceeds to the game developers and records revenue net of remittances. Purchases of in-game currencies are not refundableafter they have been sold unless there is unused in-game currencies at the time a game is discontinued. Typically, a game will only bediscontinued when the monthly revenue generated by a game becomes consistently insignificant. The Group does not currently expect to payany material cash refunds to game players or game developers in connection with a discontinued game. F-22Table of ContentsMOMO INC.NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continuedFOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2013, 2014 AND 2015(In U.S. dollars in thousands, except share data) 2.SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES - continuedRevenue recognition - continued (c)Mobile games - continued Licensed mobile games - Non-exclusive mobile games servicesThe Group enters into non-exclusive agreements with the game developers and offers the Group’s mobile game platform for the mobile gamesdeveloped by the game developers. The Group has determined that it has no additional performance obligation to the developers or gameplayers upon players’ completion of the corresponding in-game purchase. Therefore, revenues from the sale of in-game currencies are primarilyrecorded net of remittances to game developers and commission fees made to third-party application stores and other payment channels anddeferred until the estimated consumption date by individual game (i.e., the estimated date in-game currencies are consumed within the game),which is typically within a short period of time ranging from one to six days after the purchase of the in-game currencies.Licensed mobile games - Exclusive mobile games servicesThe Group enters into exclusive agreements with the game developers and provides the Group’s mobile game platform for the mobile gamesdeveloped by the game developers. Under the exclusive agreements, the players can access to the games only through the Group’s platform. TheGroup has determined that it is obligated to provide mobile games services to game players who purchased virtual items to gain an enhancedgame-playing experience over an average period of player relationship. Hence, the Group believes that its performance for, and obligation to, thegame developers correspond to the game developers’ services to the players. The Group does not have access to the data on the consumptiondetails and the types of virtual items purchased by the game players. Therefore, the Group cannot estimate the economic life of the virtual item.However, the Group maintains data of when a particular player purchases the virtual items and logs into the games. The Group has adopted apolicy to recognize revenues net of remittances to game developers and commission fees made to third-party application stores and otherpayment channels over the estimated period of player relationship on a game-by-game basis. As of December 31, 2014 and 2015, the Companyoperated three and seven games under exclusive arrangements and the estimated periods of the player relationship is in a range of 45 to 69 and20 to 75 days, respectively.Self-developed mobile gameIn February 2015, the Group launched one self-developed game on its platform and started to generate revenues by in-game sales of virtual item.The Group has determined that an obligation exists to the players who purchased the virtual items to gain an enhanced game-playing experienceover the playing period of the paying players, and accordingly, recognized the revenues ratably over the estimated average period of playerrelationship starting from the point in time when the players purchase the virtual items, and all other revenue recognition criteria are met. Theestimated average period of player relationship of the self-developed game is 56 days during the year presented. F-23Table of ContentsMOMO INC.NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continuedFOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2013, 2014 AND 2015(In U.S. dollars in thousands, except share data) 2.SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES - continuedRevenue recognition - continued (c)Mobile games - continuedSelf-developed mobile game - continued Revenues derived from the self-developed game are recorded on a gross basis as the Group acts as a principal to fulfill all obligations related tothe mobile game operation. Commission fees paid to third-party application stores and other payment channels are recorded as cost of revenues.Net revenues of $92, $11,237 and $31,082 were recognized for mobile games for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015,respectively. (d)Paid emoticonsAll paid emoticons are durable with indefinite lives and each of them is effective upon purchase payment made by a user and completedownload. The price of each emoticon is fixed and identifiable. The revenue is recognized ratably over the estimated usage life of the emoticon(i.e. 180 days) by the user from the date the emoticon is downloaded.The Group reassesses the estimated lives periodically. If there are indications of any significant changes to their estimated lives, the revisedestimates will be applied prospectively in the period of change to all existing emoticons which are not totally amortized.Net revenues of $217, $1,787 and $3,698 were recognized for the use of emoticons on its platform for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014and 2015, respectively.Advertising barter transactionsThe Group engages in barter transactions where it trades advertising resources with certain third parties for other advertising resources. The Grouprecognizes revenues and expenses at fair value only if the fair value of the services exchanged in the transaction is determinable based on the Group’sown historical practice of receiving cash or other consideration that is readily convertible to a known amount of cash for similar advertising resourcesfrom customers unrelated to the party in the barter transaction. The Group engaged in advertising barter transactions with independent counterparties,for which the Group shall display the counterparty’s brand or product promotion information in exchange for advertising to be displayed on thecounterparty’s advertising media. The fair value of the transactions were not determinable due to the lack of the Group’s similar historical practice.Therefore, the advertising barter transactions shall be recorded based on the carrying amount of the advertising surrendered, which is the estimated costto be incurred. For the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, the Group did not record any expenses or revenue because the estimated cost tobe incurred is insignificant. F-24Table of ContentsMOMO INC.NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continuedFOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2013, 2014 AND 2015(In U.S. dollars in thousands, except share data) 2.SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES - continued Deferred revenueDeferred revenue primarily includes cash received in advance from users and advertising customers. The unused cash balances remaining in users’ andadvertising customers’ accounts are recorded as a liability. Deferred revenue related to prepayments from users and advertising customers will berecognized as revenue when all of the revenue recognition criteria are met.Cost of revenuesCost of revenues consist of expenditures incurred in the generation of the Group’s revenues, including but not limited to salaries and benefits paid toemployee, commission fee paid to third-party application stores and other payment channels except for those paid related to licensed mobile gameswhich are recorded net of revenue, bandwidth costs, short messaging service charges, and depreciation. These costs are expensed as incurred except forthe direct and incremental platform commission fees to third-party which are deferred in “Prepaid expenses and other current assets” on theconsolidated balance sheets. The deferred platform commissions are recognized in the consolidated statements of operations in “Cost of revenues” inthe period in which the related revenues are recognized.Government subsidiesThe Group records such government subsidies as a liability when it is received and records it as other operating income when there is no furtherperformance obligation.The Group received government subsidies $330, $nil and $nil in relation to a government sponsored project on development and research of games forthe years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively, and recorded $nil, $nil and $nil government subsidies as other operating income forthe years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively.Research and development expensesResearch and development expenses primarily consist of (i) salaries and benefits for research and development personnel, and (ii) office rental, generalexpenses and depreciation expenses associated with the research and development activities. The Group’s research and development activitiesprimarily consist of the research and development of new features for its mobile platform and its self-developed mobile games. The Group has expensedall research and development expenses when incurred. F-25Table of ContentsMOMO INC.NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continuedFOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2013, 2014 AND 2015(In U.S. dollars in thousands, except share data) 2.SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES - continued Value added taxesEntities that are VAT general taxpayers are allowed to offset qualified input VAT paid to suppliers against their output VAT liabilities. Net VATbalance between input VAT and output VAT is recorded in the line item of accrued expenses and other current liabilities on the consolidated balancesheets. VAT is also reported as a deduction to revenue when incurred and amounted to $392, $5,436 and $16,951 for the years ended December 31,2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively.Income taxesCurrent income taxes are provided for in accordance with the laws of the relevant tax authorities. Deferred income taxes are recognized when temporarydifferences exist between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their reported amounts in the consolidated financial statements. Net operating losscarry forwards and credits are applied using enacted statutory tax rates applicable to future years. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuationallowance when, in the opinion of management, it is more-likely-than-not that a portion of or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Thecomponents of the deferred tax assets and liabilities are individually classified as current and non-current based on their characteristics.The impact of an uncertain income tax position on the income tax return is recognized at the largest amount that is more-likely-than-not to besustained upon audit by the relevant tax authority. An uncertain income tax position will not be recognized if it has less than a 50% likelihood ofbeing sustained. Interest and penalties on income taxes will be classified as a component of the provisions for income taxes. The Group recognizeincome tax expense amounted to $nil, $nil and $92 for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively. F-26Table of ContentsMOMO INC.NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continuedFOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2013, 2014 AND 2015(In U.S. dollars in thousands, except share data) 2.SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES - continued Foreign currency translationThe functional and reporting currency of the Company is the United States dollar (“U.S. dollar”). The financial records of the Group’s subsidiaries, VIEand VIE’s subsidiaries located in the PRC are maintained in their local currencies, the RMB, which are also the functional currencies of these entities.Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than the functional currency are translated into the functional currency at the rates ofexchange ruling at the balance sheet date. Transactions in currencies other than the functional currency during the year are converted into functionalcurrency at the applicable rates of exchange prevailing when the transactions occurred. Transaction gains and losses are recognized in the statement ofoperations.The Group’s entities with functional currency of RMB, translate their operating results and financial positions into the U.S. dollar, the Group’sreporting currency. Assets and liabilities are translated using the exchange rates in effect on the balance sheet date. Revenues, expenses, gains andlosses are translated using the average rate for the year. Translation adjustments are report as cumulative translation adjustments and are shown as aseparate component of comprehensive loss.Operating leasesLeases where the rewards and risks of ownership of assets primarily remain with the lessor are accounted for as operating leases. Payments made underoperating leases are charged to the consolidated statements of operations on a straight-line basis over the lease periods.Advertising expensesThe Group expenses advertising expenses as incurred. Total advertising expenses incurred were $1,162, $27,408 and $27,793 for the years endedDecember 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively, and have been included in sales and marketing expenses in the consolidated statements ofoperations.Comprehensive (loss) incomeComprehensive (loss) income includes net (loss) income and foreign currency translation adjustments. Comprehensive (loss) income is reported in theconsolidated statements of comprehensive (loss) income. F-27Table of ContentsMOMO INC.NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continuedFOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2013, 2014 AND 2015(In U.S. dollars in thousands, except share data) 2.SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES - continued Share-based compensationShare-based payment transactions with employees and executives are measured based on the grant date fair value of the equity instrument issued andrecognized as compensation expense net of a forfeiture rate on a straight-line basis, over the requisite service period, with a corresponding impactreflected in additional paid-in capital.Share awards issued to nonemployees are measured at fair value at the earlier of the commitment date or the date the services is completed andrecognized over the period the service is provided.The estimate of forfeiture rate will be adjusted over the requisite service period to the extent that actual forfeiture rate differs, or is expected to differ,from such estimates. Changes in estimated forfeiture rate will be recognized through a cumulative catch-up adjustment in the period of change.Earnings (loss) per shareBasic earnings (loss) per ordinary share is computed by dividing net income (loss) attributable to ordinary shareholders by the weighted averagenumber of ordinary shares outstanding during the period.The Group’s convertible redeemable participating preferred shares are participating securities as they participate in undistributed earnings on an as-if-converted basis. The Group determined that the nonvested restricted shares are participating securities as the holders of the nonvested restricted shareshave a nonforfeitable right to receive dividends with all ordinary shares but the nonvested restricted shares do not have a contractual obligation tofund or otherwise absorb the Company’s losses. Accordingly, the Group uses the two-class method whereby undistributed net income is allocated on apro rata basis to the ordinary shares, preferred shares and nonvested restricted shares to the extent that each class may share in income for the period;whereas the undistributed net loss for the period is allocated to ordinary shares only because the convertible redeemable participating preferred sharesand nonvested restricted shares are not contractually obligated to share the loss.Diluted earnings (loss) per ordinary share reflects the potential dilution that could occur if securities were exercised or converted into ordinary shares.The Group had convertible redeemable participating preferred shares, and share options, which could potentially dilute basic earnings (loss) per sharein the future. To calculate the number of shares for diluted earnings (loss) per ordinary share, the effect of the convertible redeemable participatingpreferred shares is computed using the as-if-converted method; the effect of the share options is computed using the treasury stock method. F-28Table of ContentsMOMO INC.NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continuedFOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2013, 2014 AND 2015(In U.S. dollars in thousands, except share data) 2.SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES - continued Recent accounting pronouncements adoptedIn February 2015, the FASB issued a new pronouncement ASU 2015-02 which is intended to improve targeted areas of consolidation guidance forlegal entities such as limited partnerships, limited liability corporations, and securitization structures (collateralized debt obligations, collateralizedloan obligations, and mortgage-backed security transactions). The ASU focuses on the consolidation evaluation for reporting organizations (publicand private companies and not-for-profit organizations) that are required to evaluate whether they should consolidate certain legal entities. In additionto reducing the number of consolidation models from four to two, the new standard simplifies the FASB Accounting Standards Codification(“Codification”) and improves current GAAP by: • Placing more emphasis on risk of loss when determining a controlling financial interest. A reporting organization may no longer have toconsolidate a legal entity in certain circumstances based solely on its fee arrangement, when certain criteria are met. • Reducing the frequency of the application of related-party guidance when determining a controlling financial interest in a variable interestentity (VIE). • Changing consolidation conclusions for public and private companies in several industries that typically make use of limited partnerships orVIEs.The ASU is effective for periods beginning after December 15, 2015, for public companies. Early adoption is permitted, including adoption in aninterim period. The Company early adopted this guidance. The adoption of this guidance did not have a significant effect on the Group’s consolidatedfinancial statements.Recent accounting pronouncements not yet adoptedIn May 2014, the FASB issued, ASU 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606)”. The guidance substantially converges finalstandards on revenue recognition between the FASB and the International Accounting Standards Board providing a framework on addressing revenuerecognition issues and, upon its effective date, replaces almost all exiting revenue recognition guidance, including industry-specific guidance, incurrent U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.The core principle of the guidance is that an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in anamount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. To achieve that core principle,an entity should apply the following steps: • Step 1: Identify the contract (s) with a customer. • Step 2: Identify the performance obligations in the contract. • Step 3: Determine the transaction price. • Step 4: Allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract. • Step 5: Recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation. F-29Table of ContentsMOMO INC.NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continuedFOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2013, 2014 AND 2015(In U.S. dollars in thousands, except share data) 2.SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES - continuedRecent accounting pronouncements not yet adopted - continued In August 2015, FASB issued its final standard formally amending the effective date of the new revenue recognition guidance. The amendments in thisASU are effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within that reporting period. Earlierapplication is permitted only as of annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016, including interim reporting periods within thatreporting period. The new revenue guidance may be applied retrospectively to each prior period presented or retrospectively with the cumulative effectrecognized as of the date of adoption. The Group is in the process of evaluating the impact of adoption of this guidance on its consolidated financialstatements.In November, 2015, the FASB issued a new pronouncement ASU 2015-17 which changes how deferred taxes are classified on organizations’ balancesheets.The ASU eliminates the current requirement for organizations to present deferred tax liabilities and assets as current and noncurrent in a classifiedbalance sheet. Instead, organizations will be required to classify all deferred tax assets and liabilities as noncurrent.The amendments apply to all organizations that present a classified balance sheet. For public companies, the amendments are effective for financialstatements issued for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016, and interim periods within those annual periods. Earlier application ispermitted for all entities as of the beginning of an interim or annual reporting period. This ASU may be applied prospectively to all deferred taxliabilities and assets or retrospectively to all periods presented. The Group does not expect the adoption of this guidance will have a significant effecton the Group’s consolidated financial statements.In January, 2016, the FASB issued a new pronouncement ASU 2016-01 which is intended to improve the recognition and measurement of financialinstruments. The ASU affects public and private companies, not-for-profit organizations, and employee benefit plans that hold financial assets or owefinancial liabilities.The new guidance makes targeted improvements to existing U.S. GAAP by: • Requiring equity investments (except those accounted for under the equity method of accounting, or those that result in consolidation of theinvestee) to be measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in net income; • Requiring public business entities to use the exit price notion when measuring the fair value of financial instruments for disclosure purposes; • Requiring separate presentation of financial assets and financial liabilities by measurement category and form of financial asset (i.e., securities orloans and receivables) on the balance sheet or the accompanying notes to the financial statements; F-30Table of ContentsMOMO INC.NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continuedFOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2013, 2014 AND 2015(In U.S. dollars in thousands, except share data) 2.SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES - continuedRecent accounting pronouncements not yet adopted - continued • Eliminating the requirement to disclose the fair value of financial instruments measured at amortized cost for organizations that are not publicbusiness entities; • Eliminating the requirement for public business entities to disclose the method(s) and significant assumptions used to estimate the fair value thatis required to be disclosed for financial instruments measured at amortized cost on the balance sheet; and • Requiring a reporting organization to present separately in other comprehensive income the portion of the total change in the fair value of aliability resulting from a change in the instrument-specific credit risk (also referred to as “own credit”) when the organization has elected tomeasure the liability at fair value in accordance with the fair value option for financial instruments.The new guidance is effective for public companies for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscalyears. The new guidance permits early adoption of the own credit provision. Adoption of the amendment must be applied by means of a cumulative-effect adjustment to the balance sheet as of the beginning of the fiscal year of adoption, except for amendments related to equity instruments that donot have readily determinable fair values which should be applied prospectively. The Group does not expect the adoption of this guidance will have asignificant effect on the Group’s consolidated financial statements.In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842). The guidance supersedes existing guidance on accounting for leases withthe main difference being that operating leases are to be recorded in the statement of financial position as right-of-use assets and lease liabilities,initially measured at the present value of the lease payments. For operating leases with a term of 12 months or less, a lessee is permitted to make anaccounting policy election not to recognize lease assets and liabilities. For public business entities, the guidance is effective for fiscal years beginningafter December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early application of the guidance is permitted. In transition, entities arerequired to recognize and measure leases at the beginning of the earliest period presented using a modified retrospective approach. The Group is in theprocess of evaluating the impact that this guidance will have on its consolidated financial statements.In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-09, Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718). The new guidance simplifies certain aspects relatedto income taxes, statement of cash flows, and forfeitures when accounting for share-based payment transactions. This new guidance will be effective forthe Company for the first reporting period beginning after December 15, 2016, with earlier adoption permitted. Certain of the amendments related totiming of the recognition of tax benefits and tax withholding requirements should be applied using a modified retrospective transition method.Amendments related to the presentation of the statement of cash flows should be applied retrospectively. All other provisions may be applied on aprospective or modified retrospective basis. The Company is in the process of evaluating the impacts of the adoption of this ASU. 3.ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE, NETAccounts receivable, net consisted of the following: As of December 31, 2014 2015 Accounts receivable $7,038 $14,896 Less: allowance for doubtful accounts — — Accounts receivable, net $7,038 $14,896 F-31Table of ContentsMOMO INC.NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continuedFOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2013, 2014 AND 2015(In U.S. dollars in thousands, except share data) 4.PREPAID EXPENSES AND OTHER CURRENT ASSETSPrepaid expenses and other current assets consisted of the following: As of December 31, 2014 2015 Interest receivable (i) $368 $5,412 Advance to game developers 2,894 4,200 VAT input (ii) 2,173 3,485 Deferred platform commission cost 1,878 2,424 Prepaid expenses 416 1,620 Advance to advertisement suppliers 3 296 Prepaid rental expenses 35 189 Rental deposit 2 29 Others 240 642 $8,009 $18,297 (i)Interest receivable represented the interests from cash and cash equivalents and term deposits which have not been received by the Group as ofyear end. (ii)VAT input mainly occurred from the purchasing of property and equipment and advertising activities. It is subject to verification by related taxauthorities before offsetting the VAT output. 5.LONG TERM INVESTMENTS As of December 31, 2014 2015 Equity method investments Jingwei Chuangteng (Hangzhou) L.P. (i) — 3,836 Beijing Autobot Venture Capital L.P. (ii) — 4,898 Hangzhou Aqua Ventures Investment Management L.P. (iii) — 7,632 Others (iv) 483 1,060 Cost method investments (v) 1,277 1,892 $1,760 $19,318 F-32Table of ContentsMOMO INC.NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continuedFOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2013, 2014 AND 2015(In U.S. dollars in thousands, except share data) 5.LONG TERM INVESTMENTS - continued Equity method investments (i)On January 9, 2015, the Group entered into a partnership agreement to subscribe partnership interest, as a limited partner, in Jingwei Chuangteng(Hangzhou) L.P. (“Jingwei”). According to the partnership agreement, the Group committed to subscribe 4.9% partnership interest in Jingwei at$4,744. Due to Jingwei’s further rounds of financing, the Group’s partnership interest was diluted to 3.1% as of December 31, 2015. Of thecommitted subscription amount, $3,586 had been paid as of December 31, 2015. The Group recognized its share of partnership profit in Jingweiof $366 during the year ended December 31, 2015. (ii)On February 13, 2015, the Group entered into a partnership agreement to subscribe partnership interest, as a limited partner, in Beijing AutobotVenture Capital L.P. (“Autobot”). According to the partnership agreement, the Group committed to subscribe 31.9% partnership interest inAutobot at $4,823. Due to Autobot’s further round of financing, the Group’s partnership interest was diluted to 29.7% as of December 31, 2015.The committed subscription amount had been paid as of December 31, 2015. The Group recognized its share of partnership profit in Autobot of$274 during the year ended December 31, 2015. (iii)In September 2015, the Group invested $7,930 to Hangzhou Aqua Ventures Investment Management L.P. (“Aqua”) for its 42.7% partnershipinterest, as a limited partner. The Group recognized its share of partnership loss in Aqua of $89 during the year ended December 31, 2015. (iv)Others represents other equity method investments with individual carrying amount less than $1,000 as of December 31, 2014 and 2015,respectively.Cost method investments (v)As of December 31, 2014 and 2015, the Group accounted for several equity investments by cost method in which the Group’s equity percentagewas less than 20% and the Group did not have significant influence. All such cost method investments have an individual carrying amount lessthan $1,000.The Group determined that there was no impairment on the above investments during the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015,respectively. F-33Table of ContentsMOMO INC.NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continuedFOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2013, 2014 AND 2015(In U.S. dollars in thousands, except share data) 6.PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT, NETProperty and equipment, net consisted of the following: As of December 31, 2014 2015 Computer equipment $9,753 $20,177 Office equipment 1,282 3,073 Vehicles 35 34 Leasehold improvement 2,576 2,914 Less: accumulated depreciation (3,794) (10,440) Exchange difference 84 501 $9,936 $16,259 Depreciation expenses charged to the consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015 were $842, $2,805and $6,646, respectively. 7.ACCRUED EXPENSES AND OTHER CURRENT LIABILITIESAccrued expenses and other current liabilities consisted of the following: As of December 31, 2014 2015 Payable to employees for exercise of share options $— $11,297 Accrued payroll and welfare 3,693 7,406 Payable for advertisement 1,670 2,718 Other tax payables 195 1,517 Accrued services fee 2,984 1,506 Deferred ADR deposit income — 617 VAT payable 63 550 Deferred government subsidy 330 330 Accrued rental expense 266 12 Others 214 741 Total $9,415 $26,694 F-34Table of ContentsMOMO INC.NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continuedFOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2013, 2014 AND 2015(In U.S. dollars in thousands, except share data) 8.FAIR VALUEMeasured on recurring basisThe Group measured its financial assets and liabilities including the cash and cash equivalents at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31,2014 and 2015. Cash and cash equivalents are classified within Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy because they are valued based on the quoted marketprice in an active market.The Group did not have Level 2 and Level 3 investments as of December 31, 2014 and 2015, respectively.Measured on nonrecurring basisLong term investments are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis and they are recorded at fair value only when an impairment is recognized. 9.INCOME TAXESCaymanIn July 2014, the Company was redomiciled in the Cayman Islands as an exempted company registered under the laws of the Cayman Islands. Underthe current laws of the Cayman Islands, it is not subject to tax on either income or capital gain.BVIMomo BVI is a tax-exempted company incorporated in the BVI.The United States (“US”)Momo US is incorporated in the US and is subject to state income tax and federal income tax at different tax rates, depending upon taxable incomelevels. Momo US did not have taxable income and no income tax expense was provided for the year ended December 31, 2015.Hong KongMomo HK was established in Hong Kong and is subject to Hong Kong Profits Tax at 16.5% on its profits of business carried on in Hong Kong. F-35Table of ContentsMOMO INC.NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continuedFOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2013, 2014 AND 2015(In U.S. dollars in thousands, except share data) 9.INCOME TAXES - continued PRCIn August 2014, Beijing Momo IT was qualified as a software enterprise. As such, Beijing Momo IT will be exempt from income taxes for two yearsbeginning in its first profitable year followed by a tax rate of 12.5% for the succeeding three years. For the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2014,as Beijing Momo IT was in accumulated loss position, the applicable tax rate was 25%. Beijing Momo IT enjoyed two-year income tax exemptionsstarting from 2015 to 2016, followed by a reduced income tax rate of 12.5% for the subsequent three years from 2017 to 2019.Chengdu Momo was qualified as a western China development enterprise and the income tax rate was 15% in 2014. Chengdu Momo applied the sameincome tax rate in 2015 and the renewal of western China development enterprise status is pending for related tax authorities’ final approval.The other entities incorporated in the PRC are subject to an enterprise income tax at a rate of 25%.Under the EIT Law and its implementation rules which became effective on January 1, 2008, dividends generated after January 1, 2008 and payable byforeign-invested enterprise in the PRC to its foreign investors who are non-resident enterprises are subject to a 10% withholding tax, unless any suchforeign investor’s jurisdiction of incorporation has a tax treaty with PRC that provides for a different withholding arrangement. Under the taxationarrangement between the PRC and Hong Kong, a qualified Hong Kong tax resident which is the “beneficial owner” and directly holds 25% or more ofthe equity interest in a PRC resident enterprise is entitled to a reduced withholding tax rate of 5%. Cayman, where the Company is incorporated, doesnot have a tax treaty with PRC.Since January 1, 2011, the relevant tax authorities of the Group’s subsidiaries have not conducted a tax examination on the Group’s PRC entities. Inaccordance with relevant PRC tax administration laws, tax years from 2013 to 2015 of the Group’s PRC subsidiary, VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries, remainsubject to tax audits as of December 31, 2015, at the tax authority’s discretion.Uncertainties exist with respect to how the current income tax law in the PRC applies to the Group’s overall operations, and more specifically, withregard to tax residency status. The EIT Law includes a provision specifying that legal entities organized outside of the PRC will be consideredresidents for Chinese income tax purposes if the place of effective management or control is within the PRC. The implementation rules to the EIT Lawprovide that non-resident legal entities will be considered China residents if substantial and overall management and control over the manufacturingand business operations, personnel, accounting, properties, etc., occurs within the PRC. Despite the present uncertainties resulting from the limitedPRC tax guidance on the issue, the Group does not believe that the legal entities organized outside of the PRC within the Group should be treated asresidents for EIT law purposes. If the PRC tax authorities subsequently determine that the Company and its subsidiaries registered outside the PRCshould be deemed resident enterprises, the Company and its subsidiaries registered outside the PRC will be subject to the PRC income taxes, at a rateof 25%. F-36Table of ContentsMOMO INC.NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continuedFOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2013, 2014 AND 2015(In U.S. dollars in thousands, except share data) 9.INCOME TAXES - continuedPRC - continued Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amount of assets and liabilities for financial reportingpurposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. Significant components of the Group’s deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows: As of December 31, 2014 2015 Current deferred tax assets: Accrued payroll $916 $— Accrued expenses — — Less: valuation allowance (916) — Current deferred tax assets, net — — Non-current deferred tax assets: Advertising expense 3,863 2,651 Net operating tax losses carry-forward 3,068 2,881 Less: valuation allowance (6,931) (5,532) Non-current deferred tax assets, net $— $— On May 8, 2015, China State Administration of Taxation issued a guidance (Bulletin [2015] No. 34) to clarify the deduction of payroll expenses andemployee welfare expenses for enterprise income tax purposes. Based on the guidance, payroll expenses accrued in a calendar year may be deducted inthe annual tax return for that year if the salaries are actually paid before the final annual enterprise income tax settlement. The majority of the Group’spayroll expenses accrued in the year ended December 31, 2015 has been paid in the following year and the remaining is expected to be paid before theannual tax return, therefore it did not record the deferred tax assets arising from the accrued payroll as of December 31, 2015.The Group considers the following factors, among other matters, when determining whether some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will morelikely than not be realized: the nature, frequency and severity of recent losses, forecasts of future profitability, the duration of statutory carry-forwardperiods, the Group’s experience with tax attributes expiring unused and tax planning alternatives. The Group’s ability to realize deferred tax assetsdepends on its ability to generate sufficient taxable income within the carry-forward periods provided for in the tax law.As of December 31, 2015, the tax loss carry-forward for Beijing Momo and its subsidiaries amounted to $3,846, which would expire on various datesbetween December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2020. As of December 31, 2015, the tax loss carry-forward for Momo HK amounted to $178, whichwould be carried forward indefinitely and set off against its future taxable profits. As of December 31, 2015, the tax loss carry-forward for Momo USamounted to $5,399, which would be carried forward for twenty years. The Group does not file combined or consolidated tax returns, therefore, lossesfrom individual subsidiaries or the VIE may not be used to offset other subsidiaries’ or VIE’s earnings within the Group. Valuation allowance isconsidered on each individual subsidiary and legal entity basis. Valuation allowances have been established in respect of certain deferred tax assets asit is considered more likely than not that the relevant deferred tax assets will not be realized in the foreseeable future. F-37Table of ContentsMOMO INC.NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continuedFOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2013, 2014 AND 2015(In U.S. dollars in thousands, except share data) 9.INCOME TAXES - continuedPRC - continued Reconciliation between the expense (benefit) of income taxes computed by applying the PRC tax rate to (loss) income before income taxes and theactual provision for income taxes is as follows: For the years ended December 31, 2013 2014 2015 Net (loss) income before provision for income tax $(9,326) $(25,415) $13,419 PRC statutory tax rate 25% 25% 25% Income tax (benefit) expense at statutory tax rate (2,332) (6,354) 3,355 Permanent differences (285) 99 (144) Change in valuation allowance 2,355 4,560 (2,315) Effect of income tax rate difference in other jurisdictions 262 1,695 2,754 Effect of tax holidays and preferential tax rates — — (3,558) Provision for income tax — — 92 No significant unrecognized tax benefits was identified for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015. The Group did not incur any interestand penalties related to potential underpaid income tax expenses and also believed that uncertainty in income taxes did not have a significant impacton the unrecognized tax benefits within next twelve months. 10.ORDINARY SHARESOn November 23, 2011, the Company was authorized to issue a maximum 500,000,000 shares of a single class and issued 147,000,000 ordinary shareswith a par value of $0.0001.On April 12, 2012, the authorized 500,000,000 shares were divided into 446,545,450 ordinary shares and 53,454,550 preferred shares in connectionwith the issuance of Series A-1 and A-2 convertible redeemable participating preferred shares.In April 2012, the Company’s four founding shareholders entered into an arrangement with the investor in conjunction with the issuance of Series Aconvertible redeemable participating preferred shares, whereby all of their 147,000,000 ordinary shares (“Founders’ shares”) became subject to serviceand transfer restrictions. Such Founders’ shares are subject to repurchase by the Company upon early termination of four years of employment of fourfounders from April 2012. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Founders shall exercise all rights and privileges of a holder of ordinary shares of theCompany with respect to the Founders’ shares. The Founders shall be deemed to be the holder for purposes of receiving any dividends that may be paidwith respect to the Founders’ shares and for the purpose of exercising any voting rights relating to the Founders’ shares, even if some or all of Founders’shares have not yet vested and been released from the repurchase rights. Please refer to Note 12 for disclosure of nonvested restricted shares. F-38Table of ContentsMOMO INC.NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continuedFOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2013, 2014 AND 2015(In U.S. dollars in thousands, except share data) 10.ORDINARY SHARES - continued On June 11, 2012, the Company decreased its authorized ordinary shares from 446,545,450 shares to 426,747,470 shares in connection with theissuance of Series A-3 convertible redeemable participating preferred shares.On July 13, 2012, the Company decreased its authorized ordinary shares from 426,747,470 shares to 366,789,830 shares in connection with theissuance of Series B convertible redeemable participating preferred shares.On September 12, 2012, a 10-for-1 stock split for all ordinary shares, Series A-1, A-2 and A-3 and Series B convertible redeemable participatingpreferred shares was approved by the shareholders. While the stock split increased the number of shares for each stockholder, the percentage of theirownership in the Company was not affected. This share split has been retrospectively reflected for all periods presented. In addition, the Companyincreased its authorized ordinary shares from 366,789,830 to 371,684,330 in connection with the preferred share transfer between investors.On October 8, 2013, the Company was authorized to issue a maximum 1,000,000,000 shares, which was divided into 835,675,688 ordinary shares and164,324,312 preferred shares in connection with the issuance of Series C convertible redeemable participating preferred shares.On April 22, 2014, the Company was authorized to issue a maximum 1,000,000,000 shares, which was divided into 799,281,189 ordinary shares and200,718,811 preferred shares in connection with the issuance of Series D convertible redeemable participating preferred shares.On April 22, 2014, certain ordinary shareholders who are also the senior management of the Company donated an aggregate of 15,651,589 ordinaryshares to the Company with no consideration. On the same date, the Group declared a special dividend to these shareholders at an aggregated amountof $64,494, among which $58,044 was paid in May 2014. The remaining $6,450 was recorded as amount due to related parties-current, please refer toNote 15 for disclosure of related party balances and transactions. The Company treated the whole transaction as a repurchase of ordinary shares ofwhich the repurchase price is considerably lower than the fair value of ordinary share. All such shares were recorded as treasury stock.On November 28, 2014, the Company was authorized to issue a maximum 1,000,000,000 ordinary shares, which was divided into 800,000,000 Class AOrdinary Shares, 100,000,000 Class B Ordinary Shares and 100,000,000 shares of such class designated as the Board may determine. F-39Table of ContentsMOMO INC.NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continuedFOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2013, 2014 AND 2015(In U.S. dollars in thousands, except share data) 10.ORDINARY SHARES - continued On December 16, 2014, the Company completed its IPO and a concurrent private placement upon which the Company’s ordinary shares were dividedinto Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares. The Company newly issued 45,688,888 Class A ordinary shares, consisting of (i) 36,800,000Class A ordinary shares offered through IPO, and (ii) 8,888,888 Class A ordinary shares issued in connection with the concurrent private placement. Allof the Company’s Series A, Series B, Series C and Series D preferred shares were automatically converted into 200,718,811 Class A ordinary shares.In 2015, 5,995,293 ordinary shares were issued in connection with the exercise of options and vesting of restricted share units previously granted toemployees and non-employees under the Company’s share incentive plan (see Note 12).As of December 31, 2015, there were 286,865,033 Class A ordinary shares and 96,886,370 Class B ordinary shares issued and outstanding, par value$0.0001 per share, of which 4,403,785 and 24,221,593 were non-vested restricted shares, respectively. The holders of these nonvested restricted shareshave a nonforfeitable right to receive dividends with all ordinary shares. 11.CONVERTIBLE REDEEMABLE PARTICIPATING PREFERRED SHARESOn April 12, 2012, the Group entered into the preferred share purchase agreements with a group of investors to issue an aggregate of 53,454,550convertible redeemable participating preferred shares Series A-1 (“Series A-1”) and convertible redeemable participating preferred shares Series A-2(“Series A-2”) to a group of investors for an aggregate consideration of $2,100.On June 11, 2012, the Group entered into the preferred share purchase agreements with a group of investors to issue an aggregate of 19,797,980convertible redeemable participating preferred shares Series A-3 (“Series A-3”) (Series A-1, Series A-2 and Series A-3 are collectively referred to as“Series A”) to a group of investors for a consideration of $4,000.On July 13, 2012, the Group entered into the preferred share purchase agreements with a group of investors to issue an aggregate of 55,063,140convertible redeemable participating preferred shares Series B (“Series B”) to a group of investors for a consideration of $18,006.In July 2012, the Group redesignated 4,894,500 Series A-1 preferred shares held by an old investor into Series B preferred shares, and the old investorthen transferred 4,894,500 Series B preferred shares to a new investor at the purchase price of $0.286 per share for a total consideration of $1,400 incash. Also in January 2013, the Group redesignated another 10,079,373 Series A-1 preferred shares of the same old investor into Series B preferredshares, and the old investor then transferred 10,079,373 Series B preferred shares to the same new investor at the purchase price of $0.425 per share for atotal consideration of $4,280 in cash. The Group did not receive any proceeds for the transfer between the old investor and the new investor, norreceive any consideration for the redesignation for the shares transferred. The Group accounted for such redesignation as an extinguishment of4,894,500 and 10,079,373 Series A-1 preferred shares repurchased and recorded $1,361 and $2,766 as deem dividend for the years ended December 31,2012 and 2013, respectively, based on the difference between the fair value of the consideration transferred to the new investor (i.e., fair value of SeriesB preferred shares) and the carrying amount of such Series A-1 preferred shares. F-40Table of ContentsMOMO INC.NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continuedFOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2013, 2014 AND 2015(In U.S. dollars in thousands, except share data) 11.CONVERTIBLE REDEEMABLE PARTICIPATING PREFERRED SHARES - continued On October 8, 2013, the Group entered into the preferred share purchase agreements with a group of investors to issue an aggregate of 36,008,642convertible redeemable participating preferred shares Series C (“Series C”) to a group of investors for a consideration of $45,000.On April 22, 2014, the Group entered into the preferred share purchase agreements with a group of investors to issue an aggregate of 43,693,356convertible redeemable participating preferred shares Series D (“Series D”) to a group of investors for a consideration of $211,750.On April 22, 2014, the Group entered into the agreements to repurchase 7,298,857 shares of Series A-1 preferred shares from one shareholder for aconsideration of $30,750, which was paid in May 2014. The repurchase amount of $30,293 is in excess of the carrying amount of such Series A-1preferred shares as of April 22, 2014 and was considered as deemed dividend to Series A-1 preferred shareholder and recorded in the accumulateddeficit. All the preferred shares repurchased were cancelled on the same date.On December 16, 2014, Series A, Series B, Series C and Series D preferred shares had been automatically converted into 200,718,811 Class A ordinaryshares after the closing of IPO.Key terms of the preferred shares are summarized as follows:Voting rightsShareholders of the preferred shares are entitled to the number of votes equal to the number of ordinary shares into which such preferred shares could beconverted at the record date.DividendsWhenever a dividend is declared by the board of directors of the Company, the preferred shares holders shall receive, in preference to any dividend onany ordinary shares a cumulative dividend in an amount equal to 8% annually of the Original Issue Price, which was defined as $0.04714, $0.13469,$0.20204, $0.327, $1.2497 and $4.84627 per share for Series A-1, A-2, A-3, B, C and D preferred shares, respectively, as adjusted for stock splits, stockdividends, etc., and shall also participate on an as converted basis with respect to any dividends payable to the ordinary shares. The sequence ofdividend participating right of all series of preferred shares was as follows:(1) Series D(2) Series C(3) Series B(4) Series A-3(5) Series A-1, A-2 F-41Table of ContentsMOMO INC.NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continuedFOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2013, 2014 AND 2015(In U.S. dollars in thousands, except share data) 11.CONVERTIBLE REDEEMABLE PARTICIPATING PREFERRED SHARES - continued Liquidation preferenceIn the event of any liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company, either voluntary or involuntary, distributions to the shareholders of theCompany shall be made in the following manners: (i)Before any distribution or payment shall be made to the holders of any ordinary shares, Series A preferred shares, Series B preferred shares orSeries C preferred shares, each holder of Series D preferred shares shall be entitled to receive an amount equal to one hundred and thirty percent(130%) of the Original Issue Price of Series D preferred shares (adjusted for any share splits, share dividends, combinations, recapitalizations andsimilar transactions), plus all dividends accrued and unpaid with respect thereto (as adjusted for any share splits, share dividends, combinations,recapitalizations and similar transactions) per Series D preferred share then held by such holder. (ii)After distribution or payment in full of the amount distributable or payable pursuant to (i) and before any distribution or payment shall be madeto the holders of any ordinary shares, Series A preferred shares or Series B preferred shares, each holder of Series C preferred shares shall beentitled to receive an amount equal to one hundred and thirty percent (130%) of the Original Issue Price of Series C preferred shares (adjusted forany share splits, share dividends, combinations, recapitalizations and similar transactions), plus all dividends accrued and unpaid with respectthereto (as adjusted for any share splits, share dividends, combinations, recapitalizations and similar transactions) per Series C preferred sharethen held by such holder. (iii)After distribution or payment in full of the amount distributable or payable pursuant to (i) and (ii) and before any distribution or payment shallbe made to the holders of any ordinary shares or Series A preferred shares, each holder of Series B preferred shares shall be entitled to receive anamount equal to one hundred percent (100%) of the Original Issue Price of Series B (adjusted for any share splits, share dividends, combinations,recapitalizations and similar transactions), plus all dividends accrued and unpaid with respect thereto (as adjusted for any share splits, sharedividends, combinations, recapitalizations and similar transactions) per Series B preferred share then held by such holder. (iv)After distribution or payment in full of the amount distributable or payable pursuant to (i), (ii) and (iii) and before any distribution or paymentshall be made to the holders of any ordinary shares, Series A-1 preferred shares or Series A-2 preferred shares, each holder of Series A-3 preferredshares shall be entitled to receive an amount equal to one hundred percent (100%) of the Original Issue Price of Series A-3 (adjusted for any sharesplits, share dividends, combinations, recapitalizations and similar transactions), plus all dividends accrued and unpaid with respect thereto (asadjusted for any share splits, share dividends, combinations, recapitalizations and similar transactions) per Series A-3 preferred share then heldby such holder. F-42Table of ContentsMOMO INC.NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continuedFOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2013, 2014 AND 2015(In U.S. dollars in thousands, except share data) 11.CONVERTIBLE REDEEMABLE PARTICIPATING PREFERRED SHARES - continuedLiquidation preference - continued (v)After distribution or payment in full of the amount distributable or payable pursuant to (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv) and before any distribution orpayment shall be made to the holders of any ordinary shares, each holder of Series A-1 preferred shares and each holder of Series A-2 preferredshares shall be entitled to receive on a pari passu basis an amount equal to one hundred fifty percent (150%) of the Original Issue Price of SeriesA-1 or the Original Issue Price of Series A-2 (as the case may be) (adjusted for any share splits, share dividends, combinations, recapitalizationsand similar transactions), plus all dividends accrued and unpaid with respect thereto (as adjusted for any share splits, share dividends,combinations, recapitalizations and similar transactions) per Series A-1 preferred share or Series A-2 preferred share, as the case may be, then heldby such holder. (vi)After distribution or payment in full of the amount distributable or payable on the preferred shares pursuant to (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) and (v), theremaining assets of the Company available for distribution to shareholders shall first be used to pay any accrued but unpaid dividends on othershares and then be distributed ratably among the holders of outstanding ordinary shares and holders of preferred shares on an as-converted basis.RedemptionAt any time after (i) the fourth (4) anniversary of the closing of the Series D preferred share issuance, each holder of the then outstanding Series Dpreferred shares, or (ii) October 8, 2017, each holder of the then outstanding Series C preferred shares, or (iii) December 31, 2016, each holder of thethen outstanding Series A preferred shares and Series B preferred shares, may require that the Company redeem all of its preferred shares.The redemption price for each Series A-1 and Series A-2 preferred share shall be equal to a price per preferred share which is one hundred and fiftypercent (150%) of the applicable Initial Purchase Price (equal to the applicable Original Issue Price), plus all declared or accrued but unpaid dividendsthereon up until the date of redemption (adjusted for any share splits, share dividends, combinations, recapitalizations or similar transactions).The redemption price for Series A-3, Series B, Series C and Series D preferred shares shall be equal to a price per share which is one hundred andtwenty-five percent (125%) of the applicable Initial Purchase Price (equal to the applicable Original Issue Price), plus all declared or accrued butunpaid dividends thereon up until the date of redemption (adjusted for any share splits, share dividends, combinations, recapitalizations or similartransactions).The Group assesses the probability of redemption and accrues proper accretion over the period from the date of issuance to the earliest redemption dateof Series A-1, Series A-2, Series A-3, Series B, Series C and Series D preferred shares using the effective interest rate method.The Group recognized $5,354, $57,663 and $nil as deemed dividend on Series A, Series B, Series C and Series D preferred shares accretion ofredemption premium for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively. F-43Table of ContentsMOMO INC.NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continuedFOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2013, 2014 AND 2015(In U.S. dollars in thousands, except share data) 11.CONVERTIBLE REDEEMABLE PARTICIPATING PREFERRED SHARES - continued ConversionEach preferred share shall be convertible, at the option of the holder thereof, at any time after the original date of issuance, into such number of fullypaid and nonassessable ordinary shares as determined by dividing the applicable Original Issue Price by then-effective conversion price.The initial conversion ratio was one for one. The conversion price has a standard anti-dilution adjustment term for items such as stock splits andrecapitalization. It also has a down-round provision, under which when the Company issues any additional shares at a price per share that is lower thanthe conversion price per share then in effect, the conversion price per share is adjusted down. There have been no such adjustments to the conversionprice.Each preferred share would automatically be converted into ordinary shares at the then effective conversion price, upon the closing of a Qualified IPO.“Qualified IPO” means a firm commitment underwritten registered public offering by the Company of its ordinary Shares on the NASDAQ NationalMarket System in the United States or Hong Kong or any other exchange in any other jurisdiction (on any combination of such exchanges andjurisdictions) acceptable to the majority preferred shareholders to the Company with aggregate offering proceeds (before deduction of fees,commissions or expenses) to the Company and selling shareholders, if any, of not less than $50,000 (or any cash proceeds of other currency ofequivalent value).The Company has determined that there was no beneficial conversion feature attributable to the various series of preferred shares because the initialconversion prices was higher than the fair value of the Company’s ordinary shares on issue date of each series shares. 12.SHARE-BASED COMPENSATIONShare options granted by the CompanyIn November 2012, the Company adopted a share incentive plan (“2012 Plan”), which was amended in October 2013. The maximum aggregate numberof shares which may be issued pursuant to all awards under the 2012 Plan is 44,758,220 ordinary shares.On November 1, 2012, the Company granted 9,050,000 and 100,000 share options, respectively, to its employees and consultants with exercise pricesof $0.0327 per share, which has a vesting period of 4 years.On October 10, 2013, the Company granted 8,580,000 and 5,500,000 share options to its employees and executives with exercise prices of $0.1404 pershare, which has a vesting period of 4 years. F-44Table of ContentsMOMO INC.NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continuedFOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2012, 2014 AND 2015(In U.S. dollars in thousands, except share data) 12.SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION - continuedShare options granted by the Company - continued On March 1, 2014, the Company granted 4,048,660, 444,866 and 100,000 share options to its executives, employees and consultants, respectively,with exercise prices of $0.1404 per share, which has a vesting period of 4 years.On October 29, 2014, the Company granted 2,963,500 share options to employees with exercise price of $0.0002 per share and vesting period of 4years.In November, 2014, the Company adopted the 2014 share incentive plan (“2014 Plan”), pursuant to which a maximum aggregate of 14,031,194 ClassA ordinary shares may be issued pursuant to all awards granted thereunder. Beginning in 2017, the number of shares reserved for future issuances underthe 2014 Plan will be increased by a number equal to 1.5% of the total number of outstanding shares on the last day of the immediately precedingcalendar year, or such lesser number of Class A ordinary shares as determined by the Company’s board of directors, on the first day of each calendaryear during the term of the 2014 Plan. With the adoption of the 2014 Plan, the Company will no longer grant any incentive shares under the 2012 Plan.On April 22, 2015, the Company granted 1,680,800 and 1,294,597 share options, respectively, to its employees and executives with exercise price of$0.0002 per share and vesting period of 4 years.On May 4, 2015, the Company granted 2,752,000 share options to employees with exercise price of $0.0002 per share and vesting period of 4 years.On August 13, 2015, the Company granted 476,000 share options to its employees with exercise price of $0.0002 per share and vesting period of 4years.On October 15, 2015, the Company granted 1,450,000 share options to its employees with exercise price of $0.0002 per share and vesting period of 2years, and 85,525 share options to its employees with exercise price of $0.0002 per share and vesting period of 4 years.On November 13, 2015, the Company granted 93,000 share options to its employees with exercise price of $0.0002 per share and vesting period of 4years.The following table summarizes information regarding the share options granted: For the years ended December 31, 2013 2014 2015 Number ofoptions Weightedaverageexercise priceper option Weightedaverage fairvalue per optionat grant date Number ofoptions Weightedaverageexercise priceper option Weightedaverage fairvalue per optionat grant date Number ofoptions Weightedaverageexercise priceper option Weightedaverage fairvalue per optionat grant date Outstanding atbeginning ofperiod 9,150,000 $0.0327 $0.1600 23,230,000 $0.0980 $0.2412 30,720,026 $0.0948 $1.4101 Granted 14,080,000 $0.1404 $0.2939 7,557,026 $0.0854 $4.9994 7,831,922 $0.0002 $5.9341 Exercised — — — — — — (5,955,292) $0.0700 $0.7297 Forfeited — — — (67,000) $0.1258 $0.9649 (1,512,650) $0.0746 $2.8249 Outstanding at endof period 23,230,000 $0.0980 $0.2412 30,720,026 $0.0948 $1.4101 31,084,006 $0.0767 $2.6115 F-45Table of ContentsMOMO INC.NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continuedFOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2013, 2014 AND 2015(In U.S. dollars in thousands, except share data) 12.SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION - continuedShare options granted by the Company - continued There were 10,523,476 vested options, and 19,444,347 options expected to vest as of December 31, 2015. For options expected to vest, the weighted-average exercise price is $0.0660 as of December 31, 2015 and aggregate intrinsic value is $7,227, $133,569 and $154,465 as of December 31, 2013,2014 and 2015, respectively.In May 2015, the Company accelerated the vesting to permit immediate exercise for 235,000 outstanding employee share options granted under the2012 Plan. The incremental cost resulting from the modification amounted to $162 for the acceleration for the year end of December 31, 2015.The following table summarizes information with respect to share options outstanding as of December 31, 2015: Options outstanding Options exercisable Numberoutstanding Weightedaverageremainingcontractual term Exercise priceper option Aggregate intrinsicvalue as ofDecember 31, 2015 Numberexercisable Exercise priceper option Aggregate intrinsicvalue as ofDecember 31, 2015 November 1, 2012 5,620,990 6.84 $0.0327 $44,840 3,433,490 $0.0327 $27,390 October 10, 2013 11,292,400 7.78 $0.1404 $88,867 4,952,400 $0.1404 $38,973 March 01, 2014 4,370,758 8.16 $0.1404 $34,396 1,854,400 $0.1404 $14,593 October 29, 2014 2,244,736 8.83 $0.0002 $17,980 283,186 $0.0002 $2,268 April 22, 2015 2,910,597 9.31 $0.0002 $23,313 — — — May 4, 2015 2,558,000 9.34 $0.0002 $20,489 — — — August 13, 2015 458,000 9.62 $0.0002 $3,668 — — — October 15, 2015 1,535,525 9.79 $0.0002 $12,299 — — — November 13, 2015 93,000 9.87 $0.0002 $745 — — — 31,084,006 $246,597 10,523,476 $83,224 The fair value of options granted was estimated on the date of grant using the binomial tree or Black-Sholes pricing model with the followingassumptions used for grants during the applicable periods: Risk-free interestrate of return Contractual term Volatility Dividend yield Exercise price 2012 2.31% 10 years 61.7% — $0.0327 2013 3.09% 10 years 54.4% — $0.1404 2014 2.44%~3.25% 10 years 53.7%~57.5% — $0.0002~$0.1404 2015 2.15%~2.19% 10 years 55.3%~55.7% — $0.0002 (1)Risk-free interest rateRisk-free interest rate was estimated based on the yield to maturity of China international government bonds with a maturity period close to theexpected term of the options. F-46Table of ContentsMOMO INC.NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continuedFOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2013, 2014 AND 2015(In U.S. dollars in thousands, except share data) 12.SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION - continuedShare options granted by the Company - continued (2)Contractual termThe Company used the original contractual term. (3)VolatilityThe volatility of the underlying ordinary shares during the life of the options was estimated based on the historical stock price volatility ofcomparable listed companies over a period comparable to the expected term of the options. (4)Dividend yieldThe dividend yield was estimated by the Group based on its expected dividend policy over the expected term of the options. (5)Exercise priceThe exercise price of the options was determined by the Group’s board of directors. (6)Fair value of underlying ordinary sharesBefore the closing of the IPO, the estimated fair value of the ordinary shares underlying the options as of the respective grant dates was determinedbased on a retrospective valuation, which used management’s best estimate for projected cash flows as of each valuation date. After the closing of theIPO, the fair value of the ordinary shares is determined as the closing sales price of the Shares as quoted on the principal exchange or system.For employee share options, the Group recorded share-based compensation of $586, $5,848 and $16,026 during the years ended December 31, 2013,2014 and 2015, respectively, based on the fair value on the grant dates over the requisite service period of award according to the vesting schedule foremployee share option.For non-employee options the Group recorded share-based compensation of $9, $437 and $756 during the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and2015, respectively, based on the fair value at the commitment date and recognized over the period the service is provided.As of December 31, 2015, total unrecognized compensation expense relating to unvested share options was $59,175, which will be recognized over3.03 years. The weighted-average remaining contractual term of options outstanding is 8.14 years. F-47Table of ContentsMOMO INC.NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continuedFOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2013, 2014 AND 2015(In U.S. dollars in thousands, except share data) 12.SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION - continuedShare options granted by Momo BVI On January 3, 2015, Momo BVI, a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Group, approved Momo BVI Share Incentive Plan that provides for the issuance ofnot exceeding 30,000,000 shares. The option plan has a term of ten years unless earlier terminated by Momo BVI’s board of directors.During the year ended December 31, 2015, Momo BVI granted 10,550,000 share options to its employees and executives with exercise price from$0.10 to $0.11 per share and vesting period of 4 years.The following table summarizes the Momo BVI’s share option activities with employees: For the years ended December 31, 2015 Number ofoptions Weightedaverageexercise priceper option Weightedaverage fairvalue per optionat grant date Outstanding at beginning of period — — — Granted 10,550,000 $0.1078 $0.0544 Exercised — — — Forfeited (350,000) $0.1000 $0.0539 Outstanding at end of period 10,200,000 $0.1080 $0.0544 There were nil vested options, and 9,680,000 options expected to vest as of December 31, 2015. For options expected to vest, the weighted-averageexercise price is $0.1081 as of December 31, 2015 and aggregate intrinsic value is $nil, $nil and $18 as of December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015,respectively.The following table summarizes information with respect to share options outstanding as of December 31, 2015: Options outstanding Options exercisable Numberoutstanding Weightedaverageremainingcontractual term Exercise priceper option Aggregate intrinsicvalue as ofDecember 31, 2015 Numberexercisable Exercise priceper option Aggregate intrinsicvalue as ofDecember 31, 2015 January 3, 2015 6,600,000 9.01 $ 0.10~$ 0.11 $16 — — — April 9, 2015 200,000 9.27 $0.10 $2 — — — June 19, 2015 200,000 9.47 $0.10 $2 — — — October 01, 2015 3,200,000 9.75 $0.11 $0 — — — 10,200,000 $20 — — The fair value of options granted was estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Sholes pricing model with the following assumptions used forgrants during the applicable periods: Risk-free interestrate of return Contractual term Volatility Dividend yield Exercise price 2015 1.55%~1.82% 10 years 55.3%~57.2% — $0.10~$0.11 (1)Risk-free interest rateRisk-free interest rate was estimated based on the yield to maturity of US government bonds with a maturity period close to the expected term ofthe options. (2)Contractual termMomo BVI used the original contractual term. F-48Table of ContentsMOMO INC.NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continuedFOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2013, 2014 AND 2015(In U.S. dollars in thousands, except share data) 12.SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION - continuedShare options granted by Momo BVI - continued (3)VolatilityThe volatility of the underlying ordinary shares during the life of the options was estimated based on the historical stock price volatility ofcomparable listed companies over a period comparable to the expected term of the options. (4)Dividend yieldThe dividend yield was estimated by Momo BVI based on its expected dividend policy over the expected term of the options. (5)Exercise priceThe exercise price of the options was determined by Momo BVI’s board of directors. (6)Fair value of underlying ordinary sharesThe estimated fair value of the ordinary shares underlying the options as of the grant date was determined based on a contemporaneous valuation.For employee share options, Momo BVI recorded share-based compensation of $98 during the years ended December 31, 2015, based on the fair valueon the grant dates over the requisite service period of award according to the vesting schedule for employee share option.As of December 31, 2015, total unrecognized compensation expense relating to unvested share options was $428, which will be recognized over 3.29years. The weighted-average remaining contractual term of options outstanding is 9.26 years.Non-vested restricted sharesIn April 2012, the Company’s four founding shareholders entered into an arrangement with the investor in conjunction with the issuance of Series Apreferred shares, whereby all of their 147,000,000 ordinary shares (“Founders’ shares”) became subject to service and transfer restrictions. SuchFounders’ shares are subject to repurchase by the Company upon early termination of their four years of employment. The repurchase price is the parvalue of the ordinary shares. 25% of the Founders’ shares shall be vested annually. The restricted share agreements were subsequently amended on June11, 2012 and July 18, 2012, respectively. Pursuant to the agreements, 25% of the Founders’ shares shall vest upon the closing of issuance of Series Bpreferred shares and the remaining 75% shall be vested monthly in equal installments over the next 36 months. This arrangement has been accountedfor as a grant of restricted stock awards subject to service vesting conditions. Because the modification does not affect any of the other terms orconditions of the award, presumably the fair value before and after the modification is the same. F-49Table of ContentsMOMO INC.NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continuedFOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2013, 2014 AND 2015(In U.S. dollars in thousands, except share data) 12.SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION - continuedNon-vested restricted shares - continued On May 15, 2014, the Company’s four founding shareholders entered into an agreement with the investors to renew the arrangement. The Companyconsidered the amendment of agreement as a modification of vesting of the restricted shares. Pursuant to the agreement, the Company shall be entitledto repurchase 50% and 25% of such shares in the case that founders terminate their employments with the Company before April 17, 2015 and duringthe period from April 17, 2015 to April 17, 2016, respectively, at a price of US$0.0001 per share or the lowest price permitted under applicable laws.Therefore, the Company considered that 50% of the total restricted shares were vested immediately on the amendment date and 25% shall be vestedannually on April 17 in the next two years ending April 17, 2016. Before the modification date, May 15, 2014, there were 131,348,411 ordinary shares,of which 45,937,500 were unvested restricted shares. As the result of modification, 19,736,705 vested ordinary shares were classified to unvestedrestricted shares on the modification date and the corresponding compensation costs for these unvested restricted shares were amortized over theremaining service period. Because the modification does not affect any of the other terms or conditions of the award, the fair value of the restrictedshares before and after the modification is the same.A summary of non-vested restricted share activity during the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015 is presented below: Number of shares Outstanding as of January 1, 2013 94,937,500 Granted — Forfeited — Vested (36,750,000) Outstanding as of December 31, 2013 58,187,500 Granted — Modification 19,736,705 Vested (20,673,449) Outstanding as of December 31, 2014 57,250,756 Granted — Forfeited — Vested (28,625,378) Outstanding as of December 31, 2015 28,625,378 The weighted average grant date fair value of the non-vested restricted shares was $0.01 per share and the aggregated fair value was $1,470.The Company recorded compensation expense of $368, $335 and $180 during the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively,related to non-vested restricted shares. F-50Table of ContentsMOMO INC.NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continuedFOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2013, 2014 AND 2015(In U.S. dollars in thousands, except share data) 12.SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION - continuedNon-vested restricted shares - continued As of December 31, 2015, total unrecognized compensation expense relating to the non-vested restricted shares was $52. The amount is expected to berecognized over 0.30 years using the straight-line method.Restricted share units (“RSUs”)On December 11, 2014, the Company granted a total of 40,001 shares of RSUs to management under the 2014 Plan.The restricted share units will vest in accordance with the vesting schedule set out in the RSUs award agreement, which is 50% of the RSUs shall vest atthe end of every six months since the grant date. The Company will forfeit the unvested portion of the RSUs if the grantees terminate their serviceduring the vesting period.The fair value of these RSUs is measured on the grant date based on the market price of the ordinary share on the grant date. The following tablesummarizes information regarding the share units granted: Number of shares Outstanding as of January 1, 2014 — Granted 40,001 Forfeited — Vested — Outstanding as of December 31, 2014 40,001 Granted — Forfeited — Vested (40,001) Outstanding as of December 31, 2015 — The weighted average grant date fair value of RSUs was $8.51 per share and the aggregated fair value was $340.The Group recorded share-based compensation of $18 and $322 for RSUs during the year ended December 31, 2014 and 2015, based on the fair valueon the grant dates over the requisite service period of award using the straight-line method. F-51Table of ContentsMOMO INC.NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continuedFOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2013, 2014 AND 2015(In U.S. dollars in thousands, except share data) 13.NET INCOME (LOSS) PER SHAREFor the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, the Group has determined that its convertible redeemable participating preferred shares areparticipating securities as the preferred shares participate in undistributed earnings on an as-if-converted basis. The holders of the preferred shares areentitled to receive dividends on a pro rata basis, as if their shares had been converted into ordinary shares. The Group determined that the nonvestedrestricted shares are participating securities as the holders of the nonvested restricted shares have a nonforfeitable right to receive dividends with allordinary shares but the nonvested restricted shares do not have a contractual obligation to fund or otherwise absorb the Company’s losses.Accordingly, the Group uses the two-class method of computing net loss per share, for ordinary shares, nonvested restricted shares and preferred sharesaccording to the participation rights in undistributed earnings.The calculation of net loss per share is as follows: For the years ended December 31, 2013 2014 2015 Numerator: Net (loss) income attributable to Momo Inc. $(9,326) $(25,415) $13,697 Deemed dividend to Series A-1 and Series A-2 shares (524) (30,910) — Deemed dividend to Series A-3 shares (509) (544) — Deemed dividend to Series B shares (5,652) (3,116) — Deemed dividend to Series C shares (1,435) (5,596) — Deemed dividend to Series D shares — (17,497) — Undistributed earnings allocated to Series A shares — — — Undistributed earnings allocated to Series B shares — — — Undistributed earnings allocated to Series C shares — — — Undistributed earnings allocated to Series D shares — — — Undistributed earnings allocated to participating nonvested restricted shares — — (1,339) Net (loss) income attributed to ordinary shareholders for computing net (loss) income perordinary share-basic and diluted $(17,446) $(83,078) $12,358 Denominator: Denominator for computing net (loss) income per share-basic: Weighted average ordinary shares outstanding used in computing net (loss) income perordinary share-basic 67,190,411 85,293,775 342,646,282 Weighted average shares used in computing net (loss) income per participating nonvestedrestricted share 79,809,589 60,951,591 37,118,622 Weighted average shares used in computing net income per Series A-1 and Series A-2 share 38,977,742 32,176,676 — Weighted average shares used in computing net income per Series A-3 share 19,797,980 18,990,997 — Weighted average shares used in computing net income per Series B share 69,513,767 67,182,243 — Weighted average shares used in computing net income per Series C share 7,280,436 34,540,898 — Weighted average shares used in computing net income per Series D share — 28,348,231 — F-52Table of ContentsMOMO INC.NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continuedFOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2013, 2014 AND 2015(In U.S. dollars in thousands, except share data) 13.NET INCOME (LOSS) PER SHARE - continuedThe calculation of net loss per share is as follows: - continued For the years ended December 31, 2013 2014 2015 Denominator for computing net (loss) income per share-diluted: Weighted average shares outstanding used in computing net (loss) income per ordinaryshare-diluted 67,190,411 85,293,775 401,396,548(i) Net (loss) income per ordinary share attributable to Momo Inc. - basic $(0.26) $(0.97) $0.04 Net income per participating nonvested restricted share $— $— $0.04 Net income per Series A-1 and Series A-2 share $0.01 $0.96 $— Net income per Series A-3 share $0.03 $0.03 $— Net income per Series B share $0.08 $0.05 $— Net income per Series C share $0.20 $0.16 $— Net income per Series D share $— $0.62 $— Net (loss) income per ordinary share attributable to Momo Inc. - diluted $(0.26) $(0.97) $0.03 The following table summarizes potential ordinary shares outstanding excluded from the computation of diluted net loss or income per ordinary sharefor the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, because their effect is anti-dilutive: For the years ended December 31, 2013 2014 2015 Share issuable upon exercise of share options 1,014,557 21,831,082 904,489 Share issuable upon exercise of RSUs — — 15,001 Share issuable upon vesting of nonvested restricted shares 79,809,589 60,951,591 — Share issuable upon conversion of Series A-1 and Series A-2 shares 38,977,742 32,176,676 — Share issuable upon conversion of Series A-3 shares 19,797,980 18,990,997 — Share issuable upon conversion of Series B shares 69,513,767 67,182,243 — Share issuable upon conversion of Series C shares 7,280,436 34,540,898 — Share issuable upon conversion of Series D shares — 28,348,231 — (i)For the year 2015, an incremental weighted average number of 35,759,066 nonvested restricted shares and an incremental weighted averagenumber of 22,991,200 ordinary shares from the assumed exercise of share options and vesting of restricted share units using the treasury stockmethod were included. F-53Table of ContentsMOMO INC.NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continuedFOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2013, 2014 AND 2015(In U.S. dollars in thousands, except share data) 14.COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIESLease commitmentThe Group leases certain office premises under non-cancellable leases. These leases expire through 2018 and are renewable upon negotiation. Rentalexpenses under operating leases for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015 were $937, $2,995 and $3,715, respectively.Future minimum payments under non-cancellable operating leases as of December 31, 2015 were as follows: 2016 $1,605 2017 416 2018 26 Total $2,047 Investment commitmentsThe Group was obligated to subscribe $nil and $2,702 for partnership interest of the equity-method investees under various arrangements as ofDecember 31, 2014 and 2015, respectively.ContingenciesOn October 22, 2015, the Group was served a civil complaint by Guangzhou Tian He People’s Court in which the plaintiff claimed that XiaoyaoXiyou, a game that the Group operated and currently operates, infringed upon the plaintiff’s copyright in works of literature and art of a game,constituting unfair competition. The plaintiff demanded that the Group to cease the infringement and pay compensation and legal costs totallingapproximately $1,544.The Group believes the claim made by the plaintiff is without merit, and the Group intends to defend vigorously in the cases. Although the outcome oflitigation is inherently uncertain, the Group does not believe the possibility of loss is probable. The Group is unable to estimate a range of loss, if any,that could result if there would be an adverse final decision, and the Group has not accrued a liability for the matter. 15.RELATED PARTY BALANCES AND TRANSACTIONS (1)Amount due from related parties-current As of December 31, 2014 2015 Hangzhou Alimama Technology Co., Ltd. $— $876 Shanghai Touch future Network Technology Co., Ltd. — 299 Total — $1,175 F-54Table of ContentsMOMO INC.NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continuedFOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2013, 2014 AND 2015(In U.S. dollars in thousands, except share data) 15.RELATED PARTY BALANCES AND TRANSACTIONS - continued (2)Amount due to related parties-current As of December 31, 2014 2015 Amount due to ordinary shareholders (i) $6,450 $6,450 Alibaba Cloud Computing Ltd. — 82 Total $6,450 $6,532 (i)The amount as of December 31, 2014 and 2015 represents the unpaid repurchase amount by the Group to its ordinary shareholders.Please refer to Note 10 for repurchase of ordinary shares. (3)Sales to related parties For the years ended December 31, 2013 2014 2015 Hangzhou Alimama Technology Co., Ltd. (ii) $— $— $6,002 (ii)The sales to Hangzhou Alimama Technology Co., Ltd. represented mobile marketing services provided. (4)Purchase from related parties For the years ended December 31, 2013 2014 2015 Alibaba Cloud Computing Ltd. (iii) $— $— $322 (iii)The purchase from Alibaba Cloud Computing Ltd. is mainly related to its cloud computing services. F-55Table of ContentsMOMO INC.NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continuedFOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2013, 2014 AND 2015(In U.S. dollars in thousands, except share data) 16.SEGMENT INFORMATIONThe Group’s chief operating decision maker has been identified as the Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”), who reviews consolidated results whenmaking decisions about allocating resources and assessing performance of the Group. The Group’s revenue and net income are substantially derivedfrom membership subscription services, mobile marketing services, mobile games and other services, including the use of paid emoticons. The Groupdoes not have discrete financial information of costs and expenses between various services in its internal reporting, and reports costs and expenses bynature as a whole. Therefore, the Group has one operating segment.The table below is only presented at the revenue level with no allocations of direct or indirect cost and expenses. The Group operates in the PRC; mostof the Group’s long-lived assets are located in the PRC and all services are provided in the PRC.Components of revenues are presented in the following table: For the years ended December 31, 2013 2014 2015 Membership subscription $2,808 $29,756 $58,462 Mobile marketing 12 1,975 38,885 Mobile games 92 11,237 31,082 Other services 217 1,787 5,559 Total $3,129 $44,755 $133,988 17.EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANFull time employees of the Group in the PRC participate in a government-mandated defined contribution plan pursuant to which certain pensionbenefits, medical care, unemployment insurance, employee housing fund and other welfare benefits are provided to employees. The Group accrues forthese benefits based on certain percentages of the employees’ salaries. The total provisions for such employee benefits were $978, $2,635 and $6,487for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively. F-56Table of ContentsMOMO INC.NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continuedFOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2013, 2014 AND 2015(In U.S. dollars in thousands, except share data) 18.STATUTORY RESERVES AND RESTRICTED NET ASSETSIn accordance with the Regulations on Enterprises with Foreign Investment of China and their articles of association, the Group’s subsidiaries and VIElocated in the PRC, being foreign invested enterprises established in the PRC, are required to provide for certain statutory reserves. These statutoryreserve funds include one or more of the following: (i) a general reserve, (ii) an enterprise expansion fund or discretionary reserve fund, and (iii) a staffbonus and welfare fund. Subject to certain cumulative limits, the general reserve fund requires a minimum annual appropriation of 10% of after-taxprofit (as determined under accounting principles generally accepted in China at each year-end); the other fund appropriations are at the subsidiaries’or the affiliated PRC entities’ discretion. These statutory reserve funds can only be used for specific purposes of enterprise expansion, staff bonus andwelfare, and are not distributable as cash dividends except in the event of liquidation of our subsidiaries, our affiliated PRC entities and theirrespective subsidiaries. The Group’s subsidiaries and VIE are required to allocate at least 10% of their after tax profits to the general reserve until suchreserve has reached 50% of their respective registered capital.Appropriations to the enterprise expansion reserve and the staff welfare and bonus reserve are to be made at the discretion of the board of directors ofeach of the Group’s subsidiaries.The appropriation to these reserves by the Group’s PRC subsidiary and VIE was $nil, $nil and $553 for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and2015.Relevant PRC laws and regulations restrict the WFOE, VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries from transferring a portion of their net assets, equivalent to thebalance of their statutory reserves and their paid in capital, to the Company in the form of loans, advances or cash dividends. The WFOE’s accumulatedprofits may be distributed as dividends to the Company without the consent of a third party. The VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries’ revenues andaccumulated profits may be transferred to the Company through contractual arrangements without the consent of a third party. Under applicable PRClaw, loans from PRC companies to their offshore affiliated entities require governmental approval, and advances by PRC companies to their offshoreaffiliated entities must be supported by bona fide business transactions. The capital and statutory reserves restricted which represented the amount ofnet assets of the WFOE, VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries in the Group not available for distribution were $12,047, $93,537 and $91,008 as of December 31,2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively. 19.SUBSEQUENT EVENTSNew investmentIn January 2016, the Company invested $7,000 into Xish International Limited for preferred shares. The Company is in the process of evaluating theaccounting treatment for this investment on its consolidated financial statements.Newly issued share optionsIn March 2016, the Company granted 2,585,860 share options to its executives with an exercise price of $0.0002 per share, with the vesting period of 4years. The fair value was estimated approximately $5.62 per share. The total compensation expense relating to the options was approximately $14,533. F-57Exhibit 8.1List of Subsidiaries and Consolidated Entities of the Registrant Subsidiaries Place of IncorporationMomo Technology HK Company Limited Hong KongBeijing Momo Information Technology Co., Ltd. PRCMomo Technology Overseas Holding Company Limited. British Virgin IslandsMomo Information Technologies Corp. U.S.Consolidated Affiliated Entity Beijing Momo Technology Co., Ltd. PRCSubsidiaries of the Consolidated Affiliated Entity Chengdu Momo Technology Co., Ltd. PRCShanghai Momo Technology Co., Ltd. PRCTianjin Heer Technology Co., Ltd. PRCChengdu Biyou Technology Co., Ltd. PRCExhibit 12.1Certification by the Principal Executive OfficerPursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002I, Yan Tang, certify that:1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 20-F of Momo Inc.;2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make thestatements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects thefinancial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the company as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;4. The company’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined inExchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for thecompany and have:(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, toensure that material information relating to the company, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities,particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under oursupervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposesin accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the company’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about theeffectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by the annualreport that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the company’s internal control over financial reporting; and5. The company’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to thecompany’s auditors and the audit committee of the company’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonablylikely to adversely affect the company’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the company’s internal controlover financial reporting. Date: April 25, 2016By: /s/ Yan Tang Name: Yan TangTitle: Chairman and Chief Executive OfficerExhibit 12.2Certification by the Principal Financial OfficerPursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002I, Jonathan Xiaosong Zhang, certify that:1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 20-F of Momo Inc.;2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make thestatements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects thefinancial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the company as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;4. The company’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined inExchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for thecompany and have:(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, toensure that material information relating to the company, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities,particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under oursupervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposesin accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the company’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about theeffectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by the annualreport that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the company’s internal control over financial reporting; and5. The company’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to thecompany’s auditors and the audit committee of the company’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonablylikely to adversely affect the company’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the company’s internal controlover financial reporting. Date: April 25, 2016By: /s/ Jonathan Xiaosong Zhang Name: Jonathan Xiaosong ZhangTitle: Chief Financial OfficerExhibit 13.1Certification by the Principal Executive OfficerPursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002In connection with the Annual Report of Momo Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2015 as filed with the Securitiesand Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Yan Tang, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to my knowledge:(1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and(2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. Date: April 25, 2016By: /s/ Yan Tang Name: Yan Tang Title: Chairman and Chief Executive OfficerExhibit 13.2Certification by the Principal Financial OfficerPursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002In connection with the Annual Report of Momo Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2015 as filed with the Securitiesand Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Jonathan Xiaosong Zhang, Chief Financial Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to my knowledge:(1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and(2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. Date: April 25, 2016By: /s/ Jonathan Xiaosong Zhang Name: Jonathan Xiaosong Zhang Title: Chief Financial OfficerExhibit 15.1April 25, 2016Momo Inc. (the “Company”)20th Floor, Block BTower 2, Wangjing SOHONo.1 Futongdong StreetChaoyang District, Beijing 100102People’s Republic of ChinaLadies and Gentlemen:We have acted as legal advisors as to the laws of the People’s Republic of China to the Company in connection with the filing by the Company with theUnited States Securities and Exchange Commission of an annual report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015 and any amendmentsthereto (the “Annual Report”). We hereby consent to the use and reference to our name and our opinions and views in the Annual Report, and further consentto the incorporation by reference of the summaries of our opinions in the Annual Report into the Company’s registration statement on Form S-8 (FileNo. 333-201769) dated January 30, 2015, pertaining to Momo Inc. 2012 Amended and Stated 2012 Share Incentive Plan and 2014 Share Incentive Plan.We further consent to the filing of this letter as an exhibit to the Annual Report. Sincerely yours,/s/ Han Kun Law OfficesHan Kun Law OfficesExhibit 15.2CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRMWe consent to the incorporation by reference in the Registration Statement No. 333-201769 on Form S-8 of our report dated April 25, 2016, relating to theconsolidated financial statements of Momo Inc., its subsidiaries, its variable interest entity (“VIE”), and its VIE’s subsidiaries (collectively, the “Group”),appearing in the Annual Report on Form 20-F of Momo Inc. for the year ended December 31, 2015./s/ Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Certified Public Accountants LLPBeijing, the People’s Republic of ChinaApril 25, 2016

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