IAA
Annual Report 2020

Plain-text annual report

Table of Contents UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 Form 10-K ☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 27, 2020 OR ☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 Commission File Number: 001-38580 IAA, Inc. (Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter) Delaware (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) 83-1030538 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) Two Westbrook Corporate Center, Suite 500, Westchester, Illinois, 60154 (Address of principal executive offices, including zip code) Registrant's telephone number, including area code: (708) 492-7000 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of each class Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share Trading Symbol(s) IAA Name of each exchange on which registered New York Stock Exchange Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ¨ No x Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ¨ No x _______________________________________________________________________________ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No ¨ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes x No ¨ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company" and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. Large accelerated filer x Accelerated filer ¨ Non-accelerated filer ¨ Smaller reporting company ☐ Emerging growth company ☐ If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒ The aggregate market value of the registrant's common stock held by non-affiliates (as defined by regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission) of the registrant was $5,039,941,174 at June 26, 2020, the last business day of the registrant's most recently completed second fiscal quarter. As of February 12, 2021, 134,552,449 shares of the registrant's common stock, par value $0.01 per share, were outstanding. Documents Incorporated by Reference Certain information required by Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K is incorporated by reference herein from the registrant's Definitive Proxy Statement for its 2021 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the registrant's fiscal year ended December 27, 2020. Table of Contents PART I Item 1. Item 1A. Item 1B. Item 2. Item 3. Item 4. PART II Item 5. Item 6. Item 7. Item 7A. Item 8. Item 9. Item 9A. Item 9B. PART III Item 10. Item 11. Item 12. Item 13. Item 14. PART IV Item 15. Item 16. Signatures Index Page Business Risk Factors Unresolved Staff Comments Properties Legal Proceedings Mine Safety Disclosures Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Selected Financial Data Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure Controls and Procedures Other Information Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance Executive Compensation Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence Principal Accounting Fees and Services Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules Form 10-K Summary 2 4 15 27 27 27 27 27 29 29 38 40 76 76 76 77 77 77 77 77 78 80 80 Table of Contents STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and which are subject to certain risks, trends and uncertainties. In particular, statements made in this report on Form 10-K that are not historical facts may be forward-looking statements. Words such as "should," "may," "will," "anticipates," "expects," "intends," "plans," "believes," "seeks," "estimates" and similar expressions identify forward-looking statements. Such statements include statements regarding the impact of COVID-19 on our business; our future growth; anticipated cost savings, revenue increases, credit losses and capital expenditures; tax rates and assumptions; strategic initiatives, greenfields and acquisitions; our competitive position and retention of customers; and our continued investment in information technology. Such statements are based on management’s current expectations, are not guarantees of future performance and are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results projected, expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. These risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, those discussed in Item 1A "Risk Factors" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, as such risk factors may be amended, supplemented or superseded from time to time by other reports we file with the Securities and Exchange Commission, including subsequent Annual Reports on Form 10-K and Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q. Many of these risk factors are outside of our control, and as such, they involve risks which are not currently known that could cause actual results to differ materially from those discussed or implied herein. The forward-looking statements in this document are made as of the date on which they are made and we do not undertake to update our forward-looking statements. Unless the context suggests otherwise, all references in this Annual Report on Form 10-K to the “Company,” “we,” “us,” or “our,” refer to IAA, Inc. together with its subsidiaries, and all references to “KAR Auction Services” and “KAR” refer to KAR Auction Services, Inc. DEFINED TERMS 3 Table of Contents PART I Item 1. Description of Our Business Our Company and Business Segments We are a leading global digital marketplace connecting vehicle buyers and sellers. Leveraging leading-edge technology and focusing on innovation, our unique platform facilitates the marketing and sale of total-loss, damaged and low-value vehicles for a full spectrum of sellers. Headquartered in Westchester, IL, our company has two operating segments: United States and International. We maintain operations in the United States, which make up the United States segment and operations in Canada and the United Kingdom, which make up the International segment. We have more than 200 facilities across both business segments. These two operating segments also represent our two reportable segments. These segments represent geographic areas and reflect how the chief operating decision maker allocates resources and measures results. See Note - 15 - Segment Information in the notes to consolidated financial statements for additional information. Discussions throughout which refer to “North America” or “North American” include the combination of United States segment and operations in Canada from the International segment. We serve a global buyer base and a full spectrum of sellers, including insurance companies, dealerships, fleet lease and rental car companies, and charitable organizations. We offer sellers a comprehensive suite of services aimed at maximizing vehicle value, reducing administrative costs, shortening selling cycle time and delivering the highest economic returns. Our solutions provide global buyers with the vehicles they need to, among other things, fulfill their vehicle rebuild requirements, replacement part inventory or scrap demand. We provide global buyers with multiple bidding/buying digital channels, innovative vehicle merchandising, efficient evaluation services and online bidding tools, enhancing the overall purchasing experience. Fees for our services are earned from both buyers and sellers of vehicles sold through our channels. Approximately two-thirds of our revenue is earned from buyers and one-third of our revenue is earned from vehicle suppliers or sellers. In exchange for agreed-upon processing and service fees, we sell total loss, damaged and low-value vehicles on behalf of vehicle sellers primarily on a consignment basis, meaning that our sellers continue to own their vehicles until they are sold to buyers through one of our digital marketplaces. We also offer our vehicle sellers a number of other services for which fees may be charged, including, but not limited to, vehicle loan payoff, procuring and processing vehicle titles, inspection services, processing auto insurance claims, marketing and other services. In addition to the fees we collect from our vehicle sellers, we also charge fees to our buyers for each vehicle purchased based on a tiered structure that increases with the sales price of the vehicle and for certain additional services, including storage, transportation, and vehicle condition reporting. We market vehicles to prospective buyers through our many marketplaces, 24 hours per day, 7 days per week. Auctions are typically held weekly for most locations and allow bidders to participate virtually at the auction. Certain vehicles are also offered for sale online via IAA Timed Auctions bid on those vehicles for a fixed duration of time, and via IAA Buy Now where vehicles are offered for sale at a fixed price. All vehicles which are ready for sale are listed and available online on IAA Auction Center Auction Center includes a "Fast Search" function that allows for filtering to quickly locate specific vehicles and offers logged-in buyers additional services such as "Enhanced Vehicle Details" that includes VIN details and Hollander Interchange parts data to help buyers make informed purchasing decisions. IAA Auction Center provides online buyers with an open, competitive digital bidding environment. Our mobile and online capabilities provide buyers the greatest flexibility in their purchasing options, exposing vehicles to bidders from around the globe and allowing bidders to participate in a greater number of auctions. Online inventory browsing, digital alerts (via email or through buyer app) and multiple vehicle payment methods reduce the time required to acquire vehicles, and the broader market exposure and increased competitive bidding generally drive higher selling prices. We believe the capabilities of our auction models maximize auction proceeds and returns for our vehicle sellers. , allowing prospective bidders to preview and bid on vehicles prior to the digital auction event. IAA , where bidders may TM TM TM Our unique digital marketplace combined with our unique merchandising platform, provides buyers detailed information and optionality in how they bid and buy, which are key differentiators of our service offering and helps sellers achieve the highest selling price on a given vehicle. Leveraging leading-edge technology and focusing on innovation, we processed approximately 2.2 million total loss, damaged and low-value vehicles in fiscal 2020. Our Corporate History and Our Separation from KAR Auction Services IAA entered the vehicle salvage business in 1982, and first became a public company in 1991. After growing through a series of acquisitions, IAA was acquired by two private equity firms in 2005. The two private equity firms and certain members of IAA management contributed IAA to KAR in 2007. 4 Table of Contents On February 27, 2018, KAR announced a plan to pursue the separation and spin-off (the "Separation") of IAA (its salvage auction services business) into a separate public company. On June 28, 2019 (the "Separation Date"), KAR completed the distribution of 100% of the issued and outstanding shares of common stock of IAA to the holders of record of KAR's common stock on June 18, 2019, on a pro rata basis (the "Distribution"). Following the Separation and Distribution, IAA became an independent publicly-traded company and is listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol "IAA." 2020 Highlights and Developments The COVID-19 Pandemic The outbreak of the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) has severely impacted, and continues to impact, worldwide economic activities. In an effort to contain and combat the spread of COVID-19, government and health authorities around the world took extraordinary and wide-ranging actions, including orders to close all business not deemed “essential”, quarantines, “stay-at-home” orders, and the practice of social distancing. Given our operations, we are deemed “essential” and have remained open for business and our branches have continued to be operational. We have implemented strict health and sanitization protocols across all of our locations in an effort to keep our employees and customers safe. We have also activated contingency plans to ensure continued operations and business continuity across our global network. The significant decline in miles driven resulting from the stay-at-home orders that were executed in mid-March across North America and the United Kingdom translated into a reduction in vehicle assignments. This decline in volume significantly impacted our business in fiscal 2020. Even with gradual improvement in miles driven and vehicle assignments in the second half of 2020, miles driven remain lower than pre-COVID levels. Notwithstanding this reduction in volume, our net revenue per unit during fiscal 2020 increased compared to the prior year period due to benefits from our buyer digital transformation, enhanced service offerings such as IAA 360View and IAA Interact COVID-19, we took a series of actions during fiscal 2020 to reduce costs and cash outlays and enhance our liquidity position. See Part II, Item 7, COVID-19 Impact on our Business, for further details. , as well as strong used car pricing and strong demand from buyers. In response to the uncertainty surrounding TM TM Buyer Digital Transformation During fiscal 2020, we completed the roll-out of our buyer digital transformation in the United States in April 2020 and in Canada in July 2020. IAA UK has operated an online, digital only auction since 2005. As a result, we have shifted to a fully online, digital auction model. Our online marketplaces allow prospective bidders to preview, bid and potentially buy vehicles prior to the auction event. Online inventory browsing and digital alerts (via email or through our buyer app) reduce the time required to acquire vehicles. Our Industry and Trends in Market Demand The salvage vehicle auction industry provides a venue for sellers, primarily automobile insurance companies, to dispose or liquidate total loss, damaged or low- value vehicles to domestic and international dismantlers, rebuilders, scrap dealers or qualified public buyers. We believe that demand for our services in the salvage vehicle auction industry is driven and impacted by several factors, including (i) size and age of automotive Car Parc (as defined below), (ii) miles driven, (iii) increases in vehicle complexity and total loss frequency and (iv) higher utilization of recycled and alternative automotive parts. (i) Size and Age of Automotive Car Parc The salvage vehicle marketplace has historically benefited from a growing number of vehicles on the road ("Car Parc") and an increasing average age of vehicles. Growth in the number of vehicles in operation contributes to a rising number of automotive accidents, which supports increased volumes through our marketplaces. Meanwhile, vehicle owners have continued to drive the same vehicle for longer periods of time. As vehicles become older and their residual values decline, it becomes more likely that these vehicles will surpass the total loss threshold when involved in an accident and be sold on behalf of insurers through our marketplaces. (ii) Miles Driven The salvage vehicle marketplace is directly impacted by the number of miles driven. The significant decline in miles driven resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic-related stay-at home orders that were executed in mid-March of fiscal 2020 across North America and the United Kingdom translated into a reduction in the number of car accidents and, in turn, a reduction in vehicle assignment volumes in our marketplace. 5 Table of Contents (iii) Increases in Vehicle Complexity and Total Loss Frequency Vehicle design has become increasingly more complex in recent years, as automotive manufacturers seek to differentiate themselves from competitors by incorporating new complex technologies and other enhancements into their designs in order to reduce weight and improve fuel efficiency. These technological advancements have resulted in higher repair and part replacement costs following an accident, making insurance companies more likely to declare a damaged vehicle a total loss. The percentage of claims resulting in total losses has steadily increased over the last five years. When a vehicle is deemed a total loss, insurers typically auction the vehicle through a salvage vehicle marketplace. (iv) Higher Utilization of Recycled and Alternative Automotive Parts As insurance companies continue to identify ways to reduce their claim costs, the utilization and acceptance rates continue to increase for recycled parts from total loss vehicles and aftermarket replacement parts. We believe this trend is helping increase revenue for our buyer base, which in turn increases demand for our marketplaces. Our Operations We generate a significant portion of our revenue from auction fees and related services associated with our salvage auctions. Approximately two-thirds of our revenue is earned from buyers. Buyer revenue represents fees charged based on a tiered structure that increases with the sales price of the vehicle as well as service fees for additional services such as storage, transportation, and vehicle condition reporting. Approximately one-third of our revenue is earned from vehicle suppliers or sellers. Supplier revenue represents the combination of the inbound tow, processing, storage, titling, enhancing and auctioning of the vehicle. The majority of our business comprises auctioning consigned vehicles. We recognize revenues from consigned vehicles on a net basis in the amount of fees charged. However, our related receivables and payables include the gross value of the vehicles sold. We also purchase vehicles in certain situations and resell them. We recognize revenues from purchased vehicles on a gross basis, which results in lower gross margin versus vehicles sold at auction on a consignment basis. Our operating expenses consist of cost of services, cost of vehicle sales, selling, general and administrative and depreciation and amortization. Cost of services is comprised of payroll and related costs, subcontract services, supplies, insurance, property taxes, utilities, service contract claims, maintenance and lease expense related to the auction sites. Cost of vehicle sales is comprised of the cost of vehicles purchased. Cost of services and vehicle sales excludes depreciation and amortization. Selling, general and administrative expenses are comprised of, among other things, payroll and related costs, sales and marketing, information technology services and professional fees. 6 Table of Contents Services and Solutions We offer a comprehensive suite of auction, logistics and vehicle-selling services and solutions aimed at maximizing the value of vehicles sold through our global digital marketplaces, lowering administrative costs, shortening the selling cycle and increasing the predictability of returns to vehicle sellers. This is achieved by expanding IAA’s ability to handle an increasing proportion of the vehicle-processing function as a “one-stop shop” for sellers. The principal services and solutions provided by IAA to sellers include: Services and Solutions IAA Total Loss Solutions® IAA Loan Payoff TM IAA Inspection Services ® IAA Title Services ® Catastrophe (CAT) Services™ IAA Interact ™ IAA Market Value ™ CSAToday® Description Provides insurance carrier customers with a comprehensive suite of solutions to process auto insurance claims efficiently, from the loss event to asset liquidation. Solutions include: TM – IAA Loan Payoff – IAA Inspection Services IAA Title Services – – MyVehicleClaim.com – ® ® IAA Active Inventory Management TM Product developed specifically to mitigate the time-consuming process of managing a total loss claim requiring loan payoff and title release. The digital Loan Payoff portal provides lenders and insurers both negative and positive equity functionality, real-time payoff quotes, letters of guarantee, access to title vaults and direct connection ACH payments to lenders. Provides a technology-based system for remote vehicle inspections and appraisals. Carriers are provided 30 plus high-resolution images and reports with all the information they need, reducing the need to deploy an appraiser to the field. The tool supports all leading industry estimating platforms, speeds the appraisal process, and helps reduce rental car costs and storage fees. Full suite of title solutions including: – – – IAA Title Direct: Service allowing insurance company's policy holder to send title documentation directly to IAA, saving on administration resource and time. Title documents can be monitored through CSAToday. IAA Title Procurement: Provides access to a full-service title procurement team and set of services. Supports all facets of the settlement and title retrieval process. IAA Title Solutions: Provides, as needed, assistance on complex title issues, helping save administration resource and time. To better service our insurance carrier partners, we offer a strategic catastrophe response service focused on real estate capacity, operational execution, transportation logistics and vehicle merchandising. We provide an industry leading response structured based on emergency response discipline. We manage the entire process from securing vehicles to storage to merchandising and selling. Merchandising platform combining imagery, information and personalization. The platform engages the buyer with a vehicle digitally through multiple touch points that drive additional bidding, helping push selling prices higher. Interact includes several key features including: IAA 360 View , IAA High Resolution Images, IAA Key Images, SpinCar® Feature Tour®, IAA Engine Start (video), and much more. A solution for seller customers looking to estimate the values of their vehicles. Part of the CSAToday app on iOS and Android devices, this tool utilizes user-provided information and our historical auction data to deliver results to their smartphones. IAA’s online reporting and analysis tool that gives seller customers the ability to manage their vehicle assets. It also provides a detailed overview of salvage performance and identifies factors influencing timeline efficiency and net returns. CSAToday offers several features including: IAA Market Value™ for estimating salvage values, IAA Loss Advisor™, to assist in determining a vehicle a total loss, and IAA Title Tracker, to help monitor vehicle title issues through resolution. TM 7 Table of Contents Mobile Assignment Plus ™ BidFast ® Vehicle Inspection Centers Transportation and Towing Gives customers the ability to assign a vehicle from their iOS or Android device through the CSAToday app. Simplifies the desktop assignment process to a five-swipe workflow that uses smartphone technology to minimize manual input. A salvage valuation solution that comprehensively analyzes a vehicle to determine its value and provides a guaranteed bid for 60 days. Intended to be used for partial-loss conversions, denied coverage, subrogation file closure and owner-retained salvage. We maintain vehicle inspection centers ("VIC") at many of our facilities. A VIC is a temporary storage and inspection facility located at our sites operated by the insurance customers. Some of these sites are formalized through temporary license agreements with the insurance companies that supply the vehicles. A VIC is designed to minimize vehicle storage charges incurred by insurance company suppliers at the temporary storage facility or repair shop and to improve service time for the policyholder. Inbound logistics administration with actual services typically provided by third-party carriers. 8 Table of Contents We also offer services and solutions focused on a diverse set of global buyer customers in order to provide the vehicles they need to fulfill their vehicle rebuild requirements, replacement part inventory or scrap demand. Some of the services and solutions provided by IAA to buyers include: Services and Solutions IAA Interact™ IAA AuctionNow ™ IAA Buy Now ™ IAA Timed Auctions ™ IAA Online Exclusive ™ IAA Run & Drive® Vehicle Parts Search IAA Cost Calculator Multiple Vehicle Payment Methods ™ IAA Transport ™ Customers Description Comprehensive merchandising platform combining imagery, information and personalization. The platform engages buyers with detailed vehicle information and unique digital touch points allowing buyers to make confident bidding and buying decisions. The platform includes the following tools: – Imagery: High Resolution Images, IAA 360 View, IAA Engine Starts, Key Image – Information: Chrome Equipment Details, Hollander Part Interchange Numbers, SpinCar Feature Tour, Technical Specifications Personalization: IAA Buyer Recommendation Engine – Our digital auction bidding solution, AuctionNow™, featuring inventory located at physical branches and offsite. The digital platform provides registered buyers bidding and buying opportunities. Potential buyers bid online in real time along with other global bidders via this digital interface. One of IAA's three main selling channels. Provides a unit for sale for a specific price using analytical data. This model allows units to get exposure and sell between scheduled auctions. Offering a unit for sale for a specified period of time. This selling channel allows for competitive bidding and sale prior to a scheduled auctions. This selling channel offers similar type units for sale via online digital auction. This model is designed to save buyers time by selling a specific segment of vehicles, such as recreational vehicles or boats. We offer this model to sell high-end and classic vehicles (IAA Dream Rides), specialty units (IAA Specialty Sales), recreational vehicles (IAA Rec Rides) and rental units (IAA Rental Rides). Indicates to the potential buyer that when a vehicle arrived at our facility, the engine starts, both drive and reverse gears engage, and the steering wheel does a full rotation both left and right. These factors help buyers assess the value of the vehicle as well as provide information to assist in making bidding and buying decisions. Integrates Hollander Interchange™ Part Numbers into the search functionality of IAAI.com and helps buyer customers search IAA nationwide inventory for specific vehicle components. Provides buyers with an estimate of total cost to make more informed bidding and buying decisions. IAA offers several flexible and convenient payment methods for buyers including: - I-Pay - A convenient, secure tool that allows buyers to make payments via the internet directly from any bank account in the United States. Available through the Auction Center and the IAA Buyer app. - PayPal® - Credit and Debit Cards - Cash and Cash Equivalents - Wire Transfer - Financing (AFC, NexGear, etc.) An integrated shipping solution allowing buyers to schedule shipment of vehicles during the checkout process. We obtain our supply of vehicles from insurance companies, used vehicle dealers, rental car and fleet leasing companies, auto lenders and charitable organizations, among others. We have established long-term relationships with virtually all of the major automobile insurance companies in the markets we serve. The vast majority of the vehicles we process are on a consignment basis. The buyers of damaged and total loss vehicles include automotive body shops, rebuilders, used car dealers, automotive wholesalers, exporters, dismantlers, recyclers, brokers, and where allowed, non-licensed (public) buyers, among others. Approximately two- thirds of our revenue is earned from buyers and one-third of our revenue is earned from vehicle suppliers or 9 Table of Contents sellers. During fiscal 2020, approximately 40% of our revenues were associated with vehicles supplied by our three largest insurance customers in the United States segment. Sales and Marketing Our sales force solicits prospective customers at the national, regional and local levels. Branch managers address customer needs at the local level. We also participate in a number of local, regional and national trade show events that further promote the benefits of our products and services. In addition to providing sellers with a means of processing and selling vehicles, we offer a comprehensive suite of services to help maximize returns and shorten the selling and processing time. We help establish workflow integration within our sellers' processes, and view such mutually beneficial relationships as an essential component of our effort to attract and retain suppliers. Our broad and industry leading geographic coverage allows us to service sellers on a national basis. Our Internal Online Operating Solutions Our current internal online operating solutions include: Automated Salvage Auction Processing (ASAP): We have developed a proprietary web-based information system, Automated Salvage Auction Processing system, or ASAP, to streamline all aspects of our operations and centralize operational data collection for the United States segment. The system provides sellers with 24- hour online access to powerful tools to manage the salvage disposition process, including inventory management, sales price analysis and electronic data interchange of titling information. Our other information systems, including AuctionNow and CSAToday systems, are integrated with our ASAP product, facilitating auction processes and information flow with internal operational systems. ® TM VISion: We have also developed a proprietary web-based information system, VISion, to streamline all aspects of our operations and centralize data collection for the International segment. The system is similar to ASAP and integrates with IAA technology products enabling us to be responsive to the needs of our international customers and operations. Competitive Conditions In our industry, we compete for sellers who supply vehicles to run through our auctions, and for buyers globally to bid on and purchase those vehicles. To attract sellers to use our global digital marketplace over that of our competitors, among other competitive areas, we focus on the following: providing industry-leading innovative products and services, such as the suite of services included in IAA Total Loss Solutions®, aimed at increasing the proportion of the vehicle processing function as a “one-stop-shop” for sellers in a manner that enhances customer integration with us; delivering a consistent high-satisfaction customer experience; maintaining a broad real estate footprint and capacity to meet market demand for storing and handling their vehicles; and delivering high value through sales results and competitive fee structures. TM Similarly, to attract buyers to our global digital marketplace, among other products and services, we offer the following: state of the art merchandising technology such as IAA 360 View - our latest proprietary imagery technology, which provides online vehicle buyers 360 degree rotating visual of the vehicle's interior and exterior, increasing confidence in their buying decision which we believe leads to higher auction sales prices; access to our patented, easy to use auction platform, IAA AuctionNow which provides buyers a customized bidding and purchasing experience; flexible bidding and buying channels such as IAA Buy Now - a complementary product to our online platforms, allowing buyers to purchase vehicles between auction dates, and IAA Timed Auctions and buying of vehicles for a fixed time period before a scheduled auction; multiple ways to pay for vehicle purchases; and overall value and a competitive pricing and fee structure. - which allows for bidding TM TM TM Our principal competitors include Copart, Inc.; Total Resource Auctions, a subsidiary of Cox Enterprises, Inc.; independent auctions and a limited number of used vehicle auctions that regularly remarket damaged and total loss vehicles. Additionally, some dismantlers of damaged and total loss vehicles and Internet-based companies also enter the market from time to time. While most insurance companies have abandoned or reduced efforts to sell damaged and total loss vehicles without the use of service providers such as us, they may in the future decide to dispose of their vehicles directly to end users. See "Our market position and competitive advantage could be threatened by our competitors and/or disruptive new entrants" included in Item 1A, Risk Factors for additional information. Seasonality The volume of vehicles sold through our auctions generally fluctuates from quarter to quarter. This seasonality is caused by several factors including weather, the timing of used vehicles available for sale from selling customers, the availability and quality of salvage vehicles, holidays, and the seasonality of the retail market for used vehicles, which affects the demand side of the auction industry. Used vehicle auction volumes tend to decline during prolonged periods of winter weather conditions. In 10 Table of Contents addition, mild weather conditions and decreases in traffic volume can each lead to a decline in the available supply of salvage vehicles because fewer traffic accidents occur, resulting in fewer damaged vehicles overall. As a result, revenues and operating expenses related to volume will fluctuate accordingly on a quarterly basis. The fourth calendar quarter typically experiences lower used vehicle auction volume as well as additional costs associated with the holidays and winter weather. Our Business Strategy We maintain a long history of strong and consistent execution that has led to growth in the business over several decades in periods under both private and public ownership. We also hold a strong track record of acquiring and integrating independent auction operations and improving profitability. We seek to grow our business through the execution of the following strategies, among others: Enhance Existing Relationships and Expand Market Share We continue to maintain strong relationships with virtually all of the major automobile insurance companies in the markets we serve and increase our penetration of non-insurance sellers. Additionally, we provide an alternative venue for damaged and lower-value vehicles and, as a result, non-insurance sellers have contributed to our growth. Broaden Our Service Offering to Deepen Strategic Relationships Our market-leading Total Loss Solutions® provides insurance companies with end-to-end outsourced solutions for the portion of the claims process prior to total loss determination and assignment to a salvage vehicle auction, which allows the insurance companies to reduce cycle time and cost, while improving employee engagement and customer service and ultimately increasing policyholder retention. Our IAA Loan Payoff solution mitigates the time-consuming process of managing a total loss claim requiring loan payoff and title release We continue to add additional innovative services and capabilities to our leading end-to-end solutions. Continue to Enhance International Buyer Network We are a leader in developing an international buyer network and continue to enhance our network through digital marketing, market alliance partners, and in country visits. We have customized our marketing approaches to cater to local cultures and ways of doing business, and have invested significant resources in developing a deep understanding of the unique needs of each international market. Expanding the base of international buyers brings more bidders to our platform and yields better outcomes for sellers in our global digital marketplace. Our further commitment to our international buyers is demonstrated by our buyer portal, which is available online in 6 languages and our call center, which currently supports 12 languages. Continue to Expand Margins Through Cost Reductions, Operating Efficiencies and Ancillary Services We are focused on reducing costs and driving efficiencies while also maintaining our level of customer service. As a part of our buyer digital transformation initiative, we have shifted to a fully online, digital auction model which is generating cost savings by eliminating live physical auctions. Our ongoing initiatives in other areas such as towing, pricing and branch process improvement will further enable us to execute our strategy. We are also shortening the time it takes a vehicle to move through the auction process through our operational efficiency efforts and service offerings like IAA Total Loss Solutions and IAA Loan Payoff. The shortened auction process timeline further improves the service we provide our customers, reduces depreciation on vehicle values, and also improves our operating margins by making our real estate usage more efficient. We also continuously analyze our vehicle storage process in order to optimize our real estate usage and our ability to process more volume without incurring incremental costs. We have further deployed additional digital tools into our yard operations to increase the efficiency of the vehicle check-in, title, inventory and sale processes. ® Continue to Innovate and Enhance Data Analytics Capabilities Our solutions deliver enhanced economic benefits to our customers by increasing transparency and reducing cycle time and friction throughout the process. We continue to broaden our product portfolio by investing in the development of innovative solutions that further improve our customers’ results. Using our data analytics expertise, we can provide better tools for both sellers and buyers to be better informed and make confident decisions to improve their results and satisfaction. Expand Internationally in Attractive Markets For the year ended December 27, 2020, approximately 12% of our revenues were generated outside of the United States, and we are in the process of establishing or continuing to build operations in key geographic markets. In Canada, we plan to 11 Table of Contents continue increasing our presence organically through Impact Auto Auctions Ltd. and in the United Kingdom, we plan to continue increasing our presence organically through IAA UK. We also intend to strategically enter new markets by pursuing strategic acquisitions, partnerships or greenfield opportunities in high priority markets globally. Employ Disciplined Capital Allocation Strategy We generate strong cash flows as a result of our attractive gross margins, the ability to leverage our corporate infrastructure across our multiple auction locations, low maintenance capital expenditures and limited working capital requirements. We are committed to adopting a balanced and disciplined capital allocation policy that will enable us to deliver attractive long-term stockholder value. Our long-term goal is to drive growth through disciplined investments in our organic business and through acquisitions, while also strengthening our balance sheet through debt reduction and returning capital to stockholders. Government Regulation Our operations are subject to regulation, supervision and licensing under various federal, state, provincial and local authorities, agencies, statutes and ordinances, which, among other things, require us to obtain and maintain certain licenses, permits and qualifications to operate. They also govern the storage, handling and transfer of ownership of vehicles between buyers and sellers, and prescribe certain disclosures and notices that must be provided in interacting with our wholesale and retail buyer customers. Some of the regulations and laws that apply to our operations include, without limitation, the following: • • • • The acquisition and sale of totaled and recovered theft vehicles are regulated by state or other local motor vehicle departments in each of the locations in which we operate. Some of the transport vehicles used at our marketplaces are regulated by the U.S. Department of Transportation or similar regulatory agencies in the other countries in which we operate. In many states and provinces, regulations require that a damaged and total loss vehicle be forever "branded" with a salvage notice in order to notify prospective purchasers of the vehicle’s previous salvage status. Some state, provincial and local regulations limit who can purchase damaged and total loss vehicles, as well as determine whether a damaged and total loss vehicle can be sold as rebuildable or must be sold for parts or scrap only. • We are subject to various local zoning requirements with regard to the location of our auction and storage facilities, which requirements vary from location to location. • We are indirectly subject to the regulations of the Consumer Financial Protection Act of 2010 due to our vendor relationships with financial institutions. • We deal with significant amounts of cash in our operations at certain locations and are subject to various reporting and anti-money laundering regulations. Compliance with these regulations and laws requires human level awareness, performance and expertise, and investments in our enterprise management systems to facilitate efficient workflow, data tracking and auditing capabilities to measure compliance. We invest annually in our information technology systems with a focus towards maintenance, security and system upgrades in order to comply with regulatory changes. Expenditures in these endeavors has been, and could in the future be, significant. For additional information on the potential impacts that could result from our failure to comply with the rules and regulations governing our operations, see further Item 1A, Risk Factors under the risk: "We are subject to certain governmental regulations, including vehicle brokerage and auction laws and currency reporting obligations. Our business is subject to risks related to litigation and regulatory actions." Environmental Regulation Our operations are subject to various foreign, federal, state and local environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, including those governing the emission or discharge of pollutants into the air or water, the generation, treatment, storage and release of hazardous materials and wastes and the investigation and remediation of contamination. Our failure to comply with current or future environmental, health or safety laws or to obtain and comply with permits required under such laws, could subject us to significant liability or require costly investigative, remedial or corrective actions. From time to time, we have incurred, and may in the future incur, expenditures related to compliance with such foreign, federal, state and local environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, and such expenditures, individually or in the aggregate, could be significant. 12 Table of Contents In the used vehicle remarketing industry, large numbers of vehicles, including wrecked vehicles at salvage auctions, are stored and/or refurbished at auction facilities and during that time minor releases of fuel, motor oil and other materials may occur. We have investigated or remediated, or are currently investigating or remediating, contamination resulting from various sources, including gasoline, fuel additives (such as methyl tertiary butyl ether, or MTBE), motor oil, petroleum products and other hazardous materials released from aboveground or underground storage tanks or in connection with current or former operations conducted at our facilities. We have incurred, and may in the future incur, expenditures relating to releases of hazardous materials, investigative, remedial or corrective actions, claims by third parties and other environmental issues, and such expenditures, individually or in the aggregate, have been and in the future could be significant, and have in the past caused, and could in the future cause, us to incur substantial compliance and other costs. We implement a rigorous set of protocols and procedures to ensure that any fluid leaks from vehicles are promptly cleaned and storage areas are kept clean. Our employees receive training on how to properly respond to spills in the event any occur. Our employees also receive training on proper housekeeping and material management. We believe implementation of the protocols and procedures minimizes any potential environmental impacts to soil and groundwater at our locations. Federal and state environmental authorities are currently investigating IAA's role, if any, in contributing to contamination at the Lower Duwamish Waterway Superfund Site in Seattle, Washington. IAA's potential liability, if any, at this site cannot be estimated at this time. See Note 14 - Commitments and Contingencies in the notes to consolidated financial statements for a further discussion of this matter. Human Capital Resources Recruitment and Retention. In order to create and develop innovative industry leading products and services and to deliver the highest levels of customer service, we believe it is critical that we attract and retain talented and dedicated employees. As part of these efforts, we strive to offer a competitive compensation and benefits program, to create a work environment where everyone feels included and empowered to do to their best work, and to give employees the opportunity to make a difference in the communities we serve. At December 27, 2020, we had a total of approximately 3,640 employees, of which approximately 3,170 were located in the United States and approximately 470 were located in Canada and the United Kingdom. Approximately 99% of our workforce consists of full-time employees. We use innovative efforts to recruit, train and develop our employees for long-term success with the organization and, to the extent possible, we strive to promote from within the organization. Our employees have rated IAA a Great Place to Work since 2018. ® In addition to the employee workforce, from time to time, we also utilize temporary labor services to assist in handling the vehicles consigned to us and to provide certain other services. Some of the services we provide are outsourced to third party providers that perform the services either on-site or off-site. The use of third party providers depends upon the resources available at each auction facility as well as peaks in the volume of vehicles offered at auction. Compensation and Benefits Program. Our compensation program is designed to attract and reward talented individuals who possess the skills necessary to support our business objectives, assist in the achievement of our strategic goals and create long-term value for our stockholders. We provide employees with compensation packages that we believe are competitive and consistent with employee positions, skill levels, experience, knowledge and geographic location. In addition to cash and, in certain cases, equity compensation, we also offer full-time employees and part-time employees working more than 30 hours per week benefits such as life and health (medical, dental & vision) insurance, paid time off, paid parental leave, and a 401(k) plan. We also provide an incentive to attract, retain and reward eligible employees through our employee stock purchase plan. Workplace Safety. We strive to provide a safe work environment for both our employees and customers. We conduct regular employee training in the areas of safety and emergency preparedness. We believe we have an exemplary workplace safety record with a Total Recordable Incident Rate (“TRIR”) rating of 1.61 during fiscal 2020, outperforming the industry average. We are classified as a motor vehicle and motor vehicle parts and supplies merchant wholesaler (code 423110) by the National American Industry Classification System (“NAICS”). According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics data as of 2019, the industry average TRIR for companies within our NAICS code classification was 3.90. Diversity, Equity and Inclusion. We believe that a diverse, equitable and inclusive environment of employees produces more creative solutions, results in better, more innovative products and services and is crucial to our efforts to attract and retain key talent. We have a Diversity, Equity and Inclusion (“DEI”) Council led by senior executives and comprised of employees at every level of the organization. The DEI Council focuses on initiatives to promote inclusion and cultural awareness and appreciation, increasing diversity and representation of historically underrepresented groups at the management levels and above, and also work with industry partners in their diversity, equity and inclusion efforts. Of the approximately 3,170 employees based in the United States, approximately 50% of them identify as female. We also believe our workforce is ethnically diverse. At December 27, 2020, our U.S. workforce consisted of approximately 58% 13 Table of Contents individuals identifying as White, 20% as Hispanic or Latino, 14% as Black or African American, 5% as Asian, 2% as two or more races, 1% as American Indian/Alaskan Native and less than 1% as Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander or Not Specified. Additionally, of the approximately 480 employees serving in management roles and above, up to and including executives, 69% identify as male and 31% identify as female. Additionally, of those at a manager level and above, up to and including executives, approximately 81% identify as White, 9% as Hispanic or Latino, 5% as Asian, 4% as Black or African American, 1% as two or more races and less than 1% as Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander or as American Indian/Alaskan Native. Community Involvement. We aim to be good corporate citizens in the communities where our employees live and serve. We encourage employees' community service and engagement, including charitable work and social justice initiatives. We offer our employees the opportunity to perform a day of service on a day of their choosing each year and provide flexibility in work schedules to accommodate our employees exercising their right to vote. Available Information Our web address is www.iaai.com. Our electronic filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") (including our Registration Statement on Form 10, all Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, and if applicable, amendments to those reports) are available free of charge on the website as soon as reasonably practicable after they are electronically filed with, or furnished to, the SEC. The information posted on our website is not incorporated into or part of this Annual Report. The SEC maintains a website that contains reports, proxy statements and other information about issuers, like us, that file electronically with the SEC. The address of that site is www.sec.gov. 14 Table of Contents Item 1A. Risk Factors Investing in our Company involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the following risks, as well as all of the other information contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, before deciding to invest in our Company. The occurrence of any of the following risks could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, prospects, results of operations and cash flows. In such case, the trading price of our common stock could decline and you could lose all or part of your investment. The risk factors generally have been separated into three groups: risks related to IAA’s business, risks related to the separation and risks related to IAA’s common stock. However, these risks are not the only ones we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial may also materially affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. Risks Related to the Effects of COVID-19 and Other Potential Future Health Crises Our business is subject to risks arising from epidemic and pandemic diseases, such as the COVID-19 illness. The COVID-19 pandemic and measures intended to reduce its spread has, and may continue to, adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. The global COVID-19 pandemic continues to severely impact worldwide economic activity. A pandemic, including COVID-19, or other public health epidemic poses the risk that we or our employees, suppliers, subhaulers and other partners may be prevented from conducting business activities at full capacity for an indefinite period of time, including due to spread of the disease within these groups or due to shutdowns that may be requested or mandated by governmental authorities. The continued spread of COVID-19 and the measures taken by the governments of countries affected and in which we operate have disrupted and may continue to disrupt the supply of salvage vehicles. For example, due to stay-at-home orders executed in mid-March and other mandates implemented by federal, state and local governments, miles driven declined significantly and reduced the supply of salvage vehicle assignments. This decline in volume significantly impacted our business in fiscal 2020. Even with gradual improvement in miles driven and vehicle assignments in the second half of 2020, miles driven remain lower than pre- COVID levels. If the stabilization in miles driven and assignments is not achieved and sustained, it could adversely affect our operating results and financial condition. The COVID-19 outbreak and mitigation measures have also had an adverse impact on global economic conditions and could impact our ability to access the capital markets on terms acceptable to us, if at all. In addition, although our operations have been deemed “essential,” we took a series of actions during the second quarter of fiscal 2020, including, but not limited to, a temporary reduction in branch labor hours across most locations that generally lasted through September 2020, temporarily requiring employees to work remotely where possible, suspending all non-essential travel worldwide for our employees, and discouraging employee attendance at in-person work-related meetings, which could negatively affect our business. In the future, we may take further temporary precautionary measures intended to help minimize the risk of the virus to our employees. The further spread of COVID-19 and actions taken to limit and combat the spread will impact our ability to carry out our business as normal, and may materially adversely impact our business, operating results and financial condition. The extent to which the COVID-19 outbreak impacts our business and results of operations will depend on future developments that are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted, including new information that may emerge concerning the severity of the virus and the actions to contain its impact, resurgences of COVID-19 or variants thereof that may continue to occur, the availability of vaccines for COVID-19, any delays or complications in vaccine production and distribution, the efficacy of vaccines for COVID-19 and how quickly and to what extent normal economic and operating conditions resume. Risks Related to Supply, Demand and Competition Our business and operating results would be adversely affected due to: loss of one or more significant suppliers, reduction in significant volume from suppliers, an adverse change in our supplier relationships, or a disruption to our supply of damaged, total loss and low-value vehicles. Our business depends on suppliers of damaged, total loss and low-value vehicles. Approximately one-third of our revenue is earned from vehicle suppliers or sellers. Our vehicle suppliers include insurance companies, used-vehicle dealers, rental car and fleet lease companies, auto lenders and charitable organizations, among others. We have established long-term relationships with virtually all of the major automobile insurance companies. During fiscal 2020, approximately 40% of our revenues were associated with vehicles supplied by our three largest insurance customers in the United States segment. Our agreements with insurance company suppliers are generally subject to cancellation by either party upon 30 to 90 days’ notice. There can be no assurance that our existing agreements will not be canceled or that we will be able to enter into future agreements on favorable terms with these suppliers. We work to develop strong relationships with our suppliers to better understand their needs. If we 15 Table of Contents lose one or more of our significant suppliers, or if one or more of our large suppliers were to significantly reduce volume for any reason or favor competitors or new entrants, we may not be successful in replacing such business and our profitability and operating results could be materially adversely affected. Generally, institutional and dealer suppliers make non-binding long-term commitments to us regarding consignment volumes. Changes in the consignment patterns of our key suppliers could have a material adverse effect on our business and operations. There are many factors that can adversely affect volume from suppliers, many of which are beyond our control. These factors include, but are not limited to, the following: a decrease in the number of vehicles in operation or miles driven; mild weather conditions that cause fewer traffic accidents; reduction of policy writing by insurance providers that would affect the number of claims over a period of time; increases in fuel prices that could lead to a reduction in the miles driven per vehicle, which may reduce the accident rate; changes in vehicle technology, an increase in autonomous vehicles and vehicles equipped with advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS); a decrease in the percentage of claims resulting in a total loss or elimination of automotive collision coverage by consumers; delays or changes in state title processing; government regulations on the standards for producing vehicles; and changes in direct repair procedures that would reduce the number of newer, less damaged total loss vehicles, which tend to have higher salvage values. Furthermore, in periods when the supply of vehicles from the insurance sector declines, salvage operators have acquired and in the future may acquire vehicles on their own. Also, when used vehicle prices are high, used-vehicle dealers may retail more of their trade-in vehicles on their own rather than selling them at auction. If the supply or value of damaged, total loss and low-value vehicles coming to auction declines significantly, our revenues and profitability may be adversely affected. Our business and operating results would be adversely affected if we are unable to meet or exceed our buyer customers’ demand and expectations or due to a disruption in demand of damaged, total loss and low-value vehicles. We believe our future success depends in part on our ability to respond to changes in buyer requirements and our ability to meet regulatory requirements for such customers. Our buyer customers include automotive body shops, rebuilders, used car dealers, automotive wholesalers, exporters, dismantlers, recyclers, brokers, and the general public, among others. We work to develop strong relationships and interactive dialogue with our customers to better understand current trends and customer needs. If we are not successful in meeting our customers’ expectations, our customer relationships could be negatively affected and result in a loss of future business, which would adversely affect our operating results and financial condition. Our market position and competitive advantage could be threatened by our competitors and/or disruptive new entrants. We face significant competition for the supply of damaged and total loss vehicles and the buyers of those vehicles. Our principal sources of competition historically have come from (1) direct competitors (e.g., Copart, Inc. and Total Resource Auctions, a subsidiary of Cox Enterprises, Inc.), (2) new entrants, including new vehicle remarketing venues, and (3) existing alternative vehicle remarketing venues, including used-vehicle auctions and certain salvage buyer groups. Due to the increasing use of the Internet and other technology as marketing and distribution channels, we may face increasing competition from online wholesale and retail marketplaces (generally without any meaningful physical presence) and from our own customers, including insurance companies, when they sell directly to end users through such platforms rather than remarket vehicles through our marketplaces. Increased competition could result in price reductions, reduced margins or loss of market share. Our future success also depends on our ability to respond to evolving industry trends, changes in customer requirements and new technologies. Some of our competitors may have greater financial and marketing resources than we do, may be able to respond more quickly to evolving industry dynamics and changes in customer requirements, or may be able to devote greater resources to the development, promotion and sale of new or emerging services and technologies. Our ability to successfully grow through investments in the area of emerging opportunities depends on many factors, including advancements in technology, regulatory changes and other factors that are difficult to predict, or that may significantly affect the future of electrification, autonomy, and mobility. If we are unable to compete successfully or to successfully adapt to industry changes, our business, revenues and profitability could be materially adversely affected. Also, see "The separation and distribution agreement (the "Separation Agreement") that we entered into with KAR limits our ability to compete in certain markets for a period of time following the Separation, and in certain instances, requires that we make revenue and profit sharing payments to KAR related to specific customer segments." If our facilities lack the capacity to accept additional vehicles, then our relationships with insurance companies or other vehicle suppliers could be adversely affected. We regularly evaluate our capacity in all of our markets and, where appropriate, seek to increase capacity through the acquisition of additional land and facilities. Capacity at our facilities varies from period to period and by region as a result of 16 Table of Contents various factors, including natural disasters. We may not be able to reach agreements to purchase or lease storage facilities in markets where we have limited available capacity, and zoning restrictions or difficulties obtaining use permits may limit our ability to expand our capacity through acquisitions of new land. If we fail to have sufficient capacity at one or more of our facilities, our relationships with insurance companies or other vehicle suppliers could be adversely affected, which could adversely affect our operating results and financial condition. Risks Related to Our Business and Operations We may be unable to keep existing facilities or open new facilities in desirable locations and on favorable terms, which could materially and adversely affect our results of operations. Local land use and zoning regulations, environmental regulations and other regulatory requirements may impact our ability to find suitable locations and influence the cost of our operations. The majority of our salvage auction vehicle facilities are leased. The termination or expiration of leases at existing facilities may adversely affect us if the renewal terms of those leases are unacceptable to us and we are forced to close the facilities. If we determine to close a location, we may remain obligated under the applicable lease for the remaining lease term and may have to expense the unamortized portion of the right-of-use assets, in part or in full, as an impairment which may have a material impact on our consolidated results of operations and financial position. Also, if we are unable to maintain our existing facilities or open new facilities in desirable locations and on favorable terms, our results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. Further, in an increasing number of markets where we experience significant capacity constraints together with pressing customer demand and a lack of viable alternatives for expansion due to zoning and land use restrictions, we may be required to purchase, lease or occupy industrial sites which may contain significant environmental impacts. We may not be successful in the implementation of our business strategy or we may improperly align new strategies with our vision, which could lead to the misapplication of our resources. Our business, results of operations, and financial condition depend on our ability to execute our business strategy. See "Our Strategy" under "Item 1. Business" included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. There are significant risks involved with the execution of these initiatives, including significant business, economic and competitive uncertainties, many of which are outside of our control. Accordingly, we cannot predict whether or when we will succeed in implementing these strategic initiatives, and even if we do succeed, our strategy may not have the favorable impact on our business, results of operations, or financial condition that we anticipate. Additionally, our business strategy may change from time to time, which could delay our ability to implement initiatives that we believe are important to our business. We may not properly leverage or make the appropriate investment in technology advancements, which could result in the loss of any sustainable competitive advantage in products, services and processes. Our business is dependent on information technology. Robust information technology systems, platforms and products are critical to our operating environment, digital online products and competitive position. Rapid technology changes may render our technology obsolete and understanding technology innovation is necessary to remain at the forefront of our industry. We may not be successful in structuring our information technology or developing, acquiring or implementing information systems that are competitive and responsive to the needs of our customers. We might lack sufficient resources to continue to make the significant investments in information technology to compete with our competitors. Certain information technology initiatives that management considers important to our long-term success will require capital investment, have significant risks associated with their execution, and could take several years to implement. If we are unable to develop/implement these initiatives in a cost-effective, timely manner or at all, it could damage our relationships with our customers and negatively impact our financial condition and results of operations. If we fail to identify, manage, complete and integrate acquisitions, our operating results, financial condition and growth prospects could be adversely affected. Acquisitions are a part of our growth strategy and have enabled us to further broaden and diversify our service offerings. Our strategy generally involves acquisitions of companies, products, services and technologies to expand our online, digital and mobile capabilities and the acquisition and integration of additional auction sites and personnel. Acquisition of businesses requires substantial time and attention of management personnel and may also require additional equity or debt financings. Further, integration of acquired businesses is often disruptive. There can be no assurance that we will identify appropriate targets, will acquire such businesses on favorable terms, or will be able to successfully integrate such organizations into our business. Because these new ventures are inherently risky, no assurance can be given that such strategies and offerings will be successful and they could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Acquisitions 17 Table of Contents may also have unanticipated tax, legal, regulatory and accounting ramifications, including as a result of recording goodwill and non-amortizable intangible assets that are subject to impairment testing on a regular basis and potential periodic impairment charges. In addition, we expect to compete against other auction groups or new industry consolidators for suitable acquisitions. If we are able to consummate acquisitions, such acquisitions could be dilutive to earnings, and we could overpay for such acquisitions. In pursuing a strategy of acquiring other businesses, we face other risks including, but not limited to: • • • • • • • incurring significantly higher capital expenditures, operating expenses and operating losses of the business acquired; entering new markets with which we are unfamiliar; incurring potential undiscovered liabilities at acquired businesses; failing to maintain uniform standards, controls and policies; incorporating acquired technology and rights into our offerings and unanticipated expenses related to such integration; impairing relationships with employees and customers as a result of management changes; and increasing expenses for accounting and computer systems, as well as integration difficulties. Reliance on our subhaulers and trucking fleet operations could materially and adversely affect our business and reputation. We rely on independent subhaulers and trucking fleet operations to pick up and deliver vehicles to and from our auction facilities. Failure to pick up and deliver vehicles in a timely manner could harm our brand and reputation, and impact the overall business. Further, an increase in fuel cost may lead to increased prices charged by our independent subhaulers and trucking fleet operators, which may significantly increase our cost. We may not be able to pass these costs on to our suppliers or buyers. We are also exposed to risks associated with inclement weather, disruptions in the transportation infrastructure and increase in the price of fuel, any of which could increase our operating costs. If we experience problems or are unable to negotiate or obtain favorable terms with our subhaulers, our results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. An increase in the number of damaged and total loss vehicles we purchase could adversely affect our profitability. In certain countries, the salvage market typically operates on a principal basis, in which a vehicle is purchased and then resold, rather than on an agent basis, in which the auction acts as a sales agent for the owner of the vehicle. Operating on a principal basis exposes us to inventory risks, including losses from theft, damage and obsolescence. If we purchase vehicles, the increased costs associated with acquiring the vehicles could have a material adverse effect on our gross profit margin and operating results. Vehicles sold under purchase agreements were approximately 5% of our vehicles sold both domestically and internationally for fiscal 2020. In addition, when vehicles are purchased, we are subject to changes in vehicle values, such as those caused by changes in commodity prices. Decreases in commodity prices, such as steel and platinum, may negatively affect vehicle values and demand at auctions. A significant change in used-vehicle prices could impact the proceeds and revenue from the sale of damaged and total loss vehicles. The volume of new vehicle production, accuracy of lease residual estimates, interest rate fluctuations, customer demand and changes in regulations, among other things, all potentially affect the pricing of used vehicles. A sustained reduction in used-vehicle pricing could result in lower proceeds from the sale of damaged and total loss vehicles and a related reduction in revenue per vehicle, a potential loss of consignors and decreased profitability. We are partially self-insured for certain losses. We self-insure a portion of employee medical benefits under the terms of our employee health insurance program, as well as a portion of our automobile, general liability and workers’ compensation claims. We record an accrual for the claims expense related to our employee medical benefits, automobile, general liability and workers’ compensation claims based upon the expected amount of all such claims. If actual trends, including the severity of claims and medical cost inflation above expectations were to occur, our self-insured costs would increase, which could have an adverse impact on our results of operations and financial position. 18 Table of Contents We have a material amount of goodwill which, if it becomes impaired, would result in a reduction in our net income. Goodwill represents the amount by which the cost of an acquisition accounted for using the purchase method exceeds the fair value of the net assets acquired. Current accounting standards require that goodwill be periodically evaluated for impairment based on the fair value of the reporting unit. Goodwill represents a significant percentage of our total assets. Declines in our profitability or the value of comparable companies may impact the fair value of our reporting units, which could result in a write-down of goodwill and a reduction in net income. We assume the settlement risk for vehicles sold through our marketplaces. Typically, following the sale of a vehicle, we do not release the vehicle to a buyer until such time as we have received full payment for the vehicle. We may be obligated, however, to remit payment to a seller before receiving payment from a buyer and in those circumstances, we may not have recourse against sellers for any buyer’s failure to satisfy its payment obligations. Because we retain possession of the vehicle, we can resell the vehicle to mitigate any potential losses. Since revenue for most vehicles does not include the gross sales proceeds, failure to collect the receivables in full may result in a net loss up to the amount of gross sales proceeds on a per vehicle basis in addition to any expenses incurred to collect the receivables and to provide the services associated with the vehicle. If we are unable to collect payments on a large number of vehicles and we are unable to resell them and recover our costs, the resulting payment obligations to the seller and decreased fee revenues may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. Risks Related to Data and Cyber Security Significant disruptions of information technology systems, infrastructure and business information could adversely affect our business and reputation. Our business involves the receipt and storage of information about our customers and employees and maintaining internal business data. We rely on information technology systems, some of which are managed by third parties, to process, transmit and store electronic information, and to manage or support a variety of our business processes and activities. The secure operation of these systems, and the processing, maintenance and storage of the information processed by these systems, is critical to our business operations and strategy. Information technology risks (including the confidentiality, integrity and availability of digital assets) for companies have significantly increased in recent years in part because of the proliferation of new technologies, the use of the Internet and telecommunications technologies to conduct financial transactions and the increased sophistication and activities of organized crime, hackers, terrorists and other external parties. These threats may derive from fraud or malice on the part of third parties or our employees, or may result from human error, accidental technological failure or physical break-ins. In addition, our technology infrastructure, information systems, and data storage facilities are vulnerable to damage or interruption from events beyond our control, including, but not limited to, natural disasters, physical break-ins, power loss and telecommunications failures. Although we have technology and information security processes and disaster recovery plans in place to mitigate our risks to these vulnerabilities, these measures may not be adequate to ensure that our operations will not be significantly disrupted upon the occurrence of any of these events. Our customers and other parties in the payments value chain rely on our digital online products as well as other information technologies, computers, software and networks to conduct their operations. In addition, our customers increasingly use personal smartphones, tablet PCs and other mobile devices to access our online products and services and the security of these third party devices may be beyond our control. Any significant disruptions of our information technology systems or the theft of information from our data storage facilities could negatively impact our business, damage our reputation and materially adversely affect our consolidated financial position and results of operations. Data security concerns relating to our technology or breaches of information technology systems, could adversely affect our business and reputation. We are highly dependent on information technology networks and systems, including the Internet, to securely process, transmit, and store electronic information. We have experienced cyber attacks and security breaches of varying degrees to our information technology infrastructure and systems and we believe we will continue to be a potential target of such threats and attacks, resulting in unauthorized access to our computer systems and networks, including our cloud-based platforms. The technology infrastructure and systems of our suppliers, vendors, service providers, cloud solution providers and partners have also in the past experienced and may in the future experience such attacks. Cyber attacks can include computer viruses, computer denial-of-service attacks, worms, and other malicious software programs or other attacks, covert introduction of malware to computers and networks, impersonation of authorized users, and efforts to discover and exploit any design flaws, bugs, security vulnerabilities or security weaknesses, as well as intentional or unintentional acts by employees or other insiders 19 Table of Contents with access privileges, intentional acts of vandalism or fraud by third parties and sabotage. We believe cyber attack attempts are increasing in number and that cyber attackers are developing increasingly sophisticated systems and means to not only attack systems, but also to evade detection or to obscure their activities. Continuous cyber attacks or a sustained attack could lead to service interruptions, malfunctions or other failures in the information technology that supports our business and customers (such as the lack of availability of our value-added systems), as well as the operations of our customers or other third parties. Continuous cyber-attacks could also lead to damage to our reputation with our customers and other parties and the market, additional costs (such as repairing systems, adding new personnel or protection technologies, or compliance costs), regulatory penalties, financial losses to both us and our customers and partners and the loss of customers and business opportunities. If such attacks are not detected in a timely manner, their effects could be compounded. Although we have technology and information security processes and disaster recovery plans in place to mitigate our risks to these vulnerabilities, these measures may not be adequate to ensure that our operations will not be significantly compromised or disrupted upon the occurrence of any such events. If our information technology is compromised, becomes inoperable for extended periods of time or ceases to function properly, we may have to make a significant investment to fix or replace the information technology and our ability to provide many of our electronic and online solutions to our customers may be impaired, which would have a material adverse effect on our consolidated operating results and financial position. In some instances, efforts to correct vulnerabilities or prevent attacks may reduce the performance of our computer systems and networks, which could negatively impact our business. In addition, as cyber threats continue to evolve, we may be required to expend significant additional resources to continue to modify or enhance our protective measures or to investigate and remediate any information security vulnerabilities. Any of the risks described above could disrupt our business, damage our reputation and materially adversely affect our financial position and results of operations. Our business is exposed to risks associated with online commerce security and credit card fraud. We rely on encryption and authentication technology of third party partners to securely transmit confidential information such as customer credit card numbers. A compromise or breach of our own or our third party systems used to protect customer transaction data, whether due to viruses transmitted via the Internet and other points of access, employee error, malfeasance, insufficiency, or defective design, could cause a service disruption. We maintain an information security program and our processing systems incorporate multiple levels of protection in order to address or otherwise mitigate these risks. Despite these mitigation efforts, there can be no assurance that we will not suffer losses in the future. Under current credit card practices, we may be held liable for fraudulent credit card transactions and other payment disputes with customers. As such, we have implemented certain anti-fraud measures, including credit card verification procedures and limiting the acceptance of credit cards from certain newly acquired customers. However, a failure to adequately prevent fraudulent credit card transactions could adversely affect our consolidated financial position and results of operations. Compliance with U.S. and global privacy and data security requirements could result in additional costs and liabilities to us or inhibit our ability to collect and store data, and the failure to comply with such requirements could subject us to significant fines and penalties, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and reputation. We collect and store sensitive and confidential data, including the intellectual property, proprietary business information, proprietary business information of our customers, as well as personally identifiable information of our customers and employees, in data centers and on information technology networks. Aspects of our operations and business are subject to privacy regulation in the United States, including the California Consumer Privacy Act (“CCPA”), and privacy regulations elsewhere around the globe, including the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (the “GDPR”). The CCPA, which came into effect beginning in January 2020, imposes new notice and privacy policy requirements, and new obligations to respond to requests to know and access to personal information, to delete personal information and to say no to the sale of personal information, which may impose significant costs on us. The GDPR, which took effect in May 2018, imposes strict rules on the transfer of personal data out of the European Union to the United States, enhances enforcement authority and imposes large penalties for noncompliance, including the potential for fines of up to €20 million or 4% of the annual global revenues of the infringer, whichever is greater. In addition, a growing number of legislative and regulatory bodies have adopted consumer notification and other requirements in the event that consumer information is accessed by unauthorized persons, and additional regulations regarding the use, access, accuracy, and security of such data are possible. In the U.S., state laws provide for disparate notification regimes. If our practices or products are deemed to be an invasion of privacy, whether or not consistent with current or future regulations and industry practices, we may be subject to public criticism, private class actions, reputational harm, or claims by regulators, which could disrupt our business and expose us to increased liability. Our failure to comply with these laws, or any future laws or regulations of a similar nature, could result in substantial regulatory penalties, litigation expense, and loss of revenue. 20 Table of Contents These laws and regulations as well as laws and regulations in the various states or in other countries could limit our ability to pursue business opportunities we might otherwise consider engaging in, impose additional costs or restrictions on us, result in significant loss of revenue, impact the value of assets we hold, or otherwise significantly adversely affect our business. Any failure by us to comply with applicable laws or regulations could also result in significant liability to us, including liability to private plaintiffs as a result of individual or class action litigation, or may result in the cessation of our operations or portions of our operations or impositions of fines and restrictions on our ability to carry on or expand our operations. Our operations could also be negatively affected by changes to laws and regulations and enhanced regulatory oversight of our customers and us. These changes may limit the manner in which we conduct our business or otherwise may have a negative impact on our ability to generate revenues, earnings, and cash flows. If we are unable to adapt our products and services to conform to the new laws and regulations, or if these laws and regulations have a negative impact on our customers, we may experience customer losses or increased operating costs, and our business and results of operations could be negatively affected. Risks Related to Laws and Regulations Changes in laws affecting the import and export of damaged and total loss vehicles may have an adverse effect on our business and financial condition. Our Internet-based auction services have allowed us to offer our products and services to international markets and have increased our international buyer base. As a result, foreign buyers of damaged and total loss vehicles now represent a significant part of our total buyer base. Changes in laws, regulations and treaties that restrict the importation of damaged and total loss vehicles into foreign countries may reduce the demand for damaged and total loss vehicles and impact our ability to maintain or increase our international buyer base. The adoption of such laws or regulations in other jurisdictions that have the effect of reducing or curtailing our activities abroad could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition by reducing the demand for our products and services. We are subject to certain governmental regulations, including vehicle brokerage and auction laws and currency reporting obligations. Our business is subject to risks related to litigation and regulatory actions. Our operations are subject to regulation, supervision and licensing under various federal, state, provincial and local authorities, agencies, statutes and ordinances, which, among other things, require us to obtain and maintain certain licenses, permits and qualifications and provide certain disclosures and notices. See Item 1. Business - Government Regulation for additional information. Changes in law or governmental regulations or interpretations of existing law or regulations could result in increased costs, reduced vehicle prices and decreased profitability for us. In addition, failure to comply with present or future laws and regulations or changes in existing laws or regulations or in their interpretation could have a material adverse effect on our operating results and financial condition. We are also subject from time to time to a variety of legal actions relating to our current and past business operations, including litigation relating to employment- related issues, the environment and personal injury claims. There is no guarantee that we will be successful in defending ourselves in legal and administrative actions or in asserting our rights under various laws. In addition, we could incur substantial costs in defending ourselves or in asserting our rights in such actions. The costs and other effects of pending litigation and administrative actions against us cannot be determined with certainty. Although we currently believe that no such proceedings will have a material adverse effect, there can be no assurance that the outcome of such proceedings will be as expected. Environmental, health and safety risks could adversely affect our operating results and financial condition. Our operations are subject to various foreign, federal, state and local environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, including those governing the emission or discharge of pollutants into the air or water, the generation, treatment, storage and release of hazardous materials and wastes and the investigation and remediation of contamination. Our failure to comply with current or future environmental, health or safety laws or to obtain and comply with permits required under such laws, could subject us to significant liability or require costly investigative, remedial or corrective actions. Some of the facilities on which we operate are impacted by significant recognized environmental concerns and pollution conditions. We have incurred and may in the future incur expenditures relating to compliance and risk mitigation efforts, releases of hazardous materials, investigative, remedial or corrective actions, claims by third parties and other environmental issues, and such expenditures, individually or in the aggregate, could be significant. Federal and state environmental authorities 21 Table of Contents are currently investigating our role in contributing to contamination at the Lower Duwamish Waterway Superfund Site in Seattle, Washington. Our potential liability at this site cannot be estimated at this time. See "Business-Legal Proceedings." Risks Related to International Operations Our expansion into markets outside the U.S. and our non-U.S. based operations subject us to unique operational, competitive and regulatory risks. Acquisitions and other strategies to expand our operations beyond North America subject us to additional significant risks and uncertainties. As we continue to explore opportunities to expand our business internationally, we will need to develop policies and procedures to manage our business on a global scale. There can be no assurance that we will identify appropriate international targets, acquire such businesses on favorable terms, or be able to successfully grow and integrate such organizations into our business. Operationally, acquired businesses typically depend on key relationships and our failure to develop or maintain those relationships could have an adverse effect on our operating results and financial condition. In addition, we anticipate that our non-U.S.-based operations will continue to subject us to risks associated with operating on an international basis, including: • • • • • • • • • • • exposure to foreign currency exchange rate risk, which may have an adverse impact on our revenues and profitability; exposure to the principal or purchase auction model rather than the agency or consignment model, which may have an adverse impact on our margins and expose us to inventory risks; restrictions on our ability to repatriate funds, as well as repatriation of funds currently held in foreign jurisdictions, which may result in higher effective tax rates; tariffs and trade barriers and other regulatory or contractual limitations on our ability to operate in certain foreign markets; compliance with the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act; compliance with the various privacy regulations, including the GDPR; dealing with unfamiliar regulatory agencies and laws favoring local competitors; dealing with political and/or economic instability; the difficulty of managing and staffing foreign offices, as well as the increased travel, infrastructure, legal and compliance costs associated with international operations; localizing our product offerings; and adapting to different business cultures and market structures. As we continue to explore opportunities to expand globally, our success will depend on our ability to anticipate and effectively manage these and other risks associated with operating on an international basis. Our failure to manage these risks could have an adverse effect on our operating results and financial condition. A portion of our net income is derived from our international operations, primarily Canada, which exposes us to foreign exchange risks that may impact our financial statements. In addition, increases in the value of the U.S. dollar relative to certain foreign currencies may negatively impact foreign buyer participation in our marketplaces. Fluctuations between U.S. and foreign currency values may adversely affect our results of operations and financial position. In addition, there may be tax inefficiencies in repatriating cash from our foreign subsidiaries. Approximately 12% of our revenues were attributable to our foreign operations for the fiscal year ended December 27, 2020. Changes in the value of foreign currencies, particularly the Canadian dollar relative to the U.S. dollar, could negatively affect our profits from foreign operations and the value of the net assets of our foreign operations when reported in U.S. dollars in our financial statements. A 10% change in the average Canadian exchange rate for the twelve months ended December 27, 2020 would have impacted net income by approximately $1.8 million. In addition, fluctuations in exchange rates may make it more difficult to perform period-to-period comparisons of our reported results of operations. For purposes of accounting, the assets and liabilities of our foreign operations are translated using period-end exchange rates; such translation gains and losses are reported in "Accumulated other comprehensive income/loss" as a component of stockholders’ (deficit) equity. The revenues and expenses of our foreign operations are translated using average exchange rates during each period. 22 Table of Contents Likewise, we have a significant number of non-U.S.-based buyers who participate in our marketplaces. Increases in the value of the U.S. dollar relative to these buyers’ local currencies may reduce the prices they are willing to pay at auction, which may negatively affect our revenues. Risks Related to Our Separation and Distribution The separation and distribution agreement (the "Separation Agreement") that we entered into with KAR limits our ability to compete in certain markets for a period of time following the Separation, and in certain instances, requires that we make revenue and profit sharing payments to KAR related to specific customer segments. Prior to the Separation, we were a wholly-owned subsidiary of KAR. Accordingly, KAR possessed and exercised sole and absolute discretion to determine and change the terms of the Separation Agreement. The Separation Agreement contains a covenant not to compete, prohibiting us and our affiliates from engaging in certain non-salvage activities in competition with KAR’s business for a period of five years following the Separation in certain jurisdictions, subject to certain exceptions. We are expressly permitted to continue to conduct our salvage auction business as conducted immediately prior to the Separation. The exceptions also permit us to conduct certain non-salvage business, in some cases subject to a revenue sharing mechanic in the event such business exceeds specified volume limits or other thresholds. These restrictions may limit our ability to compete in certain markets and could materially and adversely affect our business, growth strategy, financial condition and results of operations. Since the Separation, we also face competition from ADESA, Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of KAR ("ADESA"), for some of the services that we provide, and the Separation Agreement limits our ability to compete in certain markets for a period of time. If the Separation and Distribution fail to qualify as a tax-free transaction for U.S. federal income tax purposes, then IAA, KAR and KAR’s stockholders could be subject to significant tax liability or tax indemnity obligations. KAR received an IRS Ruling on certain issues relevant to the qualification of the Separation and Distribution as tax-free under Sections 368(a)(1)(D) and 355 of the Code, based on certain facts and representations. The IRS Ruling does not address all of the requirements for tax-free treatment of the Separation and Distribution. As a condition to the Distribution KAR received an opinion from its U.S. tax counsel, Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP, on the basis of certain facts, representations, covenants and assumptions set forth in such opinion, substantially to the effect that, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, the Separation and Distribution, taken together, qualifies as a transaction that generally is tax-free to KAR and KAR’s stockholders, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, under Sections 355 and 368(a)(1)(D) of the Code. Notwithstanding the tax opinion, the IRS could determine on audit that the distribution should be treated as a taxable transaction if it determines that any of the facts, assumptions, representations or covenants set forth in the tax opinion is not correct or has been violated, or that the Distribution should be taxable for other reasons, including as a result of a significant change in stock or asset ownership after the Distribution, or if the IRS were to disagree with the conclusions of the tax opinion. If the Distribution is ultimately determined to be taxable, the Distribution could be treated as a taxable dividend to you for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and you could incur significant U.S. federal income tax liability. In addition, KAR and/or we could incur significant U.S. federal income tax liabilities or tax indemnification obligations, whether under applicable law or the tax matters agreement that we entered into with KAR, if it is ultimately determined that certain related transactions were undertaken in anticipation of the Distribution. We may have received better terms from unaffiliated third parties than the terms we receive in our agreements with KAR. The agreements we entered into with KAR in connection with the Separation and Distribution, including the Separation Agreement and the ancillary agreements, were prepared in the context of IAA’s separation from KAR while IAA was still a wholly-owned subsidiary of KAR. Accordingly, during the period in which the terms of those agreements were prepared, IAA did not have an independent board of directors or a management team that was independent of KAR and KAR possessed and exercised sole and absolute discretion in determining the terms of the agreements. As a result, the terms of those agreements may not reflect terms that would have resulted from arm’s length negotiations between unaffiliated third parties. We may have received better terms from third parties because, among other things, third parties may have competed with each other to win our business. We may not be able to engage in certain corporate transactions after the Separation. To preserve the tax-free treatment to KAR of the Separation and the Distribution, under the tax matters agreement that we entered into with KAR, we are restricted from taking certain actions that would prevent the distribution and related transactions 23 Table of Contents from being tax-free for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Such restrictions are applicable to us during the two-year period following the distribution and may prohibit us, except in certain circumstances, from, among other things: • entering into any transaction whereby we merge or consolidate with any other person or entity as a result of which one or more persons or entities would, directly or indirectly, acquire a significant portion of our stock or substantially all of our assets; • merging, consolidating, or liquidating; • • • issuing equity securities beyond certain thresholds; repurchasing certain amounts of our capital stock; or ceasing to actively conduct our business. These restrictions may limit our ability to pursue certain strategic transactions or other transactions that we may believe to be in the best interests of our stockholders or that might increase the value of our business. In addition, under the tax matters agreement, we are required to indemnify KAR against liabilities resulting from certain actions taken after the distribution that cause the Distribution to be taxable for U.S. federal income tax purposes. We will be required to satisfy certain indemnification obligations to KAR or we may not be able to collect on indemnification rights from KAR. Under the terms of the Separation and Distribution, we are required to indemnify KAR from and with respect to (i) all debts, liabilities and obligations allocated or transferred to us in connection with the Separation and Distribution (including our failure to pay, perform or otherwise promptly discharge any such debts, liabilities or obligations after the Separation and Distribution), (ii) any breach by us of the Separation Agreement or any of the ancillary agreements, and (iii) any misstatement or omission of a material fact in our Registration Statement on Form 10. We are not aware of any existing indemnification obligations at this time, but any such indemnification obligations that may arise could be significant. Under the terms of the Separation Agreement, KAR is required to indemnify us from and after the Separation and Distribution with respect to (i) all debts, liabilities and obligations allocated to KAR after the Separation and Distribution (including its failure to pay, perform or otherwise promptly discharge any such debts, liabilities or obligations after the separation and distribution) and (ii) any breach by KAR of the Separation Agreement or any of the ancillary agreements. Our and KAR’s ability to satisfy these indemnities, if called upon to do so, will depend respectively upon our and KAR’s future financial strength. If we are required to indemnify KAR, or if we are not able to collect on indemnification rights from KAR, our financial condition, liquidity or results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. We cannot determine whether we will have to indemnify KAR, or if KAR will have to indemnify us, for any substantial obligations after the Distribution. Risks Related to Our Capital Structure and Organization We have a substantial amount of debt, which could impair our financial condition and adversely affect our ability to react to changes in our business. As of December 27, 2020, our total corporate debt was $1.3 billion. Our indebtedness could have important consequences including: • • limiting our ability to borrow additional amounts to fund working capital, capital expenditures, debt-service requirements, execution of our business strategy, acquisitions and other purposes; requiring us to dedicate a substantial portion of our cash flow from operations to pay principal and interest on debt, which would reduce the funds available for other purposes, including funding future expansion; • making us more vulnerable to adverse changes in general economic, industry and competitive conditions, in government regulation and in our business by limiting our flexibility in planning for, and making it more difficult to react quickly to, changing conditions; and • exposing us to risks inherent in interest rate fluctuations because the majority of our indebtedness is at variable rates of interest, which could result in higher interest expenses in the event of increases in interest rates. In addition, if we are unable to generate sufficient cash from operations to service our debt and meet other cash needs, we may be forced to reduce or delay capital expenditures, sell assets or operations, seek additional capital or restructure or refinance our indebtedness. We may not be able to refinance our debt or sell additional debt or equity securities or our assets on favorable terms, if at all, particularly because of our high levels of debt and the restrictions imposed by the agreements governing our indebtedness. If we must sell certain of our assets, it may negatively affect our ability to generate revenue. The inability to obtain additional financing could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition. 24 Table of Contents If we cannot make scheduled payments on our debt, we would be in default and, as a result: • • • our debt holders could declare all outstanding principal and interest to be due and payable; the lenders under our Senior Secured Credit Facilities (as defined below) could terminate their commitments to lend us money and foreclose against the assets securing their borrowings; and we could be forced into bankruptcy or liquidation. Provisions in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and by-laws, and of Delaware law, may prevent or delay an acquisition of us, which could decrease the trading price of our common stock. Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and by-laws contain, and Delaware law contains, provisions that may be considered to have an anti-takeover effect and may delay or prevent a tender offer or other corporate transaction that a stockholder might consider to be in its best interest, including those transactions that might result in payment of a premium over the market price for our stock. These provisions include: • • • • • • • rules regarding how stockholders may present proposals or nominate directors for election at stockholder meetings; permitting our Board to issue preferred stock without stockholder approval; granting to the Board, and not the stockholders, the sole power to set the number of directors; the initial division of our Board into three classes of directors, with each class serving a staggered term; a provision that directors serving on a classified Board may be removed by stockholders only for cause; authorizing vacancies on our Board to be filled only by a vote of the majority of the directors then in office and specifically denying our stockholders the right to fill vacancies in the Board; and prohibiting stockholder action by written consent. These provisions apply even if an offer may be considered beneficial by some stockholders. We believe these provisions will protect our stockholders from coercive or otherwise unfair takeover tactics. These provisions are not intended to make us immune from takeovers. However, these provisions will apply even if the offer may be considered beneficial by some stockholders and the provisions could delay or prevent an acquisition that our Board determines is not in the best interests of us and our stockholders. These provisions may also prevent or discourage attempts to remove and replace incumbent directors. We are not subject to the provisions of Section 203 of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware (the "DGCL"). Section 203 of the DGCL provides that, subject to limited exceptions, persons that acquire, or are affiliated with a person that acquires, more than 15% of the outstanding voting stock of a Delaware corporation shall not engage in any business combination with that corporation, including by merger, consolidation or acquisitions of additional shares, for a three- year period following the date on which that person or its affiliates becomes the holder of more than 15% of the corporation’s outstanding voting stock. Accordingly, we are not subject to any anti-takeover effects of Section 203. In addition, an acquisition or further issuance of our stock could trigger the application of Section 355(e) of the Code. Under the tax matters agreement, we would be required to indemnify KAR for the resulting tax, and this indemnity obligation might discourage, delay or prevent a change of control that you may consider favorable. Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and by-laws contain exclusive forum provisions that could limit an IAA stockholder’s ability to choose a judicial forum that it finds favorable for certain disputes with IAA or its directors, officers, stockholders, employees or agents, and may discourage lawsuits with respect to such claims. Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides that unless the Board otherwise determines, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware will be the sole and exclusive forum for (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on behalf of IAA, (ii) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any director, officer, stockholder, employee or agent of IAA to IAA or its stockholders, (iii) any action asserting a claim against IAA or any director, officer, stockholder, employee or agent of IAA arising out of or relating to any provision of the DGCL or IAA’s amended and restated certificate of incorporation or by-laws, or (iv) any action asserting a claim against IAA or any director, officer, stockholder, employee or agent of IAA governed by the internal affairs doctrine, in all cases subject to the court having subject matter jurisdiction and personal jurisdiction over an indispensable party named as a defendant. The exclusive forum provision does not apply to any actions arising under the Securities Act or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"). These exclusive forum provisions may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for such disputes and may discourage these types of lawsuits. Alternatively, if a court were to find the exclusive forum provisions 25 Table of Contents inapplicable to, or unenforceable in respect of, one or more of the specified types of actions or proceedings, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such matters in other jurisdictions. General Risk Factors If we are unable to protect our intellectual property, the value of our brand and other intangible assets may be diminished, and our business may be adversely affected. Also, we may be subject to patent or other intellectual property infringement claims, which could have an impact on our business or operating results due to a disruption in our business operations, the incurrence of significant costs and other factors. We rely and expect to continue to rely on a combination of confidentiality and license agreements with our employees, consultants and third parties with whom we have relationships, as well as trademark, copyright, patent, trade secret, and domain name protection laws, to protect our proprietary rights. In the United States and internationally, we have filed various applications for protection of certain aspects of our intellectual property. However, third parties may knowingly or unknowingly infringe our proprietary rights, third parties may challenge proprietary rights held by us, and pending and future trademark and patent applications may not be approved. In addition, effective intellectual property protection may not be available in every country in which we operate or intend to operate our business. In any or all of these cases, we may be required to expend significant time and expense in order to prevent infringement or to enforce our rights. Although we have taken measures to protect our proprietary rights, there can be no assurance that others will not offer products or concepts that are substantially similar to ours and compete with our business. If the protection of our proprietary rights is inadequate to prevent unauthorized use or appropriation by third parties, the value of our brand and other intangible assets may be diminished and competitors may be able to more effectively mimic our service and methods of operations. Any of these events could have an adverse effect on our business and financial results. From time to time, we may receive notices from others claiming that we infringed or otherwise violated their patent or intellectual property rights, and the number of these claims could increase in the future. Claims of intellectual property infringement or other intellectual property violations could require us to enter into licensing agreements on unfavorable terms, incur substantial monetary liability or be enjoined preliminarily or permanently from further use of the intellectual property in question, which could require us to change business practices and limit our ability to compete effectively. Even if we believe that the claims are without merit, the claims can be time-consuming and costly to defend and may divert management’s attention and resources away from our businesses. If we are required to take any of these actions, it could have an adverse impact on our business and operating results. If we fail to attract and retain key personnel, or have inadequate succession planning, we may not be able to execute our business strategies and our financial results could be negatively affected. Our success depends in large part on the performance of our senior executive team and other key employees, including key field and information technology personnel. If we lose the services of one or more of our executive officers or key employees, or if one or more of them decides to join a competitor or otherwise compete with us, we may not be able to effectively implement our business strategies, our business could suffer and the value of our common stock could be materially adversely affected. Our auction business is directly impacted by the business relationships our employees have established with customers and suppliers and, as a result, if we lose key personnel, we may have difficulty in retaining and attracting customers, developing new services, negotiating favorable agreements with customers and providing acceptable levels of customer service. Leadership changes will occur from time to time and we cannot predict whether significant resignations will occur or whether we will be able to recruit additional qualified personnel. We do not have nor do we currently expect to obtain key person insurance on any of our executive officers. Weather-related and other events beyond our control may adversely impact operations. Extreme weather or other events, such as hurricanes, tornadoes, earthquakes, forest fires, floods, global pandemics or other health crises, terrorist attacks or war, may adversely affect the overall economic environment, the markets in which we compete, and our operations and profitability. These events may impact our physical auction facilities, causing a material increase in costs, or delays or cancellation of auction sales, which could have a material adverse impact on our revenues and profitability. In some instances, for example with the severe storm in August 2017 known as "Hurricane Harvey," these events may result in a sharp influx in the available supply of damaged and total loss vehicles and there can be no assurance that our business will have sufficient resources to handle such extreme increases in supply. Our failure to meet our customers’ demands in such situations could negatively affect our relationships with such customers and result in a loss of future business, which would adversely affect our operating results and financial condition. In addition, revenues generated as a result of the total loss 26 Table of Contents of vehicles associated with such a catastrophe are typically recognized subsequent to the incurrence of incremental costs and such revenues may not be sufficient to offset the costs incurred. Mild weather conditions tend to result in a decrease in the available supply of damaged and total loss vehicles because traffic accidents decrease and fewer vehicles are damaged. Accordingly, mild weather can have an adverse effect on our damaged and total loss vehicle inventories, which would be expected to have an adverse effect on our revenue and operating results and related growth rates. Item 1b. Unresolved Staff Comments None. Item 2. Properties IAA is headquartered in Westchester, Illinois, with office space being leased through 2027. At December 27, 2020, properties utilized by the IAA include 221 facilities in the United States, 14 facilities in Canada, and 11 facilities in the United Kingdom, representing approximately 8,600 gross acres. These properties are used primarily for auction and storage purposes. We regularly evaluate our capacity in all our markets and where appropriate, seek to increase capacity through the acquisition of additional land and facilities. Capacity at our facilities varies from period to period and by region as a result of various factors, including natural disasters. Item 3. Legal Proceedings See Note 14 - Commitments and Contingencies in the notes to consolidated financial statements for information regarding legal proceedings, which information is incorporated by reference in this Item 3. Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures Not applicable. PART II Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Market Information and Holders of Record IAA common stock is traded on the New York Stock Exchange ("NYSE") under the symbol "IAA" and has been traded on the NYSE since June 28, 2019. As of February 16, 2021, we had two stockholders of record. Because many shares of our common stock are held by brokers and other institutions on behalf of stockholders, we are unable to estimate the total number of stockholders represented by the holders of record. Dividends Following our Separation from KAR, we have not paid cash dividends on our common stock and have no plan to do so in the foreseeable future. The payment of any dividends in the future, and the timing and amount, thereof, will be made at the discretion of our Board of Directors, subject to applicable laws, and will depend on a number of factors, including our financial condition and prospects, capital requirements and access to capital markets, covenants associated with certain of our debt obligations, general business conditions, and other factors that our Board of Directors may deem relevant. 27 Table of Contents Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities During the three months ended December 27, 2020, we acquired shares of our common stock held by one of our directors who tendered shares to satisfy tax withholding obligations upon the vesting of previously issued restricted stock awards. Specifically, the number of shares of common stock acquired from the director and the average price paid per share for each month in the fourth quarter ended December 27, 2020 are as shown in the table below. Period September 28 - November 1, 2020 November 2 - November 29, 2020 November 30 - December 27, 2020 Total Stock Price Performance Graph Total Number of Shares Purchased Average Price Paid per Share — $ — 64.83 64.83 $ — — 227 227 The graph below shows the cumulative total return of IAA’s common stock, the Standard & Poor's 400 Midcap Index and the Nasdaq Industrial Index for the period beginning on June 28, 2019, the Separation Date, and ending on December 27, 2020. Total cumulative return is based on a $100 investment in IAA’s common stock and each of the listed indices on June 28, 2019 and assumes the reinvestment of dividends. No dividends have been declared on our common stock. Stockholder returns shown in the following graph are not indicative of future stock price performance. Company/Index IAA, Inc. S&P 400 Midcap Index NASDAQ Industrial Index 6/28/2019 12/29/2019 12/27/2020 $ $ $ 100.00 100.00 100.00 $ $ $ 119.60 $ 106.03 $ 104.37 $ 167.46 119.01 155.56 The stock performance graph above shall not be deemed soliciting material or to be filed with the SEC or subject to Regulation 14A or 14C under the Exchange Act or to the liabilities of Section 18 of the Exchange Act, nor shall it be incorporated by reference into any past or future filing under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”) or 28 Table of Contents the Exchange Act, except to the extent we specifically request that it be treated as soliciting material or specifically incorporate it by reference into a filing under the Exchange Act or Securities Act. Item 6. Selected Financial Data Reserved. Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, as well as the “Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” preceding Part I. Our fiscal year consists of 52 weeks with every fifth year consisting of 53 weeks and ending either the last Sunday in December or the first Sunday in January. As used in this section, references to the “fiscal year ended December 27, 2020” or “fiscal 2020” refer to the 52-week period that began on December 30, 2019 and ended on December 27, 2020. References to the “fiscal year ended December 29, 2019” or “fiscal 2019” refer to the 52-week period that began on December 31, 2018 and ended on December 29, 2019. References to the “fiscal year ended December 30, 2018” or “fiscal 2018” refer to the 52-week period that began on January 1, 2018 and ended on December 30, 2018. Overview We are a leading global digital marketplace connecting vehicle buyers and sellers. Leveraging leading-edge technology and focusing on innovation, our unique platform facilitates the marketing and sale of total-loss, damaged and low-value vehicles for a full spectrum of sellers. Headquartered in Westchester, IL, we have two operating segments: United States and International. We maintain operations in the United States, which make up the United States segment and operations in Canada and the United Kingdom, which make up the International segment. We have more than 200 facilities across both business segments. We serve a global buyer base and a full spectrum of sellers, including insurance companies, dealerships, fleet lease and rental car companies, and charitable organizations. We offer sellers a comprehensive suite of services aimed at maximizing vehicle value, reducing administrative costs, shortening selling cycle time and delivering the highest economic returns. Our solutions provide global buyers with the vehicles they need to, among other things, fulfill their vehicle rebuild requirements, replacement part inventory or scrap demand. We provide global buyers with multiple bidding/buying digital channels, innovative vehicle merchandising, efficient evaluation services and online bidding tools, enhancing the overall purchasing experience. During fiscal 2020, we completed the roll-out of our buyer digital transformation in the United States in April 2020 and in Canada in July 2020. IAA UK has operated an online, digital only auction since 2005. As a result, we have shifted to a fully online, digital auction model, resulting in a reduction of costs previously associated with the physical auctions. The Separation On February 27, 2018, KAR announced a plan to pursue the separation and spin off (“the Separation”) of its salvage auction businesses into a separate public company. On June 28, 2019 (the “Separation Date”), KAR completed the distribution of 100% of the issued and outstanding shares of common stock of IAA to the holders of record of KAR’s common stock on June 18, 2019, on a pro rata basis (the “Distribution”). Following the Separation and Distribution, IAA became an independent publicly-traded company. Industry Trends Vehicles deemed a total loss by automobile insurance companies represent the largest category of vehicles sold in the salvage vehicle auction industry. Based on data from CCC Information Services, the percentage of claims resulting in total losses was approximately 21% in 2020, 19% in 2019 and 18% in 2018. There is no central reporting system for the salvage vehicle auction industry that tracks the number of salvage vehicle auction volumes in any given year, which makes estimating industry volumes difficult. Fluctuations in used vehicle and commodity pricing (aluminum, steel, etc.) have an impact on proceeds received in the salvage vehicle auction industry. In times of rising prices, revenue and gross profit are positively impacted. If used vehicle and commodity prices decrease, proceeds, revenue and gross profit at salvage auctions may be negatively impacted, which could adversely affect our level of profitability. The price per ton of crushed auto bodies in North America increased approximately 15% in 2020 as compared to 2019 and declined approximately 29% in 2019 as compared to 2018. 29 Table of Contents Sources of Revenues and Expenses A significant portion of our revenue is derived from auction fees and related services associated with our salvage auctions. Approximately two-thirds of our revenue is earned from buyers. Buyer revenue represents fees charged based on a tiered structure that increases with the sales price of the vehicle as well as service fees for additional services such as storage, transportation, and vehicle condition reporting. Approximately one-third of our revenue is earned from sellers. Seller revenue represents the combination of the inbound tow, processing, storage, titling, enhancing and auctioning of the vehicle. Although auction revenues primarily include the auction services and related fees, our related receivables and payables include the gross value of the vehicles sold. Our operating expenses consist of cost of services, cost of vehicle sales, selling, general and administrative and depreciation and amortization. Cost of services is comprised of payroll and related costs, subcontract services, supplies, insurance, property taxes, utilities, service contract claims, maintenance and lease expense related to the auction sites. Cost of vehicle sales is comprised of the cost of purchased vehicles. Cost of services and vehicle sales excludes depreciation and amortization. Selling, general and administrative expenses are comprised of payroll and related costs, sales and marketing, information technology services and professional fees. COVID-19 Impact on our Business The outbreak of the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) has severely impacted, and continues to impact worldwide economic activities. In an effort to contain and combat the spread of COVID-19, government and health authorities around the world took extraordinary and wide-ranging actions, including orders to close all business not deemed “essential”, quarantines, “stay-at-home” orders, and the practice of social distancing. Although many of these governmental restrictions have since been lifted or scaled back, ongoing surges of COVID-19 infections, including new more contagious and/or vaccine resistant variants, in certain geographies have resulted in the re-imposition of certain restrictions from time to time, and may lead to other restrictions being re-implemented in response to efforts to reduce the spread of COVID-19. Given our operations, we are deemed “essential” and have remained open for business and our branches continue to be operational. We have implemented strict health and sanitization protocols across all of our locations in an effort to keep our employees and customers safe including, but not limited to: the use of personal protective equipment; sanitizing our facilities; continuing to temporarily require employees to work remotely where possible; suspending all non-essential travel worldwide for our employees; and discouraging employee attendance at in-person work-related meetings. We have also activated contingency plans to ensure continued operations and business continuity across our global network. The significant decline in miles driven resulting from the stay-at-home orders that were executed in mid-March across North America and the United Kingdom translated into a reduction in vehicle assignments. This decline in volume significantly impacted our business in fiscal 2020. Notwithstanding this reduction in volume, our net revenue per unit during fiscal 2020 increased compared to the prior year period due to benefits from our buyer digital transformation, enhanced service offerings such as IAA 360 View and IAA Interact as well as strong used car pricing and strong demand from buyers. As certain economies began to re-open, we saw gradual improvements in miles driven that resulted in higher vehicle assignments in the third and fourth quarter of fiscal 2020 as compared to the second quarter. Even with this gradual improvement in the second half of 2020, miles driven remained lower than pre-COVID levels. TM , TM In response to the uncertainty surrounding COVID-19, we took a series of actions during the second quarter of fiscal 2020 to reduce costs and cash outlays, including, but not limited to, a temporary reduction in salaries at the senior leadership level through June 2020, a temporary reduction in the annual cash retainer payable in quarterly installments to directors through September 2020, aggressive cost reductions across all departments, a temporary reduction in branch labor hours across most locations that generally lasted through September 2020, employee furloughs in select international locations and a reduction of certain non- critical capital spending during fiscal 2020. In addition, we enhanced our liquidity position by: (i) entering into an amendment to our Credit Agreement in May 2020 to increase the aggregate principal amount to be borrowed under our Revolving Credit Facility (as defined below) by $136.0 million to $361.0 million; and (ii) entering into a credit agreement in July 2020 which provides for a revolving credit facility in an aggregate principal amount of $10.0 million Canadian dollars (the "Canadian Credit Facility"). We are continuing to actively monitor the rapidly evolving situation and guidance from the government and public health authorities and we may take additional actions that we determine are in the best interest of the Company and all our stakeholders. The COVID-19 pandemic had limited impact on our operations in the first quarter of fiscal 2020, but adversely affected our operations in the second, third and fourth quarters of fiscal 2020 and we anticipate it will continue to do so in fiscal 2021, depending in part on how quickly vaccine rollouts occur throughout the markets in which we operate and the effectiveness of vaccines in limiting the spread of COVID-19 and particularly if buyer demand declines or the stabilization in assignments and miles driven is not achieved and sustained. All of the factors described above may have far-reaching impacts on our business, operations, and financial results and conditions, directly and indirectly, including, but not limited to, impacts on vehicle assignments, branch operations, the health of our management and employees, and on the overall economy. 30 Table of Contents Given the dynamic nature of these circumstances, uncertainties surrounding the timing of vaccine rollouts, public acceptance and usage of vaccines and the effectiveness of vaccines in limiting the spread of COVID-19, the severity and duration of business disruption and the related financial effects cannot be reasonably estimated at this time. However, we expect COVID-19 and the efforts taken to reduce its spread to have a negative impact on our vehicle assignments in fiscal 2021, the impact of which may continue to be material. See Item 1A, Risk Factors for additional information. Factors Affecting Comparability of Financial Results Historical KAR Cost Allocations versus IAA as a Stand-alone Company: Our historical consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States ("GAAP"). The financial statements for periods prior to the Separation include certain expenses of KAR that were allocated to IAA for certain corporate functions including accounting, treasury, tax, internal audit, risk management, human resources, safety, and security, and information technology risk. These costs may not be representative of the costs IAA will incur as an independent, publicly traded company. In addition, our financial information for periods prior to the Separation does not reflect changes that IAA expects to experience as a result of IAA’s separation from KAR, including changes in IAA’s cost structure, personnel needs, tax structure, capital structure, financing and business operations. The consolidated financial statements also do not reflect the assignment of certain assets and liabilities between KAR and IAA. Consequently, the financial information included here may not necessarily reflect IAA’s financial position, results of operations and cash flows in the future or what IAA’s financial position, results of operations and cash flows would have been had IAA been an independent, publicly traded company during the periods prior to the Separation. Debt financing: In connection with the Separation, we entered into a credit agreement on June 28, 2019 with several banks and other financial institutions. We borrowed (i) an aggregate principal amount of $800 million under a seven-year senior secured term loan facility, and (ii) an aggregate principal of $225 million under a five-year revolving credit facility. In connection with the Separation, on June 6, 2019, we also issued $500.0 million aggregate principal amount of 5.50% Senior Notes due 2027 (the "Notes"). We used the net proceeds from the Notes offering, together with borrowings under the term loan facility, to make a cash distribution to KAR and to pay fees and expenses related to the Separation and Distribution. We used the remaining proceeds from the term loan facility for our ongoing working capital needs and general corporate purposes. Acquisitions: On July 31, 2019, we acquired Decision Dynamics, Inc. ("DDI"), a leading electronic lien and title technology firm located in Lexington, South Carolina for $19.2 million which includes the fair value of contingent consideration of $2.5 million. COVID-19: The outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic and the efforts taken to reduce its spread adversely affected our operations in fiscal 2020. See above under "COVID-19 Impact on our Business" for additional information. 31 Table of Contents Results of Operations Fiscal 2020 Compared to Fiscal 2019 The table below presents consolidated statements of income for the periods indicated and the dollar change and percentage change between periods. (Dollars in millions except per share amounts) Revenues: Service revenues Vehicle sales Total revenues Cost of services and vehicle sales*: Cost of services* Cost of vehicle sales* Total cost of services and vehicle sales* Gross profit* Selling, general and administrative Depreciation and amortization Operating profit Interest expense Other income, net Income before income taxes Income taxes Net income Net income per share Basic Diluted * Exclusive of depreciation and amortization ** NM - Not meaningful Service Revenues (Dollars in millions) United States International Total service revenues Fiscal Years Ended Change December 27, 2020 December 29, 2019 $ % $ $ $ $ 1,233.1 $ 151.8 1,384.9 $ 1,303.8 133.0 1,436.8 721.7 125.2 846.9 538.0 144.9 81.1 312.0 56.0 (1.0) 257.0 62.2 194.8 $ 1.45 $ 1.44 $ 780.1 108.1 888.2 548.6 142.4 88.4 317.8 55.7 (0.1) 262.2 69.0 193.2 1.45 1.44 $ $ $ (70.7) 18.8 (51.9) (58.4) 17.1 (41.3) (10.6) 2.5 (7.3) (5.8) 0.3 (0.9) (5.2) (6.8) 1.6 — — (5.4)% 14.1 % (3.6)% (7.5)% 15.8 % (4.6)% (1.9)% 1.8 % (8.3)% (1.8)% 0.5 % ** NM (2.0)% (9.9)% 0.8 % — % — % Fiscal Years Ended Change December 27, 2020 December 29, 2019 $ $ 1,134.4 $ 98.7 1,233.1 $ 1,196.2 $ 107.6 1,303.8 $ $ (61.8) (8.9) (70.7) % (5.2)% (8.3)% (5.4)% United States service revenues decreased $61.8 million due to a lower volume of consigned vehicles sold, which decreased by 15.2% primarily resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. This decrease in volume of consigned vehicles sold was partially offset by an increase in revenue per unit of 11.9% primarily from higher average selling prices due to increased buyer participation, enhanced product and service offerings, and favorable industry dynamics. Additionally, fiscal 2020 included incremental revenue of $5.6 million from the DDI acquisition and fiscal 2019 benefited from a non-cash adjustment of $3.6 million relating to certain revenue agreements. International service revenues decreased $8.9 million due to a lower volume of consigned vehicles sold, which decreased by 17.2%, primarily resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, and an unfavorable foreign currency impact of $0.7 million from the Canadian dollar. The decrease in volume of vehicles sold was partially offset by an increase in revenue per unit of 10.7% primarily from higher average selling prices due to increased buyer participation, enhanced product and service offerings, and favorable industry dynamics. 32 Table of Contents Vehicle Sales (Dollars in millions) United States International Total vehicle sales Fiscal Years Ended December 27, 2020 December 29, 2019 $ 80.7 $ 71.1 151.8 $ 69.9 $ 63.1 133.0 $ $ Change $ % 10.8 8.0 18.8 15.5 % 12.7 % 14.1 % United States vehicle sales increased $10.8 million due to an increase in revenue per unit sold, which primarily resulted from higher average selling prices due to increased buyer participation, enhanced product and service offerings, and favorable industry dynamics. International vehicle sales increased $8.0 million due to an increase in revenue per unit sold of 27%, as a result of higher average selling prices due to increased buyer participation, enhanced product and service offerings, and favorable industry dynamics. This increase in revenue per unit sold was partially offset by a decline in volume of 11%, primarily as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Cost of Services (Dollars in millions) United States International Total cost of services Fiscal Years Ended December 27, 2020 December 29, 2019 714.4 $ 65.7 780.1 659.8 $ 61.9 721.7 $ $ Change $ (54.6) (3.8) (58.4) $ $ % (7.6)% (5.8)% (7.5)% United States cost of services decreased $54.6 million primarily due to lower volume, lower labor and travel, and benefits related to adopting a fully-digital auction model. These decreases were partially offset by an increase in the cost of occupancy and incremental cost from the DDI acquisition of $1.8 million. International cost of services decreased $3.8 million primarily due to lower volume and lower labor cost, partially offset by increase in the cost of occupancy. Cost of Vehicles Sales (Dollars in millions) United States International Total cost of vehicle sales Fiscal Years Ended December 27, 2020 December 29, 2019 54.0 $ 54.1 108.1 64.6 $ 60.6 125.2 $ $ Change $ % $ $ 10.6 6.5 17.1 19.6 % 12.0 % 15.8 % United States cost of vehicle sales increased $10.6 million primarily due to higher average purchase prices resulting from a change in vehicle mix. International cost of vehicle sales increased $6.5 million primarily due to higher average purchase prices resulting from a change in vehicle mix, partially offset by lower volume. 33 Table of Contents Selling, General and Administrative (Dollars in millions) United States International Total selling, general and administrative expenses Fiscal Years Ended Change December 27, 2020 December 29, 2019 $ $ 135.0 $ 9.9 144.9 $ 131.3 11.1 142.4 $ $ $ 3.7 (1.2) 2.5 % 2.8 % (10.8)% 1.8 % United States selling, general and administrative expenses increased $3.7 million primarily due to incremental costs of $7.0 million related to IAA becoming a stand-alone company, increases in stock-based compensation of $3.8 million, provision for credit losses of $3.1 million, professional services of $3.4 million, and $4.3 million in incremental costs from the DDI acquisition. These increases were partially offset by a reduction in discretionary spending of $10.0 million, including items such as travel and meetings, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and lower employee related cost of $7.9 million. International selling, general and administrative expenses decreased $1.2 million primarily due to a decrease in the provision of credit losses of $0.5 million, and lower employee related costs of $0.7 million. Depreciation and Amortization (Dollars in millions) United States International Total depreciation and amortization Fiscal Years Ended December 27, 2020 December 29, 2019 81.8 $ 6.6 88.4 74.3 6.8 81.1 $ $ $ Change $ (7.5) 0.2 (7.3) $ $ % (9.2)% 3.0 % (8.3)% Depreciation and amortization decreased $7.3 million as compared to fiscal 2019 as there were fewer intangible assets to amortize within the United States segment during fiscal 2020. Income Taxes. The effective tax rate for fiscal 2020 was 24.2% as compared to 26.3% for fiscal 2019. Fiscal 2020 effective tax rate benefited by a reduction of 1.6% as a result of the finalization of federal income tax regulations, a change in the mix of jurisdictional income associated with alignment of internal cost structures, and other impacts including certain discrete items. The effective tax rate for fiscal 2019 was adversely impacted by 0.5% associated with the spin-off from KAR. Fiscal 2019 Compared to Fiscal 2018 For a discussion of fiscal 2019 as compared to fiscal 2018, please refer to Part II, Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in our Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 29, 2019, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 18, 2020. LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES We believe that the significant indicators of liquidity for our business are cash on hand, cash flow from operations and working capital. Our principal source of liquidity consists of cash generated by operations. Our Revolving Credit Facility (as defined below) and Canadian Credit Facility provide another source of liquidity as needed. Our cash flow is used to invest in new products and services, fund capital expenditures and working capital requirements and, coupled with borrowings under our Revolving Credit Facility and Canadian Credit Facility, is expected to be adequate to satisfy our cash requirements, including those listed below, and fund future acquisitions, if any. Our ability to fund our cash requirements will depend on our ongoing ability to generate cash from operations and to access borrowings under our Revolving Credit Facility and Canadian Credit Facility. We believe that our cash on hand, future cash from operations, borrowings available under our Revolving Credit Facility and Canadian Credit Facility and access to the debt and capital markets will provide adequate resources to fund our operating and financing needs for the next twelve months and beyond. Our material cash requirements from known contractual and other obligations include: Debt Service Obligations In connection with the Separation, on June 28, 2019 we entered into a credit agreement with JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as 34 Table of Contents administrative agent, and the lenders party thereto from time to time (the “Credit Agreement”), which provides for, among other things, a seven year senior secured term loan facility in an aggregate principal amount of $800 million (the “Term Loan Facility”) and a five year revolving credit facility in an aggregate principal amount of $225 million (the “Revolving Credit Facility”). On May 1, 2020, in response to the uncertainty around COVID-19, we entered into an amendment to the Credit Agreement to increase the aggregate principal amount able to be borrowed under the Revolving Credit Facility by $136.0 million to $361.0 million. The Revolving Credit Facility also includes a $50 million sub-limit for issuance of letters of credit and a $50 million sublimit for swing line loans, which can be borrowed on same-day notice. As of December 27, 2020, no amounts were outstanding under the Revolving Credit Facility. At December 27, 2020, we had outstanding letters of credit in the aggregate amount of $6.1 million, all of which reduce the amount available for borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility. We were in compliance with the covenants in the Credit Agreement at December 27, 2020. During the fourth quarter of fiscal 2019, we repaid $22.0 million of the Term Loan Facility, consisting of $2.0 million required principal payment and a $20.0 million optional principal pre-payment. During the first quarter of fiscal 2020, we made an additional optional principal pre-payment of $4.0 million of the Term Loan Facility. We made no optional principal pre-payments of the Term Loan Facility during the second, third and fourth quarters of fiscal 2020. All repayments of the Term Loan Facility have been made using cash on hand. As a result of our optional principal pre-payments under the Term Loan Facility, our next mandatory principal payment under the Term Loan Facility is not due until September 30, 2021. As of December 27, 2020, $774.0 million was outstanding under the Term Loan Facility. On June 6, 2019, we issued $500.0 million aggregate principal amount of 5.500% Senior Notes due 2027. We must pay interest on the Notes in cash on June 15 and December 15 of each year at a rate of 5.500% per annum. The Notes will mature on June 15, 2027. The net proceeds from the Notes offering, together with borrowings under our prior senior credit facility, were used to make a cash distribution to KAR and to pay fees and expenses related to the Separation. We were in compliance with the covenants in the indenture governing the Notes at December 27, 2020. On July 7, 2020, we entered into the Canadian Credit Facility. The Canadian Credit Facility matures on July 6, 2021. The proceeds from the Canadian Credit Facility can be used by our Canadian subsidiary for its working capital requirements, capital expenditures and general corporate purposes. As of December 27, 2020, no amounts were outstanding under the Canadian Credit Facility. See Note 10 - Debt in the notes to consolidated financial statements for additional information including future principal payment schedule. Capital Expenditures We expend capital to support our operating plan and business strategies. Capital expenditures for the years ended December 27, 2020 and December 29, 2019, were $69.8 million and $68.5 million, respectively. Capital expenditures were funded primarily from cash flow from operations. We continue to invest in our core information technology capabilities and capacity expansion. Our capital expenditures during fiscal 2020 primarily related to real estate development and technology-based investments, including improvements in information technology systems and infrastructure. Future capital expenditures could vary substantially based on capital project timing, the opening of new auction facilities, capital expenditures related to acquired businesses and the initiation of new information systems projects to support our business strategies. During the first quarter of fiscal 2021, we purchased certain previously leased property in New Jersey consisting of land and buildings for $11.0 million. This expenditure was funded from cash flow from operations. See Note 16 - Subsequent Events in the notes to consolidated financial statements for additional information. Leases We enter into leases in the normal course of business. We lease property, software, automobiles, trucks and trailers pursuant to operating lease agreements. Lease obligations for fiscal 2020 were funded primarily from cash flow from operations. We also lease furniture, fixtures and equipment under finance leases. See Note 11 - Leases in the notes to consolidated financial statements for additional information and a schedule of maturities of lease maturities. Future lease obligations would change if we entered into additional lease agreements. Put Option In November 2020, we entered into an agreement which grants the owner a right during fiscal years 2023 and 2024 to cause the Company to acquire certain assets (the "Put Option") for a price based on a pre-defined formula. We measured and recognized this Put Option at fair value using a Monte Carlo simulation. The estimated fair value of the Put Option as of the inception date and at December 27, 2020 was zero. 35 Table of Contents Working Capital A substantial amount of our working capital is generated from the payments received for services provided. The majority of our working capital needs are short- term in nature, usually less than three months in duration. Due to the decentralized nature of the business, payments for most vehicles purchased are received at each auction and branch. Most of the financial institutions place a temporary hold on the availability of the funds deposited that generally can range up to two business days, resulting in cash in our accounts and on our balance sheet that is unavailable for use until it is made available by the various financial institutions. There are outstanding checks (book overdrafts) to sellers and vendors included in current liabilities at December 29, 2019. We had no book overdrafts at December 27, 2020. Because a portion of these outstanding checks for operations are drawn upon bank accounts at financial institutions other than the financial institutions that hold the cash, we cannot offset all the cash and the outstanding checks on our balance sheet. Changes in working capital vary from quarter-to- quarter as a result of the timing of collections and disbursements of funds to consignors from auctions held near period end. Approximately $48.2 million of available cash was held by our foreign subsidiaries at December 27, 2020. We do not currently expect to incur significant additional tax liabilities if funds held by our foreign subsidiaries were to be repatriated. Summary of Cash Flows (Dollars in millions) Net cash provided by (used by): Operating activities Investing activities Financing activities Effect of exchange rate on cash Net increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash Fiscal 2020 compared to Fiscal 2019 Fiscal Years Ended December 27, 2020 December 29, 2019 2020 vs. 2019 $ $ 310.0 $ (69.0) (56.3) 1.0 185.7 $ 271.2 (84.9) (182.8) (4.7) (1.2) $ $ 38.8 15.9 126.5 5.7 186.9 Net cash flow provided by operating activities in fiscal 2020 increased by $38.8 million as compared to fiscal 2019. The increase in operating cash flow was primarily attributable to an increase in accounts payable of $66.0 million and an increase in profitability, net of non-cash adjustments, of $22.1 million. These increases were partially offset by changes in accounts receivable of $16.7 million resulting from the timing of collections from customers and other parties, changes in other assets of $14.6 million primarily relating to a decrease in certain prepaid assets, and an increase in operating lease payments of $11.6 million. Net cash used by investing activities decreased by $15.9 million for fiscal 2020 as compared to fiscal 2019. The decrease in net cash used by investing activities was primarily due to the acquisition of DDI in the third quarter of fiscal 2019 for an initial cash price of $16.7 million. Net cash used by financing activities decreased by $126.5 million in fiscal 2020 as compared to fiscal 2019. The decrease in net cash used by financing activities was primarily attributable to dividends and distributions paid to KAR prior to and at the time of Separation of $1,395.8 million, partially offset by net proceeds from the Notes offering and our Term Loan Facility in June 2019 of $1,259.7 million, and a change in bank overdrafts of $6.8 million during fiscal 2020. Fiscal 2019 compared to Fiscal 2018 For a discussion of fiscal 2019 as compared to fiscal 2018, please refer to Part II, Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Summary of Cash Flows in our Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 29, 2019, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 18, 2020. Critical Accounting Estimates In preparing the financial statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, management must often make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, expenses and related disclosures at the date of the financial statements and during the reporting period. Some of those judgments can be subjective and complex. Consequently, actual results could differ from those estimates. Accounting measurements that management 36 Table of Contents believes are most critical to the reported results of our operations and financial condition include: (1) business combinations; (2) goodwill and other intangible assets; and (3) legal proceedings and other loss contingencies. In addition to the critical accounting estimates, there are other items used in the preparation of the consolidated financial statements that require estimation, but are not deemed critical. Changes in estimates used in these and other items could have a material impact on our financial statements. We continually evaluate the accounting policies and estimates used to prepare the consolidated financial statements. In cases where management estimates are used, they are based on historical experience, information from third-party professionals, and various other assumptions believed to be reasonable. In addition, our most significant accounting policies are discussed in Note 2 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and elsewhere in the notes to consolidated financial statements for additional information. Business Combinations When we acquire businesses, we estimate and recognize the fair values of tangible assets acquired, liabilities assumed, identifiable intangible assets acquired, and contingent consideration, if any. The excess of the purchase consideration over the fair values of identifiable assets and liabilities is recorded as goodwill. The purchase accounting process requires management to make significant estimates and assumptions in determining the fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed, especially with respect to intangible assets and contingent consideration. Critical estimates are often developed using valuation models that are based on historical experience and information obtained from the management of the acquired companies. These estimates can include, but are not limited to, the cash flows that an asset is expected to generate in the future, growth rates, the appropriate weighted-average cost of capital and the cost savings expected to be derived from acquiring an asset. These estimates are inherently uncertain and unpredictable. In addition, unanticipated events and circumstances may occur which could affect the accuracy or validity of such estimates. Depending on the facts and circumstances, we may engage an independent valuation expert to assist in valuing significant assets and liabilities. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets We assess goodwill for impairment annually during the fourth quarter or more frequently when events or changes in circumstances indicate that impairment may exist. Important factors that could trigger an impairment review include significant under-performance relative to historical or projected future operating results; significant negative industry or economic trends; and our market valuation relative to our book value. When evaluating goodwill for impairment, we may first perform a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is more likely than not that a reporting unit is impaired. If we do not perform a qualitative assessment, or if we determine that a reporting unit’s fair value is not more likely than not greater than its carrying value, then we calculate the estimated fair value of the reporting unit using discounted cash flows and market approaches. When assessing goodwill for impairment, our decision to perform a qualitative impairment assessment for a reporting unit in a given year is influenced by a number of factors, including the size of the reporting unit’s goodwill, the significance of the excess of the reporting unit’s estimated fair value over carrying value at the last quantitative assessment date, and the amount of time in between quantitative fair value assessments and the date of acquisition. If we perform a quantitative assessment of a reporting unit’s goodwill, our impairment calculations contain uncertainties because they require management to make assumptions and apply judgment when estimating future cash flows and earnings, including projected revenue growth and operating expenses related to existing businesses, as well as utilizing valuation multiples of similar publicly traded companies and selecting an appropriate discount rate based on the estimated cost of capital that reflects the risk profile of the related business. Estimates of revenue growth and operating expenses are based on internal projections considering the reporting unit’s past performance and forecasted growth, strategic initiatives and changes in economic conditions. These estimates, as well as the selection of comparable companies and valuation multiples used in the market approach are highly subjective, and our ability to realize the future cash flows used in our fair value calculations is affected by factors such as the success of strategic initiatives, changes in economic conditions, changes in our operating performance and changes in our business strategies. The estimated fair value of both of our reporting units exceeded their respective carrying value by a substantial amount in our last quantitative assessment. In 2020, we performed a qualitative impairment assessment for our reporting units. Based on our goodwill assessment, the Company has not identified a reporting unit for which the goodwill was impaired in 2020, 2019 or 2018. As with goodwill, we assess indefinite-lived tradenames for impairment annually during the fourth quarter or more frequently when events or changes in circumstances indicate that impairment may exist. When assessing indefinite-lived tradenames for impairment using a qualitative assessment, we evaluate if changes in events or circumstances have occurred that indicate that impairment may exist. If we do not perform a qualitative impairment assessment or if changes in events and circumstances indicate that a quantitative assessment should be performed, management is required to calculate the fair value of the tradename 37 Table of Contents asset group. The fair value calculation includes estimates of revenue growth, which are based on past performance and internal projections for the tradename asset group's forecasted growth, and royalty rates, which are adjusted for our particular facts and circumstances. The discount rate is selected based on the estimated cost of capital that reflects the risk profile of the related business. These estimates are highly subjective, and our ability to achieve the forecasted cash flows used in our fair value calculations is affected by factors such as the success of strategic initiatives, changes in economic conditions, changes in our operating performance and changes in our business strategies. We review other intangible assets for possible impairment whenever circumstances indicate that their carrying amount may not be recoverable. If it is determined that the carrying amount of an other intangible asset exceeds the total amount of the estimated undiscounted future cash flows from that asset, we would recognize a loss to the extent that the carrying amount exceeds the fair value of the asset. Management judgment is involved in both deciding if testing for recovery is necessary and in estimating undiscounted cash flows. Our impairment analysis is based on the current business strategy, expected growth rates and estimated future economic conditions. In 2020, we performed a qualitative impairment assessment for our indefinite-lived tradenames. We did not record any impairment relating to indefinite-lived tradenames and other intangible assets in fiscal 2020, 2019 or 2018. Legal Proceedings and Other Loss Contingencies We are subject to the possibility of various legal proceedings and other loss contingencies, many involving litigation incidental to the business and a variety of environmental laws and regulations. Litigation and other loss contingencies are subject to inherent uncertainties and the outcomes of such matters are often very difficult to predict and generally are resolved over long periods of time. We consider the likelihood of loss or the incurrence of a liability, as well as the ability to reasonably estimate the amount of loss, in determining loss contingencies. Estimating probable losses requires the analysis of multiple possible outcomes that often are dependent on the judgment about potential actions by third parties. Contingencies are recorded in the consolidated financial statements, or otherwise disclosed, in accordance with ASC 450, Contingencies. We accrue for an estimated loss contingency when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. Management regularly evaluates current information available to determine whether accrual amounts should be adjusted. If the amount of an actual loss is greater than the amount accrued, this could have an adverse impact on our operating results in that period. New Accounting Standards Refer to Note 2 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies in the notes to consolidated financial statements for a description of recently issued accounting standards. Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk Foreign Currency Our foreign currency exposure is limited and arises from transactions denominated in foreign currencies as well as from translation of the results of operations from our Canadian and, to a much lesser extent, United Kingdom subsidiaries. However, fluctuations between U.S. and non-U.S. currency values may adversely affect our results of operations and financial position. A 10% change in the average Canadian exchange rate for the year ended December 27, 2020 would have impacted our net income by approximately $1.8 million. Currency exposure of our U.K. operations is not material to the results of operations. We have not entered into any foreign exchange contracts to hedge changes in the Canadian dollar or British pound. Interest Rates Our outstanding indebtedness reflects a mix of fixed and variable rate debt and we are exposed to interest rate risk with respect to our variable rate indebtedness. As of December 27, 2020, we had outstanding $500.0 million of fixed rate debt from our outstanding Notes and $774.0 million of variable rate debt from our Term Loan Facility. The Term Loan Facility accrues interest at an adjusted LIBOR rate plus 2.25% (or at IAA’s election, Base Rate (as defined in the Credit Agreement) plus 1.25%). Loans under the Revolving Credit Facility bear interest at an amount equal to the rate calculated based on either adjusted LIBOR or Base Rate plus an applicable margin ranging from 2.25% to 1.75% for adjusted LIBOR loans and from 1.25% to 0.75% for Base Rate loans, in each case depending on our consolidated senior secured net leverage ratio (as defined in the Credit Agreement). We had no outstanding borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility as of December 27, 2020. 38 Table of Contents Borrowings under the Canadian Credit Facility, based on the type of borrowing, bear interest at either (a) Bank of Montreal Prime Rate plus 1.00%; (b) Bankers Acceptance Rate plus 2.25%; or (c) Canadian Dollar Offered Rate (CDOR) plus 2.25%. As of December 27, 2020, no amounts were outstanding under the Canadian Credit Facility. A 10% increase in the interest rates related to our variable rate debt based on the balance outstanding at December 27, 2020 would increase our interest expense by approximately $1.9 million annually. We may in the future manage, or hedge, interest rate risks related to our borrowings by means of interest rate swap agreements. As of December 27, 2020, we have not entered into any swap agreements. In addition, LIBOR is expected to be phased out beginning after 2021. The U.K.’s Financial Conduct Authority, which regulates LIBOR, has announced that it intends to phase out certain LIBOR publications by the end of 2021 and all LIBOR publications after June 30, 2023. Organizations are currently working on industry wide and company specific transition plans as it relates to financial and other derivative contracts exposed to LIBOR. When LIBOR ceases to exist, we may need to enter into an amendment to the Credit Agreement and we cannot predict what alternative index would be negotiated with our lenders. If future rates based upon a successor reference rate are higher than LIBOR rates as currently determined or if our lenders have increased costs due to changes in LIBOR, we may experience potential increases in interest rates on our variable rate debt, which could adversely impact our interest expense, results of operations and cash flows. 39 Table of Contents Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Index to Financial Statements IAA, Inc. Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Consolidated Statements of Income for the Fiscal Years Ended December 27, 2020, December 29, 2019 and December 30, 2018 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the Fiscal Years Ended December 27, 2020, December 29, 2019 and December 30, 2018 Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 27, 2020 and December 29, 2019 Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity (Deficit) for the Fiscal Years Ended December 27, 2020, December 29, 2019 and December 30, 2018 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Fiscal Years Ended December 27, 2020, December 29, 2019 and December 30, 2018 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Page 41 43 44 45 46 47 48 40 Table of Contents To the Stockholders and Board of Directors IAA, Inc.: Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements and Internal Control Over Financial Reporting We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of IAA, Inc. and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 27, 2020 and December 29, 2019, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity (deficit), and cash flows for the years ended December 27, 2020, December 29, 2019, and December 30, 2018 and the related notes to the consolidated financial statements (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). We also have audited the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 27, 2020, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 27, 2020 and December 29, 2019, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the years ended December 27, 2020, December 29, 2019, and December 30, 2018, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. Also, in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 27, 2020 based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Changes in Accounting Principle As discussed in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company has changed its method of accounting for leases as of December 31, 2018, due to the adoption of Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standard Codification (ASC) Topic 842, Leases. Basis for Opinion The Company’s management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying management’s report on internal control over financial reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the 41 Table of Contents company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Critical Audit Matters The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate. Sufficiency of audit evidence over U.S. service revenues from buyer and seller fees As discussed in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company recorded service revenues of $1,233.1 million, which included U.S. service revenues from buyer and seller fees. The Company enters into revenue contracts with sellers of salvage vehicles to facilitate the remarketing of salvage vehicles, including inbound tow, processing, storage, titling, enhancing and selling of such vehicles at auction. The Company also enters into revenue contracts with buyers of salvage vehicles that are generally established via purchase at auction, subject to applicable terms and conditions. We identified the evaluation of the sufficiency of audit evidence over U.S. service revenues from buyer and seller fees as a critical audit matter. The Company’s use of its proprietary information technology (IT) system to capture and process data to recognize U.S. service revenues from buyer and seller fees required a higher degree of auditor judgment due to the extent and complexity of automation involved in the process. In addition, the nature and extent of audit effort associated with the evaluation of the proprietary IT system and related internal controls relevant to the determination of U.S. service revenues from buyer and seller fees, required specialized skills and knowledge. The following are the primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter. We evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of certain internal controls related to the process over the Company’s U.S. service revenues from buyer and seller fees. We involved IT professionals with specialized skills and knowledge who assisted in obtaining an understanding of the relevant IT system and processes and in testing general IT and IT application controls related to the system used by the Company in its revenue recognition processes for U.S. service revenues from buyer and seller fees. We observed a selection of U.S. auction sites to gain an understanding of the revenue related activities, including the use of the IT system. We evaluated the Company’s revenue recognition policies by examining the Company’s applicable published terms and conditions as they relate to U.S. buyer service fees and analyzed a selection of customer contracts to understand the contractual terms and conditions as they relate to U.S. seller service fees. We selected a sample of both U.S. buyer and seller service revenue transactions and compared the amounts recognized for consistency with underlying documentation. We evaluated the sufficiency of audit evidence obtained by assessing the results of procedures performed, including the appropriateness of the nature and extent of audit effort. /s/ KPMG LLP We have served as the Company's auditor since 2018. Chicago, Illinois February 22, 2021 42 IAA, Inc. Consolidated Statements of Income (In millions, except per share data) Table of Contents Revenues: Service revenues Vehicle sales Total revenues Operating expenses: Cost of services (exclusive of depreciation and amortization) Cost of vehicle sales (exclusive of depreciation and amortization) Selling, general and administrative Depreciation and amortization Total operating expenses Operating profit Interest expense, net Other income, net Income before income taxes Income taxes Net income Net income per share Basic Diluted December 27, 2020 Fiscal Years Ended December 29, 2019 December 30, 2018 $ $ $ $ 1,233.1 $ 151.8 1,384.9 721.7 125.2 144.9 81.1 1,072.9 312.0 56.0 (1.0) 257.0 62.2 194.8 $ 1.45 $ 1.44 $ 1,303.8 $ 133.0 1,436.8 780.1 108.1 142.4 88.4 1,119.0 317.8 55.7 (0.1) 262.2 69.0 193.2 $ 1.45 $ 1.44 $ 1,219.6 107.2 1,326.8 729.4 91.8 123.8 97.4 1,042.4 284.4 38.7 (0.5) 246.2 62.5 183.7 1.38 1.37 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements 43 Table of Contents IAA, Inc. Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (In millions) December 27, 2020 Fiscal Years Ended December 29, 2019 December 30, 2018 183.7 193.2 $ (1.9) 191.3 $ (1.7) 182.0 Net income Other comprehensive income (loss) Foreign currency translation gain (loss) Comprehensive income $ $ 194.8 $ 3.3 198.1 $ See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements 44 Table of Contents Assets Current assets Cash and cash equivalents Accounts receivable, net Prepaid consigned vehicle charges Other current assets Total current assets Non-current assets Operating lease right-of-use assets, net Property and equipment, net Goodwill Intangible assets, net Other assets Total non-current assets Total assets Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity (Deficit) Current liabilities Accounts payable Short-term right-of-use operating lease liability Accrued employee benefits and compensation expenses Other accrued expenses Current maturities of long-term debt Total current liabilities Non-current liabilities Long-term debt Long-term right-of-use operating lease liability Deferred income tax liabilities Other liabilities Total non-current liabilities IAA, Inc. Consolidated Balance Sheets (In millions) December 27, 2020 December 29, 2019 $ $ $ 232.8 $ 374.8 53.3 31.1 692.0 866.8 259.8 542.3 150.6 17.4 1,836.9 2,528.9 $ 122.6 $ 78.1 23.4 54.4 4.0 282.5 1,248.0 836.6 65.7 26.7 2,177.0 — 1.3 12.0 67.7 (11.6) 69.4 2,528.9 $ 47.1 335.9 50.1 26.9 460.0 735.9 246.9 541.3 151.7 15.4 1,691.2 2,151.2 96.4 68.6 29.4 49.3 — 243.7 1,254.7 709.5 63.7 16.8 2,044.7 — 1.3 3.5 (127.1) (14.9) (137.2) 2,151.2 Commitments and contingencies (Note 14) Stockholders' equity (deficit) Preferred stock, $0.01 par value: Authorized 150.0 shares and 0.0 shares; issued and outstanding: 0.0 shares and 0.0 shares, respectively Common stock, $0.01 par value: Authorized 750.0 shares and 0.0 shares; issued and outstanding: 134.5 shares and 133.6 shares, respectively Additional paid-in capital Retained earnings (deficit) Accumulated other comprehensive loss Total stockholders' equity (deficit) Total liabilities and stockholders' equity (deficit) $ See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements 45 Table of Contents IAA, Inc. Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity (Deficit) (In millions) Common Stock Shares Common Stock Amount Additional Paid-In Capital Retained Earnings (Deficit) Net Parent Investment Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss Total Stockholders' Equity (Deficit) $ — $ — $ 582.6 183.7 $ (11.3) — Balance at December 31, 2017 Net income Cumulative effect adjustment for adoption of ASC Topic 606, net of tax Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax Stock-based compensation expense Net transfer to parent and affiliates Balance at December 30, 2018 Net income Cumulative effect adjustment for adoption of ASC Topic 842, net of tax Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax Stock-based compensation expense Exercise of stock options Withholding taxes on stock-based awards Reclassification of net parent investment to common stock and additional paid-in capital Dividend paid to KAR Net transfer to parent and affiliates Balance at December 29, 2019 Net income Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax Stock-based compensation expense Common stock issued for exercise and vesting of stock-based awards Common stock issued for employee stock purchase plan Withholding taxes on stock-based awards Balance at December 27, 2020 $ — — — — — — — — — — — 0.2 — 133.4 — — 133.6 — — — 1.1 — (0.2) 134.5 $ — — — — — — — — — — — — — 1.3 — — 1.3 — — — — — — 1.3 $ — — — — — — — — — — 2.8 1.6 (0.9) — — — 3.5 — — 8.5 8.1 1.0 (9.1) 12.0 $ $ — — — — — 87.4 — — — — — (214.5) — — (127.1) 194.8 — — — — — 67.7 $ (3.0) — 3.8 (190.9) 576.2 105.8 1.1 — 1.9 — — 213.2 (1,278.0) 379.8 — — — — — — — — — (1.7) — — (13.0) — — (1.9) — — — — — — (14.9) — 3.3 — — — $ — (11.6) $ 571.3 183.7 (3.0) (1.7) 3.8 (190.9) 563.2 193.2 1.1 (1.9) 4.7 1.6 (0.9) — (1,278.0) 379.8 (137.2) 194.8 3.3 8.5 8.1 1.0 (9.1) 69.4 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements 46 Table of Contents IAA, Inc. Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (In millions) Operating activities Net income Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: December 27, 2020 December 29, 2019 December 30, 2018 Fiscal Years Ended $ 194.8 $ 193.2 $ 183.7 Depreciation and amortization Operating lease expense Provision for credit losses Deferred income taxes Amortization of debt issuance costs Stock-based compensation Gain on disposal of fixed assets Deferred rent Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of acquisitions: Operating lease payments Accounts receivable and other assets Accounts payable and accrued expenses Net cash provided by operating activities Investing activities Acquisition of businesses (net of cash acquired) Purchases of property, equipment and computer software Proceeds from the sale of property and equipment Net cash used by investing activities Financing activities Net (decrease) increase in book overdrafts Proceeds from debt issuance Payments on long-term debt Dividend paid to KAR Net cash transfers to Parent and affiliates Deferred financing costs Payments on finance leases Issuance of common stock under stock plans Proceeds from issuance of employee stock purchase plan shares Tax withholding payments for vested RSUs Payment of contingent consideration Net cash used by financing activities Effect of exchange rate changes on cash Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period Cash and cash equivalents at end of period Cash paid for interest, net Cash paid for taxes, net 81.1 136.7 4.4 2.0 4.2 8.5 (0.7) — (130.9) (54.3) 64.2 310.0 — (69.8) 0.8 (69.0) (33.6) — (4.0) — — (2.9) (14.3) 8.1 1.0 (9.1) (1.5) (56.3) 1.0 185.7 47.1 232.8 53.7 59.7 $ $ $ 88.4 118.3 1.8 0.6 2.0 4.7 (0.1) — (119.3) (23.0) 4.6 271.2 (16.7) (68.5) 0.3 (84.9) (26.8) 1,305.5 (27.5) (1,278.0) (117.8) (25.2) (13.7) 1.6 — (0.9) — (182.8) (4.7) (1.2) 48.3 47.1 29.8 71.8 $ $ $ 97.4 — 2.2 (2.9) — 3.8 (0.7) 0.7 — (9.3) 3.3 278.2 — (66.7) 0.6 (66.1) 11.7 — — — (190.9) — (15.9) — — — — (195.1) (1.8) 15.2 33.1 48.3 0.5 65.4 $ $ $ See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements 47 Table of Contents IAA, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Note 1—Basis of Presentation Description of Business IAA, Inc., together with its subsidiaries (collectively referred to herein as “IAA” and "the Company") is a leading global digital marketplace connecting vehicle buyers and sellers. Leveraging leading-edge technology and focusing on innovation, IAA's unique platform facilitates the marketing and sale of total loss, damaged and low-value vehicles for a full spectrum of sellers. Headquartered in Westchester, Illinois, the Company has more than 200 facilities throughout the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom. The Company serves a global buyer base and a full spectrum of sellers, including insurance companies, dealerships, fleet lease and rental car companies, and charitable organizations. The Company offers sellers a comprehensive suite of services aimed at maximizing vehicle value, reducing administrative costs, shortening selling cycle time and delivering the highest economic returns. The Company's solutions provide global buyers with the vehicles they need to, among other things, fulfill their vehicle rebuild requirements, replacement part inventory or scrap demand. IAA provides global buyers multiple bidding/buying digital channels, innovative vehicle merchandising, efficient evaluation services and online bidding tools, enhancing the overall purchasing experience. The Company operates in two reportable segments: United States and International. The Company earns fees for its services from both buyers and sellers of vehicles sold through its channels. Separation and Distribution On February 27, 2018, KAR Auction Services, Inc. (“KAR” or “Former Parent”), a Delaware corporation, announced a plan to pursue the separation and spin-off (the “Separation”) of its salvage auction business into a separate public company, IAA Spinco Inc. IAA Spinco Inc. was incorporated in Delaware on June 19, 2018 and was renamed IAA, Inc. on June 27, 2019. On June 28, 2019 (the "Separation Date"), KAR completed the distribution of 100% of the issued and outstanding shares of common stock of IAA to the holders of record of KAR's common stock on June 18, 2019, on a pro rata basis (the "Distribution"). On the Separation Date, each KAR common stockholder of record received one share of IAA common stock for every one share of KAR common stock held by such stockholder as of the record date. As a result of the Distribution, KAR does not retain any ownership interest in IAA. The Distribution was made pursuant to the Separation and Distribution Agreement, dated June 27, 2019 (the "Separation and Distribution Agreement"), pursuant to which KAR contributed the subsidiaries that operated the salvage auction business to IAA. The Distribution is expected to be a tax-free transaction under provisions of the Internal Revenue Code. Following the Distribution, IAA became an independent publicly-traded company and is listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “IAA.” In connection with the Separation, on the Separation Date, the Company paid a dividend to KAR of $1,278.0 million, which included $456.6 million to settle intercompany debt and $40.9 million for certain fixed assets transferred to the Company by KAR on the Separation Date. The Company also paid KAR $117.8 million on the Separation Date to settle other intercompany accounts in connection with the Separation. In connection with the Separation, the Company also entered into a non-compete and various other ancillary agreements to effect the Separation and provide a framework for the Company's relationship with KAR after the Separation, including a transition services agreement, a tax matters agreement and an employee matters agreement. These agreements provide for the allocation of assets, employees, liabilities and obligations attributable to periods prior to, at and after the Company’s Separation from KAR and govern certain relationships between the Company and KAR after the Separation. For further information regarding these agreements, see Note 3 - Relationship with KAR and Related Entities. Basis of Presentation Until the Separation Date, the Company operated as a separate reportable segment within KAR and, since the Separation Date, the Company has operated independently from KAR. The accompanying consolidated financial statements for the fiscal year ended December 30, 2018, and for the period from December 31, 2018, to the Separation Date, and notes related thereto have been prepared from KAR’s historical accounting records and are presented on a stand-alone basis as if IAA's operations had been conducted independently from KAR for all periods prior to the Separation Date. Accordingly, prior to the Separation Date, KAR’s net investment in these operations ("Net Parent Investment") was shown in lieu of stockholder’s equity (deficit) in the consolidated financial statements. The Company’s historical results of operations, financial position and cash flows presented in the consolidated financial statements may not be indicative of what they would have been had the Company actually been a 48 Table of Contents IAA, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) separate stand-alone entity during such periods, nor are they necessarily indicative of the Company's future results of operations, financial position and cash flows. IAA is comprised of certain stand-alone legal entities for which discrete financial information is available. The consolidated statements of income include all revenues and costs directly attributable to IAA, including costs for functions and services used by the Company. Prior to the Separation Date, certain shared costs were directly charged to the Company by KAR based on specific identification or other allocation methods. The Company’s results of operations prior to the Separation Date also include allocations of costs for administrative functions and services performed on behalf of the Company by centralized staff groups within KAR. Current and deferred income taxes and related tax expense have been determined based on the Company's stand-alone results by applying Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 740, Income Taxes, to the Company’s operations in each country as if the Company was a separate taxpayer (i.e., following the separate return methodology). Allocation methodologies were applied to certain shared costs to allocate amounts to the Company as discussed further in Note 3 - Relationship with KAR and Related Entities. Note 2—Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Principles of Consolidation The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of IAA and all of its wholly owned subsidiaries. Intercompany transactions and balances between consolidated IAA businesses have been eliminated. All significant intercompany transactions with KAR are deemed to have been paid in the period the cost was incurred. Fiscal Periods The Company's fiscal year consists of 52 weeks with every fifth year consisting of 53 weeks and ending either the last Sunday in December or the first Sunday in January. Each of fiscal 2020, fiscal 2019, and fiscal 2018 contain 52 weeks. Use of Estimates The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America ("GAAP"). The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates based in part on assumptions about current, and for some estimates, future economic and market conditions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the period. Although the current estimates contemplate current conditions and expected future changes, as appropriate, it is reasonably possible that future conditions could differ from these estimates, which could materially affect the Company's results of operations and financial position. Among other effects, such changes could result in future impairments of goodwill, intangible assets and long-lived assets, additional allowances on accounts receivable and changes in litigation and other loss contingencies. Reclassification "Revenues" reported in the consolidated statements of income and segment information footnote in the prior period financial statements for the fiscal years ended December 29, 2019, and December 30, 2018 has been reclassified between "Service revenues" and "Vehicle sales" to conform to the current year's presentation. "Cost of services" reported in the consolidated statements of income and segment information footnote in the prior period financial statements for the fiscal years ended December 29, 2019, and December 30, 2018 has been reclassified between "Cost of services" and "Cost of vehicle sales" to conform to the current year's presentation. Business Segments The Company has two operating segments: United States, and International. The Company's two operating segments represent its two reportable segments. These segments represent geographic areas and reflect how the chief operating decision maker allocates resources and measures results. See Note - 15 - Segment Information in the notes to consolidated financial statements for additional information. 49 Table of Contents Foreign Currency IAA, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) The local currency is the functional currency for each of the Company's foreign entities. Revenues and expenses denominated in foreign currencies are translated into U.S. dollars at average exchange rates in effect during the period. Assets and liabilities of foreign operations are translated using the exchange rates in effect at year end. Foreign currency transaction gains and losses are included in the Consolidated Statements of Income within "Other income, net" and resulted in a loss of $0.3 million for the year ended December 27, 2020, a loss of $0.2 million for the year ended December 29, 2019, and a gain of $0.4 million for the year ended December 30, 2018. Adjustments arising from the translation of net assets located outside the U.S. (gains and losses) are included in the Consolidated Balance Sheets within "Accumulated other comprehensive loss". Cash Equivalents All highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less are considered to be cash equivalents. These investments are valued at cost, which approximates fair value. Accounts Receivable Accounts receivable primarily include the unremitted purchase price of vehicles purchased by third parties at the auctions, fees to be collected from those buyers and amounts due for services provided by the Company related to certain consigned vehicles in the Company's possession, including advance charges paid on the seller's behalf. The amounts due with respect to the consigned vehicles are generally deducted from the sales proceeds upon the eventual auction or other disposition of the related vehicles. Due to the nature of the Company's business, substantially all accounts receivable are due from salvage buyers and insurance companies. The Company has possession of vehicles or vehicle titles collateralizing a significant portion of the accounts receivable. In addition, accounts receivable include amounts to be collected from landlords of certain leased facilities for reimbursement of leasehold improvements. Accounts receivable are reported net of an allowance for credit losses. The allowance for credit losses is based on management's evaluation of the accounts receivable portfolio under current conditions, the volume of the portfolio, overall portfolio credit quality, review of specific collection issues and such other factors which in management's judgment merit recognition in estimating losses. Prepaid Consigned Vehicle Charges Prepaid consigned vehicle charges include the inbound tow, titling costs and enhancement charges associated with a consigned vehicle. These prepaid charges are recorded in cost of services at the date the vehicle is sold and revenue is recognized. Other Current Assets Other current assets consist of inventories, prepaid expenses, taxes receivable and other miscellaneous assets. The inventories, which consist of vehicles acquired under purchase agreement contracts, are accounted for on the specific identification method and are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Leases The Company adopted Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) and all related amendments in the first quarter of 2019 using the modified retrospective transition method whereby prior comparative periods have not been restated and continue to be reported under the accounting standards in effect for the prior period. The Company has entered into lease arrangements mainly for property, software, vehicles, furniture and fixtures. The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception. The Company classifies leases as finance leases when there is either a transfer of ownership of the underlying asset by the end of the lease term, the lease contains an option to purchase the asset that the Company is reasonably certain will be exercised, the lease term is for the major part of the remaining economic life of the asset, the present value of the lease payments and any residual value guarantee equals or substantially exceeds all the fair value 50 Table of Contents IAA, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) of the asset, or the asset is of such a specialized nature that it will have no alternative use to the lessor at the end of the lease term. When none of these criteria are met, the Company classifies leases as operating leases. The Company includes options to extend or terminate the lease in its determination of lease term when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise that option. The Company considers leases with an initial term of 12 months or less as short-term in nature and does not record such leases on the balance sheet. The Company records all other leases on the balance sheet with right of use ("ROU") assets representing the right to use the underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities representing the obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. The Company recognizes ROU assets and lease liabilities at the commencement date based on the present value of the lease payments over the lease term. The Company uses its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the lease commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments as the implicit rate within the leases is generally not determinable. The ROU assets include present value of lease payments to be made, initial direct costs incurred and prepaid lease payments and exclude lease incentives. Lease expense for operating leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The Company has lease agreements with lease and non-lease components, such as fixed maintenance costs, which are accounted for separately. For certain equipment leases, the Company accounts for the lease and non-lease components as a single lease component in calculating ROU assets and lease liabilities. Goodwill Goodwill represents the excess of cost over fair value of identifiable net assets of businesses acquired. Goodwill is tested for impairment annually in the fourth quarter, or more frequently as impairment indicators arise. ASC 350, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other, permits an entity to assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If it is determined through the qualitative assessment that a reporting unit's fair value is more likely than not greater than its carrying value, the remaining impairment steps would be unnecessary. The qualitative assessment is optional, allowing companies to go directly to the quantitative assessment. The quantitative assessment for goodwill impairment is a two-step test. Under the first step, the fair value of each reporting unit is compared with its carrying value (including goodwill). The fair value of the reporting unit is determined using a discounted cash flow analysis. If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds its carrying value, goodwill of the reporting unit is not considered impaired and step two need not be performed. If the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying value, an indication of goodwill impairment exists for the reporting unit and the Company must perform step two to measure the amount of impairment loss, if any. Under step two, the implied fair value of the reporting unit goodwill is compared with carrying amount of that goodwill. If the carrying amount of reporting unit goodwill exceeds the implied fair value of that goodwill, an impairment loss is recognized in an amount equal to that excess, limited to the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. Intangible Assets Intangible assets generally consist of customer relationships, tradenames, computer software and non-compete agreements, which if amortized, are amortized using the straight-line method. Customer relationships are amortized over the life determined in the valuation of the particular acquisition. Tradenames with indefinite lives are not amortized. Costs incurred related to software developed or obtained for internal use are capitalized during the application development stage of software development and amortized over their estimated useful lives. The non-compete agreements are amortized over the life of the agreements. The amortization periods of finite-lived intangible assets are re-evaluated periodically when facts and circumstances indicate that revised estimates of useful lives may be warranted. Indefinite-lived tradenames are assessed for 51 Table of Contents IAA, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) impairment, in accordance with ASC 350, annually in the fourth quarter or more frequently as impairment indicators arise. At the end of each assessment, a determination is made as to whether the tradenames still have an indefinite life. Property and Equipment Property and equipment are stated at historical cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method at rates intended to depreciate the costs of assets over their estimated useful lives. Upon retirement or sale of property and equipment, the cost of the disposed assets and related accumulated depreciation is removed from the accounts and any resulting gain or loss is credited or charged to selling, general and administrative expenses. Expenditures for normal repairs and maintenance are charged to expense as incurred. Additions and expenditures for improving or rebuilding existing assets that extend the useful life are capitalized. Leasehold improvements made either at the inception of the lease or during the lease term are amortized over the shorter of their economic lives or the lease term including any renewals that are reasonably assured. Other Assets Other assets consist of deposits and other miscellaneous long-term assets. Impairment of Long-Lived Assets Management reviews right-of-use assets, property and equipment, customer relationships and other intangible assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying amount may not be recoverable. The determination includes evaluation of factors such as current market value, future asset utilization, business climate, and future cash flows expected to result from the use of the related assets. If the carrying amount of a long-lived asset exceeds the total amount of the estimated undiscounted future cash flows from that asset, a loss is recognized in the period to the extent that the carrying amount exceeds the fair value of the asset. The impairment analysis is based on the Company's current business strategy, expected growth rates and estimated future economic and regulatory conditions. Accounts Payable Accounts payable include amounts due to sellers from the proceeds of the sale of their consigned vehicles less any fees, as well as book overdrafts. Book overdrafts represent outstanding checks in excess of funds on deposit. The Company had zero book overdrafts at December 27, 2020, and $33.6 million at December 29, 2019. Self-Insurance Reserves The Company self-insures a portion of employee medical benefits, as well as a portion of its automobile, general liability and workers' compensation claims. The Company has insurance coverage that limits the exposure on individual claims. The cost of the insurance is expensed over the contract periods. Utilizing historical claims experience, the Company records an accrual for the claims related to its employee medical benefits, automobile, general liability and workers' compensation claims based upon the expected amount of all such claims, which includes the cost of claims that have been incurred but not reported. Accrued medical benefits and worker's compensation expense are recorded in "Accrued employee benefits and compensation expenses" and was $6.6 million and $7.2 million at December 27, 2020 and December 29, 2019, respectively. Accrued automobile and general liability expenses are recorded in "Other accrued expenses" and amounted to $1.3 million and $1.2 million at December 27, 2020 and December 29, 2019, respectively. Environmental Liabilities Accruals for environmental matters are recorded when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the liability can be reasonably estimated, based on current law and existing technologies. These accruals are adjusted periodically as assessment and remediation efforts progress, or as additional technical or legal information becomes available. Accruals for environmental liabilities are included in "Other accrued expenses" at undiscounted amounts and exclude claims for recoveries from insurance or other third parties. 52 Table of Contents IAA, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) Unamortized Debt Issuance Costs Debt issuance costs reflect the expenditures incurred in conjunction with the term loan facility, the revolving credit facility, and the senior notes. The debt issuance costs are amortized to interest expense using the effective interest method or the straight-line method, as applicable, over the lives of the related debt issues. Debt issuance costs are presented as a reduction from the carrying amount of the related debt liability. Revenue Recognition The Company adopted ASC 606 in the first quarter of 2018 using the modified retrospective transition method and recognized the cumulative effect of initially applying the new standard as a decrease of $3.0 million, net of tax, to the January 1, 2018 balance of retained earnings. The Company generates its revenues from contracts with customers. The Company recognizes revenue when control of the promised goods or services are transferred to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration that the Company expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. The Company identifies each performance obligation and evaluates whether the performance obligations are distinct within the context of the contract at contract inception. Performance obligations that are not distinct at contract inception are combined. The Company allocates the transaction price to each distinct performance obligation proportionately based on the estimated standalone selling price for each performance obligation. The Company then determines how the goods or services are transferred to the customer in order to determine the timing of revenue recognition. Service Revenues Service revenues consist of auction and auction related fees for vehicles consigned to the Company by the seller and held at the Company's facilities. The Company does not take title to these consigned vehicles and records auction fees as revenue on a net basis because it has no influence on the vehicle auction selling price agreed to by the seller and the buyer at the auction. The buyer fees are typically based on a tiered structure with fees increasing with the sale price of the vehicle, while the seller fees are typically fixed. The Company generally enforces its rights to payment for seller transactions through net settlement provisions following the sale of a vehicle. The performance obligation contained within the Company's auction contracts for sellers is to facilitate the remarketing of salvage vehicles, including the inbound tow, processing, storage, titling, enhancing and sale at auction. The remarketing performance obligation is satisfied at the point in time when the vehicle is sold through the auction process. Related costs are deferred and recognized at the time of sale. The Company's contracts with buyers are generally established via purchase at auction, subject to standard terms and conditions. These contracts contain a single performance obligation, which is satisfied at a point in time when the vehicle is purchased through the auction process. Buyers pay a registration fee to access the auctions for a one-year term in addition to the fees paid upon purchase of a vehicle. The performance obligation to provide access to the auctions, associated with the registration, is satisfied ratably over the one-year contractual term of the buyer agreement. Vehicle Sales Vehicle sales consist of revenue relating to vehicles that are purchased by the Company and then resold. The Company's performance obligation for these purchased vehicles is the completion of the online auction process and is satisfied at the point in time when the vehicle is sold through the auction process. As the Company acts as a principal, the vehicle sales price is recorded as revenue on a gross basis when the vehicle is sold. There were no material contract assets, contract liabilities or deferred contract costs recorded on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 27, 2020 and December 29, 2019. For each of the Company's primary revenue streams, cash flows are consistent with the timing of revenue recognition. For the years ended December 27, 2020 and December 29, 2019, revenue recognized from performance obligations related to prior periods was not material. Revenue expected to be recognized in any future year related to remaining performance obligations, excluding revenue pertaining to contracts that have an original expected duration of one year or less and contracts where revenue is recognized as invoiced, is not material. 53 Table of Contents Income Taxes IAA, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) The Company files federal, state and foreign income tax returns in accordance with the applicable rules of each jurisdiction. The Company accounts for income taxes under the asset and liability method in accordance with ASC 740, Income Taxes. The provision for income taxes includes federal, foreign, state and local income taxes payable, as well as deferred taxes. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable amounts in years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. If it is more likely than not that some portion or all of a deferred tax asset will not be realized, a valuation allowance is recognized. In accordance with ASC 740, the Company recognizes the effect of income tax positions only if those positions are more likely than not of being sustained. Recognized income tax positions are measured at the largest amount that is greater than 50% likely of being realized. Changes in recognition or measurement are reflected in the period in which the change in judgment occurs. Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation The Company accounts for stock-based compensation under ASC 718, Compensation—Stock Compensation. The Company recognizes all stock-based compensation as expense in the financial statements over the vesting period and that cost is measured as the fair value of the award at the grant date for equity- classified awards. The Company also recognizes the impact of forfeitures as they occur and excess tax benefits and tax deficiencies related to employee stock- based compensation within income tax expense. Customer Concentration The auction of each salvage vehicle includes a sell fee paid by the provider and a buy fee paid by the purchaser of the vehicle. No single provider customer or buyer customer accounted for more than 10% of consolidated revenues. Concentrations of Credit Risk Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to credit risk consist principally of accounts receivable. The Company maintains cash and cash equivalents with various major financial institutions. The Company performs periodic evaluations of the relative credit standing of these financial institutions and companies and limit the amount of credit exposure with any one institution. Due to the nature of our business, substantially all of the Company's accounts receivable are due from vehicle dealers, salvage buyers and insurance companies. The Company has possession of vehicles or vehicle titles collateralizing a significant portion of the trade receivables. The risk associated with this concentration is limited due to the large number of accounts and their geographic dispersion. Fair Value Measurements Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Assets and liabilities measured at fair value are classified using the following hierarchy, which is based upon the transparency of inputs to the valuation as of the measurement date: • Level 1: Inputs that are based upon quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. • Level 2: Inputs, other than quoted prices included within Level 1, which are observable either directly or indirectly. • Level 3: Unobservable inputs where there is little or no market activity for the asset or liability. These inputs reflect management's best estimate of what market participants would use to price the assets or liabilities at the measurement date. The carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, other current assets, accounts payable and accrued liabilities approximate fair value because of the short-term nature of those instruments. In November 2020, the Company entered into an agreement which grants the owner a right during fiscal years 2023 and 2024 to cause the Company to acquire certain assets (the "Put Option") for a price based on a pre-defined formula. This carrying value of this Put Option is reported at fair value each reporting period. The Company measured and recognized the fair value of the Put Option using a Monte Carlo simulation. Key assumptions used in the valuation include discount rate, volume volatility, 54 Table of Contents IAA, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) risk-free interest rate, cash flow projections and other details specific to the Put Option. The estimated fair value of the Put Option as of the inception date and at December 27, 2020 was zero and was categorized within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. See Note 10 - Debt for fair value of debt. Net Parent Investment The Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity (Deficit) include net cash transfers and other property transfers between KAR and IAA and are presented as "Net Parent Investment". Prior to the Separation, KAR performed cash management and other treasury related functions on a centralized basis for nearly all of its legal entities, including IAA. The Net Parent Investment account includes assets and liabilities incurred by KAR on behalf of IAA, such as accrued liabilities related to corporate allocations including administrative expenses for accounting, treasury, information technology risk management, safety and security, human resources and other services. Other assets and liabilities recorded by KAR, whose related income and expenses have been pushed down to IAA, are also included in Net Parent Investment. All intercompany transactions effected through Net Parent Investment were considered cash receipts and payments and are reflected in financing activities in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. New Accounting Standards Recently Issued and Adopted Accounting Pronouncements In August 2018, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2018-15, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other - Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Customer's Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That is a Service Contract, which aligns the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in a cloud computing arrangement that is a service contract with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred to develop or obtain internal-use software. The adoption of ASU 2018-15 on December 30, 2019 did not have any impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements. In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-4, Intangibles-Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment, which simplifies the test for goodwill impairment by eliminating Step 2 (implied fair value measurement). Instead goodwill impairment would be measured as the amount by which a reporting unit's carrying amount exceeds its fair value, not to exceed the carrying amount of goodwill. The adoption of ASU 2017-4 on December 30, 2019 did not have any impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements. In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326), which updates the guidance related to the measurement of credit losses on financial instruments, including trade receivables. This ASU requires the recognition of credit losses on financial instruments based on an estimate of expected losses, replacing the incurred loss model in the prior guidance. The adoption of ASU 2016-13 on December 30, 2019 did not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements. Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes, which simplifies the accounting for income taxes in various areas. The amendments in this ASU are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, including interim periods therein. The Company does not expect the adoption of ASU 2019-12 will have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements. The Company does not believe that any other recently issued, but not yet effective, accounting pronouncements, if adopted, would have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements or disclosures. Note 3—Relationship with KAR and Related Entities Prior to the Separation Date, the Company was managed and operated in the normal course of business with other affiliates of KAR. Accordingly, certain shared costs have been allocated to the Company and reflected as expenses in the consolidated financial statements. The Company considers the allocation methodologies used to be reasonable and appropriate reflections of 55 Table of Contents IAA, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) historical expenses of KAR attributable to the Company for purposes of the stand-alone financial statements; however, the expenses reflected in the consolidated financial statements may not be indicative of the actual expenses that would have been incurred during the periods presented if the Company historically operated as a separate, stand-alone entity. In addition, the expenses reflected in these consolidated financial statements may not be indicative of expenses that will be incurred in the future by the Company. Transactions between KAR and the Company, with the exception of purchase transactions and reimbursements for payments made to third-party service providers by KAR on the Company's behalf, are reflected in 2018 Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity (Deficit) as “Net Parent Investment” and in the 2019 and 2018 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows as a financing activity in “Net transfers to parent and affiliates.” Corporate Costs/Allocations These consolidated financial statements include corporate costs incurred by KAR for services that were provided to or on behalf of the Company. These costs consist of allocated cost pools and identifiable costs. Corporate costs were directly charged to, or allocated to, the Company using methods management believes are consistent and reasonable. The identifiable costs were recorded based on dedicated employee assignments. The method for allocating corporate function costs was based on various proportionate formulas involving allocation factors. The methods for allocating corporate administration costs were based on revenue, headcount or the proportion of related expenses. However, the expenses reflected in these consolidated financial statements may not be indicative of the actual expenses that would have been incurred during the periods presented if IAA historically operated as a separate, stand-alone entity. All corporate charges and allocations have been deemed paid to KAR in the period in which the cost was recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Income. Allocated corporate costs included in selling, general and administrative expenses were $2.8 million, and $9.5 million for fiscal years 2019, and 2018, respectively. The allocated corporate costs were associated with human resources, risk management, information technology and certain finance and other functions. After the Separation Date, the Company is invoiced for services provided by KAR under the transition services agreement described below and, therefore, will no longer reflect these allocations in the Consolidated Statements of Income. Costs incurred related to the transition services agreement are recorded in selling, general, and administrative expenses. Cash Management and Financing KAR generally used a centralized approach to cash management and financing its operations, including the operations of IAA. Accordingly, none of KAR’s corporate cash and cash equivalents was allocated to IAA in the historical consolidated financial statements. Prior to the Separation Date, cash transferred daily, based on IAA’s balances, to centralized accounts maintained by KAR. As cash was disbursed or received by KAR, it was accounted for by IAA through the Net Parent Investment. Transactions with Other KAR Businesses The Company purchases goods and services from KAR’s other businesses. The cost of products and services obtained from these other businesses were $1.0 million, $1.0 million and $2.3 million for fiscal years 2020, 2019, and 2018, respectively. Non-Compete Agreement Pursuant to the Separation and Distribution Agreement, the Company agreed not to compete with KAR in certain non-salvage activities for a period of five years following the Separation Date in certain jurisdictions, subject to certain exceptions. The Company is expressly permitted to continue to conduct its salvage auction business as conducted immediately prior to the Separation Date. The exceptions also permit the Company to conduct certain non-salvage business, in some cases subject to a revenue sharing mechanism in the event such business exceeds specified volume limits or other thresholds. Transition Services Agreement Under the transition services agreement, KAR and its subsidiaries provide, on an interim, transitional basis, various services to the Company for a period of up to two years from the Separation Date. The services provided include information technology, accounts payable, payroll, and other financial functions and administrative services. From time to time, the Company may provide similar services to KAR under the transition services agreement. 56 Table of Contents Tax Matters Agreement IAA, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) The tax matters agreement generally governs the Company's and KAR’s respective rights, responsibilities and obligations with respect to taxes (including taxes arising in the ordinary course of business and taxes, if any, incurred as a result of any failure of the Separation, the Distribution or certain related transactions to qualify as tax-free for U.S. federal income tax purposes), tax attributes, the preparation and filing of tax returns, the control of audits and other tax proceedings and other matters regarding taxes for any tax period ended on or before the Separation Date, as well as tax periods beginning after the date of the Distribution. In addition, the tax matters agreement imposes certain restrictions on the Company and its subsidiaries (including restrictions on share issuances, business combinations, sales of assets and similar transactions) designed to preserve the tax-free status of the Separation, the Distribution and certain related transactions. The tax matters agreement also provides special rules that allocate tax liabilities in the event the Separation, the Distribution, or certain related transactions fail to qualify as tax-free for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Employee Matters Agreement The employee matters agreement allocated liabilities and responsibilities relating to employment matters, employee compensation and benefits plans and programs and other related matters. The employee matters agreement governs certain compensation and employee benefit obligations with respect to the current and former employees and non-employee directors of each company. The employee matters agreement provides that, unless otherwise specified, KAR will be responsible for liabilities associated with employees who are employed by KAR following the Separation, former employees whose last employment was with the KAR businesses and certain specified current and former corporate employees, and the Company is responsible for liabilities associated with employees who are employed by it following the Separation, former employees whose last employment was with the Company's businesses and certain specified current and former corporate employees. Note 4—Acquisitions 2019 Acquisition On July 31, 2019, the Company acquired Decision Dynamics, Inc. ("DDI"), a leading electronic lien and title technology firm located in Lexington, South Carolina. The Company acquired all of the outstanding equity of DDI pursuant to a stock purchase agreement, which contains customary representations, warranties, covenants and indemnities by the sellers and the Company. The acquisition date fair value of the total consideration transferred was $19.2 million, which consists of an initial cash price of $16.7 million, net of cash acquired of $0.3 million, and the fair value of contingent consideration of $2.5 million which is payable upon achievement of certain performance targets over three years. During fiscal 2020, the Company paid contingent consideration of $1.5 million, which is included in financing activities on the consolidated statements of cash flows. The Company has finalized the purchase price allocation for the DDI acquisition. The fair value of acquired intangibles assets and other net liabilities assumed was $10.3 million and $0.6 million, respectively. The excess of the purchase price consideration over the estimated fair value of the acquired net assets of $9.5 million was recorded as to goodwill. The intangible assets acquired primarily related to customer relationships, developed technology and tradename, which will be amortized over a weighted average- useful life of approximately 12 years. The goodwill recognized from this acquisition reflects expected synergies resulting from adding DDI products and processes to the Company's products and processes. The acquired goodwill is allocated to the United States segment and is deductible for tax purposes. Annual revenue for DDI was approximately $8.3 million in the twelve months prior to acquisition. The results of DDI are included in the Company's financial statements from the date of acquisition. The pro forma effects of this acquisition are not significant to the Company's reported results for any periods presented. Accordingly, no pro forma financial statements have been presented herein. During fiscal 2019, the Company incurred costs of $0.2 million in connection with the DDI acquisition which is included in the Consolidated Statements of Income within "Selling, general and administrative" line. Note 5—Stock and Stock-Based Compensation Plans Prior to the Separation, KAR issued equity awards from time to time to select employees and non-employee directors of IAA. Subsequent to the Separation, IAA created its own equity plan - the 2019 Omnibus Stock and Incentive Plan (as amended, the "2019 OSIP"), as described below under 2019 Omnibus Stock and Incentive Plan. 57 Table of Contents IAA, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) The employee matters agreement required that the outstanding KAR equity awards held by IAA employees and non-employee directors be converted into adjusted awards of IAA pursuant to the 2019 OSIP. The awards were adjusted based on the following principles: • • For each award recipient, the intent was to maintain the economic value of those awards before and after the Separation Date; and The terms of the equity awards, such as the vesting schedule, will generally continue unchanged, except that the performance criteria for certain performance-based restricted stock units ("PRSUs") granted in 2019 were subject to adjusted performance criteria. Such PRSUs were converted into time- based restricted stock units ("RSUs") with two- years cliff vesting in February 2020, since the adjusted performance criteria were determined to have been met. 2019 Omnibus Stock and Incentive Plan On June 27, 2019, the Company's board of directors approved the 2019 OSIP. The purpose of the 2019 OSIP is to provide an additional incentive to selected management employees, directors, independent contractors, and consultants of the Company whose contributions are essential to the growth and success of the Company, in order to strengthen the commitment of such persons, motivate such persons to faithfully and diligently perform their responsibilities and attract and retain competent and dedicated persons whose efforts will result in the long-term growth and profitability for the Company. Benefits granted under the 2019 OSIP may be granted in any one or a combination of (i) options to purchase IAA common stock; (ii) IAA share appreciation rights (“SARs”); (iii) restricted shares of IAA common stock; (iv) other IAA stock-based awards; or (v) other cash-based awards. Options, restricted shares and other share-based awards or cash awards may constitute performance-based awards. The granting or vesting of any performance-based awards will be based on achievement of performance objectives that are based on one or more business criteria, with respect to one or more business units or IAA and its subsidiaries as a whole. Such business criteria may be adjusted to account for unusual or infrequently occurring items or changes in accounting. Participants include any employee, director, independent contractor or consultant of IAA or any affiliate of IAA selected to receive awards under the 2019 OSIP, and, upon his or her death, his or her successors, heirs, executors and administrators, as the case may be. As of December 27, 2020, the number of common shares reserved and available for awards under the 2019 OSIP is 4,787,194 shares, subject to adjustment made in accordance with the 2019 OSIP. Upon the occurrence of certain corporate events that affect the common stock, including but not limited to extraordinary cash dividend, stock split, reorganization or other relevant changes in capitalization, appropriate adjustments may be made with respect to the number of shares available for grants under the 2019 OSIP, the number of shares covered by outstanding awards and the maximum number of shares that may be granted to any participant. The aggregate awards granted during any calendar year to any single individual will not exceed: (i) 1,000,000 shares subject to options or SARs, (ii) 500,000 shares subject to restricted shares or other share-based awards and (iii) $5,000,000 with respect to any cash-based award. A non-employee director of IAA may not be granted awards under the 2019 OSIP during any calendar year that, when aggregated with such non-employee director’s cash fees received with respect to such calendar year, exceed $750,000 in total value. The Company issues new shares to satisfy issuances of common stock upon exercise or vesting of stock awards. The following table summarizes the Company's stock-based compensation expense by type of award granted under both the KAR and IAA plans (in millions): Performance-based Restricted Stock Units Restricted Stock Units and Awards Stock Options Total stock-based compensation expense 58 Fiscal Years Ended December 27, 2020 December 29, 2019 December 30, 2018 — $ 3.7 0.1 3.8 0.4 $ 3.9 0.4 4.7 1.4 6.3 0.8 8.5 $ $ $ $ Table of Contents IAA, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) As of December 27, 2020, an estimated $11.2 million of unrecognized expense related to non-vested awards under both KAR and IAA plans is expected to be recognized over a weighted average term of approximately 1.4 years. Performance-based Restricted Stock Units (PRSU) The PRSUs granted to certain executive officers and management of the Company vest at the end of a three-year performance period if and to the extent that the Company's three year average return on invested capital achieves certain specified goals. The following table summarizes the Company's PRSU activity: * Performance-based Restricted Stock Units Outstanding at December 30, 2019 PRSUs converted to RSUs Granted Forfeited Outstanding at December 27, 2020 * IAA awards, including those held by KAR employees Restricted Stock Units (RSU) Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value 29.31 29.31 49.64 49.15 49.65 Awards 262,000 $ (262,000) 99,915 (1,044) 98,871 The RSUs granted by the Company to certain executive officers and management of the Company are contingent upon continued employment and generally vest in three equal annual installments. The following table summarizes the Company's RSU activity: * Restricted Stock Units Outstanding at December 30, 2019 PRSUs converted to RSUs Granted Vested Forfeited Outstanding at December 27, 2020 * IAA awards, including those held by KAR employees The total grant date fair value of shares that vested during fiscal 2020 was $16.6 million. 59 Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Awards 987,620 $ 262,000 156,853 (560,272) (74,490) 771,711 30.88 29.31 48.03 29.73 31.84 33.68 Table of Contents IAA, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) Restricted Stock Awards (RSA) The RSAs granted by the Company to non-employee directors vest in four equal installments over a one year vesting term. The following table summarizes the Company's RSA activity: Restricted Stock Awards Outstanding at December 30, 2019 Granted Vested Outstanding at December 27, 2020 The total grant date fair value of shares that vested during fiscal 2020 was $0.9 million. Stock Options The following table summarizes stock option activity: Awards 10,380 $ 18,515 (20,201) 8,694 Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value 46.97 43.30 45.32 42.99 Stock Options * Outstanding at December 30, 2019 Exercised Canceled/Expired Outstanding at December 27, 2020 Exercisable at December 27, 2020 * IAA awards, including those held by KAR employees. Number of Awards $ 901,011 (533,385) (2,250) 365,376 Weighted Average Exercise Price 21.57 15.25 18.88 30.80 239,212 22.28 Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (in Years) Average Intrinsic Value (in millions) 5.4 3.7 $ $ 12.5 10.2 The total intrinsic value of service options exercised during fiscal 2020 was $18.3 million. The following table summarizes the activity of non-vested stock options: Stock Options Outstanding at December 30, 2019 Vested Outstanding at December 27, 2020 Employee Stock Purchase Plan Number of Awards $ 189,237 (63,073) 126,164 Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value 46.97 46.97 46.97 The Company adopted the IAA, Inc. Employee Stock Purchase Plan ("ESPP") on August 1, 2019. The ESPP is designed to provide an incentive to attract, retain and reward eligible employees and is intended to qualify as an "employee stock purchase plan" under Section 423 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended. A maximum of 1,000,000 shares of the Company's common stock have been reserved for issuance under the ESPP, of which 957,375 shares remained available for future purchases as of December 27, 2020. The ESPP provides for one month offering periods with a 15% discount from the fair market value of the Company's share on the date of purchase. A participant's annual contribution to the ESPP may not exceed $25,000 per year. Unless terminated earlier, the ESPP will terminate on December 31, 2028. In accordance with ASC 718, Compensation—Stock Compensation, the entire 15% purchase discount is recorded as compensation expense in the period of 60 Table of Contents IAA, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) purchase. The Company's stock purchased through the ESPP is considered outstanding and is included in the weighted-average outstanding shares for purposes of computing basic and diluted earnings per share. Prior to the adoption of the ESPP, eligible employees participated in KAR's employee stock purchase plan which also provided for one month offering periods with a 15% discount from the fair market value of KAR's share on the date of purchase. Stock-based compensation expense recorded during the fiscal years ended 2020, 2019 and 2018, in connection with the compensatory elements of the Company's and KAR's employee stock purchase plan, was not significant. Note 6—Net Income Per Share Basic net income per share was calculated by dividing net income by the weighted average number of outstanding common shares for the period. Diluted net income per share was calculated consistent with basic net income per share including the effect of dilutive unissued common shares related to the Company's stock- based employee compensation program. The effect of stock options and restricted stock on net income per share-diluted is determined through the application of the treasury stock method, whereby net proceeds received by the Company based on assumed exercises are hypothetically used to repurchase the Company's common stock at the average market price during the period. The weighted average common shares outstanding as of June 28, 2019, the Separation Date, was assumed to be outstanding in the calculation of basic weighted average shares for the fiscal year ended December 30, 2018. In addition, for the dilutive weighted average shares calculations, the dilutive securities as of June 28, 2019 were assumed to be outstanding at December 30, 2018. The following table summarizes the components of basic and diluted net income per share (in millions except per share amounts): Net income Weighted average common shares outstanding: Basic Effect of dilutive stock options and restricted stock awards Diluted Net income per share: Basic Diluted Fiscal Years Ended December 27, 2020 December 29, 2019 December 30, 2018 183.7 $ 193.2 $ 194.8 $ 134.1 1.0 135.1 133.4 1.0 134.4 $ $ 1.45 $ 1.44 $ 1.45 $ 1.44 $ 133.4 0.7 134.1 1.38 1.37 The weighted number of shares outstanding used in the calculation of diluted earnings per share does not include the effect of the following anti-dilutive securities and awards subject to performance conditions which have not been fully satisfied at the end of respective reporting periods: Anti-dilutive awards Awards subject to performance conditions not fully satisfied December 27, 2020 0.2 0.1 0.3 Fiscal Years Ended December 29, 2019 0.2 — 0.2 December 30, 2018 0.8 — 0.8 61 Table of Contents IAA, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) Note 7—Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Credit Losses Components of accounts receivable, net were as follows (in millions): Advance charges receivable Trade accounts receivable Other receivable Accounts receivable, gross Less: Allowance for credit losses Accounts receivable, net Fiscal Years Ended December 27, 2020 December 29, 2019 219.6 $ 90.1 30.4 340.1 (4.2) 335.9 239.5 $ 126.5 16.8 382.8 (8.0) 374.8 $ $ The following is a summary of changes in the allowance for credit losses related to accounts receivable (in millions): Fiscal Years Ended December 27, 2020 December 29, 2019 December 30, 2018 Allowance for Doubtful Accounts Balance at beginning of period Provision for credit losses Less net charge-offs Balance at end of period $ $ 4.2 4.4 (0.6) 8.0 $ $ 3.3 $ 1.8 (0.9) 4.2 $ Recoveries of accounts receivable were netted with charge-offs, as they were not material. Changes in exchange rates did not have a material effect on the allowance for doubtful accounts. Note 8—Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets Goodwill represents the excess cost over fair value of identifiable net assets of businesses acquired. Changes in goodwill were as follows (in millions): Balance at December 30, 2018 Increase for acquisition activity (Note 4) Currency translation adjustments Balance at December 29, 2019 Currency translation adjustments Balance at December 27, 2020 United States International Total 486.5 $ 9.5 — 496.0 $ — 496.0 $ 43.7 — 1.6 45.3 1.0 46.3 $ $ $ $ $ $ 62 2.1 2.2 (1.0) 3.3 530.2 9.5 1.6 541.3 1.0 542.3 Table of Contents IAA, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) Components of intangible assets, net were as follows (in millions): Customer relationships Tradenames Computer software & technology Total December 27, 2020 December 29, 2019 Gross Carrying Amount $ $ 371.7 $ 58.6 224.6 654.9 $ Accumulated Amortization Carrying Value Gross Carrying Amount Accumulated Amortization Carrying Value (329.1) $ (1.8) (173.4) (504.3) $ 42.6 $ 56.8 51.2 150.6 $ 370.9 $ 58.6 188.1 617.6 $ (313.5) $ (1.7) (150.7) (465.9) $ 57.4 56.9 37.4 151.7 The table above includes the carrying amount of tradenames with an indefinite life, which was $56.0 million at each of December 27, 2020 and December 29, 2019. The weighted-average remaining useful life of intangible assets with a finite life was 3.4 years (4.6 years for customer relationships, 13.9 years for amortizable tradenames, and 2.3 years for computer software and technology) at December 27,2020. Amortization expense for intangibles assets was $38.1 million, $44.3 million and $43.6 million for the years ended December 27, 2020, December 29, 2019 and December 30, 2018, respectively. Future estimated amortization expense of the existing intangible assets with finite life is as follows: Fiscal year 2021 Fiscal year 2022 Fiscal year 2023 Fiscal year 2024 Fiscal year 2025 Thereafter Total Note 9—Property and Equipment Property and equipment consisted of the following (in millions): Land Building and leasehold improvements Furniture, fixtures, equipment and vehicles Construction in progress Accumulated depreciation Property and equipment, net Useful Lives (in years) 1 - 30 3 - 5 $ $ Amount 36.2 29.6 18.0 4.5 1.5 4.8 94.6 December 27, 2020 December 29, 2019 96.8 $ 293.7 280.9 13.8 685.2 (438.3) 246.9 114.3 $ 309.3 305.0 13.1 741.7 (481.9) 259.8 $ $ Depreciation expense for the years ended December 27, 2020, December 29, 2019 and December 30, 2018 was $42.9 million, $44.1 million and $53.8 million, respectively. 63 Table of Contents IAA, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) Note 10—Debt Debt consisted of the following (in millions): Term Loan Facility Notes Total debt Unamortized debt issuance costs Current portion of long-term debt Long-term debt Credit Facility December 27, 2020 December 29, 2019 $ $ 774.0 $ 500.0 1,274.0 (22.0) (4.0) 1,248.0 $ 778.0 500.0 1,278.0 (23.3) — 1,254.7 In connection with the Separation, on June 28, 2019, the Company, as borrower, entered into a credit agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) which provides for, among other things: (i) a seven-year senior secured term loan facility in an aggregate principal amount of $800 million (the “Term Loan Facility”) and (ii) a five- year revolving credit facility in an aggregate principal amount of $225.0 million (the “Revolving Credit Facility,” and together with the Term Loan Facility, the “Credit Facility”). On May 1, 2020, the Company entered into an amendment to its Credit Agreement to increase the aggregate principal amount able to be borrowed under the Revolving Credit Facility by $136.0 million to $361.0 million. The proceeds from the Term Loan Facility were used to finance the transactions relating to the Separation and Distribution. The remaining proceeds from the Term Loan Facility were used for the Company's ongoing working capital needs and general corporate purposes. The Term Loan Facility matures on June 28, 2026. The Company must make principal payments of $2 million each quarter, commencing on September 30, 2019 and continuing on the last day of each September, December, March and June thereafter. The Company may prepay the obligations under the Credit Facility at any time without penalties. As a result of the Company's optional principal pre-payments of $4.0 million under the Term Loan Facility during the twelve months ended December 27, 2020, the next mandatory principal payment under the Term Loan Facility is not due until September 30, 2021. The Term Loan Facility accrues interest at an adjusted LIBOR rate plus 2.25% (or at the Company's election, Base Rate (as defined in the Credit Agreement) plus 1.25%). The Revolving Credit Facility may be used for ongoing working capital needs and general corporate purposes. The Revolving Credit Facility matures on June 28, 2024, and includes a $50.0 million sub-limit for issuance of letters of credit and a $50.0 million sublimit for swing line loans, which can be borrowed on same-day notice. Loans under the Revolving Credit Facility bear interest at an amount equal to the rate calculated based on the type of borrowing (either adjusted LIBOR or Base Rate) and the Company's Consolidated Senior Secured Net Leverage Ratio (as defined in the Credit Agreement), with such rate ranging from 2.25% to 1.75% for adjusted LIBOR loans and from 1.25% to 0.75% for Base Rate loans. The unused amount of the Revolving Credit Facility is subject to a commitment fee between 25 to 35 basis points, payable quarterly, based on the Consolidated Senior Secured Net Leverage Ratio. As of December 27, 2020, the interest rate per annum on the Term Loan Facility was 2.44% and no amounts were outstanding under the Revolving Credit Facility. The obligations under the Credit Facility are subject to mandatory prepayments for certain debt offerings, asset sales and insurance recovery events, subject to customary exceptions and reinvestment rights. The obligations under the Credit Facility are guaranteed by certain domestic subsidiaries of the Company (the “Subsidiary Guarantors”) and are secured by substantially all of the assets, subject to certain exceptions, of the Company and the Subsidiary Guarantors, including but not limited to pledges of and first priority perfected security interests in 100% of the equity interests of the Subsidiary Guarantors and 65% of the equity interests of any Subsidiary Guarantors’ first tier foreign subsidiaries. The Credit Agreement contains affirmative and negative covenants that are usual and customary for a senior secured credit agreement. The negative covenants include, among other things, limitations on asset sales, mergers and acquisitions, indebtedness, liens, dividends, investments and transactions with the Company's affiliates. The Credit Agreement also requires us to maintain a maximum Consolidated Senior Secured Net Leverage Ratio (as defined in the Credit Agreement) not to exceed 3.50 to 1.00 as of each test date on which any Revolving Loans (as defined in the Credit Agreement) are outstanding. The 64 Table of Contents IAA, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) Company was in compliance with the covenants in the Credit Agreement at December 27, 2020. The Credit Agreement also includes customary events of default, including non-payment, cross-default and change of control, in each case, subject to customary grace periods. Notes In connection with the Separation, the Company issued $500.0 million aggregate principal amount of 5.500% Senior Notes due 2027 (the “Notes”) on June 6, 2019 (the "Closing Date") in a private offering exempt from the registration requirements of the Securities Act. The Notes were issued pursuant to an indenture, dates as of the Closing Date ("the Indenture"). Interest on the Notes is due in cash on June 15 and December 15 of each year at a rate of 5.500% per annum. The Notes mature on June 15, 2027. The net proceeds from the Notes offering, together with borrowings under the Term Loan Facility, were used to make a cash distribution to KAR and to pay fees and expenses related to the Separation and Distribution. Under certain circumstances, the Indenture permits the Company to designate certain of the Company's subsidiaries as unrestricted subsidiaries, which subsidiaries will not be subject to the covenants in the Indenture and will not guarantee the Notes. The Notes are the general unsecured senior obligations of the Company and such obligations are guaranteed by the Subsidiary Guarantors. Each guarantee is the general unsecured senior obligation of each Subsidiary Guarantor. The Notes and the related guarantees rank equal in right of payment with all of the Company's and the Subsidiary Guarantors’ unsubordinated indebtedness. The Notes are structurally subordinated in right of payment to all indebtedness and other liabilities of the Company's subsidiaries that will not be Subsidiary Guarantors and effectively junior in right of payment to all of the Company's and the Guarantors’ secured indebtedness to the extent of the value of the collateral securing such indebtedness, including indebtedness under the Credit Facility. At any time and from time to time prior to June 15, 2022, the Company may, at its option, redeem the Notes in whole or in part, at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the Notes to be redeemed, plus a “make-whole” premium and accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but excluding, the date of redemption. Thereafter, the Company may, at its option, redeem the Notes in whole or in part at the prices set forth in the Indenture. In addition, at any time and from time to time prior to June 15, 2022, the Company may, at its option, at a redemption price of 105.5% of the principal amount of Notes redeemed, redeem up to 40% of the original aggregate principal amount of the Notes issued under the Indenture with the proceeds of certain equity offerings. In the event of a Change of Control Repurchase Event (as defined in the Indenture), unless the Company has previously or concurrently delivered a redemption notice with respect to all the outstanding Notes, the Company is required to make an offer to repurchase all of the Notes at 101% of their aggregate principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the repurchase date. If the Company sells assets outside the ordinary course of business and does not use the net proceeds for specified purposes under the Indenture, the Company may be required to use such net proceeds to make an offer to repurchase the Notes at 100% of their principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but excluding, the date of repurchase. The Indenture contains covenants which, among other things, limit the Company and its restricted subsidiaries’ ability to pay dividends on or make other distributions in respect of equity interests or make other restricted payments, make certain investments, incur liens on certain assets to secure debt, sell certain assets, consummate certain mergers or consolidations or sell all or substantially all assets, or designate subsidiaries as unrestricted. The Indenture also provides for customary events of default, including non-payment of principal, interest or premium, failure to comply with covenants, and certain bankruptcy or insolvency events. The Company was in compliance with the covenants in the Indenture at December 27, 2020. Canadian Credit Facility On July 7, 2020, the Company entered into a credit agreement which provides for a revolving credit facility in an aggregate principal amount of $10.0 million Canadian dollars (the "Canadian Credit Facility"). The Canadian Credit Facility matures on July 6, 2021 and is secured by certain of the Company's Canadian assets. The proceeds from the Canadian Credit Facility can be used by the Company's Canadian subsidiary for its working capital requirements, capital expenditures and general corporate purposes. Borrowings under this facility, based on the type of borrowing, bear interest at either (a) Bank of Montreal Prime Rate plus 1.00%; (b) Bankers Acceptance Rate plus 2.25%; or (c) Canadian Dollar Offered Rate (CDOR) plus 2.25%. As of December 27, 2020, no amounts were outstanding under the Canadian Credit Facility. The Canadian Credit Facility contains affirmative and negative covenants which, among other things, put certain limitations on 65 Table of Contents IAA, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) asset sales, mergers and acquisitions, indebtedness, liens, dividends, investments and transactions with the Company's affiliates. The Canadian Credit Facility also requires the Company to maintain a Minimum Working Capital Ratio (as defined in the Canadian Credit Facility) of at least 1.00 to 1.00 and a Minimum Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio (as defined in the Canadian Credit Facility) of at least 1.25 to 1.00. The Company was in compliance with the covenants under the Canadian Credit Facility at December 27, 2020. Other At December 27, 2020, the Company had outstanding letters of credit in the aggregate amount of $6.1 million, all of which reduce the amount available for borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility. At December 29, 2019, the Company had outstanding letters of credit in the aggregate amount of $7.0 million, all of which reduce the amount available for borrowings under its Revolving Credit Facility. Fair Value of Debt The estimated fair value of the Company's debt as of December 27, 2020 and December 29, 2019 was $1,302.6 million and $1,313.8 million, respectively. The estimates of fair value were based on broker-dealer quotes for the Company's debt as of the respective dates and are considered Level 2 fair value measurements in the fair value hierarchy. Future Principal Payments At December 27, 2020, aggregate future principal payments on long-term debt are as follows (in millions): Fiscal year 2021 Fiscal year 2022 Fiscal year 2023 Fiscal year 2024 Fiscal year 2025 Thereafter Total Note 11—Leases Amount 4.0 8.0 8.0 6.0 8.0 1,240.0 1,274.0 $ $ The Company leases property, software, automobiles, trucks and trailers, pursuant to operating lease agreements. The Company also leases furniture, fixtures and equipment under finance leases. The leases have varying remaining lease terms with leases expiring through 2040, some of which include options to extend the leases. The components of leases expense were as follows (in millions): Operating lease cost Finance lease cost: Amortization of right-of-use assets Interest on lease liabilities Short-term lease cost Total lease cost Fiscal Years Ended December 27, 2020 December 29, 2019 $ $ 136.7 $ 14.5 0.9 4.7 156.8 $ 118.3 12.4 0.8 5.3 136.8 Rent expense related to operating leases under previous accounting guidance was $122.4 million for the fiscal year ended December 30, 2018. 66 Table of Contents IAA, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) Supplemental cash flow information related to leases was as follows (in millions): Cash paid for amounts included in measurement of lease liabilities: Operating cash flows related to operating leases Operating cash flows related to finance leases Financing cash flows related to finance leases Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations: Operating leases Finance leases December 27, 2020 December 29, 2019 $ $ $ $ $ 130.9 1.0 14.3 219.7 18.1 $ $ $ $ $ 119.3 1.0 13.7 204.7 11.6 Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases was as follows (in millions, except lease term and discount rate): Operating Leases Operating lease right-of-use assets Accumulated amortization Operating lease right-of-use assets, net Other accrued expenses Operating lease liabilities Total operating lease liabilities Finance Leases Property and equipment, gross Accumulated depreciation Property and equipment, net Other accrued expenses Other liabilities Total finance lease liabilities Weighted Average Remaining Lease Term (Years) Operating leases Finance leases Weighted Average Discount Rate Operating leases Finance leases 67 December 27, 2020 December 29, 2019 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 1,030.7 (163.9) 866.8 78.1 836.6 914.7 144.2 (108.9) 35.3 11.1 17.2 28.3 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 811.1 (75.2) 735.9 68.6 709.5 778.1 127.4 (90.9) 36.5 12.4 12.6 25.0 11.67 3.27 5.6% 3.3% 11.81 1.58 5.7% 4.6% Table of Contents IAA, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) Maturities of lease liabilities as of December 27, 2020 are as follows (in millions): 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 Thereafter Less: imputed interest Total Note 12—Income Taxes Operating Leases Finance Leases $ $ $ 126.3 $ 117.1 106.7 101.8 98.2 717.4 1,267.5 $ 352.8 914.7 $ 11.7 7.3 5.0 4.0 1.7 — 29.7 1.4 28.3 IAA's income taxes for the periods after the Separation are computed and reported on a stand-alone basis. For tax periods ended on or before the Separation, IAA has been included in the consolidated income tax returns of KAR and IAA’s income taxes are computed and reported herein under the “separate return method” as if IAA were a separate taxpayer. Use of the separate return method requires significant judgment and may result in differences when the sum of the amounts presented in stand-alone tax provisions are compared with amounts presented in consolidated financial statements. In that event, the related current and deferred tax assets and liabilities could be significantly different from those presented herein. Taxes, as computed under this separate taxpayer approach, may not be indicative of the income tax expense or income tax to be paid had IAA operated as a stand-alone company. The components of income before income taxes and the provision for income taxes are as follows (in millions): Income before income taxes: Domestic Foreign Total Income tax expense (benefit): Current: Federal Foreign State Total current provision Deferred: Federal Foreign State Total deferred provision Income tax expense Fiscal Years Ended December 27, 2020 December 29, 2019 December 30, 2018 $ $ $ $ 233.9 $ 23.1 257.0 $ 45.0 $ 5.1 10.1 60.2 2.1 0.2 (0.3) 2.0 62.2 $ 229.1 $ 33.1 262.2 $ 46.4 $ 10.1 11.9 68.4 1.5 (0.8) (0.1) 0.6 69.0 $ 218.0 28.2 246.2 45.2 8.3 11.9 65.4 (1.3) (0.5) (1.1) (2.9) 62.5 The provision for income taxes was different from the U.S. federal statutory rate applied to income before taxes and is reconciled as follows: 68 Table of Contents IAA, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) Statutory rate State and local income taxes, net Reserves for tax exposures International operations Stock-based compensation Impact of law and rate change Other, net Effective rate December 27, 2020 Fiscal Years Ended December 29, 2019 December 30, 2018 21.0 % 3.2 % 0.2 % 0.5 % (0.2) % — % (0.5) % 24.2 % 21.0 % 3.3 % 0.2 % 1.1 % (0.2) % 0.1 % 0.8 % 26.3 % 21.0 % 3.3 % 0.3 % 0.9 % (0.2) % — % 0.1 % 25.4 % Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amount of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. The Company believes that it is more likely than not that the results of future operations will generate sufficient taxable income to realize the net deferred tax assets. The Company offsets all deferred tax assets and liabilities by jurisdiction, as well as any related valuation allowance, and presents them as a single non-current deferred income tax liability. Deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are comprised of the following: (in millions): Gross deferred tax assets: Right-of-use liabilities Allowances for accounts receivable Accruals and liabilities Employee benefits and compensation Other Total Gross deferred tax liabilities: Right-of-use assets Property and equipment Goodwill and intangible assets Other Total Net deferred tax liabilities December 27, 2020 December 29, 2019 $ $ 229.8 $ 1.8 3.9 4.4 2.6 242.5 (216.6) (14.6) (64.8) (12.2) (308.2) (65.7) $ 197.6 0.9 2.3 2.8 1.8 205.4 (185.8) (8.8) (62.9) (11.6) (269.1) (63.7) Permanently reinvested undistributed earnings of the Company's foreign subsidiaries were approximately $119.1 million at December 27, 2020. Because these amounts have been or will be permanently reinvested in properties and working capital, the Company has not recorded the deferred taxes associated with these earnings. If the undistributed earnings of foreign subsidiaries were to be remitted, state and local income tax expense and withholding tax expense would need to be recognized, net of any applicable foreign tax credits. It is not practical for the Company to determine the additional tax that would be incurred upon remittance of these earnings. Tax payments for fiscal years ended December 27, 2020, December 29, 2019, and December 30, 2018, were $59.7 million, $71.8 million, and $65.4 million, respectively. For tax periods ended on or before June 28, 2019, tax payments were made by KAR on IAA's behalf. The Company applies the provisions of ASC 740, Income Taxes. ASC 740 clarifies the accounting and reporting for uncertainty in income taxes recognized in an enterprise's financial statements. These provisions prescribe a comprehensive model for the 69 Table of Contents IAA, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) financial statement recognition, measurement, presentation, and disclosure of uncertain tax positions taken or expected to be taken on income tax returns. A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits from uncertain tax positions is as follows (in millions): Balance at beginning of period Increase in prior year tax positions Increase in current year tax positions Lapse in statute of limitations Balance at end of period December 27, 2020 December 29, 2019 3.0 $ — 1.1 (0.6) 3.5 3.5 $ 0.1 1.2 (0.7) 4.1 $ $ The total amount of unrecognized tax benefits that, if recognized, would affect the Company's effective tax rate was $3.5 million and $3.0 million at December 27, 2020, and December 29, 2019. The Company records interest and penalties associated with the uncertain tax positions within the Company's provision for income taxes on the consolidated statements of income. The Company had reserves totaling $0.2 million and $0.2 million at December 27, 2020, and December 29, 2019, respectively, associated with interest and penalties, net of tax. The provision for income taxes involves management judgment regarding the interpretation of relevant facts and laws in the jurisdictions in which the Company operates. Future changes in applicable laws, projected levels of taxable income, and tax planning could change the effective tax rate and tax balances recorded by us. In addition, U.S. and non-U.S. tax authorities periodically review income tax returns filed by us and can raise issues regarding the Company's filing positions, timing and amount of income or deductions, and the allocation of income among the jurisdictions in which the Company operates. A significant period of time may elapse between the filing of an income tax return and the ultimate resolution of an issue raised by a revenue authority with respect to that return. In the normal course of business, the Company is subject to examination by taxing authorities in the U.S., Canada, and the United Kingdom. In general, the examination of our material tax returns is complete for the years prior to 2017. Based on the potential outcome of the Company's tax examinations and the expiration of the statute of limitations for specific jurisdictions, it is reasonably possible that the currently remaining unrecognized tax benefits will change within the next 12 months. The associated net tax impact on the reserve balance is estimated to be in the range of a $0.5 million to $1.0 million decrease. Note 13—Employee Benefit Plans 401(k) Plan The Company maintains a defined contribution 401(k) plan that covers substantially all U.S. employees. Participants are generally allowed to make non-forfeitable contributions up to the annual IRS limits. The Company matches 100 percent of the amounts contributed by each individual participant up to 4 percent of the participant's compensation. Participants are 100 percent vested immediately in the Company's contributions. The Company's defined contribution 401(k) plan has been effective since June 2019. Prior to that, the eligible employees of the Company participated in KAR's 401(k) plan which also matched 100 percent of the amounts contributed by each individual participant up to 4 percent of the participant's compensation. For the years ended December 27, 2020, December 29, 2019, and December 30, 2018, amounts contributed to the 401(k) plan were $4.8 million, $4.5 million and $4.3 million, respectively. Note 14—Commitments and Contingencies The Company is and may from time to time become involved in litigation and disputes arising in the ordinary course of business, such as actions related to injuries; property damage; handling, storage or disposal of vehicles; environmental laws and regulations; and other litigation incidental to the business. Management considers the likelihood of loss or the incurrence of a liability, as well as the ability to reasonably estimate the amount of loss, in determining loss contingencies. The Company accrues an estimated loss contingency when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of loss (or range of 70 Table of Contents IAA, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) possible losses) can be reasonably estimated. Management regularly evaluates current information available to determine whether accrual amounts should be adjusted. Accruals for contingencies, including litigation and environmental matters, are included in “Other accrued expenses” at undiscounted amounts and exclude claims for recoveries from insurance or other third parties. These accruals are adjusted periodically as assessment and remediation efforts progress, or as additional technical or legal information becomes available. If the amount of an actual loss is greater than the amount accrued, this could have an adverse impact on the Company's operating results in that period. Such matters are generally not, in the opinion of management, likely to have a material adverse effect on the Company's financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. Legal fees are expensed as incurred. Pyrite Canyon In the fourth quarter of fiscal 2020, the Company’s wholly owned subsidiary, Insurance Auto Auctions, Inc. (hereafter “IAAI”), received a letter from the California Department of Toxic Substances Control (the “DTSC”) styled “Draft Imminent and Substantial Endangerment Determination and Consent Order” (the “ Draft Order”) in which the DTSC states that IAAI, along with nine other respondents named in the Draft Order, has been named as a potential responsible party for the release of hazardous substances at the former Universal Propulsion Company site (the “Former UPCo Site”). The Draft Order states that the Former UPCo Site has been identified as contributing to the Pyrite Canyon Plume by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and prescribes initial steps and a schedule for responding to the release of hazardous substances at the Former UPCo Site. The Draft Order further states that IAAI has been identified as a potential responsible party because it is either the company or the successor of a company responsible for a release of hazardous substances at the Former UPCo Site. The Draft Order is currently unsigned and has not been issued by DTSC. On January 26, 2021, DTSC hosted an informational teleconference for the respondents named in the Draft Order. At the meeting, DTSC described the background and current status at the Former UPCo Site, but did not provide any information related to possible response actions, associated cost estimates or financial liability determinations. DTSC directed the Respondents to provide comments upon the Draft Order by March 1, 2021. The Company does not believe that IAAI should bear any financial liability for actions taken pursuant to the Draft Order because it does not believe that IAAI is the company or a successor of a company responsible for a release of hazardous substances at the Former UPCo Site. IAAI currently leases 50 gross acres of the Former UPCo Site, having commenced a sublease at the location on or about March 1, 2016. At all times since, IAAI has used the site for vehicle storage and general operations. The most significant contaminants at the Former UPCo Site, and the Pyrite Canyon Plume are perchlorate, NDMA and PCBs. These contaminants pre-date IAAI’s occupancy and operations at the Former UPCo Site and are inconsistent with any chemicals stored at the location or used in its operations. IAAI has tendered this matter to its landlord pursuant to indemnity provisions in its sublease, and to its environmental insurance carrier. IAAI's landlord has responded by tendering its own indemnification demand to IAAI, and IAAI has notified its environmental insurance carrier of the same. At this time, the Company does not have adequate information to determine IAAI’s liability, if any, for contamination at the Former UPCo Site. IAA—Lower Duwamish Waterway Since June 2004, IAAI has operated a branch on property it leases in Tukwila, Washington just south of Seattle. The property is located adjacent to a Superfund site known as the Lower Duwamish Waterway Superfund Site ("LDW Site"). The LDW Site had been designated a Superfund site in 2001, three years prior to IAAI’s tenancy. On March 25, 2008, the United States Environmental Protection Agency, or the "EPA," issued IAAI a General Notice of Potential Liability, or "General Notice," pursuant to Section 107(a), and a Request for Information pursuant to Section 104(e) of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act, or "CERCLA," related to the LDW Site. On November 7, 2012, the EPA issued IAAI a Second General Notice of Potential Liability, or "Second General Notice," for the LDW Site. The EPA's website indicates that the EPA has issued general notice letters to approximately 116 entities, and has issued Section 104(e) Requests to more than 300 entities related to the LDW Site. In the General Notice and Second General Notice, the EPA informed IAAI that the EPA believed IAAI may be a Potentially Responsible Party, or "PRP," but the EPA did not specify the factual basis for this assertion. At this time, the EPA still has not specified the factual basis for this assertion and has not demanded that IAAI pay any funds or take any action apart from responding to the Section 104(e) Information Request. Four PRPs, The Boeing Company, the City of Seattle, the Port of Seattle and King County - the Lower Duwamish Waterway Group ("LDWG"), have funded a remedial investigation and feasibility study related to the cleanup of the LDW Site. In December 2014, the EPA issued a Record of Decision ("ROD"), detailing the final cleanup plan for the LDW Site. The ROD estimated the cost of cleanup to be $342 million, with the plan involving dredging of 105 acres, capping 24 acres, and enhanced natural recovery of 48 acres. The estimated length of the cleanup was 17 years, including 7 years of active remediation, and 10 years of monitored natural 71 Table of Contents IAA, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) recovery. The Company is aware that certain authorities may bring natural resource damage claims against PRPs. On February 11, 2016, IAAI received a Notice of Intent letter from the United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration informing IAAI that the Elliott Bay Trustee Council were beginning to conduct an injury assessment for natural resource damages in the LDW. The Notice of Intent indicated that the decision of the trustees to proceed with this natural resources injury assessment followed a pre-assessment screen performed by the trustees. Shortly thereafter, in a letter dated August 16, 2016, EPA issued a status update to the PRPs at the LDW Site. The letter stated that EPA expected the bulk of the pre-remedial design work currently being performed by the LDWG to be completed by the beginning of 2018, with the Remedial Design/Remedial Action ("RD/RA") phase to follow. The EPA previously anticipated that the pre-design work would be completed sometime during 2018, and the Company is not aware of any further information regarding that schedule. Accordingly, the Company is unable to predict when RD/RA negotiations with all PRPs might begin. In addition, the Washington State Department of Ecology ("Ecology") is working with the EPA in relation to the LDW Site, primarily to investigate and address sources of potential contamination contributing to the LDW Site. In 2007, IAA installed a stormwater capture and filtration system designed to treat sources of potential contamination before discharge to the LDW Site. The immediate-past property owner, the former property owner and IAAI have had discussions with Ecology concerning possible source control measures, including an investigation of the water and soils entering the stormwater system, an analysis of the source of contamination identified within the system, if any, and possible repairs and upgrades to the stormwater system if required. As of May 31, 2020, IAAI ceased all operations at the site and terminated its remaining lease of the property in June 2020. Accordingly, IAAI submitted a Notice of Termination of its stormwater permit to Ecology, discontinuing IAAI’s ongoing obligations around the stormwater system maintenance and any additional source control measures. At this time, IAAI has not received any further notices from the EPA and still does not have adequate information to determine IAAI's liability, if any, for contamination at this site, or to estimate the Company's loss as a result of this potential liability which might have been incurred during IAAI’s occupancy. 72 Table of Contents IAA, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) Note 15—Segment Information The Company has two operating segments: United States, and International. The Company's two operating segments represent its two reportable segments. These segments represent geographic areas and reflect how the chief operating decision maker allocates resources and measures results. Intercompany income (expense) related to charges for services provided by the United States segment to the International segment are based on the benefits received. Such services are related to technology and other business support services. Financial information regarding the Company's reportable segments is set forth below as of and for the year ended December 27, 2020 (in millions): United States International Consolidated Revenues: Service revenues Vehicle sales Total revenues Operating expenses: Cost of services (exclusive of depreciation and amortization) Cost of vehicle sales (exclusive of depreciation and amortization) Selling, general and administrative Depreciation and amortization Total operating expenses Operating profit Interest expense, net Other (income) expense, net Intercompany income (expense) Income before income taxes Income taxes Net income Total assets Capital expenditures $ $ $ $ 1,134.4 $ 80.7 1,215.1 659.8 64.6 135.0 74.3 933.7 281.4 56.2 (0.7) (8.0) 233.9 56.9 177.0 $ 2,341.1 $ 52.3 $ 98.7 $ 71.1 169.8 61.9 60.6 9.9 6.8 139.2 30.6 (0.2) (0.3) 8.0 23.1 5.3 17.8 $ 187.8 $ 17.5 $ 1,233.1 151.8 1,384.9 721.7 125.2 144.9 81.1 1,072.9 312.0 56.0 (1.0) — 257.0 62.2 194.8 2,528.9 69.8 73 Table of Contents IAA, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) Financial information regarding the Company's reportable segments is set forth below as of and for the year ended December 29, 2019 (in millions): United States International Consolidated Revenues: Service revenues Vehicle sales Total revenues Operating expenses: Cost of services (exclusive of depreciation and amortization) Cost of sales (exclusive of depreciation and amortization) Selling, general and administrative Depreciation and amortization Total operating expenses Operating profit Interest expense, net Other (income) expense, net Income before income taxes Income taxes Net income Total assets Capital expenditures $ $ $ $ 1,196.2 $ 69.9 1,266.1 714.4 54.0 131.3 81.8 981.5 284.6 55.7 (0.2) 229.1 59.7 169.4 $ 1,963.4 $ 64.2 $ 107.6 $ 63.1 170.7 65.7 54.1 11.1 6.6 137.5 33.2 — 0.1 33.1 9.3 23.8 $ 187.8 $ 4.3 $ 1,303.8 133.0 1,436.8 780.1 108.1 142.4 88.4 1,119.0 317.8 55.7 (0.1) 262.2 69.0 193.2 2,151.2 68.5 74 Table of Contents IAA, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) Financial information regarding the Company's reportable segments is set forth below as of and for the year ended December 30, 2018 (in millions): United States International Consolidated Revenues: Service revenues Vehicle sales Total revenues Operating expenses: Cost of services (exclusive of depreciation and amortization) Cost of vehicle sales (exclusive of depreciation and amortization) Selling, general and administrative Depreciation and amortization Total operating expenses Operating profit Interest expense Other income, net Income before income taxes Income taxes Net income Total assets Capital expenditures Geographic Information $ $ $ $ 1,123.9 $ 61.2 1185.1 674.1 52.8 111.9 90.5 929.3 255.8 38.6 (0.8) 218.0 54.7 163.3 $ 1,344.3 $ 63.0 $ 95.7 $ 46.0 141.7 55.3 39.0 11.9 6.9 113.1 28.6 0.1 0.3 28.2 7.8 20.4 $ 144.2 $ 3.7 $ 1,219.6 107.2 1326.8 729.4 91.8 123.8 97.4 1,042.4 284.4 38.7 (0.5) 246.2 62.5 183.7 1,488.5 66.7 The Company's international operations include Canada and the U.K. Most of the Company's operations outside the U.S. are in Canada. Information regarding the geographic areas of the Company's operations is set forth below (in millions): Long-lived assets U.S. Foreign Note 16—Subsequent Events December 27, 2020 December 29, 2019 $ $ 1,040.8 $ 85.8 1,126.6 $ 923.3 59.5 982.8 During the first quarter of fiscal 2021, the Company purchased certain previously leased property in New Jersey consisting of land and buildings for $11.0 million. As of December 27, 2020, the following balances were included in the Consolidated Balance Sheets for this leased property: Operating lease right-of-use assets: $2.0 million; Other accrued expenses: $0.8 million; Operating lease liabilities: $1.5 million. The net impact of these balances will be adjusted into the purchase price of the property in fiscal 2021. 75 Table of Contents Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure None. Item 9A. Controls and Procedures Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures We maintain disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and that such information is accumulated and communicated to management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow for timely decisions regarding required disclosure. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives, and management is required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. As of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we carried out an evaluation under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures. Based upon that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective, at the reasonable assurance level, as of December 27, 2020. Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act) to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of our financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of our assets; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that the transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and our directors; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. We carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, regarding the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting using the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013). Based on this evaluation, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 27, 2020. Attestation Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 27, 2020 has been audited by KPMG LLP, our independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report, which is included in Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data under the heading “Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm,” and is incorporated herein by reference. Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting There has been no change in our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended December 27, 2020, that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. Item 9B. Other Information None. 76 Table of Contents PART III Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the definitive Proxy Statement for our 2021 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which will be filed with the SEC no later than 120 days after the close of our fiscal year ended December 27, 2020. Code of Ethics In addition, our Board of Directors has adopted a Code of Ethics for Principal Executive and Senior Financial Officers that applies to our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or controller and such other persons who are designated by the Board of Directors. Our Board of Directors has also adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics that applies to our employees, officers and directors, as well as temporary service works and independent contractors. The current version of the Code of Ethics for Principal Executive and Senior Financial Officers and the Code of Business Conduct and Ethics are each available on our website under the “Investor Relations” section at investors.iaai.com. To the extent required by rules adopted by the SEC and the New York Stock Exchange, we intend to promptly disclose future amendments to certain provisions of the Code of Ethics for Principal Executive and Senior Financial Officers and the Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, or waivers of such provisions granted to executive officers and directors, on our website under the “Investor Relations” section of our website at investors.iaai.com. Item 11. Executive Compensation The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the definitive Proxy Statement for our 2021 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which will be filed with the SEC no later than 120 days after the close of our fiscal year ended December 27, 2020. Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the definitive Proxy Statement for our 2021 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which will be filed with the SEC no later than 120 days after the close of our fiscal year ended December 27, 2020. Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the definitive Proxy Statement for our 2021 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which will be filed with the SEC no later than 120 days after the close of our fiscal year ended December 27, 2020. Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the definitive Proxy Statement for our 2021 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which will be filed with the SEC no later than 120 days after the close of our fiscal year ended December 27, 2020. 77 Table of Contents PART IV Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules a) The following documents are filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K: 1) 2) 3) Financial Statements—the consolidated financial statements of IAA, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries are included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Financial Statement Schedules—all schedules have been omitted because the information required to be set forth therein is included in the consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto or because the schedules are not applicable. Exhibits—the exhibit index listed in the exhibit index below are filed with, or incorporated by reference in, this Annual Report on Form 10-K. EXHIBIT INDEX Exhibit No. 2.1 3.1 3.2 4.1 4.2 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4* 10.4.1* 10.4.2* 10.4.3* 10.4.4* 10.5* 10.6* 10.7* 10.8* 10.9 Exhibit Description Separation and Distribution Agreement, dated as of June 27, 2019, by and between KAR Auction Services, Inc. and IAA, Inc.† Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of IAA, Inc., dated as of June 27, 2019 Amended and Restated By-laws of IAA, Inc., dated as of June 27, 2019 Description of IAA, Inc.’s Capital Stock Indenture, dated June 6, 2019, between IAA, Inc. (f/k/a IAA Spinco Inc.) and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee, including the form of the 5.500% Senior Notes due 2027 Transition Services Agreement, dated as of June 27, 2019, by and between KAR Auction Services, Inc. and IAA, Inc. Tax Matters Agreement, dated as of June 27, 2019, by and between KAR Auction Services, Inc. and IAA, Inc. Employee Matters Agreement, dated as of June 27, 2019, by and between KAR Auction Services, Inc. and IAA, Inc. IAA, Inc. 2019 Omnibus Stock and Incentive Plan IAA, Inc. Form of Director Restricted Share Award Agreement Form of Stock Option Award Agreement (Officers) Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement (Officers) Form of Performance Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement (Officers) IAA, Inc. Employee Stock Purchase Plan IAA, Inc. Directors Deferred Compensation Plan Form Employment Agreement for Executive Officers Form Indemnification Agreement entered into with directors and officers Credit Agreement, dated as of June 28, 2019, among IAA, Inc., the several banks and other financial institutions or entities from time to time party thereto as lenders, the issuing lenders from time to time party thereto, and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent. Form 8-K 8-K 8-K Form 10-K Form 10 8-K 8-K 8-K 8-K Form 10 10-Q 10-Q 10-Q Form 10 Form 10 10-Q 10-Q Incorporated by Reference File No. 001-38580 Exhibit 2.1 001-38580 001-38580 001-38580 001-38580 001-38580 001-38580 001-38580 001-38580 001-38580 001-38580 001-38580 001-38580 001-38580 001-38580 001-38580 001-38580 3.1 3.2 4.1 4.1 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.17 10.7 10.8 10.9 10.15 10.16 10.6 10.10 10.1 Filed Herewith Filing Date 6/28/2019 6/28/2019 6/28/2019 3/18/2020 6/13/2019 6/28/2019 6/28/2019 6/28/2019 6/13/2019 6/13/2019 8/13/2019 8/13/2019 8/13/2019 6/13/2019 6/13/2019 8/13/2019 8/13/2019 6/28/2019 8-K 001-38580 78 Table of Contents Exhibit No. 10.10 21.1 23.1 31.1 31.2 32.1 32.2 101 104 Exhibit Description Incremental Agreement Commitment No. 1 List of Subsidiaries of IAA, Inc. Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 The following financial statements from the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 27, 2020, formatted in Inline XBRL: (i) Consolidated Statements of Income for the Fiscal Years ended December 27, 2020, December 29, 2019 and December 30, 2018; (ii) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the Fiscal Years ended December 27, 2020, December 29, 2019 and December 30, 2018; (iii) Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 27, 2020 and December 29, 2019; (iv) Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit) for the Fiscal Years ended December 27, 2020, December 29, 2019 and December 30, 2018; (v) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Fiscal Years ended December 27, 2020, December 29, 2019 and December 30, 2018; and (vi) Condensed Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Cover page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101) ___________________________________________________________________ Incorporated by Reference Form 8-K File No. 001-38580 Exhibit 10.1 Filing Date 5/6/2020 Filed Herewith X X X X X** X** X X † * ** Certain information has been excluded from this exhibit because it is not material and would likely cause competitive harm to the registrant if publicly disclosed. Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement required to be filed as an exhibit pursuant to applicable rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission. Furnished herewith. 79 Table of Contents Item 16. Form 10-K Summary None. 80 Table of Contents Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. SIGNATURES IAA, Inc. By: /s/ JOHN W. KETT John W. Kett President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) February 22, 2021 Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated. 81 Table of Contents Signature Title Date /s/ JOHN W. KETT John W. Kett President and Chief Executive Officer February 22, 2021 (Principal Executive Officer) /s/ VANCE C. JOHNSTON Chief Financial Officer February 22, 2021 Vance C. Johnston (Principal Financial Officer) /s/ CHRISTOPHER CARLSON Corporate Controller February 22, 2021 Christopher Carlson (Principal Accounting Officer) /s/ JOHN P. LARSON John P. Larson /s/ BRIAN BALES Brian Bales /s/ BILL BRESLIN Bill Breslin /s/ GAIL EVANS Gail Evans /s/ SUE GOVE Sue Gove /s/ LYNN JOLLIFFE Lynn Jolliffe /s/ PETER KAMIN Peter Kamin /s/ OLAF KASTNER Olaf Kastner Chairman of the Board February 22, 2021 Director Director Director Director Director Director Director 82 February 22, 2021 February 22, 2021 February 22, 2021 February 22, 2021 February 22, 2021 February 22, 2021 February 22, 2021 IAA, INC. SUBSIDIARIES LIST Exhibit 21.1 Name Axle Holdings Acquisition Company LLC Axle Holdings, Inc. IAA Acquisition Corp. IAA Holdings, Inc. Insurance Auto Auctions Corp. Insurance Auto Auctions of Georgia, LLC IAA Services, Inc. Insurance Auto Auctions, Inc. Automotive Recovery Services, Inc. Auto Disposal Systems, Inc. Decision Dynamics, LLC Insurance Auto Auctions Tennessee LLC Impact Texas, LLC 1206397 B.C. Unlimited Liability Company Impact Auctions Sudbury Ltd. Impact Auto Auctions Ltd. Suburban Auto Parts Inc. 1 Interactive Design Limited Gilbert Mitchell Holdings Limited Gilbert Mitchell Limited IAA International Holdings Limited IAA UK Holdings Limited IAA Vehicle Services Limited st Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Georgia Illinois Illinois Indiana Ohio South Carolina Tennessee Texas British Columbia Ontario Ontario Ontario United Kingdom United Kingdom United Kingdom United Kingdom United Kingdom United Kingdom Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Exhibit 23.1 The Board of Directors IAA, Inc.: We consent to the incorporation by reference in the registration statement (No. 333-232497) on Form S-8 of IAA, Inc. of our report dated February 22, 2021, with respect to the consolidated balance sheets of IAA, Inc. as of December 27, 2020 and December 29, 2019, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity (deficit), and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 27, 2020, and the related notes, and the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as of December 27, 2020, which report appears in the December 27, 2020 annual report on Form 10-K of IAA, Inc. Our report refers to a change in the method of accounting for leases effective December 31, 2018 due to the adoption of Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standards Codification Topic 842, Leases. /s/ KPMG LLP Chicago, Illinois February 22, 2021 Exhibit 31.1 I, John W. Kett, certify that: Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 1) 2) 3) 4) I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of IAA, Inc.; Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a‑15(f) and 15d‑15(f)) for the registrant and have: a) b) designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; c) evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and d) disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and 5) The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): a) b) all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting. /s/ John W. Kett John W. Kett President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) Date: February 22, 2021 Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Exhibit 31.2 I, Vance C. Johnston, certify that: 1) I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of IAA, Inc.; 2) Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; 3) Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4) The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a‑15(f) and 15d‑15(f)) for the registrant and have: a) designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; b) designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; c) evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and d) disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and 5) The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): a) b) all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting. /s/ Vance C. Johnston Vance C. Johnston Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) Date: February 22, 2021 Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 In connection with the Annual Report on Form 10-K of IAA, Inc. (the "Company") for the fiscal year ended December 27, 2020, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the "Report"), I, John W. Kett, as Chief Executive Officer of the Company, certify, to the best of my knowledge, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that: 1) 2) The report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d), as applicable, of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and the information contained in this Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. Exhibit 32.1 /s/ John W. Kett John W. Kett President and Chief Executive Officer Date: February 22, 2021 Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Exhibit 32.2 In connection with the Annual Report on Form 10-K of IAA, Inc. (the "Company") for the fiscal year ended December 27, 2020, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the "Report"), I, Vance C. Johnston, as Chief Financial Officer of the Company, certify, to the best of my knowledge, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that: (1) The report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d), as applicable, of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and (2) the information contained in this Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. /s/ Vance C. Johnston Vance C. Johnston Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer Date: February 22, 2021 

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