Icahn Enterprises Annual Report 2017

Plain-text annual report

UNITED STATESSECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSIONWashington, D.C. 20549FORM 10-KANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934For the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2017(Commission File Number)(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)(Address of Principal Executive Offices) (Zip Code)(Telephone Number)(State or OtherJurisdiction ofIncorporation orOrganization)(IRS EmployerIdentification No.)001-09516ICAHN ENTERPRISES L.P.Delaware13-3398766 767 Fifth Avenue, Suite 4700New York, NY 10153(212) 702-4300 333-118021-01ICAHN ENTERPRISES HOLDINGS L.P.Delaware13-3398767 767 Fifth Avenue, Suite 4700New York, NY 10153(212) 702-4300 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:Title of Each Class Name of Each Exchange on Which RegisteredDepositary Units of Icahn Enterprises L.P.Representing Limited Partner Interests NASDAQ Global Select MarketSecurities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: NoneIndicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined by Rule 405 of the Securities Act.Icahn Enterprises L.P. Yes x No o Icahn Enterprises Holdings L.P. Yes o No xIndicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act.Icahn Enterprises L.P. Yes o No x Icahn Enterprises Holdings L.P. Yes o No xIndicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.Icahn Enterprises L.P. Yes x No o Icahn Enterprises Holdings L.P. Yes x No oIndicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and postedpursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post suchfiles). Icahn Enterprises L.P. Yes x No o Icahn Enterprises Holdings L.P. Yes x No oIndicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant'sknowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. xIndicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer or a smaller reporting company. See definition of “largeaccelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act (Check One):Icahn Enterprises L.P. Icahn Enterprises Holdings L.P.Large Accelerated Filer xAccelerated Filer o Large Accelerated Filer oAccelerated Filer oNon-accelerated Filer oSmaller Reporting Company o Non-accelerated Filer xSmaller Reporting Company oIf an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financialaccounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. oIndicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).Icahn Enterprises L.P. Yes o No x Icahn Enterprises Holdings L.P. Yes o No xThe aggregate market value of Icahn Enterprises' depositary units held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of June 30, 2017, the last business day of the registrant's most recentlycompleted second fiscal quarter, based upon the closing price of depositary units on the Nasdaq Global Select Market on such date was $839 million.As of March 1, 2018, there were 173,576,769 of Icahn Enterprises' depositary units outstanding.ICAHN ENTERPRISES L.P.ICAHN ENTERPRISES HOLDINGS L.P.TABLE OF CONTENTS PageNo. Explanatory Note and Forward-Looking Statements1 PART I Item 1.Business2Item 1A.Risk Factors11Item 1B.Unresolved Staff Comments26Item 2.Properties27Item 3.Legal Proceedings28Item 4.Mine Safety Disclosures28 PART II Item 5.Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Security Holder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities29Item 6.Selected Financial Data31Item 7.Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations32Item 7A.Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk53Item 8.Financial Statements and Supplementary Data58Item 9.Changes In and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure125Item 9A.Controls and Procedures125Item 9B.Other Information127 PART III Item 10.Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance128Item 11.Executive Compensation132Item 12.Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Security Holder Matters136Item 13.Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence138Item 14.Principal Accountant Fees and Services142 PART IV Item 15.Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules143Item 16.Form 10-K Summary143iEXPLANATORY NOTEThis Annual Report on Form 10-K (this "Report") is a joint report being filed by Icahn Enterprises L.P. and Icahn Enterprises Holdings L.P. Eachregistrant hereto is filing on its own behalf all of the information contained in this Report that relates to such registrant. Each registrant hereto is not filingany information that does not relate to such registrant, and therefore makes no representation as to any such information.FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTSThis Report contains certain statements that are, or may be deemed to be, “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of theSecurities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended ("the Exchange Act"), or by Public Law 104-67. Allstatements included in this Report, other than statements that relate solely to historical fact, are “forward-looking statements.” Such statements include, butare not limited to, any statement that may predict, forecast, indicate or imply future results, performance, achievements or events, or any statement that mayrelate to strategies, plans or objectives for, or potential results of, future operations, financial results, financial condition, business prospects, growth strategyor liquidity, and are based upon management’s current plans and beliefs or current estimates of future results or trends. Forward-looking statements cangenerally be identified by phrases such as “believes,” “expects,” “potential,” “continues,” “may,” “should,” “seeks,” “predicts,” “anticipates,” “intends,”“projects,” “estimates,” “plans,” “could,” “designed,” “should be” and other similar expressions that denote expectations of future or conditional eventsrather than statements of fact.Forward-looking statements include certain statements made under the caption, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition andResults of Operations,” under Item 7 of this Report, but also forward-looking statements that appear in other parts of this Report. Forward-looking statementsreflect our current views with respect to future events and are based on certain assumptions and are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause ouractual results to differ materially from trends, plans, or expectations set forth in the forward-looking statements. These risks and uncertainties may include therisks and uncertainties described elsewhere in this Report, including under the caption "Risk Factors," under Item 1A of this Report. Additionally, there maybe other factors not presently known to us or which we currently consider to be immaterial that may cause our actual results to differ materially from theforward-looking statements.1PART IItem 1. Business.Business OverviewIcahn Enterprises L.P. (“Icahn Enterprises”) is a master limited partnership formed in Delaware on February 17, 1987. Icahn Enterprises Holdings L.P.(“Icahn Enterprises Holdings”) is a limited partnership formed in Delaware on February 17, 1987. References to "we," "our" or "us" herein include both IcahnEnterprises and Icahn Enterprises Holdings and their subsidiaries, unless the context otherwise requires.Icahn Enterprises owns a 99% limited partner interest in Icahn Enterprises Holdings. Icahn Enterprises G.P. Inc. (“Icahn Enterprises GP”), which isindirectly owned and controlled by Mr. Carl C. Icahn, owns a 1% general partner interest in each of Icahn Enterprises and Icahn Enterprises Holdings as ofDecember 31, 2017. Icahn Enterprises Holdings and its subsidiaries own substantially all of our assets and liabilities and conduct substantially all of ouroperations. Therefore, the financial results of Icahn Enterprises and Icahn Enterprises Holdings are substantially the same, with differences relating primarilyto debt, as discussed further in Note 10, "Debt," to the consolidated financial statements, and the allocation of the general partner interest, which is reflectedas an aggregate 1.99% general partner interest in the financial statements of Icahn Enterprises. Mr. Icahn and his affiliates owned approximately 91.0% ofIcahn Enterprises' outstanding depositary units as of March 1, 2018.We conduct our activities in a manner so as not to be deemed an investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended("Investment Company Act"). Generally, this means that we do not invest or intend to invest in securities as our primary business and that no more than 40%of our total assets will be invested in investment securities as such term is defined in the Investment Company Act. In addition, we intend to structure ourinvestments so as to continue to be taxed as a partnership rather than as a corporation under the applicable publicly traded partnership rules of the InternalRevenue Code of 1986, as amended.Mr. Icahn's estate has been designed to assure the stability and continuation of Icahn Enterprises with no need to monetize his interests for estate tax orother purposes. In the event of Mr. Icahn's death, control of Mr. Icahn's interests in Icahn Enterprises and its general partner will be placed in charitable andother trusts under the control of senior Icahn Enterprises executives and family members.We are a diversified holding company owning subsidiaries engaged in the following operating businesses: Investment, Automotive, Energy, Railcar,Gaming, Metals, Mining, Food Packaging, Real Estate and Home Fashion, as discussed further below.Business Strategy and Core StrengthsThe Icahn StrategyAcross all of our businesses, our success is based on a simple formula: we seek to find undervalued companies in the Graham & Dodd tradition, amethodology for valuing stocks that primarily looks for deeply depressed prices. However, while the typical Graham & Dodd value investor purchasesundervalued securities and waits for results, we often become actively involved in the companies we target. That activity may involve a broad range ofapproaches, from influencing the management of a target to take steps to improve shareholder value, to acquiring a controlling interest or outright ownershipof the target company in order to implement changes that we believe are required to improve its business, and then operating and expanding that business.This activism has typically brought about very strong returns over the years.Today, we are a diversified holding company owning subsidiaries engaged in ten diversified reporting segments. As of December 31, 2017, through ourInvestment segment, we have significant positions in various investments, which include American International Group, Inc. (AIG), Cheniere Energy Inc.(LNG), Herbalife Ltd. (HLF), Freeport McMoRan Inc. (FCX), Xerox Corporation (XRX), Navistar International Corp. (NAV), Hertz Global Holdings, Inc.(HTZ) and PayPal Holdings, Inc. (PYPL).Several of our operating businesses started out as investment positions in debt or equity securities, held either directly by us or Mr. Icahn. Thosepositions ultimately resulted in control or complete ownership of the target company. For example, in 2012, we acquired a controlling interest in CVREnergy, Inc. (‘‘CVR Energy’’), which started out as a position in our Investment segment and is now an operating subsidiary that comprises our Energysegment. The acquisition of CVR Energy, like our other operating subsidiaries, reflects our opportunistic approach to value creation, through which returnsmay be obtained by, among other things, promoting change through minority positions at targeted companies in our Investment segment or by acquiringcontrol of those target companies that we believe we could run more profitably ourselves.During the next several years, we see a favorable opportunity to follow an activist strategy that centers on the purchase of target stock and thesubsequent removal of any barriers that might interfere with a friendly purchase offer from a strong buyer.2Alternatively, in appropriate circumstances, we or our subsidiaries may become the buyer of target companies, adding them to our portfolio of operatingsubsidiaries, thereby expanding our operations through such opportunistic acquisitions. We believe that the companies that we target for our activistactivities are undervalued for many reasons, often including inept management. Unfortunately for the individual investor, in particular, and the economy, ingeneral, many poor management teams are often unaccountable and very difficult to remove.Unlike the individual investor, we have the wherewithal to purchase companies that we feel we can operate more effectively than incumbentmanagement. In addition, through our Investment segment, we are in a position to pursue our activist strategy by purchasing stock or debt positions andtrying to promulgate change through a variety of activist approaches, ranging from speaking and negotiating with Boards of Directors and Chief ExecutiveOfficers ("CEO") to proxy fights, tender offers and acquiring control. We work diligently to enhance value for all shareholders and we believe that the bestway to do this is to make underperforming management teams and Boards of Directors accountable or to replace them.The Chairman of the Board of Directors of our general partner, Carl C. Icahn, has been an activist investor since 1980. Mr. Icahn believes that the currentenvironment continues to be conducive to activism. Many major companies have substantial amounts of cash. We believe that they are hoarding cash, ratherthan spending it, because they do not believe investments in their business will translate to earnings.We believe that one of the best ways for many cash-rich companies to achieve increased earnings is to use their large amounts of excess cash, togetherwith advantageous borrowing opportunities, to purchase other companies in their industries and take advantage of the meaningful synergies that could result.In our opinion, the CEOs and Boards of Directors of undervalued companies that would be acquisition targets are the major road blocks to this logical use ofassets to increase value, because we believe those CEOs and Boards of Directors are not willing to give up their power and perquisites, even if they have donea poor job in administering the companies they have been running. In addition, acquirers are often unwilling to undertake the arduous task of launching ahostile campaign. This is precisely the situation in which we believe a strong activist catalyst is necessary.We believe that the activist catalyst adds value because, for companies with strong balance sheets, acquisitions of their weaker industry rivals is oftenextremely compelling financially. We further believe that there are many transactions that make economic sense, even at a large premium over market.Acquirers can use their excess cash, that is earning a very low return, and/or borrow at the advantageous interest rates now available, to acquire a targetcompany. In either case, an acquirer can add the target company’s earnings and the income from synergies to the acquirer’s bottom line, at a relatively lowcost. But for these potential acquirers to act, the target company must be willing to at least entertain an offer. We believe that often the activist can step in andremove the obstacles that a target generally may seek to use to prevent an acquisition.It is our belief that our strategy will continue to produce strong results into the future. We believe that the strong cash flow and asset coverage from ouroperating subsidiaries will allow us to maintain a strong balance sheet and ample liquidity.Core StrengthsWe believe that our core strengths include: identifying and acquiring undervalued assets and businesses, often through the purchase of distressedsecurities; increasing value through management, financial or other operational changes; and managing complex legal, regulatory or financial issues, whichmay include bankruptcy or insolvency, environmental, zoning, permitting and licensing issues.The key elements of our business strategy include the following:Capitalize on Growth Opportunities in our Existing Businesses. We believe that we have developed a strong portfolio of businesses with experiencedmanagement teams. We may expand our existing businesses if appropriate opportunities are identified, as well as use our established businesses as a platformfor additional acquisitions in the same or related areas.Drive Accountability and Financial Discipline in the Management of our Business. Our CEO is accountable directly to our Board of Directors of ourgeneral partner, including the Chairman, Carl C. Icahn, and has day-to-day responsibility, in consultation with our Chairman, for general oversight of ourbusiness segments. We continually evaluate our operating subsidiaries with a view towards maximizing value and cost efficiencies, bringing an owner'sperspective to our operating businesses. In each of these businesses, we assemble senior management teams with the expertise to run their businesses andboards of directors to oversee the management of those businesses. Each management team is responsible for the day-to-day operations of its businesses anddirectly accountable to its board of directors.Seek to Acquire Undervalued Assets. We intend to continue to make investments in businesses that we believe are undervalued and have potential forgrowth. We also seek to capitalize on investment opportunities arising from market inefficiencies, economic or market trends that have not been identifiedand reflected in market value, or complex or special situations. Certain opportunities may arise from companies that experience disappointing financialresults, liquidity or capital needs, lowered credit ratings, revised industry forecasts or legal complications. We may acquire businesses or assets directly or3we may establish an ownership position through the purchase of debt or equity securities in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions.Use Activism to Unlock Value. As described above, we become actively involved in companies in which we invest. Such activism may involve a broadrange of activities, from trying to influence management in a proxy fight, to taking outright control of a company in order to bring about the change we thinkis required to unlock value. The key is flexibility, permanent capital and the willingness and ability to have a long-term investment horizon.Segment InformationIcahn Enterprises began as American Real Estate Partners L.P. in 1987 and has grown its portfolio to ten diversified reporting segments, as discussedabove. We report segment information based on the various industries in which our businesses operate and the strategies we use to manage them. With theexception of our Investment segment, our operating segments primarily comprise independently operated businesses that we have obtained a controllinginterest in through execution of our business strategy. Our Investment segment derives revenues from gains and losses from investment transactions. Ourother operating segments derive revenues principally from net sales of various products, primarily within our Automotive and Energy segments, whichtogether accounted for more than 90% of our consolidated net sales for each of the three years ended December 31, 2017. Our other operating segments'revenues are also derived through various other revenue streams which primarily consists of services, leasing and casino operations. Geographically, themajority of our consolidated revenues are derived from customers in the United States. Our Automotive segment accounts for the significant majority of ourconsolidated revenues derived from customers outside the United States.Segment and geographic information for our reporting segments as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 and for each of the three years ended December 31,2017 is presented in Note 13, “Segment and Geographic Reporting,” to the consolidated financial statements. Certain additional information with respect toour segments is discussed below.InvestmentOur Investment segment is comprised of various private investment funds ("Investment Funds") in which we have general partner interests and throughwhich we invest our proprietary capital. We and certain of Mr. Icahn's wholly owned affiliates are the sole investors in the Investment Funds. As generalpartner, we provide investment advisory and certain administrative and back office services to the Investment Funds but do not provide such services to anyother entities, individuals or accounts. Interests in the Investment Funds are not offered to outside investors.Investment StrategyThe investment strategy of the Investment Funds is set and led by Mr. Icahn. The Investment Funds seek to acquire securities in companies that trade ata discount to inherent value as determined by various metrics, including replacement cost, break-up value, cash flow and earnings power and liquidationvalue.The Investment Funds utilize a process-oriented, research-intensive, value-based investment approach. This approach generally involves three criticalsteps: (i) fundamental credit, valuation and capital structure analysis; (ii) intense legal and tax analysis of fulcrum issues such as litigation and regulation thatoften affect valuation; and (iii) combined business valuation analysis and legal and tax review to establish a strategy for gaining an attractive risk-adjustedinvestment position. This approach focuses on exploiting market dislocations or misjudgments that may result from market euphoria, litigation, complexcontingent liabilities, corporate malfeasance and weak corporate governance, general economic conditions or market cycles and complex and inappropriatecapital structures.The Investment Funds are often activist investors ready to take the steps necessary to seek to unlock value, including tender offers, proxy contests anddemands for management accountability. The Investment Funds may employ a number of strategies and are permitted to invest across a variety of industriesand types of securities, including long and short equities, long and short bonds, bank debt and other corporate obligations, options, swaps and otherderivative instruments thereof, risk arbitrage and capital structure arbitrage and other special situations. The Investment Funds invest a material portion oftheir capital in publicly traded equity and debt securities of companies that they believe to be undervalued by the marketplace. The Investment Funds oftentake significant positions in the companies in which they invest.IncomeOur Investment segment's income or loss is driven by the amount of funds allocated to the Investment Funds and the performance of the underlyinginvestments in the Investment Funds. Funds allocated to the Investment Funds are based on the net contributions and redemptions by our Holding Companyand by Mr. Icahn and his affiliates.4Affiliate InvestmentsWe and Mr. Icahn, along with the Investment Funds, have entered into a covered affiliate agreement, which was amended on March 31, 2011, pursuantto which Mr. Icahn agreed (on behalf of himself and certain of his affiliates, excluding Icahn Enterprises, Icahn Enterprises Holdings and their subsidiaries) tobe bound by certain restrictions on their investments in any assets that we deem suitable for the Investment Funds, other than government and agency bondsand cash equivalents, unless otherwise approved by our Audit Committee. In addition, Mr. Icahn and such affiliates continue to have the right to co-investwith the Investment Funds. We have no interest in, nor do we generate any income from, any such co-investments, which have been and may continue to besubstantial.AutomotiveWe conduct our Automotive segment through our wholly owned subsidiaries Federal-Mogul LLC ("Federal-Mogul") and Icahn Automotive Group LLC("Icahn Automotive"). Currently, we operate Federal-Mogul independently from Icahn Automotive, however, we generally discuss our automotive businessestogether due to the nature of the industry in which they operate and how we manage these businesses in accordance with our investment strategies.Federal-MogulFederal-Mogul is a diversified, global supplier of automotive products to a variety of end markets. In order to improve management's focus for therespective business units, Federal-Mogul is operated with two end-customer focused business units, Powertrain and Motorparts. In January 2017, weincreased our ownership in Federal-Mogul from 82% to 100%. In February 2017, Federal-Mogul was converted from a Delaware corporation to a Delawarelimited liability company. Prior to this, Federal-Mogul was a majority owned subsidiary of ours with publicly traded common stock.Products, Services and CustomersFederal-Mogul is engaged in the manufacture and distribution of automotive parts. Federal-Mogul's Powertrain business unit focuses on originalequipment powertrain products for automotive, heavy-duty and industrial applications, while its Motorparts business unit sells and distributes a broadportfolio of products in the global vehicle aftermarket, while also serving original equipment manufacturers with vehicle products including brakes, wipersand, to a limited extent, chassis components.Federal-Mogul's customers consist of automotive light vehicle, medium and heavy-duty commercial vehicle manufacturers as well as agricultural, off-highway, marine, railroad, aerospace, high-performance, power generation and industrial application manufacturers. Federal-Mogul's aftermarket customersinclude independent warehouse distributors that redistribute products to local parts suppliers, distributors, engine rebuilders, retail parts stores, massmerchants and service chains.CompetitionThe global vehicular parts business is highly competitive. Federal-Mogul competes with many independent manufacturers and distributors ofcomponent parts globally. In general, competition for sales is based on price, product quality, technology, delivery, customer service and the breadth ofproducts offered by a given supplier. Federal-Mogul is meeting these competitive challenges by developing leading technologies, efficiently integrating andexpanding its manufacturing and distribution operations, widening its product coverage within its core businesses, restructuring its operations andtransferring production to best cost countries, and utilizing its worldwide technical centers to develop and provide value-added solutions to its customers.Research and DevelopmentFederal-Mogul’s research and development activities are conducted at its technical centers located in the United States and internationally. Each ofFederal-Mogul's business units is engaged in engineering and research and development efforts and works closely with customers to develop customsolutions to meet their needs. Total expenditures for research and development activities, including product engineering and validation costs, were $195million, $192 million and $189 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.Intellectual PropertyFederal-Mogul holds in excess of 6,500 patents and patent applications on a worldwide basis, of which more than 1,200 have been filed in the UnitedStates. Of the approximately 6,500 patents and patent applications, approximately 30% are in production use and/or are licensed to third parties, and theremaining 70% are being considered for future production use or provide a strategic technological benefit to Federal-Mogul.Federal-Mogul does not materially rely on any single patent, nor will the expiration of any single patent materially affect its business. Federal-Mogul’scurrent patents expire over various periods into the year 2040. Federal-Mogul is actively introducing and patenting new technology to replace formerlypatented technology before the expiration of the existing patents. In the aggregate,5Federal-Mogul’s worldwide patent portfolio is materially important to its business because it enables it to achieve technological differentiation from itscompetitors.Federal-Mogul also maintains more than 6,600 active trademark registrations and applications worldwide.Raw Materials and SuppliersFederal-Mogul purchases various raw materials and component parts for use in its manufacturing processes, including ferrous and non-ferrous metals,non-metallic raw materials, stampings, castings and forgings. Federal-Mogul has not experienced any significant shortages of raw materials, components orfinished parts and normally does not carry inventories of raw materials or finished parts in excess of those reasonably required to meet its production andshipping schedules. Federal-Mogul, along with Icahn Automotive, also purchases parts manufactured by other manufacturers for sale in the aftermarket.Environmental RegulationsFederal-Mogul's operations, consistent with those of the manufacturing sector in general, are subject to numerous existing and proposed laws andgovernmental regulations designed to protect the environment, particularly regarding plant wastes and emissions and solid waste disposal. Capitalexpenditures for property, plant and equipment for environmental control activities did not have a material impact on Federal-Mogul's financial position orcash flows in 2017 and are not expected to have a material impact on its financial position or cash flows in 2018.Icahn AutomotiveIcahn Automotive is a wholly owned subsidiary formed by us to invest in and operate businesses involved in automotive repair and maintenanceservices as well as the distribution and sale of automotive aftermarket parts and accessories to end-user do-it-yourself customers, wholesale distributors, andprofessional auto mechanics. Icahn Automotive acquired IEH Auto Parts Holding LLC ("IEH Auto") in 2015, The Pep Boys - Manny, Moe & Jack ("PepBoys") in 2016, the franchise businesses of Precision Tune Auto Care ("Precision Tune") and American Driveline Systems, the franchisor of AAMCO andCottman Transmission service centers ("American Driveline"), in 2017, and various other businesses in recent years.Icahn Automotive operates in a highly competitive environment. Icahn Automotive's competitors for automotive service include national and regionalchains, automotive dealerships, and local independent service providers. Its competitors for distribution and sales of auto parts and accessories includegeneral, full range and discount retailers, national and regional auto parts retailers, and online retailers which carry automotive parts and accessories. IcahnAutomotive believes that its operations in both do-it-for-me and do-it-yourself differentiates it from most of their competitors.EnergyWe conduct our Energy segment through our majority ownership in CVR Energy. CVR Energy is a reporting company under the Exchange Act and filesannual, quarterly and current reports, proxy statements and other information with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") that are publiclyavailable. As of December 31, 2017, we owned 82.0% of the total outstanding common stock of CVR Energy.CVR Energy is a diversified holding company primarily engaged in the petroleum refining and nitrogen fertilizer manufacturing industries through itsholdings in CVR Refining, LP (“CVR Refining”) and CVR Partners, LP (“CVR Partners”), respectively. CVR Refining is an independent petroleum refinerand marketer of high value transportation fuels. CVR Partners produces and markets nitrogen fertilizers in the form of urea ammonium nitrate ("UAN") andammonia. CVR Energy has a general partner interest in CVR Refining and CVR Partners and also owns approximately 66.0% of the outstanding commonunits of CVR Refining and 34.0% of the outstanding common units of CVR Partners as of December 31, 2017. In addition, we directly owned approximately3.9% of the total outstanding common units of CVR Refining as of December 31, 2017.On August 2, 2016, we sold 250,000 common units of CVR Refining. As a result of this transaction, we and our affiliates collectively own 69.99% ofCVR Refining. Pursuant to CVR Refining’s partnership agreement, in certain circumstances, the general partner of CVR Refining has the right to purchaseall, but not less than all, of CVR Refining's common units held by unaffiliated unit holders at a price not less than their then-current market price, ascalculated pursuant to the terms of such partnership agreement (the “CVR Refining Call Right”). Pursuant to the terms of the partnership agreement, becauseour holdings were reduced to less than 70.0%, the ownership threshold for the application of such CVR Refining Call Right was permanently reduced from95% to 80%. Accordingly, if at any time the general partner of CVR Refining and its affiliates owns more than 80% of CVR Refining's common units, it willhave the right, but not the obligation, to exercise such CVR Refining Call Right.Products, Raw Materials and SupplyCVR Refining has the capability to process a variety of crude oil blends. CVR Refining's oil refineries in Coffeyville, Kansas and Wynnewood,Oklahoma have a combined capacity of approximately 185,000 barrels per calendar day, representing6approximately 23% of the region's refining capacity. Crude oil is supplied to its refineries through a wholly-owned gathering system and by owned, leasedand joint venture pipelines. Petroleum refining product yield includes gasoline, diesel fuel, pet coke and other refined products such as natural gas liquids,asphalt and jet fuel among other products.CVR Partners produces and distributes nitrogen fertilizer products, which are used primarily by farmers to improve the yield and quality of their crops.The principal products are UAN and ammonia. CVR Partners' Coffeyville, Kansas facility uses pet coke to produce nitrogen fertilizer and is suppliedprimarily by its adjacent crude oil refinery pursuant to a renewable long-term agreement with CVR Refining. Historically, the Coffeyville nitrogen fertilizerplant has obtained the remainder of its pet coke requirements from third parties such as other Midwestern refineries or pet coke brokers at spot-prices. CVRPartners' East Dubuque, Illinois facility uses natural gas to produce nitrogen fertilizer. The East Dubuque facility is able to purchase natural gas atcompetitive prices due to its connection to the Norther Natural Gas interstate pipeline system, which is within one mile of the facility, and the ANR PipelineCompany pipeline.Customers, Marketing and DistributionCustomers for CVR Refining's products primarily include retailers, railroads, and farm cooperatives and other refiners/marketers in Group 3 of the PADDII region because of their relative proximity to the refineries and pipeline access. CVR Refining sells bulk products to long-standing customers at spot marketprices based on a Group 3 basis differential to prices quoted on the New York Mercantile Exchange, which are reported by industry market-related indicessuch as Platts and Oil Price Information Service. CVR Refining's rack sales are at posted prices that are influenced by competitor pricing and Group 3 spotmarket differentials. Additionally, CVR Refining supplies jet fuel to the U.S. Department of Defense. For the year ended December 31, 2017, one customeraccounted for approximately 19% of CVR Refining's net sales and approximately 52% of CVR Refining's net sales were made to its ten largest customers.CVR Refining sells and distributes directly to its customers by tanker truck and railcar and also at throughput terminals on the refined productsdistribution systems of Magellan Midstream Partners, L.P. ("Magellan") and NuStar Energy, L.P ("NuStar"). CVR Refining focuses its marketing efforts in thecentral mid-continent area because of its relative proximity to its refineries and pipeline access and the southern portion of the Magellan system which coversall of Oklahoma, parts of Arkansas as well as eastern Missouri, and all other Magellan terminals. CVR Refining also has access to the Rocky Mountain area aswell as the Texas markets and some adjoining states with pipeline connections. CVR Refining also makes bulk sales (sales into third-party pipelines) into themid-continent markets and other destinations utilizing the product pipeline networks owned by Magellan, Enterprise Products Partners, L.P. and NuStar. Theoutbound Enterprise Pipeline Red Line provides CVR Refining with access to the NuStar Refined Products Pipeline system. This allows gasoline and ultra-low sulfur diesel product sales from Kansas up into North Dakota.CVR Partners sells UAN products to retailers and distributors. In addition, it sells ammonia to agricultural and industrial customers. CVR Partners'primary markets for its products are in Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Nebraska and Texas. Its products are primarily distributed by truck or by railcar. Given thenature of its business, and consistent with industry practice, CVR Partners does not have long-term minimum purchase contracts with most of its agriculturalcustomers.CompetitionCVR Energy's petroleum business competes primarily on the basis of price, reliability of supply, availability of multiple grades of products andlocation. The principal competitive factors affecting its refining operations are cost of crude oil and other feedstock costs, refinery complexity, refineryefficiency, refinery product mix and product distribution and transportation costs. The location of the refineries provides the petroleum business with areliable supply of crude oil and a transportation cost advantage over its competitors. The petroleum business primarily competes against five refineriesoperated in the mid-continent region. In addition to these refineries, the refineries compete against trading companies, as well as other refineries locatedoutside the region that are linked to the mid-continent market through an extensive product pipeline system. These competitors include refineries locatednear the Gulf Coast and the Texas panhandle region. The petroleum business refinery competition also includes branded, integrated and independent oilrefining companies, such as Phillips 66 Company, HollyFrontier Corporation, CHS Inc., Valero Energy Corporation and Flint Hills Resources LLC.The nitrogen fertilizer business has experienced, and expect to continue to meet, significant levels of competition from current and potentialcompetitors, many of whom have significantly greater financial and other resources. Competition in the nitrogen fertilizer industry is dominated by priceconsiderations. However, during the spring and fall application seasons, farming activities intensify and delivery capacity is a significant competitive factor.Domestic competition is intense due to customers' sophisticated buying tendencies and competitor strategies that focus on cost and service. The nitrogenfertilizer business also encounters competition from producers of fertilizer products manufactured in foreign countries. In certain cases, foreign producers offertilizer who export to the United States may be subsidized by their respective governments.7Environmental RegulationsCVR Energy's petroleum and nitrogen fertilizer businesses are subject to extensive and frequently changing federal, state and local, environmental,health and safety laws and regulations governing the emission and release of hazardous substances into the environment, the treatment and discharge ofwaste water, and the storage, handling, use and transportation of petroleum and nitrogen products, and the characteristics and composition of gasoline anddiesel fuels. These laws and regulations, their underlying regulatory requirements and the enforcement thereof impact the petroleum business and operationsand the nitrogen fertilizer business and operations by imposing:•restrictions on operations or the need to install enhanced or additional controls;•the need to obtain and comply with permits, licenses and authorizations;•liability for the investigation and remediation of contaminated soil and groundwater at current and former facilities (if any) and for off-site wastedisposal locations; and•specifications for the products marketed by the petroleum business and the nitrogen fertilizer business, primarily gasoline, diesel fuel, UAN andammonia.CVR Energy's operations require numerous permits, licenses and authorizations. Failure to comply with these permits or environmental laws andregulations could result in fines, penalties or other sanctions or a revocation of CVR Energy's permits. In addition, the laws and regulations to which CVREnergy is subject to are often evolving and many of them have become more stringent or have become subject to more stringent interpretation or enforcementby federal or state agencies. These laws and regulations could result in increased capital, operating and compliance costs.CVR Energy's businesses are also subject to, or impacted by, various other environmental laws and regulations such as the federal Clean Air Act, thefederal Clean Water Act, release reporting requirements relating to the release of hazardous substances into the environment, certain fuel regulations,renewable fuel standards, as discussed below, and various other laws and regulations.Renewable Fuel StandardsCVR Refining is subject to the Renewable Fuel Standard which requires refiners to either blend "renewable fuels" with their transportation fuels orpurchase renewable fuel credits, known as renewable identification numbers (“RINs”), in lieu of blending. See Item 1A, "Risk Factors" and Note 17,"Commitments and Contingencies," to the consolidated financial statements for further discussion.Safety, Health and Security MattersCVR Energy is subject to a number of federal and state laws and regulations related to safety, including the Occupational Safety and Health Act("OSHA") and comparable state statutes, the purpose of which are to protect the health and safety of workers. CVR Energy is also subject to OSHA ProcessSafety Management regulations, which are designed to prevent or minimize the consequences of catastrophic releases of toxic, reactive, flammable orexplosive chemicals.CVR Energy operates a comprehensive safety, health and security program, with participation by employees at all levels of the organization. They havedeveloped comprehensive safety programs aimed at preventing OSHA recordable incidents. Despite CVR Energy's efforts to achieve excellence in its safetyand health performance, there can be no assurances that there will not be accidents resulting in injuries or even fatalities. CVR Energy routinely audits itsprograms and considers improvements in its management systems.RailcarWe conduct our Railcar segment through our majority ownership interest in American Railcar Industries, Inc. ("ARI") and, prior to June 1, 2017, ourwholly owned subsidiary American Railcar Leasing, LLC ("ARL"). As of December 31, 2017, we owned approximately 62.2% of the total outstandingcommon stock of ARI. ARI is a reporting company under the Exchange Act and files annual, quarterly and current reports, proxy statements and otherinformation with the SEC that is publicly available. As discussed below, we sold ARL during 2017.ARI is a prominent North American designer and manufacturer of hopper and tank railcars that provides its railcar customers with integrated solutionsthrough a comprehensive set of high-quality products and related services through its railcar manufacturing, railcar leasing and railcar repair operations.ARI sells and markets its products and services in North America. ARI's primary customers include those that use railcars for freight transport, orshippers, leasing companies, industrial companies and Class I railroads. For the year ended December 31, 2017, one customer accounted for approximately15% of ARI's net sales and other revenues from operations and ARI's top ten customers accounted for approximately 59% of such revenues.8During 2017, we sold ARL and its fleet of more than 34,000 railcars to SMBC Rail Services, LLC ("SMBC Rail") for cash based on a value ofapproximately $3.3 billion, prior to repaying, or assigning to SMBC Rail, applicable indebtedness of ARL.RegulationsThe industries in which ARI operates are subject to extensive regulation by various governmental, regulatory and industry authorities and by federal,state, local and foreign authorities. The primary regulatory and industry authorities involved in the regulation of the railcar industry in the U.S. and Canadaare the Federal Railroad Administration ("FRA"), the Association of American Railroads ("AAR"), U.S. Department of Transportation ("USDOT") andTransport Canada ("TC"). The FRA administers and enforces U.S. Federal laws and regulations relating to railroad safety. These regulations govern equipmentand safety compliance standards for railcars and other rail equipment used in interstate commerce. The AAR promulgates a wide variety of rules andregulations governing safety and design of equipment, relationships among railroads with respect to railcars in interchange and other matters. The AAR alsocertifies railcar manufacturers and component manufacturers that provide equipment for use on railroads in North America. New products must generallyundergo AAR testing and approval processes. In addition, their railcar and railcar component manufacturing facilities must be certified annually by the AAR,and products that they sell must meet AAR and FRA standards. ARI must comply with the rules of the USDOT and they are subject to oversight by TC thatalso requires compliance.Future regulatory developments, such as ARI’s failure to achieve, maintain or renew required certifications, new regulations or changes to existingregulations, modified interpretations of existing regulations, enhanced regulatory investigation, stricter regulatory enforcement, or any determination thatour processes or products are not in compliance with applicable regulations, could result in increased compliance and other costs, governmental oradministrative fines, penalties, or proceedings, private litigation, product recalls, or plant shut-downs, any of which could have a material adverse effect onARI’s operations, reputation, financial condition and results of operations.GamingWe conduct our Gaming segment through our majority ownership in Tropicana Entertainment Inc. ("Tropicana"), and our wholly owned subsidiary,Trump Entertainment Resorts Inc. ("TER") which we acquired out of bankruptcy in 2016. Tropicana is a reporting company under the Exchange Act and filesannual, quarterly and current reports, proxy statements and other information with the SEC that are publicly available. During August 2017, we increased ourownership in Tropicana from 72.5% to 83.9% through a tender offer for additional shares of Tropicana common stock not already owned by us.Tropicana is an owner and operator of regional casino and entertainment properties located in the United States and one hotel, timeshare and casinoresort located on the island of Aruba. TER owned the Trump Taj Mahal Casino Resort, which closed and ceased its casino and hotel operations in October2016, and was subsequently sold on March 31, 2017. TER also owns Trump Plaza Hotel and Casino, which ceased operations in September 2014, prior to ourobtaining a controlling interest in TER.Governmental and Gaming RegulationsThe ownership and operation of our Gaming segment's facilities are subject to the laws and regulations of each of the six states in which it operates aswell as in Aruba where Tropicana operates a small casino. Gaming laws generally are based upon declarations of public policy designed to protect gamingconsumers and the viability and integrity of the gaming industry. Gaming laws also may be designed to protect and maximize state and local revenuesderived through taxes and licensing fees imposed on the gaming industry participants as well as to enhance economic development and tourism. Toaccomplish these public policy goals, gaming laws establish procedures to ensure that participants in the gaming industry meet certain standards of characterand fitness. Typically, a jurisdiction's regulatory environment is established by statute and is administered by a regulatory agency with broad discretion toregulate, among other things, the affairs of owners, managers and persons with financial interests in gaming operations.Our Gaming segment is also subject to other laws and regulations including, but not limited to, various licensing requirements, reporting and recordkeeping requirements, findings of suitability, permits and review and approval of certain transactions by appropriate authorities. Changes to laws orregulations, or changes to how laws or regulations are interpreted, may have a material adverse effect on our gaming operations.MetalsWe conduct our Metals segment through our indirect wholly owned subsidiary, PSC Metals, Inc. (“PSC Metals”). PSC Metals is principally engaged inthe business of collecting, processing and selling ferrous and non-ferrous metals, as well as the processing and distribution of steel pipe and plate products.PSC Metals collects industrial and obsolete scrap metal, processes it into reusable forms, and supplies the recycled metals to its customers.9MiningWe conduct our Mining segment through our majority ownership in Ferrous Resources Ltd ("Ferrous Resources"). We obtained control of andconsolidated the results of Ferrous Resources during the second quarter of 2015. As of December 31, 2017, we owned approximately 77.2% of the totaloutstanding common stock of Ferrous Resources. Ferrous Resources acquired certain rights to iron ore mineral resources in Brazil and develops miningoperations and related infrastructure to produce and sell iron ore products to the global steel industry.Food PackagingWe conduct our Food Packaging segment through our majority ownership in Viskase Companies, Inc. ("Viskase"). As of December 31, 2017, we ownedapproximately 74.6% of the total outstanding common stock of Viskase. Viskase is a worldwide leader in the production and sale of cellulosic, fibrous andplastic casings for the processed meat and poultry industry.Real EstateOur Real Estate operations consist of rental real estate, property development and associated club activities. Our rental real estate operations consistprimarily of office and industrial properties leased to single corporate tenants. Our property development operations are run primarily through a real estateinvestment, management and development subsidiary that focuses primarily on the construction and sale of single-family and multi-family homes, lots insubdivisions and planned communities and raw land for residential development. Our property development locations also operate golf and club operationsas well.Home FashionWe conduct our Home Fashion segment through our wholly owned subsidiary, WestPoint Home LLC (“WPH”). We acquired a controlling interest inWPH, previously known as WestPoint International, Inc., out of bankruptcy during 2005 and became sole owner of WPH in 2011. WPH's business consists ofmanufacturing, sourcing, marketing, distributing and selling home fashion consumer products, which primarily include bedding products and towels.Holding CompanyWe seek to invest our available cash and cash equivalents in liquid investments with a view to enhancing returns as we continue to assess furtheracquisitions of, or investments in, operating businesses. As of December 31, 2017, we had investments with a fair market value of approximately $3.0 billionin the Investment Funds. In addition, as of December 31, 2017, our Holding Company had various other investments with a fair market value of $384 million.EmployeesWe have an aggregate of 34 employees at our Holding Company and Investment segment. Our other reporting segments employ an aggregate ofapproximately 89,000 employees, of which approximately 81% are employed within our Automotive segment. Approximately 51% of our employees areemployed internationally, primarily within our Automotive segment.Available InformationIcahn Enterprises maintains a website at www.ielp.com. We provide access to our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, currentreports on Form 8-K and all amendments to those reports free of charge through this website as soon as reasonably practicable after such material iselectronically filed with the SEC. Paper copies of annual and periodic reports filed with the SEC may be obtained free of charge upon written request bycontacting our headquarters at the address located on the front cover of this report or under Investor Relations on our website. In addition, our corporategovernance guidelines, including Code of Business Conduct and Ethics and Audit Committee Charter, are available on our website (under CorporateGovernance) and are available in print without charge to any stockholder requesting them. You may obtain and copy any document we furnish or file withthe SEC at the SEC's public reference room at 100 F Street, NE, Room 1580, Washington, D.C. 20549. You may obtain information on the operation of theSEC's public reference facilities by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. The SEC maintains a website that contains reports, information statements, and otherinformation regarding issuers like us who file electronically with the SEC. The SEC's website is located at www.sec.gov.10Item 1A. Risk Factors.We and our subsidiaries are subject to certain risks and uncertainties which are described below. The risks and uncertainties described below are not theonly risks that affect our businesses. Additional risks and uncertainties that are unknown or not deemed significant may also have a negative impact on ourbusinesses.Risks Relating to Our StructureOur general partner, and its control person, has significant influence over us.Mr. Icahn, through affiliates, owns 100% of Icahn Enterprises GP, the general partner of Icahn Enterprises and Icahn Enterprises Holdings, andapproximately 91.0% of Icahn Enterprises' outstanding depositary units as of December 31, 2017, and, as a result, has the ability to influence many aspects ofour operations and affairs.Mr. Icahn’s estate has been designed to assure the stability and continuation of Icahn Enterprises with no need to monetize his interests for estate tax orother purposes. In the event of Mr. Icahn’s death, control of Mr. Icahn’s interests in Icahn Enterprises and its general partner will be placed in charitable andother trusts under the control of senior Icahn Enterprises' executives and Icahn family members. However, there can be no assurance that such planning willbe effective.We have engaged, and in the future may engage, in transactions with our affiliates.We have invested and may in the future invest in entities in which Mr. Icahn also invests. We also have purchased and may in the future purchaseentities or investments from him or his affiliates. Although Icahn Enterprises GP has never received fees in connection with our investments, our partnershipagreement allows for the payment of these fees. Mr. Icahn may pursue other business opportunities in industries in which we compete and there is norequirement that any additional business opportunities be presented to us. We continuously identify, evaluate and engage in discussions concerningpotential investments and acquisitions, including potential investments in and acquisitions of affiliates of Mr. Icahn. There cannot be any assurance that anypotential transactions that we consider will be completed.We are subject to the risk of becoming an investment company.Because we are a holding company and a significant portion of our assets may, from time to time, consist of investments in companies in which we ownless than a 50% interest, we run the risk of inadvertently becoming an investment company that is required to register under the Investment Company Act. Inaddition, events beyond our control, including significant appreciation or depreciation in the market value of certain of our publicly traded holdings oradverse developments with respect to our ownership of certain of our subsidiaries, could result in our inadvertently becoming an investment company that isrequired to register under the Investment Company Act.Registered investment companies are subject to extensive, restrictive and potentially adverse regulations relating to, among other things, operatingmethods, management, capital structure, dividends and transactions with affiliates. Registered investment companies are not permitted to operate theirbusiness in the manner in which we operate our business, nor are registered investment companies permitted to have many of the relationships that we havewith our affiliated companies.If it were established that we were an investment company, there would be a risk, among other material adverse consequences, that we could becomesubject to monetary penalties or injunctive relief, or both, in an action brought by the SEC, that we would be unable to enforce contracts with third parties orthat third parties could seek to obtain rescission of transactions with us undertaken during the period it was established that we were an unregisteredinvestment company.We may structure transactions in a less advantageous manner to avoid becoming subject to the Investment Company Act.In order not to become an investment company required to register under the Investment Company Act, we monitor the value of our investments andstructure transactions with an eye toward the Investment Company Act. As a result, we may structure transactions in a less advantageous manner than if wedid not have Investment Company Act concerns, or we may avoid otherwise economically desirable transactions due to those concerns.We may become taxable as a corporation if we are no longer treated as a partnership for federal income tax purposes.We believe that we have been and are properly treated as a partnership for federal income tax purposes. This allows us to pass through our income anddeductions to our partners. However, the Internal Revenue Service could challenge our partnership status and we could fail to qualify as a partnership for pastyears as well as future years. Qualification as a partnership involves the application of highly technical and complex provisions of the Internal RevenueCode, as amended. For example, a publicly traded partnership is generally taxable as a corporation unless 90% or more of its gross income is “qualifying”income, which includes interest, dividends, oil and gas revenues, real property rents, gains from the sale or other disposition of real property, gain from thesale or other disposition of capital assets held for the production of interest or dividends, and certain other items. We believe that in all prior years of ourexistence at least 90% of our gross income was “qualifying” income and we intend to structure our business in a manner such that at least 90% of our grossincome will11constitute “qualifying” income this year and in the future. However, there can be no assurance that such structuring will be effective in all events to avoid thereceipt of more than 10% of non-qualifying income. If less than 90% of our gross income constitutes “qualifying” income, we may be subject to corporate taxon our net income plus possible state taxes. Further, if less than 90% of our gross income constituted “qualifying” income for past years, we may be subject tocorporate level tax plus interest and possibly penalties. In addition, if we become required to register under the Investment Company Act, it is likely that wewould be treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes. The cost of paying federal and possibly state income tax, either for past years or goingforward could be a significant liability and would reduce our funds available to make distributions to holders of units, and to make interest and principalpayments on our debt securities. To meet the “qualifying” income test, we may structure transactions in a manner which is less advantageous than if this werenot a consideration, or we may avoid otherwise economically desirable transactions.We may be negatively impacted by the potential for changes in tax laws.Our investment strategy considers various tax related impacts. Past or future legislative proposals have been or may be introduced that, if enacted, couldhave a material and adverse effect on us. For example, past proposals have included taxing publicly traded partnerships, such as us, as corporations andintroducing substantive changes to the definition of “qualifying” income, which could make it more difficult or impossible to for us to meet the exceptionthat allows publicly traded partnerships generating “qualifying” income to be treated as partnerships (rather than corporations) for U.S. federal income taxpurposes. We currently cannot predict the outcome of such legislative proposals, including, if enacted, their impact on our operations and financial position.We May Be Adversely Affected by Comprehensive Tax Reform.On December 22, 2017, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Legislation) was signed into law. The Tax Legislation contains significant changes tocorporate taxation, including reduction of the corporate tax rate from 35% to 21%, additional limitations on the tax deductibility of interest, substantialchanges to the taxation of foreign earnings, a one-time transition tax on the mandatory deemed repatriation of cumulative foreign earnings, immediatedeductions for certain new investments instead of deductions for depreciation expense over time, and modification or repeal of many business deductionsand credits. Notwithstanding the reduction in the corporate income tax rate, the overall impact of the Tax Legislation is uncertain, and our results ofoperations, cash flows and financial conditions could be adversely affected.Holders of depositary units may be required to pay tax on their share of our income even if they did not receive cash distributions from us.Because we are treated as a partnership for income tax purposes, holders of units are generally required to pay federal income tax, and, in some cases,state or local income tax, on the portion of our taxable income allocated to them, whether or not such income is distributed. Accordingly, it is possible thatholders of depositary units may not receive cash distributions from us equal to their share of our taxable income, or even equal to their tax liability on theportion of our income allocated to them.We may be subject to the pension liabilities of our affiliates.Mr. Icahn, through certain affiliates, owns 100% of Icahn Enterprises GP and approximately 91.0% of Icahn Enterprises' outstanding depositary units asof December 31, 2017. Applicable pension and tax laws make each member of a “controlled group” of entities, generally defined as entities in which there isat least an 80% common ownership interest, jointly and severally liable for certain pension plan obligations of any member of the controlled group. Thesepension obligations include ongoing contributions to fund the plan, as well as liability for any unfunded liabilities that may exist at the time the plan isterminated. In addition, the failure to pay these pension obligations when due may result in the creation of liens in favor of the pension plan or the PensionBenefit Guaranty Corporation ("PBGC") against the assets of each member of the controlled group.As a result of the more than 80% ownership interest in us by Mr. Icahn’s affiliates and our ownership of more than 80% in certain of our subsidiaries, weand certain of our subsidiaries are subject to the pension liabilities of entities in which Mr. Icahn has a direct or indirect ownership interest of at least 80%.ACF Industries LLC ("ACF"), a related party in which Mr. Icahn has a direct ownership interest exceeding 80%, and Federal-Mogul are the sponsors of severalpension plans in our controlled group. All the minimum funding requirements of the Internal Revenue Code, as amended, and the Employee RetirementIncome Security Act of 1974, as amended by the Pension Protection Act of 2006, for these plans have been met as of December 31, 2017 and 2016. If theplans were voluntarily terminated, they would be underfunded by approximately $424 million and $613 million as of December 31, 2017 and 2016,respectively. These results are based on the most recent information provided by the plans’ actuaries. These liabilities could increase or decrease, dependingon a number of factors, including future changes in benefits, investment returns, and the assumptions used to calculate the liability. As members of thecontrolled group, we would be liable for any failure of ACF and Federal-Mogul to make ongoing pension contributions or to pay the unfunded liabilitiesupon a termination of the pension plans of ACF and Federal-Mogul. In addition, other entities now or in the future within the controlled group in which weare included may have pension plan obligations that are, or may become, underfunded12and we would be liable for any failure of such entities to make ongoing pension contributions or to pay the unfunded liabilities upon termination of suchplans.The current underfunded status of the pension plans of ACF and Federal-Mogul requires them to notify the PBGC of certain “reportable events,” such asif we cease to be a member of the ACF and Federal-Mogul controlled group, or if we make certain extraordinary dividends or stock redemptions. Theobligation to report could cause us to seek to delay or reconsider the occurrence of such reportable events.Starfire Holding Corporation ("Starfire"), which is 99.4% owned by Mr. Icahn, has undertaken to indemnify us and our subsidiaries from losses resultingfrom any imposition of certain pension funding or termination liabilities that may be imposed on us and our subsidiaries or our assets as a result of being amember of the Icahn controlled group. The Starfire indemnity (which does not extend to pension liabilities of our subsidiaries that would be imposed on us asa result of our interest in these subsidiaries and not as a result of Mr. Icahn and his affiliates holding more than an 80% ownership interest in us, and as suchwould not extend to the unfunded pension termination liability for Federal-Mogul) provides, among other things, that so long as such contingent liabilitiesexist and could be imposed on us, Starfire will not make any distributions to its stockholders that would reduce its net worth to below $250 million.Nonetheless, Starfire may not be able to fund its indemnification obligations to us.We are a limited partnership and a ‘‘controlled company’’ within the meaning of the NASDAQ rules and as such are exempt from certain corporategovernance requirements.We are a limited partnership and ‘‘controlled company’’ pursuant to Rule 5615(c) of the NASDAQ listing rules. As such we have elected, and intend tocontinue to elect, not to comply with certain corporate governance requirements of the NASDAQ listing rules, including the requirements that a majority ofthe board of directors consist of independent directors and that independent directors determine the compensation of executive officers and the selection ofnominees to the board of directors. We do not maintain a compensation or nominating committee and do not have a majority of independent directors.Accordingly, while we remain a controlled company and during any transition period following a time when we are no longer a controlled company, theNASDAQ listing rules do not provide the same corporate governance protections applicable to stockholders of companies that are subject to all of theNASDAQ listing requirements.Certain members of our management team may be involved in other business activities that may involve conflicts of interest.Certain individual members of our management team may, from time to time, be involved in the management of other businesses, including thoseowned or controlled by Mr. Icahn and his affiliates. Accordingly, these individuals may focus a portion of their time and attention on managing these otherbusinesses. Conflicts may arise in the future between our interests and the interests of the other entities and business activities in which such individuals areinvolved.Holders of Icahn Enterprises' depositary units have limited voting rights, including rights to participate in our management.Our general partner manages and operates Icahn Enterprises. Unlike the holders of common stock in a corporation, holders of Icahn Enterprises'outstanding depositary units have only limited voting rights on matters affecting our business. Holders of depositary units have no right to elect the generalpartner on an annual or other continuing basis, and our general partner generally may not be removed except pursuant to the vote of the holders of not lessthan 75% of the outstanding depositary units. In addition, removal of the general partner may result in a default under the indentures governing our seniornotes. As a result, holders of our depositary units have limited say in matters affecting our operations and others may find it difficult to attempt to gaincontrol or influence our activities.Holders of Icahn Enterprises' depositary units may not have limited liability in certain circumstances and may be personally liable for the return ofdistributions that cause our liabilities to exceed our assets.We conduct our businesses through Icahn Enterprises Holdings in several states. Maintenance of limited liability will require compliance with legalrequirements of those states. We are the sole limited partner of Icahn Enterprises Holdings. Limitations on the liability of a limited partner for the obligationsof a limited partnership have not clearly been established in several states. If it were determined that Icahn Enterprises Holdings has been conductingbusiness in any state without compliance with the applicable limited partnership statute or the possession or exercise of the right by the partnership, aslimited partner of Icahn Enterprises Holdings, to remove its general partner, to approve certain amendments to the Icahn Enterprises Holdings partnershipagreement or to take other action pursuant to the Icahn Enterprises Holdings partnership agreement, constituted “control” of Icahn Enterprises Holdings'business for the purposes of the statutes of any relevant state, Icahn Enterprises and/or its unitholders, under certain circumstances, might be held personallyliable for Icahn Enterprises Holdings' obligations to the same extent as our general partner. Further, under the laws of certain states, Icahn Enterprises mightbe liable for the amount of distributions made to Icahn Enterprises by Icahn Enterprises Holdings.Holders of Icahn Enterprises' depositary units may also be required to repay Icahn Enterprises amounts wrongfully distributed to them. Under Delawarelaw, we may not make a distribution to holders of our depositary units if the distribution13causes our liabilities to exceed the fair value of our assets. Liabilities to partners on account of their partnership interests and nonrecourse liabilities are notcounted for purposes of determining whether a distribution is permitted. Delaware law provides that a limited partner who receives such a distribution andknew at the time of the distribution that the distribution violated Delaware law will be liable to the limited partnership for the distribution amount for threeyears from the distribution date.Additionally, under Delaware law an assignee who becomes a substituted limited partner of a limited partnership is liable for the obligations, if any, ofthe assignor to make contributions to the partnership. However, such an assignee is not obligated for liabilities unknown to him or her at the time he or shebecame a limited partner if the liabilities could not be determined from the partnership agreement.Since we are a limited partnership, you may not be able to pursue legal claims against us in U.S. federal courts.We are a limited partnership organized under the laws of the state of Delaware. Under the federal rules of civil procedure, you may not be able to sue usin federal court on claims other than those based solely on federal law, because of lack of complete diversity. Case law applying diversity jurisdiction deemsus to have the citizenship of each of our limited partners. Because we are a publicly traded limited partnership, it may not be possible for you to sue us in afederal court because we have citizenship in all 50 U.S. states and operations in many states. Accordingly, you will be limited to bringing any claims in statecourt.Risks Relating to Liquidity and Capital RequirementsWe are a holding company and depend on the businesses of our subsidiaries to satisfy our obligations.We are a holding company. In addition to cash and cash equivalents, U.S. government and agency obligations, marketable equity and debt securitiesand other short-term investments, our assets consist primarily of investments in our subsidiaries. Moreover, if we make significant investments in newoperating businesses, it is likely that we will reduce our liquid assets and those of Icahn Enterprises Holdings in order to fund those investments and theongoing operations of our subsidiaries. Consequently, our cash flow and our ability to meet our debt service obligations and make distributions with respectto depositary units likely will depend on the cash flow of our subsidiaries and the payment of funds to us by our subsidiaries in the form of dividends,distributions, loans or otherwise.The operating results of our subsidiaries may not be sufficient to make distributions to us. In addition, our subsidiaries are not obligated to make fundsavailable to us and distributions and intercompany transfers from our subsidiaries to us may be restricted by applicable law or covenants contained in debtagreements and other agreements to which these subsidiaries may be subject or enter into in the future. The terms of certain borrowing agreements of our subsidiaries, or other entities in which we own equity, may restrict dividends, distributions or loans tous. To the degree any distributions and transfers are impaired or prohibited, our ability to make payments on our debt and to make distributions on ourdepositary units will be limited.To service our indebtedness, we will require a significant amount of cash. Our ability to maintain our current cash position or generate cash depends onmany factors beyond our control.Our ability to make payments on and to refinance our indebtedness, and to fund operations will depend on existing cash balances and our ability togenerate cash in the future. This, to a certain extent, is subject to general economic, financial, competitive, regulatory and other factors that are beyond ourcontrol. Our current businesses and businesses that we acquire may not generate sufficient cash to service our outstanding indebtedness. In addition, we maynot generate sufficient cash flow from operations or investments and future borrowings may not be available to us in an amount sufficient to enable us toservice our outstanding indebtedness or to fund our other liquidity needs. We may need to refinance all or a portion of our outstanding indebtedness on orbefore maturity. We cannot assure you that we will be able to refinance any of our outstanding indebtedness on commercially reasonable terms or at all.Our failure to comply with the covenants contained under any of our debt instruments, including the Indentures (including our failure to comply as a resultof events beyond our control), could result in an event of default that would materially and adversely affect our financial condition.Our failure to comply with the covenants under any of our debt instruments (including our failure to comply as a result of events beyond our control)may trigger a default or event of default under such instruments. If there were an event of default under one of our debt instruments, the holders of thedefaulted debt could cause all amounts outstanding with respect to that debt to be due and payable immediately. In addition, any event of default ordeclaration of acceleration under one debt instrument could result in an event of default and declaration of acceleration under one or more of our other debtinstruments, including the exchange notes. It is possible that, if the defaulted debt is accelerated, our assets and cash flow may not be14sufficient to fully repay borrowings under our outstanding debt instruments and we cannot assure you that we would be able to refinance or restructure thepayments on those debt securities.We may not have sufficient funds necessary to finance a change of control offer that may be required by the indentures governing our senior notes.If Mr. Icahn were to sell, or otherwise transfer, some or all of his interests in us to an unrelated party or group, a change of control could be deemed tohave occurred under the terms of the indentures governing our senior notes, which would require us to offer to repurchase all outstanding senior notes at101% of their principal amount plus accrued and unpaid interest and liquidated damages, if any, to the date of repurchase. However, it is possible that we willnot have sufficient funds at the time of the change of control to make the required repurchase of notes.We have made significant investments in the Investment Funds and negative performance of the Investment Funds may result in a significant decline in thevalue of our investments.As of December 31, 2017, we had investments in the Investment Funds with a fair market value of approximately $3.0 billion, which may be accessed onshort notice to satisfy our liquidity needs. However, if the Investment Funds experience negative performance, the value of these investments will benegatively impacted, which could have a material adverse effect on our operating results, cash flows and financial position.Future cash distributions to Icahn Enterprises' unitholders, if any, can be affected by numerous factors.While we made cash distributions to Icahn Enterprises' unitholders in each of the four quarters of 2017, the payment of future distributions will bedetermined by the board of directors of Icahn Enterprises GP, our general partner, quarterly, based on a review of a number of factors, including thosedescribed below and other factors that it deems relevant at the time that declaration of a distribution is considered.Our ability to pay distributions will depend on numerous factors, including the availability of adequate cash flow from operations; the proceeds, if any,from divestitures; our capital requirements and other obligations; restrictions contained in our financing arrangements, including the indentures governingour senior notes; and our issuances of additional equity and debt securities. The availability of cash flow in the future depends as well upon events andcircumstances outside our control, including prevailing economic and industry conditions and financial, business and similar factors. No assurance can begiven that we will be able to make distributions or as to the timing of any distribution. Even if distributions are made, there can be no assurance that holdersof depositary units will not be required to recognize taxable income in excess of cash distributions made in respect of the period in which a distribution ismade.Risks Relating to All of Our BusinessesGeneralAll of our businesses are subject to the effects of the following:•the threat of terrorism or war;•loss of any of our or our subsidiaries' key personnel;•the unavailability, as needed, of additional financing;•the unavailability of insurance at acceptable rates; and•litigation not in the ordinary course of business (see Item 3, "Legal Proceedings," of this Report).Global economic conditions may have adverse impacts on our businesses and financial condition.Changes in economic conditions could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. A number of economic factors, including, butnot limited to, consumer interest rates, consumer confidence and debt levels, retail trends, housing starts, sales of existing homes, the level and availability ofmortgage refinancing, and commodity prices, may generally adversely affect our businesses, financial condition and results of operations. Recessionaryeconomic cycles, higher and protracted unemployment rates, increased fuel and other energy and commodity costs, rising costs of transportationand increased tax rates can have a material adverse impact on our businesses, and may adversely affect demand for sales of our businesses' products, or thecosts of materials and services utilized in their operations. These factors could have a material adverse effect on our revenues, income from operations and ourcash flows.We and our subsidiaries are subject to cybersecurity and other technological risks that could disrupt our information technology systems and adverselyaffect our financial performance.Threats to information technology systems associated with cybersecurity and other technological risks and cyber incidents or attacks continue to grow.We and our subsidiaries depend on the accuracy, capacity and security of our information technology systems and those used by our third-party serviceproviders. In addition, we and our subsidiaries collect, process15and retain sensitive and confidential information in the normal course of business, including information about our employees, customers and other thirdparties. Despite the security measures we have in place and any additional measures we may implement in the future, our facilities, systems, and networks,and those of our third-party service providers, could be vulnerable to security breaches, computer viruses, lost or misplaced data, programming errors, humanerrors, employee misconduct, malicious attacks, acts of vandalism or other events. In addition, hardware, software or applications we develop or obtain fromthird parties may contain defects in design or manufacture or other problems that could result in security breaches or disruptions. These events or any otherdisruption or compromise of our or our third-party service providers’ information technology systems could negatively impact our business operations orresult in the misappropriation, loss or other unauthorized disclosure of sensitive and confidential information. Such events could damage our reputation,expose us to the risks of litigation and liability, disrupt our business or otherwise affect our results of operations, any of which could adversely affect ourfinancial performance.We or our subsidiaries may pursue acquisitions or other affiliations that involve inherent risks, any of which may cause us not to realize anticipatedbenefits, and we may have difficulty integrating the operations of any companies that may be acquired, which may adversely affect its operations.We may expand our existing businesses if appropriate opportunities are identified, as well as use our established businesses as a platform for additionalacquisitions in the same or related areas. We and our operating subsidiaries have at times grown through acquisitions and may make additional acquisitionsin the future as part of our business strategy. The full benefits of these acquisitions, however, require integration of manufacturing, administrative, financial,sales, and marketing approaches and personnel. We may not realize the anticipated benefits of any such acquisition. If we or our operating subsidiaries areunable to successfully integrate acquired businesses, we may not realize the benefits of the acquisitions, our financial results may be negatively affected, andadditional cash may be required to integrate such operations. Additionally, any such acquisition, if consummated, could involve risks not presently faced byus.If we discover material weaknesses or significant deficiencies in our internal controls over financial reporting or at any recently acquired entity, it mayadversely affect our ability to provide timely and reliable financial information and satisfy our reporting obligations under federal securities laws, whichalso could affect the market price of our depositary units or our ability to remain listed on the NASDAQ Global Select Market, or NASDAQ.Effective internal and disclosure controls are necessary for us to provide reliable financial reports and effectively prevent fraud and to operatesuccessfully as a public company. If we cannot provide reliable financial reports or prevent fraud, our reputation and operating results would be harmed.A “material weakness” is a significant deficiency or combination of significant deficiencies in internal control over financial reporting that results in areasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected and corrected on a timelybasis. A “significant deficiency” is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting that is less severe than a materialweakness, yet important enough to merit attention of those responsible for oversight of our financial reporting.To the extent that any material weakness or significant deficiency exists in our consolidated subsidiaries' internal control over financial reporting, suchmaterial weakness or significant deficiency may adversely affect our ability to provide timely and reliable financial information necessary for the conduct ofour business and satisfaction of our reporting obligations under federal securities laws, that could affect our ability to remain listed on NASDAQ. Ineffectiveinternal and disclosure controls could cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information, which could have a negative effect on thetrading price of our depositary units or the rating of our debt. Risks Relating to the Investment SegmentOur investments may be subject to significant uncertainties.Our investments may not be successful for many reasons, including, but not limited to:•fluctuations of interest rates;•lack of control in minority investments;•worsening of general economic and market conditions;•lack of diversification;•lack of success of the Investment Funds' activist strategies;•fluctuations of U.S. dollar exchange rates; and•adverse legal and regulatory developments that may affect particular businesses.16The historical financial information for the Investment Funds is not necessarily indicative of its future performance.Our Investment segment's financial information is driven by the amount of funds allocated to the Investment Funds and the performance of theunderlying investments in the Investment Funds. Future funds allocated to the Investment Funds may increase or decrease based on the contributions andredemptions by our Holding Company and by Mr. Icahn and his affiliates. Additionally, historical performance results of the Investment Funds are notindicative of future results as past market conditions, investment opportunities and investment decisions may not occur in the future. Changes in generalmarket conditions coupled with changes in exposure to short and long positions have significant impact on our Investment segment's results of operationsand the comparability of results of operations year over year and as such, future results of operations will be impacted by our future exposures and futuremarket conditions, which may not be consistent with prior trends. Additionally, future returns may be affected by additional risks, including risks of theindustries and businesses in which a particular fund invests.We may not be able to identify suitable investments, and our investments may not result in favorable returns or may result in losses.Our partnership agreement allows us to take advantage of investment opportunities we believe exist outside of our operating businesses. The equitysecurities in which we may invest may include common stock, preferred stock and securities convertible into common stock, as well as warrants to purchasethese securities. The debt securities in which we may invest may include bonds, debentures, notes or non-rated mortgage-related securities, municipalobligations, bank debt and mezzanine loans. Certain of these securities may include lower rated or non-rated securities, which may provide the potential forhigher yields and therefore may entail higher risk and may include the securities of bankrupt or distressed companies. In addition, we may engage in variousinvestment techniques, including derivatives, options and futures transactions, foreign currency transactions, “short” sales and leveraging for either hedgingor other purposes. We may concentrate our activities by owning significant or controlling interest in certain investments. We may not be successful in findingsuitable opportunities to invest our cash and our strategy of investing in undervalued assets may expose us to numerous risks.Successful execution of our activist investment activities involves many risks, certain of which are outside of our control.The success of our investment strategy may require, among other things: (i) that we properly identify companies whose securities prices can be improvedthrough corporate and/or strategic action or successful restructuring of their operations; (ii) that we acquire sufficient securities of such companies at asufficiently attractive price; (iii) that we avoid triggering anti-takeover and regulatory obstacles while aggregating our positions; (iv) that management ofportfolio companies and other security holders respond positively to our proposals; and (v) that the market price of portfolio companies' securities increasesin response to any actions taken by the portfolio companies. We cannot assure you that any of the foregoing will succeed.The success of the Investment Funds depends upon the ability of our Investment segment to successfully develop and implement investment strategiesthat achieve the Investment Funds' objectives. Subjective decisions made by employees of our Investment segment may cause the Investment Funds to incurlosses or to miss profit opportunities on which the Investment Funds would otherwise have capitalized. In addition, in the event that Mr. Icahn ceases toparticipate in the management of the Investment Funds, the consequences to the Investment Funds and our interest in them could be material and adverse andcould lead to the premature termination of the Investment Funds.The Investment Funds make investments in companies we do not control.Investments by the Investment Funds include investments in debt or equity securities of publicly traded companies that we do not control. Suchinvestments may be acquired by the Investment Funds through open market trading activities or through purchases of securities from the issuer. Theseinvestments will be subject to the risk that the company in which the investment is made may make business, financial or management decisions with whichour Investment segment disagree or that the majority of stakeholders or the management of the company may take risks or otherwise act in a manner that doesnot serve the best interests of the Investment Funds. In addition, the Investment Funds may make investments in which it shares control over the investmentwith co-investors, which may make it more difficult for it to implement its investment approach or exit the investment when it otherwise would. If any of theforegoing were to occur, the values of the investments by the Investment Funds could decrease and our Investment segment revenues could suffer as a result.The Investment Funds' investment strategy involves numerous and significant risks, including the risk that we may lose some or all of our investments inthe Investment Funds. This risk may be magnified due to concentration of investments and investments in undervalued securities.Our Investment segment's revenue depends on the investments made by the Investment Funds. There are numerous and significant risks associated withthese investments, certain of which are described in this risk factor and in other risk factors set forth herein.17Certain investment positions held by the Investment Funds may be illiquid. The Investment Funds may own restricted or non-publicly traded securitiesand securities traded on foreign exchanges. These investments could prevent the Investment Funds from liquidating unfavorable positions promptly andsubject the Investment Funds to substantial losses.At any given time, the Investment Funds' assets may become highly concentrated within a particular company, industry, asset category, trading style orfinancial or economic market. In that event, the Investment Funds' investment portfolio will be more susceptible to fluctuations in value resulting fromadverse economic conditions affecting the performance of that particular company, industry, asset category, trading style or economic market than a lessconcentrated portfolio would be. As a result, the Investment Funds' investment portfolio could become concentrated and its aggregate return may be volatileand may be affected substantially by the performance of only one or a few holdings.The Investment Funds seek to invest in securities that are undervalued. The identification of investment opportunities in undervalued securities ischallenging, and there are no assurances that such opportunities will be successfully recognized or acquired. While investments in undervalued securitiesoffer the opportunity for above-average capital appreciation, these investments involve a high degree of financial risk and can result in substantial losses.Returns generated from the Investment Funds' investments may not adequately compensate for the business and financial risks assumed.From time to time, the Investment Funds may invest in bonds or other fixed income securities, such as commercial paper and higher yielding (and,therefore, higher risk) debt securities. It is likely that a major economic recession could severely disrupt the market for such securities and may have amaterial adverse impact on the value of such securities. In addition, it is likely that any such economic downturn could adversely affect the ability of theissuers of such securities to repay principal and pay interest thereon and increase the incidence of default for such securities.For reasons not necessarily attributable to any of the risks set forth in this Report (e.g., supply/demand imbalances or other market forces), the prices ofthe securities in which the Investment Funds invest may decline substantially. In particular, purchasing assets at what may appear to be undervalued levels isno guarantee that these assets will not be trading at even more undervalued levels at a future time of valuation or at the time of sale.The prices of financial instruments in which the Investment Funds may invest can be highly volatile. Price movements of forward and other derivativecontracts in which the Investment Funds' assets may be invested are influenced by, among other things, interest rates, changing supply and demandrelationships, trade, fiscal, monetary and exchange control programs and policies of governments, and national and international political and economicevents and policies. The Investment Funds are subject to the risk of failure of any of the exchanges on which their positions trade or of their clearinghouses.The use of leverage in investments by the Investment Funds may pose a significant degree of risk and may enhance the possibility of significant loss in thevalue of the investments in the Investment Funds.The Investment Funds may leverage their capital if their general partners believe that the use of leverage may enable the Investment Funds to achieve ahigher rate of return. Accordingly, the Investment Funds may pledge its securities in order to borrow additional funds for investment purposes. TheInvestment Funds may also leverage its investment return with options, short sales, swaps, forwards and other derivative instruments. The amount ofborrowings that the Investment Funds may have outstanding at any time may be substantial in relation to their capital. While leverage may presentopportunities for increasing the Investment Funds' total return, leverage may increase losses as well. Accordingly, any event that adversely affects the valueof an investment by the Investment Funds would be magnified to the extent such fund is leveraged. The cumulative effect of the use of leverage by theInvestment Funds in a market that moves adversely to the Investment Funds' investments could result in a substantial loss to the Investment Funds that wouldbe greater than if the Investment Funds were not leveraged. There is no assurance that leverage will be available on acceptable terms, if at all.In general, the use of short-term margin borrowings results in certain additional risks to the Investment Funds. For example, should the securitiespledged to brokers to secure any Investment Fund's margin accounts decline in value, the Investment Funds could be subject to a “margin call,” pursuant towhich it must either deposit additional funds or securities with the broker, or suffer mandatory liquidation of the pledged securities to compensate for thedecline in value. In the event of a sudden drop in the value of any of the Investment Funds' assets, the Investment Funds might not be able to liquidate assetsquickly enough to satisfy its margin requirements.The Investment Funds may enter into repurchase and reverse repurchase agreements. When the Investment Funds enters into a repurchase agreement, it“sells” securities issued by the U.S. or a non-U.S. government, or agencies thereof, to a broker-dealer or financial institution, and agrees to repurchase suchsecurities for the price paid by the broker-dealer or financial institution, plus interest at a negotiated rate. In a reverse repurchase transaction, the InvestmentFund “buys” securities issued by the U.S. or a non-U.S. government, or agencies thereof, from a broker-dealer or financial institution, subject to the obligationof the broker-dealer or financial institution to repurchase such securities at the price paid by the Investment Funds, plus interest at a negotiated rate. The useof repurchase and reverse repurchase agreements by any of the Investment Funds involves certain risks. For example, if the seller of securities to theInvestment Funds under a reverse repurchase agreement defaults on its18obligation to repurchase the underlying securities, as a result of its bankruptcy or otherwise, the Investment Funds will seek to dispose of such securities,which action could involve costs or delays. If the seller becomes insolvent and subject to liquidation or reorganization under applicable bankruptcy or otherlaws, the Investment Funds' ability to dispose of the underlying securities may be restricted. Finally, if a seller defaults on its obligation to repurchasesecurities under a reverse repurchase agreement, the Investment Funds may suffer a loss to the extent it is forced to liquidate its position in the market, andproceeds from the sale of the underlying securities are less than the repurchase price agreed to by the defaulting seller.The financing used by the Investment Funds to leverage its portfolio will be extended by securities brokers and dealers in the marketplace in which theInvestment Funds invest. While the Investment Funds will attempt to negotiate the terms of these financing arrangements with such brokers and dealers, itsability to do so will be limited. The Investment Funds are therefore subject to changes in the value that the broker-dealer ascribes to a given security orposition, the amount of margin required to support such security or position, the borrowing rate to finance such security or position and/or such broker-dealer's willingness to continue to provide any such credit to the Investment Funds. Because the Investment Funds currently have no alternative creditfacility which could be used to finance its portfolio in the absence of financing from broker-dealers, it could be forced to liquidate its portfolio on shortnotice to meet its financing obligations. The forced liquidation of all or a portion of the Investment Funds' portfolios at distressed prices could result insignificant losses to the Investment Funds.The possibility of increased regulation could result in additional burdens on our Investment segment.The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the "Reform Act"), enacted into law in July 2010, resulted in regulations affectingalmost every part of the financial services industry.The regulatory environment in which our Investment segment operates is subject to further regulation in addition to the rules already promulgated,including the Reform Act. Our Investment segment may be adversely affected by the enactment of new or revised regulations, or changes in the interpretationor enforcement of rules and regulations imposed by the SEC, other U.S. or foreign governmental regulatory authorities or self-regulatory organizations thatsupervise the financial markets. Such changes may limit the scope of investment activities that may be undertaken by the Investment Funds' managers. Anysuch changes could increase the cost of our Investment segment doing business and/or materially adversely impact its profitability. Additionally, thesecurities and futures markets are subject to comprehensive statutes, regulations and margin requirements. The SEC, other regulators and self-regulatoryorganizations and exchanges have taken and are authorized to take extraordinary actions in the event of market emergencies. The regulation of derivativestransactions and funds that engage in such transactions is an evolving area of law and is subject to modification by government and judicial action. Theeffect of any future regulatory change on the Investment Funds and the Investment segment could be substantial and adverse.The ability to hedge investments successfully is subject to numerous risks.The Investment Funds may utilize financial instruments, both for investment purposes and for risk management purposes in order to (i) protect againstpossible changes in the market value of the Investment Funds' investment portfolios resulting from fluctuations in the securities markets and changes ininterest rates; (ii) protect the Investment Funds' unrealized gains in the value of its investment portfolios; (iii) facilitate the sale of any such investments; (iv)enhance or preserve returns, spreads or gains on any investment in the Investment Funds' portfolio; (v) hedge the interest rate or currency exchange rate onany of the Investment Funds' liabilities or assets; (vi) protect against any increase in the price of any securities our Investment segment anticipate purchasingat a later date; or (vii) for any other reason that our Investment segment deems appropriate.The success of any hedging activities will depend, in part, upon the degree of correlation between the performance of the instruments used in thehedging strategy and the performance of the portfolio investments being hedged. However, hedging techniques may not always be possible or effective inlimiting potential risks of loss. Since the characteristics of many securities change as markets change or time passes, the success of our Investment segment'shedging strategy will also be subject to the ability of our Investment segment to continually recalculate, readjust and execute hedges in an efficient andtimely manner. While the Investment Funds may enter into hedging transactions to seek to reduce risk, such transactions may result in a poorer overallperformance for the Investment Funds than if it had not engaged in such hedging transactions. For a variety of reasons, the Investment Funds may not seek toestablish a perfect correlation between the hedging instruments utilized and the portfolio holdings being hedged. Such an imperfect correlation may preventthe Investment Funds from achieving the intended hedge or expose the Investment Funds to risk of loss. The Investment Funds do not intend to seek to hedgeevery position and may determine not to hedge against a particular risk for various reasons, including, but not limited to, because they do not regard theprobability of the risk occurring to be sufficiently high as to justify the cost of the hedge. Our Investment segment may not foresee the occurrence of the riskand therefore may not hedge against all risks.The Investment Funds invest in distressed securities, as well as bank loans, asset backed securities and mortgage backed securities.The Investment Funds may invest in securities of U.S. and non-U.S. issuers in weak financial condition, experiencing poor operating results, havingsubstantial capital needs or negative net worth, facing special competitive or product obsolescence19problems, or that are involved in bankruptcy or reorganization proceedings. Investments of this type may involve substantial financial, legal and businessrisks that can result in substantial, or at times even total, losses. The market prices of such securities are subject to abrupt and erratic market movements andabove-average price volatility. It may take a number of years for the market price of such securities to reflect their intrinsic value. In liquidation (both in andout of bankruptcy) and other forms of corporate insolvency and reorganization, there exists the risk that the reorganization either will be unsuccessful (due to,for example, failure to obtain requisite approvals), will be delayed (for example, until various liabilities, actual or contingent, have been satisfied) or willresult in a distribution of cash, assets or a new security the value of which will be less than the purchase price to the Investment Funds of the security inrespect to which such distribution was made and the terms of which may render such security illiquid.The Investment Funds may invest in companies that are based outside of the United States, which may expose the Investment Funds to additional risks nottypically associated with investing in companies that are based in the United States.Investments in securities of non-U.S. issuers (including non-U.S. governments) and securities denominated or whose prices are quoted in non-U.S.currencies pose, to the extent not successfully hedged, currency exchange risks (including blockage, devaluation and non-exchangeability), as well as arange of other potential risks, which could include expropriation, confiscatory taxation, imposition of withholding or other taxes on dividends, interest,capital gains or other income, political or social instability, illiquidity, price volatility and market manipulation. In addition, less information may beavailable regarding securities of non-U.S. issuers, and non-U.S. issuers may not be subject to accounting, auditing and financial reporting standards andrequirements comparable to, or as uniform as, those of U.S. issuers. Transaction costs of investing in non-U.S. securities markets are generally higher than inthe United States. There is generally less government supervision and regulation of exchanges, brokers and issuers than there is in the United States. TheInvestment Funds may have greater difficulty taking appropriate legal action in non-U.S. courts. Non-U.S. markets also have different clearance andsettlement procedures which in some markets have at times failed to keep pace with the volume of transactions, thereby creating substantial delays andsettlement failures that could adversely affect the Investment Funds' performance. Investments in non-U.S. markets may result in imposition of non-U.S. taxesor withholding on income and gains recognized with respect to such securities. There can be no assurance that adverse developments with respect to suchrisks will not materially adversely affect the Investment Funds' investments that are held in certain countries or the returns from these investments.The Investment Funds' investments are subject to numerous additional risks including those described below.•Generally, there are few limitations set forth in the governing documents of the Investment Funds on the execution of their investment activities,which are subject to the sole discretion of our Investment segment.•The Investment Funds may buy or sell (or write) both call options and put options, and when it writes options, it may do so on a covered or anuncovered basis. When the Investment Funds sell (or write) an option, the risk can be substantially greater than when it buys an option. The seller ofan uncovered call option bears the risk of an increase in the market price of the underlying security above the exercise price. The risk is theoreticallyunlimited unless the option is covered. If it is covered, the Investment Funds would forego the opportunity for profit on the underlying securityshould the market price of the security rise above the exercise price. Swaps and certain options and other custom instruments are subject to the riskof non-performance by the swap counterparty, including risks relating to the creditworthiness of the swap counterparty, market risk, liquidity riskand operations risk.•The Investment Funds may engage in short-selling, which is subject to a theoretically unlimited risk of loss because there is no limit on how muchthe price of a security may appreciate before the short position is closed out. The Investment Funds may be subject to losses if a security lenderdemands return of the borrowed securities and an alternative lending source cannot be found or if the Investment Funds are otherwise unable toborrow securities that are necessary to hedge its positions. There can be no assurance that the Investment Funds will be able to maintain the abilityto borrow securities sold short. There also can be no assurance that the securities necessary to cover a short position will be available for purchase ator near prices quoted in the market.•The ability of the Investment Funds to execute a short selling strategy may be materially adversely impacted by temporary and/or new permanentrules, interpretations, prohibitions and restrictions adopted in response to adverse market events. Regulatory authorities may from time-to-timeimpose restrictions that adversely affect the Investment Funds' ability to borrow certain securities in connection with short sale transactions. Inaddition, traditional lenders of securities might be less likely to lend securities under certain market conditions. As a result, the Investment Fundsmay not be able to effectively pursue a short selling strategy due to a limited supply of securities available for borrowing.•The Investment Funds may effect transactions through over-the-counter or inter-dealer markets. The participants in such markets are typically notsubject to credit evaluation and regulatory oversight as are members of exchange-based markets. This exposes the Investment Funds to the risk that acounterparty will not settle a transaction in accordance with its terms and conditions because of a dispute over the terms of the contract (whether ornot bona fide) or because of a credit or liquidity problem, thus causing the Investment Fund to suffer a loss. Such “counterparty risk” is accentuatedfor contracts with longer maturities where events may intervene to prevent settlement, or where the Investment Funds have concentrated itstransactions with a single or small group of its counterparties. The Investment20Funds are not restricted from dealing with any particular counterparty or from concentrating any or all of the Investment Funds' transactions with onecounterparty.•Credit risk may arise through a default by one of several large institutions that are dependent on one another to meet their liquidity or operationalneeds, so that a default by one institution causes a series of defaults by other institutions. This systemic risk may materially adversely affect thefinancial intermediaries (such as prime brokers, clearing agencies, clearing houses, banks, securities firms and exchanges) with which the InvestmentFunds interact on a daily basis.•The efficacy of investment and trading strategies depends largely on the ability to establish and maintain an overall market position in acombination of financial instruments. The Investment Funds' trading orders may not be executed in a timely and efficient manner due to variouscircumstances, including systems failures or human error. In such event, the Investment Funds might only be able to acquire some but not all of thecomponents of the position, or if the overall positions were to need adjustment, the Investment Funds might not be able to make such adjustment. Asa result, the Investment Funds may not be able to achieve the market position selected by our Investment segment and might incur a loss inliquidating their position.•The Investment Funds assets may be held in one or more accounts maintained for the Investment Fund by its prime brokers or at other brokers orcustodian banks, which may be located in various jurisdictions. The prime broker, other brokers (including those acting as sub-custodians) andcustodian banks are subject to various laws and regulations in the relevant jurisdictions in the event of their insolvency. Accordingly, the practicaleffect of these laws and their application to the Investment Funds' assets may be subject to substantial variations, limitations and uncertainties. Theinsolvency of any of the prime brokers, local brokers, custodian banks or clearing corporations may result in the loss of all or a substantial portion ofthe Investment Funds' assets or in a significant delay in the Investment Funds having access to those assets.•The Investment Funds may invest in synthetic instruments with various counterparties. In the event of the insolvency of any counterparty, theInvestment Funds' recourse will be limited to the collateral, if any, posted by the counterparty and, in the absence of collateral, the Investment Fundswill be treated as a general creditor of the counterparty. While the Investment Funds expect that returns on a synthetic financial instrument mayreflect those of each related reference security, as a result of the terms of the synthetic financial instrument and the assumption of the credit risk ofthe counterparty, a synthetic financial instrument may have a different expected return. The Investment Funds may also invest in credit defaultswaps.Risks Relating to our Consolidated Operating SubsidiariesWe need qualified personnel to manage and operate our various businesses.In our decentralized business model, we need qualified and competent management to direct day-to-day business activities of our operatingsubsidiaries. Our operating subsidiaries also need qualified and competent personnel in executing their business plans and serving their customers, suppliersand other stakeholders. Changes in demographics, training requirements and the unavailability of qualified personnel could negatively impact one or moreof our significant operating subsidiaries ability to meet demands of customers to supply goods and services. Recruiting and retaining qualified personnel isimportant to all of our operations. Although we have adequate personnel for the current business environment, unpredictable increases in demand for goodsand services may exacerbate the risk of not having sufficient numbers of trained personnel, which could have a negative impact on our operating results,financial condition and liquidity.Changes in regulations and regulatory actions can adversely affect our operating results and our ability to allocate capital.In recent years, partially in response to financial markets crises, global economic recessions, and social and environmental issues, regulatory initiativeshave accelerated in the United States and abroad. Such initiatives address for example, the regulation of banks and other major financial institutions,environmental and global-warming matters and health care reform. These initiatives impact our operating subsidiaries, particularly those within ourAutomotive, Energy and Railcar segments. Increased regulatory compliance costs could have a significant negative impact on our financial results however,we cannot predict whether such initiatives will have a material adverse impact on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.Additionally, our Gaming segment is also subject to potential changes in legislation and regulations that may negatively impact its business. From time totime, legislators and special interest groups propose legislation that would expand, restrict, or prevent gaming operations in the jurisdictions in which weoperate and in neighboring jurisdictions. Such changes may have a material adverse impact on our consolidated financial position, results of operations orcash flows.21Environmental laws and regulations could require our operating subsidiaries to make substantial capital expenditures to remain in compliance or toremediate current or future contamination that could give rise to material liabilities.Several of our subsidiaries are subject to a variety of federal, state and local environmental laws and regulations relating to the protection of theenvironment, including those governing the emission or discharge of pollutants into the environment, product specifications and the generation, treatment,storage, transportation, disposal and remediation of solid and hazardous wastes. Violations of these laws and regulations or permit conditions can result insubstantial penalties, injunctive orders compelling installation of additional controls, civil and criminal sanctions, permit revocations and/or facilityshutdowns.In addition, new environmental laws and regulations, new interpretations of existing laws and regulations, increased governmental enforcement of lawsand regulations or other developments could require our businesses to make additional unforeseen expenditures. Many of these laws and regulations arebecoming increasingly stringent, and the cost of compliance with these requirements can be expected to increase over time. The requirements to be met, aswell as the technology and length of time available to meet those requirements, continue to develop and change. These expenditures or costs forenvironmental compliance could have a material adverse effect on our operating subsidiaries’ results of operations, financial condition and profitability.Certain of our subsidiaries' facilities operate under a number of federal and state permits, licenses and approvals with terms and conditions containing asignificant number of prescriptive limits and performance standards in order to operate. These permits, licenses, approvals, limits and standards require asignificant amount of monitoring, record keeping and reporting in order to demonstrate compliance with the underlying permit, license, approval, limit orstandard. Non-compliance or incomplete documentation of our subsidiaries' compliance status may result in the imposition of fines, penalties and injunctiverelief. Additionally, there may be times when certain of our subsidiaries are unable to meet the standards and terms and conditions of our permits, licenses andapprovals due to operational upsets or malfunctions, which may lead to the imposition of fines and penalties or operating restrictions that may have amaterial adverse effect on their ability to operate their facilities and accordingly on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.Refer to Note 17, "Commitments and Contingencies," to the consolidated financial statements for additional discussion of environmental matters affectingour businesses.If sufficient Renewable Identification Numbers (RINs) are unavailable for purchase or if our Energy segment’s petroleum business has to pay asignificantly higher price for RINs, or if its petroleum business is otherwise unable to meet Renewable Fuel Standard mandates, our financial conditionand results of operations could be materially adversely affected.The Environmental Protection Agency ("EPA") has promulgated the Renewable Fuel Standards ("RFS"), which requires refiners to either blend"renewable fuels," such as ethanol and biodiesel, into their transportation fuels or purchase renewable fuel credits, known as RINs, in lieu of blending. Underthe RFS, the volume of renewable fuels that refineries like Coffeyville and Wynnewood are obligated to blend into their finished petroleum products isadjusted annually by the EPA. The petroleum business is not able to blend the substantial majority of its transportation fuels, so it has to purchase RINs onthe open market as well as waiver credits for cellulosic biofuels from the EPA, in order to comply with the RFS. The price of RINs has been extremely volatileas the EPA's proposed renewable fuel volume mandates approached and exceeded the "blend wall." The blend wall refers to the point at which the amount ofethanol blended into the transportation fuel supply exceeds the demand for transportation fuel containing such levels of ethanol. The blend wall is generallyconsidered to be reached when more than 10% ethanol by volume ("E10 gasoline") is blended into transportation fuel.In December 2015, 2016, and 2017, the EPA published in the Federal Register final rules establishing the renewable fuel volume mandates for 2016,2017, and 2018, and the biomass-based diesel volume mandates for 2017, 2018, and 2019, respectively. The volumes included in the EPA's final rulesincreased each year, but were lower, with the exception of the volumes for biomass-based diesel, than the volumes required by the Clean Air Act. The EPAused its waiver authorities to lower the volumes, but its decision to do so for the 2014-2016 compliance years was challenged in the U.S. Court of Appeals forthe District of Columbia Circuit. In July 2017, the court vacated the EPA’s decision to reduce the renewable volume obligation for 2016 under one of itswaiver authorities, and remanded the rule to the EPA for further reconsideration. The EPA has not yet reproposed the 2016 renewable volume obligations.The EPA also has articulated a policy that high RINs prices incentivize additional investments in renewable fuel blending and distribution infrastructure.The petroleum business cannot predict the future prices of RINs or waiver credits. The price of RINs has been extremely volatile over the last year.Additionally, the cost of RINs is dependent upon a variety of factors, which include the availability of RINs for purchase, the price at which RINs can bepurchased, transportation fuel production levels, the mix of the petroleum business' petroleum products, as well as the fuel blending performed at therefineries and downstream terminals, all of which can vary significantly from period to period. However, the costs to obtain the necessary number of RINs andwaiver credits could be material, if the price for RINs increases. Additionally, because the petroleum business does not produce renewable fuels, increasingthe volume of renewable fuels that must be blended into its products displaces an increasing volume of the refineries' product pool, potentially resulting inlower earnings and materially adversely affecting the petroleum business' cash flows. If the demand for the petroleum business' transportation fuel decreasesas a result of the use of increasing volumes of renewable fuels, increased fuel economy as a result of new EPA fuel economy standards, or other factors, theimpact on its22business could be material. If sufficient RINs are unavailable for purchase, if the petroleum business has to pay a significantly higher price for RINs or if thepetroleum business is otherwise unable to meet the EPA's RFS mandates, its business, financial condition and results of operations could be materiallyadversely affected.The price volatility of crude oil and other feedstocks, refined products and utility services may have a material adverse effect on our financial results.Our Energy segment's petroleum business' financial results are primarily affected by the relationship, or margin, between refined product prices and theprices for crude oil and other feedstocks. When the margin between refined product prices and crude oil and other feedstock prices tightens, the petroleumbusiness' earnings, profitability and cash flows are negatively affected. Refining margins historically have been volatile and are likely to continue to bevolatile, as a result of a variety of factors including fluctuations in prices of crude oil, other feedstocks and refined products. Continued future volatility inrefining industry margins may cause a decline in the petroleum business' results of operations, since the margin between refined product prices and crude oiland other feedstock prices may decrease below the amount needed for the petroleum business to generate net cash flow sufficient for its needs. The effect ofchanges in crude oil prices on the petroleum business' results of operations therefore depends in part on how quickly and how fully refined product pricesadjust to reflect these changes. A substantial or prolonged increase in crude oil prices without a corresponding increase in refined product prices, or asubstantial or prolonged decrease in refined product prices without a corresponding decrease in crude oil prices, could have a significant negative impact onour Energy segment's earnings, results of operations and cash flows.Profitability is also impacted by the ability to purchase crude oil at a discount to benchmark crude oils, such as WTI, as the petroleum business does notproduce any crude oil and must purchase all of the crude oil it refines. Crude oil differentials can fluctuate significantly based upon overall economic andcrude oil market conditions. Adverse changes in crude oil differentials can adversely impact refining margins, earnings and cash flows. In addition, thepetroleum business' purchases of crude oil, although based on WTI prices, have historically been at a discount to WTI because of the proximity of therefineries to the sources, existing logistics infrastructure and quality differences. Any change in the sources of crude oil, infrastructure or logisticalimprovements or quality differences could result in a reduction of the petroleum business' historical discount to WTI and may result in a reduction of ourEnergy segment's cost advantage.Refining margins are also impacted by domestic and global refining capacity. Downturns in the economy reduce the demand for refined fuels and, inturn, generate excess capacity. In addition, the expansion and construction of refineries domestically and globally can increase refined fuel productioncapacity. Excess capacity can adversely impact refining margins, earnings and cash flows. The Arabian Gulf and Far East regions added refining capacity in2015, 2016 and 2017.The petroleum business is significantly affected by developments in the markets in which it operates. For example, numerous pipeline projects in 2014expanded the connectivity of the Cushing and Permian Basin markets to the gulf coast, resulting in a decrease in the domestic crude advantage.Volatile prices for natural gas and electricity also affect the petroleum business' manufacturing and operating costs. Natural gas and electricity priceshave been, and will continue to be, affected by supply and demand for fuel and utility services in both local and regional markets.Commodity derivative contracts, particularly with respect to our Energy segment, may limit our potential gains, exacerbate potential losses and involveother risks.Our Energy segment’s petroleum business may enter into commodity derivatives contracts to mitigate crack spread risk with respect to a portion of itsexpected refined products production. However, its hedging arrangements may fail to fully achieve these objectives for a variety of reasons, including itsfailure to have adequate hedging contracts, if any, in effect at any particular time and the failure of its hedging arrangements to produce the anticipatedresults. The petroleum business may not be able to procure adequate hedging arrangements due to a variety of factors. Moreover, such transactions may limitits ability to benefit from favorable changes in margins. In addition, the petroleum business' hedging activities may expose it to the risk of financial loss incertain circumstances, including instances in which:•the volumes of its actual use of crude oil or production of the applicable refined products is less than the volumes subject to the hedgingarrangement;•accidents, interruptions in transportation, inclement weather or other events cause unscheduled shutdowns or otherwise adversely affect its refineryor suppliers or customers;•the counterparties to its futures contracts fail to perform under the contracts; or•a sudden, unexpected event materially impacts the commodity or crack spread subject to the hedging arrangement.As a result, the effectiveness of CVR Energy's risk mitigation strategy could have a material adverse impact on our Energy segment's financial resultsand cash flows.23Climate change laws and regulations could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows.Climate change is continuing to receive ever increasing attention worldwide. Many scientists, legislators and others attribute climate change toincreased levels of greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide, which could lead to additional legislative and regulatory efforts to limit greenhouse gasemissions. For example, the focus on emissions could increase costs associated with our Automotive segment's operations, including costs for raw materialsand transportation.The EPA regulates greenhouse gas ("GHG") emissions under the Clean Air Act. In October 2009, the EPA finalized a rule requiring certain large emittersof GHGs to inventory and report their GHG emissions to the EPA. In accordance with the rule, CVR Energy has begun monitoring and reporting its GHGemissions to the EPA. In May 2010, the EPA finalized the "Greenhouse Gas Tailoring Rule," which established new GHG emissions thresholds that determinewhen stationary sources, such as the refineries and the nitrogen fertilizer plant, must obtain permits under the New Source Review/Prevention of SignificantDeterioration ("PSD") and Title V programs of the federal Clean Air Act. Under the rule, facilities already subject to PSD and Title V programs that increasetheir emissions of GHGs by a significant amount are required to undergo PSD review and to evaluate and implement air pollution control technology, knownas "best available control technology," to reduce GHG emissions.In the meantime, in December 2010, the EPA reached a settlement agreement with numerous parties under which it agreed to promulgate NSPS toregulate GHG emissions from petroleum refineries and electric utilities by November 2012. In September 2014, the EPA indicated that the petroleum refiningsector risk rule, proposed in June 2014 to address air toxics and volatile organic compounds from refineries, may make it unnecessary for the EPA to regulateGHG emissions from petroleum refineries at this time. The final rule, which was published in the Federal Register on December 1, 2015, places additionalemission control requirements and work practice standards on FCCUs, storage tanks, flares, coking units and other equipment at petroleum refineries.Therefore, we expect that the EPA will not be issuing NSPS standards to regulate GHG from the refineries at this time but that it may do so in the future.The current administration has sought to implement a new or modified policy with respect to climate change. For example, the administration announcedits intention to withdraw the United States from the Paris Climate Agreement, though the earliest possible effective date of withdrawal for the United States isNovember 2020. If efforts to address climate change resume, at the federal legislative level, this could mean Congressional passage of legislation adoptingsome form of federal mandatory GHG emission reduction, such as a nationwide cap-and-trade program. It is also possible that Congress may pass alternativeclimate change bills that do not mandate a nationwide cap-and-trade program and instead focus on promoting renewable energy and energy efficiency.In addition to potential federal legislation, a number of states have adopted regional greenhouse gas initiatives to reduce carbon dioxide and other GHGemissions. In 2007, a group of Midwest states, including Kansas (where CVR Energy has a refinery and nitrogen fertilizer facility), formed the MidwesternGreenhouse Gas Reduction Accord, which calls for the development of a cap-and-trade system to control GHG emissions and for the inventory of suchemissions. However, the individual states that have signed on to the accord must adopt laws or regulations that implement the trading scheme before itbecomes effective. To date, Kansas has taken no meaningful action to implement the accord, and it's unclear whether Kansas intends to do so in the future.Alternatively, the EPA may take further steps to regulate GHG emissions, although at this time it is unclear to what extent the EPA will pursue climatechange regulation. The implementation of EPA regulations and/or the passage of federal or state climate change legislation may result in increased costs to(i) operate and maintain certain of our subsidiaries' facilities, (ii) install new emission controls on certain of our subsidiaries' facilities and (iii) administer andmanage any GHG emissions program. Increased costs associated with compliance with any current or future legislation or regulation of GHG emissions, if itoccurs, may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.In addition, climate change legislation and regulations may result in increased costs not only for our business but also users of our refined and fertilizerproducts, thereby potentially decreasing demand for our products. Decreased demand for our products may have a material adverse effect on our consolidatedfinancial position, results of operations or cash flows.Because the scope of future laws in this area is uncertain, we cannot predict the potential effect of such laws on our future financial condition, results ofoperations or cash flows.24Certain of our subsidiaries, primarily Federal-Mogul and Viskase, have operations in foreign countries which expose them to risks related to economicand political conditions, currency fluctuations, import/export restrictions, regulatory and other risks. Certain of our subsidiaries are global businesses and have manufacturing and distribution facilities in many countries. International operations aresubject to certain risks including:•exposure to local economic conditions;•exposure to local political conditions (including the risk of seizure of assets by foreign governments);•currency exchange rate fluctuations (including, but not limited to, material exchange rate fluctuations, such as devaluations) and currency controls;•export and import restrictions;•restrictions on ability to repatriate foreign earnings;•labor unrest; and•compliance with U.S. laws such as the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, and local laws prohibiting inappropriate payments.The likelihood of such occurrences and their potential effect on our businesses are unpredictable and vary from country-to-country.Certain of our businesses' operating entities report their financial condition and results of operations in currencies other than the U.S. Dollar. Thereported results of these entities are translated into U.S. Dollars at the applicable exchange rates for reporting in our consolidated financial statements. As aresult, fluctuations in the U.S. Dollar against foreign currencies will affect the value at which the results of these entities are included within our consolidatedresults. Our businesses are exposed to a risk of loss from changes in foreign exchange rates whenever they, or one of their foreign subsidiaries, enters into apurchase or sales agreement in a currency other than its functional currency. Such changes in exchange rates could affect our businesses' financial conditionor results of operations.Certain of our businesses have substantial indebtedness, which could restrict their business activities and/or could subject them to significant interest raterisk.Our subsidiaries' inability to generate sufficient cash flow to satisfy their debt obligations, or to refinance their debt obligations on commerciallyreasonable terms, would have a material adverse effect on their businesses, financial condition, and results of operations. In addition, covenants in debtinstruments could limit their ability to engage in certain transactions and pursue their business strategies, which could adversely affect liquidity.Our subsidiaries' indebtedness could:•limit their ability to borrow money for working capital, capital expenditures, debt service requirements or other corporate purposes, guaranteeadditional debt or issue redeemable, convertible of preferred equity;•limit their ability to make distributions or prepay its debt, incur liens, enter into agreements that restrict distributions from restricted subsidiaries, sellor otherwise dispose of assets (including capital stock of subsidiaries), enter into transactions with affiliates and merger consolidate or sellsubstantially all of its assets;•require them to dedicate a substantial portion of its cash flow to payments on indebtedness, which would reduce the amount of cash flow availableto fund working capital, capital expenditures, product development, and other corporate requirements;•increase their vulnerability to general adverse economic and industry conditions; and•limit their ability to respond to business opportunities.Certain of our subsidiaries' indebtedness accrue interest at variable rates. To the extent market interest rates rise, the cost of their debt would increase,adversely affecting their financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.Certain disruptions in supply of and changes in the competitive environment for raw materials could adversely affect the operating margins and cash flowsof certain of our businesses.Certain of our subsidiaries purchase a broad range of materials, components, and finished parts and may also use a significant amount of energy, bothelectricity and natural gas, in the production of its products. A significant disruption in the supply of these materials, supplies, and energy or the failure of asupplier with whom our businesses have established a single source supply relationship could decrease production and shipping levels, materially increaseoperating costs and materially adversely affect profit margins. Shortages of materials or interruptions in transportation systems, labor strikes, work stoppages,or other interruptions, or difficulties in the employment of labor or transportation in the markets where our businesses purchase material, components, andsupplies for the production of products or where the products are produced, distributed or sold, whether as a result of labor strife, war, further acts of terrorismor otherwise, in each case may adversely affect profitability.In recent periods there have been significant fluctuations in the prices of aluminum, copper, lead, nickel, platinum, resins, steel, other base metals andenergy which have had and may continue to have an unfavorable effect on certain of our25businesses. Any continued fluctuations in the price or availability of energy and materials may have an adverse effect on the results of operations or financialcondition. To address increased costs associated with these market forces, a number of suppliers have implemented surcharges on existing fixed pricecontracts. Without the surcharge, some suppliers claim they will be unable to provide adequate supply. Competitive and marketing pressures may limit oursubsidiaries' ability to pass some of the supply and material cost increases on to their customers and may prevent them from doing so in the future.Furthermore, the customers are generally not obligated to accept price increases passed on to them. This inability to pass on price increases to customerswhen material prices increase rapidly or to significantly higher than historic levels could adversely affect operating margins and cash flow, possibly resultingin lower operating income and profitability.A significant labor dispute involving any of our businesses or one or more of their customers or suppliers or that could otherwise affect our operationscould adversely affect our financial performance.A substantial number of our operating subsidiaries’ employees and the employees of its largest customers and suppliers are represented by labor unionsunder collective bargaining agreements. There can be no assurances that future negotiations with the unions will be resolved favorably or that oursubsidiaries will not experience a work stoppage or disruption that could adversely affect its financial condition, operating results and cash flows. A labordispute involving any of our businesses, particularly within our Automotive and Energy segments, any of its customers or suppliers or any other suppliers toits customers or that otherwise affects our subsidiaries’ operations, or the inability by it, any of its customers or suppliers or any other suppliers to itscustomers to negotiate, upon the expiration of a labor agreement, an extension of such agreement or a new agreement on satisfactory terms could adverselyaffect our financial condition, operating results and cash flows. In addition, if any of our subsidiaries’ significant customers experience a material workstoppage, the customer may halt or limit the purchase of its products. This could require certain businesses to shut down or significantly reduce production atfacilities relating to such products, which could adversely affect our business.Federal-Mogul has pension obligations and other post-employment benefits that could adversely affect its operating margins and cash flows.The automotive industry, like other industries, continues to be affected by the rising cost of providing pension and other post-employment benefits. Inaddition, Federal-Mogul sponsors certain defined benefit plans worldwide that are underfunded and will require cash payments. If the performance of theassets in the pension plans does not meet our expectations, or other actuarial assumptions are modified, Federal-Mogul's required contributions may behigher than it expects.The highly cyclical nature of certain industries in which we operate, in particular the railcar industry, may result in lower revenues during economicdownturns or due to other factors.The North American railcar market has been, and our Railcar segment expects it to continue to be, highly cyclical, resulting in volatility in demand forits products and services. Many of our Railcar segment's customers operate in cyclical markets, such as the energy, chemical agricultural, food andconstruction industries, which are susceptible to macroeconomic downturns. Weakness in certain sectors of the U.S. economy may make it more difficult forour Railcar segment to sell or lease certain types of railcars. The cyclical nature of the railcar industry may result in lower revenues during economic orindustry downturns due to decreased demand for both new and replacement railcars and railcar products and lower demand for railcars on lease. Decreaseddemand could result in lower new railcar volumes for sale and lease, increased downtime, reduced sale prices and/or lease rates, fewer lease renewals anddecreased cash flow for our Railcar segment.Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.None.26Item 2. Properties.Holding Company and InvestmentIcahn Enterprises, Icahn Enterprises Holdings and our Investment segment operations are headquartered in New York, New York.AutomotiveFederal-MogulFederal-Mogul's world headquarters is located in Southfield, Michigan, which is leased office space. Federal-Mogul's operations include 256manufacturing facilities, technical centers, distribution and warehouse centers, and sales and administration office facilities worldwide. Approximately 58%of the facilities are leased; the majority of which are distribution centers and sales and administration offices. Federal-Mogul owns the remainder of thefacilities. Federal-Mogul has also invested globally in multiple joint ventures, which have manufacturing locations in Turkey and China. Federal-Mogulbelieves that substantially all of its facilities are in good condition and have sufficient capacity to meet its current and expected manufacturing anddistribution needs.Icahn AutomotiveIcahn Automotive is headquartered in Kennesaw, Georgia, which is leased office space. Icahn Automotive's operations include 2,183 store locations and27 distributions centers throughout the United States, of which approximately 50% are leased and 40% are franchised. Icahn Automotive owns the remainderof its facilities.EnergyCVR Energy is headquartered in Sugar Land, Texas, which is leased office space. Additionally, other administrative office space is leased in KansasCity, Kansas. CVR Energy's operations include owned principal properties as follows:Location Acres UseCoffeyville, KS 440 Oil refinery, fertilizer plant and office buildingsWynnewood, OK 400 Oil refinery, refined oil storage and office buildingsEast Dubuque, IL 210 Fertilizer plant and fertilizer storageCushing, OK 138 Crude oil storageCowley County, KS 70 Crude oil storageMontgomery County, KS 50 Crude oil storageCVR Energy also leases additional crude oil storage facilities in Oklahoma.CVR Energy's crude oil storage facilities have a combined capacity of approximately 6.4 million barrels of crude oil. In addition to crude oil storage,CVR Energy owned over 4.6 million barrels of combined refined products and feedstocks storage capacity. CVR Energy's nitrogen fertilizer business has thecapacity to store approximately 160,000 tons of UAN and 80,000 tons of ammonia.CVR Energy believes that its owned and leased facilities are sufficient for its operating needs.RailcarARI is headquartered in St. Charles, Missouri, which is leased office space. ARI's operations include owned manufacturing facilities in ParagouldArkansas; Marmaduke, Arkansas; Jackson, Missouri; Kennett, Missouri; and Longview, Texas. ARI's operations also include eight railcar services facilitiesand eleven mobile repair and mini repair shop facilities where it provides railcar repair and field services. Six of the railcar services facilities are owned andthe remaining two are leased.GamingTropicana is headquartered in Las Vegas, Nevada, which is leased office space. Tropicana's operations include a diversified, multi-jurisdictionalcollection of casino gaming properties consisting of eight casino facilities featuring approximately 399,000 square feet of gaming space and 5,800 hotelrooms. The eight casino facilities Tropicana operates include two casinos in Nevada and one in each of Indiana, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, New Jerseyand Aruba. In addition, TER owns an idled casino property in Atlantic City, New Jersey.27MetalsPSC Metals is headquartered in Mayfield Heights, Ohio, which is leased office space. PSC Metals has additional administrative offices located inNashville, Tennessee and North Olmsted, Ohio. PSC Metals' operations consist of 31 recycling yards, three secondary plate storage and distribution centers,two secondary pipe storage and distribution centers and two auto parts recycling warehouses located throughout the Midwestern and Southeastern UnitedStates.MiningFerrous Resources is headquartered in Belo Horizonte, Brazil, which is a leased office space. Ferrous Resources' operations consist of six iron mineralresource properties in Brazil.Food PackagingViskase is headquartered in Lombard, Illinois. Viskase's operations include eleven manufacturing facilities, six distribution centers and three servicecenters throughout North America, Europe, South America and Asia.Real EstateOur Real Estate segment is headquartered in New York, New York. Our Real Estate segment's operations consist of 12 commercial rental real estateproperties in the United States. Our Real Estate segment's operations also include development properties as well as golf and club operations in Cape Cod,Massachusetts and Vero Beach, Florida.Home FashionWPH is headquartered in New York, New York. WPH's operations include a manufacturing and distribution facility in Chipley, Florida and amanufacturing facility in Bahrain, both of which are owned facilities. WPH also owns office and store space in Valley, Alabama and Lumberton, NorthCarolina where it operates two outlet stores, and leases additional space for stores and office space primarily throughout the southern United States.Item 3. Legal Proceedings.We are, and will continue to be, subject to litigation from time to time in the ordinary course of our business. We also incorporate by reference into thisPart I, Item 3 of this Report, the information regarding the lawsuits and proceedings described and referenced in Note 17, "Commitments and Contingencies,"to the consolidated financial statements as set forth in Item 8 of this Report.Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.Not applicable.28PART IIItem 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Security Holder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.Market InformationIcahn Enterprises' depositary units are traded on the NASDAQ Global Select Market ("NASDAQ") under the symbol “IEP.” The range of high and lowsales prices for our depositary units for each quarter during 2017 and 2016 are as follows:2017 High LowFirst Quarter $63.96 $50.17Second Quarter 53.85 47.06Third Quarter 56.40 49.13Fourth Quarter 59.88 51.01 2016 High LowFirst Quarter $67.63 $42.50Second Quarter 63.83 51.01Third Quarter 60.50 47.08Fourth Quarter 64.80 45.42Holders of RecordAs of December 31, 2017, there were approximately 2,094 record holders of Icahn Enterprises' depositary units including multiple beneficial holders atdepositories, banks and brokers listed as a single record holder in the street name of each respective depository, bank or broker.There were no repurchases of Icahn Enterprises' depositary units during 2017 or 2016.DistributionsOn February 27, 2018, the Board of Directors of the general partner of Icahn Enterprises declared a quarterly distribution in the amount of $1.75 perdepositary unit, which will be paid on or about April 16, 2018 to depositary unitholders of record at the close of business on March 12, 2018. Depositaryunitholders will have until April 5, 2018 to make an election to receive either cash or additional depositary units; if a holder does not make an election, itwill automatically be deemed to have elected to receive the dividend in cash. Depositary unitholders who elect to receive additional depositary units willreceive units valued at the volume weighted average trading price of the units on NASDAQ during the 5 consecutive trading days ending April 12, 2018. Nofractional depositary units will be issued pursuant to the distribution payment. Icahn Enterprises will make a cash payment in lieu of issuing fractionaldepositary units to any holders electing to receive depositary units. Any holders that would only be eligible to receive a fraction of a depositary unit basedon the above calculation will receive a cash payment.During each of 2017 and 2016, we declared four quarterly distributions aggregating $6.00 per depositary unit. Depositary unitholders were given theoption to make an election to receive the distributions in either cash or additional depositary units; if a holder did not make an election, it was automaticallydeemed to have elected to receive the distributions in cash.During 2017 and 2016, Mr. Icahn and his affiliates elected to receive their proportionate share of these distributions in depositary units. Mr. Icahn andhis affiliates owned approximately 91.0% of Icahn Enterprises' outstanding depositary units as of December 31, 2017. Mr. Icahn and his affiliates haveindicated that it is their present intention to elect to receive a majority of their proportionate share of future distributions in depositary units.The declaration and payment of distributions is reviewed quarterly by Icahn Enterprises GP's board of directors based upon a review of our balance sheetand cash flow, the ratio of current assets to current liabilities, our expected capital and liquidity requirements, the provisions of our partnership agreementand provisions in our financing arrangements governing distributions, including the indentures governing the senior notes, and keeping in mind that limitedpartners subject to U.S. federal income tax have recognized income on our earnings even if they do not receive distributions that could be used to satisfy anyresulting tax obligations. The payment of future distributions will be determined by the board of directors quarterly, based upon the factors described aboveand other factors that it deems relevant at the time that declaration of a distribution is considered. Payments of distributions are subject to certain restrictions,including certain restrictions on our subsidiaries which limit their ability to distribute dividends to us. There can be no assurance as to whether or in whatamounts any future distributions might be paid.29Rights OfferingIn January 2017, Icahn Enterprises commenced a rights offering entitling holders of the rights to acquire newly issued depository units of IcahnEnterprises. The rights offering, which expired on February 22, 2017, was fully subscribed with total basic subscription rights and over-subscription rightsbeing exercised resulting in a total of 11,171,104 depositary units issued on March 1, 2017 for aggregate proceeds of $600 million. Affiliates of Mr. Icahnfully exercised all of the basic subscription rights and over-subscription rights allocated to them in the rights offering aggregating 10,525,105 additionaldepositary units.Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation PlansDuring the first quarter of 2017, the board of directors of the general partner of Icahn Enterprises unanimously approved and adopted the IcahnEnterprises L.P. 2017 Long Term Incentive Plan (the "2017 Incentive Plan"), which became effective during the first quarter of 2017 subject to the approvalby holders of a majority of Icahn Enterprises depositary units. The 2017 Incentive Plan permits us to issue depositary units and grant options, restricted unitsor other unit-based awards to all of our, and our affiliates', employees, consultants, members and partners, as well as the three non-employee directors of ourgeneral partner. One million of Icahn Enterprises' depositary units are initially available under the 2017 Incentive Plan. During the year ended December 31,2017, Icahn Enterprises distributed 7,902 depositary units with respect to the 2017 Incentive Plan.30Item 6. Selected Financial Data.The following tables contain our selected historical consolidated financial data, which should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financialstatements and the related notes thereto, and Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations contained in thisReport. The selected financial data as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 and for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 have been derived fromour audited consolidated financial statements at those dates and for those periods, contained elsewhere in this Report. The historical selected financial data asof December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 and for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 have been derived from our audited consolidated financialstatements at those dates and for those periods, not contained in this Report. The comparability of our selected financial data presented below is affected by,among other factors, (i) the performance of the Investment Funds, (ii) various acquisitions, primarily in our Automotive segment during 2017, 2016 and 2015,(iii) dispositions, primarily in our Railcar, Gaming and Real Estate segments in 2017 (iv) impairment charges and (v) the enactment of tax legislation in theUnited States in 2017. Icahn Enterprises Icahn Enterprises Holdings Year Ended December 31, Year Ended December 31, 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 (in millions, except per unit data) (in millions)Statement of Operations Data: Net sales$17,303 $15,511 $14,604 $18,072 $17,785 $17,303 $15,511 $14,604 $18,072 $17,785Other revenues from operations1,827 1,958 1,386 1,250 988 1,827 1,958 1,386 1,250 988Net gain (loss) from investmentactivities304 (1,373) (987) (564) 1,694 304 (1,373) (987) (564) 1,694Gain (loss) on disposition of assets2,166 14 40 25 (56) 2,166 14 40 25 (56)Net income (loss)2,591 (2,220) (2,127) (529) 2,444 2,593 (2,219) (2,126) (528) 2,444Less: Net income (loss) attributableto non-controlling interests161 (1,092) (933) (156) 1,419 161 (1,092) (933) (156) 1,419Net income (loss) attributable toIcahn Enterprises/Icahn EnterprisesHoldings$2,430 $(1,128) $(1,194) $(373) $1,025 $2,432 $(1,127) $(1,193) $(372) $1,025Net income (loss) attributable toIcahn Enterprises/Icahn EnterprisesHoldings allocable to: Limited partners$2,382 $(1,106) $(1,170) $(366) $1,005 $2,408 $(1,116) $(1,181) $(368) $1,015General partner48 (22) (24) (7) 20 24 (11) (12) (4) 10 $2,430 $(1,128) $(1,194) $(373) $1,025 $2,432 $(1,127) $(1,193) $(372) $1,025Basic income (loss) per LP unit$14.80 $(8.07) $(9.29) $(3.08) $9.14 Basic weighted average LP unitsoutstanding161 137 126 119 110 Diluted income (loss) per LP unit$14.80 $(8.07) $(9.29) $(3.08) $9.07 Diluted weighted average LP unitsoutstanding161 137 126 119 111 Cash distributions declared per LPunit$6.00 $6.00 $6.00 $6.00 $4.50 December 31, December 31, 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 (in millions) (in millions)Balance Sheet Data: Cash and cash equivalents$1,682 $1,833 $2,078 $2,908 $3,257 $1,682 $1,833 $2,078 $2,908 $3,257Investments10,369 9,881 15,351 14,480 12,261 10,369 9,881 15,351 14,480 12,261Property, plant and equipment, net9,701 10,122 9,535 8,955 8,077 9,701 10,122 9,535 8,955 8,077Total assets31,801 33,371 36,407 35,743 31,706 31,833 33,399 36,434 35,769 31,723Deferred tax liability924 1,613 1,201 1,255 1,394 924 1,613 1,201 1,255 1,394Due to brokers1,057 3,725 7,317 5,197 2,203 1,057 3,725 7,317 5,197 2,203Post-employment benefit liability1,159 1,180 1,224 1,391 1,111 1,159 1,180 1,224 1,391 1,111Debt11,185 11,119 12,594 11,541 9,256 11,190 11,122 12,597 11,544 9,251Equity attributable to IcahnEnterprises/Icahn EnterprisesHoldings5,106 2,154 3,987 5,443 6,092 5,133 2,179 4,011 5,466 6,11431Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.The following discussion is intended to assist you in understanding our present business and the results of operations together with our presentfinancial condition. This section should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes contained in thisReport.Executive OverviewIntroductionIcahn Enterprises L.P. (“Icahn Enterprises”) is a master limited partnership formed in Delaware on February 17, 1987. Icahn Enterprises Holdings L.P.(“Icahn Enterprises Holdings”) is a limited partnership formed in Delaware on February 17, 1987. References to "we," "our" or "us" herein include both IcahnEnterprises and Icahn Enterprises Holdings and their subsidiaries, unless the context otherwise requires.Icahn Enterprises owns a 99% limited partner interest in Icahn Enterprises Holdings L.P. ("Icahn Enterprises Holdings"). Icahn Enterprises Holdings andits subsidiaries own substantially all of the assets and liabilities of Icahn Enterprises and conduct substantially all of its operations. Therefore, the financialresults of Icahn Enterprises and Icahn Enterprises Holdings are substantially the same, with differences relating primarily to allocations to the general andlimited partners. We do not discuss Icahn Enterprises and Icahn Enterprises Holdings separately unless we believe it is necessary to an understanding of thebusinesses.We are a diversified holding company owning subsidiaries currently engaged in the following continuing operating businesses: Investment,Automotive, Energy, Railcar, Gaming, Metals, Mining, Food Packaging, Real Estate and Home Fashion. We also report the results of our Holding Company,which includes the results of certain subsidiaries of Icahn Enterprises and Icahn Enterprises Holdings (unless otherwise noted), and investment activity andexpenses associated with our Holding Company.Significant Transactions and DevelopmentsSignificant transactions and developments affecting our results of operations and liquidity for the year ended December 31, 2017 are summarized asfollows:Dispositions of Assets. During the year ended December 31, 2017, we sold American Railcar Leasing, LLC ("ARL") and its lease fleet of more than 34,000railcars. Aggregate net proceeds from these transactions were approximately $1.8 billion, resulting in an aggregate pretax gain on disposition of assets ofapproximately $1.7 billion recorded by our Railcar segment. Additionally, during 2017, our Real Estate segment sold a development property in Las VegasNevada for $600 million, including cash proceeds from the sale of $225 million and two tranches of seller financing totaling $375 million, and resulting in apretax gain on disposition of assets of $456 million recorded by our Real Estate segment. Our Real Estate segment also sold additional properties during2017, primarily within its rental operations, resulting in an additional pretax gain on disposition of assets aggregating $40 million.Enactment of Tax Legislation. In December 2017, tax legislation was enacted in the United States, significantly revising certain U.S. corporate income taxprovisions, including a reduction of the U.S. corporate tax rate from 35% to 21% and the imposition of a deemed repatriation tax on unremitted foreignearnings, among other items.Icahn Enterprises Rights Offering. In January 2017, Icahn Enterprises commenced a rights offering entitling holders of the rights to acquire newly issueddepositary units of Icahn Enterprises, resulting in aggregate proceeds of $600 million.Investment in Investment Funds. During the year ended December 31, 2017, our Holding Company invested an additional $1.3 billion in the InvestmentFunds, net of redemptions.Refinancing of Senior Unsecured Notes. During the year ended December 31, 2017, we issued approximately $2.5 billion in aggregate principal amount ofsenior unsecured notes to refinance our existing senior unsecured notes due 2017 and 2019.32Results of OperationsConsolidated Financial ResultsOur operating businesses comprise consolidated subsidiaries which operate in various industries and are managed on a decentralized basis. Results ofoperations for our operating businesses primarily consist of net sales of various products, services revenue, casino related operations and leasing of certainassets. Due to the structure and nature of our business, we primarily discuss the results of operations by individual reporting segment in order to betterunderstand our consolidated operating performance. Certain other financial information is discussed on a consolidated basis following our segmentdiscussion. In addition to the summarized financial results below, refer to Note 13, "Segment and Geographic Reporting," to the consolidated financialstatements for a reconciliation of each of our reporting segment's results of operations to our consolidated results.The comparability of our summarized consolidated financial results presented below is affected by, among other factors, (i) the performance of theInvestment Funds, (ii) various acquisitions, primarily in our Automotive segment during 2017, 2016 and 2015, (iii) dispositions of assets, primarily in ourRailcar, Gaming and Real Estate segments in 2017, (iv) impairment charges and (v) the enactment of tax legislation in the United States in 2017. Refer to ourrespective segment discussions and "Other Consolidated Results of Operations," below for further discussion. Revenues Net Income (Loss) Net Income (Loss) Attributable to IcahnEnterprises Year Ended December 31, Year Ended December 31, Year Ended December 31, 2017 2016 2015 2017 2016 2015 2017 2016 2015 (in millions)Investment$297 $(1,223) $(865) $118 $(1,487) $(1,665) $80 $(604) $(760)Automotive10,528 9,928 7,853 626 77 (352) 615 53 (299)Energy5,918 4,764 5,442 275 (604) 7 229 (327) 25Railcar2,306 962 948 1,267 183 213 1,214 150 137Gaming960 948 811 52 (95) 38 39 (109) 26Metals408 269 365 (44) (20) (51) (44) (20) (51)Mining93 63 28 10 (24) (195) 9 (19) (150)Food Packaging393 332 337 (6) 8 (3) (5) 6 (3)Real Estate590 88 131 519 12 61 519 12 61Home Fashion183 196 194 (20) (12) (4) (20) (12) (4)Holding Company68 21 28 (206) (258) (176) (206) (258) (176) $21,744 $16,348 $15,272 $2,591 $(2,220) $(2,127) $2,430 $(1,128) $(1,194)InvestmentWe invest our proprietary capital through various private investment funds (the "Investment Funds"). As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, we hadinvestments with a fair market value of approximately $3.0 billion and $1.7 billion, respectively, in the Investment Funds. As of December 31, 2017 and2016, the total fair market value of investments in the Investment Funds made by Mr. Icahn and his affiliates (excluding us) was approximately $4.4 billionand $3.7 billion, respectively.Our Investment segment's results of operations are reflected in net income (loss) on the consolidated statements of operations. Our Investment segment'snet income (loss) is driven by the amount of funds allocated to the Investment Funds and the performance of the underlying investments in the InvestmentFunds. Future funds allocated to the Investment Funds may increase or decrease based on the contributions and redemptions by our Holding Company andby Mr. Icahn and his affiliates. Additionally, historical performance results of the Investment Funds are not indicative of future results as past marketconditions, investment opportunities and investment decisions may not occur in the future. Changes in general market conditions coupled with changes inexposure to short and long positions have significant impact on our Investment segment's results of operations and the comparability of results of operationsyear over year and as such, future results of operations will be impacted by our future exposures and future market conditions, which may not be consistentwith prior trends. Refer to the "Investment Segment Liquidity" section of our "Liquidity and Capital Resources" discussion for additional informationregarding our Investment segment's exposure as of December 31, 2017.33For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, our Investment Funds' returns were 2.1%, (20.3)% and (18.0)%, respectively. Our InvestmentFunds' returns represent a weighted-average composite of the average returns, net of expenses. The following table sets forth the performance attribution forthe Investment Funds' returns: Year Ended December 31, 2017 2016 2015Long positions5.4 % 16.3 % (18.1)%Short positions(3.0)% (34.1)% 0.8 %Other(0.3)% (2.5)% (0.7)% 2.1 % (20.3)% (18.0)%The following table presents net income (loss) for our Investment segment for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015. Year Ended December 31, 2017 2016 2015Long positions$2,035 $552 $(1,585)Short positions(1,787) (1,894) 5Other(130) (145) (85) $118 $(1,487) $(1,665)Years Ended December 31, 2017 and 2016For 2017, the Investment Funds' positive performance was driven by net gains in their long positions, offset in part by net losses in their short positions.The positive performance of our Investment segment's long positions was driven by gains from two consumer, non-cyclical sector investments, a basicmaterials sector investment and an energy sector investment aggregating approximately $1.5 billion. The aggregate performance of investments with gainsacross various other sectors accounted for the additional positive performance of our Investment segment's long positions, offset in part by the aggregateperformance of investments with losses in the financial sector. Losses in short positions were attributable to the negative performance of broad market hedgesof approximately $2.1 billion and the negative performance of various other short positions across multiple sectors. Losses in short positions were offset inpart by the positive performance of three short positions in the consumer, cyclical sector aggregating $620 million.For 2016, the Investment Funds' negative performance was driven by net losses in their short positions, offset in part bynet gains in their long positions. Losses in short positions were attributable to the negative performance of broad market hedgesof approximately $1.5 billion, as well as the negative performance of other short positions, primarily in the consumer, cyclical sector. The positiveperformance of our Investment segment's long positions was driven by gains from a certain basic materials sector investment of $561 million. The aggregateperformance of investments with gains across various other sectors were offset by the aggregate performance of investments with losses primarily in thetechnology and consumer non-cyclical sectors.Years Ended December 31, 2016 and 2015For 2016, the Investment Funds' negative performance was driven by net losses in their short positions, offset in part bynet gains in their long positions. Losses in short positions were attributable to the negative performance of broad market hedgesof approximately $1.5 billion, as well as the negative performance of other short positions, primarily in the consumer, cyclical sector. The positiveperformance of our Investment segment's long positions was driven by gains from a certain basic materials sector investment of $561 million. The aggregateperformance of investments with gains across various other sectors were offset by the aggregate performance of investments with losses primarily in thetechnology and consumer non-cyclical sectors.For 2015, the Investment Funds' negative performance was driven by net losses in their long positions. The negative performance of our Investmentsegment's long positions was driven by losses from two energy sector investments and a certain basic materials sector investment aggregating approximately$2.0 billion. This was offset in part by the performance of investments with gains primarily in the communications and consumer, non-cyclical sectors.34AutomotiveOur Automotive segment's results of operations are generally driven by the manufacturing and distribution of automotive parts and are affected by therelative strength of global vehicle production levels, global vehicle sales levels, automotive part replacement trends, geopolitical risk and foreign currencies,among other factors. Acquisitions in recent years within our Automotive segment, including our acquisitions of IEH Auto Parts Holding LLC ("IEH Auto")and TRW's valvetrain business in 2015, The Pep Boys - Manny, Moe & Jack ("Pep Boys") in 2016, the franchise businesses of Precision Tune Auto Care("Precision Tune") and American Driveline Systems, the franchisor of AAMCO and Cottman Transmission service centers ("American Driveline"), in 2017and various other businesses in recent years, provided operating synergies, added new product lines, strengthened distribution channels and enhanced ourAutomotive segment's ability to better service its customers.With our acquisition of Pep Boys in 2016, our Automotive segment's results of operations include automotive services operations, which has beenfollowed by additional acquisitions of automotive services businesses in 2016 and 2017. However, such automotive services operations did not materiallyimpact our Automotive segment's consolidated results of operations. For 2017 and 2016, automotive services revenues were $487 million and $422 million,respectively. The following is a discussion of our Automotive segment's results of operations from its manufacturing and distribution operations. Year Ended December 31, 2017 2016 2015 (in millions)Net sales$9,957 $9,420 $7,789Cost of goods sold8,110 7,658 6,577Gross margin$1,847 $1,762 $1,212Years Ended December 31, 2017 and 2016Net sales for our Automotive segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 increased by $537 million (6%) as compared to the comparable prior yearperiod. The increase was due to organic sales volume increases of $300 million and sales volume increases due to acquisitions aggregating $226 million.Increases from acquisitions was impacted primarily from the inclusion of the results of Pep Boys for the full twelve months in 2017 compared to elevenmonths in the comparable prior year period, as well as from various acquisitions by Icahn Automotive during 2017. In addition, increases were impacted by a$58 million favorable effect of foreign currency exchange. The increases in net sales were offset in part by other decreases, including from commercial actionsand customer pricing.Cost of goods sold for the year ended December 31, 2017 increased by $452 million (6%) as compared to the comparable prior year period. The increasewas primarily due to volume increases of $363 million attributable to organic sales volume increases and acquisitions, as discussed above, $22 million ofadditional cost from net performance and $67 million from the unfavorable effect of foreign currency exchange.Gross margin on net sales for the year ended December 31, 2017 increased by $85 million (5%) as compared to the comparable prior year period. Grossmargin as a percentage of net sales was flat at 19% for the year ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The inclusion of the results of Pep Boys,whose product sales margins are higher than those of Federal-Mogul's, as well as the favorable effects of higher sales volumes, net of changes in product mix,had a positive impact on gross margin as a percentage of net sales. However, this positive impact was offset by unfavorable effects of net performance, foreigncurrency exchange and other.Years Ended December 31, 2016 and 2015Net sales for our Automotive segment for the year ended December 31, 2016 increased by approximately $1.6 billion (21%) as compared to thecomparable prior year period. Of the increase, approximately $1.5 billion was attributable to several acquisitions made during 2016, primarily the acquisitionof Pep Boys in February 2016, and $305 million pertained to other sales volume increases that was primarily due to the inclusion of Icahn Automotive for thefull year 2016 compared to only seven months in 2015. The sales volume increases were offset in part by $128 million decrease, primarily due to anunfavorable effect of foreign currency exchange.Cost of goods sold for the year ended December 31, 2016 increased by approximately $1.1 billion (16%) as compared to the comparable prior yearperiod. The increase was primarily due to the inclusion of the results of Pep Boys and IEH Auto, which were acquired in February 2016 and June 2015,respectively, as well as certain other acquisitions within our Automotive segment. These increases were offset in part by savings from improved efficiencies,including benefits of favorable material and service sourcing and productivity, as well as a favorable effect of foreign currency exchange.35Gross margin on net sales for the year ended December 31, 2016 increased by $550 million (45%) as compared to the comparable prior year period.Gross margin as a percentage of net sales was 19% and 16% for the year ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The increase over the respectiveperiods was due to the inclusion of the results of Pep Boys and IEH Auto, whose product sales margins are higher than those of Federal-Mogul's, as well assavings from improved efficiencies, including benefits of favorable material and service sourcing and productivity.EnergyOur Energy segment is primarily engaged in the petroleum refining and nitrogen fertilizer manufacturing. The petroleum business accounted forapproximately 95%, 93% and 95% of our Energy segment's net sales for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.The results of operations of the petroleum business are primarily affected by the relationship between refined product prices and the prices for crude oiland other feedstocks that are processed and blended into refined products. The cost to acquire crude oil and other feedstocks and the price for which refinedproducts are ultimately sold depend on factors beyond our Energy segment's control, including the supply of and demand for crude oil, as well as gasolineand other refined products. This supply and demand depends on, among other factors, changes in domestic and foreign economies, weather conditions,domestic and foreign political affairs, production levels, the availability of imports, the marketing of competitive fuels and the extent of governmentregulation. Because the petroleum business applies first-in, first-out accounting to value its inventory, crude oil price movements may impact gross margin inthe short term because of changes in the value of its unhedged on-hand inventory. The effect of changes in crude oil prices on the petroleum business' resultsof operations is influenced by the rate at which the prices of refined products adjust to reflect these changes.In addition to current market conditions, there are long-term factors that may impact the demand for refined products. These factors include mandatedrenewable fuels standards, proposed climate change laws and regulations, and increased mileage standards for vehicles. The petroleum business is alsosubject to the Renewable Fuel Standard of the United States Environmental Protection Agency ("EPA"), which requires it to either blend “renewable fuels” inwith its transportation fuels or purchase renewable fuel credits, known as renewable identification numbers (“RINs”), in lieu of blending. The price of RINshas been extremely volatile and the future cost of RINs for the petroleum business is difficult to estimate. Additionally, the cost of RINs is dependent upon avariety of factors, which include EPA regulations, the availability of RINs for purchase, the price at which RINs can be purchased, transportation fuelproduction levels, the mix of the petroleum business' petroleum products, as well as the fuel blending performed at its refineries and downstream terminals, allof which can vary significantly from period to period. Refer to Note 17, "Commitments and Contingencies," to the consolidated financial statements forfurther discussion of RINs. Year Ended December 31, 2017 2016 2015 (in millions)Net sales$5,988 $4,782 $5,433Cost of goods sold5,727 4,618 4,949Gross margin$261 $164 $484Years Ended December 31, 2017 and 2016Net sales for our Energy segment increased by approximately $1.2 billion (25%) for the year ended December 31, 2017 as compared to the comparableprior year period. The increase was primarily due to an increase in our petroleum business as a result of higher sales prices for transportation fuels andbyproducts. The petroleum business' average sales prices per gallon for the year ended December 31, 2017 of $1.59 for gasoline and $1.66 for distillateincreased by 19% and 22%, respectively, as compared to the comparable prior year period. This increase was offset in part by our nitrogen fertilizer businessprimarily due to a decrease in sales prices for its products.Cost of goods sold for our Energy segment increased by approximately $1.1 billion (24%) for the year ended December 31, 2017 as compared to thecomparable prior year period. The increase was primarily due to our petroleum business as a result of higher cost of consumed crude oil, due to higher prices,as well as increased products purchased for resale. This increase was offset in part by our nitrogen fertilizer business primarily due to higher costs in 2016from inventory and deferred revenue fair value adjustments and decreased current year distribution costs due to the timing of regulatory railcar repairs andmaintenance.Gross margin for our Energy segment increased by $97 million (59%) for the year ended December 31, 2017 as compared to the comparable prior yearperiod. Gross margin as a percentage of net sales was 4% and 3% for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively, with such increaseattributable to our petroleum business, offset in part by a decrease36attributable to our fertilizer business. The increase in gross margin as a percentage of net sales for our petroleum business was primarily due to higher marginsper barrel resulting from an increase in the sales price of gasoline and distillates. Cost of consumed oil per barrel for the year ended December 31, 2017increased by 21% as compared to the prior year.Years Ended December 31, 2016 and 2015Net sales for our Energy segment decreased by $651 million (12%) for the year ended December 31, 2016 as compared to the comparable prior yearperiod. The decrease was primarily due to a decrease in our petroleum business due to significantly lower sales prices. The petroleum business' average salesprices per gallon for the year ended December 31, 2016 of $1.34 for gasoline and $1.36 for distillate decreased by 17% and 16%, respectively, as compared tothe prior period. This decrease was offset in part by increased net sales in the nitrogen fertilizer business due to the acquisition of its East Dubuque, IL facilityas of April 1, 2016.Cost of goods sold for our Energy segment decreased by $331 million (7%) for the year ended December 31, 2016 as compared to the comparable prioryear period. The decrease was primarily due to our petroleum business as a result of a decrease in the cost of consumed crude oil as well as products purchasedfor resale. This decrease was offset in part by our nitrogen fertilizer business due to its inclusion of the results from the acquisition of the East Dubuquefacility as of April 1, 2016.Gross margin for our Energy segment increased by $320 million (66%) for the year ended December 31, 2016 as compared to the comparable prior yearperiod. Gross margin as a percentage of net sales was 3% and 9% for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The decrease in gross marginas a percentage of net sales was primarily due to significantly lower margin from the sale of gasoline for our petroleum business in 2016 compared to 2015.Cost of consumed oil per barrel for the year ended December 31, 2016 decreased by 12% as compared to the prior year.RailcarOur Railcar segment's results of operations are generally driven by the manufacturing and leasing of railcars. As discussed above and in Note 1,"Description of Business," to the consolidated financial statements, we sold ARL and its fleet of more than 34,000 railcars. Our remaining railcar lease fleetconsists primarily of railcars owned by ARI. Year Ended December 31, 2017 2016 2015 (in millions)Net Sales/Other Revenues From Operations: Manufacturing$265 $430 $440Railcar leasing300 471 452Railcar services70 51 47 $635 $952 $939Cost of Goods Sold/Other Expenses From Operations: Manufacturing$249 $366 $338Railcar leasing84 195 176Railcar services50 28 25 $383 $589 $539Gross Margin: Manufacturing$16 $64 $102Railcar leasing216 276 276Railcar services20 23 22 $252 $363 $40037Summarized shipments of railcars to leasing and non-leasing customers for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 are as follows: Year Ended December 31, 2017 2016 2015 (number of railcars)Shipments to leasing customers1,804 799 5,063Shipments to non-leasing customers2,418 3,922 3,840 4,222 4,721 8,903As of December 31, 2017, our Railcar segment had a backlog of 1,940 railcars, including 389 railcars for lease customers and 1,551 for non-leasecustomers. In response to changes in customer demand, our Railcar segment continues to adjust production rates at its railcar manufacturing facilities.Years Ended December 31, 2017 and 2016Total manufacturing revenues for the year ended December 31, 2017 decreased by $165 million (38%) as compared to the comparable prior year period.The decrease was due to fewer shipments to non-leasing customers and an overall decrease in average selling prices due to more competitive pricing for bothhopper and tank railcars.Gross margin from manufacturing operations for the year ended December 31, 2017 decreased by $48 million as compared to the comparable prior yearperiod. Gross margin from manufacturing operations as a percentage of manufacturing revenues decreased to 6% for the year ended December 31, 2017 from15% for the comparable prior year period. The decrease in gross margin and gross margin as a percentage of revenue was due to higher costs associated withlower production volumes and a more competitive market for both hopper and tank railcars.Railcar leasing revenues decreased for the year ended December 31, 2017 as compared to the comparable prior year period due to a decrease in leasedrailcars resulting from the sale of ARL, and subsequent railcar sales, as well as a decrease in weighted average lease rates. The lease fleet decreased to 13,103railcars at December 31, 2017 from 45,761 railcars at December 31, 2016.Years Ended December 31, 2016 and 2015Total manufacturing revenues for the year ended December 31, 2016 decreased by $10 million (2%) as compared to the comparable prior year period.The decrease was primarily due to a higher mix of hopper railcars, which generally sell at lower prices than tank railcars due to less material and laborcontent, more competitive pricing on both hopper and tank railcars, partially offset by the higher volume of shipments to non-leasing customers.Gross margin from manufacturing operations for the year ended December 31, 2016 decreased by $38 million as compared to the comparable prior yearperiod. Gross margin from manufacturing operations as a percentage of manufacturing revenues decreased to 15% for the year ended December 31, 2016 from23% for the comparable prior year period. The decrease in gross margin and gross margin as a percentage of revenue was due to the lower gross marginassociated with the higher mix of hopper railcars, which generally sell at lower prices than tank railcars.Railcar leasing revenues increased for the year ended December 31, 2016 as compared to the comparable prior year period due to an increase in numberof railcars leased to customers and a slight increase in the average lease rate. The lease fleet grew to 45,761 railcars at December 31, 2016 from 45,052 railcarsat December 31, 2015.GamingCasino revenues represent the difference between wins and losses from gaming activities. Casino revenues can vary because of table games holdpercentage and differences in the odds for different table games. In addition, high end play may lead to greater fluctuations in table games hold percentageand, as a result, greater revenue fluctuation between reporting periods may occur.Years Ended December 31, 2017 and 2016Our consolidated gaming revenues decreased by $46 million (5%) for the year ended December 31, 2017 as compared to the comparable prior yearperiod due to the closing of the Trump Taj Mahal Casino Resort in October 2016, which accounted for a $100 million decrease in consolidated gamingrevenues. Our existing gaming operations' revenues increased by $54 million over the comparable periods primarily due to an increase in casino revenues.The increase in casino revenues for the38year ended December 31, 2017 as compared to the comparable prior year period was primarily due to increased casino revenues at Tropicana Atlantic City.Years Ended December 31, 2016 and 2015Our consolidated gaming revenues increased by $133 million (16%) for the year ended December 31, 2016 as compared to the comparable prior yearperiod, primarily due to the inclusion of results from TER upon its emergence from bankruptcy on February 26, 2016, which accounted for $97 millionincreased in consolidated gaming revenue. Our existing gaming operations' revenues increase by $36 million over the comparable prior year period due to anincrease in casino revenues. The increase in casino revenues for the year ended December 31, 2016 as compared to the comparable prior year period wasprimarily due to increased casino revenues at Tropicana Atlantic City.MetalsThe scrap metals business is highly cyclical and is substantially dependent upon the overall economic conditions in the United States and other globalmarkets. Ferrous and non-ferrous scrap has been historically vulnerable to significant declines in consumption and product pricing during prolonged periodsof economic downturn or stagnation. Years Ended December 31, 2017 and 2016Net sales for the year ended December 31, 2017 increased by $142 million (53%) as compared to the comparable prior year period primarily due tohigher ferrous, non-ferrous and non-ferrous auto residue shipment volumes and higher average selling prices. Ferrous shipment volumes increased due toimproved demand from domestic steel mills and improved flow of raw materials into the recycling yards driven by increased market pricing. Additionally,during 2017, a major new steel mill came on line which increased demand for scrap metal. Domestic mill production has benefited from trade cases andspeculation regarding the recent probe into steel imports. Improved consumer market pricing was also driven primarily by the increased demand fromdomestic steel mills. Non-ferrous shipment volumes increased 46% during the year ended December 31, 2017 as compared to the comparable prior yearperiod primarily due to utilization of the capital investment in aluminum processing capabilities at one of our facilities made in late 2016, while higherpricing reflected higher terminal market prices in 2017 as compared to 2016.Cost of goods sold for the year ended December 31, 2017 increased by $105 million (37%) as compared to the comparable prior year period. Theincrease was primarily due to higher shipment volumes, as discussed above, and to increased material costs due to higher market prices. Gross margin as apercentage of net sales was 5% for the year ended December 31, 2017 as compared to a loss of 6% in the comparable prior year period. The margin percentageimprovement was driven by an increased material margin attributed to a continued focus on disciplined buying, higher pricing for non-ferrous auto residue,and by continued efforts to bring processing costs in line with volume and market pricing.Years Ended December 31, 2016 and 2015Net sales for the year ended December 31, 2016 decreased by $94 million (26%) compared to the comparable prior year period. The decrease wasprimarily due to lower ferrous and non-ferrous shipment volumes and lower average selling prices. The lower shipment volumes were due in part to certainidled facilities during much of 2016 as a result of certain environmental remediations at these facilities. Ferrous shipment volumes decreased by 22% and theaverage selling price decreased by 10% during the year ended December 31, 2016 as compared to the comparable prior year period. Ferrous shipmentvolumes decreased due to reduced demand from domestic steel mills and the slow flow of raw materials into the recycling yards while low priced iron ore,direct-reduced iron pellets, and reduced demand from steel mills held market prices down throughout 2016. Non-ferrous shipment volumes decreased by 10%and the average selling price decreased by 3% during the year ended December 31, 2016 as compared to the comparable prior year period, reflecting lowermarket pricing and its unfavorable impact on raw material availability.Cost of goods sold for the year ended December 31, 2016 decreased by $122 million (30%) as compared to the comparable prior year period. Thedecrease was primarily due to lower shipment volumes, lower material costs and lower processing costs. Gross margin as a percentage of net sales was a loss of6% and 12% for the year ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The material margin component of gross margin, as a percentage of net sales,improved during 2016 as compared to the comparable prior year period, reflecting a continued focus on disciplined buying in the face of strong competitionfor shredder feedstock and lower pricing for non-ferrous auto shredder residue. PSC Metals continues to expend considerable effort to bring costs in line withvolumes and market pricing. PSC Metals closed nine feeder yards during 2015 and one feeder yard during 2016 in order to better align its cost structure tothe current market environment.39MiningOur Mining segment's performance is driven by global iron ore prices and demand for raw materials from Chinese steelmakers. Since acquiring FerrousResources Ltd in 2015, our Mining segment has been concentrating on sales in its domestic market, Brazil.Years Ended December 31, 2017 and 2016Net sales for the year ended December 31, 2017 increased by $23 million as compared to the comparable prior year period primarily due to iron oreprice increases, offset in part by volume decreases. Cost of goods sold for the year ended December 31, 2017 increased by $4 million as compared to thecomparable prior year period.Years Ended December 31, 2016 and 2015Net sales for the year ended December 31, 2016 increased by $41 million as compared to the comparable prior year period. Cost of goods sold for theyear ended December 31, 2016 increased by $18 million as compared to the comparable prior year period. As a result of our acquisition of Ferrous Resourcesin the second quarter of 2015, the comparable prior period results only include results in consolidation for the seven months ended December 31, 2015.Food PackagingOur Food packaging segment's results of operations are primarily driven by the production and sale of cellulosic, fibrous and plastic casings for theprocessed meat and poultry industry and derives a majority of its total net sales from customers located outside the United States.Years Ended December 31, 2017 and 2016Net sales for the year ended December 31, 2017 increased by $63 million (19%) as compared to the corresponding prior year period. The increase wasprimarily due to higher sales volume, primarily from acquisitions, offset in part by unfavorable price and product mix and foreign currency exchange. Cost ofgoods sold for the year ended December 31, 2017 increased by $48 million (19%) as compared to the corresponding prior year period. Gross margin as apercentage of net sales was flat at 24% for the year ended December 31, 2017 and 2016.Years Ended December 31, 2016 and 2015Net sales for the year ended December 31, 2016 decreased by $15 million (4%) as compared to the comparable prior year period. The decrease wasprimarily due to lower sales volume, unfavorable price and product mix and unfavorable foreign currency translation. Cost of goods sold for the year endedDecember 31, 2016 decreased by $14 million (5%) as compared to the comparable prior year period. Gross margin as a percentage of net sales was flat at 24%for the year ended December 31, 2016 as compared to the comparable prior year period.Real EstateReal Estate revenues and expenses include sales of residential units, results from club operations and rental income and expenses, including incomefrom financing leases. Sales of residential units are included in net sales in our consolidated financial statements. Results from club and rental operations,including financing lease income, are included in other revenues from operations in our consolidated financial statements. Revenue from our real estateoperations for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 were substantially derived from income from club and rental operations. During 2015, ourReal Estate segment sold certain assets, primarily within its rental operations, contributing to a decrease in other revenues from operations during 2016.Home FashionOur Home Fashion segment is significantly influenced by the overall economic environment, including consumer spending, at the retail level, for hometextile products.Years Ended December 31, 2017 and 2016Net sales for the year ended December 31, 2017 decreased by $12 million (6%) as compared to the comparable prior year period. The decrease wasprimarily due to a decrease in sales volume. Cost of goods sold for the year ended December 31, 2017 decreased by $6 million (4%) as compared to thecomparable prior year period, and was primarily due to sales mix. Gross margin as a percentage of net sales was 11% for the year ended December 31, 2017compared to 14% for the comparable prior year period, with the decrease primarily due to sales mix and inventory obsolescence.Years Ended December 31, 2016 and 2015Net sales for the year ended December 31, 2016 increased by $2 million (1%) as compared to the comparable prior year period. The increase wasprimarily due to an increase in sales volume. Cost of goods sold for the year ended December 31,402016 increased by $5 million (3%) as compared to the comparable prior year period, and was primarily due to sales mix. Gross margin as a percentage of netsales was 14% for the year ended December 31, 2016 compared to 16% for the comparable prior year period, with the decrease primarily due to sales mix.Holding CompanyOur Holding Company's results of operations primarily reflect the interest expense on its senior unsecured notes. We discuss interest expense inconsolidation below.Other Consolidated Results of OperationsGain On Disposition of Assets, NetAs discussed in Note 1, "Description of Business," to the consolidated financial statements, we sold ARL during 2017, resulting in an aggregate pretaxgain on disposition of assets of approximately $1.7 billion recorded by our Railcar segment for the year ended December 31, 2017. In August 2017, our RealEstate segment sold a development property in Las Vegas Nevada for $600 million, resulting in a pretax gain on disposition of assets of $456 million for theyear ended December 31, 2017. Our Real Estate segment also sold additional properties during 2017, primarily within its rental operations, resulting in anadditional pretax gain on disposition of assets aggregating $40 million.Selling, General and AdministrativeYears Ended December 31, 2017 and 2016Our consolidated selling, general and administrative for the year ended December 31, 2017 increased by $223 million (10%) as compared to thecomparable prior year period. The increase was primarily attributable to an increase from our Automotive segment of $281 million, primarily due to theinclusion of the full year impact of Pep Boys in 2017, which was acquired in February 2016, and the acquisitions of Precision Tune, American Driveline andvarious other acquisitions in 2017, as well as personnel costs associated with integration and increased customer services. This increase was offset in part by adecrease of $61 million from our Gaming segment primarily due to the closing and subsequent sale of the Trump Taj Casino Resort in October 2016 and adecrease of $21 million from our Investment segment due to a decrease of compensation expense.Years Ended December 31, 2016 and 2015Our consolidated selling, general and administrative for the year ended December 31, 2016 increased by $434 million (23%) as compared to thecomparable prior year period. The increase was primarily attributable to an increase from our Automotive segment of $520 million primarily due to theinclusion of the acquisitions of Pep Boys in February 2016 and IEH Auto in the second quarter of 2015 and an increase of $102 million from our Gamingsegment primarily due to the inclusion of TER upon its emergence from bankruptcy on February 26, 2016, offset in part by a decrease of $203 million fromour Investment segment due to a decrease of compensation expense related to a certain fund performance over the respective periods.RestructuringOur consolidated restructuring costs, net is primarily attributable to our Automotive segment and consists primarily of employee severance andtermination benefits as well as facility closures and other costs. Our Automotive segment's restructuring activities are undertaken as necessary to executemanagement’s strategy and streamline operations, consolidate and take advantage of available capacity and resources, and ultimately achieve net costreductions. Restructuring activities include efforts to integrate and rationalize businesses and to relocate manufacturing operations to best costmanufacturing locations. Restructuring, net decreased for the year December 31, 2017 compared to the comparable prior year periods due to lower severanceand other charges incurred.ImpairmentRefer to Note 5, "Fair Value Measurements," and Note 8, "Goodwill and Intangible Assets, Net," to the consolidated financial statements for a discussionof impairments of assets.Interest ExpenseYears Ended December 31, 2017 and 2016Our consolidated interest expense for the year ended December 31, 2017 decreased by $35 million (4%) as compared to the comparable prior yearperiod. The decrease was primarily due to lower interest expense from our Investment segment attributable to a decrease in due to broker balances over therespective periods, as well as lower interest expense from our Railcar segment due to the sale of ARL in the second quarter of 2017. These decreases wereoffset in part by higher interest expense from our Energy segment due to a certain debt offering in the second quarter of 2016, as well as higher interest41expense from our Holding Company due to our senior unsecured notes refinancing in the first quarter of 2017, which is subject to higher interest rates. OurAutomotive segment's interest expense increased due to higher borrowings and interest rates under its revolver and European notes issued in 2017.Years Ended December 31, 2016 and 2015Our consolidated interest expense for the year ended December 31, 2016 decreased by $276 million (24%) as compared to the comparable prior yearperiod. The decrease was primarily due to lower interest expense from our Investment segment attributable to a decrease in due to broker balances over therespective periods, offset in part by higher interest expense from our Automotive segment due to higher interest rates on borrowings under revolving creditfacilities over the respective periods and the inclusion of interest from the acquisitions of Pep Boys in February 2016 and IEH Auto in the second quarter of2015 and higher interest from our Energy segment due to a certain debt offering during the second quarter of 2016.Income Tax ExpenseCertain of our subsidiaries are partnerships not subject to taxation in our consolidated financial statements and certain other subsidiaries arecorporations, or subsidiaries of corporations, subject to taxation in our consolidated financial statements. Therefore, our consolidated effective tax rategenerally differs from the statutory federal tax rate. Refer to Note 14, "Income Taxes," to the consolidated financial statements for a discussion of incometaxes.In addition, in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 740, Income Taxes, we analyze all positive and negative evidence and maintain a valuation allowanceon deferred tax assets that are not considered more likely than not to be realized. Based on current analysis, including increased level of income and ability touse losses previously limited, we have determined that it is more likely than not that a significant portion of our U.S. tax loss carryforwards and credits will berealized and have released the valuation allowance on these deferred tax assets.Liquidity and Capital ResourcesHolding Company LiquidityWe are a holding company. Our cash flow and our ability to meet our debt service obligations and make distributions with respect to depositary unitslikely will depend on the cash flow resulting from divestitures, equity and debt financings, interest income, returns on our interests in the Investment Fundsand the payment of funds to us by our subsidiaries in the form of loans, dividends and distributions. We may pursue various means to raise cash from oursubsidiaries. To date, such means include receipt of dividends and distributions from subsidiaries, obtaining loans or other financings based on the assetvalues of subsidiaries or selling debt or equity securities of subsidiaries through capital market transactions. To the degree any distributions and transfers areimpaired or prohibited, our ability to make payments on our debt or distributions on our depositary units could be limited. The operating results of oursubsidiaries may not be sufficient for them to make distributions to us. In addition, our subsidiaries are not obligated to make funds available to us anddistributions and intercompany transfers from our subsidiaries to us may be restricted by applicable law or covenants contained in debt agreements and otheragreements.As of December 31, 2017, our Holding Company had cash and cash equivalents of $526 million and total debt of approximately $5.5 billion. During2017, our Holding Company invested an additional $1.3 billion in the Investment Funds, net of redemptions. As of December 31, 2017, our HoldingCompany had investments in the Investment Funds with a total fair market value of approximately $3.0 billion. We may redeem our direct investment in theInvestment Funds upon notice. See "Investment Segment Liquidity" below for additional information with respect to our Investment segment liquidity.Sale of ARLDuring the year ended December 31, 2017, we closed on the sale ARL. After repaying, or assigning to SMBC Rail Services LLC, applicableindebtedness of ARL, we received cash consideration of approximately $1.8 billion.Distributions From/Investments In SubsidiariesDuring the year ended December 31, 2017, we received $148 million in aggregate dividends and distributions from CVR Energy and CVR Refining.Subsequent to December 31, 2017, CVR Energy and CVR Refining declared a quarterly dividend and distribution, respectively, which will result in anadditional aggregate $38 million in dividends and distributions paid to us in the first quarter of 2018.During the year ended December 31, 2017, we received $66 million in aggregate dividends and distributions from our Railcar segment. Subsequent toDecember 31, 2017, ARI declared a quarterly dividend, which will result in an additional $5 million in dividends paid to us in the first quarter of 2018.During the year ended December 31, 2017, we received $335 million in net distributions from our Real Estate segment.42During the year ended December 31, 2017, we invested $504 million in our Automotive segment, a portion of which was used to acquire certainbusinesses.Purchase of Additional Interests in Consolidated SubsidiariesDuring January 2017, we increased our ownership in Federal-Mogul from 82.0% to 100% through a tender offer for the remaining shares of Federal-Mogul common stock not already owned by us and a subsequent short form merger for an aggregate purchase price of $305 million.During August 2017, we increased our ownership in Tropicana from 72.5% to 83.9% through a tender offer for additional shares of Tropicana commonstock not already owned by us, for an aggregate purchase price of $95 million, excluding cash paid by Tropicana to repurchase shares in connection with thetender offer and in accordance with Tropicana's stock repurchase program.Holding Company Borrowings and Availability December 31, 2017 2016 (in millions)3.500% senior unsecured notes due 2017$— $1,1744.875% senior unsecured notes due 2019— 1,2716.000% senior unsecured notes due 20201,703 1,7055.875% senior unsecured notes due 20221,342 1,3406.250% senior unsecured notes due 20221,216 —6.750% senior unsecured notes due 2024498 —6.375% senior unsecured notes due 2025748 — $5,507 $5,490Holding Company debt consists of various issues of fixed-rate senior unsecured notes issued by Icahn Enterprises and Icahn Enterprises Finance Corp.and guaranteed by Icahn Enterprises Holdings. Interest on each of the senior unsecured notes are payable semi-annually.The indentures governing our senior unsecured notes described above restrict the payment of cash distributions, the purchase of equity interests or thepurchase, redemption, defeasance or acquisition of debt subordinated to the senior unsecured notes. The indentures also restrict the incurrence of debt or theissuance of disqualified stock, as defined in the indentures, with certain exceptions. In addition, the indentures require that on each quarterly determinationdate we and the guarantor of the notes (currently only Icahn Enterprises Holdings) maintain certain minimum financial ratios, as defined therein. Theindentures also restrict the creation of liens, mergers, consolidations and sales of substantially all of our assets, and transactions with affiliates. Additionally,each of the senior unsecured notes outstanding as of December 31, 2017 are subject to optional redemption premiums in the event we redeem any of the notesprior to certain dates as described in the indentures.As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, we were in compliance with all covenants, including maintaining certain minimum financial ratios, as defined inthe indentures. Additionally, as of December 31, 2017, based on covenants in the indentures governing our senior unsecured notes, we are permitted to incurapproximately $346 million of additional indebtedness.Refinancing of Senior Unsecured NotesOn January 18, 2017, we issued $695 million in aggregate principal amount of 6.250% senior notes due 2022 and $500 million in aggregate principalamount of 6.750% senior notes due 2024. The proceeds from the issuance of these notes were used to redeem all of our 3.50% senior unsecured notes due2017 and to pay related accrued and unpaid interest.On December 6, 2017, we issued $750 million in aggregate principal amount of 6.375% senior unsecured notes due 2025 and an additional $510million in aggregate principal amount of our existing 6.250% senior unsecured notes due 2022. The proceeds from these notes, together with cash on hand,were used to redeem all of the outstanding senior unsecured notes due 2019 and to pay accrued interest, related fees and expenses.Icahn Enterprises Rights OfferingIn January 2017, Icahn Enterprises commenced a rights offering entitling holders of the rights to acquire newly issued depositary units of IcahnEnterprises. The purposes of the rights offering were to (i) enhance Icahn Enterprises' depositary unit holder equity; (ii) endeavor to improve IcahnEnterprises' credit ratings; and (iii) raise equity capital to be used for general partnership purposes. Aggregate proceeds from the rights offering was $600million.43Distributions on Depositary UnitsOn February 27, 2018, the Board of Directors of the general partner of Icahn Enterprises declared a quarterly distribution in the amount of $1.75 perdepositary unit. The quarterly distribution is payable in either cash or additional depositary units, at the election of each depositary unit holder and will bepaid on or about April 16, 2018 to depositary unitholders of record at the close of business on March 12, 2018.During the year ended December 31, 2017, we declared four quarterly distributions aggregating $6.00 per depositary unit. Mr. Icahn and his affiliateselected to receive their proportionate share of these distributions in depositary units. Mr. Icahn and his affiliates owned approximately 91.0% of IcahnEnterprises' outstanding depositary units as of December 31, 2017. In connection with these distributions, aggregate cash distributions to all depositaryunitholders was $79 million.The declaration and payment of distributions is reviewed quarterly by Icahn Enterprises GP's board of directors based upon a review of our balance sheetand cash flow, our expected capital and liquidity requirements, the provisions of our partnership agreement and provisions in our financing arrangementsgoverning distributions, and keeping in mind that limited partners subject to U.S. federal income tax have recognized income on our earnings even if they donot receive distributions that could be used to satisfy any resulting tax obligations. The payment of future distributions will be determined by the board ofdirectors quarterly, based upon the factors described above and other factors that it deems relevant at the time that declaration of a distribution is considered.Payments of distributions are subject to certain restrictions, including certain restrictions on our subsidiaries which limit their ability to distribute dividendsto us. There can be no assurance as to whether or in what amounts any future distributions might be paid.Investment Segment LiquidityDuring the year ended December 31, 2017, we invested $1.3 billion in the Investment Funds, net of redemptions, and affiliates of Mr. Icahn (excludingus and our subsidiaries) invested $600 million in the Investment Funds. In addition to investments by us and Mr. Icahn, the Investment Funds historicallyhave access to significant amounts of cash available from prime brokerage lines of credit, subject to customary terms and market conditions.Additionally, our Investment segment liquidity is driven by the investment activities and performance of the Investment Funds. As of December 31,2017, the Investment Funds' had a net long notional exposure of 14%. The Investment Funds' long exposure was 132% (130% long equity and 2% longcredit and other) and its short exposure was 118% (103% short equity and 15% short credit and other). The notional exposure represents the ratio of thenotional exposure of the Investment Funds' invested capital to the net asset value of the Investment Funds at December 31, 2017.Of the Investment Funds' 132% long exposure, 129% was comprised of the fair value of its long positions (with certain adjustments) and 3% wascomprised of single name equity forward contracts and credit contracts. Of the Investment Funds' 118% short exposure, 14% was comprised of the fair valueof our short positions and 104% was comprised of short credit default swap contracts and short broad market index swap derivative contracts.With respect to both our long positions that are not notionalized (129% long exposure) and our short positions that are not notionalized (14% short),each 1% change in exposure as a result of purchases or sales (assuming no change in value) would have a 1% impact on our cash and cash equivalents (as apercentage of net asset value). Changes in exposure as a result of purchases and sales as well as adverse changes in market value would also have an effect onfunds available to us pursuant to prime brokerage lines of credit.With respect to the notional value of our other short positions (104% short exposure), our liquidity would decrease by the balance sheet unrealized lossif we were to close the positions at quarter end prices. This would be offset by a release of restricted cash balances collateralizing these positions as well as anincrease in funds available to us pursuant to certain prime brokerage lines of credit. If we were to increase our short exposure by adding to these shortpositions, we would be required to provide cash collateral equal to a small percentage of the initial notional value at counterparties that require cash ascollateral and then post additional collateral equal to 100% of the mark to market on adverse changes in fair value. For our counterparties who do not requirecash collateral, funds available from lines of credit would decrease. Refer to Note 6, “Financial Instruments,” to the consolidated financial statements forfurther discussion.44Other Segment LiquiditySegment Cash and Cash EquivalentsSegment cash and cash equivalents (excluding our Investment segment) consists of the following: December 31, 2017 2016 (in millions) Automotive$367 $353 Energy482 736 Railcar100 179 Gaming105 244 Metals24 4 Mining15 14 Food Packaging16 39 Real Estate30 24 Home Fashion— 2 $1,139 $1,595Segment Borrowings and AvailabilitySegment debt consists of the following: December 31, 2017 2016 (in millions)Automotive$3,470 $3,259Energy1,166 1,165Railcar546 571Gaming137 287Metals1 2Mining58 55Food Packaging273 265Real Estate22 25Home Fashion5 — $5,678 $5,629As of December 31, 2017, all of our subsidiaries were in compliance with all debt covenants.Our segments have additional borrowing availability under certain revolving credit facilities as summarized below: December 31, 2017 (in millions)Automotive$461Energy382Railcar200Food Packaging8Home Fashion25 $1,076The above outstanding debt and borrowing availability with respect to each of our segments reflects third-party obligations. See Note 10, "Debt," to theconsolidated financial statements for further discussion regarding our segment debt, including information relating to maturities, interest rates and borrowingavailabilities.45Subsidiary Payments to Acquire BusinessesDuring the year ended December 31, 2017, our Automotive segment acquired several automotive services businesses, including the franchisebusinesses of Precision Tune Auto Care ("Precision Tune") and American Driveline Systems, the franchisor of AAMCO and Cottman Transmission servicecenters ("American Driveline"), for an aggregate purchase price of $226 million, net of cash acquired. Additionally, during 2017, our Food Packagingsegment acquired two businesses for an aggregate purchase price of $31 million, net of cash acquired.Subsidiary Dividends and Distributions to Non-Controlling InterestsDuring the year ended December 31, 2017, our Energy, Railcar and Automotive segments had dividends and distributions to non-controlling interestsof $75 million, $12 million and $5 million, respectively.Subsidiary Stock RepurchasesOn July 28, 2015, ARI's board of directors authorized the repurchase of up to $250 million of its outstanding common stock (the "ARI StockRepurchase Program"). ARI did not repurchase shares of its common stock during the year ended December 31, 2017. Prior to 2017, an aggregate of $86million was repurchased under the ARI Stock Repurchase Program.On July 31, 2015, Tropicana's board of directors authorized the repurchase of up to $50 million of its outstanding common stock and on February 22,2017, an additional $50 million was authorized for repurchase (the "Tropicana Stock Repurchase Program"). During the year ended December 31, 2017,Tropicana repurchased shares of its common stock aggregating $36 million in connection with a tender offer commenced by Icahn Enterprises and Tropicana.Prior to 2017, an aggregate of $43 million was repurchased under the Tropicana Stock Repurchase Program.Accounts Receivable FactoringFederal-Mogul's subsidiaries in Brazil, Canada, France, Germany, Italy and the United States are party to accounts receivable factoring andsecuritization facilities. Refer to Note 2, "Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies," to the consolidated financial statements forfurther information.Consolidated Cash FlowsOur Holding Company's cash flows are generally driven by payments and proceeds associated with our senior unsecured debt obligations and paymentsand proceeds associated with equity transactions with Icahn Enterprises' depositary unitholders. Additionally, our Holding Company's cash flows mayinclude various investment transactions, including acquisitions and dispositions of businesses, including proceeds from the sale of ARL. Our Investmentsegment's cash flows are primarily driven by investment transactions, which are included in net cash flows from operating activities due to the nature of itsbusiness, as well as contributions and distributions from Mr. Icahn and his affiliates (including Icahn Enterprises and Icahn Enterprises Holdings), which areincluded in net cash flow from financing activities. Our other operating segments' cash flows are driven by the activities and performance of each business,which is included in the discussion below.46The following table summarizes cash flow information for the year ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 for Icahn Enterprises' reporting segmentsand our Holding Company: Year Ended December 31, 2017 Year Ended December 31, 2016 Year Ended December 31, 2015 Net Cash Provided By (Used In) Net Cash Provided By (Used In) Net Cash Provided By (Used In) OperatingActivities InvestingActivities FinancingActivities OperatingActivities InvestingActivities FinancingActivities OperatingActivities InvestingActivities FinancingActivities (in millions)Holding Company$(337) $216 $422 $(209) $245 $23 $(255) $(586) $(116)Investment(1,896) — 1,900 555 — (552) (132) — 140 Other Operating Segments: Automotive104 (672) 574 542 (1,395) 1,025 60 (1,130) 955 Energy167 (195) (226) 268 (202) (95) 537 (151) (375) Railcar226 (143) (279) 400 (254) (477) 382 (506) 339 Gaming177 (56) (260) 78 (56) 5 105 (83) (1) Metals17 (29) 31 (14) (2) 8 14 (23) 4 Mining8 (38) 31 — (22) 22 (29) (175) 218 Food Packaging24 (57) 8 28 (22) (4) 25 (22) (4) Real Estate76 269 (339) 11 2 (8) 34 64 (103) Home Fashion(2) (5) 5 (4) (8) — 7 (4) — Other operating segments797 (926) (455) 1,309 (1,959) 476 1,135 (2,030) 1,033Total before eliminations(1,436) (710) 1,867 1,655 (1,714) (53) 748 (2,616) 1,057Eliminations— 1,124 (1,124) — (140) 140 — 231 (231)Consolidated$(1,436) $414 $743 $1,655 $(1,854) $87 $748 $(2,385) $826EliminationsEliminations in the table above relate to our Holding Company's transactions with our Investment and other operating segments. Our HoldingCompany's net (investments in) distributions from the Investments Funds were $(1,300) million, $1,050 million and $100 million for the years endedDecember 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, which are included in cash flows from investing activities for our Holding Company and cash flows from financingactivities for our Investment segment. Our Holding Company's net distributions from (investments in) our other operating segments were $56 million, $(785)million and $(331) million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, which are included in cash flows from investing activities for our HoldingCompany and cash flows from financing activities for our other operating segments. In addition, our Holding Company repaid a loan from our Railcarsegment of $120 million in 2017 and received loan proceeds of $125 million in 2016, which were classified as cash flows from financing activities for ourHolding Company and cash flows from investing activities for our Railcar segment.Holding CompanyOur Holding Company's cash flows from operating activities for each of the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 were attributable to oursemi-annual interest payments on our senior unsecured notes and certain operating expenses of our Holding Company. Our Holding Company cash used inoperating activities in 2017 was higher compared to 2016 and 2015 due to higher debt payments resulting from certain debt refinancings in 2017 as well asdue to net tax payments in 2017 compared to net tax receipts in 2016 and 2015.Our Holding Company's cash flows from investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2017 were due to proceeds of approximately $1.8 billionfrom the sale of ARL and dividends and distributions from our operating segments aggregating $588 million, offset in part by net investments in theInvestment Funds of $1.3 billion, payments to acquire additional outstanding common stock of Federal-Mogul and Tropicana aggregating $349 million andinvestments in our Automotive segment of $504 million and other operating segments aggregating $28 million. For the year ended December 31, 2016, ourHolding Company had distributions from our Investment segment of approximately $1.0 billion and dividends and distributions from our operatingsegments aggregating $340 million, offset in part by an investment in our Automotive segment of approximately $1.0 billion and our other operatingsegments of $81 million. For the year ended December 31, 2015, our Holding Company had distributions from our Investment segment of $100 million anddividends and distributions from our other operating segments of $434 million. This was more than offset by purchases of investments aggregating $345million and investments in our Automotive and Mining segments of $556 million and $209 million, respectively.47Our Holding Company's cash flows from financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2017 were due to aggregate proceeds from our rightsoffing of $612 million (which includes a contribution of $12 million from our general partner in order to maintain its aggregate 1.99% general partnerinterest in us) and net proceeds from our senior unsecured debt refinancings of $20 million, offset in part by repayment of an intercompany loan due to ourRailcar segment of $120 million and by cash distributions on our depositary units of $81 million (including $2 million to our general partner) for the yearended December 31, 2017. For the year ended December 31, 2016, our Holding Company received $125 million in proceeds from its intercompany loan fromour Railcar segment, which was offset in part by cash distributions on our depositary unitholders of $103 million (including $2 million to our generalpartner). For the year ended December 31, 2015, our Holding Company had net cash used in financing activities due to distributions on our depositary unitsof $116 million (including $2 million to our general partner).Investment SegmentOur Investment segment's cash flows from operating activities for the comparable periods were attributable to its net investment transactions.Our Investment segment's cash flows from financing activities for the comparable periods were due to contributions from, and distributions to, ourHolding Company and Mr. Icahn and his affiliates. Our Investment segment had net cash provided by financing activities of $1.9 billion for the year endedDecember 31, 2017, which included our $1.3 billion net investment in the Investment Funds as well as $600 million received from Mr. Icahn and hisaffiliates (excluding us). For the year ended December 31, 2016, our Investment segment had net cash used in financing activities of $552 million due todistributions paid to our Holding Company of approximately $1.1 billion, offset in part by net contributions from Mr. Icahn and his affiliates (excluding us)of $498 million. For the year ended December 31, 2015, our Investment segment had net cash provided by financing activities of $140 million due to $240million in net contributions received from Mr. Icahn and his affiliates (excluding us) offset in part by distributions to our Holding Company of $100 million.Other Operating SegmentsOur other operating segments' cash flows from operating activities were primarily attributable to net income before non-cash charges of approximately$1.2 billion, $1.1 billion and $1.3 billion for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015. Net income before non-cash charges represents net cashflows from operating activities before changes in operating assets and liabilities. The decrease in net cash provided by operating activities from our otheroperating segments in 2017 compared to 2016 was primarily attributable to changes in operating assets and liabilities, particularly from our Automotive andEnergy segments. Changes in operating assets and liabilities in 2017 compared to 2016 for our Automotive and Energy segments were primarily due topurchases of inventory and decreases in biofuel blending obligations, respectively.Our other operating segments cash flows from investing activities for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 were primarily due to capitalexpenditures and acquisitions of businesses, net of cash acquired. For the year ended December 31, 2017, our Automotive segment's capital expenditureswere $479 million, primarily related to investing in new facilities, upgrading existing products, continuing new product launches and other infrastructure andequipment costs. Our Railcar segment's capital expenditures were $173 million, primarily for railcars for lease and our Energy and Gaming segments hadcapital expenditures of $119 million and $112 million, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2016 our Automotive and Energy segments hadcapital expenditures of $418 million and $133 million, respectively and our Railcar segment had capital expenditures of $133 million, primarily for railcarsfor lease. For the year ended December 31, 2015, our Railcar segment had capital expenditures of $522 million, of which $484 million was for railcars forlease, and our Automotive and Energy segments had capital expenditures of $449 million and $219 million, respectively.Acquisitions of businesses, net of cash acquired, for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 were primarily within our Automotive segment.Our Automotive segment's acquisitions included Precision Tune, American Driveline and various other businesses aggregating $226 million in 2017, itsacquisitions of Pep Boys and certain other businesses aggregating approximately $1.0 billion in 2016 and its acquisitions of IEH Auto, TRW's valvetrainbusiness and certain other businesses aggregating $694 million in 2015. In addition, our Food Packaging segment acquired a casings manufacturer for $31million in 2017, our Energy segment acquired CVR Nitrogen, LP for common units and $64 million of net cash consideration in 2016 and Ferrous Resourceswas acquired in 2015 for $161 million.During the year ended December 31, 2017, our Railcar segment received $120 million from our Holding Company for the repayment of anintercompany loan and during the year ended December 31, 2016 our Railcar segment paid $125 million to our Holding Company for the issuance of theintercompany loan.Our other operating segments cash flows from financing activities for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 were primarily due tocontributions from us, dividends and distributions to us and non-controlling interests and net debt transactions. For 2017, 2016 and 2015, our otheroperating segments had net cash (distributions to) contributions from our Holding Company of $(56) million, $785 million and $331 million, respectively, asdescribed above. Distributions to non-48controlling interests were $92 million, $86 million and $252 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively, primarily from ourEnergy and Railcar segments. In 2015, our Energy segment's distributions to non-controlling interests included $200 million paid by CVR Partners. Inaddition, for 2017, 2016 and 2015, our other operating segments had net cash (repayments) proceeds from debt transactions of $(283) million, $(153) millionand approximately $1.0 billion, respectively. Net proceeds in 2015 are primarily due to refinancing of debt within our Automotive and Railcar segments.In addition to the above, Federal-Mogul's rights offering in 2015 resulted in $250 million in additional proceeds for our Automotive segment,including $230 million received from us, and Tropicana and ARI had repurchases of treasury stock for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015aggregating $36 million, $72 million and $57 million, respectively.Consolidated Capital ExpendituresRefer to Note 13, "Segment and Geographic Reporting," for a reconciliation of our segments' capital expenditures to consolidated capital expendituresfor each of the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015.We estimate that our consolidated capital expenditures for our continuing operating businesses to be approximately $950 million to $1.0 billion in2018. Our Automotive segment estimates its 2018 capital expenditures to be approximately $500 million, primarily for strategic priorities and growth. OurEnergy segment estimates its 2018 capital expenditures to be approximately $231 million, a majority of which is planned for maintenance. Our Railcarsegment estimates its 2018 capital expenditures to be approximately $100 million, with a majority for its railcar lease fleet. Our Gaming segment estimates its2018 capital expenditures to be approximately $68 million, primarily for maintenance.Consolidated Contractual Commitments and ContingenciesThe following table reflects, at December 31, 2017, our contractual cash obligations, subject to certain conditions, due over the indicated periods: 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Thereafter Total (in millions)Debt obligations$191 $52 $1,897 $2,072 $3,606 $3,370 $11,188Capital lease obligations8 7 4 3 2 21 45Interest payments650 643 642 515 343 664 3,457Pension and other post-retirement benefitplans90 87 81 75 81 650 1,064Operating lease obligations237 222 198 170 142 388 1,357Purchase obligations199 129 103 92 85 543 1,151Letters of credit99 — — — — — 99Total$1,474 $1,140 $2,925 $2,927 $4,259 $5,636 $18,361Certain of Federal-Mogul's, CVR Energy's and PSC Metals' facilities are environmentally impaired. As of December 31, 2017, Federal-Mogul, CVREnergy and PSC Metals have recorded environmental liabilities of $16 million, $4 million and $28 million, respectively. Additionally, our Automotivesegment has identified sites with contractual obligations and sites that are closed or expected to be closed and sold in connection with its restructuringactivities and has accrued $15 million as of December 31, 2017, primarily related to removing hazardous materials in buildings. For further discussionregarding these commitments, among others, see Note 17, “Commitments and Contingencies,” to the consolidated financial statements.As discussed in Note 4, “Investments and Related Matters,” to the consolidated financial statements, we have contractual liabilities of approximately$1.0 billion related to securities sold, not yet purchased as of December 31, 2017. This amount has not been included in the table above as maturity is notsubject to a contract and cannot be properly estimated.Consolidated Off-Balance Sheet ArrangementsWe have off-balance sheet risk related to investment activities associated with certain financial instruments, including futures, options, credit defaultswaps and securities sold, not yet purchased. For additional information regarding these arrangements, refer to Note 6, “Financial Instruments,” to theconsolidated financial statements contained elsewhere in this Report.49Critical Accounting Policies and EstimatesOur significant accounting policies are described in Note 2, “Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies,” to theconsolidated financial statements. Our consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted inthe United States (“U.S. GAAP”). The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates andassumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. Among others,estimates are used when accounting for valuation of investments and pension expense. Estimates used in determining fair value measurements include, butare not limited to, expected future cash flow assumptions, market rate assumptions for contractual obligations, actuarial assumptions for benefit plans,settlement plans for litigation and contingencies, and appropriate discount rates. Estimates and assumptions are evaluated on an ongoing basis and are basedon historical and other factors believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. The results of these estimates may form the basis of the carrying value ofcertain assets and liabilities and may not be readily apparent from other sources. Actual results, under conditions and circumstances different from thoseassumed, may differ from estimates.We believe the following accounting policies are critical to our business operations and the understanding of results of operations and affect the moresignificant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements.Income TaxesExcept as described below, no provision has been made for federal, state, local or foreign income taxes on the results of operations generated bypartnership activities as such taxes are the responsibility of the partners. Our corporate subsidiaries account for their income taxes under the asset and liabilitymethod.Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carryingamounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and operating loss and tax credit carryforwards.Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporarydifferences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in theperiod that includes the enactment date.On December 22, 2017, The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the "Tax Legislation") was enacted in the United States, significantly revising certain U.S. corporateincome tax provisions; including, among other items, a reduction of the U.S. corporate rate from 35% to 21%, effective for tax year beginning after December31, 2017; the transition of U.S. international taxation from a worldwide tax system to a territorial system; and a one-time transition tax on the mandatorydeemed repatriation of cumulative foreign earnings as of December 31, 2017, (or, if greater, November 2, 2017) of a “specified foreign corporation” whichincludes controlled foreign corporations and other foreign corporations which have at least one U.S. corporate shareholder that owns 10% or more of thevalue or voting power of such foreign corporation. We estimated the impact of the Tax Legislation on our income tax provision for the year ended December31, 2017 in accordance with our understanding of the Tax Legislation and guidance available at the date of this filing and as a result have recordedadjustments to the various tax balances, current, long-term and deferred tax assets and liabilities, all during the fourth quarter of 2017, the period in which theTax Legislation was enacted. The provisional amount related to the remeasurement of certain deferred tax assets and liabilities based on the rates at whichthey are expected to reverse in the future was $496 million, representing an income tax benefit recorded during the current period. The provisional amountrelated to the one-time transition tax on the mandatory deemed repatriation of foreign earnings was $2 million.On December 22, 2017, Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118 ("SAB 118") was issued to address the application of U.S. GAAP in situations when aregistrant does not have the necessary information available, prepared, or analyzed (including computations) in reasonable detail to complete the accountingfor certain income tax effects of the Tax Legislation. In accordance with SAB 118, we have determined that the $496 million of income tax benefit recordedin connection with the remeasurement of certain deferred tax assets and liabilities and the $2 million of current tax expense recorded in connection with thetransition tax on mandatory deemed repatriation of foreign earnings were each a provisional amount and a reasonable estimate as of the date of this filing.The accounting for these provisional amounts may be adjusted as we gain a better understanding of the new tax laws due to additional guidance and analysisof these estimates, including but not limited to, guidance on application of the one-time transition tax to 10% U.S. shareholders of a specified foreigncorporation, state tax treatments and finalizing our foreign affiliate analysis. Any subsequent adjustment to these amounts will be recorded to tax expense inthe quarter of 2018 when the analysis is complete and additional guidance and Internal Revenue Service interpretations are issued.Federal Mogul, Viskase and ARI have not provided taxes on $784 million, $46 million and $6 million, respectively of undistributed earnings in foreignsubsidiaries which are deemed to be indefinitely reinvested. If at some future date these50earnings cease to be permanently reinvested, we may be subject to foreign income and withholding taxes upon repatriation of such amounts. Determining theunrecognized deferred tax liability on the potential distribution of these earnings is not practicable as such liability, if any, is dependent on circumstancesexisting when remittance occurs.Management periodically evaluates all evidence, both positive and negative, in determining whether a valuation allowance to reduce the carrying valueof deferred tax assets is still needed. For each of the three years ended December 31, 2017, we concluded, based on the projections of taxable income, thatcertain of our corporate subsidiaries more likely than not will realize a partial benefit from their deferred tax assets and loss carry forwards. Ultimaterealization of the deferred tax assets is dependent upon, among other factors, our corporate subsidiaries' ability to generate sufficient taxable income withinthe carryforward periods and is subject to change depending on the tax laws in effect in the years in which the carryforwards are used.See Note 14, "Income Taxes," to the consolidated financial statements for further discussion regarding our incomes taxes.Valuation of InvestmentsThe fair value of our investments, including securities sold, not yet purchased, is based on observable market prices when available. Securities owned bythe Investment Funds that are listed on a securities exchange are valued at their last sales price on the primary securities exchange on which such securitiesare traded on such date. Securities that are not listed on any exchange but are traded over-the-counter are valued at the mean between the last “bid” and “ask”price for such security on such date. Securities and other instruments for which market quotes are not readily available are valued at fair value as determinedin good faith by the applicable general partner. For some investments little market activity may exist; management's determination of fair value is then basedon the best information available in the circumstances and may incorporate management's own assumptions and involves a significant degree of judgment.Long-Lived Assets and GoodwillWe calculate depreciation and amortization on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the various definite-lived assets. When assets areplaced in service, we make estimates of what we believe are their reasonable useful lives.Long-lived assets held and used by our various operating segments and long-lived assets to be disposed of are reviewed for impairment whenever eventsor changes in circumstances, such as vacancies and rejected leases and reduced production capacity, indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not berecoverable. In performing the review for recoverability, we estimate the future cash flows expected to result from the use of the asset and its eventualdisposition. If the sum of the expected future cash flows, undiscounted and without interest charges, is less than the carrying amount of the asset animpairment loss is recognized. Measurement of an impairment loss for long-lived assets that we expect to hold and use is based on the fair value of the asset.Long-lived assets to be disposed of are reported at the lower of carrying amount or fair value less cost to sell. Definite-lived assets held by our varioussegments are periodically reviewed for impairment indicators. If impairment indicators exist, we perform the required analysis and an impairment loss isrecognized in accordance with U.S. GAAP.Indefinite-lived intangible assets, such as goodwill and trademarks, held by our various segments are reviewed for impairment annually, or morefrequently if impairment indicators exist. Goodwill impairment testing involves comparing the fair value of our reporting units to their carrying values. If thefair value of the reporting unit exceeds its carrying value, no impairment is necessary. If the carrying amount of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value, animpairment loss, equal to the difference (limited to the total amount of goodwill allocated to the tested reporting unit), is recognized in accordance with U.S.GAAP. As of December 31, 2017, five reporting units were allocated goodwill across three reporting segments aggregating $1,275 million. Our Automotivesegment's goodwill accounts for $1,261 million of our consolidated goodwill and is allocated to three separate reporting units, Powertrain, Motorparts andPep Boys, in the amounts of $592 million, $349 million and $320 million, respectively. These reporting units are tested for impairment annually on October1. As a result of our annual goodwill impairment analysis for our Automotive segment, the fair value of our Automotive segment's Powertrain, Motorparts andPep Boys reporting units exceeded their carrying values by 25%, 6% and 16%, respectively.We base the fair value of our reporting units on consideration of various valuation methodologies, including projecting future cash flows discounted atrates commensurate with the risks involved ("DCF"). Assumptions used in a DCF require the exercise of significant judgment, including judgment aboutappropriate discount rates and terminal values, growth rates, and the amount and timing of expected future cash flows. The forecasted cash flows are based oncurrent plans and for years beyond that plan, the estimates are based on assumed growth rates. We believe that our assumptions are consistent with the plansand estimates used to manage the underlying businesses. The discount rates, which are intended to reflect the risks inherent in future cash flow projections,used in a DCF are based on estimates of the weighted-average cost of capital of a market participant. Such estimates are derived from our analysis of peercompanies and consider the industry weighted average return on debt and equity from a market participant perspective. The inputs used to determine the fairvalues of our reporting units, including future cash flows, discount rates and growth rates and other assumptions involves a significant degree of judgment.51See Note 5, "Fair Value Measurements," and Note 8, "Goodwill and Intangible Assets, Net," to the consolidated financial statements for furtherdiscussion regarding the fair value measurements of our long-live assets as well as goodwill and intangible assets.Pension Plans and Other Post-Retirement Benefit PlansFederal-Mogul sponsors defined benefit pension plans and post-retirement plans for certain employees and retirees around the world. Federal-Mogul'sdefined benefit plans are accounted for on an actuarial basis, which requires the selection of various assumptions, including an expected long-term rate ofreturn, discount rate, mortality rates of participants, and expectation of mortality improvement.Differences in actual experience or changes in assumptions may materially affect the pension and post-retirement plan obligations. Actual results thatdiffer from assumptions are accumulated in unamortized net actuarial gains and losses which are subject to amortization and expensed over future periods.The unamortized pre-tax actuarial loss on Federal-Mogul's pension plans was $491 million and $544 million at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.Federal-Mogul expects to recognize amortization expense of $18 million in 2018.Assumptions used to calculate benefit obligations as of the end of a fiscal year directly affect the expense to be recognized in future periods. Theprimary assumptions affecting our accounting for employee benefits as of December 31, 2017 are as follows:•Long-term rate of return on plan assets: In December 2017, an investment policy study was completed for Federal-Mogul's U.S. pension plans. Thestudy resulted in changes to the expected long-term rate of return on assets and is designed to approximate a long-term prospective rate. The long-term rate of return on assets decreased from 5.55% at December 31, 2016 to 5.50% at December 31, 2017. The expected long-term rate of return onplan assets used in determining pension expense for non-U.S. plans is determined in a similar manner to the U.S. plans and the weighted averagereturn on assets increased from 3.05% at December 31, 2016 to 3.26% at December 31, 2017.•Discount rate: The discount rate assumption is established at the measurement date. In the U.S., Federal-Mogul uses a cash flow matching approachthat uses projected cash flows matched to spot rates along a high quality corporate yield curve to determine the present value of cash flows tocalculate a single equivalent discount rate. The benefit obligation for pension plans in Belgium, France, and Germany represents 90% of the non-U.S. pension benefit obligation at December 31, 2017. The discount rates for these plans are determined using a cash flow matching approach similarto the U.S. approach.The weighted-average discount rate used to calculate net periodic pension cost is 3.90% for U.S. pension plans, a weighted average of 2.03% fornon-U.S. pension plans and 3.98% for its other post-retirement benefits. In calculating its benefit obligations, Federal-Mogul used a weighted-average discount rate of 3.50% for its U.S. pension plans, a weighted average discount rate of 2.26% for its non-U.S. pension plans and a discountrate of 3.68% for its other post-retirement benefits.•Mortality Assumptions: Federal-Mogul has reviewed the mortality improvement tables published by the Society of Actuaries in the year endedDecember 31, 2017 and determined that the current assumptions are appropriate to measure its December 31, 2017 U.S. pension plans' obligations.•Health care cost trend: We review external data and our historical trends for health care costs to determine the health care cost trend rate. Theassumed health care cost trend rate used to measure next year’s post-retirement health care benefits is 6.41% for health care and drug costs, bothdeclining to an ultimate trend rate of 5.00% in 2022.52The following table illustrates the sensitivity to a change in certain assumptions for the pension and post-retirement plans. The changes in theseassumptions have no impact on Federal-Mogul's funding requirements. Pension Benefits Other Post-RetirementBenefits United States Plans Non-U.S. Plans Change in2018 expense ChangeinPBO Change in 2018expense ChangeinPBO Change in2018 expense Change inPBO (in millions)25 bp decrease in discount rate$(1) $29 $1 $20 $— $625 bp increase in discount rate1 (28) (1) (19) — (6)25 bp decrease in return on assets rate2 n/a — n/a n/a n/a25 bp increase in return on assets rate(2) n/a — n/a n/a n/aThe assumed health care trend rate has a significant impact on the amounts reported for the post-retirement benefit plan obligations. The following tableillustrates the sensitivity to a change in the assumed health care trend rate: Total Service andInterest Cost APBO (in millions)100 bp increase in health care trend rate$1 $23100 bp decrease in health care trend rate(1) (20)DerivativesOur Energy segment's petroleum business uses futures contracts, options, and forward contracts primarily to reduce exposure to changes in crude oilprices and finished goods product prices to provide economic hedges of inventory positions. Although CVR Energy's management considers thesederivatives economic hedges, these derivative instruments do not qualify as hedges for hedge accounting purposes under ASC Topic 815, Derivatives andHedging, and accordingly are recorded at fair value in the consolidated balance sheets. Changes in the fair value of these derivative instruments are recordedinto earnings as a component of other income, net in the period of change. The estimated fair values of forward and swap contracts are based on quotedmarket prices and assumptions for the estimated forward yield curves of related commodities in periods when quoted market prices are unavailable.Recently Issued Accounting StandardsSee Note 2, "Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies," to the consolidated financial statements for a discussion of recentaccounting pronouncements applicable to us.Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.Our consolidated balance sheets include substantial amounts of assets and liabilities whose fair values are subject to market risks. Our significant marketrisks are primarily associated with equity prices, interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates and commodity prices, as discussed below.Equity Price RiskOur predominant exposure to equity price risk is related to our Investment segment and the sensitivities to movements in the fair value of the InvestmentFunds' investments.InvestmentThe fair value of the financial assets and liabilities of the Investment Funds primarily fluctuates in response to changes in the value of securities. Thenet effect of these fair value changes impacts the net gains from investment activities in our consolidated statements of operations. The Investment Funds' riskis regularly evaluated and is managed on a position basis as well as on a portfolio basis. Senior members of our investment team meet on a regular basis toassess and review certain risks, including concentration risk, correlation risk and credit risk for significant positions. Certain risk metrics and other analyticaltools are used in the normal course of business by the Investment segment.53The Investment Funds hold investments that are reported at fair value as of the reporting date, which include securities owned, securities sold, not yetpurchased and derivatives as reported on our consolidated balance sheets. Based on their respective balances as of December 31, 2017, we estimate that in theevent of a 10% adverse change in the fair value of these investments, the fair values of securities owned, securities sold, not yet purchased and derivativeswould decrease by approximately $953 million, $102 million and $1.0 billion, respectively. However, as of December 31, 2017, we estimate that the impactto our share of the net gain (loss) from investment activities reported in our consolidated statement of operations would be less than the change in fair valuesince we have an investment of approximately 41% in the Investment Funds, and the non-controlling interests in income would correspondingly offsetapproximately 59% of the change in fair value. As of December 31, 2016, we estimated that in the event of a 10% adverse change in the fair value of theseinvestments, the fair values of securities owned, securities sold, not yet purchased and derivatives would decrease by approximately $921 million, $114million and $1.8 billion, respectively and as of December 31, 2016, our investment in the Investment Funds was 39%.Holding CompanyThe carrying values of investments subject to equity price risks are based on quoted market prices or management's estimates of fair value as of thebalance sheet dates. Market prices are subject to fluctuation and, consequently, the amount realized in the subsequent sale of an investment may significantlydiffer from the reported market value. Fluctuation in the market price of a security may result from perceived changes in the underlying economiccharacteristics of the investee, the relative price of alternative investments and general market conditions. Furthermore, amounts realized in the sale of aparticular security may be affected by the relative quantity of the security being sold.Based on sensitivity analysis for our equity price risks as of December 31, 2017, the effect of a hypothetical 10% adverse change in market prices wouldresult in loss of approximately $38 million for our Holding Company. As of December 31, 2016, such hypothetical loss was approximately $32 million, withthe difference primarily reflecting a positive change in the historical price of the investments held by our Holding Company during 2017. The selectedhypothetical change does not reflect what could be considered the best or worst case scenarios. Indeed, results could be far worse due to the nature of equitymarkets.Interest Rate RiskHolding CompanyThe fair values of our long-term debt and other borrowings will fluctuate in response to changes in market interest rates. Increases and decreases inprevailing interest rates generally translate into decreases and increases in fair values of those instruments. Additionally, fair values of interest rate sensitiveinstruments may be affected by the creditworthiness of the issuer, relative values of alternative investments, the liquidity of the instrument and other generalmarket conditions. Historically, our Holding Company does not invest in derivative financial instruments, interest rate swaps or other investments that alterinterest rate exposure. Our Holding Company has predominately long-term fixed interest rate debt. Generally, the fair market value of debt securities with afixed interest rate will increase as interest rates fall, and the fair market value will decrease as interest rates rise. At December 31, 2017, all of our HoldingCompany's debt had fixed rates and therefore would not be subject to fluctuations in interest rates.AutomotiveFederal-Mogul's exposure to market risk associated with changes in interest rates relate primarily to its debt obligations. At December 31, 2017, Federal-Mogul had approximately $3.1 billion of debt, of which $2.2 billion bear variable interest rates. Based on Federal-Mogul's borrowings as of December 31,2017, an adverse market change in interest rates of 10% would have a $3 million impact on Federal-Mogul's cash flows.At December 31, 2016, Federal-Mogul had approximately $3.0 billion of debt, primarily bearing variable interest rates. At December 31, 2016, Federal-Mogul's term loans, which represent approximately $2.5 billion, were not sensitive to changes in market interest rates because the market rate was below theinterest rate floor within its credit agreement. Therefore, an adverse market change on interest rates of ten percent would have had no effect on cash flows.Federal-Mogul's revolving lines of credit also have variable market interest rates and the effect on cash flow from a 10% adverse change in market rates wouldbe de minimis for the year ended December 31, 2016. Federal-Mogul's remaining debt consists of foreign debt with primarily variable interest rates. Anadverse market change in interest rates of 10% with respect to these foreign debts would not materially affect our Automotive segment's consolidatedfinancial position, results of operations or cash flows.RailcarAs of December 31, 2017, ARI has no variable rate debt outstanding and borrowing availability of $200 million under a revolving loan with variableinterest rates. In the event ARI were to draw down on this revolving loan, its financial results could be affected by changes in interest rates. If the full $200million were drawn down, a one percentage point increase in the rate would have an additional $2 million impact on ARI's interest expense.54GamingTropicana's primary exposure to market risk is interest rate risk associated with its term loan facility that bears interest based on variable rates, but shallnot be less than 4.0%. Based on Tropicana's borrowings as of December 31, 2017, assuming a one percentage point increase in the interest rate, which was inexcess of the 4.0% floor as of December 31, 2017, Tropicana's annual interest expense would increase by $1 million.Foreign Currency Exchange Rate RiskCertain of our subsidiaries operate in foreign jurisdictions and we transact business in foreign currencies. In addition, we may hold investments incommon stocks of major multinational companies who have significant foreign business and foreign currency risk of their own. Our net assets subject tofinancial statement translation into U.S. Dollars are primarily in our Automotive, Mining and Food Packaging segments.AutomotiveFederal-Mogul has foreign currency exposures related to buying, selling, and financing in currencies other than the local currencies in which theyoperate. As of December 31, 2017, Federal-Mogul's most significant foreign currency exposures were Brazilian real, British pound, Canadian dollar, Chineseyuan, Czech koruna, euro, Indian rupee, Mexican peso, Polish zloty, Romanian leu, Russian ruble, South Korean won, and Thai baht. Historically, Federal-Mogul has reduced its exposure through financial instruments (hedges) that provide offsets or limits to its exposures, which are opposite to the underlyingtransactions. Federal-Mogul did not hold any foreign currency price hedge contracts at December 31, 2017 and 2016.Federal-Mogul is exposed to foreign currency risk due to the translation and remeasurement of the results of certain international operations into U.S.Dollars as part of the consolidation process. Fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates can therefore create volatility in the results of operations andmay adversely affect Federal-Mogul's financial condition.Federal-Mogul recorded translation gains (losses) in accumulated other comprehensive loss of $116 million and $(145) million for the years endedDecember 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively, and recorded translation (losses) gains in earnings of $(12) million and $2 million for the year ended December31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.Federal-Mogul issued notes in the amount €1,065 million during the year ended December 31, 2017. Federal-Mogul has designated €736 million ofthese notes as a net investment hedge in certain foreign subsidiaries and affiliates of Federal-Mogul. As such, an adverse change in foreign currency exchangerates will have no effect on earnings. For the portion of the debt not designated as a net investment hedge, Federal-Mogul has other natural hedges in placethat will offset any adverse change in foreign currency exchange rates. A 10% adverse change in foreign currency exchange rates between the Euro and U.S.Dollar as of December 31, 2017 would increase the amount of cash required to settle the Euro Notes by approximately $128 million.MiningFerrous Resources' principal objective is to produce iron ore which is typically priced in U.S. dollars. The majority of its funding and cash balances arealso denominated in U.S. dollars. A proportion of Ferrous Resources' costs are incurred in Brazilian reals while significant capital expenditures are expectedto be incurred in U.S. dollars. Accordingly, our Mining segment's financial results may be impacted by exchange rate fluctuations between the U.S. dollar andthe Brazilian real. Our Mining segment estimates that a hypothetical 10% adverse movement of the Brazilian real against the U.S. dollar during the yearended December 31, 2017 would have increased net income attributable to Icahn Enterprises for our Mining segment by $6 million.Food PackagingViskase has foreign currency exposures related to buying, selling, and financing in currencies other than the local currencies in which they operate. AtDecember 31, 2017, Viskase's most significant foreign currency exposures were Euro, Mexican peso, Polish zloty, Brazilian real and Philippine peso.Viskase is exposed to foreign currency risk due to the translation and remeasurement of the results of certain international operations into U.S. Dollarsas part of the consolidation process. Fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates can therefore create volatility in the results of operations and mayadversely affect Viskase's financial condition.Viskase recorded translation gains (losses) in accumulated other comprehensive loss of $9 million and $(5) million for the years ended December 31,2017 and 2016, respectively, and recorded translation gains in earnings of $2 million and $4 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 and 2016,respectively.Commodity Price RiskCertain of our subsidiaries use commodities in various ways in production and as such, are subject to price risks related to various commodities.55AutomotiveCommodity rate price forward contracts are executed to offset a portion of our exposure to the potential change in prices mainly for various non-ferrousmetals used in the manufacturing of automotive components. The net fair value of Federal-Mogul's contracts was a net asset of $1 million and $4 million atDecember 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. At December 31, 2017, Federal-Mogul performed a sensitivity analysis to assess the effects of a 10% adversechange in commodity prices. Based upon the analysis performed, such changes would not be expected to materially affect our Automotive segment'sconsolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.EnergyCVR Refining, as a manufacturer of refined petroleum products, and CVR Partners, as a manufacturer of nitrogen fertilizer products, all of which arecommodities, have exposure to market pricing for products sold in the future. In order to realize value from our Energy segment's processing capacity, apositive spread between the cost of raw materials and the value of finished products must be achieved (i.e., gross margin or crack spread). The physicalcommodities that comprise our raw materials and finished goods are typically bought and sold at a spot or index price that can be highly variable.Our Energy segment's petroleum business uses a crude oil purchasing intermediary, Vitol, to purchase the majority of its non-gathered crude oilinventory for the refineries, which allows it to take title to and price its crude oil at locations in close proximity to the refineries, as opposed to the crude oilorigination point, reducing its risk associated with volatile commodity prices by shortening the commodity conversion cycle time. The commodityconversion cycle time refers to the time elapsed between raw material acquisition and the sale of finished goods. In addition, the petroleum business seeks toreduce the variability of commodity price exposure by engaging in hedging strategies and transactions that will serve to protect gross margins as forecastedin the annual operating plan. Accordingly, the petroleum business uses commodity derivative contracts to economically hedge future cash flows (i.e., grossmargin or crack spreads) and product inventories. With regard to its hedging activities, the petroleum business may enter into, or has entered into, derivativeinstruments which serve to:•lock in or fix a percentage of the anticipated or planned gross margin in future periods when the derivative market offers commodity spreads thatgenerate positive cash flows;•hedge the value of inventories in excess of minimum required inventories; and•manage existing derivative positions related to change in anticipated operations and market conditions.Further, CVR Energy's petroleum business intends to engage only in risk-mitigating activities directly related to its businesses. The nitrogen fertilizerbusiness has not historically hedged for commodity prices.Basis RiskThe effectiveness of our Energy segment's derivative strategies is dependent upon the correlation of the price index utilized for the hedging activity andthe cash or spot price of the physical commodity for which price risk is being mitigated. Basis risk is a term our Energy segment uses to define thatrelationship. Basis risk can exist due to several factors including time or location differences between the derivative instrument and the underlying physicalcommodity. The selection of the appropriate index to utilize in a hedging strategy is a prime consideration in our Energy segment's basis risk exposure.Examples of CVR Energy's basis risk exposure are as follows:•Time Basis - In entering over-the-counter swap agreements, the settlement price of the swap is typically the average price of the underlyingcommodity for a designated calendar period. This settlement price is based on the assumption that the underlying physical commodity will priceratably over the swap period. If the commodity does not move ratably over the periods, then weighted-average physical prices will be weighteddifferently than the swap price as the result of timing.•Location Basis - In hedging New York Mercantile Exchange ("NYMEX") crack spreads, CVR Energy may be subject to location basis as thesettlement of NYMEX refined products (related more to New York Harbor cash markets) may differ from the prices of refined products in CVREnergy's Group 3 pricing area.Price and Basis Risk Management ActivitiesIn the event CVR Energy's inventories exceed its petroleum business' target base level of inventories, CVR Energy may enter into commodity derivativecontracts to manage price exposure to its inventory positions that are in excess of its base level. Excess inventories typically result from plant operations,such as a turnaround or other plant maintenance.To reduce the basis risk between the price of products for Group 3 and that of the NYMEX associated with selling forward derivative contracts forNYMEX crack spreads, the petroleum business may enter into basis swap positions to lock the price difference. If the difference between the price of productson the NYMEX and Group 3 (or some other price benchmark as56specified in the swap) is different than the value contracted in the swap, then it will receive from or owe to the counterparty the difference on each unit ofproduct contracted in the swap, thereby completing the locking of its margin. An example of the petroleum business' use of a basis swap is in the winterheating oil season. The risk associated with not hedging the basis when using NYMEX forward contracts to fix future margins is if the crack spread increasesbased on prices traded on NYMEX while Group 3 pricing remains flat or decreases then our petroleum business would be in a position to lose money on thederivative position while not earning an offsetting additional margin on the physical position based on the Group 3 pricing.From time to time, the petroleum business also holds various NYMEX positions through a third-party clearing house. At December 31, 2017, CVRRefining had no open commodity positions. At December 31, 2017, CVR Refining's account balance maintained at the third-party clearing house totaled $1million, which is reflected on the consolidated balance sheets in cash and cash equivalents. NYMEX transactions conducted for the year ended December 31,2017 resulted in loss on derivatives, net of less than $1 million.CVR Refining enters into commodity swap contracts in order to fix the margin on a portion of future production. Additionally, CVR Refining may enterinto price and basis swaps in order to fix the price on a portion of its commodity purchases and product sales. The physical volumes are not exchanged andthese contracts are net settled with cash. The contract fair value of the commodity swaps is reflected on the consolidated balance sheets with changes in fairvalue currently recognized in the consolidated statements of operations. As of December 31, 2017, CVR Refining had open commodity swap instrumentsconsisting of 7.1 million barrels of 2-1-1 crack spreads, 3.6 million barrels of distillate crack spreads and 3.6 million barrels of gasoline crack spreads.Additionally, as of December 31, 2017, CVR Refining had open forward purchase and sale commitments for 5.8 million barrels of Canadian crude oil pricedat fixed differentials that are not considered probable of physical settlement and are accounted for as derivatives at December 31, 2017. A change of $1.00 perbarrel in the fair value of the benchmark would result in an increase or decrease in the related fair values of commodity instruments of $18 million. The fairvalue of the outstanding contracts as of December 31, 2017 was a net unrealized loss of $64 million.Credit RiskWe and the Investment Funds are subject to certain inherent risks through our investments.Our entities typically invest excess cash in large money market funds. The money market funds primarily invest in government securities and othershort-term, highly liquid instruments with a low risk of loss. The Investment Funds also maintain free credit balances with their prime brokers and in interestbearing accounts at major banking institutions. We seek to diversify our cash investments across several accounts and institutions and monitor performanceand counterparty risk.The Investment Funds and, to a lesser extent, other entities hold derivative instruments that are subject to credit risk in the event that the counterpartiesare unable to meet the terms of such agreements. When the Investment Funds make such investments, or enter into other arrangements where they might suffera significant loss through the default or insolvency of a counterparty, we monitor the credit quality of such counterparty and seek to do business withcreditworthy counterparties. Counterparty risk is monitored by obtaining and reviewing public information filed by the counterparties and others.Compliance Program Price RiskAs a producer of transportation fuels from petroleum, CVR Refining is required to blend biofuels into the product it produces or to purchase RINs in theopen market in lieu of blending to meet the mandates established by the EPA. CVR Refining is exposed to market risk related to volatility in the price ofRINs needed to comply with the Renewable Fuel Standards ("RFS"). To mitigate the impact of this risk on our Energy segment's results of operations and cashflows, CVR Refining purchased RINs when prices are deemed favorable. See Note 17, "Commitments and Contingencies," to the consolidated financialstatements for further discussion about compliance with the RFS.57Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRMBoard of Directors and PartnersIcahn Enterprises L.P.Opinion on the financial statementsWe have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Icahn Enterprises L.P. (a Delaware limited partnership) and subsidiaries (the“Partnership”) as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, changes in equity, and cashflows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2017, and the related notes and schedule (collectively referred to as the “financialstatements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Partnership as of December 31, 2017and 2016, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2017, in conformity withaccounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the Partnership’sinternal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017, based on criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued bythe Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”), and our report dated March 1, 2018 expressed an unmodified opinion.Basis for opinionThese financial statements are the responsibility of the Partnership’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Partnerships financialstatements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Partnershipin accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonableassurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing proceduresto assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks.Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also includedevaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financialstatements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion./s/GRANT THORNTON LLPWe have served as the Partnership’s auditor since 2004.New York, New YorkMarch 1, 201858REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRMBoard of Directors and PartnersIcahn Enterprises Holdings L.P.Opinion on the financial statementsWe have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Icahn Enterprises Holdings L.P. (a Delaware limited partnership) and subsidiaries (the“Partnership”) as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, changes in equity, and cashflows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2017, and the related notes and schedule (collectively referred to as the “financialstatements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Partnership as of December 31, 2017and 2016, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2017, in conformity withaccounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.Basis for opinionThese financial statements are the responsibility of the Partnership’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Partnership’s financialstatements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”)and are required to be independent with respect to the Partnership in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulationsof the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonableassurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Partnership is not required to have, norwere we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding ofinternal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Partnership’s internal control overfinancial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, andperforming procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures inthe financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well asevaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion./s/GRANT THORNTON LLPWe have served as the Partnership’s auditor since 2004.New York, New YorkMarch 1, 201859ICAHN ENTERPRISES L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESCONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS(In millions, except unit amounts) December 31, 2017 2016ASSETS Cash and cash equivalents$1,682 $1,833Cash held at consolidated affiliated partnerships and restricted cash786 804Investments10,369 9,881Due from brokers506 1,482Accounts receivable, net1,805 1,609Inventories, net3,261 2,983Property, plant and equipment, net9,701 10,122Goodwill1,275 1,136Intangible assets, net1,135 1,116Assets held for sale17 1,366Other assets1,264 1,039Total Assets$31,801 $33,371LIABILITIES AND EQUITY Accounts payable$2,064 $1,765Accrued expenses and other liabilities1,743 1,895Deferred tax liability924 1,613Unrealized loss on derivative contracts1,275 1,139Securities sold, not yet purchased, at fair value1,023 1,139Due to brokers1,057 3,725Post-employment benefit liability1,159 1,180Liabilities held for sale3 1,779Debt11,185 11,119Total liabilities20,433 25,354 Commitments and contingencies (Note 17) Equity: Limited partners: Depositary units: 173,564,307 and 144,741,149 units issued and outstanding atDecember 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively5,341 2,448General partner(235) (294)Equity attributable to Icahn Enterprises5,106 2,154Equity attributable to non-controlling interests6,262 5,863Total equity11,368 8,017Total Liabilities and Equity$31,801 $33,371See notes to consolidated financial statements.60ICAHN ENTERPRISES L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESCONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS(In millions, except per unit amounts) Year Ended December 31, 2017 2016 2015Revenues: Net sales$17,303 $15,511 $14,604 Other revenues from operations1,827 1,958 1,386 Net gain (loss) from investment activities304 (1,373) (987) Interest and dividend income136 131 194 Gain on disposition of assets, net2,166 14 40 Other income, net8 107 35 21,744 16,348 15,272Expenses: Cost of goods sold15,005 13,412 12,741 Other expenses from operations1,041 1,159 643 Selling, general and administrative2,565 2,342 1,908 Restructuring25 32 97 Impairment112 709 788 Interest expense843 878 1,154 19,591 18,532 17,331Income (loss) before income tax benefit (expense)2,153 (2,184) (2,059)Income tax benefit (expense)438 (36) (68)Net income (loss)2,591 (2,220) (2,127)Less: net income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interests161 (1,092) (933)Net income (loss) attributable to Icahn Enterprises$2,430 $(1,128) $(1,194) Net income (loss) attributable to Icahn Enterprises allocable to: Limited partners$2,382 $(1,106) $(1,170) General partner48 (22) (24) $2,430 $(1,128) $(1,194) Basic and diluted income (loss) per LP unit$14.80 $(8.07) $(9.29)Basic and diluted weighted average LP units outstanding161 137 126Cash distributions declared per LP unit$6.00 $6.00 $6.00See notes to consolidated financial statements.61ICAHN ENTERPRISES L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESCONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)(In millions) Year Ended December 31, 2017 2016 2015 Net income (loss)$2,591 $(2,220) $(2,127)Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax: Post-employment benefits50 18 60Hedge instruments(1) 3 1Translation adjustments and other124 (148) (225)Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax173 (127) (164)Comprehensive income (loss)2,764 (2,347) (2,291)Less: Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interests177 (1,112) (973)Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Icahn Enterprises$2,587 $(1,235) $(1,318) Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Icahn Enterprises allocable to: Limited partners$2,536 $(1,210) $(1,292) General partner51 (25) (26) $2,587 $(1,235) $(1,318)Accumulated other comprehensive loss was $1,411 million and $1,584 million at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.See notes to consolidated financial statements.62ICAHN ENTERPRISES L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESCONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY(In millions) Equity Attributable to Icahn Enterprises General Partner's(Deficit) Equity LimitedPartners' Equity Total Partners'Equity Non-controllingInterests Total EquityBalance, December 31, 2014$(229) $5,672 $5,443 $6,947 $12,390Net loss(24) (1,170) (1,194) (933) (2,127)Other comprehensive loss(2) (122) (124) (40) (164)Partnership distributions(2) (114) (116) — (116)Investment segment contributions— — — 276 276Investment segment distributions— — — (36) (36)Dividends and distributions to non-controllinginterests in subsidiaries— — — (252) (252)Proceeds from subsidiary equity offerings— — — 31 31Changes in subsidiary equity and other— (22) (22) 53 31Balance, December 31, 2015(257) 4,244 3,987 6,046 10,033Net loss(22) (1,106) (1,128) (1,092) (2,220)Other comprehensive loss(3) (104) (107) (20) (127)Partnership distributions(2) (101) (103) — (103)Partnership contributions1 — 1 — 1Investment segment contributions— — — 505 505Investment segment distributions— — — (7) (7)Dividends and distributions to non-controllinginterests in subsidiaries— — — (86) (86)LP unit issuance— 35 35 — 35Changes in subsidiary equity and other(11) (520) (531) 517 (14)Balance, December 31, 2016(294) 2,448 2,154 5,863 8,017Net income48 2,382 2,430 161 2,591Other comprehensive income3 154 157 16 173Partnership distributions(2) (79) (81) — (81)Partnership contributions12 600 612 — 612Investment segment contributions— — — 600 600Dividends and distributions to non-controllinginterests in subsidiaries— — — (92) (92)Cumulative effect adjustment from adoption ofaccounting principal(1) (46) (47) — (47)Changes in subsidiary equity and other(1) (118) (119) (286) (405)Balance, December 31, 2017$(235) $5,341 $5,106 $6,262 $11,368See notes to consolidated financial statements.63ICAHN ENTERPRISES L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESCONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS(In millions) Year Ended December 31, 2017 2016 2015Cash flows from operating activities: Net income (loss)$2,591 $(2,220) $(2,127)Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities: Net (gain) loss from securities transactions(2,275) (266) 1,737Purchases of securities(781) (2,059) (6,552)Proceeds from sales of securities2,413 7,630 4,281Purchases to cover securities sold, not yet purchased(1,078) (361) (577)Proceeds from securities sold, not yet purchased1,222 616 952Changes in receivables and payables relating to securities transactions(1,704) (4,828) 2,085Gain on disposition of assets, net(2,166) (14) (40)Depreciation and amortization1,017 1,034 863Impairment112 709 788Equity earnings from non-consolidated affiliates(71) (64) (62)Deferred taxes(592) (99) (30)Other, net48 86 49Changes in operating assets and liabilities: Changes in cash held at consolidated affiliated partnerships and restricted cash23 447 168Accounts receivable, net(67) 72 43Inventories, net(198) (38) (74)Other assets(113) 261 (200)Accounts payable181 18 (32)Unrealized loss on derivative contracts136 1,103 (593)Accrued expenses and other liabilities(134) (372) 69Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities(1,436) 1,655 748Cash flows from investing activities: Capital expenditures(991) (826) (1,359)Acquisition of businesses, net of cash acquired(257) (1,050) (855)Purchase of additional interests in consolidated subsidiaries(349) (2) —Proceeds from disposition of assets2,064 43 90Purchases of investments(82) (100) (345)Other, net29 81 84Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities414 (1,854) (2,385)Cash flows from financing activities: Investment segment contributions from non-controlling interests600 505 276Investment segment distributions from non-controlling interests— (7) (36)Partnership contributions612 1 —Partnership distributions(81) (103) (116)Proceeds from subsidiary equity offerings— — 31Dividends and distributions to non-controlling interests in subsidiaries(92) (86) (252)Proceeds from Holding Company senior unsecured notes2,470 — —Repayments of Holding Company senior unsecured notes(2,450) — —Proceeds from subsidiary borrowings2,752 2,199 1,972Repayments of subsidiary borrowings(3,035) (2,352) (972)Subsidiary repurchase of common stock(36) (72) (57)Other, net3 2 (20)Net cash provided by financing activities743 87 826Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents10 (31) (7)Net change in cash of assets held for sale118 (102) (12)Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents(151) (245) (830)Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period1,833 2,078 2,908Cash and cash equivalents, end of period$1,682 $1,833 $2,078See notes to consolidated financial statements.64ICAHN ENTERPRISES HOLDINGS L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESCONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS(In millions) December 31, 2017 2016ASSETS Cash and cash equivalents$1,682 $1,833Cash held at consolidated affiliated partnerships and restricted cash786 804Investments10,369 9,881Due from brokers506 1,482Accounts receivable, net1,805 1,609Inventories, net3,261 2,983Property, plant and equipment, net9,701 10,122Goodwill1,275 1,136Intangible assets, net1,135 1,116Assets held for sale17 1,366Other assets1,296 1,067Total Assets$31,833 $33,399LIABILITIES AND EQUITY Accounts payable$2,064 $1,765Accrued expenses and other liabilities1,743 1,895Deferred tax liability924 1,613Unrealized loss on derivative contracts1,275 1,139Securities sold, not yet purchased, at fair value1,023 1,139Due to brokers1,057 3,725Post-employment benefit liability1,159 1,180Liabilities held for sale3 1,779Debt11,190 11,122Total liabilities20,438 25,357 Commitments and contingencies (Note 17) Equity: Limited partner5,420 2,496General partner(287) (317)Equity attributable to Icahn Enterprises Holdings5,133 2,179Equity attributable to non-controlling interests6,262 5,863Total equity11,395 8,042Total Liabilities and Equity$31,833 $33,399See notes to consolidated financial statements.65ICAHN ENTERPRISES HOLDINGS L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESCONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS(In millions) Year Ended December 31, 2017 2016 2015Revenues: Net sales$17,303 $15,511 $14,604 Other revenues from operations1,827 1,958 1,386 Net gain (loss) from investment activities304 (1,373) (987) Interest and dividend income136 131 194 Gain on disposition of assets, net2,166 14 40 Other income, net9 107 35 21,745 16,348 15,272Expenses: Cost of goods sold15,005 13,412 12,741 Other expenses from operations1,041 1,159 643 Selling, general and administrative2,565 2,342 1,908 Restructuring25 32 97 Impairment112 709 788 Interest expense842 877 1,153 19,590 18,531 17,330Income (loss) before income tax benefit (expense)2,155 (2,183) (2,058)Income tax benefit (expense)438 (36) (68)Net income (loss)2,593 (2,219) (2,126)Less: net income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interests161 (1,092) (933)Net income (loss) attributable to Icahn Enterprises Holdings$2,432 $(1,127) $(1,193) Net income (loss) attributable to Icahn Enterprises Holdings allocable to: Limited partner$2,408 $(1,116) $(1,181) General partner24 (11) (12) $2,432 $(1,127) $(1,193)See notes to consolidated financial statements.66ICAHN ENTERPRISES HOLDINGS L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESCONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)(In millions) Year Ended December 31, 2017 2016 2015 Net income (loss)$2,593 $(2,219) $(2,126)Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax: Post-employment benefits50 18 60Hedge instruments(1) 3 1Translation adjustments and other124 (148) (225)Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax173 (127) (164)Comprehensive income (loss)2,766 (2,346) (2,290)Less: Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interests177 (1,112) (973)Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Icahn Enterprises Holdings$2,589 $(1,234) $(1,317) Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Icahn Enterprises Holdings allocableto: Limited partner$2,563 $(1,222) $(1,304) General partner26 (12) (13) $2,589 $(1,234) $(1,317)Accumulated other comprehensive loss was $1,411 million and $1,584 million at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.See notes to consolidated financial statements.67ICAHN ENTERPRISES HOLDINGS L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESCONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY(In millions) Equity Attributable to Icahn Enterprises Holdings General Partner'sEquity (Deficit) LimitedPartner's Equity Total Partners'Equity Non-controllingInterests Total EquityBalance, December 31, 2014$(285) $5,751 $5,466 $6,947 $12,413Net loss(12) (1,181) (1,193) (933) (2,126)Other comprehensive loss(1) (123) (124) (40) (164)Partnership distributions(1) (115) (116) — (116)Investment segment contributions— — — 276 276Investment segment distributions— — — (36) (36)Dividends and distributions to non-controllinginterests in subsidiaries— — — (252) (252)Proceeds from subsidiary equity offerings— — — 31 31Changes in subsidiary equity and other— (22) (22) 53 31Balance, December 31, 2015(299) 4,310 4,011 6,046 10,057Net loss(11) (1,116) (1,127) (1,092) (2,219)Other comprehensive loss(1) (106) (107) (20) (127)Partnership distributions(1) (102) (103) — (103)Partnership contribution1 — 1 — 1Investment segment contributions— — — 505 505Investment segment distributions— — — (7) (7)Dividends and distributions to non-controllinginterests in subsidiaries— — — (86) (86)LP unit issuance— 35 35 — 35Changes in subsidiary equity and other(6) (525) (531) 517 (14)Balance, December 31, 2016(317) 2,496 2,179 5,863 8,042Net loss24 2,408 2,432 161 2,593Other comprehensive loss2 155 157 16 173Partnership distributions(1) (80) (81) — (81)Partnership contributions6 606 612 — 612Investment segment contributions— — — 600 600Dividends and distributions to non-controllinginterests in subsidiaries— — — (92) (92)Cumulative effect adjustment from adoption ofaccounting principal— (47) (47) — (47)Changes in subsidiary equity and other(1) (118) (119) (286) (405)Balance, December 31, 2017$(287) $5,420 $5,133 $6,262 $11,395See notes to consolidated financial statements.68ICAHN ENTERPRISES HOLDINGS L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESCONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS(In millions) Year Ended December 31, 2017 2016 2015Cash flows from operating activities: Net income (loss)$2,593 $(2,219) $(2,126)Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities: Net (gain) loss from securities transactions(2,275) (266) 1,737Purchases of securities(781) (2,059) (6,552)Proceeds from sales of securities2,413 7,630 4,281Purchases to cover securities sold, not yet purchased(1,078) (361) (577)Proceeds from securities sold, not yet purchased1,222 616 952Changes in receivables and payables relating to securities transactions(1,704) (4,828) 2,085Gain on disposition of assets, net(2,166) (14) (40)Depreciation and amortization1,016 1,033 862Impairment112 709 788Equity earnings from non-consolidated affiliates(71) (64) (62)Deferred taxes(592) (99) (30)Other, net47 86 49Changes in operating assets and liabilities: Changes in cash held at consolidated affiliated partnerships and restricted cash23 447 168Accounts receivable, net(67) 72 43Inventories, net(198) (38) (74)Other assets(113) 261 (200)Accounts payable181 18 (32)Unrealized loss on derivative contracts136 1,103 (593)Accrued expenses and other liabilities(134) (372) 69Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities(1,436) 1,655 748Cash flows from investing activities: Capital expenditures(991) (826) (1,359)Acquisition of businesses, net of cash acquired(257) (1,050) (855)Purchase of additional interests in consolidated subsidiaries(349) (2) —Proceeds from disposition of assets2,064 43 90Purchases of investments(82) (100) (345)Other, net29 81 84Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities414 (1,854) (2,385)Cash flows from financing activities: Investment segment contributions from non-controlling interests600 505 276Investment segment distributions from non-controlling interests— (7) (36)Partnership contributions612 1 —Partnership distributions(81) (103) (116)Proceeds from subsidiary equity offerings— — 31Dividends and distributions to non-controlling interests in subsidiaries(92) (86) (252)Proceeds from Holding Company senior unsecured notes2,470 — —Repayments of Holding Company senior unsecured notes(2,450) — —Proceeds from subsidiary borrowings2,752 2,199 1,972Repayments of subsidiary borrowings(3,035) (2,352) (972)Subsidiary repurchase of treasury stock(36) (72) (57)Other, net3 2 (20)Net cash provided by financing activities743 87 826Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents10 (31) (7)Net change in cash of assets held for sale118 (102) (12)Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents(151) (245) (830)Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period1,833 2,078 2,908Cash and cash equivalents, end of period$1,682 $1,833 $2,078See notes to consolidated financial statements.69ICAHN ENTERPRISES L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESICAHN ENTERPRISES HOLDINGS L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS1.Description of Business.OverviewIcahn Enterprises L.P. (“Icahn Enterprises”) is a master limited partnership formed in Delaware on February 17, 1987. Icahn Enterprises Holdings L.P.(“Icahn Enterprises Holdings”) is a limited partnership formed in Delaware on February 17, 1987. References to "we," "our" or "us" herein include both IcahnEnterprises and Icahn Enterprises Holdings and their subsidiaries, unless the context otherwise requires.Icahn Enterprises owns a 99% limited partner interest in Icahn Enterprises Holdings. Icahn Enterprises G.P. Inc. ("Icahn Enterprises GP"), which is ownedand controlled by Mr. Carl C. Icahn, owns a 1% general partner interest in each of Icahn Enterprises and Icahn Enterprises Holdings as of December 31, 2017.Icahn Enterprises Holdings and its subsidiaries own substantially all of our assets and liabilities and conduct substantially all of our operations. Therefore,the financial results of Icahn Enterprises and Icahn Enterprises Holdings are substantially the same, with differences relating primarily to debt, as discussedfurther in Note 10, "Debt," the allocation of the general partner interest, which is reflected as an aggregate 1.99% general partner interest in the financialstatements of Icahn Enterprises. In addition to the above, Mr. Icahn and his affiliates owned approximately 91.0% of Icahn Enterprises' outstandingdepositary units as of December 31, 2017.Description of Operating BusinessesWe are a diversified holding company owning subsidiaries currently engaged in the following continuing operating businesses: Investment,Automotive, Energy, Railcar, Gaming, Metals, Mining, Food Packaging, Real Estate and Home Fashion. We also report the results of our Holding Company,which includes the results of certain subsidiaries of Icahn Enterprises and Icahn Enterprises Holdings (unless otherwise noted), and investment activity andexpenses associated with our Holding Company. See Note 13, "Segment and Geographic Reporting," for a reconciliation of each of our reporting segment'sresults of operations to our consolidated results. Certain additional information with respect to our segments are discussed below.InvestmentOur Investment segment is comprised of various private investment funds (the "Investment Funds") in which we have general partner interests andthrough which we invest our proprietary capital. We and certain of Mr. Icahn's wholly owned affiliates are the only investors in the Investment Funds. Asgeneral partner, we provide investment advisory and certain administrative and back office services to the Investment Funds but do not provide such servicesto any other entities, individuals or accounts. Interests in the Investment Funds are not offered to outside investors. We had interests in the Investment Fundswith a fair value of approximately $3.0 billion and $1.7 billion as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.AutomotiveWe conduct our Automotive segment through our wholly owned subsidiaries Federal-Mogul LLC ("Federal-Mogul") and Icahn Automotive Group LLC("Icahn Automotive"). Icahn Automotive is the parent company of IEH Auto Parts Holding LLC ("IEH Auto"), The Pep Boys - Manny, Moe & Jack ("PepBoys") and the franchise businesses of Precision Tune Auto Care ("Precision Tune") and American Driveline Systems, the franchisor of AAMCO and CottmanTransmission service centers ("American Driveline"), among various other businesses. Precision Tune and American Driveline were acquired in 2017 for anaggregate purchase price of $162 million. Pep Boys was acquired in 2016 for aggregate consideration of approximately $1.2 billion. The allocation of thepurchase price of Pep Boys was finalized in 2017 and did not change significantly from the amounts reported in our balance sheet as of December 31, 2016.IEH Auto and TRW's valvetrain business were acquired in 2015 for a purchase price of $325 million and $374 million, respectively.Federal-Mogul is engaged in the manufacture and distribution of automotive parts. Icahn Automotive is engaged in the distribution of automotive partsin the aftermarket as well as providing automotive services to its customers.On March 26, 2015, Federal-Mogul received $250 million in connection with its previously announced common stock registered rights offering (the“Federal-Mogul Rights Offering”). In connection with the Federal-Mogul Rights Offering, we fully exercised our subscription rights under our basic and oversubscription privileges to purchase additional shares of Federal-Mogul common stock, thereby increasing our ownership of Federal-Mogul, for an aggregateadditional investment of $230 million.70ICAHN ENTERPRISES L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESICAHN ENTERPRISES HOLDINGS L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTSDuring January 2017, we increased our ownership in Federal-Mogul from 82% to 100% through a tender offer for the remaining shares of Federal-Mogulcommon stock not already owned by us and a subsequent short form merger for an aggregate purchase price of $305 million.EnergyWe conduct our Energy segment through our majority ownership in CVR Energy, Inc. ("CVR Energy"). CVR Energy is a diversified holding companyprimarily engaged in the petroleum refining and nitrogen fertilizer manufacturing industries through its holdings in CVR Refining L.P. ("CVR Refining") andCVR Partners L.P. ("CVR Partners"), respectively. CVR Refining is an independent petroleum refiner and marketer of high value transportation fuels. CVRPartners produces and markets nitrogen fertilizers in the form of urea ammonium nitrate and ammonia. As of December 31, 2017, CVR Energy owned 100%of each of the general partners of CVR Refining and CVR Partners and approximately 66% and 34% of the common units of CVR Refining and CVRPartners, respectively.As of December 31, 2017, we owned approximately 82.0% of the total outstanding common stock of CVR Energy. In addition, as of December 31,2017, we directly owned approximately 3.9% of the total outstanding common units of CVR Refining.During 2016, CVR Partners acquired a nitrogen fertilizer business for total purchase price consideration which included the issuance of common unitsof CVR Partners with a fair value of $336 million, cash paid of $99 million and debt assumed with a fair value of $368 million.RailcarWe conduct our Railcar segment through our majority ownership in American Railcar Industries, Inc. ("ARI") and, prior to June 1, 2017, our whollyowned subsidiary American Railcar Leasing, LLC ("ARL"). As of December 31, 2017, we owned approximately 62.2% of the total outstanding common stockof ARI. As discussed below, we sold ARL during 2017.ARI is a North American designer and manufacturer of hopper and tank railcars. ARI provides its railcar customers with integrated solutions through acomprehensive set of high-quality products and related services through its manufacturing, leasing and railcar services operations. ARI's manufacturingconsists of railcar manufacturing and railcar and industrial component manufacturing. ARI's railcar leasing business consists of railcars built by ARI leased tothird parties under operating leases. ARI's railcar services consist of railcar repair, engineering and field services.During 2017, we sold ARL and its fleet of more than 34,000 railcars to SMBC Rail Services, LLC ("SMBC Rail") for cash based on a value ofapproximately $3.3 billion (subject to certain adjustments). After repaying, or assigning to SMBC Rail, applicable indebtedness of ARL, we received cashconsideration of approximately $1.8 billion in connection with the sale of ARL and recorded an aggregate pretax gain on disposition of assets for our Railcarsegment of approximately $1.7 billion during the year ended December 31, 2017.GamingWe conduct our Gaming segment through our majority ownership in Tropicana Entertainment Inc. ("Tropicana") and our wholly owned subsidiaryTrump Entertainment Resorts Inc. ("TER"), which we acquired out of bankruptcy in 2016. During August 2017, we increased our ownership in Tropicanafrom 72.5% to 83.9% through a tender offer for additional shares of Tropicana common stock not already owned by us for an aggregate purchase price of $95million. In addition, Tropicana repurchased and retired shares of its common stock in connection with this tender offer for an aggregate purchase price of $36million.Tropicana is an owner and operator of regional casino and entertainment properties located in the United States and one hotel, timeshare and casinoresort located on the island of Aruba. TER owned the Trump Taj Mahal Casino Resort, which closed and ceased its casino and hotel operations in October2016, and was subsequently sold on March 31, 2017. TER also owns Trump Plaza Hotel and Casino, which ceased operations in September 2014, prior to ourobtaining a controlling interest in TER.MetalsWe conduct our Metals segment through our indirect wholly owned subsidiary, PSC Metals, Inc. (“PSC Metals”). PSC Metals is principally engaged inthe business of collecting, processing and selling ferrous and non-ferrous metals, as well as the processing and distribution of steel pipe and plate products.PSC Metals collects industrial and obsolete scrap metal, processes it into reusable forms and supplies the recycled metals to its customers.71ICAHN ENTERPRISES L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESICAHN ENTERPRISES HOLDINGS L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTSMiningWe conduct our Mining segment through our majority ownership in Ferrous Resources Ltd. ("Ferrous Resources"). As of December 31, 2017, we ownedapproximately 77.2% of the total outstanding common stock of Ferrous Resources. Ferrous Resources acquired certain rights to iron ore mineral resources inBrazil and develops mining operations and related infrastructure to produce and sell iron ore products to the global steel industry. Ferrous Resources wasacquired in 2015 for $180 million.Food PackagingWe conduct our Food Packaging segment through our majority ownership in Viskase Companies, Inc. ("Viskase"). As of December 31, 2017, we ownedapproximately 74.6% of the total outstanding common stock of Viskase. Viskase is a producer of cellulosic, fibrous and plastic casings used to prepare andpackage processed meat products. Subsequent to December 31, 2017, Viskase received $50 million in connection with common stock rights offering. Inconnection with this rights offering, we fully exercised our subscription rights under our basic and over subscription privileges to purchase additional sharesof Viskase common stock, thereby increasing our ownership of Viskase to 78.6%, for an aggregate additional investment of $44 million.Real EstateOur Real Estate operations consist of rental real estate, property development and associated club activities. Our rental real estate operations consistprimarily of office and industrial properties leased to single corporate tenants. Our property development operations are run primarily through a real estateinvestment, management and development subsidiary that focuses primarily on the construction and sale of single-family and multi-family homes, lots insubdivisions and planned communities and raw land for residential development. Our property development locations also operate golf and club operationsas well.In August 2017, our Real Estate segment sold a development property in Las Vegas, Nevada for $600 million, resulting in a pretax gain on dispositionof assets of $456 million. The transaction included cash proceeds from the sale of $225 million and two tranches of seller financing totaling $375 million(including a $345 million first-lien mortgage and a $30 million second-lien mortgage), which are included in other assets in our consolidated balance sheetas of December 31, 2017. In addition, our Real Estate segment also sold additional properties during 2017, primarily within its rental operations, resulting inan additional pretax gain on disposition of assets aggregating $40 million.As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, $21 million and $24 million, respectively, of the net investment in financing leases and net real estate leased toothers which is included in property, plant and equipment, net, were pledged to collateralize the payment of nonrecourse mortgages payable.Home FashionWe conduct our Home Fashion segment through our indirect wholly owned subsidiary, WestPoint Home LLC (“WPH”). WPH's business consists ofmanufacturing, sourcing, marketing, distributing and selling home fashion consumer products.Filing Status of SubsidiariesCVR Energy, ARI and Tropicana each file annual, quarterly and current reports and proxy and information statements with the Securities and ExchangeCommission ("SEC"). Each of these reports is publicly available at www.sec.gov.2.Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies.The audited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States(“U.S. GAAP”).We conduct and plan to continue to conduct our activities in such a manner as not to be deemed an investment company under the InvestmentCompany Act of 1940, as amended (the “'40 Act”). Therefore, no more than 40% of our total assets can be invested in investment securities, as such term isdefined in the '40 Act. In addition, we do not invest or intend to invest in securities as our primary business. We intend to structure our investments tocontinue to be taxed as a partnership rather than as a corporation under the applicable publicly traded partnership rules of the Internal Revenue Code, asamended.Principles of ConsolidationAs of December 31, 2017, our consolidated financial statements include the accounts of (i) Icahn Enterprises and Icahn Enterprises Holdings and (ii) thewholly and majority owned subsidiaries of Icahn Enterprises and Icahn Enterprises Holdings, in addition to variable interest entities ("VIEs") in which we arethe primary beneficiary. In evaluating whether we have a72ICAHN ENTERPRISES L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESICAHN ENTERPRISES HOLDINGS L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTScontrolling financial interest in entities that we consolidate, we consider the following: (1) for voting interest entities, including limited partnerships andsimilar entities that are not VIEs, we consolidate these entities in which we own a majority of the voting interests; and (2) for VIEs, we consolidate theseentities in which we are the primary beneficiary. See below for a discussion of our VIEs. Kick-out rights, which are the rights underlying the limited partners'ability to dissolve the limited partnership or otherwise remove the general partners, held through voting interests of partnerships and similar entities that arenot VIEs are considered the equivalent of the equity interests of corporations that are not VIEs.Except for our Investment segment, for those investments in which we own 50% or less but greater than 20%, we generally account for such investmentsusing the equity method, while investments in affiliates of 20% or less are accounted for under the cost method.ReclassificationsCertain reclassifications from the prior year presentation have been made to conform to the current year presentation.Use of Estimates in Preparation of Financial StatementsThe preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions thataffect the reported amount of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amount of revenues and expenses during the period.Due to the inherent uncertainty involved in making estimates, actual results may differ from the estimates and assumptions used in preparing theconsolidated financial statements.Variable Interest EntitiesIcahn Enterprises HoldingsWe determined that Icahn Enterprises Holdings is a VIE because it lacks both substantive kick-out and participating rights. Icahn Enterprises is theprimary beneficiary of Icahn Enterprises Holdings principally based on its 99% limited partner interest in Icahn Enterprises Holdings and therefore continuesto consolidate Icahn Enterprises Holdings. The consolidated financial statements of Icahn Enterprises Holdings are included in this Report. The balanceswith respect to Icahn Enterprises Holdings' consolidated VIEs are discussed below, comprising the Investment Funds, CVR Refining, CVR Partners andViskase.InvestmentWe determined that each of the Investment Funds are considered VIEs because these limited partnerships lack both substantive kick-out andparticipating rights. Because we have a general partner interest in each of the Investment Funds and have significant limited partner interests in each of theInvestment Funds, coupled with our significant exposure to losses and benefits in each of the Investment Funds, we are the primary beneficiary of each of theInvestment Funds and therefore continue to consolidate each of the Investment Funds.EnergyCVR Refining and CVR Partners are each considered VIEs because each of these limited partnerships lack both substantive kick-out and participatingrights. In addition, CVR Energy also concluded that, based upon its general partner's roles and rights in CVR Refining and CVR Partners as afforded by theirrespective partnership agreements, coupled with its exposure to losses and benefits in each of CVR Refining and CVR Partners through its significant limitedpartner interests, intercompany credit facilities and services agreements, it is the primary beneficiary of both CVR Refining and CVR Partners. Based uponthis evaluation, CVR Energy continues to consolidate both CVR Refining and CVR Partners.Food PackagingBeginning in 2017, Viskase holds a variable interest in a joint venture for which Viskase is the primary beneficiary. Viskase's interest in the jointventure includes a 50% equity interest and also relates to the sales, operations, administrative and financial support to the joint venture through providingmany of the assets used in its business.73ICAHN ENTERPRISES L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESICAHN ENTERPRISES HOLDINGS L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTSThe following table includes balances of assets and liabilities of VIE's included in Icahn Enterprises Holdings' consolidated balance sheets. December 31, 2017 2016 (in millions)Cash and cash equivalents$223 $370Cash held at consolidated affiliated partnerships and restricted cash734 752Investments9,615 9,219Due from brokers506 1,482Property, plant and equipment, net3,191 3,331Inventories385 349Intangible assets, net298 318Other assets48 110Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities1,816 1,769Securities sold, not yet purchased, at fair value1,023 1,139Due to brokers1,057 3,725Debt1,166 1,165Fair Value of Financial InstrumentsThe carrying values of cash and cash equivalents, cash held at consolidated affiliated partnerships and restricted cash, accounts receivable, due frombrokers, accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities and due to brokers are deemed to be reasonable estimates of their fair values because of theirshort-term nature. See Note 4, “Investments and Related Matters,” and Note 5, “Fair Value Measurements,” for a detailed discussion of our investments andother non-financial assets and/or liabilities.The fair value of our long-term debt is based on the quoted market prices for the same or similar issues or on the current rates offered to us for debt of thesame remaining maturities. The carrying value and estimated fair value of our debt as of December 31, 2017 was approximately $11.2 billion and $11.5billion, respectively. The carrying value and estimated fair value of our debt as of December 31, 2016 was approximately $11.1 billion and $11.2 billion,respectively.Acquisitions of BusinessesWe account for business combinations under the acquisition method of accounting (other than acquisitions of businesses under common control), whichrequires us to recognize separately from goodwill the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed at their acquisition date fair values. While we use our bestestimates and assumptions to accurately value assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date as well as contingent consideration, whereapplicable, our estimates are inherently uncertain and subject to refinement.Accounting for business combinations requires us to make significant estimates and assumptions, especially at the acquisition date including ourestimates for intangible assets, contractual obligations assumed, pre-acquisition contingencies, and contingent consideration, where applicable. In valuingour acquisitions, we estimate fair values based on industry data and trends and by reference to relevant market rates and transactions, and discounted cashflow valuation methods, among other factors. The discount rates used were commensurate with the inherent risks associated with each type of asset and thelevel and timing of cash flows appropriately reflect market participant assumptions. The primary items that generate goodwill include the value of thesynergies between the acquired company and our existing businesses and the value of the acquired assembled workforce, neither of which qualifies forrecognition as an intangible asset. Acquisition, Investments and Disposition of Entities under Common ControlAcquisitions or investments of entities under common control are reflected in a manner similar to pooling of interests. The general partner's capitalaccount or non-controlling interests, as applicable, are charged or credited for the difference between the consideration we pay for the entity and the relatedentity's basis prior to our acquisition or investment. Net gains or losses of an acquired entity prior to its acquisition or investment date are allocated to thegeneral partner's capital account or non-controlling interests, as applicable. In allocating gains and losses upon the sale of a previously acquired commoncontrol entity,74ICAHN ENTERPRISES L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESICAHN ENTERPRISES HOLDINGS L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTSwe allocate a gain or loss for financial reporting purposes by first restoring the general partner's capital account or non-controlling interests, as applicable, forthe cumulative charges or credits relating to prior periods recorded at the time of our acquisition or investment and then allocating the remaining gain or loss("Common Control Gains or Losses") among our general partner, limited partners and non-controlling interests, as applicable, in accordance with theirrespective ownership percentages. In the case of acquisitions of entities under common control, such Common Control Gains or Losses are allocated inaccordance with their respective partnership percentages under the Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership dated as of May 12, 1987, asamended from time to time (together with the partnership agreement of Icahn Enterprises Holdings, the “Partnership Agreement”) (i.e., 98.01% to the limitedpartners and 1.99% to the general partner).Cash and Cash EquivalentsWe consider short-term investments, which are highly liquid with original maturities of three months or less at date of purchase, to be cash equivalents.Cash Held at Consolidated Affiliated Partnerships and Restricted CashCash held at consolidated affiliated partnerships primarily consists of cash and cash equivalents held by our Investment Funds (as defined herein) that,although not legally restricted, is not available to fund the general liquidity needs of the Investment segment or Icahn Enterprises. Restricted cash primarilyrelates to cash pledged and held for margin requirements on derivative transactions.Our restricted cash balance was $594 million and $686 million as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.Investments and Related TransactionsInvestmentInvestment Transactions and Related Investment Income (Loss). Investment transactions of the Investment Funds are recorded on a trade date basis.Realized gains or losses on sales of investments are based on the first-in, first-out or the specific identification method. Realized and unrealized gains orlosses on investments are recorded in the consolidated statements of operations. Interest income and expenses are recorded on an accrual basis and dividendsare recorded on the ex-dividend date. Premiums and discounts on fixed income securities are amortized using the effective yield method.Investments held by the Investment segment are accounted for as trading securities. Our Investment segment applies the fair value option to thoseinvestments that are otherwise subject to the equity method.Valuation of Investments. Securities of the Investment Funds that are listed on a securities exchange are valued at their last sales price on the primarysecurities exchange on which such securities are traded on such date. Securities that are not listed on any exchange but are traded over-the-counter are valuedat the mean between the last “bid” and “ask” price for such security on such date. Securities and other instruments for which market quotes are not readilyavailable are valued at fair value as determined in good faith by the applicable General Partner.Foreign Currency Transactions. The books and records of the Investment Funds are maintained in U.S. dollars. Assets and liabilities denominated incurrencies other than U.S. dollars are translated into U.S. dollars at the rate of exchange in effect at the balance sheet date. Transactions during the perioddenominated in currencies other than U.S. dollars are translated at the rate of exchange applicable on the date of the transaction. Foreign currency translationgains and losses are recorded in the consolidated statements of operations. The Investment Funds do not isolate that portion of the results of operationsresulting from changes in foreign exchange rates on investments from the fluctuations arising from changes in the market prices of securities. Suchfluctuations are reflected in net gain (loss) from investment activities in the consolidated statement of operations.Fair Values of Financial Instruments. The fair values of the Investment Funds' assets and liabilities that qualify as financial instruments underapplicable U.S. GAAP approximate the carrying amounts presented in the consolidated balance sheets.Securities Sold, Not Yet Purchased. The Investment Funds may sell an investment they do not own in anticipation of a decline in the fair value of thatinvestment. When the Investment Funds sell an investment short, they must borrow the investment sold short and deliver it to the broker-dealer throughwhich they made the short sale. A gain, limited to the price at which the Investment Funds sold the investment short, or a loss, unlimited in amount, will berecognized upon the cover of the short sale.75ICAHN ENTERPRISES L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESICAHN ENTERPRISES HOLDINGS L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTSDue From Brokers. Due from brokers represents cash balances with the Investment Funds' clearing brokers. These funds as well as fully-paid for andmarginable securities are essentially restricted to the extent that they serve as collateral against securities sold, not yet purchased. Due from brokers may alsoinclude unrestricted balances with derivative counterparties. Due To Brokers. Due to brokers represents margin debit balances collateralized by certain of the Investment Funds' investments in securities.Other Segments and Holding CompanyInvestments in equity and debt securities are classified as either trading or available-for-sale based upon whether we intend to hold the investment forthe foreseeable future. Trading securities are valued at quoted market value at each balance sheet date with the unrealized gains or losses reflected in theconsolidated statements of operations. Available-for-sale securities are carried at fair value on our balance sheet. Unrealized holding gains and losses onavailable-for-sale securities are excluded from earnings and reported as a separate component of partners' equity and when sold are reclassified out of partners'equity to the consolidated statements of operations. For purposes of determining gains and losses, the cost of securities is based on specific identification.A decline in the market value of any available-for-sale security below cost that is deemed to be other than temporary results in an impairment that ischarged to earnings and the establishment of a new cost basis for the investment. Dividend income is recorded when declared and interest income isrecognized when earned.Fair Value Option for Financial Assets and Financial LiabilitiesThe fair value option gives entities the option to measure eligible financial assets, financial liabilities and firm commitments at fair value (i.e., the fairvalue option), on an instrument-by-instrument basis, that are otherwise not permitted to be accounted for at fair value pursuant to the provisions of FASBAccounting Standards Codification ("ASC") Topic 825, Financial Instruments. The election to use the fair value option is available when an entity firstrecognizes a financial asset or financial liability or upon entering into a firm commitment. Subsequent changes in fair value must be recorded in earnings. Inestimating the fair value for financial instruments for which the fair value option has been elected, we use the valuation methodologies in accordance towhere the financial instruments are classified within the fair value hierarchy as discussed in Note 5, “Fair Value Measurements.” For our Investment segment,we apply the fair value option to our investments that would otherwise be accounted under the equity method.DerivativesFrom time to time, our subsidiaries enter into derivative contracts, including purchased and written option contracts, swap contracts, futures contractsand forward contracts. U.S. GAAP requires recognition of all derivatives as either assets or liabilities in the balance sheet at their fair value. The accountingfor changes in fair value depends on the intended use of the derivative and its resulting designation. For those derivative instruments that are designated andqualify as hedging instruments, a company must designate the hedging instrument, based upon the exposure being hedged, as a fair value hedge, cash flowhedge or a hedge of a net investment in a foreign operation. Gains and losses related to a hedge are either recognized in income immediately to offset the gainor loss on the hedged item or are deferred and reported as a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss and subsequently recognized in earningswhen the hedged item affects earnings. The change in fair value of the ineffective portion of a financial instrument, determined using the hypotheticalderivative method, is recognized in earnings immediately. The gain or loss related to financial instruments that are not designated as hedges are recognizedimmediately in earnings. Cash flows related to hedging activities are included in the operating section of the consolidated statements of cash flows. Forfurther information regarding our derivative contracts, see Note 6, “Financial Instruments,” to the consolidated financial statements.Accounts Receivable, NetAn allowance for doubtful accounts is determined through analysis of the aging of accounts receivable at the date of the consolidated financialstatements, assessments of collectability based on an evaluation of historic and anticipated trends, the financial condition of our customers, and anevaluation of the impact of economic conditions. Our allowance for doubtful accounts is an estimate based on specifically identified accounts as well asgeneral reserves based on historical experience.Accounts Receivable FactoringAccounts receivable factoring relates primarily to our Automotive segment. Federal-Mogul's subsidiaries in Brazil, Canada, France, Germany, Italy andthe United States are party to accounts receivable factoring and securitization facilities. Gross accounts receivable transferred under these facilities were $641million and $487 million as of December 31, 2017 and76ICAHN ENTERPRISES L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESICAHN ENTERPRISES HOLDINGS L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS2016, respectively. Of those gross amounts, $635 million and $485 million, respectively, qualify as sales in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The remainingtransferred receivables were pledged as collateral and accounted for as secured borrowings and recorded in the consolidated balance sheets within accountsreceivable, net and debt. Under the terms of these facilities, Federal-Mogul is not obligated to draw cash immediately upon the transfer of accountsreceivable. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, Federal-Mogul did not have any undrawn cash related to such transferred receivables.Proceeds from the transfers of accounts receivable qualifying as sales were approximately $1.8 billion, $1.6 billion and $1.6 billion for the years endedDecember 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, expenses associated with transfers of receivableswere $15 million, $12 million and $9 million, respectively. Such expenses were recorded in the consolidated statements of operations within other income,net. Where Federal-Mogul receives a fee to service and monitor these transferred receivables, such fees are sufficient to offset the costs and as such, aservicing asset or liability is not incurred as a result of such activities.Inventories, NetAutomotive, Railcar, Food Packaging, and Home Fashion Segment Inventories. Our Automotive, Railcar, Food Packaging and Home Fashion segmentinventories are stated at the lower of cost or market. Cost is determined by using the first-in, first-out basis method ("FIFO"), except for IEH Auto whichutilizes weighted-average cost and Pep Boys which utilizes the last-in, first-out method. Inventory recorded using the last-in, first-out method was $900million and $735 million as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively, all of which relates to finished goods. The cost of manufactured goods includesthe cost of direct materials, labor and manufacturing overhead. Our Automotive, Railcar, Food Packaging and Home Fashion segments reserve for estimatedexcess, slow-moving and obsolete inventory as well as inventory whose carrying value is in excess of net realizable value.Energy Segment Inventories. Our Energy segment inventories consist primarily of domestic and foreign crude oil, blending stock and components, workin progress, fertilizer products, and refined fuels and by-products. Inventories are valued at the lower of FIFO cost, or net realizable value for fertilizerproducts, refined fuels and by-products for all periods presented. Refinery unfinished and finished products inventory values were determined using theability-to-bear process, whereby raw materials and production costs are allocated to work-in-process and finished goods based on their relative fair values.Other inventories, including other raw materials, spare parts and supplies, are valued at the lower of moving-average cost, which approximates FIFO, or netrealizable value. The cost of inventories includes inbound freight costs.Metals Segment Inventories. Inventories at our Metals segment are stated at the lower of cost or market. Cost is determined using the average costmethod. The production and accounting process utilized by our Metals segment to record recycled metals inventory quantities relies on significant estimates.Our Metals segment relies upon perpetual inventory records that utilize estimated recoveries and yields that are based upon historical trends and periodictests for certain unprocessed metal commodities. Over time, these estimates are reasonably good indicators of what is ultimately produced; however, actualrecoveries and yields can vary depending on product quality, moisture content and source of the unprocessed metal. To assist in validating thereasonableness of the estimates, our Metals segment performs periodic physical inventories which involve the use of estimation techniques. Physicalinventories may detect significant variations in volume, but because of variations in product density and production processes utilized to manufacture theproduct, physical inventories will not generally detect smaller variations. To help mitigate this risk, our Metals segment adjusts its physical inventories whenthe volume of a commodity is low and a physical inventory can more accurately estimate the remaining volume.Mining Segment Inventories. Our Mining segment's inventories are valued at the lower of cost or market. Cost includes all costs incurred in the normalcourse of business in bringing each product to its present location and condition, including direct materials and direct labor costs, and an allocation ofproduction overheads based on normal production capacity. Cost is calculated using weighted average unit cost.Long-Lived AssetsLong-lived assets such as property, plant, and equipment, and definite-lived intangible assets are recorded at cost or fair value established atacquisition, less accumulated depreciation or amortization, unless the expected future use of the assets indicate a lower value is appropriate. Long-lived assetgroups are evaluated for impairment when impairment indicators exist. If the carrying value of a long-lived asset group is impaired, an impairment charge isrecorded for the amount by which the carrying value of the long-lived asset group exceeds its fair value. Depreciation and amortization are computedprincipally by the straight-line method for financial reporting purposes.77ICAHN ENTERPRISES L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESICAHN ENTERPRISES HOLDINGS L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTSLand and construction in progress are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Interest is capitalized on expenditures for long-term projectsuntil a salable or ready-for-use condition is reached. The interest capitalization rate is based on the interest rate on specific borrowings to fund the projects. EnergyThe direct-expense method of accounting is used for planned major maintenance activities. Maintenance costs are recognized as expense whenmaintenance services are performed. Planned major maintenance activities for CVR Energy's nitrogen plant generally occur every two to three years. Therequired frequency of planned major maintenance activities varies by unit for the refineries, but generally is every four to five years.For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, our Energy segment recorded an aggregate of $83 million, $38 million and $109 million,respectively, in turnaround expenses related to its refineries and nitrogen fertilizer plants.MiningThe costs of acquiring mineral reserves and resources for our Mining segment are capitalized on the consolidated balance sheets as incurred.Capitalized mineral reserves and mine development expenditures are, upon commencement of commercial production, depreciated using a unit of productionmethod based on the estimated economically recoverable reserves to which they relate, or are written off if abandoned.Exploration and evaluation expenditures relate to costs incurred in the exploration and evaluation of potential mineral reserves and include costs suchas exploratory drilling, sample testing and the costs of feasibility studies. For our Mining segment, exploration and evaluation expenditures other than thatacquired through the purchase of another mining company, are expensed as incurred. Purchased exploration and evaluation assets are recognized as assets attheir cost of acquisition or at fair value if purchased as part of a business combination.Expenditures are transferred to mine development assets once the work completed supports the future development of the property, provided thattechnical feasibility and commercial viability studies have been successfully completed.Goodwill and Indefinite-Lived Intangible AssetsGoodwill and indefinite lived intangible assets primarily include trademarks and brand names acquired in acquisitions. For a complete discussion of theimpairment of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets related to our various segments see Note 8, “Goodwill and Intangible Assets, Net.”GoodwillGoodwill is determined as the excess of fair value over amounts attributable to specific tangible and intangible assets. Goodwill is reviewed forimpairment annually, or more frequently if impairment indicators exist. An impairment exists when a reporting unit’s carrying value exceeds its fair value.When performing the goodwill impairment testing, a reporting units’ fair value is based on valuation techniques using the best available information,primarily discounted cash flows projections, guideline transaction multiples, and multiples of current and future earnings. The impairment charge, if any, isthe excess of the tested reporting unit's carrying value over its fair value, limited to the total amount of goodwill allocated to the tested reporting unit.Indefinite-Lived Intangible AssetsIndefinite-lived intangible assets are stated at fair value established at acquisition or cost. These indefinite-lived intangible assets are reviewed forimpairment annually, or more frequently if impairment indicators exist. An impairment exists when a trademark or brand names' carrying value exceeds itsfair value. The fair values of these assets are based upon the prospective stream of hypothetical after-tax royalty cost savings discounted at rates that reflectthe rates of return appropriate for these intangible assets. The impairment charge, if any, is the excess of the assets carrying value over its fair value.Held For SaleWe classify assets and liabilities as held for sale when management, having the authority to approve the action, commits to a plan to sell the disposalgroup, the sale is probable within one year, and the disposal group is available for immediate sale in its present condition. We also consider whether an activeprogram to locate a buyer has been initiated, whether the disposal group is marketed actively for sale at a price that is reasonable in relation to its current fairvalue, and whether actions required to complete the plan indicate it is unlikely significant changes to the plan will be made or the plan will be withdrawn.78ICAHN ENTERPRISES L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESICAHN ENTERPRISES HOLDINGS L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTSAs of December 31, 2017, assets held for sale were not material. As of December 31, 2016, assets held for sale primarily consisted of property plant andequipment of approximately $1.2 billion and liabilities held for sale primarily consisted of debt of approximately $1.7 billion. Such assets and liabilitiesheld for sale related primarily to our pending sale of ARL. During 2017, we closed on the sale of ARL and disposed of such assets and liabilities previouslyclassified as held for sale.Pension and Other Post-Retirement Benefit Plan ObligationsPension and other post-employment benefit costs are dependent upon assumptions used in calculating such costs. These assumptions include discountrates, health care cost trends, expected returns on plan assets and other factors. In accordance with U.S. GAAP, actual results that differ from the assumptionsused are accumulated and amortized over future periods and, accordingly, generally affect recognized expense and the recorded obligation in future periods.Allocation of Net Profits and Losses in Consolidated Affiliated PartnershipsNet investment income and net realized and unrealized gains and losses on investments of the Investment Funds are allocated to the respective partnersof the Investment Funds based on their percentage ownership in such Investment Funds on a monthly basis. Except for our limited partner interest, suchallocations made to the limited partners of the Investment Funds are represented as non-controlling interests in our consolidated statements of operations.General Partnership Interest of Icahn Enterprises and Icahn Enterprises HoldingsThe general partner's capital account generally consists of its cumulative share of our net income less cash distributions plus capital contributions.Additionally, in acquisitions of common control companies accounted for at historical cost similar to a pooling of interests, the general partner's capitalaccount would be charged (or credited) in a manner similar to a distribution (or contribution) for the excess (or deficit) of the fair value of consideration paidover historical basis in the business acquired.Capital Accounts, as defined under the Partnership Agreement, are maintained for our general partner and our limited partners. The capital accountprovisions of our Partnership Agreement incorporate principles established for U.S. federal income tax purposes and are not comparable to the equityaccounts reflected under U.S. GAAP in our consolidated financial statements. Under our Partnership Agreement, the general partner is required to makeadditional capital contributions to us upon the issuance of any additional depositary units in order to maintain a capital account balance equal to 1.99%(1.00% in the case of Icahn Enterprises Holdings) of the total capital accounts of all partners.Generally, net earnings for U.S. federal income tax purposes are allocated 1.99% (1.00% in the case of Icahn Enterprises Holdings) and 98.01% (99.00%in the case of Icahn Enterprises Holdings) between the general partner and the limited partners, respectively, in the same proportion as aggregate cashdistributions made to the general partner and the limited partners during the period. This is generally consistent with the manner of allocating net incomeunder our Partnership Agreement; however, it is not comparable to the allocation of net income reflected in our consolidated financial statements.Pursuant to the Partnership Agreement, in the event of our dissolution, after satisfying our liabilities, our remaining assets would be divided among ourlimited partners and the general partner in accordance with their respective percentage interests under the Partnership Agreement. If a deficit balance stillremains in the general partner's capital account after all allocations are made between the partners, the general partner would not be required to make wholeany such deficit.Income Per LP UnitFor Icahn Enterprises, basic income (loss) per LP unit is based on net income or loss attributable to Icahn Enterprises allocable to limited partners. Netincome or loss allocable to limited partners is divided by the weighted-average number of LP units outstanding. Diluted income (loss) per LP unit, whenapplicable, is based on basic income (loss) adjusted for the potential effect of dilutive securities as well as the related weighted-average number of units andequivalent units outstanding.For accounting purposes, when applicable, earnings prior to dates of acquisitions or investments in joint ventures of entities under common control areexcluded from the computation of basic and diluted income per LP unit as such earnings are allocated to our general partner or non-controlling interests.Income TaxesExcept as described below, no provision has been made for federal, state, local or foreign income taxes on the results of operations generated bypartnership activities, as such taxes are the responsibility of the partners. Provision has been made for federal, state, local or foreign income taxes on theresults of operations generated by our corporate subsidiaries and these are reflected within continuing and discontinued operations. Deferred tax assets andliabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets andliabilities and79ICAHN ENTERPRISES L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESICAHN ENTERPRISES HOLDINGS L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTStheir respective tax bases and operating loss and tax credit carry forwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected toapply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets andliabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date.Deferred tax assets are limited to amounts considered to be realizable in future periods. A valuation allowance is recorded against deferred tax assets ifmanagement does not believe that we have met the “more-likely-than-not” standard to allow recognition of such an asset.U.S. GAAP provides that the tax effects from an uncertain tax position can be recognized in the financial statements only if the position is “more-likely-than-not” to be sustained if the position were to be challenged by a taxing authority. The assessment of the tax position is based solely on the technicalmerits of the position, without regard to the likelihood that the tax position may be challenged. If an uncertain tax position meets the “more-likely-than-not”threshold, the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50 percent likely to be recognized upon ultimate settlement with the taxing authority isrecorded. See Note 14, “Income Taxes,” for additional information.Revenue and Expense RecognitionAutomotiveRevenue Recognition: Our Automotive segment records sales when products are shipped and the risks and rewards of ownership have transferred to thecustomer, the sales price is fixed and determinable, and the collectability of revenue is reasonably assured. Accruals for sales returns and other allowances areprovided at point of sale based upon past experience. Adjustments to such returns and allowances are made as new information becomes available.Automotive service revenues are recognized on completion of the service and consist of the labor charged for installing products or maintaining or repairingvehicles. Automotive services revenues are included in other revenues from operations in our consolidated statements of operations however, the sale of anyinstalled parts or materials related to automotive services are included in net sales.Rebates: Our Automotive segment accrues for rebates pursuant to specific arrangements with certain of its customers, primarily in the aftermarket.Rebates generally provide for price reductions based upon the achievement of specified purchase volumes and are recorded as a reduction of sales as earnedby such customers.Sales and Sales Related Taxes: Our Automotive segment collects and remits taxes assessed by various governmental authorities that are both imposedon and concurrent with revenue-producing transactions with its customers. These taxes may include, but are not limited to, sales, use, value-added, and someexcise taxes. The collection of these taxes is reported on a net basis (excluded from revenues).Shipping and Handling Costs: Our Automotive segment recognizes shipping and handling costs as incurred as a component of cost of products sold inthe consolidated statements of operations.Engineering and Tooling Costs: Pre-production tooling and engineering costs that Federal-Mogul will not own and that will be used in producingproducts under long-term supply arrangements are expensed as incurred unless the supply arrangement provides it with the noncancelable right to use thetools, or the reimbursement of such costs is agreed to by the customer. Pre-production tooling costs owned by Federal-Mogul are capitalized as part ofmachinery and equipment, and are depreciated over the shorter of the tool’s expected life or the duration of the related program.Research and Development: Federal-Mogul expenses research and development (“R&D”) costs as incurred. R&D expense, including productengineering and validation costs, was $195 million, $192 million and $189 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.Restructuring: Federal-Mogul has restructuring costs comprised of two types: employee costs (contractual termination benefits) and facility closurecosts. Termination benefits are accounted for in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 712, Compensation - Nonretirement Postemployment Benefits, and arerecorded when it is probable that employees will be entitled to benefits and the amounts can be reasonably estimated. Estimates of termination benefits arebased on the frequency of past termination benefits, the similarity of benefits under the current plan and prior plans, and the existence of statutory requiredminimum benefits. Termination benefits are also accounted for in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 420, Exit or Disposal Cost Obligations, for one-timetermination benefits and are recorded dependent upon future service requirements. Facility closure and other costs are accounted for in accordance withFASB ASC Topic 420 and are recorded when the liability is incurred.80ICAHN ENTERPRISES L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESICAHN ENTERPRISES HOLDINGS L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTSEnergyRevenue recognition: For our Energy segment, revenues for products sold are recorded upon delivery of the products to customers, which is the point atwhich title is transferred, the customer has assumed the risk of loss, and when payment has been received or collection is reasonably assured. Deferred revenuerepresents customer prepayments under contracts to guarantee a price and supply of nitrogen fertilizer in quantities expected to be delivered in the next12 months in the normal course of business. Excise and other taxes collected from customers and remitted to governmental authorities are not included inreported revenues.Non-monetary product exchanges and certain buy/sell crude oil transactions which are entered into in the normal course of business are included on anet cost basis in cost of goods sold in the consolidated statement of operations.Shipping Costs: For our Energy segment, pass-through finished goods delivery costs reimbursed by customers are reported in net sales, while anoffsetting expense is included in cost of goods sold.RailcarRevenue recognition: Revenues from manufactured railcar sales are recognized following completion of manufacturing, inspection, customeracceptance and title transfer, which is when the risk for any damage or loss with respect to the railcars passes to the customer, in accordance with our Railcarsegment's contractual terms. Revenues from railcar and industrial components are recorded at the time of product shipment, in accordance with our Railcarsegment's contractual terms.Revenues from railcar leasing are generated from operating leases that are priced as an integrated service that includes amounts related to executorycosts, such as certain maintenance, insurance, and ad valorem taxes and are recognized on a straight-line basis per terms of the underlying lease. If railcars aresold under a lease that is less than one year old, the proceeds from the railcars sold that were on lease will be shown on a gross basis in revenues and cost ofrevenues at the time of sale. Sales of leased railcars that have been on lease for more than one year are recognized as a net gain or loss from the disposal of thelong-term asset as a component of earnings from operations.Revenues from railcar maintenance services are recognized upon completion and shipment of railcars from our Railcar segment's plants. Our Railcarsegment does not currently bundle railcar service contracts with new railcar sales. Revenues from engineering and field services are recognized as performed.Amounts billed prior to meeting revenue recognition criteria are accounted for as deferred revenue and included in accrued expenses and otherliabilities on our consolidated balance sheets.Our Railcar segment records amounts billed to customers for shipping and handling as part of net sales and other revenues from operations in ourconsolidated statements of operations and records related costs in cost of goods sold and other expenses from operations.Our Railcar segment presents any sales tax assessed by a governmental authority that is directly imposed on a revenue-producing transaction between aseller and a customer on a net basis.GamingRevenue Recognition and Promotional Allowances: Casino revenue represents the difference between wins and losses from gaming activities, and isreported net of cash and free play incentives redeemed by customers. Room, food and beverage and other operating revenues are recognized at the time thegoods or services are provided. Tropicana collects taxes from customers at the point of sale on transactions subject to sales and other taxes. Revenues arerecorded net of any taxes collected. The majority of our casino revenue is counted in the form of cash and chips and, therefore, is not subject to anysignificant or complex estimation. The retail value of rooms, food and beverage and other services provided to customers on a complimentary basis isincluded in gross revenues and then deducted as promotional allowances.MetalsRevenue Recognition: PSC Metals' primary source of revenue is from the sale of processed ferrous scrap metal, non-ferrous scrap metals, steel pipe andsteel plate. PSC Metals also generates revenues from sales of secondary plate and pipe, the brokering of scrap metals and from services performed. All salesare recognized when title passes to the customer. Revenues from services are recognized as the service is performed. Sales adjustments related to price andweight differences are reflected as a reduction of revenues when settled.81ICAHN ENTERPRISES L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESICAHN ENTERPRISES HOLDINGS L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTSMiningRevenue recognition: Our Mining segment recognizes revenue when title, ownership, and risk of loss pass to the customer, all of which occurs uponshipment or delivery of the product and is based on the applicable shipping terms. Revenue is measured at the fair value of the consideration received orreceivable, with any adjustments as a result of provisional pricing recorded against revenue.Food PackagingRevenue Recognition: Revenues are recognized at the time products are shipped to the customer, under F.O.B. shipping point or F.O.B. port terms,which is the point at which title is transferred, the customer has the assumed risk of loss, and payment has been received or collection is reasonably assumed.Revenues are net of discounts, rebates and allowances. Viskase records all labor, raw materials, in-bound freight, plant receiving and purchasing,warehousing, handling and distribution costs as a component of costs of goods sold.Real EstateRevenue Recognition: Revenue from real estate sales and related costs are recognized at the time of closing primarily by specific identification.Substantially all of the property comprising our net lease portfolio is leased to others under long-term net leases and we account for these leases inaccordance with applicable U.S. GAAP. We account for our leases as follows: (i) under the financing method, (x) minimum lease payments to be received plusthe estimated value of the property at the end of the lease are considered the gross investment in the lease and (y) unearned income, representing thedifference between gross investment and actual cost of the leased property, is amortized to income over the lease term so as to produce a constant periodicrate of return on the net investment in the lease; and (ii) under the operating method, revenue is recognized as rentals become due, and expenses (includingdepreciation) are charged to operations as incurred.Home FashionRevenue Recognition: WPH records revenue when the following criteria are met: persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, delivery has occurred,the price to the customer is fixed and determinable and collectability is reasonably assured. Unless otherwise agreed in writing, title and risk of loss pass fromWPH to the customer when WPH delivers the merchandise to the designated point of delivery, to the designated point of destination or to the designatedcarrier, free on board. Provisions for certain rebates, sales incentives, product returns and discounts to customers are recorded in the same period the relatedrevenue is recorded.Sales Incentives: Customer incentives are provided to major WPH customers. These incentives begin to accrue when a commitment has been made tothe customer and are recorded as a reduction to sales.Environmental LiabilitiesWe recognize environmental liabilities when a loss is probable and reasonably estimable. Such accruals are estimated based on currently availableinformation, existing technology and enacted laws and regulations. Such estimates are based primarily upon the estimated cost of investigation andremediation required and the likelihood that other potentially responsible parties will be able to fulfill their commitments at the sites where we may bejointly and severally liable with such parties. We regularly evaluate and revise estimates for environmental obligations based on expenditures againstestablished reserves and the availability of additional information.Asset Retirement ObligationsWe record asset retirement obligations (“ARO”) in accordance with applicable U.S. GAAP. As defined in applicable U.S. GAAP, ARO refers to a legalobligation to perform an asset retirement activity in which the timing and/or method of settlement are conditional on a future event. An entity is required torecognize a liability for the estimated fair value of an ARO when incurred if the fair value can be reasonably estimated. Our Automotive segment's primaryasset retirement activities relate to the removal of hazardous building materials at its facilities. Our Automotive segment records the ARO when liabilities areprobably and the amount can be reasonably estimated.LitigationOn an ongoing basis, we assess the potential liabilities related to any lawsuits or claims brought against us. While it is typically very difficult todetermine the timing and ultimate outcome of such actions, we use our best judgment to determine if it is probable that we will incur an expense related tothe settlement or final adjudication of such matters and whether a reasonable estimation of such probable loss, if any, can be made. In assessing probablelosses, we make estimates of the amount82ICAHN ENTERPRISES L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESICAHN ENTERPRISES HOLDINGS L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTSof insurance recoveries, if any. We accrue a liability when we believe a loss is probable and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. Due to theinherent uncertainties related to the eventual outcome of litigation and potential insurance recovery, it is possible that certain matters may be resolved foramounts materially different from any provisions or disclosures that we have previously made.Foreign Currency TranslationExchange adjustments related to international currency transactions and translation adjustments for international subsidiaries whose functionalcurrency is the U.S. dollar (principally those located in highly inflationary economies) are reflected in the consolidated statements of operations. Translationadjustments of international subsidiaries for which the local currency is the functional currency are reflected in the consolidated balance sheets as acomponent of accumulated other comprehensive income. Deferred taxes are not provided on translation adjustments, other than for intercompany loans notdesignated as permanently reinvested, as the earnings of the subsidiaries are considered to be permanently reinvested.Concentrations of credit riskConcentrations of credit risk relate primarily to derivative instruments from our Investment segment. See Note 6, “Financial Instruments,” to theconsolidated financial statements for further discussion.Adoption of New Accounting StandardsIn July 2015, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") No. 2015-11, Simplifying theMeasurement of Inventory, which amends FASB Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") Topic 330, Inventory. This ASU requires entities to measureinventory at the lower of cost or net realizable value and eliminates the option that currently exists for measuring inventory at market value. Net realizablevalue is the estimated selling prices in the ordinary course of business, less reasonably predictable costs of completion, disposal, and transportation. ThisASU is effective beginning with our interim period beginning January 1, 2017. The adoption of this guidance was applied prospectively and did not have amaterial impact on our consolidated financial statements.In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-07, Simplifying the Transition to the Equity Method of Accounting, which amends FASB ASC Topic323, Investments - Equity Method and Joint Ventures. This ASU eliminates the retroactive adjustment of an investment that qualifies for the equity method asa result of an increase in the level of ownership or degree of influence as if the equity method had been in effect during all previous periods that theinvestment had been held. This ASU is effective beginning with our interim period beginning January 1, 2017. The adoption of this guidance did not have amaterial impact on our consolidated financial statements.In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-09, Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting, which amends FASB ASC Topic718, Compensation - Stock Compensation. This ASU simplifies several aspects of the accounting for share-based payment transactions, including the incometax consequences, classification of awards as either equity or liabilities, and classification on the statement of cash flows. This ASU is effective beginningwith our interim period beginning January 1, 2017. During the first quarter of 2017, the board of directors of the general partner of Icahn Enterprisesunanimously approved and adopted the Icahn Enterprises L.P. 2017 Long Term Incentive Plan (the "2017 Incentive Plan"), which became effective duringthe first quarter of 2017 subject to the approval by holders of a majority of Icahn Enterprises depositary units. The 2017 Incentive Plan permits us to issuedepositary units and grant options, restricted units or other unit-based awards to all of our, and our affiliates', employees, consultants, members and partners,as well as the three non-employee directors of our general partner. One million of Icahn Enterprises' depositary units were initially available under the 2017Incentive Plan. Prior to the adoption of the 2017 Incentive Plan, accounting for unit-based payments did not apply to us. Therefore, the adoption of thisguidance in 2017 was the result of the adoption of the 2017 Incentive Plan and which did not have a material impact on our consolidated financialstatements.In October 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-16, Intra-Entity Transfers of Assets Other Than Inventory, which amends FASB ASC Topic 740,Income Taxes. This ASU requires the recognition of income tax consequences of an intra-entity transfer of an asset other than inventory when the transferoccurs. Current U.S. GAAP prohibits the recognition of current and deferred incomes taxes for an intra-entity asset transfer until the asset has been sold to anoutside party. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption ispermitted. We have elected to early adopt this guidance in the first quarter of 2017. The impact of early adopting this guidance on our consolidated financialstatements is a cumulative effect adjustment to decrease our equity attributable to Icahn Enterprises and Icahn Enterprises Holdings as of January 1, 2017 by$47 million to reverse previously deferred charges and recognize them in equity.83ICAHN ENTERPRISES L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESICAHN ENTERPRISES HOLDINGS L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTSIn January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-01, Clarifying the Definition of a Business, which amends FASB ASC Topic 805, BusinessCombinations. This ASU provides guidance on what constitutes a business for purposes of applying FASB ASC Topic 805. This ASU is effective for fiscalyears beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. We have elected to early adopt thisguidance in the first quarter of 2017. We did not have any material transactions affected by this guidance and therefore, the adoption of this guidance did nothave a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-04, Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment, which amends FASB ASC Topic 350, Intangibles -Goodwill and Other. This ASU simplifies the subsequent measurement of goodwill by eliminating "Step 2" from the goodwill impairment test which, prior toadoption of this ASU, requires comparing the implied fair value of goodwill with its carrying value. By eliminating "Step 2" from the goodwill impairmenttest, the quantitative analysis of goodwill will result in an impairment loss for the amount that the carrying value of a reporting unit, including goodwill,exceeds its fair value, limited to the total amount of goodwill allocated to the tested reporting unit. While this ASU reduces the complexity and cost of ourgoodwill impairment tests, it may result in significant differences in the recognition of goodwill impairment. For example, should our reporting units fail"Step 1" of the impairment tests but pass the current "Step 2" impairment tests, we may have more impairments of goodwill under the new guidance. This ASUis effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted beginning forinterim and annual goodwill impairment tests performed on testing dates after January 1, 2017. We have elected to early adopt this guidance for our interimand annual goodwill impairment tests to be performed on testing dates beginning in 2017. This ASU principally affects our Automotive segment assubstantially all of our goodwill balance pertains to our Automotive segment as of December 31, 2017. The adoption of this guidance did not have a materialimpact on our consolidated financial statements.Recently Issued Accounting StandardsIn May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, creating a new topic, FASB ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, supersedingrevenue recognition requirements in FASB ASC Topic 605, Revenue Recognition. This ASU requires that an entity recognize revenue to depict the transfer ofpromised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goodsor services. In addition, an entity is required to disclose sufficient information to enable users of financial statements to understand the nature, amount, timingand uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from contracts with customers. This ASU was amended by ASU No. 2015-14, issued in August 2015, whichdeferred the original effective date by one year; the effective date of this ASU is for fiscal years, and interim reporting periods within those years, beginningafter December 15, 2017, using one of two retrospective application methods. In addition, the FASB issued other amendments during 2016 and 2017 toFASB ASC Topic 606 that include implementation guidance to principal versus agent considerations, guidance to identifying performance obligations andlicensing guidance and other narrow scope improvements. We have developed an implementation plan to adopt this new ASU. We will adopt these newstandards effective January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective application method which will require a cumulative effect adjustment recognized inequity at such date. We determined this cumulative effect adjustment to be immaterial. No adjustment to revenue for periods prior to adoption will berequired. To date, we have not identified any differences in our existing revenue recognition methods that would require material modification under the newstandards. Additionally, although we anticipate our internal controls to be modified as necessary, we do not anticipate our internal control framework tomaterially change as a result of the adoption of these new standards.In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-01, Financial Instruments - Overall, which amends FASB ASC Topic 825, Financial Instruments. ThisASU requires that equity investments (except those accounted for under the equity method of accounting or those that result in the consolidation of theinvestee) to be measured at fair value with changes recognized in earnings. However, an entity may choose to measure equity investments that do not havereadily determinable fair values at cost minus impairment. In addition, there were other amendments to certain disclosure and presentation matters pertainingto financial instruments, including the requirement of an entity to use the exit price notion when measuring the fair value of financial instruments fordisclosure purposes. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Theamendments in this ASU should be applied by means of a cumulative-effect adjustment to the balance sheet as of the beginning of the fiscal year of adoption.The amendments related to equity securities without readily determinable fair values should be applied prospectively to equity investments that exist as ofthe date of adoption. Early application is permitted for certain matters only. We are currently evaluating the impact of this guidance on our consolidatedfinancial statements.In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), which supersedes FASB ASC Topic 840, Leases. This ASU requires therecognition of lease assets and lease liabilities by lessees for those leases classified as operating84ICAHN ENTERPRISES L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESICAHN ENTERPRISES HOLDINGS L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTSleases under previous guidance. In addition, among other changes to the accounting for leases, this ASU retains the distinction between finance leases andoperating leases. The classification criteria for distinguishing between finance leases and operating leases are substantially similar to the classificationcriteria for distinguishing between capital leases and operating leases in the previous guidance. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning afterDecember 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The amendments in this ASU should be applied using a modified retrospectiveapproach. Early application is permitted. We anticipate our assessment and implementation plan to be ongoing during the remainder of 2018 and arecurrently unable to reasonably estimate the impact of this guidance on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, which amends FASB ASC Topic 326,Financial Instruments - Credit Losses. This ASU requires financial assets measured at amortized cost to be presented at the net amount to be collected andbroadens the information, including forecasted information incorporating more timely information, that an entity must consider in developing its expectedcredit loss estimate for assets measured. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscalyears. Early application is permitted for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018. We are currently evaluating the impact of this guidance on ourconsolidated financial statements.In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-15, Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments, which amends FASB ASC Topic 230,Statement of Cash Flows. This ASU seeks to reduce the diversity currently in practice by providing guidance on the presentation of eight specific cash flowissues in the statement of cash flows. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those fiscal years.We are currently evaluating the impact of this guidance on our consolidated statements of cash flows.In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-18, Restricted Cash, which amends FASB ASC Topic 230, Statement of Cash Flows. This ASUrequires that the statement of cash flows explain the change during the period total cash, cash equivalents, and amounts generally described as restricted cashor restricted cash equivalents. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Earlyadoption is permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact of this guidance on our consolidated financial statements.In March 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-07, Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Postretirement BenefitCost, which amends FASB ASC Topic 715, Compensation - Retirement Benefits. This ASU requires entities to present the service cost component of netperiodic benefit cost in the same line item or items in the financial statements as other compensation costs arising from services rendered by the pertinentemployees during the period. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Earlyadoption is permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact of this guidance on our consolidated financial statements.In May 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-09, Scope of Modification Accounting, which amends FASB ASC Topic 718, Compensation - StockCompensation. This ASU provides updated guidance about which changes to the terms and conditions of a share-based payment award require an entity toapply modification accounting in Topic 718. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those fiscalyears. Early adoption is permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact of this guidance on our consolidated financial statements.In August 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-12, Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities, which amends FASB ASC Topic 815,Derivatives and Hedging. This ASU includes amendments to existing guidance to better align an entity’s risk management activities and financial reportingfor hedging relationships through changes to both the designation and measurement guidance for qualifying hedging relationships and the presentation ofhedge results. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption ispermitted. We are currently evaluating the impact of this guidance on our consolidated financial statements.In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-02, Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income, whichamends FASB ASC Topic 220, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income. This ASU allows a reclassification out of accumulated othercomprehensive loss within equity for standard tax effects resulting from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act and consequently, eliminates the stranded tax effectsresulting from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those fiscalyears. Early adoption is permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact of this guidance on our consolidated financial statements.85ICAHN ENTERPRISES L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESICAHN ENTERPRISES HOLDINGS L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS3.Related Party Transactions.Our second amended and restated agreement of limited partnership expressly permits us to enter into transactions with our general partner or any of itsaffiliates, including, without limitation, buying or selling properties from or to our general partner and any of its affiliates and borrowing and lending moneyfrom or to our general partner and any of its affiliates, subject to limitations contained in our partnership agreement and the Delaware Revised UniformLimited Partnership Act. The indentures governing our indebtedness contain certain covenants applicable to transactions with affiliates.Investment FundsDuring the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, Mr. Icahn and his affiliates (excluding us) invested $600 million, $498 million and $240million, respectively, in the Investment Funds, net of redemptions. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the total fair market value of investments in theInvestment Funds made by Mr. Icahn and his affiliates (excluding us) was approximately $4.4 billion and $3.7 billion, respectively, representingapproximately 59% and 69% of the Investment Funds' assets under management as of each respective date.We pay for expenses pertaining to the operation, administration and investment activities of our Investment segment for the benefit of the InvestmentFunds (including salaries, benefits and rent). Effective April 1, 2011, based on an expense-sharing arrangement, certain expenses borne by us are reimbursedby the Investment Funds. For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, $13 million, $34 million and $235 million, respectively, was allocated tothe Investment Funds based on this expense-sharing arrangement.Hertz Global Holdings, Inc.As discussed in Note 4, "Investments and Related Matters," the Investment Funds have an investment in the common stock of Hertz Global Holdings,Inc. ("Hertz") measured at fair value that would have otherwise been subject to the equity method of accounting beginning in the fourth quarter of 2016. PepBoys provides services to Hertz in the ordinary course of business. For the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, revenue from Hertz was $17 million and$3 million, respectively. Additionally, Federal-Mogul had payments to Hertz in the ordinary course of business of $2 million and $2 million for the yearsended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.IRL Holding, LLCDuring the year ended December 31, 2015, ARL distributed an aggregate of $25 million to IRL Holding, LLC ("IRL"), an affiliate of Mr. Icahn, and alsomade a non-resident withholding of $2 million on IRL's behalf.American Railcar Leasing, LLCOn February 29, 2016, Icahn Enterprises entered into a contribution agreement with an affiliate of Mr. Icahn to acquire the remaining 25% economicinterest in ARL not already owned by us. Pursuant to this contribution agreement, we contributed 685,367 newly issued depositary units of Icahn Enterprisesto such affiliate in exchange for the remaining 25% economic interest in ARL. As a result of the transaction, we owned a 100% economic interest inARL. This transaction was authorized by the independent committee of the board of directors of the general partner of Icahn Enterprises. The independentcommittee was advised by independent counsel and retained an independent financial advisor which rendered a fairness opinion.ACF Industries, Inc.Our Railcar segment has certain transactions with ACF Industries LLC ("ACF"), an affiliate of Mr. Icahn, under various agreements, as well as on apurchase order basis. ACF is a manufacturer and fabricator of specialty railcar parts and miscellaneous steel products. Agreements and transactions with ACFinclude the following:•Railcar component purchases from ACF•Railcar parts purchases from and sales to ACF•Railcar purchasing and engineering services agreement with ACF•Lease of certain intellectual property to ACF•Railcar repair services and support for ACF•Railcar purchases from ACF (prior to June 1, 2017)86ICAHN ENTERPRISES L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESICAHN ENTERPRISES HOLDINGS L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTSPurchases from ACF were $6 million, $21 million and $86 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. For the yearsended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, revenues from ACF were $1 million, $1 million and $10 million, respectively.Insight Portfolio Group LLCInsight Portfolio Group LLC ("Insight Portfolio Group") is an entity formed and controlled by Mr. Icahn in order to maximize the potential buyingpower of a group of entities with which Mr. Icahn has a relationship in negotiating with a wide range of suppliers of goods, services and tangible andintangible property at negotiated rates. Icahn Enterprises Holdings has a minority equity interest in Insight Portfolio Group and agreed to pay a portion ofInsight Portfolio Group's operating expenses. In addition to the minority equity interest held by Icahn Enterprises Holdings, certain subsidiaries of ours,including Federal-Mogul, CVR Energy, PSC Metals, ARI, ARL (prior to June 1, 2017), Tropicana, Viskase and WPH also acquired minority equity interestsin Insight Portfolio Group and agreed to pay a portion of Insight Portfolio Group's operating expenses. A number of other entities with which Mr. Icahn has arelationship also have minority equity interests in Insight Portfolio Group and also agreed to pay certain of Insight Portfolio Group's operating expenses. Forthe years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, we and certain of our subsidiaries paid certain of the Insight Portfolio Group's operating expenses of $2million, $2 million and $2 million, respectively.4.Investments and Related Matters.InvestmentInvestments and securities sold, not yet purchased consist of equities, bonds, bank debt and other corporate obligations, all of which are reported at fairvalue in our consolidated balance sheets. These investments are considered trading securities. In addition, our Investment segment has certain derivativetransactions which are discussed in Note 6, “Financial Instruments." The carrying value and detail by security type, including business sector for equitysecurities, with respect to investments and securities sold, not yet purchased held by our Investment segment consist of the following: December 31, 2017 2016Assets(in millions)Investments: Equity securities: Basic materials$1,170 $963 Consumer, non-cyclical2,551 2,677 Energy1,489 1,278 Financial2,185 2,385 Technology833 911 Other1,149 809 9,377 9,023 Corporate debt securities155 190 $9,532 $9,213Liabilities Securities sold, not yet purchased, at fair value: Equity securities: Consumer, non-cyclical$101 $— Consumer, cyclical667 968 Energy110 19 Industrial110 100 988 1,087 Corporate debt securities35 52 $1,023 $1,13987ICAHN ENTERPRISES L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESICAHN ENTERPRISES HOLDINGS L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTSThe portion of trading gains (losses) that relates to trading securities still held by our Investment segment was $1,413 million, $340 million and$(2,222) million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.As of December 31, 2017, the Investment Funds owned approximately 28% of the outstanding common stock of Hertz. Beginning in the fourth quarterof 2016, this investment would have become subject to the equity method of accounting however, our Investment segment elected to continue to apply thefair value option to this investment. Our Investment segment recorded net gains (losses) of $13 million and $(389) million for the years ended December 31,2017 and 2016, respectively, with respect to its investment in Hertz. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the aggregate fair value of our Investment segment'sinvestment in Hertz was $517 million and $505 million, respectively.The Investment Funds also owned approximately 21% of the outstanding common stock of Herbalife Ltd. ("Herbalife") as of December 31, 2017.Beginning in the third quarter of 2016, this investment would have become subject to the equity method of accounting, after considering additionalownership in Herbalife by an affiliate of Mr. Icahn as well as the collective representation on the board of directors of Herbalife, however, our Investmentsegment elected to continue to apply the fair value option to this investment. Our Investment segment recorded net gains (losses) of $357 million and $(113)million for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively, with respect to its investment in Herbalife. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, theaggregate fair value of our Investment segment's investment in Herbalife was approximately $1.2 billion and $867 million, respectively.Herbalife and Hertz each file annual, quarterly and current reports and proxy and information statements with the SEC, which are publicly available.Other SegmentsWith the exception of certain equity method investments at our operating subsidiaries disclosed in the table below, our investments are measured at fairvalue in our consolidated balance sheets. The carrying value of investments held by our other segments and our Holding Company consist of the following: December 31, 2017 2016 (in millions)Equity method investments$430 $302Other investments (measured at fair value)407 366 $837 $6685.Fair Value Measurements.U.S. GAAP requires enhanced disclosures about investments and non-recurring non-financial assets and liabilities that are measured and reported at fairvalue and has established a hierarchal disclosure framework that prioritizes and ranks the level of market price observability used in measuring investmentsor non-financial assets and liabilities at fair value. Market price observability is impacted by a number of factors, including the type of investment and thecharacteristics specific to the investment. Investments with readily available active quoted prices or for which fair value can be measured from activelyquoted prices generally will have a higher degree of market price observability and a lesser degree of judgment used in measuring fair value.Investments and non-financial assets and/or liabilities measured and reported at fair value are classified and disclosed in one of the followingcategories:Level 1 - Quoted prices are available in active markets for identical investments and non-financial assets and/or liabilities as of the reporting date.Level 2 - Pricing inputs are other than quoted prices in active markets, which are either directly or indirectly observable as of the reporting date, and fairvalue is determined through the use of models or other valuation methodologies where all significant inputs are observable. The inputs andassumptions of our Level 2 investments are derived from market observable sources including reported trades, broker/dealer quotes and other pertinentdata.Level 3 - Pricing inputs are unobservable for the investment and non-financial asset and/or liability and include situations where there is little, if any,market activity for the investment or non-financial asset and/or liability. The inputs into the determination of fair value require significant managementjudgment or estimation. Fair value is determined using88ICAHN ENTERPRISES L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESICAHN ENTERPRISES HOLDINGS L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTScomparable market transactions and other valuation methodologies, adjusted as appropriate for liquidity, credit, market and/or other risk factors.In certain cases, the inputs used to measure fair value may fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. In such cases, investments', non-financialassets' and/or liabilities' level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Ourassessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment and consideration of factors specific to theinvestment. Significant transfers, if any, between the levels within the fair value hierarchy are recognized at the beginning of the reporting period whenchanges in circumstances require such transfers.Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring BasisThe following table summarizes the valuation of our assets and liabilities by the above fair value hierarchy levels measured on a recurring basis as ofDecember 31, 2017 and 2016: December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 TotalAssets(in millions)Investments (Note 4)$9,378 $264 $279 $9,921 $9,033 $306 $212 $9,551Derivative contracts, at fair value (Note 6)(1)— 1 — 1 — 23 — 23 $9,378 $265 $279 $9,922 $9,033 $329 $212 $9,574Liabilities Securities sold, not yet purchased (Note 4)$988 $35 $— $1,023 $1,087 $52 $— $1,139Other liabilities— 1 — 1 — 187 — 187Derivative contracts, at fair value (Note 6)36 1,239 — 1,275 — 1,139 — 1,139 $1,024 $1,275 $— $2,299 $1,087 $1,378 $— $2,465(1) Amounts are classified within other assets in our consolidated balance sheets.Assets Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis for Which We Use Level 3 Inputs to Determine Fair ValueThe changes in investments measured at fair value on a recurring basis for which we use Level 3 inputs to determine fair value are as follows: Year Ended December 31, 2017 2016 (in millions)Balance at January 1$212 $283Net realized gains— 16Net unrealized gains67 (6)Purchases5 50Transfers out(6) (135)Transfers in1 4Balance at December 31$279 $212Transfers out of Level 3 during the year ended December 31, 2016 primarily relates to our previously held corporate debt investment in TER of $126million. The investment was transferred out of Level 3 following TER's emergence from bankruptcy on February 26, 2016 and subsequently becoming awholly owned consolidated subsidiary of ours upon the extinguishment of their debt and its conversion to equity in TER. Purchases during the year endedDecember 31, 2016 relates to an increase in a certain investment classified as trading securities which is considered a Level 3 investment due to unobservablemarket data and is measured at fair value on a recurring basis. We determined the fair value of this investment based on recent market89ICAHN ENTERPRISES L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESICAHN ENTERPRISES HOLDINGS L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTStransactions. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the fair value of this investment was $274 million and $207 million, respectively.Assets Measured at Fair Value on a Non-Recurring Basis for Which We Use Level 3 Inputs to Determine Fair ValueCertain assets measured at fair value using Level 3 inputs on a nonrecurring basis have been impaired. During the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016and 2015, we recorded impairment charges of $31 million, $99 million and $201 million, respectively, relating to property, plant and equipment. Wedetermined the fair value of property, plant and equipment by applying probability weighted, expected present value techniques to the estimated future cashflows using assumptions a market participant would utilize. In addition, during the year ended December 31, 2017, we recorded a loss of $8 million frommarking inventory down to net realizable value at our Automotive segment. Additionally, in connection with our reclassification of certain assets from heldand used to assets held for sale at our Railcar, Automotive and Metals segments, we recorded aggregate impairment charges of $72 million, $17 million and$14 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively, which represents the difference between the carrying value and fair valueless cost to sell of such assets.Refer to Note 8, "Goodwill and Intangible Assets, Net," for discussion of our goodwill and intangible asset impairments.Refer to Note 13, "Segment and Geographic Reporting," for total impairment recorded by each of our segments.Defined Benefit Plans Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring BasisThe following table presents our Automotive segment's defined benefit plan assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2017and 2016: December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total (in millions)U.S. Plans: Cash$35 $— $— $35 $30 $— $— $30Investments with registered investmentcompanies: Equity securities393 — — 393 346 — — 346Fixed income securities163 — — 163 154 — — 154Real estate and other46 — — 46 41 — — 41Equity securities223 — — 223 204 — — 204Debt securities: Corporate and other— 22 — 22 — 21 — 21Government11 21 — 32 11 17 — 28Hedge funds— — 29 29 — — 32 32 $871 $43 $29 $943 $786 $38 $32 $856Non-U.S. Plans: Insurance contracts$— $— $54 $54 $— $— $42 $42Investments with registered investmentcompanies: Fixed income securities25 — — 25 19 — — 19Equity securities2 — — 2 2 — — 2Corporate bonds— — — — — — — — $27 $— $54 $81 $21 $— $42 $6390ICAHN ENTERPRISES L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESICAHN ENTERPRISES HOLDINGS L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTSThe changes in U.S. and Non-U.S. plan assets measured at fair value for which our Automotive segment has used Level 3 input to determine fair valueare as follows: Year Ended December 31, 2017 2016 (in millions)U.S. Plans: Hedge funds: Balance at January 1$32 $86Net realized and unrealized gains3 —Purchases and settlements, net12 48Sales, net(18) (102)Balance at December 31$29 $32 Year Ended December 31, 2017 2016 (in millions)Non-U.S. Plans: Insurance contracts: Balance at January 1$42 $40Net realized and unrealized gains2 2Purchases and settlements, net6 3Proceeds(2) (2)Foreign currency exchange rate movements6 (1)Balance at December 31$54 $42The following table presents our Food Packaging and Railcar segment's defined benefit plan assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis as ofDecember 31, 2017 and 2016: December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total (in millions)U.S. and Non-U.S. Plans: Asset category: Cash equivalents$4 $1 $— $5 $4 $1 $— $5Equity securities79 3 — 82 77 3 — 80Fixed income securities26 3 — 29 25 2 — 27Other(1)6 — — 6 5 — — 5 $115 $7 $— $122 $111 $6 $— $117(1) Excludes hedge fund plan assets measured at fair value using net asset value per share in the amount of $9 million and $9 million as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.91ICAHN ENTERPRISES L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESICAHN ENTERPRISES HOLDINGS L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS6.Financial Instruments.OverviewInvestmentIn the normal course of business, the Investment Funds may trade various financial instruments and enter into certain investment activities, which maygive rise to off-balance-sheet risks, with the objective of capital appreciation or as economic hedges against other securities or the market as a whole. TheInvestment Funds' investments may include futures, options, swaps and securities sold, not yet purchased. These financial instruments represent futurecommitments to purchase or sell other financial instruments or to exchange an amount of cash based on the change in an underlying instrument at specificterms at specified future dates. Risks arise with these financial instruments from potential counterparty non-performance and from changes in the marketvalues of underlying instruments.Credit concentrations may arise from investment activities and may be impacted by changes in economic, industry or political factors. The InvestmentFunds routinely execute transactions with counterparties in the financial services industry, resulting in credit concentration with respect to the financialservices industry. In the ordinary course of business, the Investment Funds may also be subject to a concentration of credit risk to a particular counterparty.The Investment Funds seek to mitigate these risks by actively monitoring exposures, collateral requirements and the creditworthiness of its counterparties.The Investment Funds have entered into various types of swap contracts with other counterparties. These agreements provide that they are entitled toreceive or are obligated to pay in cash an amount equal to the increase or decrease, respectively, in the value of the underlying shares, debt and otherinstruments that are the subject of the contracts, during the period from inception of the applicable agreement to its expiration. In addition, pursuant to theterms of such agreements, they are entitled to receive or obligated to pay other amounts, including interest, dividends and other distributions made in respectof the underlying shares, debt and other instruments during the specified time frame. They are also required to pay to the counterparty a floating interest rateequal to the product of the notional amount multiplied by an agreed-upon rate, and they receive interest on any cash collateral that they post to thecounterparty at the federal funds or LIBOR in effect for such period.The Investment Funds may trade futures contracts. A futures contract is a firm commitment to buy or sell a specified quantity of a standardized amountof a deliverable grade commodity, security, currency or cash at a specified price and specified future date unless the contract is closed before the deliverydate. Payments (or variation margin) are made or received by the Investment Funds each day, depending on the daily fluctuations in the value of the contract,and the whole value change is recorded as an unrealized gain or loss by the Investment Funds. When the contract is closed, the Investment Funds record arealized gain or loss equal to the difference between the value of the contract at the time it was opened and the value at the time it was closed.The Investment Funds may utilize forward contracts to seek to protect their assets denominated in foreign currencies and precious metals holdings fromlosses due to fluctuations in foreign exchange rates and spot rates. The Investment Funds' exposure to credit risk associated with non-performance of suchforward contracts is limited to the unrealized gains or losses inherent in such contracts, which are recognized in other assets and accrued expenses and otherliabilities in our consolidated balance sheets.The Investment Funds may also enter into foreign currency contracts for purposes other than hedging denominated securities. When entering into aforeign currency forward contract, the Investment Funds agree to receive or deliver a fixed quantity of foreign currency for an agreed-upon price on anagreed-upon future date unless the contract is closed before such date. The Investment Funds record unrealized gains or losses on the contracts as measuredby the difference between the forward foreign exchange rates at the dates of entry into such contracts and the forward rates at the reporting date.The Investment Funds may also purchase and write option contracts. As a writer of option contracts, the Investment Funds receive a premium at theoutset and then bear the market risk of unfavorable changes in the price of the underlying financial instrument. As a result of writing option contracts, theInvestment Funds are obligated to purchase or sell, at the holder's option, the underlying financial instrument. Accordingly, these transactions result in off-balance-sheet risk, as the Investment Funds' satisfaction of the obligations may exceed the amount recognized in our consolidated balance sheets.Certain terms of the Investment Funds' contracts with derivative counterparties, which are standard and customary to such contracts, contain certaintriggering events that would give the counterparties the right to terminate the derivative instruments. In such events, the counterparties to the derivativeinstruments could request immediate payment on derivative instruments in net liability positions. The aggregate fair value of all of the Investment Funds'derivative instruments with credit-risk-related contingent features that are in a liability position at December 31, 2017 and 2016 was $17 million and $39million, respectively.92ICAHN ENTERPRISES L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESICAHN ENTERPRISES HOLDINGS L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTSAutomotiveFederal-Mogul is exposed to market risk, such as fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, commodity prices and changes in interest rates, whichmay result in cash flow risks. To manage the volatility relating to these exposures, Federal-Mogul aggregates the exposures on a consolidated basis to takeadvantage of natural offsets. For exposures not offset within its operations, Federal-Mogul enters into various derivative transactions pursuant to its riskmanagement policies, which prohibit holding or issuing derivative financial instruments for speculative purposes, and designation of derivative instrumentsis performed on a transaction basis to support hedge accounting. The changes in fair value of these hedging instruments are offset in part or in whole bycorresponding changes in the fair value or cash flows of the underlying exposures being hedged. Federal-Mogul assesses the initial and ongoingeffectiveness of its hedging relationships in accordance with its documented policy.Financial instruments including cash equivalents, derivative contracts, and accounts receivable, expose Federal-Mogul tocounter-party credit risk for non-performance. Federal-Mogul’s counterparties for cash equivalents and derivative contracts arebanks and financial institutions that meet its requirement of high credit standing. Federal-Mogul's counterparties for derivativecontracts are substantial investment and commercial banks with significant experience using such derivatives. Federal-Mogulmanages its credit risk through policies requiring minimum credit standing and limiting credit exposure to any one counterpartyand through monitoring counter-party credit risks. Federal-Mogul's concentration of credit risk related to derivativecontracts at December 31, 2017 and 2016 was not material.EnergyCVR Refining enters into commodity swap contracts in order to fix the margin on a portion of future production. Additionally, CVR Refining may enterinto price and basis swaps in order to fix the price on a portion of its commodity purchases and product sales. The physical volumes are not exchanged andthese contracts are net settled with cash. The contract fair value of the commodity swaps is reflected on the consolidated balance sheets with changes in fairvalue currently recognized in the consolidated statements of operations. Quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets (Level 2) areconsidered to determine the fair values for the purpose of marking to market the hedging instruments at each period end. At December 31, 2017 and 2016,CVR Refining had open commodity swap instruments consisting of 14.3 million and 4.0 million barrels of crack spreads, respectively, primarily to fix themargin on a portion of its future gasoline and distillate production. Additionally, as of December 31, 2017, CVR Refining had open forward purchase andsale commitments for 5.8 million barrels of Canadian crude oil priced at fixed differentials that are not considered probable of physical settlement and areaccounted for as derivatives.Consolidated Derivative InformationCertain derivative contracts executed by the Investment Funds with a single counterparty, by our Automotive segment with a single counterparty or byour Energy segment with a single counterparty are reported on a net-by-counterparty basis where a legal right of offset exists under an enforceable nettingagreement. Values for the derivative financial instruments, principally swaps, forwards, over-the-counter options and other conditional and exchangecontracts, are reported on a net-by-counterparty basis. As a result, the net exposure to counterparties is reported in either other assets or accrued expenses andother liabilities in our consolidated balance sheets.The following table presents the consolidated fair values of our derivatives that are not designated as hedging instruments in accordance with U.SGAAP: Asset Derivatives(1) Liability Derivatives December 31, December 31,2017 2016 2017 2016 (in millions)Equity contracts$— $15 $1,159 $1,104Credit contracts— 17 17 39Commodity contracts7 2 106 11Sub-total7 34 1,282 1,154Netting across contract types(2)(7) (15) (7) (15) $— $19 $1,275 $1,139(1) Net asset derivatives are located within other assets in our consolidated balance sheets.(2) Excludes netting of cash collateral received and posted. The total collateral posted at December 31, 2017 and 2016 was $542 million and $634 million, respectively, across allcounterparties.93ICAHN ENTERPRISES L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESICAHN ENTERPRISES HOLDINGS L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTSThe following table presents the amount of gain (loss) recognized in the consolidated statements of operations for our derivatives not designated ashedging instruments: Gain (Loss) Recognized in Income(1) Year Ended December 31, 2017 2016 2015 (in millions)Equity contracts$(1,815) $(1,609) $(1)Foreign exchange contracts— 35 160Credit contracts(42) 44 489Interest rate contracts— (28) —Commodity contracts(182) (101) 57 $(2,039) $(1,659) $705 (1) Gains (losses) recognized on derivatives are classified in net gain from investment activities in our consolidated statements of operations for our Investment segment and are includedin other income, net for all other segments.The volume of our derivative activities based on their notional exposure, categorized by primary underlying risk, is as follows: December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 Long Notional Exposure Short NotionalExposure Long Notional Exposure Short NotionalExposurePrimary underlying risk:(in millions)Equity contracts$243 $6,660 $112 $14,094Credit contracts(1)— 391 202 472Commodity contracts20 911 16 754(1)The short notional amount on our credit default swap positions is approximately $2.5 billion and $2.6 billion as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. However, becausecredit spreads cannot compress below zero, our downside short notional exposure to loss is approximately $391 million and $472 million as of December 31, 2017 and 2016,respectively.Non-Derivative Instruments Designated as Hedging InstrumentsAs of December 31, 2017, Federal-Mogul has foreign currency denominated debt, of which $884 million is designated as a net investment hedge incertain foreign subsidiaries and affiliates of Federal-Mogul. Changes to its carrying value are included in other comprehensive loss as translation adjustmentsand other. These debt instruments are discussed further in Note 10, “Debt.” The amount recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss for the yearended December 31, 2017 was a loss of $85 million.7.Inventories, Net.Inventories, net consists of the following: December 31, 2017 2016 (in millions)Raw materials$531 $483Work in process338 299Finished goods2,392 2,201 $3,261 $2,983Inventories in the table above is presented net of reserves of $200 million and $136 million as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.94ICAHN ENTERPRISES L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESICAHN ENTERPRISES HOLDINGS L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS8.Goodwill and Intangible Assets, Net.Goodwill consists of the following: December 31, 2017 Automotive Energy Railcar Gaming Food Packaging Consolidated (in millions)Gross carrying amount, January 1$1,662 $930 $7 $3 $4 $2,606Acquisitions121 — — — 3 124Foreign exchange15 — — — — 15Gross carrying amount, December311,798 930 7 3 7 2,745 Accumulated impairment, January 1(537) (930) — (3) — (1,470)Impairment— — — — — —Accumulated impairment, December31(537) (930) — (3) — (1,470) Net carrying value, December 31$1,261 $— $7 $— $7 $1,275 December 31, 2016 Automotive Energy Railcar Gaming Food Packaging Consolidated (in millions)Gross carrying amount, January 1$1,457 $930 $7 $— $3 $2,397Acquisitions205 — — 3 1 209Gross carrying amount, December311,662 930 7 3 4 2,606 Accumulated impairment, January 1(537) (356) — — — (893)Impairment— (574) — (3) — (577)Accumulated impairment, December31(537) (930) — (3) — (1,470) Net carrying value, December 31$1,125 $— $7 $— $4 $1,13695ICAHN ENTERPRISES L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESICAHN ENTERPRISES HOLDINGS L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTSIntangible assets, net consists of the following: December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 Gross CarryingAmount AccumulatedAmortization NetCarryingValue GrossCarryingAmount AccumulatedAmortization NetCarryingValue (in millions)Definite-lived intangible assets: Customer relationships$1,084 $(538) $546 $1,059 $(471) $588Developed technology143 (117) 26 142 (104) 38In-place leases121 (92) 29 121 (83) 38Gasification technology license60 (14) 46 60 (11) 49Other162 (27) 135 78 (17) 61 $1,570 $(788) $782 $1,460 $(686) $774Indefinite-lived intangible assets: Trademarks and brand names $316 $305Gaming licenses 37 37 353 342Intangible assets, net $1,135 $1,116We recorded amortization expense associated with definite-lived intangible assets for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 of $101million, $91 million and $92 million, respectively. We utilize the straight-line method of amortization, recognized over the estimated useful lives of theassets. Additionally, we impaired intangible assets of $1 million, $16 million and $2 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015,respectively. The impairment of intangible assets in 2016 was primarily in connection with the closing of the Trump Taj Mahal Casino Resort in October2016.The estimated future amortization expense for our definite-lived intangible assets is as follows:Year Amount (in millions)2018 $972019 962020 942021 852022 63Thereafter 347 $782AcquisitionsAcquisitions during the year ended December 31, 2017 were not material individually or in the aggregate. As a result of certain acquisitions, ourAutomotive and Food Packaging segments allocated $121 million and $3 million, respectively, to goodwill during the year ended December 31, 2017. Inaddition, our Automotive segment allocated $77 million to definite-lived intangible assets amortized over a weighted average of 3 to 16 years and $12million to trademarks and brand names. Our Food Packaging segment allocated $28 million to definite-lived intangible assets amortized over a weightedaverage of 12 to 20 years. The purchase price allocations for the above acquisitions are not all final and are subject to change.Impairment of GoodwillPrior to 2017, with respect to our reporting units that are allocated goodwill, the first step of the goodwill impairment analysis ("Step 1") involvedcomparing the fair value of each of our reporting units' assets to their respective carrying values to determine the potential for goodwill impairment. Thesecond step of the goodwill impairment test ("Step 2"), if necessary, involved quantifying the level of goodwill impairment after performing a recoverabilityanalysis of other long-lived assets for impairment first. Beginning with our goodwill impairment analysis in 2017, Step 2 of the goodwill impairment test was96ICAHN ENTERPRISES L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESICAHN ENTERPRISES HOLDINGS L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTSeliminated and the determination and quantification of goodwill impairment, if any, was the result of applying Step 1 of the goodwill impairment analysis.We base the fair value of our reporting units on consideration of various valuation methodologies, including projecting future cash flows discounted atrates commensurate with the risks involved ("DCF"). Assumptions used in a DCF require the exercise of significant judgment, including judgment aboutappropriate discount rates and terminal values, growth rates, and the amount and timing of expected future cash flows. The forecasted cash flows are based oncurrent plans and for years beyond that plan, the estimates are based on assumed growth rates. We believe that our assumptions are consistent with the plansand estimates used to manage the underlying businesses. The discount rates, which are intended to reflect the risks inherent in future cash flow projections,used in a DCF are based on estimates of the weighted-average cost of capital of a market participant. Such estimates are derived from our analysis of peercompanies and consider the industry weighted average return on debt and equity from a market participant perspective.AutomotiveWe perform the annual goodwill impairment test for our Automotive segment as of October 1 of each year, or more frequently if impairment indicatorsexist.During 2017, based on our Automotive segment's annual goodwill impairment analysis, the fair values of all of our reporting units within ourAutomotive segment were in excess of their carrying values. Our Automotive segment's Motorparts reporting unit's fair value exceeded its carrying value by6%. As of December 31, 2017, our Motorparts reporting unit had $349 million of goodwill allocated to it.During 2016, based on Step 1 of our Automotive segment's annual goodwill impairment analysis, the fair values of all of our reporting units within ourAutomotive segment were in excess of their carrying values. Our Motorparts reporting unit's fair value exceeded its carrying value by approximately 7%. Asof December 31, 2016, our Motorparts reporting unit had $349 million of goodwill allocated to it.During 2015, our Automotive segment's Motorparts reporting unit failed Step 1 of the annual goodwill impairment analysis. Based on this analysis, ourAutomotive segment recorded a goodwill impairment charge of $312 million for the year ended December 31, 2015.EnergyWe perform the annual goodwill impairment test for our Energy segment as of April 30 of each year, or more frequently if impairment indicators exist.During the first quarter of 2016, due to worsening sales trends for our Energy segment's petroleum reporting unit, we performed an interim goodwillimpairment analysis. Based on this analysis, our Energy segment recognized a goodwill impairment charge of $574 million, which represented the fullamount of the remaining goodwill allocated to the petroleum reporting unit.During the fourth quarter of 2015, due to worsening sales trends for our Energy segment's fertilizer reporting unit, we performed an interim goodwillimpairment analysis. Based on this analysis, our Energy segment recognized a goodwill impairment charge of $253 million, which represented the fullamount of the remaining goodwill allocated to the fertilizer reporting unit.GamingIn connection with the closing of the Trump Taj Mahal, we recorded a goodwill impairment charge of $3 million in 2016, which represented the fullamount of goodwill allocated to TER.97ICAHN ENTERPRISES L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESICAHN ENTERPRISES HOLDINGS L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS9.Property, Plant and Equipment, Net.Property, plant and equipment, net consists of the following: December 31, Useful Life 2017 2016 (in years) (in millions)Land $876 $944Buildings and improvements3 - 40 3,249 3,050Machinery, equipment and furniture1 - 30 8,324 7,538Assets leased to others15 - 39 1,529 1,939Construction in progress 503 541 14,481 14,012Less: Accumulated depreciation and amortization (4,780) (3,890)Property, plant and equipment, net $9,701 $10,122Assets leased to others are related to our Railcar and Real Estate segments. Included in assets leased to others in the table above are our Railcarsegment's railcars for lease in the amount of approximately $1.1 billion and $1.5 billion as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Additionally,included in assets leased to others in the table above are our Real Estate segment's properties on lease in the amount of $387 million and $415 million as ofDecember 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Aggregate accumulated depreciation pertaining to assets leased to others is approximately $201 million and$224 million as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.Depreciation and amortization expense related to property, plant and equipment for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 was $898million, $917 million and $752 million, respectively.See Note 5, "Fair Value Measurements," for discussion regarding certain impairments to our property, plant and equipment.Consolidated Anticipated Future ReceiptsThe following is a summary of the consolidated anticipated future receipts of the minimum lease payments receivable under the financing and operatingmethod on a consolidated basis at December 31, 2017:Year Amount (in millions)2018 $1842019 1602020 1182021 662022 42Thereafter 92 $66298ICAHN ENTERPRISES L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESICAHN ENTERPRISES HOLDINGS L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS10.Debt.Debt consists of the following: December 31, 2017 2016 (in millions)Holding Company: 3.500% senior unsecured notes due 2017$— $1,1744.875% senior unsecured notes due 2019— 1,2716.000% senior unsecured notes due 20201,703 1,7055.875% senior unsecured notes due 20221,342 1,3406.250% senior unsecured notes due 20221,216 —6.750% senior unsecured notes due 2024498 —6.375% senior unsecured notes due 2025748 — 5,507 5,490Reporting Segments: Automotive3,470 3,259Energy1,166 1,165Railcar546 571Gaming137 287Metals1 2Mining58 55Food Packaging273 265Real Estate22 25Home Fashion5 — 5,678 5,629Total Debt$11,185 $11,119Holding CompanyOur Holding Company debt consists of various issues of fixed-rate senior unsecured notes issued by Icahn Enterprises and Icahn Enterprises FinanceCorp. (the "Issuers") and guaranteed by Icahn Enterprises Holdings (the "Guarantor"). Interest on each of the senior unsecured notes are payable semi-annually.On January 18, 2017, the Issuers issued $500 million in aggregate principal amount of 6.750% senior unsecured notes due 2024 and $695 million inaggregate principal amount of 6.250% senior unsecured notes due 2022. The proceeds from these notes were used to redeem all of the outstanding seniorunsecured notes due 2017 and to pay accrued interest, related fees and expenses.On December 6, 2017, the Issuers issued $750 million in aggregate principal amount of 6.375% senior unsecured notes due 2025 and an additional$510 million in aggregate principal amount of its existing 6.250% senior unsecured notes due 2022. The proceeds from these notes, together with cash onhand, were used to redeem all of the outstanding senior unsecured notes due 2019 and to pay accrued interest, related fees and expenses.Icahn Enterprises recorded a loss on extinguishment of debt of $12 million in connection with the debt transactions discussed above.Each of our senior unsecured notes and the related guarantees are the senior unsecured obligations of the Issuers and rank equally with all of the Issuers’and the Guarantor’s existing and future senior unsecured indebtedness and senior to all of the Issuers’ and the Guarantor’s existing and future subordinatedindebtedness. All of our senior unsecured notes and the related guarantees are effectively subordinated to the Issuers’ and the Guarantor’s existing and futuresecured indebtedness to the extent99ICAHN ENTERPRISES L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESICAHN ENTERPRISES HOLDINGS L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTSof the collateral securing such indebtedness. All of our senior unsecured notes and the related guarantees are also effectively subordinated to all indebtednessand other liabilities of the Issuers’ subsidiaries other than the Guarantor.The indentures governing our senior unsecured notes described above restrict the payment of cash distributions, the purchase of equity interests or thepurchase, redemption, defeasance or acquisition of debt subordinated to the senior unsecured notes. The indentures also restrict the incurrence of debt or theissuance of disqualified stock, as defined in the indentures, with certain exceptions. In addition, the indentures require that on each quarterly determinationdate we and the guarantor of the notes (currently only Icahn Enterprises Holdings) maintain certain minimum financial ratios, as defined therein. Theindentures also restrict the creation of liens, mergers, consolidations and sales of substantially all of our assets, and transactions with affiliates.As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, we were in compliance with all covenants, including maintaining certain minimum financial ratios, as defined inthe indentures. Additionally, as of December 31, 2017, based on covenants in the indentures governing our senior unsecured notes, we are permitted to incurapproximately $346 million of additional indebtedness.Reporting SegmentsAutomotiveFederal-MogulFederal-Mogul's debt primarily consists of two term loans (one of which was repaid in full in 2017) and a revolving line of credit issued in 2014 withoutstanding balances aggregating approximately $1.7 billion and $2.9 billion as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Additionally, as of December31, 2017, Federal-Mogul had approximately $1.3 billion of additional debt outstanding issued during 2017, which is discussed further below. A portion ofthe proceeds from the notes issued in 2017 were used to repay an existing term loan in full and partially repay the remaining term loan. The remainingrevolving line of credit and term loan have maturity dates of 2018 and 2021, respectively.The revolving line of credit and term loan are guaranteed by substantially all of the domestic subsidiaries and certain foreign subsidiaries of Federal-Mogul, and are secured by substantially all personal property and certain real property of Federal-Mogul and such guarantors, subject to certain limitations.The liens granted to secure these obligations and certain cash management and hedging obligations have first priority. As such, Federal-Mogul's availabilityis limited by borrowing base conditions. The term loan facilities contain certain affirmative and negative covenants and events of default, including, subjectto certain exceptions, restrictions on incurring additional indebtedness, mandatory prepayment provisions associated with specified asset sales anddispositions, and limitations on: i) investments; ii) certain acquisitions, mergers or consolidations; iii) sale and leaseback transactions; iv) certaintransactions with affiliates; and v) dividends and other payments in respect of capital stock.On March 30, 2017, Federal-Mogul issued €415 million in aggregate principal amount of 4.875% senior secured notes due 2022 and €300 million inaggregate principal amount of variable rate senior secured notes due 2024. Interest on the variable rate notes will accrue at the three-month EURIBOR, with0% floor, plus 4.875% per annum. Proceeds on the issuance of these notes was $776 million. On June 29, 2017, Federal-Mogul issued €350 million inaggregate principal amount of 5.000% senior secured notes due 2024. Proceeds on the issuance of these notes was $395 million. These notes issued during2017 are collectively referred to as the "Federal-Mogul Euro Notes."The Federal-Mogul Euro Notes were issued without a discount and will rank equally in right of payment to all existing and future senior securedindebtedness of Federal-Mogul. The proceeds from the issuances of the Federal-Mogul Euro Notes were used to completely repay an existing term loan andpartially repay the remaining term loan, as discussed above. A portion of the Federal-Mogul Euro Notes were designated as a net investment hedge ofFederal-Mogul's European operations. See Note 6, “Financial Instruments,” to the consolidated financial statements, for additional information. The Federal-Mogul Euro Notes were issued under indentures, which contain customary events of defaults and covenants relating to, among other things, the incurrence ofdebt, affiliate transactions, liens and restricted payments.Interest on Federal-Mogul's debt is accrued and paid based on contractual terms, with weighted average interest rates of 4.96% and 4.34% as ofDecember 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, total availability under Federal-Mogul credit facilities was $386 million and$273 million, respectively. Federal-Mogul also had $38 million and $45 million of letters of credit outstanding as of December 31, 2017 and 2016.100ICAHN ENTERPRISES L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESICAHN ENTERPRISES HOLDINGS L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTSIcahn AutomotiveIcahn Automotive's debt primarily consists of an asset-based revolving credit facility and a first in-last out revolving credit facility each with variableinterest rates. Icahn Automotive debt outstanding under these credit facilities was $337 million and $232 million as of December 31, 2017 and 2016,respectively, with maturity dates ranging from 2018 and 2022. Interest for each of these notes are accrued and paid based on contractual terms. The weightedaverage interest rate on these notes was 3.58% and 2.93% as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. In addition, as of December 31, 2017 and 2016,there was availability under revolving credit facilities of $75 million and $132 million, respectively. Icahn Automotive also had $33 million and $48 millionof letters of credit outstanding as of December 31, 2017 and 2016.EnergyCVR Energy's debt primarily consists of a $500 million second lien senior unsecured note (issued by CVR Refining) and a $645 million senior securednote (issued by CVR Partners) maturing in 2022 and 2023, respectively, and with interest rates of 6.50% and 9.25%, respectively. Interest for each of thesenotes are accrued and paid based on contractual terms.The second lien senior unsecured notes are fully and unconditionally guaranteed by CVR Refining and each of its' finance subsidiaries' existingdomestic subsidiaries on a joint and several basis. The senior secured notes are guaranteed on a senior secured basis by all of CVR Partner's existingsubsidiaries. CVR Energy is not a guarantor of these notes. The indentures governing these notes contain certain covenants that restrict the ability of theissuers and subsidiary guarantors to issue debt, incur or otherwise cause liens to exist on any of their property or assets, declare or pay dividends, repurchaseequity, make payments on subordinated or unsecured debt, make certain investments, sell certain assets, merge, consolidate with or into another entity, or sellall or substantially all of their assets or enter into certain transactions with affiliates.As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, total availability under CVR Refining and CVR Partners variable rate asset based revolving credit facilitiesaggregated $382 million and $361 million, respectively. CVR Refining also had $28 million and $28 million of letters of credit outstanding as of December31, 2017 and 2016.RailcarARI's debt primarily consists of notes issued in 2015 to refinance its lease fleet financing facilities and to increase borrowings. Such notes have a legalmaturity date in 2045 and an expected principal repayment date in 2025. Interest for each of these notes are accrued and paid based on contractual terms. Theweighted average interest rate on these notes was 3.72% and 3.68% as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. In addition, as of December 31, 2017and 2016, ARI had borrowing availability to draw an additional $200 million and $200 million, respectively, under a credit agreement entered into in 2015.As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the net book value of the railcars that were pledged as collateral as part of ARI's lease fleet financing was $524 millionand $544 million, respectively.GamingTropicana's debt primarily consists of a senior secured first lien term loan facility issued in 2013 and maturing in 2020. Interest for this note is accruedand paid based on contractual terms. The interest rate on this note was 4.57% and 4.00% as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.Food PackagingViskase's debt primarily consists of a credit agreement providing for a senior secured term loan facility issued in 2014 and maturing in 2021. Interest forthis note is accrued and paid based on contractual terms. The interest rate on this note was 4.88% and 4.38% as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.CovenantsAll of our subsidiaries are currently in compliance with all covenants and restrictions as described in the various executed agreements and contractswith respect to each debt instrument. These covenants include limitations on indebtedness, liens, investments, acquisitions, asset sales, dividends and otherrestricted payments and affiliate and extraordinary transactions.101ICAHN ENTERPRISES L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESICAHN ENTERPRISES HOLDINGS L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTSConsolidated MaturitiesThe following is a summary of the maturities of our debt:Year (in millions)2018 $1992019 592020 1,9012021 2,0752022 3,608Thereafter 3,391 11,233Unamortized discounts, premiums and deferred financing fees (48)Total Debt $11,18511.Pension, Other Post-Retirement Benefits and Employee Benefit Plans.Federal-Mogul, ARI and Viskase each sponsor several defined benefit pension plans (the ''Pension Benefits'') (and, in the case of Federal-Mogul andViskase, its pension plans include defined contribution plans). Additionally, Federal-Mogul and Viskase each sponsors health care and life insurance benefits(''Other Post-Retirement Benefits'') for certain employees and retirees around the world. The Pension Benefits are funded based on the funding requirements offederal and international laws and regulations, as applicable, in advance of benefit payments and the other benefits as benefits are provided to participatingemployees. As prescribed by U.S. GAAP, Federal-Mogul, ARI and Viskase each uses, as applicable, appropriate actuarial methods and assumptions inaccounting for its defined benefit pension plans, non-pension post-retirement benefits, and disability, early retirement and other post-retirement benefits. Themeasurement date for all defined benefit plans is December 31 of each year.Components of net periodic benefit cost (credit) for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 are as follows: Pension Benefits Other Post-Retirement Benefits Year Ended December 31, Year Ended December 31, 2017 2016 2015 2017 2016 2015 (in millions)Service cost$18 $18 $19 $— $— $—Interest cost63 70 66 12 14 13Expected return on plan assets(58) (59) (71) — — —Amortization of actuarial losses26 22 26 — 2 5Amortization of prior service credit— — — (4) (4) (4)Curtailment gain— — (2) — — — $49 $51 $38 $8 $12 $14102ICAHN ENTERPRISES L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESICAHN ENTERPRISES HOLDINGS L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTSAutomotiveDefined Benefit PlansThe following provides disclosures for our Automotive segment's benefit obligations, plan assets, funded status, recognition in the consolidated balancesheets and inputs and valuation assumptions: Pension Benefits OtherPost-Retirement Benefits United States Plans Non-U.S. Plans 2017 2016 2017 2016 2017 2016 (in millions)Change in benefit obligation: Benefit obligation, beginning of year$1,167 $1,221 $510 $487 $295 $323Service cost2 3 15 14 — —Interest cost44 49 11 13 12 14Benefits paid(73) (98) (22) (21) (23) (24)Medicare subsidies received— — — — 2 2Curtailments— — — (1) — —Settlements— — (1) (4) — —Actuarial losses (gains)41 (8) (17) 39 (1) (21)Business combinations— — 1 — — —Currency translation— — 68 (17) 1 1Benefit obligation, end of year1,181 1,167 565 510 286 295 Change in plan assets: Fair value of plan assets, beginning of year856 870 63 57 — —Actual return on plan assets116 45 3 3 — —Settlements— — (1) (4) — —Company contributions44 39 30 30 21 22Benefits paid(73) (98) (22) (21) (23) (24)Business combinations— — — 1 — —Medicare subsidies received— — — — 2 2Currency translation— — 8 (3) — —Fair value of plan assets, end of year943 856 81 63 — —Funded status of the plan and amounts recognized in theconsolidated balance sheets$(238) $(311) $(484) $(447) $(286) $(295) Amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensiveloss, inclusive of tax impacts: Net actuarial loss$393 $435 $87 $93 $32 $34Prior service cost (credit)— — 1 1 (2) (6) $393 $435 $88 $94 $30 $28103ICAHN ENTERPRISES L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESICAHN ENTERPRISES HOLDINGS L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTSWeighted-average assumptions used to determine the benefit obligation as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015. Pension Benefits Other Post-Retirement Benefits United States Plans Non-U.S. Plans December 31, December 31, 2017 2016 2015 2017 2016 2015 2017 2016 2015 (in millions)Discount rate3.50% 3.90% 4.15% 2.26% 2.03% 2.72% 3.68% 3.98% 4.18%Rate of compensation increasen/a n/a n/a 2.97% 2.96% 3.19% n/a n/a n/aWeighted-average assumptions used to determine net periodic benefit cost (credit) for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015: Pension Benefits Other Post-Retirement Benefits United States Plans Non-U.S. Plans Year Ended December 31, Year Ended December 31, 2017 2016 2015 2017 2016 2015 2017 2016 2015 (in millions) Discount rate3.90% 4.15% 3.85% 2.03% 2.72% 1.77% 3.98% 4.18% 3.84%Expected return on plan assets5.55% 5.65% 6.55% 3.05% 3.22% 3.52% n/a n/a n/aRate of compensation increasen/a n/a n/a 2.96% 3.19% 3.16% n/a n/a n/aLong-term Rate of ReturnFederal-Mogul’s expected return on assets is established annually through analysis of anticipated future long-term investment performance for the planbased upon the asset allocation strategy and is primarily a long-term prospective rate.An analysis was performed in December 2017 resulting in changes to the expected long-term rate of return on assets. The weighted-average long-termrate of return on assets for the United States pension plans decreased from 5.55% at December 31, 2016 to 5.50% at December 31, 2017. The expected long-term rate of return on plan assets used in determining pension expense for non-U.S. plans is determined in a similar manner to the U.S. plans and decreasedfrom 3.05% at December 31, 2016 to 3.26% at December 31, 2017.Information for defined benefit plans with projected benefit obligations in excess of plan assets: Pension Benefits Other Post-Retirement Benefits United States Plans Non-U.S. Plans December 31, December 31, 2017 2016 2017 2016 2017 2016 (in millions)Projected benefit obligation$1,181 $1,167 $565 $509 $286 $295Fair value of plan assets943 856 81 62 — —104ICAHN ENTERPRISES L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESICAHN ENTERPRISES HOLDINGS L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTSInformation for pension plans with accumulated benefit obligations in excess of plan assets: Pension Benefits United States Plans Non-U.S. Plans December 31, 2017 2016 2017 2016 (in millions)Projected benefit obligation$1,181 $1,167 $548 $494Accumulated benefit obligation1,181 1,167 510 459Fair value of plan assets943 856 66 50The accumulated benefit obligation for all pension plans was approximately $1.7 billion and $1.6 billion as of December 31, 2017 and 2016,respectively.Health Care TrendThe assumed health care and drug cost trend rates used to measure next year's post-employment healthcare benefits are as follows: Other Post-Retirement Benefits 2017 2016Initial health care cost trend rate6.41% 6.69%Ultimate health care cost trend rate5.00% 5.00%Year ultimate health care cost trend rate reached2022 2022The assumed health care cost trend rate has a significant impact on the amounts reported for OPEB plans. The following table illustrates the sensitivityto a change in the assumed health care cost trend rate: Total Service andInterest Cost APBO (in millions)100 basis point (“bp”) increase in health care cost trend rate$1 $23100 bp decrease in health care cost trend rate(1) (20)Estimated amounts to be amortized from accumulated other comprehensive loss into net period benefit cost for 2018 based on 2017 plan measurementsare $14 million, consisting primarily of amortization of net actuarial loss in the U.S. pension plans.Federal-Mogul's projected benefit payments from the plans are estimated as follows: Pension Benefits Other Post-RetirementBenefits United States Plans Non-U.S. Plans (in millions)2018 $85 $25 $232019 85 27 222020 86 27 222021 87 27 222022 87 29 212023-2027 379 151 96Federal-Mogul expects to contribute approximately $75 million to its pension plans in 2018.105ICAHN ENTERPRISES L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESICAHN ENTERPRISES HOLDINGS L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTSPlan AssetsCertain pension plans sponsored by Federal-Mogul invest in a diversified portfolio consisting of an array of asset classes that attempts to maximizereturns while minimizing volatility. These asset classes include developed market equities, emerging market equities, private equity, global high quality andhigh yield fixed income, real estate, and absolute return strategies.As of December 31, 2017, plan assets were comprised of 65% equity investments, 23% fixed income investments, and 12% in other investments whichinclude hedge funds. Approximately 57% of the U.S. plan assets were invested in actively managed investment funds. Federal-Mogul’s investment strategyincludes a target asset allocation of 50% equity investments, 25% fixed income investments and 25% in other investment types including hedge funds.The U.S. investment strategy mitigates risk by incorporating diversification across appropriate asset classes to meet the plan’s objectives. It is intendedto reduce risk, provide long-term financial stability for the plan, and maintain funded levels that meet long-term plan obligations while preserving sufficientliquidity for near-term benefit payments. Risk assumed is considered appropriate for the return anticipated and consistent with the diversification of planassets.For Non-U.S. plans, the insurance contracts guarantee a minimum rate of return. Federal-Mogul has no input into the investment strategy of the assetsunderlying the contracts, but they are typically heavily invested in active bond markets and are highly regulated by local law. The majority of the assets ofthe non-U.S. plans are invested through insurance contracts. The target asset allocation for the non-U.S. pension plans is 67% insurance contracts, 31% debtinvestments and 2% equity investments.Refer to Note 5, “Fair Value Measurements,” for discussion of the fair value of each major category of plan assets, including the inputs and valuationtechniques used to develop the fair value measurements of the plans' assets, at December 31, 2017 and 2016.Defined Contribution Pension PlansFederal-Mogul also maintains certain defined contribution pension plans for eligible employees. Effective January 1, 2013, Federal-Mogul amended itsU.S. defined contribution plan to allow for an enhanced company match and company provided age-based contributions for eligible U.S. salaried and non-union hourly employees. The total expenses attributable to Federal-Mogul's defined contribution savings plan were $46 million, $43 million and $45million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.Other BenefitsFederal-Mogul accounts for benefits to former or inactive employees paid after employment but before retirement. The liabilities for such U.S. andEuropean post-employment benefits were $67 million and $60 million at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.106ICAHN ENTERPRISES L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESICAHN ENTERPRISES HOLDINGS L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTSRailcar and Food PackagingARI is the sponsor of three defined benefit pension plans, two of which cover certain employees at designated repair facilities. All three of ARI's definedbenefit pension plans are frozen and no additional benefits are accruing thereunder. Viskase and its subsidiaries have defined contribution and definedbenefit plans varying by country and subsidiary. Viskase's operations in the United States, France, Germany and Canada have historically offered definedbenefit retirement plans and post-retirement health care and life insurance benefits to their employees. Most of these benefits have been terminated, resultingin reductions in various liabilities.The following table provides disclosures for ARI's and Viskase's benefit obligations, plan assets, funded status, and recognition in the consolidatedbalance sheets. As pension costs for ARI and Viskase are not material to our consolidated financial position and results of operations, we do not provideinformation regarding their inputs and valuation assumptions. Pension Benefits 2017 2016 (in millions)Change in benefit obligation: Benefit obligation, beginning of year$189 $191Service cost1 1Interest cost8 8Benefits paid(10) (15)Actuarial gain9 4 Adjustment to benefits15 — Currency translation1 —Benefit obligation, end of year213 189Change in plan assets: Fair value of plan assets, beginning of year126 133Actual return on plan assets16 8Benefits paid(10) (15)Fair value of plan assets, end of year132 126Funded status of the plan$(81) $(63)Amounts recognized in the consolidated balance sheets: Net liability recognized$(81) $(63)Amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss, inclusive of tax impacts: Net actuarial loss$(81) $(63)Total$(81) $(63)107ICAHN ENTERPRISES L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESICAHN ENTERPRISES HOLDINGS L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS12.Net Income Per LP Unit.The following table sets forth the allocation of net (loss) income attributable to Icahn Enterprises allocable to limited partners and the computation ofbasic and diluted (loss) income per LP unit of Icahn Enterprises for the periods indicated: Year Ended December 31, 2017 2016 2015 (in millions, except per unit data)Net loss attributable to Icahn Enterprises$2,430 $(1,128) $(1,194)Net loss attributable to Icahn Enterprises allocable to limited partners (98.01%allocation)$2,382 $(1,106) $(1,170) Basic and diluted loss per LP unit$14.80 $(8.07) $(9.29)Basic and diluted weighted average LP units outstanding161 137 126Icahn Enterprises Rights OfferingIn January 2017, Icahn Enterprises commenced a rights offering entitling holders of the rights to acquire newly issued depositary units of IcahnEnterprises. The rights offering, which expired on February 22, 2017, was fully subscribed with total basic subscription rights and over-subscription rightsbeing exercised resulting in a total of 11,171,104 depositary units issued on March 1, 2017 and for aggregate proceeds of $600 million. Affiliates of Mr.Icahn fully exercised all of the basic subscription rights and over-subscription rights allocated to them in the rights offering aggregating 10,525,105additional depositary units.Unit DistributionsDuring the year ended December 31, 2017, we declared four quarterly distributions aggregating $6.00 per depositary unit. Depositary unitholders weregiven the option to make an election to receive the distributions in either cash or additional depositary units; if a holder did not make an election, it wasautomatically deemed to have elected to receive the distributions in cash. Icahn Enterprises depositary units outstanding during 2017 increased as a result ofthe four quarterly distributions in which we distributed an aggregate 17,644,152 of Icahn Enterprises' depositary units to those depositary unitholders whoelected to receive such distributions in additional depositary units, of which an aggregate of 17,374,427 depositary units were distributed to Mr. Icahn andhis affiliates.2017 Incentive PlanDuring the year ended December 31, 2017, Icahn Enterprises distributed 7,902 depositary units, net of payroll withholdings, with respect to certainrestricted depositary units that vested during the period in connection with the 2017 Incentive Plan. The aggregate impact of the 2017 Incentive Plan is notmaterial with respect to our consolidated financial statements, including the calculation of potentially dilutive units.13.Segment and Geographic Reporting.We report segment information based on the various industries in which our businesses operate and how we manage those businesses in accordancewith our investment strategies, which may include: identifying and acquiring undervalued assets and businesses, often through the purchase of distressedsecurities; increasing value through management, financial or other operational changes; and managing complex legal, regulatory or financial issues, whichmay include bankruptcy or insolvency, environmental, zoning, permitting and licensing issues. Therefore, although many of our businesses are operatedunder separate local management, certain of our businesses are grouped together when they operate within a similar industry, comprising similarities inproducts, customers, production processes and regulatory environments, and when such businesses, when considered together, may be managed inaccordance with one or more investment strategies specific to those businesses. Among other measures, we assess and measure segment operating resultsbased on net income from continuing operations attributable to Icahn Enterprises and Icahn Enterprises Holdings. Certain terms of financings for certain ofour businesses impose restrictions on the business' ability to transfer funds to us, including restrictions on dividends, distributions, loans and othertransactions.108ICAHN ENTERPRISES L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESICAHN ENTERPRISES HOLDINGS L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTSIcahn Enterprises' condensed statements of operations by reporting segment for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 are presented below.Icahn Enterprises Holdings' condensed statements of operations are substantially the same, with immaterial differences relating to our Holding Company'sinterest expense. Year Ended December 31, 2017 Investment Automotive Energy Railcar Gaming Metals Mining FoodPackaging RealEstate HomeFashion HoldingCompany Consolidated (in millions)Revenues: Net sales$— $9,957 $5,988 $265 $— $409 $94 $392 $15 $183 $— $17,303Other revenues from operations— 487 — 370 898 — — — 72 — — 1,827Net income from investment activities241 — — 2 — — — — — — 61 304Interest and dividend income106 6 1 2 1 — 1 — 7 — 12 136Gain (loss) on disposition of assets, net— 12 (3) 1,664 (4) — — — 496 — 1 2,166Other (loss) income, net(50) 66 (68) 3 65 (1) (2) 1 — — (6) 8 297 10,528 5,918 2,306 960 408 93 393 590 183 68 21,744Expenses: Cost of goods sold— 8,110 5,727 249 — 389 60 297 11 162 — 15,005Other expenses from operations— 436 — 134 425 — — — 46 — — 1,041Selling, general and administrative13 1,802 144 47 379 19 14 65 10 39 33 2,565Restructuring, net— 21 — — — 1 — 2 — 1 — 25Impairment— 40 — 68 — — — 1 2 1 — 112Interest expense166 167 110 45 11 — 6 13 2 — 323 843 179 10,576 5,981 543 815 409 80 378 71 203 356 19,591Income (loss) before income tax benefit(expense)118 (48) (63) 1,763 145 (1) 13 15 519 (20) (288) 2,153Income tax benefit (expense)— 674 338 (496) (93) (43) (3) (21) — — 82 438Net income (loss)118 626 275 1,267 52 (44) 10 (6) 519 (20) (206) 2,591Less: net income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interests38 11 46 53 13 — 1 (1) — — — 161Net income (loss) attributable to Icahn Enterprises$80 $615 $229 $1,214 $39 $(44) $9 $(5) $519 $(20) $(206) $2,430 Supplemental information: Capital expenditures$— $479 $119 $173 $112 $30 $38 $26 $9 $5 $— $991Depreciation and amortization(1)$— $508 $278 $65 $73 $20 $5 $25 $20 $8 $— $1,002109ICAHN ENTERPRISES L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESICAHN ENTERPRISES HOLDINGS L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Year Ended December 31, 2016 Investment Automotive Energy Railcar Gaming Metals Mining FoodPackaging RealEstate HomeFashion HoldingCompany Consolidated (in millions)Revenues: Net sales$— $9,420 $4,782 $430 $— $267 $71 $329 $17 $195 $— $15,511Other revenues from operations— 422 — 522 944 — — — 70 — — 1,958Net (loss) gain from investment activities(1,388) — 5 — — — — — — — 10 (1,373)Interest and dividend income112 4 1 2 1 — 2 — — — 9 131Gain on disposition of assets, net— 9 — 3 — 1 — — 1 — — 14Other (loss) income, net53 73 (24) 5 3 1 (10) 3 — 1 2 107 (1,223) 9,928 4,764 962 948 269 63 332 88 196 21 16,348Expenses: Cost of goods sold— 7,658 4,618 366 — 284 56 249 13 168 — 13,412Other expenses from operations— 430 — 223 460 — — — 46 — — 1,159Selling, general and administrative34 1,521 138 48 440 18 22 52 10 38 21 2,342Restructuring, net— 27 — — — 2 — 3 — — — 32Impairment— 18 574 — 106 1 — — 5 2 3 709Interest expense230 157 83 85 13 — 7 12 2 — 289 878 264 9,811 5,413 722 1,019 305 85 316 76 208 313 18,532(Loss) income before income tax (expense)benefit(1,487) 117 (649) 240 (71) (36) (22) 16 12 (12) (292) (2,184)Income tax (expense) benefit— (40) 45 (57) (24) 16 (2) (8) — — 34 (36)Net (loss) income(1,487) 77 (604) 183 (95) (20) (24) 8 12 (12) (258) (2,220)Less: net (loss) income attributable to non-controlling interests(883) 24 (277) 33 14 — (5) 2 — — — (1,092)Net (loss) income attributable to Icahn Enterprises$(604) $53 $(327) $150 $(109) $(20) $(19) $6 $12 $(12) $(258) $(1,128) Supplemental information: Capital expenditures$— $418 $133 $133 $85 $5 $22 $18 $1 $11 $— $826Depreciation and amortization(1)$— $473 $258 $134 $71 $22 $6 $20 $22 $8 $— $1,014 Year Ended December 31, 2015 Investment Automotive Energy Railcar Gaming Metals Mining FoodPackaging RealEstate HomeFashion HoldingCompany Consolidated (in millions)Revenues: Net sales$— $7,789 $5,433 $440 $— $361 $30 $344 $14 $193 $— $14,604Other revenues from operations— — — 499 811 — — — 76 — — 1,386Net (loss) gain from investment activities(1,041) — 36 — — — — — — — 18 (987)Interest and dividend income178 6 2 2 1 — 1 — — — 4 194Gain on disposition of assets, net— — (2) 4 (1) — — (1) 40 — — 40Other (loss) income, net(2) 58 (27) 3 — 4 (3) (6) 1 1 6 35 (865) 7,853 5,442 948 811 365 28 337 131 194 28 15,272Expenses: Cost of goods sold— 6,577 4,949 338 — 406 38 263 7 163 — 12,741Other expenses from operations— — — 201 396 — — — 46 — — 643Selling, general and administrative237 1,001 127 45 338 20 12 50 13 34 31 1,908Restructuring— 89 — — — 2 — 5 — 1 — 97Impairment— 344 253 — — 20 169 — 2 — — 788Interest expense563 144 47 82 12 — 3 12 2 — 289 1,154 800 8,155 5,376 666 746 448 222 330 70 198 320 17,331(Loss) income before income tax (expense)benefit(1,665) (302) 66 282 65 (83) (194) 7 61 (4) (292) (2,059)Income tax (expense) benefit— (50) (59) (69) (27) 32 (1) (10) — — 116 (68)Net (loss) income(1,665) (352) 7 213 38 (51) (195) (3) 61 (4) (176) (2,127)Less: net (loss) income attributable to non-controlling interests(905) (53) (18) 76 12 — (45) — — — — (933)Net income (loss) attributable to Icahn Enterprises$(760) $(299) $25 $137 $26 $(51) $(150) $(3) $61 $(4) $(176) $(1,194) Supplemental information: Capital expenditures$— $449 $219 $522 $94 $24 $20 $22 $3 $6 $— $1,359Depreciation and amortization(2)$— $346 $229 $127 $63 $29 $8 $19 $21 $7 $— $849(1) Excludes amounts related to the amortization of deferred financing costs and debt discounts and premiums included in interest expense in the consolidated amounts of $15 million,$20 million and $14 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.110ICAHN ENTERPRISES L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESICAHN ENTERPRISES HOLDINGS L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTSIcahn Enterprises' condensed balance sheets by reporting segment as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 are presented below. Icahn Enterprises Holdings'condensed balance sheets are substantially the same, with immaterial differences relating to our Holding Company's other assets, debt and equity attributableto Icahn Enterprises Holdings. December 31, 2017 Investment Automotive Energy Railcar Gaming Metals Mining FoodPackaging RealEstate HomeFashion HoldingCompany Consolidated (in millions)ASSETS Cash and cash equivalents$17 $367 $482 $100 $105 $24 $15 $16 $30 $— $526 $1,682Cash held at consolidated affiliated partnershipsand restricted cash734 4 — 19 16 5 — 2 2 4 — 786Investments9,532 324 83 23 23 — — — — — 384 10,369Accounts receivable, net— 1,406 178 44 11 40 10 78 3 35 — 1,805Inventories, net— 2,601 385 54 — 33 30 92 — 66 — 3,261Property, plant and equipment, net— 3,503 3,213 1,199 808 110 188 170 438 72 — 9,701Goodwill and intangible assets, net— 1,963 298 7 74 3 — 36 29 — — 2,410Other assets516 541 61 41 102 11 22 93 390 6 4 1,787 Total assets$10,799 $10,709 $4,700 $1,487 $1,139 $226 $265 $487 $892 $183 $914 $31,801LIABILITIES AND EQUITY Accounts payable, accrued expenses and otherliabilities$1,302 $2,770 $1,125 $254 $104 $41 $45 $98 $46 $34 $190 $6,009Securities sold, not yet purchased, at fair value1,023 — — — — — — — — — — 1,023Due to brokers1,057 — — — — — — — — — — 1,057Post-employment benefit liability— 1,075 — 8 — 2 — 74 — — — 1,159Debt— 3,470 1,166 546 137 1 58 273 22 5 5,507 11,185 Total liabilities3,382 7,315 2,291 808 241 44 103 445 68 39 5,697 20,433 Equity attributable to Icahn Enterprises3,052 3,234 1,098 428 761 182 138 28 824 144 (4,783) 5,106Equity attributable to non-controlling interests4,365 160 1,311 251 137 — 24 14 — — — 6,262 Total equity7,417 3,394 2,409 679 898 182 162 42 824 144 (4,783) 11,368 Total liabilities and equity$10,799 $10,709 $4,700 $1,487 $1,139 $226 $265 $487 $892 $183 $914 $31,801 December 31, 2016 Investment Automotive Energy Railcar Gaming Metals Mining FoodPackaging RealEstate HomeFashion HoldingCompany Consolidated (in millions)ASSETS Cash and cash equivalents$13 $353 $736 $179 $244 $4 $14 $39 $24 $2 $225 $1,833Cash held at consolidated affiliated partnershipsand restricted cash752 2 — 19 15 5 — 2 2 4 3 804Investments9,213 270 6 35 33 — — — — — 324 9,881Accounts receivable, net— 1,270 152 40 12 29 5 63 3 35 — 1,609Inventories, net— 2,353 349 75 — 38 25 72 — 71 — 2,983Property, plant and equipment, net— 3,302 3,358 1,567 814 100 152 152 602 75 — 10,122Goodwill and intangible assets, net— 1,801 318 7 75 4 — 8 38 1 — 2,252Other assets1,518 504 94 1,410 209 13 23 92 18 5 1 3,887 Total assets$11,496 $9,855 $5,013 $3,332 $1,402 $193 $219 $428 $687 $193 $553 $33,371LIABILITIES AND EQUITY Accounts payable, accrued expenses and otherliabilities$1,236 $2,870 $1,474 $2,100 $153 $34 $38 $69 $20 $29 $168 $8,191Securities sold, not yet purchased, at fair value1,139 — — — — — — — — — — 1,139Due to brokers3,725 — — — — — — — — — — 3,725Post-employment benefit liability— 1,113 — 9 — 2 — 56 — — — 1,180Debt— 3,259 1,165 571 287 2 55 265 25 — 5,490 11,119 Total liabilities6,100 7,242 2,639 2,680 440 38 93 390 45 29 5,658 25,354 Equity attributable to Icahn Enterprises1,669 2,292 1,034 444 730 155 104 25 642 164 (5,105) 2,154Equity attributable to non-controlling interests3,727 321 1,340 208 232 — 22 13 — — — 5,863 Total equity5,396 2,613 2,374 652 962 155 126 38 642 164 (5,105) 8,017 Total liabilities and equity$11,496 $9,855 $5,013 $3,332 $1,402 $193 $219 $428 $687 $193 $553 $33,371111ICAHN ENTERPRISES L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESICAHN ENTERPRISES HOLDINGS L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTSThe following table presents our segments' geographic net sales from external customers, other revenues from operations and property, plant andequipment, net for the periods indicated: Net Sales Other Revenues From Operations Property, Plant andEquipment, Net Year Ended December 31, Year Ended December 31, December 31, 2017 2016 2015 2017 2016 2015 2017 2016 (in millions)United States$11,878 $10,489 $9,672 $1,759 $1,886 $1,304 $7,399 $8,063Germany1,531 1,455 1,480 — — — 529 458Other3,894 3,567 3,452 68 72 82 1,773 1,601 $17,303 $15,511 $14,604 $1,827 $1,958 $1,386 $9,701 $10,122Geographic locations for net sales and other revenues from operations are based on locations of the customers and geographic locations for property,plant, and equipment are based on the locations of the assets.14.Income Taxes.The difference between the book basis and the tax basis of our net assets, not directly subject to income taxes, is as follows: Icahn Enterprises Icahn Enterprises Holdings December 31, December 31, 2017 2016 2017 2016 (in millions) (in millions)Book basis of net assets$5,106 $2,154 $5,133 $2,179Book/tax basis difference(450) 1,888 (450) 1,888Tax basis of net assets$4,656 $4,042 $4,683 $4,067Income (loss) from continuing operations before income tax expense (benefit) is as follows: Year Ended December 31, 2017 2016 2015 (in millions)Domestic$1,933 $(2,370) $(1,870)International220 186 (189) $2,153 $(2,184) $(2,059)Income tax benefit (expense) attributable to continuing operations is as follows: Year Ended December 31, 2017 2016 2015 (in millions)Current: Domestic$(21) $(40) $(17)International(52) (101) (55)Total current(73) (141) (72)Deferred: Domestic525 73 (15)International(14) 32 19Total deferred511 105 4 $438 $(36) $(68)112ICAHN ENTERPRISES L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESICAHN ENTERPRISES HOLDINGS L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTSA reconciliation of the income tax benefit (expense) calculated at the federal statutory rate to income tax benefit (expense) on continuing operations asshown in the consolidated statements of operations is as follows: Year Ended December 31, 2017 2016 2015 (in millions)Income tax benefit (expense) at U.S. statutory rate$(754) $764 $721Tax effect from: Foreign operations42 39 29Valuation allowance490 (46) (113)Non-controlling interest(7) (7) 41Goodwill— (225) (196)Uncertain tax positions and assessments23 (9) 4Income not subject to taxation172 (511) (523)Enactment of U.S. tax legislation, net of valuation allowance498 — —Other(26) (41) (31)Income tax benefit (expense)$438 $(36) $(68)The tax effect of significant differences representing deferred tax assets (liabilities) (the difference between financial statement carrying value and thetax basis of assets and liabilities) is as follows: December 31, 2017 2016 (in millions)Deferred tax assets: Property, plant and equipment$261 $312Net operating loss1,158 1,981Tax credits141 139Post-employment benefits, including pensions263 334Reorganization costs3 7Other398 430Total deferred tax assets2,224 3,203Less: Valuation allowance(1,293) (1,821)Net deferred tax assets$931 $1,382 Deferred tax liabilities: Property, plant and equipment$(467) $(592)Intangible assets(157) (195)Investment in partnerships(775) (1,495)Investment in U.S. subsidiaries(184) (307)Other(138) (101)Total deferred tax liabilities(1,721) (2,690) $(790) $(1,308)We recorded deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities of $134 million and $924 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2017 and $305 millionand $1,613 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2016. Deferred tax assets are included in other assets in our consolidated balance sheets.113ICAHN ENTERPRISES L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESICAHN ENTERPRISES HOLDINGS L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTSWe analyze all positive and negative evidence to consider whether it is more likely than not that all of the deferred tax assets will be realized. Projectedfuture income, tax planning strategies and the expected reversal of deferred tax liabilities are considered in making this assessment. As of December 31, 2017we had a valuation allowance of approximately $1.3 billion primarily related to tax loss and credit carryforwards, post-retirement benefits and other deferredtax assets. The current and future provisions for income taxes may be significantly impacted by changes to valuation allowances. These allowances will bemaintained until it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will be realized. For the year ended December 31, 2017, the valuation allowance ondeferred tax assets decreased by $528 million. The decrease was primarily attributable to a $491 million release of valuation allowance on all of the Federal-Mogul federal net operating loss carryforward and a portion of state loss carryforwards and other deferred tax assets. The remaining decrease was attributableto a $77 million decrease in the valuation allowance of our Gaming segment and a $13 million decrease in our Mining segment, offset in part by increases of$53 million recorded by the Automotive segment and Holding Company.At December 31, 2017, American Entertainment Properties Corp., a wholly owned corporate subsidiary of Icahn Enterprises and Icahn EnterprisesHoldings, which includes all or parts of our Automotive, Energy, Railcar, Metals, Gaming, Home Fashion and Real Estate segments had a deferred tax assetbefore valuation allowance of approximately $1.0 billion related to tax loss carryforwards including: $684 million in the U.S. with expiration dates from2027 through 2037; $47 million in the United Kingdom with no expiration dates; and $287 million in other jurisdictions with various expiration dates.At December 31, 2017, CVR Energy had Kansas state income tax credits of $9 million, which are available to reduce future Kansas state income taxes.These credits, if not used, will expire beginning in 2032. Additionally, CVR Energy has Oklahoma state income tax credits of $30 million which areavailable to reduce future Oklahoma state regular income taxes. These credits have an indefinite life.At December 31, 2017, Viskase had U.S. federal net operating loss carryforwards of $86 million which will begin expiring in the year 2024 and forward,and foreign net operating loss carryforwards of $13 million with unlimited carryforward period and $9 million with a five-year carryforward period.At December 31, 2017, ARI had a federal net operating loss of $54 million that will be carried back to tax years 2015 and 2016 and will be fullyabsorbed. In addition, ARI had state net operating carryforwards of $31 million, which have varying expiration dates that extend into 2037.Enactment of U.S. Tax LegislationOn December 22, 2017, The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the "Tax Legislation") was enacted in the United States, significantly revising certain U.S. corporateincome tax provisions; including, among other items, a reduction of the U.S. corporate rate from 35% to 21%, effective for tax year beginning after December31, 2017; the transition of U.S. international taxation from a worldwide tax system to a territorial system; and a one-time transition tax on the mandatorydeemed repatriation of cumulative foreign earnings as of December 31, 2017, (or, if greater, November 2, 2017) of a “specified foreign corporation” whichincludes controlled foreign corporations and other foreign corporations which have at least one U.S. corporate shareholder that owns 10% or more of thevalue or voting power of such foreign corporation. We estimated the impact of the Tax Legislation on our income tax provision for the year ended December31, 2017 in accordance with our understanding of the Tax Legislation and guidance available at the date of this filing and as a result have recordedadjustments to the various tax balances, current, long-term and deferred tax assets and liabilities, all during the fourth quarter of 2017, the period in which theTax Legislation was enacted. The provisional amount related to the remeasurement of certain deferred tax assets and liabilities based on the rates at whichthey are expected to reverse in the future was $496 million, representing an income tax benefit recorded during the current period. The provisional amountrelated to the one-time transition tax on the mandatory deemed repatriation of foreign earnings was $2 million.On December 22, 2017, Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118 ("SAB 118") was issued to address the application of U.S. GAAP in situations when aregistrant does not have the necessary information available, prepared, or analyzed (including computations) in reasonable detail to complete the accountingfor certain income tax effects of the Tax Legislation. In accordance with SAB 118, we have determined that the $496 million of income tax benefit recordedin connection with the remeasurement of certain deferred tax assets and liabilities and the $2 million of current tax expense recorded in connection with thetransition tax on mandatory deemed repatriation of foreign earnings were each a provisional amount and a reasonable estimate as of the date of this filing.The accounting for these provisional amounts may be adjusted as we gain a better understanding of the new tax laws due to additional guidance and analysisof these estimates, including but not limited to, guidance on application of the one-time transition tax to 10% U.S. shareholders of a specified foreigncorporation, state tax treatments and finalizing our foreign affiliate analysis. Any subsequent adjustment to these amounts will be recorded to tax114ICAHN ENTERPRISES L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESICAHN ENTERPRISES HOLDINGS L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTSexpense in the quarter of 2018 when the analysis is complete and additional guidance and Internal Revenue Service interpretations are issued.The Tax Legislation requires a U.S. shareholder of a foreign corporation to include in income its global intangible low-taxed income ("GILTI"). Thecomputation for the GILTI is still subject to interpretation and additional clarifying guidance is expected in 2018. We are continuing to evaluate thisrequirement and its application under FASB ASC Topic 740, Income Taxes. Accordingly, we have not made any adjustments in our current year financialstatements and have not made a policy decision regarding whether to record deferred taxes on GILTI or to record it as a period cost adjustment.Under the Tax Legislation, an entity must pay a Base Erosion Anti-Abuse Tax ("BEAT") if the BEAT is greater than its regular tax liability. Based uponthe FASB’s guidance in this area, any incremental effect of BEAT tax should be recognized in the year the BEAT is incurred. This tax applies to future yearsand therefore there are no impacts or estimates in the current year financial statements.As of December 31, 2017, Federal Mogul, Viskase and ARI have not provided taxes on $784 million, $46 million and $6 million, respectively, ofundistributed earnings in foreign subsidiaries which are deemed to be indefinitely reinvested. If at some future date these earnings cease to be permanentlyreinvested, we may be subject to foreign income and withholding taxes upon repatriation of such amounts.Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes A summary of the changes in the gross amounts of unrecognized tax benefits for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 are as follows: Years Ended December 31, 2017 2016 2015 (in millions)Balance at January 1$101 $94 $113Addition based on tax positions related to the current year7 7 19Increase for tax positions of prior years59 8 6Decrease for tax positions of prior years(15) (1) (10)Decrease for statute of limitation expiration(16) (6) (21)Settlements(11) — (8)Impact of currency translation and other4 (1) (5)Balance at December 31$129 $101 $94At December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, we had unrecognized tax benefits of $129 million, $101 million and $94 million, respectively. Of these totals,$29 million, $68 million and $76 million represents the amount of unrecognized tax benefits that if recognized, would affect the annual effective tax rate inthe respective periods. The total unrecognized tax benefits differ from the amount which would affect the effective tax rate primarily due to the impact ofvaluation allowances.During the next 12 months, Federal-Mogul believes that it is reasonably possible that unrecognized tax benefits of Federal-Mogul may decrease byapproximately $5 million due to audit settlements or statute expirations, of which approximately $2 million, if recognized, could impact the effective taxrate. We do not anticipate any significant changes to the amount of our unrecognized tax benefits in our other business segments during the next 12 months.We recognize interest and penalties accrued related to unrecognized tax benefits as a component of income tax expense. We recorded $6 million, $15million and $19 million as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively, in liabilities for tax related net interest and penalties in our consolidatedbalance sheets. Income tax (benefit) related to interest and penalties were $(9) million, $(4) million and $(11) million for the years December 31, 2017, 2016and 2015, respectively. We or certain of our subsidiaries file income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction, various state jurisdictions and various non-U.S. jurisdictions. We and our subsidiaries are no longer subject to U.S. federal tax examinations for years before 2013 or state and local examinations foryears before 2009, with limited exceptions. We, or our subsidiaries, are currently under various income tax examinations in several states and foreignjurisdictions, but are no longer subject to income tax examinations in major foreign jurisdictions for years prior to 2005.115ICAHN ENTERPRISES L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESICAHN ENTERPRISES HOLDINGS L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS15.Changes in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss.Changes in accumulated other comprehensive loss consists of the following: Post-EmploymentBenefits, Net of Tax Hedge Instruments, Netof Tax TranslationAdjustments andOther, Net of Tax Total (in millions)Balance, December 31, 2016$(614) $(22) $(948) $(1,584)Other comprehensive income before reclassifications,net of tax30 2 124 156Reclassifications from accumulated othercomprehensive income (loss) to earnings20 (3) — 17Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax50 (1) 124 173Balance, December 31, 2017$(564) $(23) $(824) $(1,411)16.Other Income, Net.Other income, net consists of the following: Year Ended December 31, 2017 2016 2015 (in millions)Gain on acquisition$— $— $5Realized and unrealized loss on derivatives, net (Note 6)(70) (19) (29)Other derivative (loss) income(41) 66 —Dividend expense(10) (14) —Loss on extinguishment of debt(16) (5) (2)Equity earnings from non-consolidated affiliates71 64 62Foreign currency transaction loss(11) (1) (10)Tax settlement gain61 — —Predecessor claim settlement— 3 —Other24 13 9 $8 $107 $3517.Commitments and Contingencies.Environmental MattersDue to the nature of our business, certain of our subsidiaries' operations are subject to numerous existing and proposed laws and governmentalregulations designed to protect the environment, particularly regarding plant wastes and emissions and solid waste disposal. Our consolidated environmentalliabilities were $50 million and $50 million as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively, primarily within our Automotive, Energy and Metals segmentsand which are included in accrued expenses and other liabilities in our consolidated balance sheets. We do not believe that environmental matters will have amaterial adverse impact on our consolidated results of operations and financial condition.AutomotiveFederal-Mogul is a defendant in lawsuits filed, or the recipient of administrative orders issued or demand letters received, in various jurisdictionspursuant to the Federal Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act of 1980 (“CERCLA”) or other similar national, provincialor state environmental remedial laws. These laws provide that responsible parties may be liable to pay for remediating contamination resulting fromhazardous substances that were discharged into the environment by them, by prior owners or occupants of property they currently own or operate, or byothers116ICAHN ENTERPRISES L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESICAHN ENTERPRISES HOLDINGS L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTSto whom they sent such substances for treatment or other disposition at third party locations. Federal-Mogul has been notified by the EPA, other nationalenvironmental agencies and various provincial and state agencies that it may be a potentially responsible party (“PRP”) under such laws for the cost ofremediating hazardous substances pursuant to CERCLA and other national and state or provincial environmental laws. PRP designation often results in thefunding of site investigations and subsequent remedial activities.Many of the sites that are likely to be the costliest to remediate are often current or former commercial waste disposal facilities to which numerouscompanies sent wastes. Despite the potential joint and several liability which might be imposed on Federal-Mogul under CERCLA and some of the otherlaws pertaining to these sites, its share of the total waste sent to these sites has generally been small. Federal-Mogul believes its exposure for liability at thesesites is limited.Federal-Mogul has also identified certain other present and former properties at which it may be responsible for cleaning up or addressingenvironmental contamination, in some cases as a result of contractual commitments and/or federal or state environmental laws. Federal-Mogul is activelyseeking to resolve these actual and potential statutory, regulatory and contractual obligations. Although difficult to quantify based on the complexity of theissues, Federal-Mogul has accrued amounts corresponding to its best estimate of the costs associated with such regulatory and contractual obligations on thebasis of available information from site investigations and the professional judgment of consultants.Our Automotive segment's total environmental liabilities, determined on an undiscounted basis, were $16 million and $16 million as of December 31,2017 and 2016, respectively. Federal-Mogul believes that recorded environmental liabilities will be adequate to cover its estimated liability for its exposurein respect to such matters. In the event that such liabilities were to significantly exceed the amounts recorded by Federal-Mogul, our Automotive segment'sresults of operations could be materially affected. At December 31, 2017, Federal-Mogul estimates additional losses above and beyond its best estimate ofrequired remediation costs could range up to $24 million.EnergyThe petroleum and nitrogen fertilizer businesses are subject to various stringent federal, state, and local Environmental Health and Safety ("EHS") rulesand regulations. Liabilities related to EHS matters are recognized when the related costs are probable and can be reasonably estimated. Estimates of thesecosts are based upon currently available facts, existing technology, site-specific costs, and currently enacted laws and regulations. In reporting EHSliabilities, no offset is made for potential recoveries.On August 1, 2016, a subsidiary of CVR Energy ("CRCT") received a Notice of Probably Violation, Proposed Civil Penalty and Proposed ComplianceOrder (the "NOPV") from the U.S. Department of Transportation's Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (the "PHMSA"). The NOPV allegesviolations of the Pipeline Safety Regulations, Title 49, Code of Federal Regulations. The alleged violations include alleged failures (during various timeperiods) to (i) conduct quarterly notification drills, (ii) maintain certain required records, (iii) utilize certain required safety equipment (including linemarkers), (iv) take certain pipeline integrity management activities, (v) conduct certain cathodic protection testing, and (vi) make certain atmosphericcorrosion inspections. The preliminary assessed civil penalty is less than $1 million and the NOPV contained a compliance order outlining remedialcompliance steps to be undertaken by CRCT. CRCT paid a portion of the penalty and contested and requested mitigation of the remainder, and alsorequested reconsideration of the proposed compliance order. In November 2017, CRCT received a final order from PHMSA assessing a revised civil penaltyof less than $1 million. CRCT paid the remainder of the penalty and has completed all items required by the compliance order.Certain subsidiaries of CVR Energy ("CRRM" and "CRT") have agreed to perform corrective actions at the Coffeyville, Kansas refinery and the now-closed Phillipsburg, Kansas terminal facility, pursuant to Administrative Orders on Consent issued under the Resources Conservation and Recovery Act("RCRA") to address historical contamination by the prior owners (RCRA Docket No. VII-94-H-20 and Docket No. VII-95 H-11, respectively). WynnewoodRefining Company, LLC ("WRC") and the Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality ("ODEQ") have entered into a Consent Order (Case No. 15-056)to resolve certain legacy environmental issues related to historical groundwater contamination and the operation of a wastewater conveyance.As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, our Energy segment had environmental accruals of $4 million and $5 million, respectively. CVR Energy'smanagement periodically reviews and, as appropriate, revises its environmental accruals. Based on current information and regulatory requirements, CVREnergy's management believes that the accruals established for environmental expenditures are adequate.In January 2014, the EPA issued an inspection report to the Wynnewood refinery related to a RCRA compliance evaluation inspection conducted inMarch 2013. In February 2014, ODEQ notified WRC that it concurred with the EPA's117ICAHN ENTERPRISES L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESICAHN ENTERPRISES HOLDINGS L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTSinspection findings and would be pursuing enforcement. WRC and ODEQ entered into a Consent Order in June 2015 resolving all alleged non-complianceassociated with the RCRA compliance evaluation inspection, as well as issues related to possible soil and groundwater contamination associated with theprior owner's operation of the refinery. The Consent Order requires WRC to take certain corrective actions, including specified groundwater remediation andmonitoring measures pursuant to a work plan and replacement of a wastewater conveyance to be approved by ODEQ. ODEQ approved the work plansubmitted by WRC on February 1, 2016 and the replacement of a wastewater conveyance on August 15, 2016. WRC is in the process of implementing thespecified groundwater remediation and monitoring measures. The costs of complying with the Consent Order are estimated to be approximately $4 million.Environmental expenditures are capitalized when such expenditures are expected to result in future economic benefits. Capital expenditures incurredfor environmental compliance and efficiency of the operations were $16 million, $17 million and $36 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016and 2015, respectively.MetalsPSC Metals has been designated as a PRP under U.S. federal and state superfund laws with respect to certain sites with which PSC Metals may have hada direct or indirect involvement. It is alleged that PSC Metals and its subsidiaries or their predecessors transported waste to the sites, disposed of waste at thesites or operated the sites in question. In addition, one of PSC Metals' Knoxville, Tennessee locations was the subject of investigations by the State ofTennessee under the federal Superfund law. These investigations were performed by the State of Tennessee pursuant to a contract with the EPA. PSC Metalshas entered into Tennessee's Voluntary Clean-Up Oversight and Assistance Program ("VOAP") and expects to enter into a settlement with the TennesseeDepartment of Environment and Conservation ("TDEC") in the future. Currently, PSC Metals believes that it has adequately reserved for the cost of anypotential future remediation associated with its Knoxville location, but cannot fully assess the impact of all costs or liabilities associated with TDEC'sinvestigations. With respect to all other matters in which PSC Metals has been designated as a PRP under U.S. federal and state superfund laws, PSC Metalshas reviewed the nature and extent of the allegations, the number, connection and financial ability of other named and unnamed PRPs and the nature andestimated cost of the likely remedy. Based on reviewing the nature and extent of the allegations, PSC Metals has estimated its liability to remediate theseother sites to be immaterial as of both December 31, 2017 and 2016. If it is determined that PSC Metals has liability to remediate those sites and that moreexpensive remediation approaches are required in the future, PSC Metals could incur additional obligations, which could be material to its operations.In November and December of 2011, PSC Metals received three notices of violation ("NOV") from the Missouri Department of Natural Resources(“MDNR”) for hazardous waste and water violations related to its Festus, Missouri location. PSC Metals has entered into a settlement with MDNR thatresolves these NOVs. Currently, PSC Metals believes that it has established adequate reserves for the cost of this settlement. In addition, PSC Metalsbelieves that it has a claim for indemnification against the prior owner of the facility associated with the above-referenced notices of violation. MDNR andPSC Metals, as part of the resolution of MDNR's NOVs, have undertaken sampling for lead at residences near PSC Metals' Festus yard. Approximately 67residences were sampled and tested, and of those, approximately 15 tested above residential standards for lead contamination. PSC Metals has entered into asettlement agreement with MDNR which resolves MDNR’s claims and required limited soil remediation at the 15 residences. PSC Metals has complied withthe terms of the settlement agreement and expects its obligations under the settlement agreement to terminate in the near future. PSC Metals believes that ithas adequately reserved for the cost of compliance with the settlement agreement. Additionally, PSC Metals believes that liability for off-site contaminationwas retained by the prior owner of the Festus yard and accordingly, it would have a claim for indemnification against the prior owner.Certain of PSC Metals' facilities are environmentally impaired in part as a result of operating practices at the sites prior to their acquisition by PSCMetals and as a result of PSC Metals' operations. PSC Metals has established procedures to periodically evaluate these sites, giving consideration to thenature and extent of the contamination. PSC Metals has provided for the remediation of these sites based upon its management's judgment and priorexperience. PSC Metals has estimated the liability to remediate these sites to be $28 million and $28 million at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.PSC Metals believes, based on past experience, that the vast majority of these environmental liabilities and costs will be assessed and paid over an extendedperiod of time. PSC Metals believes that it will be able to fund such costs in the ordinary course of business. Estimates of PSC Metals' liability forremediation of a particular site and the method and ultimate cost of remediation require a number of assumptions that are inherently difficult to make, and theultimate outcome may be materially different from current estimates. Moreover, because PSC Metals has disposed of waste materials at numerous third-partydisposal facilities, it is possible that PSC Metals will be identified as a PRP at additional sites. The impact of such future events cannot be estimated at thecurrent time.118ICAHN ENTERPRISES L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESICAHN ENTERPRISES HOLDINGS L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTSAsset Retirement ObligationsOur Automotive segment has identified sites with contractual obligations and several sites that are closed or expected to be closed and sold. Inconnection with these sites, our Automotive segment has accrued $15 million and $15 million as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively, for assetretirement obligations ("ARO"), primarily related to anticipated costs of removing hazardous building materials at its facilities, and has consideredimpairment issues that may result from capitalization of these ARO amounts.Renewable Fuel StandardsCVR Refining is subject to the Renewable Fuel Standard which requires refiners to either blend "renewable fuels" with their transportation fuels orpurchase renewable fuel credits, known as renewable identification numbers (“RINs”), in lieu of blending.In December 2015, 2016, and 2017, the EPA published in the Federal Register final rules establishing the renewable fuel volume mandates for 2016,2017, and 2018, and the biomass-based diesel volume mandates for 2017, 2018, and 2019, respectively. The volumes included in the EPA's final rulesincreased each year, but were lower, with the exception of the volumes for biomass-based diesel, than the volumes required by the Clean Air Act. The EPAused its waiver authorities to lower the volumes, but its decision to do so for the 2014-2016 compliance years was challenged in the U.S. Court of Appeals forthe District of Columbia Circuit. In July 2017, the court vacated the EPA’s decision to reduce the renewable volume obligation for 2016 under one of itswaiver authorities, and remanded the rule to the EPA for further reconsideration. The EPA has not yet reproposed the 2016 renewable volume obligations.The EPA also has articulated a policy that high RINs prices incentivize additional investments in renewable fuel blending and distribution infrastructure.RINs expense was $249 million, $206 million and $124 million for years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. RINs expenseincludes the impact of recognizing the petroleum business' uncommitted biofuel blending obligation at fair value based on market prices at each reportingdate. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the petroleum business' biofuel blending obligation was $28 million and $186 million, respectively, which isincluded in accrued expenses and other liabilities in our consolidated balance sheets.LitigationFrom time to time, we and our subsidiaries are involved in various lawsuits arising in the normal course of business. We do not believe that such normalroutine litigation will have a material effect on our financial condition or results of operations.AutomotiveOn March 3, 2017, certain purported former stockholders of Federal-Mogul Holdings Corporation filed a petition in the Delaware Court of Chanceryseeking an appraisal of the value of common stock they claim to have held at the time of the January 23, 2017 merger of IEH FM Holdings, LLC into Federal-Mogul Holdings Corporation. IEH FM Holdings, LLC was a wholly owned subsidiary of Icahn Enterprises. Federal-Mogul Holdings LLC filed an answer tothe petition on March 28, 2017. A second petition for appraisal was filed by purported former stockholders of Federal-Mogul Holdings Corporation on May1, 2017. The two cases were consolidated on May 10, 2017, captioned In re Appraisal of Federal-Mogul Holdings LLC, C.A. No. 2017-0158-AGB. Discoveryis ongoing and a trial date has not yet been set. Federal-Mogul believes that it has a meritorious defense and intends to vigorously defend the matter.On September 29, 2016, September 30, 2016, October 12, 2016 and October 19, 2016, respectively, four putative class actions, captioned Skybo v.Ninivaggi et al., C.A. No. 12790, Lemanchek v. Ninivaggi et al., C.A. No. 12791, Raul v. Ninivaggi et al., C.A. No. 12821 and Mercado v. Ninivaggi et al.,C.A. No. 12837, were filed in the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware against the Board of Directors of Federal-Mogul (the "FM Board") and IcahnEnterprises, Icahn Enterprises Holdings, certain of their affiliates and Icahn Enterprises' Board of Directors (the "Icahn Defendants"), and, in the case of Raul,Federal-Mogul. The complaints allege that, among other things, the FM Board breached its fiduciary duties by approving the proposed Merger Agreement,that the Icahn Defendants breached their fiduciary duties to the minority stockholders of Federal-Mogul and/or aided and abetted the FM Board’s breaches ofits fiduciary duties, as well as alleging certain material misstatements and omissions in the Schedule 14D-9 filed by Federal-Mogul (the "Schedule 14D-9").The complaints allege that, among other things, the then-Offer Price was inadequate and, together with that the Merger Agreement, was the result of a flawedand unfair sales process and conflicts of interest of the FM Board and the special committee of independent directors of Federal-Mogul (the "SpecialCommittee"), alleging that the Special Committee and Federal-Mogul’s management lacked independence from the Icahn Defendants. In addition, thecomplaints allege that the Merger Agreement contains certain allegedly preclusive deal protection provisions, including a no-solicitation provision, aninformation rights provision and a119ICAHN ENTERPRISES L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESICAHN ENTERPRISES HOLDINGS L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTSmatching rights provision. Among other things, the complaints sought to enjoin the transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement, as well as awardcosts and disbursements, including reasonable attorneys’ and experts’ fees. The Raul and Mercado complaints further seek to rescind the transaction oraward rescissory damages, or (in the case of Raul) award a quasi-appraisal remedy in the event that the transaction was consummated, as well as award moneydamages. On October 28, 2016, all four actions were consolidated under the caption In re Federal-Mogul Holdings, Inc. Stockholder Litigation, C.A. No.12790-CB (the "Delaware Action"). On March 6, 2017, plaintiffs filed a consolidated amended complaint that does not name Federal-Mogul as a defendant.Among other things, the consolidated amended complaint also adds allegations regarding the commencement and extension of the Offer, the increase in theOffer price, the closing of the transaction, Federal-Mogul's subsequent performance and public statements, Mr. Ninivaggi’s post-merger employment withIcahn Enterprises and the independence of the chairman of the Special Committee. The Icahn Defendants have moved to dismiss the amended complaint anddiscovery was stayed pending determination of that motion. In lieu of proceeding with the October 12, 2017 hearing on the Icahn Defendants' motion todismiss, the plaintiffs in the Delaware Action dismissed the Delaware Action, without prejudice as to the named plaintiffs.On October 5, 2016, a putative class action captioned Sanders v. Federal-Mogul Holdings Corporation et al., C.A. No. 16-155387 was filed in theCircuit Court for Oakland County of the State of Michigan against Federal-Mogul, the FM Board and the Icahn Defendants (the "Michigan Action"). Thecomplaint alleges, among other things, that the FM Board breached its fiduciary duties and that Federal-Mogul and the Icahn Defendants aided and abettedthe FM Board’s breaches of its fiduciary duties, as well as alleging certain material misstatements and omissions in the Schedule 14D-9. The complaintalleges that, among other things, the then-Offer Price was unfair and the result of an unfair sales process that included conflicts of interest. In addition, thecomplaint alleges that the Merger Agreement contains certain allegedly preclusive deal protection provisions, including a no-solicitation provision, aninformation rights provision and a matching rights provision. Among other things, the complaint sought to enjoin the transactions contemplated by theMerger Agreement, or, in the event that the transactions were consummated, rescind the transactions or award rescissory damages, as well as award moneydamages and costs, including reasonable attorneys’ and experts’ fees. On March 6, 2017, the plaintiffs filed an amended complaint which, among otherthings, dropped Federal-Mogul as a defendant. The amended complaint also: named certain additional Icahn-affiliated individuals and entities asdefendants; deleted various allegations relating to process and purported disclosure deficiencies; added allegations regarding the commencement andextension of the Offer, the increase in the Offer price, the closing of the transaction, Federal-Mogul's subsequent performance and public statements, Mr.Ninivaggi’s post-merger employment with Icahn Enterprises, and the independence of certain directors; and eliminated the request for injunctive relief giventhe consummation of the transaction. On April 4, 2017, the Court entered a stipulated order staying the Michigan Action pending final determination of theDelaware Action. On October 16, 2017, the plaintiffs in the Michigan Action dismissed the Michigan Action, without prejudice as to the named plaintiffs.On April 25, 2014, a group of plaintiffs brought an action against Federal-Mogul Products, Inc. ("FM Products"), a wholly-owned subsidiary of Federal-Mogul, alleging injuries and damages associated with the discharge of chlorinated hydrocarbons by the former owner of a facility located in Kentucky. Since1998, when FM Products acquired the facility, it has been cooperating with the applicable regulatory agencies on remediating the prior discharges pursuantto an order entered into by the facility’s former owner. Federal-Mogul does not currently believe the outcome of this litigation will have a material impact onits financial statements.120ICAHN ENTERPRISES L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESICAHN ENTERPRISES HOLDINGS L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTSUnconditional Purchase ObligationsThe minimum required payments for CVR Energy's unconditional purchase obligations are as follows: UnconditionalPurchaseObligations(1) (in millions)2018$16520191242020101202190202285Thereafter542 $1,107(1)This amount includes $699 million payable ratably over thirteen years pursuant to petroleum transportation service agreements between Coffeyville Resources Refining Marketing,LLC ("CRRM") and each of TransCanada Keystone Limited Partnership and TransCanada Keystone Pipeline, LP (together, "TransCanada"). The purchase obligation reflects theexchange rate between the Canadian dollar and the U.S. dollar as of December 31, 2017, where applicable. Under the agreements, CRRM receives transportation of at least 25,000barrels per day of crude oil with a delivery point at Cushing, Oklahoma for a term of twenty years on TransCanada's Keystone pipeline system.Additionally, in the normal course of business, CVR Energy has long-term commitments to purchase oxygen, nitrogen, electricity, storage capacity,water and pipeline transportation services. For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, total expense of $209 million, $151 million and $136million, respectively, was incurred related to long-term commitments.Other MattersFRA DirectiveOn September 30, 2016, the Federal Railroad Administration ("FRA") issued Railworthiness Directive ("RWD") No. 2016-01 (the "Original Directive").The Original Directive addressed, among other things, certain welding practices in one weld area in specified DOT 111 tank railcars manufactured between2009 and 2015 by ARI and ACF. Our Railcar segment met and corresponded with the FRA following the issuance of the Original Directive to express itsconcerns with the Original Directive and its impact on our Railcar segment, as well as the industry as a whole.On November 18, 2016 (the "Issuance Date"), the FRA issued RWD No. 2016-01 [Revised] (the "Revised Directive"). The Revised Directive changedand superseded the Original Directive in several ways.The Revised Directive required owners to identify their subject tank railcars and then from that population identify the 15% of subject tank railcars thenin hazardous materials service with the highest mileage in each tank car owner’s fleet. Visual inspection of each of the subject tank railcars is required by thecar operator prior to putting any railcar into service. Owners must ensure appropriate inspection, testing and repairs, if needed, within twelve months of theIssuance Date for the 15% of their subject tank railcars identified to be in hazardous materials service with the highest mileage. The FRA reserved the right toimpose additional test and inspection requirements for the remaining tank railcars subject to the Revised Directive.The FRA also reserved the right to seek civil penalties or to take any other appropriate enforcement action for violation of the Federal HazardousMaterials Regulations that have occurred.Although the Revised Directive addressed some of our Railcar segment's concerns and clarified certain requirements of the Original Directive, ourRailcar segment identified significant issues with the Revised Directive. As a result, in December 2016, our Railcar segment sought judicial review of andrelief from the Revised Directive by filing a petition for review against the FRA in the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit.On August 17, 2017, our Railcar segment entered into a settlement agreement with the FRA, which covered the subject railcars owned by our Railcarsegment. This agreement, among other things, extended the deadline for our Railcar segment to complete the inspection, testing and repairs, if needed, for the15% identified railcars to December 31, 2017. Adding clarity regarding certain unknown requirements referenced in the Revised Directive, under thesettlement agreement, our Railcar segment is required to inspect, test, and if necessary repair the remaining 85% subject tank railcars at the next tank railcarqualification, scheduled routine or regular maintenance, shopping or repair event, but no later than December 31, 2025.121ICAHN ENTERPRISES L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESICAHN ENTERPRISES HOLDINGS L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTSHowever, the settlement agreement permits our Railcar segment to: (i) if the FRA does not impose a similar requirement by July 31, 2018 on other owners’railcars subject to the Revised Directive, suspend compliance with this requirement until such time as the FRA imposes requirements on all 85% railcarssubject to the Revised Directive, and (ii) elect to be governed by any different requirements later imposed by the FRA on other owners’ railcars subject to theRevised Directive. In addition, the settlement agreement also provides that railcars owned by our Railcar segment are no longer required to have a surfaceinspection performed when the railcars are being inspected pursuant to the Revised Directive. The description above includes a summary of the terms of thesettlement agreement. Finally, as part of the settlement agreement, our Railcar segment dismissed its lawsuit against the FRA.Our Railcar segment has evaluated its potential exposure related to the Revised Directive and has a remaining loss contingency reserve of $9 million, asof December 31, 2017, to cover its probable and estimable liabilities with respect to our Railcar segment's response to the Revised Directive. The losscontingency reserve takes into account information available as of December 31, 2017 and our Railcar segment's contractual obligations in its capacity asboth a manufacturer and owner of railcars subject to the Revised Directive. This amount is included in accrued expenses and other liabilities on theconsolidated balance sheets. This amount will continue to be evaluated as our Railcar segment's and its customers' compliance with the Revised Directiveand the settlement agreement progress. Actual results could differ from this estimate.It is reasonably possible that a loss exists in excess of the amount accrued by our Railcar segment. However, the amount of potential costs and expensesexpected to be incurred for compliance with the Revised Directive in excess of the loss contingency reserve of $9 million cannot be reasonably estimated atthis time.Pension ObligationsMr. Icahn, through certain affiliates, owns 100% of Icahn Enterprises GP and approximately 91.0% of Icahn Enterprises' outstanding depositary units asof December 31, 2017. Applicable pension and tax laws make each member of a “controlled group” of entities, generally defined as entities in which there isat least an 80% common ownership interest, jointly and severally liable for certain pension plan obligations of any member of the controlled group. Thesepension obligations include ongoing contributions to fund the plan, as well as liability for any unfunded liabilities that may exist at the time the plan isterminated. In addition, the failure to pay these pension obligations when due may result in the creation of liens in favor of the pension plan or the PensionBenefit Guaranty Corporation ("PBGC") against the assets of each member of the controlled group.As a result of the more than 80% ownership interest in us by Mr. Icahn’s affiliates and our ownership of more than 80% in certain of our subsidiaries, weand certain of our subsidiaries are subject to the pension liabilities of entities in which Mr. Icahn has a direct or indirect ownership interest of at least 80%.ACF and Federal-Mogul, are the sponsors of several pension plans. All the minimum funding requirements of the Internal Revenue Code, as amended, andthe Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended by the Pension Protection Act of 2006, for these plans have been met as of December 31,2017 and 2016. If the plans were voluntarily terminated, they would be underfunded by approximately $424 million and $613 million as of December 31,2017 and 2016, respectively. These results are based on the most recent information provided by the plans’ actuaries. These liabilities could increase ordecrease, depending on a number of factors, including future changes in benefits, investment returns, and the assumptions used to calculate the liability. Asmembers of the controlled group, we would be liable for any failure of ACF and Federal-Mogul to make ongoing pension contributions or to pay theunfunded liabilities upon a termination of the pension plans of ACF and Federal-Mogul. In addition, other entities now or in the future within the controlledgroup in which we are included may have pension plan obligations that are, or may become, underfunded and we would be liable for any failure of suchentities to make ongoing pension contributions or to pay the unfunded liabilities upon termination of such plans.The current underfunded status of the pension plans of ACF and Federal-Mogul requires them to notify the PBGC of certain “reportable events,” such asif we cease to be a member of the ACF and Federal-Mogul controlled group, or if we make certain extraordinary dividends or stock redemptions. Theobligation to report could cause us to seek to delay or reconsider the occurrence of such reportable events.Starfire Holding Corporation ("Starfire") which is 99.4% owned by Mr. Icahn, has undertaken to indemnify us and our subsidiaries from losses resultingfrom any imposition of certain pension funding or termination liabilities that may be imposed on us and our subsidiaries or our assets as a result of being amember of the Icahn controlled group. The Starfire indemnity (which does not extend to pension liabilities of our subsidiaries that would be imposed on us asa result of our interest in these subsidiaries and not as a result of Mr. Icahn and his affiliates holding more than an 80% ownership interest in us, and as suchwould not extend to the unfunded pension termination liability for Federal-Mogul) provides, among other things, that so long as such contingent liabilitiesexist and could be imposed on us, Starfire will not make any distributions to its stockholders that122ICAHN ENTERPRISES L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESICAHN ENTERPRISES HOLDINGS L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTSwould reduce its net worth to below $250 million. Nonetheless, Starfire may not be able to fund its indemnification obligations to us.OtherThe U.S. Attorney’s office for the Southern District of New York contacted Icahn Enterprises L.P. in September 2017 seeking production of informationpertaining to our and Mr. Icahn’s activities relating to the Renewable Fuels Standard and Mr. Icahn’s role as an advisor to the President. We are cooperatingwith the request and are providing information in response to the subpoena. The U.S. Attorney’s office has not made any claims or allegations against us orMr. Icahn. We maintain a strong compliance program and, while no assurances can be made, we do not believe this inquiry will have a material impact on ourbusiness, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.Consolidated LeasesConsolidated future minimum lease payments under operating leases with initial terms of one or more years consist of the following at December 31,2017:Year Amount (in millions)2018 $2372019 2222020 1982021 1702022 142Thereafter 388 $1,357Rent expense under operating leases for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 was $264 million, $237 million and $145 million,respectively.18.Supplemental Cash Flow Information.Supplemental cash flow information consists of the following: Year Ended December 31, 2017 2016 2015 (in millions)Cash payments for interest, net of amounts capitalized$658 $662 $602Net cash payments (refunds) for income taxes150 87 (1)Acquisition of subsidiary common stock included in accrued expenses and otherliabilities51 — —Seller financing secured mortgages resulting from disposition of assets375 — —Investment in subsidiaries prior to acquiring a controlling interest— 286 36LP unit issuance for remaining 25% interest in ARL— 35 —Fair value of subsidiary common units issued in an acquisition of business— 336 —Fair value of debt assumed in an acquisition of business— 368 —Capital expenditures included in accounts payable, accrued expenses and otherliabilities80 89 88123ICAHN ENTERPRISES L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESICAHN ENTERPRISES HOLDINGS L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS19.Subsequent Events.Icahn EnterprisesDistributionOn February 27, 2018, the Board of Directors of the general partner of Icahn Enterprises declared a quarterly distribution in the amount of $1.75 perdepositary unit, which will be paid on or about April 16, 2018 to depositary unitholders of record at the close of business on March 12, 2018. Depositaryunitholders will have until April 5, 2018 to make an election to receive either cash or additional depositary units; if a holder does not make an election, itwill automatically be deemed to have elected to receive the dividend in cash. Depositary unitholders who elect to receive additional depositary units willreceive units valued at the volume weighted average trading price of the units on NASDAQ during the 5 consecutive trading days ending April 12, 2018. Nofractional depositary units will be issued pursuant to the distribution payment. Icahn Enterprises will make a cash payment in lieu of issuing fractionaldepositary units to any holders electing to receive depositary units. Any holders that would only be eligible to receive a fraction of a depositary unit basedon the above calculation will receive a cash payment.20.Quarterly Financial Data (Unaudited).Quarterly financial data for Icahn Enterprises is presented below: For the Three Months Ended(1) March 31, June 30, September 30, December 31, 2017 2016 2017 2016 2017 2016 2017 2016 (in millions, except per unit data)Net sales$4,319 $3,548 $4,282 $4,094 $4,292 $3,904 $4,410 $3,965Gross margin on net sales627 425 559 646 613 526 499 502Total revenues4,677 3,127 6,654 4,350 5,680 4,899 4,733 3,972Net (loss) income(160) (1,609) 1,725 (285) 829 238 197 (564)Net loss (income) attributable tonon-controlling interests(142) (772) 172 (216) 232 254 (101) (358)Net (loss) income attributable toIcahn Enterprises(18) (837) 1,553 (69) 597 (16) 298 (206)Basic (loss) income per LP unit$(0.12) $(6.21) $9.51 $(0.50) $3.53 $(0.12) $1.72 $(1.42)Diluted (loss) income per LPunit$(0.12) $(6.21) $9.51 $(0.50) $3.53 $(0.12) $1.72 $(1.42)(1) The comparability of our quarterly financial data is affected by, among other things, (i) the performance of the Investment Funds, (ii) various acquisitions, primarily the acquisitionof Pep Boys during the first quarter of 2016, (iii) certain dispositions of assets, primarily during the second and fourth quarters of 2017, (iv) impairment charges and (v) theenactment of U.S. tax law changes in the fourth quarter of 2017.124Item 9. Changes In and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.None.Item 9A. Controls and Procedures.Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and ProceduresAs of December 31, 2017, our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of the designand operation of Icahn Enterprises' and Icahn Enterprises Holdings' and subsidiaries' disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to the Rule 13a-15(e) and15d-15(e) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). Based upon that evaluation, our Chief ExecutiveOfficer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures are effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed byus in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in SEC rulesand forms, and include controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in such reports is accumulated andcommunicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regardingrequired disclosure.Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial ReportingOur management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting and for an assessment of theeffectiveness of internal control over financial reporting; as such items are defined in Rule 13a-15f under the Exchange Act.Our internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance that our financial reporting and preparation of financialstatements is reliable and in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Our policies and procedures are designed to provide reasonableassurance that transactions are recorded and records maintained in reasonable detail as necessary to accurately and fairly reflect transactions and that alltransactions are properly authorized by management in order to prevent or timely detect unauthorized transactions or misappropriation of assets that couldhave a material effect on our financial statements.Management is required to base its assessment on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting on a suitable, recognized controlframework. Management has utilized the criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of SponsoringOrganizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”) to evaluate the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting.Our management has performed an assessment according to the guidelines established by COSO. Based on the assessment, management has concludedthat our system of internal control over financial reporting, as of December 31, 2017, is effective.Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Projections of any evaluation ofeffectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliancewith the policies or procedures may deteriorate.Grant Thornton LLP, our independent registered public accounting firm, has audited and issued their reports on Icahn Enterprises' internal control overfinancial reporting, which appears below.Changes in Internal Control Over Financial ReportingThere have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the fourth quarter of 2017 that have materially affected, or arereasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.125REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRMBoard of Directors and PartnersIcahn Enterprises L.P.Opinion on internal control over financial reportingWe have audited the internal control over financial reporting of Icahn Enterprises L.P. (a Delaware limited partnership) and subsidiaries (the “Partnership”) asof December 31, 2017, based on criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizationsof the Treadway Commission (“COSO”). In our opinion, the Partnership maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reportingas of December 31, 2017, based on criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by COSO.We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the consolidatedfinancial statements of the Partnership as of and for the year ended December 31, 2017, and our report dated March 1, 2018 expressed an unqualified opinionon those financial statements.Basis for opinionThe Partnership’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness ofinternal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Ourresponsibility is to express an opinion on the Partnership’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firmregistered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Partnership in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and theapplicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonableassurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining anunderstanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operatingeffectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. Webelieve that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.Definition and limitations of internal control over financial reportingA company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reportingand the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal controlover financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairlyreflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permitpreparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are beingmade only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention ortimely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation ofeffectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliancewith the policies or procedures may deteriorate./s/GRANT THORNTON LLPNew York, New YorkMarch 1, 2018126Item 9B. Other Information.None.127PART IIIItem 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.The names, offices held and ages of the directors and executive officers of Icahn Enterprises G.P., Inc. ("Icahn Enterprises GP") as of March 1, 2018 are asfollows:Name Age PositionCarl C. Icahn 82 Chairman of the BoardKeith Cozza 39 President, Chief Executive Officer and DirectorSungHwan Cho 43 Chief Financial Officer and DirectorPeter Reck 51 Chief Accounting OfficerWilliam A. Leidesdorf 72 DirectorJames L. Nelson 68 DirectorJack G. Wasserman 81 DirectorOur directors are selected by Carl C. Icahn, as the controlling stockholder of Icahn Enterprises GP, and are not elected by our limited partners.Individuals who possess characteristics that include integrity, business experience, financial acumen and leadership abilities are qualified to serve on ourboard of directors. Listed below are our directors and executive officers with their biographies. In addition, we have summarized for each director why suchdirector has been chosen to serve on our board of directors.Carl C. Icahn has served as chairman of the board and a director of Starfire Holding Corporation, a privately-held holding company, and chairman ofthe board and a director of various subsidiaries of Starfire, since 1984. Since August 2007, through his position as Chief Executive Officer of Icahn CapitalLP, a wholly owned subsidiary of Icahn Enterprises L.P. ("Icahn Enterprises") and certain related entities, Mr. Icahn’s principal occupation is managingprivate investment funds, including Icahn Partners LP and Icahn Partners Master Fund LP. Since November 1990, Mr. Icahn has been chairman of the board ofIcahn Enterprises GP, the general partner of Icahn Enterprises and Icahn Enterprises Holdings. Mr. Icahn has been: chairman of the board of CVR Refining, LPsince January 2013; chairman of the board of CVR Energy, Inc. since June 2012; chairman of the board of Tropicana Entertainment Inc. since March 2010;and President and a member of the executive committee of XO Holdings, a competitive provider of telecommunication services, since September 2011, andchairman of the board and a director of its predecessors since January 2003. Mr. Icahn was previously: director of Federal-Mogul Holdings Corporation fromDecember 2007 to May 2015, and the non-executive chairman of the board of Federal-Mogul Holdings Corporation from January 2008 to May 2015;chairman of the board and a director of American Railcar Industries, Inc. from 1994 to July 2014; a director of American Railcar Leasing LLC from June 2004to November 2013; a director of WestPoint Home LLC from October 2005 until December 2011; and a director of Cadus Corporation, a company engaged inthe acquisition of real estate for renovation or construction and resale, from July 1993 to July 2010.Mr. Icahn brings to his role as the chairman of the board his significant business experience in leadership roles as director in various companies asdiscussed above, including certain of our subsidiaries. In addition, Mr. Icahn is uniquely qualified based on his historical background for creating value incompanies across multiple industries. Mr. Icahn has proven to be a successful investor over the past 40 years.Keith Cozza has been the President and Chief Executive Officer of Icahn Enterprises since February 2014. In addition, Mr. Cozza has served as ChiefOperating Officer of Icahn Capital LP, the subsidiary of Icahn Enterprises through which Carl C. Icahn manages investment funds, since February 2013. FromFebruary 2013 to February 2014, Mr. Cozza served as Executive Vice President of Icahn Enterprises. Mr. Cozza is also the Chief Financial Officer of IcahnAssociates Holding LLC, a position he has held since 2006. Mr. Cozza has been a director of: Tropicana Entertainment Inc. since February 2014; HerbalifeLtd., a nutrition company, since April 2013; and Icahn Enterprises since September 2012. In addition, Mr. Cozza serves as a director of certain wholly-ownedsubsidiaries of Icahn Enterprises, including: Federal-Mogul Holdings LLC (formerly known as Federal-Mogul Holdings Corporation); Icahn AutomotiveGroup LLC; and PSC Metals Inc. Mr. Cozza was previously: a member of the Executive Committee of American Railcar Leasing LLC from June 2014 to June2017; a director of FCX Oil & Gas Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of Freeport-McMoRan Inc., from October 2015 to April 2016; a director of CVR Refining,LP from January 2013 to February 2014; and a director of MGM Holdings Inc., an entertainment company focused on the production and distribution of filmand television content, from April 2012 to August 2012. Mr. Icahn has or previously had non-controlling interests in Freeport-McMoRan, Herbalife andMGM Holdings through the ownership of securities.Mr. Cozza brings to his service as a director his significant experience in leadership roles as director of various companies as discussed above. Inparticular, his experience as Chief Financial Officer of Icahn Associates Holding LLC enables him to understand the complex business and financial issuesthat we may face.128SungHwan Cho has served as Chief Financial Officer of Icahn Enterprises since March 2012. Prior to that time, he was Senior Vice President andpreviously Portfolio Company Associate at Icahn Enterprises since October 2006. Mr. Cho has been a director of: Hertz Global Holdings, Inc., a companyengaged in the car rental business, since May 2017; Ferrous Resources Limited since June 2015; CVR Refining, LP since January 2013; Icahn Enterprisessince September 2012; CVR Energy, Inc. since May 2012; and American Railcar Industries, Inc. since June 2011 (and has been Chairman of the Board ofAmerican Railcar Industries since July 2014). In addition, Mr. Cho serves as a director of certain wholly-owned subsidiaries of Icahn Enterprises, including:Federal-Mogul Holdings LLC (formerly known as Federal-Mogul Holdings Corporation); Icahn Automotive Group LLC; PSC Metals Inc.; and WestPointHome LLC. Mr. Cho was previously: a member of the Executive Committee of American Railcar Leasing LLC from September 2013 to June 2017; a directorof CVR Partners LP from May 2012 to April 2017; a director of Viskase Companies, Inc. from November 2006 to April 2017; and a director of Take-TwoInteractive Software Inc., a publisher of interactive entertainment products, from April 2010 to November 2013. Mr. Icahn has or previously had a non-controlling interest in each of Hertz Global Holdings and Take-Two Interactive Software through the ownership of securities.Mr. Cho brings to his service as a director his significant experience in leadership roles as director of various companies as discussed above. In particular,his service as Chief Financial Officer of Icahn Enterprises and Icahn Enterprises Holdings enables him to understand the complex business and financialissues that we may face.Peter Reck has served as Chief Accounting Officer of our general partner, Icahn Enterprises GP, since March 2012, and as its Secretary since April 2012.Mr. Reck was Controller of Icahn Enterprises and Icahn Enterprises Holdings from November 2005 to March 2012. Mr. Reck has served as director of: IcahnAutomotive Group LLC since 2017; The Pep Boys - Manny, Moe & Jack, since February 2016; and Viskase Companies, Inc. since March 2012. Previously,Mr. Reck served as Controller of Family Office and Treasurer of Philanthropies for Bromor Management, the Family Office of Charles Bronfman. Mr. Reckalso served as Controller for the Bank of Uruguay and worked at KPMG LLP in their audit practice.William A. Leidesdorf has served as a director of Icahn Enterprises' general partner, Icahn Enterprises GP, since March 1991 and is a member of our auditcommittee. Mr. Leidesdorf has served Icahn Enterprises' subsidiaries as a director and member of the audit committee of Tropicana Entertainment Inc. sinceMay 2014 and as a director of IEH Auto Parts LLC since June 2015. Mr. Leidesdorf previously served as: a director and member of the audit committee ofAmerican Entertainment Properties Corp., a subsidiary of Icahn Enterprises, from December 2003 to March 2013; a director of Renco Steel, during itsbankruptcy, its subsidiary, WCI Steel, Inc., a steel producer which filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection and Simpson Housing Limited Partnership, aprivately held real estate investment trust; an owner and a managing director of Renaissance Housing, LLC, and a company primarily engaged in theacquisition of multifamily housing and, the owner and managing director of Renaissance Hamptons Mayfair, LLC, a company primarily engaged inacquiring multifamily residential properties from 2008 until April 2015; and a principal in Bedrock Investment Management Group, LLC, a companyengaged in the acquisition of troubled residential subdivisions, from 2008 until December 2014.Mr. Leidesdorf brings to his service as a director his significant business experience and leadership role as a director in various companies includingcertain of our subsidiaries. His experience has enabled him to understand the complex business and financial issues that companies may face. Mr. Leidesdorfhas also had experience with large-scale real estate workouts and has been responsible for managing real estate portfolios for a number of institutions,including responsibility for audits and compliance with various federal and state regulatory authorities.James L. Nelson has served as a director of Icahn Enterprises' general partner, Icahn Enterprises GP, since June 2001 and is a member of our auditcommittee. Mr. Nelson has been a director of: IEH Auto Parts LLC since June 2015, an Icahn Enterprises’ subsidiary; and Herbalife Ltd., a nutrition companyin which Mr. Icahn holds a non-controlling interest through the ownership of securities, since April 2014. Mr. Nelson has served as Chief Executive Officer ofGlobal Net Lease Inc., a publicly traded real estate investment trust, since August 2017, as a director since March 2017, and from March 2017 to July 2017, aschairman of the audit committee. Mr. Nelson previously served as: a director of New York REIT, Inc., a publicly traded real estate investment trust, fromNovember 2015 to June 2017; a director and member of the compensation, governance and strategic alternatives committees of Voltari Corporation, acommercial real estate company controlled by Mr. Icahn, from June 2011 through September 2015 (and, from January 2012 through September 2015, servedas chairman of its Board of Directors); a director of VII Peaks Co-Optivist Income BDC II, Inc., an externally managed, closed-end management investmentcompany, from November 2013 through August 2014; a director of Ubiquity Broadcasting Corporation, a vertically integrated, technology-focused mediacompany, from April 2014 to August 2014; a director and member of the audit committee of Tropicana Entertainment Inc. from March 2010 to May 2014; adirector and member of the Governance and Nominating Committee of SITO Mobile, Ltd., a technology-based mobile solutions provider serving businesses,advertisers and brands, from May 2013 to April 2014; a director and member of the audit committee of Take Two Interactive Software, Inc., a publisher,developer, and distributor of video games and video game peripherals in which Mr. Icahn previously held an interest through the ownership of securities,from April 2010 through November 2013; a director and as chairman of the audit committee of the board of directors of Cequel Communications, an ownerand operator of a large cable television system, from April 2008 to November 2012; and a director and chairman of the audit committee of ViskaseCompanies, Inc. from April 2003129through April 2010.Mr. Nelson brings to his service as a director his significant experience and leadership roles serving as chief executive officer, director and chairman ofthe audit committee of various companies.Jack G. Wasserman has served as a director of Icahn Enterprises' general partner, Icahn Enterprises GP, since December 1993 and is the Chairman of ouraudit committee. Mr. Wasserman has been a director of Cadus Corporation, a company engaged in the acquisition of real estate for renovation or constructionand resale, a company controlled by Mr. Icahn, since December 1998. Mr. Wasserman has served Icahn Enterprises’ subsidiaries as a director of IEH AutoParts LLC since June 2015 and as a director and member of the audit committee of Trump Entertainment Resorts, Inc. since February 2016. Mr. Wassermanhas been engaged in the practice of law as a sole practitioner, since September 2001. Mr. Wasserman previously served as: a director of Wendy's, a franchisorof the Wendy's restaurant system, as the chairman of the ERISA committee of Wendy’s and as a member of the audit and compensation committees ofWendy's, from March 2004 to June 2015; a director and chairman of the audit committee of American Entertainment Properties Corp. a subsidiary of IcahnEnterprises, from December 2003 to March 2013; and a senior partner of Wasserman, Schneider, Babb & Reed, a New York-based law firm, and itspredecessors, from 1966 until 2001. He is a current and past director of numerous not-for-profit organizations. Mr. Wasserman is an attorney and a member ofthe Bars of New York, Florida and the District of Columbia.Mr. Wasserman brings to his service as a director his significant experience and leadership roles as a director of various public companies. In addition,Mr. Wasserman practiced law for almost 40 years with the law firm of Wasserman, Schneider, Babb & Reed of which he was a senior partner; the firmconcentrated its practice in international trade and related corporate matters, primarily for Fortune 500-type companies operating in a broad range ofindustries, and he is familiar with financial statements and domestic and trans-border transactions.Audit CommitteeJames L. Nelson, William A. Leidesdorf and Jack G. Wasserman serve on our audit committee. We believe that the audit committee members are“independent” within the meaning of Rule 5605(a)(2) of the NASDAQ Listing Rules of the NASDAQ Stock Market ("NASDAQ"). A copy of the auditcommittee charter is available on our website at www.ielp.com/governance.cfm or may be obtained without charge by writing to Icahn Enterprises L.P., 767Fifth Avenue, Suite 4700, New York, NY 10153, Attention: Investor Relations.Our audit committee has twelve regularly scheduled meetings each year, and numerous other meetings when circumstances require. Eight meetings areheld in connection (a) with the audit committee's review, together with our senior management, the senior management of our subsidiaries, andrepresentatives of our independent auditor, of our quarterly reports on Form 10-Q and our annual report on Form 10-K and (b) telephone conferences with thesenior management of each of our subsidiaries. Four meetings are held with our Chief Financial Officer, Chief Accounting Officer, and Chief Auditor, whoreport to the audit committee on company-wide developing financial and related matters. At the time of the annual report on Form 10-K, the audit committeemeets in executive session, and also meets separately with our independent auditor and our senior management. Our audit committee holds two annualexecutive sessions. When necessary, our audit committee holds informal meetings, meets with its independent counsel, and, when appropriate, withindependent financial advisers.The functions of our audit committee include, but are not limited to: (1) the review of our financial and accounting policies and procedures, includingoversight; (2) the selection of our independent auditor and the determination of the auditor's fees for audit services; (3) the pre-approval of any non-auditservices and the fees to be paid to our independent auditor; (4) the obtaining, at least annually, of a report from our independent auditor of the adequacy ofour internal controls over financial reporting; (5) the review of the results of all audits of our books and records performed by the independent auditor for,among other reasons, to determine the integrity of our financial statements; (6) discussing our policies with respect to risk assessment and risk management,and reporting such policies to the full board of directors; (7) the review of significant earnings press releases prior to release with respect to the types ofinformation disclosed and the manner in which the information is disclosed; and (8) the review and approval of related party transactions and conflicts ofinterest in accordance with the terms of our partnership agreement. Our audit committee is empowered, in its discretion, to engage such advisors as it mightdeem necessary, including legal counsel and financial and accounting advisors.Our board of directors has determined that we do not have an “audit committee financial expert,” within the meaning of Item 407(d)(5) of Regulation S-K, serving on our audit committee. We believe that each member of the audit committee is financially literate and possesses sufficient experience, bothprofessionally and by virtue of his service as a director and member of the audit committee of Icahn Enterprises GP, to be fully capable of discharging hisduties as a member of our audit committee. However, none of the members of our audit committee has a professional background in accounting or preparing,auditing, analyzing or evaluating financial statements. If our audit committee determines that it requires additional financial expertise, it will either engageprofessional advisors or seek to recruit a member who would qualify as an “audit committee financial expert” within the meaning of Item 407(d)(5) ofRegulation S-K.130Jack G. Wasserman has been chosen to preside and currently presides at executive sessions of our non-management directors. Interested parties maydirectly communicate with the presiding director of the audit committee or with the non-management directors of the audit committee as a group by directingall inquiries to our ethics hotline at (877) 888-0002.Audit Committee ReportThe audit committee has confirmed that: (1) the audit committee reviewed and discussed our audited financial statements for the year ended December31, 2017 with management; (2) the audit committee has discussed with our independent auditors the matters required to be discussed by SAS 61(Codification of Statements on Auditing Standards, AU§380); (3) the audit committee has received the written disclosures and the letter from the independentaccountants required by Independence Standards Board Standard No. 1; and (4) based on the review and discussions referred to in clauses (1), (2) and (3)above, the audit committee recommended to the board of directors that our audited financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2017 be included inthis Report.This report is provided by the following independent directors, who constitute the audit committee:William A. LeidesdorfJames L. NelsonJack G. WassermanCode of Business Conduct and EthicsIcahn Enterprises GP's board of directors has adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics applicable to all directors, officers and employees,including our principal executive officer, principal financial officer and principal accounting officer. A copy of the Code of Business Conduct and Ethics isavailable on our website at www.ielp.com/governance.cfm and may be obtained without charge by writing to Icahn Enterprises L.P., 767 Fifth Avenue, Suite4700, New York, NY 10153, Attention: Investor Relations.NASDAQ Corporate Governance CompliancePursuant to Rule 5615(a)(4)(J) of the NASDAQ corporate governance requirements, in the event that an executive officer of Icahn Enterprises' or IcahnEnterprises Holdings', or a person performing an equivalent role, becomes aware of any noncompliance with NASDAQ's corporate governance requirements,he or she is required to provide prompt notice to NASDAQ of such noncompliance. As of March 1, 2018, we believe that we are compliant with NASDAQ'scorporate governance requirements.Board Leadership StructureOur leadership structure includes the positions of chairman of the board ("Chairman") and Chief Executive Officer. Mr. Icahn serves as our Chairmanand Mr. Cozza serves as our Chief Executive Officer.The Chairman is responsible for organizing the board of directors and setting its agenda and priorities. The Chairman does not participate in the day-to-day business operations of our business segments, other than our Investment segment. The Chief Executive Officer is accountable directly to the board ofdirectors, including the Chairman, and has day-to-day responsibility, in consultation with our Chairman, for general oversight of our business segments. Ourbusiness segments are operated through subsidiaries with their own management teams, including boards of directors, responsible for the day-to-dayoperations of those businesses. We believe that our leadership structure is appropriate for our holding company structure as it enhances our corporategovernance and company oversight by separating responsibilities between the Chief Executive Officer and Chairman.Board of Directors Role in Risk OversightIn connection with its oversight responsibilities the Board, including the Audit Committee, periodically reviews the significant risks that we face. Theserisks include strategic, financial, operational and compliance risks. The Board administers its risk oversight responsibilities through its Chief ExecutiveOfficer and its Chief Financial Officer, who, together with our chief auditor and management representatives of each of our operating subsidiaries, review andassess the operations of the businesses as well as each respective management's identification, assessment and mitigation of the material risks affecting ouroperations.Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting ComplianceSection 16(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), requires our executive officers and directors and persons whoown more than 10% of a registered class of our equity securities, to file with the SEC initial statements of beneficial ownership, reports of changes inownership and Annual Reports concerning their ownership, of common stock and other of our equity securities on Forms 3, 4, and 5, respectively. Executiveofficers, directors and greater131than 10% stockholders are required by SEC regulations to furnish us with copies of all Section 16(a) reports they file. Based solely on information availableto us in public filings, we believe that all reports required by Section 16(a) were timely filed.Item 11. Executive Compensation.Company Structure and Reporting RequirementsIcahn Enterprises is a master limited partnership ("MLP") and is not subject to the proxy solicitation rules as required by section 14A of the ExchangeAct or §240.14a-20. Furthermore, because Icahn Enterprises has not ever been a TARP recipient, as defined in section 111(a)(3) of the Emergency EconomicStabilization Act of 2008, it is not subject to §240.14a-20. As a MLP, pursuant to Icahn Enterprises' partnership agreement, the general partner, IcahnEnterprises GP, has exclusive management powers over the business and affairs of Icahn Enterprises. That is, Icahn Enterprises GP’s stockholders have theright to elect members of Icahn Enterprises GP's board of directors, who, in turn, elect the officers of Icahn Enterprises. Accordingly, Icahn Enterprises doesnot hold annual meetings to elect its directors.Compensation Discussion and AnalysisThe following section provides an overview and analysis of our compensation programs, the compensation decisions we have made under thoseprograms, and the factors we considered in making those decisions. Later in this section, under the heading “Additional Information Regarding ExecutiveCompensation,” we provide a table containing specific information about the compensation earned by the following individuals in 2017, whom we refer toas our named executive officers:•Carl C. Icahn, Chairman of the Board(1) •Keith Cozza, President and Chief Executive Officer(2) •SungHwan Cho, Chief Financial Officer(3) •Peter Reck, Chief Accounting Officer(1) In addition, Mr. Icahn serves as Chief Executive Officer of our subsidiary, Icahn Capital and of the General Partners.(2) In addition, Mr. Cozza also serves as the Chief Operating Officer of Icahn Capital, serves as director of Icahn Enterprises and Icahn Enterprises Holdings and holds officerand/or director positions at certain of our other subsidiaries.(3) In addition, Mr. Cho serves as a director of Icahn Enterprises and Icahn Enterprises Holdings.The discussion below is intended to help you understand the detailed information provided in the table and put that information into context withinour overall compensation program.Overview of Compensation ProgramThroughout this narrative discussion and in the accompanying table, we refer to our named executive officers. The key compensation package providedto our named executive officers consists of (i) base salary, (ii) incentive compensation and (iii) other benefits. The key compensation provided to our namedexecutive officers for 2017 consisted of salary and bonuses. See “Additional Information Regarding Executive Compensation - Summary CompensationTable” for the compensation received by each of our named executive officers for 2017. Executive compensation levels and bonuses are established basedupon the recommendation of our chairman, which are discussed with members of the board. The board of directors does not delegate the authority to establishexecutive officer compensation to any other person and has not retained any compensation consultants to determine or recommend the amount or form ofexecutive and director compensation.Compensation Philosophy and ObjectivesOur executive compensation philosophy is designed to support our key business objectives while maximizing value to our unitholders. The objectivesof our compensation structure are to attract and retain valuable employees, assure fair and internally equitable pay levels and provide a mix of base salary andvariable bonuses that provides motivation and rewards performance. At the same time, we seek to optimize and manage compensation costs.The primary components of our executive compensation are base salary and, except as otherwise indicated, annual bonus, payable in cash. Base salary ispaid for ongoing performance throughout the year and is determined based on job function and each executive's contribution to our performance andachievement of our overall business objectives. Our annual bonuses are intended to reward particular achievement during the year, motivate futureperformance and attract and retain highly qualified key employees.Determination of Appropriate Pay LevelsWe compete with many other companies for experienced and talented executives. Although we do not benchmark compensation against a specified peergroup of companies, we review and consider market information regarding pay practices132in the real estate and finance industries generally in assessing the reasonableness of compensation and ensuring that compensation levels remain competitivein the marketplace.Each element of compensation is reviewed so that the overall compensation package will attract, motivate and retain our key employees, including ournamed executive officers, by rewarding superior performance. The following factors are considered to determine the amount of compensation paid to eachexecutive officer:•overall job performance, including performance against corporate and individual objectives;•job responsibilities, including unique skills necessary to support our long-term performance, including that of our subsidiaries; and•teamwork, both contributions as a member of the executive management team and fostering an environment of personal and professional growth forthe entire work force.Allocation of CompensationThere is no pre-established policy or target for the allocation of compensation. As we are a limited partnership and a controlled entity, under theNASDAQ listing rules, our status as a MLP exempts us from certain corporate governance rules, including the requirement to maintain a compensationcommittee. In 2017, the total compensation granted to named executive officers was in the form of cash compensation.Compensation ComponentsBase SalaryBase salaries for executive officers are determined based on job performance, job responsibilities and teamwork.Mr. Icahn is currently an at will employee serving as Chairman of the Board of Icahn Enterprises GP and as Chairman and Chief Executive Officer ofIcahn Capital and Chief Executive Officer of the General Partners for which he receives an annual base salary of $1 per annum.Generally, total compensation is used in determining the amount of contributions permitted under our 401(k) Plan. In addition, base salary may includeaccrued but unused paid time off ("PTO") days that have been paid in accordance with the Company's PTO policy.See “Additional Information Regarding Executive Compensation - Summary Compensation Table” for detailed information on the compensationreceived by each of our named executive officers for 2017.BonusThe Company believes that bonuses are an integral component of compensation that is an important way to motivate and reward performance of ouremployees. The Company does not have a formula or pre-established policy for determining either salary levels or bonuses; bonuses are discretionary. Inaddition, in order that we remain competitive in the marketplace, we may review market information regarding pay practices in the real estate and financeindustries generally in determining bonuses. Generally, bonuses are determined by various factors, including, but not limited to, the achievement of financialgoals and other Company goals that are determined to be critical to the success of the Company, overall job performance, including performance againstcorporate and individual objectives, job responsibilities and teamwork for each individual.For 2017, Messrs. Cozza, Cho and Reck received discretionary bonuses of $4,000,000, $1,400,000 and $215,000, respectively.401(k) Plan and Other BenefitsFor 2017, Messrs. Cozza, Cho and Reck were our only named executive officers participating in our qualified Icahn Enterprises Holdings 401(k) Plan(the "401(k) Plan"), and thus received matching contributions for 2017. The matching contributions for the respective named executive officer in 2017 aredisclosed in our Summary Compensation Table under “All Other Compensation” and in the related footnote. Mr. Icahn was our only named executive whodid not participate in the 401(k) Plan for 2017. Our 401(k) Plan helps employees save and prepare financially for retirement.The 401(k) Plan allows employees to contribute up to 50% of their eligible compensation, up to the limits imposed by the Internal Revenue Code, asamended, on a pre-tax basis. We currently match, within prescribed limits, 50% of eligible employees' contributions up to 6.25% of their eligiblecompensation. Participants choose to invest their account balances from an array of investment options as selected by plan fiduciaries from time to time. The401(k) Plan provides distributions in a lump sum. Under certain circumstances, loans and withdrawals are permitted.133All of our named executive officers are entitled to receive medical, dental, life insurance and PTO benefits that are offered to all of our employees andare designed to enable us to attract and retain our workforce in a competitive environment. Health and PTO benefits help ensure that we have a productiveand focused workforce.PerquisitesThe total value of all perquisites and personal benefits (exclusive of 401(k) Plan matching contributions) provided to each of our named executiveofficers for 2017, 2016 and 2015 was less than $10,000 per person, except for Mr. Icahn, for whom perquisites and other benefits are identified in theSummary Compensation Table under the “All Other Compensation” column and in related footnotes.CEO Pay RatioOur Chief Executive Officer to median employee pay ratio is calculated in accordance with Regulation S-K. To determine our Chief Executive Officerpay ratio and our median employee, we utilized data as of December 31, 2017 (the "Determination Date"). As of the Determination Date, we and ourconsolidated subsidiaries employed approximately 89,000 full-time, part-time, temporary and seasonal employees, of which approximately 51% wereemployed internationally. From this population of employees, as permitted by Regulation S-K, we excluded a total of 543 employees of certain subsidiariesacquired during 2017 as well as excluded all employees (totaling 2,746 employees) located in the following countries, which represented approximately3.1% of our total employee population:Country Number of EmployeesBrazil 2,451Philippines 205Canada 90We identified the median employee by examining the 2017 total cash compensation for all individuals, excluding our Chief Executive Officer, whowere employed by us on the Determination Date. We believe the use of total cash compensation for all employees is a consistently applied compensationmeasure because we do not widely distribute annual equity awards to employees or other forms of non-cash compensation. We included all employees,except as disclosed above, whether employed on a full-time, part-time, temporary or seasonal basis. We did not utilize any sampling methods and we did notmake any assumptions, adjustments, or estimates with respect to total cash compensation, except to annualize full-time and part-time employees who werehired during 2017 and to translate any compensation measured in a foreign currency to U.S. Dollars.After identifying the median employee based on total cash compensation, we calculated the total annual compensation for such employee using thesame methodology we use for our named executive officers as set forth in the Summary Compensation Table below. The median employee's total annualcompensation for 2017 was $25,281. Our Chief Executive Officer's total annual compensation for 2017 was $5,522,144. The ratio of our Chief ExecutiveOfficer's total annual compensation to our median employee's total annual compensation for 2017 was 218:1.Compensation Committee ReportAs stated above, pursuant to exemptions from the NASDAQ listing rules, the board of directors is not required to have, and does not have, a standingcompensation committee. The board of directors has reviewed and discussed the Compensation Disclosure and Analysis required by Item 402(b) ofRegulation S-K with management. Based on that review and discussion, the board of directors recommended that the Compensation Disclosure and Analysisbe included in this Report.This report is provided by the board of directors:Carl C. IcahnSung Hwan ChoKeith CozzaWilliam A. LeidesdorfJames L. NelsonJack G. Wasserman134Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider ParticipationDuring 2017, our entire board of directors, including Mr. Icahn, participated in deliberations concerning executive compensation. During 2017, none ofour executive officers served on the compensation committee (or equivalent), or the board of directors of another entity whose executive officer(s) served onour board of directors.Additional Information Regarding Executive CompensationThe following table sets forth information in respect of the compensation earned for services to us and/or our subsidiaries by each of our namedexecutive officers for 2017.Summary Compensation Table Annual Compensation(1)Name andPrincipal Position Year Salary($) Bonus($) All OtherCompensation($) Total($)Carl C. Icahn(2)Chairman of the Board 2017 1 — 102,547(3) 102,548 2016 1 — 104,910(3) 104,911 2015 1 — 138,182(3) 138,183 Keith Cozza(4)President and Chief Executive Officer 2017 1,511,582 4,000,000 10,562(3) 5,522,144 2016 1,557,736 2,500,000 10,779(3) 4,068,515 2015 1,569,498 2,500,000 10,466(3) 4,079,964 SungHwan Cho (5)Chief Financial Officer 2017 840,023 1,400,000 10,562(3) 2,250,585 2016 822,616 1,200,000 10,779(3) 2,033,395 2015 649,267 1,200,000 10,562(3) 1,859,829 Peter Reck (6)Chief Accounting Officer 2017 316,395 215,000 9,742(3) 541,137 2016 300,000 215,000 9,774(3) 524,774 2015 301,154 215,000 9,801(3) 525,955(1)Pursuant to applicable regulations, certain columns of the Summary Compensation Table have been omitted, as there has been no compensationawarded to, earned by or paid to any of the named executive officers by us, any of our subsidiaries or by Icahn Enterprises GP, which was subsequentlyreimbursed by us, required to be reported in those columns.(2)The salary indicated above represents compensation paid to Mr. Icahn in each of 2017, 2016 and 2015 for his services as Chief Executive Officer of oursubsidiary, Icahn Capital LP, and of the general partners of the Investment Funds. Mr. Icahn is currently an at will employee serving as Chairman of theBoard of Icahn Enterprises GP and as Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Icahn Capital LP and Chief Executive Officer of the Investment Fundsfor which he currently receives an annual base salary of $1 per annum. Mr. Icahn does not receive director fees from us.(3)Represents other compensation paid to the following named executive officers: (i) Carl C. Icahn, $20,107, $20,107 and $18,719, in medical and dentalbenefits for 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively; $955 in life insurance paid by us for each of 2017, 2016 and 2015; and in his capacity as the Chairmanof the board of directors of Federal-Mogul, $81,485, $83,848 and $118,508 representing the incremental cost of Mr. Icahn's personal use of Federal-Mogul's corporate aircraft for 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Mr. Icahn received no fees or compensation from Federal-Mogul for 2017, 2016 and2015 other than the use of the corporate aircraft as discussed above. The calculation of incremental cost for the personal use of Federal-Mogul'scorporate aircraft includes the variable costs incurred as a result of personal flight activity, which are comprised of a portion of ongoing maintenanceand repairs, aircraft fuel, airport fees, catering, and fees and travel expenses for the flight crew. The use of the aircraft for personal use by Mr. Icahn wasapproved by the board of directors and the Compensation Committee of Federal-Mogul; (ii) Mr. Cozza, $8,281, $8,438 and $8,125 in matchingcontributions under our 401(k) Plan for 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively; $1,326, $1,386 and $1,386 in medical and dental benefits paid by us for2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively; $955 in life insurance premiums paid by us for each of 2017, 2016 and 2015; (iii) Mr. Cho, $8,281, $8,438 and$8,221 in matching contributions under our 401(k) Plan for 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively; $1,326, $1,386 and $1,386 in medical and dentalbenefits paid by us for 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively; and $955 in life insurance premiums paid by us for each of 2017, 2016 and 2015; and (iv)Mr. Reck, $8,281, $8,291 and $8,342 in matching contributions under our 401(k) Plan for 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively; $742, $764 and $764 in135medical and dental benefits paid by us for 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively; and $719, $719 and $695 in life insurance premiums paid by us for 2017,2016 and 2015, respectively. Mr. Icahn did not participate in the 401(k) plan during 2017, 2016 and 2015 and thus did not receive any matchingcontributions for those fiscal years.(4) In addition to Mr. Cozza's role as President and Chief Executive Officer of Icahn Enterprises and Icahn Enterprises Holdings, he serves as the ChiefOperating Officer of Icahn Capital and holds officer and/or director positions at certain of our other subsidiaries. During 2017, Mr. Cozza received asalary of $1,511,582 and a bonus of $4,000,000, which was determined based on various factors, including, but not limited to, overall job performance,including performance against corporate and individual objectives, job responsibilities and teamwork.(5) During 2017, Mr. Cho received a salary of $840,023 and a bonus of $1,400,000, which was determined based on various factors, including, but notlimited to overall job performance, including performance against corporate and individual objectives, job responsibilities and teamwork.(6) During 2017, Mr. Reck received a salary of $316,395 and a bonus of $215,000 which was determined based on various factors, including, but not limitedto overall job performance, including performance against corporate and individual objectives, job responsibilities and teamwork.Each of our executive officers may perform services for affiliates of Mr. Icahn for which we receive reimbursement. See Item 13, “Certain Relationshipsand Related Transactions, and Director Independence.”There are no family relationships between or among any of our directors and/or executive officers.Employment AgreementsWe currently do not have any employment agreements with our named executives.Stock Award, Option and Non-Equity Incentive PlansOur named executive officers are not granted any stock award or awards under the 2017 Incentive Plan and do not participate in any non-equityincentive plans.Potential Payments Upon Termination or Change in ControlWe do not have any employment agreements or other arrangements pursuant to which any of our employees would have received potential paymentsupon termination or change in control as of December 31, 2017.Director CompensationThe following table provides compensation information for our directors in 2017, except for Messrs. Icahn, Cho and Cozza. Compensation received byMessrs. Icahn, Cho and Cozza is included in the Summary Compensation Table. Messrs. Icahn, Cho and Cozza did not receive compensation for serving asdirector of the Icahn Enterprises and Icahn Enterprises Holdings.Name Fees Earned orPaid in Cash($) All OtherCompensation($) Total($)William A. Leidesdorf 35,000 — 35,000James L. Nelson 35,000 — 35,000Jack G. Wasserman 40,000 — 40,000Each director will hold office until his successor is elected and qualified. During 2017, Messrs. Wasserman, Leidesdorf and Nelson each received$35,000 in respect of their services rendered as members of our board of directors. In addition, Mr. Wasserman received an additional $5,000 for serving asthe chairman of the audit committee.Directors receive only cash compensation, if applicable, and currently are not granted any options, units or other equity-based awards.Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Security Holder Matters.As of March 1, 2018, affiliates of Mr. Icahn, owned 157,898,582 of Icahn Enterprises' depositary units, or approximately 91.0% of Icahn Enterprises'outstanding depositary units. In accordance with the listing rules of NASDAQ, Icahn Enterprises' status as a limited partnership affords Icahn Enterprises anexemption from certain corporate governance requirements which includes an exemption from the requirement to have compensation and nominatingcommittees consisting entirely of136independent directors. Icahn Enterprises GP's board of directors presently consists of three independent directors and the audit committee consists entirely ofindependent directors.The affirmative vote of unitholders holding more than 75% of the total number of all depositary units then outstanding, including depositary units heldby Icahn Enterprises GP and its affiliates, is required to remove Icahn Enterprises GP. Thus, since Mr. Icahn, through affiliates, holds approximately 91.0% ofIcahn Enterprises' outstanding depositary units as of March 1, 2018, Icahn Enterprises GP will not be able to be removed pursuant to the terms of ourpartnership agreement without Mr. Icahn's consent. Moreover, under the partnership agreement, the affirmative vote of Icahn Enterprises GP and unitholdersowning more than 50% of the total number of all outstanding depositary units then held by unitholders, including affiliates of Mr. Icahn, is required toapprove, among other things, selling or otherwise disposing of all or substantially all of our assets in a single sale or in a related series of multiple sales, ourdissolution or electing to continue Icahn Enterprises in certain instances, electing a successor general partner, making certain amendments to the partnershipagreement or causing us, in our capacity as sole limited partner of Icahn Enterprises Holdings, to consent to certain proposals submitted for the approval ofthe limited partners of Icahn Enterprises Holdings. Accordingly, as affiliates of Mr. Icahn hold in excess of 50% of the depositary units outstanding, Mr.Icahn, through affiliates, will have effective control over such approval rights.The following table provides information, as of March 1, 2018, as to the beneficial ownership of the depositary units for each director of IcahnEnterprises GP and all directors and executive officers of Icahn Enterprises GP, as a group. Except for Mr. Icahn, none of our named executive officers ordirectors beneficially owns more than 5% of Icahn Enterprises' depositary units.Name of Beneficial Owner Beneficial Ownership of IcahnEnterprises' Depositary Units Percent of ClassCarl C. Icahn 157,898,582(a) (b) 91.0%Keith Cozza 2,000 *SungHwan Cho 1,100 *Jack G. Wasserman 862 *James L. Nelson 1,292 *Peter Reck — —%William A. Leidesdorf — —%All Directors and Executive Officers as a Group (seven persons) 157,903,836 91.0%* Less than 1% of total outstanding depositary units of Icahn Enterprises.(a) The foregoing is exclusive of a 1.99% ownership interest which Icahn Enterprises GP holds by virtue of its 1% general partner interest in each of us andIcahn Enterprises Holdings.(b) The following footnotes describe Mr. Icahn's beneficial ownership of Icahn Enterprises' depositary units:(1)CCI Onshore LLC ("CCI Onshore") beneficially owns 36,756,475 Depositary Units. High Coast Limited Partnership ("High Coast") is the sole member of CCI Onshore.Little Meadow Corp. ("Little Meadow") is the general partner of High Coast. Carl C. Icahn beneficially owns 100% of Little Meadow. Pursuant to Rule 16a-1(a)(2)under the Exchange Act, each of Mr. Icahn, Little Meadow and High Coast (by virtue of their relationships to CCI Onshore) may be deemed to indirectly beneficiallyown the Depositary Units which CCI Onshore owns. Each of Mr. Icahn, Little Meadow and High Coast disclaims beneficial ownership of such Depositary Units exceptto the extent of their pecuniary interest therein.(2)Gascon Partners ("Gascon") beneficially owns 21,646,658 Depositary Units. Little Meadow is the managing general partner of Gascon. Carl C. Icahn beneficially owns100% of Little Meadow. Pursuant to Rule 16a-1(a)(2) under the Exchange Act, each of Mr. Icahn and Little Meadow (by virtue of their relationships to Gascon) maybe deemed to indirectly beneficially own the Depositary Units which Gascon owns. Each of Mr. Icahn and Little Meadow disclaims beneficial ownership of suchDepositary Units except to the extent of their pecuniary interest therein.(3)High Coast beneficially owns 75,949,701 Depositary Units. Little Meadow is the general partner of High Coast. Carl C. Icahn beneficially owns 100% of Little Meadow.Pursuant to Rule 16a-1(a)(2) under the Exchange Act, each of Mr. Icahn and Little Meadow (by virtue of their relationships to High Coast) may be deemed to indirectlybeneficially own the Depositary Units which High Coast owns. Each of Mr. Icahn and Little Meadow disclaims beneficial ownership of such Depositary Units except tothe extent of their pecuniary interest therein.(4)Highcrest Investors LLC ("Highcrest") beneficially owns 17,667,329 Depositary Units. Starfire Holding Corporation ("Starfire") beneficially owns 100% of Highcrest.Carl C. Icahn beneficially owns 100% of Starfire. Pursuant to Rule 16a-1(a)(2) under the Exchange Act, each of Mr. Icahn and Starfire (by virtue of their relationshipsto Highcrest) may be deemed to indirectly beneficially own the Depositary Units which Highcrest owns. Each of Mr. Icahn and Starfire disclaims beneficial ownershipof such Depositary Units except to the extent of their pecuniary interest therein.(5)Thornwood Associates Limited Partnership ("Thornwood") beneficially owns 5,878,419 Depositary Units. Barberry Corp. ("Barberry") is the general partner ofThornwood. Carl C. Icahn beneficially owns 100% of Barberry. Pursuant to Rule 16a-1(a)(2) under the Exchange Act, each of Mr. Icahn and Barberry (by virtue oftheir relationships to Thornwood) may be deemed to indirectly beneficially own the Depositary Units which Thornwood owns. Each of Mr. Icahn and Barberrydisclaims beneficial ownership of such Depositary Units except to the extent of their pecuniary interest therein.(6)Does not include 12,000 Depositary Units owned by Gail Golden, the wife of Mr. Icahn. Mr. Icahn, by virtue of his relationship to Ms. Golden, may be deemed tobeneficially own such Depositary Units. Mr. Icahn disclaims beneficial ownership of such Depositary Units for all purposes.137Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation PlansThe following table sets forth information regarding outstanding unit option awards, and depository units available for future issuance, under the IcahnEnterprises L.P. 2017 Long Term Incentive Plan (the “2017 Incentive Plan”) as of December 31, 2017:Plan Category Number of Securities to beIssued Upon Exercise ofOutstanding Options, Warrantsand Rights(a) Weighted-Average Exercise Priceof Outstanding Options,Warrants and Rights(b) Number of Securities RemainingAvailable for Future IssuanceUnder Equity CompensationPlans (Excluding SecuritiesReflected in Column (a))(c)2017 Incentive Plan 109,925 $51.08 882,173During the first quarter of 2017, the board of directors of the general partner of Icahn Enterprises unanimously approved and adopted the 2017 IncentivePlan, which became effective during the first quarter of 2017 subject to the approval by holders of a majority of Icahn Enterprises depositary units. The 2017Incentive Plan permits us to issue depositary units and grant options, restricted units or other unit-based awards to all of our, and our affiliates', employees,consultants, members and partners, as well as the three non-employee directors of our general partner. One million of Icahn Enterprises' depositary units wereinitially available under the 2017 Incentive Plan. During the year ended December 31, 2017, Icahn Enterprises distributed 7,902 depositary units with respectto the 2017 Incentive Plan.Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.Related Party Transaction PolicyOur second amended and restated agreement of limited partnership expressly permits us to enter into transactions with our general partner or any of itsaffiliates, including, without limitation, buying or selling properties from or to our general partner and any of its affiliates and borrowing and lending moneyfrom or to our general partner and any of its affiliates, subject to the limitations contained in our partnership agreement and the Delaware Revised UniformLimited Partnership Act. The indentures governing our indebtedness contain certain covenants applicable to transactions with affiliates.Related Party Transactions with Our General Partner and Its AffiliatesMr. Icahn, in his capacity as majority unitholder, will not receive any additional benefit with respect to distributions and allocations of profits andlosses not shared on a pro rata basis by all other unitholders. In addition, Mr. Icahn has confirmed to us that neither he nor any of his affiliates will receive anyfees from us in consideration for services rendered in connection with non-real estate related investments by us other than as otherwise disclosed herein. Wehave and in the future may determine to make investments in entities in which Mr. Icahn or his affiliates also have investments. We may enter into othertransactions with Mr. Icahn and his affiliates, including, without limitation, buying and selling assets from or to affiliates of Mr. Icahn and participating injoint venture investments in assets with affiliates of Mr. Icahn, whether real estate or non-real estate related. Furthermore, it should be noted that ourpartnership agreement provides that Icahn Enterprises GP and its affiliates are permitted to have other business interests and may engage in other businessventures of any nature whatsoever, and may compete directly or indirectly with our business. Mr. Icahn and his affiliates currently invest in assets that may besimilar to those in which we may invest and Mr. Icahn and his affiliates intend to continue to do so. Pursuant to the partnership agreement, however, we willnot have any right to participate therein or receive or share in any income or profits derived therefrom.During 2017, we declared four quarterly distributions aggregating $6.00 per depositary unit. Depositary unitholders were given the option to make anelection to receive the distributions in either cash or additional depositary units; if a holder did not make an election, it was automatically deemed to haveelected to receive the distributions in cash. As a result of the above declared distributions, during 2017 we distributed an aggregate 17,644,152 of IcahnEnterprises' depositary units to those depositary unitholders who elected to receive such distributions in additional depositary units, of which an aggregate of17,374,427 depositary units were distributed to Mr. Icahn and his affiliates. In addition, in connection with our rights offering in 2017, we distributed anadditional 10,525,105 depositary units to Mr. Icahn and his affiliates during 2017. As a result, Mr. Icahn and his affiliates owned approximately 91.0% ofIcahn Enterprises' outstanding depositary units as of December 31, 2017.On February 27, 2018, the Board of Directors of the general partner of Icahn Enterprises declared a quarterly distribution in the amount of $1.75 perdepositary unit, which will be paid on or about April 16, 2018 to depositary unitholders of record at the close of business on March 12, 2018. Depositaryunitholders will have until April 5, 2018 to make an election to receive either cash or additional depositary units; if a holder does not make an election, itwill automatically be deemed to have elected138to receive the dividend in cash. Mr. Icahn and his affiliates have indicated that it is their intention to continue to elect to receive the distribution inadditional depositary units for the foreseeable future.Pursuant to registration rights agreements, Mr. Icahn has certain registration rights with regard to the depositary units beneficially owned by him.In 2017, Icahn Enterprises GP was allocated $48 million of our net income attributable to Icahn Enterprises as a result of its combined 1.99% generalpartner interests in us and Icahn Enterprises Holdings.We may, on occasion, invest in securities in which entities affiliated with Mr. Icahn are also investing. Additionally, Mr. Icahn and his affiliated entitiesmay also invest in securities in which Icahn Enterprises and its consolidated subsidiaries invest. Mr. Icahn and his affiliates (excluding Icahn Enterprises andIcahn Enterprises Holdings), make investments in the Investment Funds. During 2017, affiliates of Mr. Icahn invested $600 million in the Investment Funds.As of December 31, 2017, the total fair market value of investments in the Investment Funds made by Mr. Icahn and his affiliates (excluding Icahn Enterprisesand Icahn Enterprises Holdings) was approximately $4.4 billion, representing approximately 59% of the Investment Funds' assets under management.Other Related Party TransactionsIcahn Capital L.P. ("Icahn Capital"), a wholly owned subsidiary of ours, paid for salaries and benefits of certain employees who may also performvarious functions on behalf of certain other entities beneficially owned by Mr. Icahn (collectively, “Icahn Affiliates”), including administrative andinvestment services. During 2017, under a separate expense-sharing agreement, we have charged Icahn Affiliates $1 million for such services.Icahn Capital pays for expenses pertaining to the operation, administration and investment activities of our Investment segment for the benefit of theInvestment Funds (including salaries, benefits and rent). Icahn Capital shall be allocated pro rata for such expenses in accordance with each investor's capitalaccounts in the Investment Funds. Effective April 1, 2011, based on an expense-sharing arrangement, certain expenses borne by Icahn Capital are reimbursedby the Investment Funds, generally when such expenses are paid. During 2017, $13 million was allocated to the Investment Funds based on this expense-sharing arrangement.During 2017, we paid an affiliate less than $1 million for the non-exclusive use of office space.During 2017, we paid an affiliate $1 million for the allocation of shared office expenses.During 2017, we paid less than $1 million to XO Holdings, Inc. for telecommunication services prior to being divested by an affiliate of IcahnEnterprises GP on February 1, 2017.During 2017, our Holding Company provided certain professional services to an Icahn affiliate for which we charged $3 million.We and affiliates of Mr. Icahn have or had a non-controlling ownership interest in each of Hertz Global Holdings, Inc. ("Hertz"), Xerox Corporation("Xerox"), International Automotive Components Group ("IAC Group") and Navistar, Inc. ("Navistar") during 2017.During 2017, we and our subsidiaries had revenue from Hertz in the ordinary course of business was $17 million. Additionally, we and our subsidiarieshad payments to Hertz in the ordinary course of business of $2 million.During 2017, we and our subsidiaries had payments to Xerox in the ordinary course of business of $4 million.During 2017, we and our subsidiaries had sales to IAC Group in the ordinary course of business of $6 million.During 2017, we and our subsidiaries had sales to Navistar in the ordinary course of business of $14 million.In addition to our transactions with Hertz disclosed above, in January 2018, a wholly owned subsidiary of ours entered into a Master Motor VehicleLease and Management Agreement with The Hertz Corporation, a subsidiary of Hertz Global Holdings, Inc. (collectively, "Hertz"), pursuant to which Hertzgranted us the option to acquire certain vehicles from Hertz at rates aligned with the rates at which Hertz sells vehicles to third parties. Under this agreement,Hertz will lease the vehicles purchased by us from Hertz, or from third parties, under a mutually developed fleet plan and Hertz will manage, service, repair,sell and maintain those leased vehicles on behalf of us. Additionally, Hertz will rent the leased vehicles to transportation network company drivers fromrental counters within locations leased or owned by us. This agreement has an initial term of 18 months and is subject to automatic six month renewalsthereafter, unless terminated by either party (with or without cause) prior to the start of any such six-month renewal. Our agreement with Hertz wasunanimously approved by the independent directors of Icahn Enterprises' audit committee.139Our Railcar segment has certain transactions with ACF Industries LLC ("ACF"), an affiliate of Mr. Icahn, under various agreements, as well as on apurchase order basis. ACF is a manufacturer and fabricator of specialty railcar parts and miscellaneous steel products. Agreements and transactions with ACFinclude the following:•Railcar component purchases from ACF•Railcar parts purchases from and sales to ACF•Railcar purchasing and engineering services agreement with ACF•Lease of certain intellectual property to ACF•Railcar repair services and support for ACF•Railcar purchases from ACF (prior to June 1, 2017)During 2017, purchases from ACF were $6 million and revenues from ACF were less than $1 million.Insight Portfolio Group LLC ("Insight Portfolio Group") is an entity formed and controlled by Mr. Icahn in order to maximize the potential buyingpower of a group of entities with which Mr. Icahn has a relationship in negotiating with a wide range of suppliers of goods, services and tangible andintangible property at negotiated rates. Icahn Enterprises Holdings has a minority equity interest in Insight Portfolio Group and agreed to pay a portion ofInsight Portfolio Group's operating expenses. In addition to the minority equity interest held by Icahn Enterprises Holdings, certain subsidiaries of ours,including Federal-Mogul, CVR Energy, PSC Metals, ARI, ARL (prior to June 1, 2017), Tropicana, Viskase and WPH also acquired minority equity interestsin Insight Portfolio Group and agreed to pay a portion of Insight Portfolio Group's operating expenses. A number of other entities with which Mr. Icahn has arelationship also have minority equity interests in Insight Portfolio Group and also agreed to pay certain of Insight Portfolio Group's operatingexpenses. During 2017, we and certain of our subsidiaries paid certain of the Insight Portfolio Group's operating expenses of $2 million.We may also enter into other transactions with Icahn Enterprises GP and its affiliates, including, without limitation, buying and selling properties andborrowing and lending funds from or to Icahn Enterprises GP or its affiliates, joint venture developments and issuing securities to Icahn Enterprises GP or itsaffiliates in exchange for, among other things, assets that they now own or may acquire in the future. Icahn Enterprises GP is also entitled to reimbursementby us for all allocable direct and indirect overhead expenses, including, but not limited to, salaries and rent, incurred in connection with the conduct of ourbusiness.Partnership Provisions Concerning Property ManagementIcahn Enterprises GP and its affiliates may receive fees in connection with the acquisition, sale, financing, development, construction, marketing andmanagement of new properties acquired by us. As development and other new properties are acquired, developed, constructed, operated, leased and financed,Icahn Enterprises GP or its affiliates may perform acquisition functions, including the review, verification and analysis of data and documentation withrespect to potential acquisitions, and perform development and construction oversight and other land development services, property management andleasing services, either on a day-to-day basis or on an asset management basis, and may perform other services and be entitled to fees and reimbursement ofexpenses relating thereto, provided the terms of such transactions are in accordance with our partnership agreement. It is not possible to state precisely whatrole, if any, Icahn Enterprises GP or any of its affiliates may have in the acquisition, development or management of any new investments. Consequently, it isnot possible to state the amount of the income, fees or commissions Icahn Enterprises GP or its affiliates might be paid in connection therewith since theamount thereof is dependent upon the specific circumstances of each investment, including the nature of the services provided, the location of the investmentand the amount customarily paid in such locality for such services. Subject to the specific circumstances surrounding each transaction and the overall fairnessand reasonableness thereof to us, the fees charged by Icahn Enterprises GP and its affiliates for the services described below generally will be within theranges set forth below:•Property Management and Asset Management Services. To the extent that we acquire any properties requiring active management (e.g., operatingproperties that are not net-leased) or asset management services, including on-site services, we may enter into fee-paying management or otherarrangements with Icahn Enterprises GP or its affiliates.•Brokerage and Leasing Commissions. We also may pay affiliates of Icahn Enterprises GP real estate brokerage and leasing commissions (whichgenerally may range from 2% to 6% of the purchase price or rentals depending on location; this range may be somewhat higher for problemproperties or lesser-valued properties).•Lending Arrangements. Icahn Enterprises GP or its affiliates may lend money to, or arrange loans for, us. Fees payable to Icahn Enterprises GP or itsaffiliates in connection with such activities include mortgage brokerage fees (generally .5% to 3% of the loan amount), mortgage origination fees(generally .5% to 1.5% of the loan amount) and140loan servicing fees (generally .10% to .12% of the loan amount), as well as interest on any amounts loaned by Icahn Enterprises GP or its affiliates tous.•Development and Construction Services. Icahn Enterprises GP or its affiliates may also receive fees for development services, generally 1% to 4% ofdevelopment costs, and general contracting services or construction management services, generally 4% to 6% of construction costs.During 2017, we did not pay any fees in respect of items as described above.Affiliate Pension ObligationsMr. Icahn, through certain affiliates, owns 100% of Icahn Enterprises GP and approximately 91.0% of Icahn Enterprises' outstanding depositary units asof December 31, 2017. Applicable pension and tax laws make each member of a “controlled group” of entities, generally defined as entities in which there isat least an 80% common ownership interest, jointly and severally liable for certain pension plan obligations of any member of the controlled group. Thesepension obligations include ongoing contributions to fund the plan, as well as liability for any unfunded liabilities that may exist at the time the plan isterminated. In addition, the failure to pay these pension obligations when due may result in the creation of liens in favor of the pension plan or the PensionBenefit Guaranty Corporation ("PBGC") against the assets of each member of the controlled group.As a result of the more than 80% ownership interest in us by Mr. Icahn’s affiliates, we and our subsidiaries are subject to the pension liabilities of entitiesin which Mr. Icahn has a direct or indirect ownership interest of at least 80%. As a result of our ownership of more than 80% in our subsidiaries, we and oursubsidiaries are subject to the pension liabilities of all entities in which Mr. Icahn has a direct or indirect ownership interest of at least 80%. ACF and Federal-Mogul, are the sponsors of several pension plans. All the minimum funding requirements of the Internal Revenue Code, as amended and the EmployeeRetirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended by the Pension Protection Act of 2006, for these plans have been met as of December 31, 2017. If theplans were voluntarily terminated, they would be underfunded by approximately $424 million as of December 31, 2017. These results are based on the mostrecent information provided by the plans’ actuaries. These liabilities could increase or decrease, depending on a number of factors, including future changesin benefits, investment returns, and the assumptions used to calculate the liability. As members of the controlled group, we would be liable for any failure ofACF and Federal-Mogul to make ongoing pension contributions or to pay the unfunded liabilities upon a termination of the pension plans of ACF andFederal-Mogul. In addition, other entities now or in the future within the controlled group in which we are included may have pension plan obligations thatare, or may become, underfunded and we would be liable for any failure of such entities to make ongoing pension contributions or to pay the unfundedliabilities upon termination of such plans.The current underfunded status of the pension plans of ACF and Federal-Mogul requires them to notify the PBGC of certain “reportable events,” such asif we cease to be a member of the ACF and Federal-Mogul controlled group, or if we make certain extraordinary dividends or stock redemptions. Theobligation to report could cause us to seek to delay or reconsider the occurrence of such reportable events.Starfire Holding Corporation ("Starfire"), which is 99.4% owned by Mr. Icahn, has undertaken to indemnify us and our subsidiaries from losses resultingfrom any imposition of certain pension funding or termination liabilities that may be imposed on us and our subsidiaries or our assets as a result of being amember of the Icahn controlled group. The Starfire indemnity (which does not extend to pension liabilities of our subsidiaries that would be imposed on us asa result of our interest in these subsidiaries and not as a result of Mr. Icahn and his affiliates holding more than an 80% ownership interest in us, and as suchwould not extend to the unfunded pension termination liability for Federal-Mogul) provides, among other things, that so long as such contingent liabilitiesexist and could be imposed on us, Starfire will not make any distributions to its stockholders that would reduce its net worth to below $250 million.Nonetheless, Starfire may not be able to fund its indemnification obligations to us.Director IndependenceThe board of directors of Icahn Enterprises GP has determined that we are a “controlled company” for the purposes of the NASDAQ's listing rules andtherefore are not required to have a majority of independent directors or to have compensation and nominating committees consisting entirely ofindependent directors. Nevertheless, we believe that Messrs. Leidesdorf, Nelson and Wasserman are “independent” as defined in the currently applicablelisting rules of NASDAQ. Messrs. Leidesdorf, Nelson and Wasserman serve as members of our audit committee. A majority of the members of IcahnEnterprises GP's board of directors are independent and the audit committee consists entirely of these independent directors.141Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services.We incurred $14,005,404 and $17,146,000 in audit fees and expenses from Grant Thornton LLP for 2017 and 2016, respectively. We include in thecategory of audit fees such services related to the audits of annual consolidated financial statements and internal controls, reviews of quarterly financialstatements, reviews of reports filed with the SEC and other services, including services related to consents and registration statements filed with the SEC.We incurred $668,325 and $583,000 in audit-related fees and expenses from Grant Thornton LLP for 2017 and 2016, respectively, relating primarily toservices provided in connection with offering memorandums, potential acquisitions and dispositions and employee benefit plans. Additionally, we incurred$20,000 and $266,000 in tax-related fees and expenses from Grant Thornton LLP for 2017 and 2016, respectively.In accordance with Icahn Enterprises' and Icahn Enterprises Holdings' Amended and Restated Audit Committee Charters adopted on March 12, 2004,the audit committee is required to approve in advance any and all audit services and permitted non-audit services provided to Icahn Enterprises, IcahnEnterprises Holdings and their consolidated subsidiaries by their independent auditors (subject to the de minimis exception of Section 10A (i) (1) (B) of the'34 Act), all as required by applicable law or listing standards. All of the fees in 2017 and 2016 were pre-approved by the audit committee.142PART IVItem 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules.(a)(1) Financial Statements:The following financial statements of Icahn Enterprises L.P., and subsidiaries, are included in Part II, Item 8 of this Report: Page NumberConsolidated Balance Sheets60Consolidated Statements of Operations61Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income62Consolidated Statement of Changes in Equity63Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows64Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements70The following financial statements of Icahn Enterprises Holdings L.P., and subsidiaries, are included in Part II, Item 8 of this Report: Page NumberConsolidated Balance Sheets65Consolidated Statements of Operations66Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income67Consolidated Statement of Changes in Equity68Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows69Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements70(a)(2) Financial Statement Schedules: Page NumberSchedule I - Condensed Financial Information of Parent (Icahn Enterprises L.P.)144Schedule I - Condensed Financial Information of Parent (Icahn Enterprises Holdings L.P.)148All other financial statement schedules have been omitted because the required financial information is not applicable, immaterial or the information isshown in the consolidated financial statements or notes thereto.(a)(3) Exhibits:The list of exhibits required by Item 601of Regulation S-K and filed as part of this Report is set forth in the Exhibit Index.Item 16. Form 10-K Summary.None.143SCHEDULE IICAHN ENTERPRISES, L.P.(Parent Company)CONDENSED BALANCE SHEETS December 31, 2017 2016 (In millions, except unit amounts)ASSETS Investments in subsidiaries, net$10,737 $7,750Total Assets$10,737 $7,750 LIABILITIES AND EQUITY Accrued expenses and other liabilities$124 $106Debt5,507 5,490 5,631 5,596 Commitments and contingencies (Note 3) Equity: Limited partners: Depositary units: 173,564,307 and 144,741,149 units issued and outstanding atDecember 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively5,341 2,448General partner(235) (294)Total equity5,106 2,154Total Liabilities and Equity$10,737 $7,750See notes to condensed financial statements.144SCHEDULE IICAHN ENTERPRISES, L.P. (Parent Company)CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS Year Ended December 31, 2017 2016 2015 (In millions)Interest expense$(323) $(289) $(289)Loss on extinguishment of debt(12) — —Equity in earnings (loss) of subsidiaries2,765 (839) (905)Net income (loss)$2,430 $(1,128) $(1,194)Net income (loss) allocable to: Limited partners$2,382 $(1,106) $(1,170) General partner48 (22) (24) $2,430 $(1,128) $(1,194)See notes to condensed financial statements.145SCHEDULE IICAHN ENTERPRISES, L.P.(Parent Company)CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS Year Ended December 31, 2017 2016 2015 (In millions)Cash flows from operating activities: Net income (loss)$2,430 $(1,128) $(1,194)Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash used in operating activities: Amortization of deferred financing costs1 1 1 Loss on extinguishment of debt2 — — Equity in (income) loss of subsidiary(2,765) 839 905Net cash used in operating activities(332) (288) (288)Cash flows from investing activities: Net investment in and advances from subsidiary(204) 390 404Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities(204) 390 404Cash flows from financing activities: Partnership distributions(81) (103) (116)Partnership contributions606 1 —Proceeds from borrowings2,470 — —Repayments of borrowings(2,450) — —Debt issuance costs(9) — —Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities536 (102) (116)Net change in cash and cash equivalents— — —Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period— — —Cash and cash equivalents, end of period$— $— $—See notes to condensed financial statements.146ICAHN ENTERPRISES L.P. (Parent Company)NOTES TO CONDENSED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS1. Description of Business and Basis of Presentation.Icahn Enterprises, L.P. (“Icahn Enterprises”) is a master limited partnership formed in Delaware on February 17, 1987. We own a 99% limited partnerinterest in Icahn Enterprises Holdings L.P. (''Icahn Enterprises Holdings''). Icahn Enterprises Holdings and its subsidiaries own substantially all of our assetsand liabilities and conduct substantially all of our operations. Icahn Enterprises G.P. Inc. (''Icahn Enterprises GP''), our sole general partner, which is ownedand controlled by Carl C. Icahn, owns a 1% general partner interest in both us and Icahn Enterprises Holdings, representing an aggregate 1.99% generalpartner interest in us and Icahn Enterprises Holdings. As of December 31, 2017, Icahn Enterprises Holdings is engaged in the following continuing operatingbusinesses: Investment, Automotive, Energy, Railcar, Gaming, Metals, Mining, Food Packaging, Real Estate and Home Fashion.For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, Icahn Enterprises (paid) received $(204) million, $390 million and $404 million, respectively,for (investments in) dividends and distributions from consolidated subsidiaries.The condensed financial statements of Icahn Enterprises should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes theretoincluded in Item 8 of this Report.2. Debt.See Note 10, “Debt,” to the consolidated financial statements located in Item 8 of this Report. Icahn Enterprises' Parent company debt consists of thefollowing: December 31, 2017 2016 (in millions)3.500% senior unsecured notes due 2017$— $1,1744.875% senior unsecured notes due 2019— 1,2716.000% senior unsecured notes due 20201,703 1,7055.875% senior unsecured notes due 20221,342 1,3406.250% senior unsecured notes due 20221,216 —6.750% senior unsecured notes due 2024498 —6.375% senior unsecured notes due 2025748 —Total debt$5,507 $5,4903. Commitments and Contingencies.See Note 17, “Commitments and Contingencies,” to the consolidated financial statements.147SCHEDULE IICAHN ENTERPRISES HOLDINGS L.P.(Parent Company) CONDENSED BALANCE SHEETS December 31, 2017 2016 (in millions)ASSETS Cash and cash equivalents$241 $65Other assets85 94Investments in subsidiaries, net10,467 7,642Total Assets$10,793 $7,801LIABILITIES AND EQUITY Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities$128 $105Debt5,532 5,517 5,660 5,622 Commitments and contingencies (Note 3) Equity: Limited partner5,420 2,496General partner(287) (317)Total equity5,133 2,179Total Liabilities and Equity$10,793 $7,801See notes to condensed financial statements.148SCHEDULE I ICAHN ENTERPRISES HOLDINGS L.P.(Parent Company)CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS Year Ended December 31, 2017 2016 2015 (in millions)Interest and dividend income$2 $1 $—Loss on extinguishment of debt(1) — —Equity in earnings (loss) of subsidiaries2,739 (818) (903)Other income, net41 8 28 2,781 (809) (875)Interest expense324 290 291Selling, general and administrative25 28 27 349 318 318Net income (loss)$2,432 $(1,127) $(1,193)Net income (loss) allocable to: Limited partner$2,408 $(1,116) $(1,181) General partner24 (11) (12) $2,432 $(1,127) $(1,193)See notes to condensed financial statements.149SCHEDULE IICAHN ENTERPRISES HOLDINGS L.P.(Parent Company)CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS Year Ended December 31, 2017 2016 2015 (in millions)Cash flows from operating activities: Net income (loss)$2,432 $(1,127) $(1,193)Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash used in operating activities: Equity in (income) loss of subsidiary(2,739) 818 903 Loss on extinguishment of debt1 — — Depreciation and amortization3 3 2 Other, net(39) 7 (16) Change in operating assets and liabilities18 (6) (4)Net cash used in operating activities(324) (305) (308)Cash flows from investing activities: Net investment in subsidiaries509 421 155Purchase of investments— — (96)Other, net53 — 28Net cash provided by investing activities562 421 87Cash flows from financing activities: Partnership distributions(81) (103) (116)Partner contributions6 1 —Proceeds from borrowings2,470 — —Repayments of borrowings(2,450) — —Debt issuance costs(7) — —Net cash used in financing activities(62) (102) (116)Net change in cash and cash equivalents176 14 (337)Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period65 51 388Cash and cash equivalents, end of period$241 $65 $51See notes to condensed financial statements.150ICAHN ENTERPRISES HOLDINGS L.P. (Parent Company)NOTES TO CONDENSED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS1. Description of Business and Basis of Presentation.Icahn Enterprises Holdings L.P. (“Icahn Enterprises Holdings”) is a limited partnership formed in Delaware on February 17, 1987. Our sole limited partneris Icahn Enterprises L.P. (“Icahn Enterprises”), a master limited partnership which owns a 99% interest in us. Icahn Enterprises G.P. Inc. (“Icahn EnterprisesGP''), our sole 1% general partner, is a Delaware corporation which is owned and controlled by Carl C. Icahn. As of December 31, 2017, Icahn EnterprisesHoldings is engaged in the following continuing operating businesses: Investment, Automotive, Energy, Railcar, Gaming, Metals, Mining, Food Packaging,Real Estate and Home Fashion.For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, Icahn Enterprises Holdings received $509 million, $421 million and $155 million,respectively, in dividends and distributions from consolidated subsidiaries.The condensed financial statements of Icahn Enterprises Holdings should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notesthereto included in Item 8 of this Report.2. Debt.See Note 10, “Debt,” to the consolidated financial statements located in Item 8 of this Report. Icahn Enterprises Holdings' Parent company debt consistsof the following: December 31, 2017 2016 (in millions)3.500% senior unsecured notes due 2017$— $1,1744.875% senior unsecured notes due 2019— 1,2726.000% senior unsecured notes due 20201,704 1,7065.875% senior unsecured notes due 20221,343 1,3416.250% senior unsecured notes due 20221,217 —6.750% senior unsecured notes due 2024499 —6.375% senior unsecured notes due 2025749 —Mortgages payable20 24Total debt$5,532 $5,5173. Commitments and Contingencies.See Note 17, “Commitments and Contingencies,” to the consolidated financial statements.151SIGNATURESPursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on itsbehalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. Icahn Enterprises L.P. By:Icahn Enterprises G.P. Inc., itsgeneral partner By:/s/Keith Cozza Keith CozzaPresident, Chief Executive Officer and DirectorDate: March 1, 2018Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons in the capacitiesindicated with respect to Icahn Enterprises G.P. Inc., the general partner of Icahn Enterprises L.P., and on behalf of the registrant and on the dates indicatedbelow by the following persons in the capacities and on the dates indicated.Signature Title Date /s/Keith Cozza President, Chief Executive Officer and Director March 1, 2018Keith Cozza /s/SungHwan Cho Chief Financial Officer and Director March 1, 2018SungHwan Cho /s/Peter Reck Chief Accounting Officer March 1, 2018Peter Reck /s/Jack G. Wasserman Director March 1, 2018Jack G. Wasserman /s/William A. Leidesdorf Director March 1, 2018William A. Leidesdorf /s/James L. Nelson Director March 1, 2018James L. Nelson Chairman of the Board March 1, 2018Carl C. Icahn 152SIGNATURESPursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on itsbehalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. Icahn Enterprises Holdings L.P. By:Icahn Enterprises G.P. Inc., itsgeneral partner By:/s/Keith Cozza Keith CozzaPresident, Chief Executive Officer and DirectorDate: March 1, 2018Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons in the capacitiesindicated with respect to Icahn Enterprises G.P. Inc., the general partner of Icahn Enterprises Holdings L.P., and on behalf of the registrant and on the datesindicated below by the following persons in the capacities and on the dates indicated.Signature Title Date /s/Keith Cozza President, Chief Executive Officer and Director March 1, 2018Keith Cozza /s/SungHwan Cho Chief Financial Officer and Director March 1, 2018SungHwan Cho /s/Peter Reck Chief Accounting Officer March 1, 2018Peter Reck /s/Jack G. Wasserman Director March 1, 2018Jack G. Wasserman /s/William A. Leidesdorf Director March 1, 2018William A. Leidesdorf /s/James L. Nelson Director March 1, 2018James L. Nelson Chairman of the Board March 1, 2018Carl C. Icahn 153EXHIBIT INDEXExhibit No. Description2.1 Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of December 30, 2015, by and among Icahn Enterprises Holdings L.P., IEP Parts AcquisitionLLC and The Pep Boys - Manny, Moe and Jack (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to Icahn Enterprises' and Icahn EnterprisesHoldings' joint Form 8-K (SEC File Nos. 1-9516 and 333-118021-01, respectively), filed on December 30, 2015).2.2 Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of September 6, 2016, by and among Federal Mogul Holdings Corporation, AmericanEntertainment Properties Corp. and IEH FM Holdings LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to Icahn Enterprises' Form 8-K(SEC File No. 1-9516), filed on September 7, 2016).2.3 Equity Asset and Purchase Agreement, dated as of December 16, 2016, by and among American Railcar Leasing LLC, AmericanEntertainment Properties Corp., AEP Rail Corp., SMBC Rail Services LLC and Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation (incorporated byreference to Exhibit 2.1 to Icahn Enterprises' and Icahn Enterprises Holdings' joint Form 8-K (SEC File Nos. 1-9516 and 333-118021-01,respectively), filed on December 19, 2016).3.1 Certificate of Limited Partnership of Icahn Enterprises L.P., f/k/a American Real Estate Partners, L.P. (“Icahn Enterprises”) datedFebruary 17, 1987, as thereafter amended from time to time (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to Icahn Enterprises' Form 8-K(SEC File No. 1-9516), filed on September 20, 2007).3.2 Certificate of Limited Partnership of Icahn Enterprises Holdings L.P., f/k/a American Real Estate Holdings Limited Partnership (“IcahnEnterprises Holdings”), dated February 17, 1987, as amended pursuant to the First Amendment thereto, dated March 10, 1987(incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.5 to Icahn Enterprises' Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2004 (SEC File No. 1-9516),filed on May 10, 2004, as further amended pursuant to the Certificate of Amendment thereto, dated September 17, 2007 (incorporatedby reference to Exhibit 3.9 to Icahn Enterprises' Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2007 (SEC File No. 1-9516), filed on March17, 2008).3.3 Second Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of Icahn Enterprises L.P., dated August 2, 2016 (incorporated byreference to Exhibit 3.1 to Icahn Enterprises' and Icahn Enterprises Holdings' joint Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended June 30,2016 (SEC File Nos. 1-9516 and 333-118021-01, respectively), filed on August 4, 2016).3.4 Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of Icahn Enterprises Holdings, dated as of July 1, 1987 (incorporated byreference to Exhibit 3.5 to Icahn Enterprises' Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2004 (SEC File No. 1-9516), filed on May 10,2004).3.5 Amendment No. 1 to the Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of Icahn Enterprises Holdings, dated August 16,1996 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Icahn Enterprises' Form 8-K (SEC File No. 1-9516), filed on August 16, 1996).3.6 Amendment No. 2 to the Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of Icahn Enterprises Holdings, dated June 14, 2002(incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.9 to Icahn Enterprises' Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2002 (SEC File No. 1-9516),filed on March 31, 2003).3.7 Amendment No. 3 to the Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of Icahn Enterprises Holdings, dated June 29, 2005(incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to Icahn Enterprises' Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2005 (SEC File No. 1-9516),filed on August 9, 2005).3.8 Amendment No. 4 to the Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of Icahn Enterprises Holdings, dated September 17,2007 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.11 to Icahn Enterprises' Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2007 (SEC File No. 1-9516), filed on March 17, 2008).4.1 Form of Transfer Application (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 to Icahn Enterprises' Form 10-K for the year ended December 31,2004 (SEC File No. 1-9516), filed on March 16, 2005).4.2 Specimen Depositary Receipt (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to Icahn Enterprises' Form 10-K for the year ended December 31,2014 (SEC File No. 1-9516), filed on March 16, 2005).4.3 Specimen Depositary Certificate (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Icahn Enterprises' Form 10-Q for the quarterly period endedJune 30, 2016 (SEC File No. 1-9516), filed on August 4, 2016).4.4 Specimen Certificate representing preferred units (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.9 to Icahn Enterprises' Form S-3/A (SEC FileNo. 33-54767), filed on February 22, 1995).4.5 Registration Rights Agreement between Icahn Enterprises and High Coast Limited Partnership (f/k/a X LP) (incorporated by reference toExhibit 10.2 to Icahn Enterprises' Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2004 (SEC File No. 1-9516), filed on March 16, 2005).4.6 Registration Rights Agreement, dated June 30, 2005 between Icahn Enterprises and Highcrest Investors Corp., Amos Corp., Cyprus,LLC and Gascon Partners (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to Icahn Enterprises' Form 10-Q (SEC File No. 1-9516), filed onAugust 9, 2005), as amended by Amendment No. 1 thereto, dated as of August 8, 2007 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 toIcahn Enterprises' Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2007 (SEC File No. 1-9516), filed on August 9, 2007).1544.7 Amended and Restated Depositary Agreement among Icahn Enterprises, Icahn Enterprises GP and Registrar and Transfer Company,dated as of August 23, 2013 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Icahn Enterprises' Form 8-K (SEC File No. 1-9516), filed onAugust 23, 2013).4.8 Indenture, dated as of August 1, 2013, among Icahn Enterprises, Icahn Enterprises Finance, Icahn Enterprises Holdings, as Guarantor,and Wilmington Trust Company, as Trustee relating to the 6.000% Senior Notes Due 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 toIcahn Enterprises' and Icahn Enterprises Holdings' joint Form 8-K (SEC File Nos. 1-9516 and 333-118021-01, respectively), filed onAugust 1, 2013).4.9 Indenture, dated as of January 29, 2014, among Icahn Enterprises, Icahn Enterprises Finance, Icahn Enterprises Holdings, as Guarantor,and Wilmington Trust Company, as Trustee relating to the 5.875% Senior Notes Due 2022 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 toIcahn Enterprises' and Icahn Enterprises Holdings' joint Form 8-K/A (SEC File Nos. 1-9516 and 333-118021-01, respectively), filed onJanuary 30, 2014).4.10 Indenture, dated as of January 18, 2017, among Icahn Enterprises, Icahn Enterprises Finance, Icahn Enterprises Holdings, as Guarantor,and Wilmington Trust Company, as Trustee relating to the 6.250% Senior Notes Due 2022 and 6.750% Senior Notes Due 2024(incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Icahn Enterprises' and Icahn Enterprises Holdings' joint Form 8-K (SEC File Nos. 1-9516and 333-118021-01, respectively), filed on January 18, 2017).4.11 Indenture, dated as of December 6, 2017, among Icahn Enterprises, Icahn Enterprises Finance, Icahn Enterprises Holdings, as Guarantor,and Wilmington Trust Company, as Trustee relating to the 6.375% Senior Notes Due 2025 incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 toIcahn Enterprises' and Icahn Enterprises Holdings' joint Form 8-K (SEC File Nos. 1-9516 and 333-118021-01, respectively), filed onDecember 6, 2017).10.1 Amended and Restated Agency Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.12 to Icahn Enterprises' Form 10-K for the yearended December 31, 1994 (SEC File No. 1-9516), filed on March 31, 1995).10.2 Undertaking, dated November 20, 1998, by Starfire Holding Corporation, for the benefit of Icahn Enterprises and its subsidiaries(incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.42 to Icahn Enterprises' Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2005 (SEC File No. 1-9516), filed on March 16, 2006).10.3 Covered Affiliate and Shared Expenses Agreement by and among Icahn Enterprises, Icahn Partners LP, Icahn Fund Ltd., Icahn Fund IILtd., Icahn Fund III Ltd., Icahn Partners Master Fund L.P., Icahn Partners Master Fund II L.P., Icahn Partners Master Fund III L.P., IcahnCayman Partners, L.P. and Icahn Partners Master Fund II Feeder LP (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to Icahn Enterprises' Form10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2007 (SEC File No. 1-9516), filed on August 9, 2007).10.4 Agreement dated as of March 31, 2011 among Icahn Enterprises L.P., Icahn Enterprises Holdings L.P. and Icahn Enterprises G.P. Inc.,Icahn Onshore LP, Icahn Offshore LP and Icahn Capital LP, Icahn Partners LP, Icahn Partners Master Fund LP, Icahn Partners MasterFund II LP, Icahn Partners Master Fund III LP, Carl C. Icahn, Brett Icahn, Samuel Merksamer, David Schechter, Vincent Intrieri andDavid Yim (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Icahn Enterprises' Form 10-Q (SEC File No. 1-9516), filed on August 9, 2011).10.5 Contribution Agreement, dated February 29, 2016, among Icahn Enterprises L.P. and IRL Holding LLC (incorporated by reference toExhibit 1 to Icahn Enterprises' Form 8-K (SEC File No. 1-9516), filed on March 1, 2016).10.6 Senior Term Loan Credit Agreement, dated April 1, 2016, by and among CVR Partners, LP, as Borrower, and American EntertainmentProperties Corp., as Lender (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Icahn Enterprises' and Icahn Enterprises Holdings' joint Form 8-K (SEC File Nos. 1-9516 and 333-118021-01, respectively), filed on April 7, 2016).10.7 Senior Term Loan Credit Agreement, dated April 1, 2016, by and among CVR Partners, LP, as Borrower, and Coffeyville Resources,LLC, as Lender (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Icahn Enterprises' and Icahn Enterprises Holdings' joint Form 8-K (SECFile Nos. 1-9516 and 333-118021-01, respectively), filed on April 7, 2016).10.8 Registration Rights Agreement, dated January 18, 2017, among Icahn Enterprises, Icahn Enterprises Finance, Icahn EnterprisesHoldings, as Guarantor, and Jefferies LLC, as the Initial Purchaser (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Icahn Enterprises' andIcahn Enterprises Holdings' joint Form 8-K (SEC File Nos. 1-9516 and 333-118021-01, respectively), filed on January 18, 2017).10.9 Registration Rights Agreement, dated December 6, 2017, among Icahn Enterprises, Icahn Enterprises Finance, Icahn EnterprisesHoldings, as Guarantor, and Jefferies LLC, as the Initial Purchaser (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Icahn Enterprises' andIcahn Enterprises Holdings' joint Form 8-K (SEC File Nos. 1-9516 and 333-118021-01, respectively), filed on December 6, 2017).12.1 Ratio of earnings to fixed charges (Icahn Enterprises).12.2 Ratio of earnings to fixed charges (Icahn Enterprises Holdings).14.1 Code of Business Conduct and Ethics (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 14.1 to Icahn Enterprises' Form 10-Q for the quarter endedSeptember 30, 2012 (SEC File No. 1-9516), filed on November 7, 2012).15518.1 Preferability letter received from Grant Thornton LLP, dated November 7, 2007 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 18.1 to IcahnEnterprises' Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2007 (SEC File No. 1-9516), filed on November 9, 2007).21.1 Subsidiaries of the Registrants.23.1 Consent of Grant Thornton LLP.31.1 Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302(a) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and Rule 13a-14(a) of theSecurities Exchange Act of 1934.31.2 Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302(a) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and Rule 13a-14(a) of theSecurities Exchange Act of 1934.32.1 Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (18U.S.C. 1350) and Rule 13a-14(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.101.INS XBRL Instance Document.101.SCH XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.101.CAL XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.101.LAB XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.101.PRE XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.101.DEF XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.156EXHIBIT 12.1ICAHN ENTERPRISES L.P. AND SUBSIDIARESRATIO OF EARNINGS TO FIXED CHARGES(in millions, except ratio) Year Ended December 31, 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013Earnings: Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes, income(loss) from equity investees and non-controlling interests$2,082 $(2,248) $(2,121) $(682) $2,300Fixed charges933 958 1,203 885 595Distributed income of equity investees39 77 11 25 33Total Earnings$3,054 $(1,213) $(907) $228 $2,928 Fixed Charges: Interest expense$843 $878 $1,154 $847 $560Estimated interest within rental expense90 80 49 38 35Total Fixed Charges$933 $958 $1,203 $885 $595 Ratio of earnings to fixed charges3.3 n/a n/a n/a 4.9Dollar shortfalln/a $2,171 $2,110 $657 n/aEXHIBIT 12.2ICAHN ENTERPRISES HOLDINGS L.P. AND SUBSIDIARESRATIO OF EARNINGS TO FIXED CHARGES(in millions, except ratio) Year Ended December 31, 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013Earnings: Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes, income(loss) from equity investees and non-controlling interests$2,084 $(2,247) $(2,120) $(681) $2,300Fixed charges932 957 1,202 884 595Distributed income of equity investees39 77 11 25 33Total Earnings$3,055 $(1,213) $(907) $228 $2,928 Fixed Charges: Interest expense$842 $877 $1,153 $846 $560Estimated interest within rental expense90 80 49 38 35Total Fixed Charges$932 $957 $1,202 $884 $595 Ratio of earnings to fixed charges3.3 n/a n/a n/a 4.9Dollar shortfalln/a $2,170 $2,109 $656 n/aEXHIBIT 21.1Subsidiaries of the RegistrantsEntity Jurisdiction of FormationIcahn Enterprises Holdings L.P.(1) DelawareAmerican Entertainment Properties Corp. DelawareACE Nevada Corp. NevadaAEP Rail RemainCo LLC DelawareAEP Rail Corp. DelawareAEP Real Estate Holdings LLC DelawareAEP Serafima Manager Holding LLC DelawareAEPC RemainCo LLC DelawareAREH (RAY) LLC DelawareAREH Concord Holdings LLC DelawareAREH Hudson Street Managing Member DelawareAREH Hudson Street LLC DelawareAREH Oil & Gas LLC DelawareAREH Windsor Locks LLC DelawareAREP Debt HoldCo LLC DelawareAREP Florida Holdings LLC DelawareAREP KH LLC DelawareAREP New York Holdings LLC DelawareAREP Real Estate Holdings LLC DelawareAREP Sands Holding LLC DelawareAretex LLC DelawareAtlantic Coast Entertainment Holdings, Inc. DelawareBayswater Brokerage New York LLC DelawareBayswater Development LLC DelawareBayswater Falling Waters LLC DelawareBayswater Flat Pond LLC DelawareBayswater Hammond Ridge LLC DelawareBayswater Pondview LLC DelawareBaywater Cottages at New Seabury LLC DelawareBayswater Seaside II LLC DelawareBio-Investor LLC DelawareCloud Holding LLC DelawareGH Vero Beach Development LLC DelawareGH Vero Holdings LLC DelawareGHG Asset Management LLC DelawareGrand Harbor Golf & Beach Club, Inc FloridaGrand Harbor Golf Club LLC DelawareGrand Harbor North Land LLC DelawareGreenville Holding LLC DelawareIcahn Automotive Service LLC DelawareIcahn Automotive Group LLC Delaware767 Auto Leasing LLC DelawareIcahn Building LLC DelawareIcahn Enterprises Onshore/Offshore Investors LLC DelawareIcahn Nevada Gaming Acquisition LLC DelawareIcahn Nevada Management Corp. DelawareIcahn Strategy 2 LLC DelawareIcahn Strategy Holding Corp. DelawareICM GP Holdings LLC DelawareIEH ARI Holdings LLC DelawareIEH Auto Parts Holding LLC DelawareIEH BioPharma LLC DelawareIEH Canton Ohio LLC DelawareIEH Chalmette LLC DelawareIEH Coraopolis LLC DelawareIEH Gretna LLC DelawareIEH GH Management LLC DelawareIEH Investment I LLC DelawareIEH Investment II LLC DelawareIEH Loop Road LLC DelawareIEH Merger Sub LLC DelawareIEH Portland LLC DelawareIEH Sarafima GP Holding LLC DelawareIEH Sherman Drive LLC DelawareIEH SP LLC DelawareIEH Venture Investments I LLC DelawareIEH Viskase Holdings LLC DelawareIEH Warwick LLC DelawareIEP Dallas LLC DelawareIEP Energy Holding LLC DelawareIEP Energy LLC DelawareIEP Ferrous Brazil LLC DelawareIEP Ferrous Brazil Sub LLC DelawareIEP Morris LLC DelawareIEP AC Holdings LP DelawareIEP AC Plaza LLC New JerseyTERH LP, Inc. DelawareTMA LLC New JerseyTTM Associates New JerseyTrump Entertainment Resorts, Inc. DelawareIEP Parts Acquisition LLC DelawareIEP Peachtree LLC DelawareIEP Valley LLC DelawareIEP Viga LLC DelawareLV Fairfield Holdings LLC DelawareMeadow Star LLC DelawareNew Seabury Development LLC DelawareNew Seabury Golf Club LLC DelawareNew Seabury Private Sewer Treatment Facility LLC DelawareNew Seabury Properties L.L.C . DelawareNew Seabury Real Estate Holdings LLC DelawareNew Seabury Residential Properties LLC DelawareNS Beach Club LLC DelawareVB Community Management LLC DelawareVero Beach Acquisition II LLC DelawareVero Beach Acquisition LLC DelawareICM GP LLC DelawareIPH GP LLC DelawareIcahn Capital Management LP DelawareIcahn Capital LP DelawareIcahn Onshore LP DelawareIcahn Offshore LP DelawareIcahn Partners LP DelawareIcahn Agency Services LLC DelawareIEH Investments I LLC DelawareIcahn Partners Master Fund LP DelawareFederal-Mogul LLC DelawareFederal Mogul Argentina SA. ArgentinaFederal-Mogul Plasticos Puntanos, S.A. ArgentinaFederal-Mogul Pty Ltd AustraliaFederal-Mogul Automotive Pty Ltd. AustraliaFM Motorparts Pty Ltd. AustraliaFederal-Mogul S.A. BelgiumFederal-Mogul EMEA Distribution Services, BVBA BelgiumFederal-Mogul Global Aftermarket EMEA BVBA BelgiumCoventry Assurance, Ltd. BermudaFederal Mogul Componentes de Motores Ltda. BrazilFederal-Mogul Friction Products Sorocaba - Sistemas Automotivos Ltda. BrazilFederal-Mogul Industria de Autopecas Ltda. BrazilFederal-Mogul Sistemas Automotivos Ltda. BrazilFederal-Mogul Sistemas de Limpadores de Para-Brisas Ltda. BrazilFederal-Mogul Sorocaba-Holding Ltda BrazilFM Participacoes e Investimentos, LTDA BrazilFederal-Mogul Canada Limited CanadaFederal-Mogul (Changshu) Automotive Parts Co., Ltd ChinaFederal-Mogul (China) Co., Ltd. ChinaFederal-Mogul (Chongqing) Friction Materials Co., Ltd. ChinaFederal-Mogul (Langfang) Automotive Components Co., Ltd. ChinaFederal-Mogul (Shanghai) Automotive Parts Co., Ltd. ChinaFederal-Mogul (Tianjin) Surface Treatment Co., Ltd ChinaFederal-Mogul ARN (Anqing) Powder Metallurgy Co., Ltd ChinaFederal-Mogul Dongsuh (Qingdao) Pistons Co., Ltd. ChinaFederal-Mogul Friction Products Co. Ltd. ChinaFederal-Mogul Dalian Co., Ltd. ChinaFederal-Mogul Deva (Qingdao) Automotive Parts Co., Ltd. ChinaFederal-Mogul Motorparts (Qingdao) Co., Ltd ChinaFederal-Mogul Motorparts Management (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. ChinaFederal-Mogul Motorparts (Zhejiang) Limited ChinaFederal-Mogul Qingdao Pistons Co. Ltd. ChinaFederal-Mogul Sealing System (Nanchang) Co., Ltd. ChinaFederal-Mogul Shanghai Bearings Co., Ltd ChinaFederal-Mogul Shanghai Compound Material Co., Ltd. ChinaFederal-Mogul Zhengsheng (Changsha) Piston Ring Co., LTD ChinaFederal-Mogul Motorparts Colombia S.A.S ColombiaFederal-Mogul de Costa Rica, S.A. Costa RicaSapav Marketing Ltd. CyprusSibirica Energy Limited CyprusFederal-Mogul Friction Products A.S. Czech Rep.Federal-Mogul Valvetrain s.r.o Czech Rep.Federal-Mogul Aftermarket Egypt LTD EgyptAteliers Juliette Adam SAS FranceFederal Mogul Aftermarket France SAS FranceFederal-Mogul Financial Services SAS FranceFederal-Mogul Garennes SAS (fka Federal-Mogul Piston Rings SAS) FranceFederal-Mogul Ignition Products SAS FranceFederal Mogul Operations France SAS FranceFederal-Mogul Services Sarl FranceFederal-Mogul Systems Protection SAS FranceFederal-Mogul SAS FranceFederal-Mogul Valvetrain La Source SAS FranceFederal-Mogul Valvetrain Schirmeck SAS FranceFonciere de Liberation SAS FranceSaxid SAS FranceFederal-Mogul Aftermarket GmbH GermanyFederal-Mogul Automotive GmbH & Co. KG GermanyFederal-Mogul Automotive Verwaltungs GmbH GermanyFederal-Mogul Betriebsgrundstücke Burscheid GmbH GermanyFederal-Mogul Bremsbelag GmbH GermanyFederal-Mogul Burscheid Beteiligungs GmbH GermanyFederal-Mogul Burscheid GmbH GermanyFederal-Mogul Deva GmbH GermanyFederal-Mogul Friction Products GmbH GermanyFederal-Mogul Friction Products International GmbH GermanyFederal-Mogul Friedberg GmbH GermanyFederal-Mogul Germany Investments Holding GmbH GermanyFederal-Mogul Holding Deutschland GmbH GermanyFederal-Mogul Ignition GmbH GermanyFederal-Mogul Motorparts Holding GmbH GermanyFederal-Mogul Nurenberg GmbH GermanyFederal-Mogul Powertrain Russia GmbH GermanyFederal-Mogul R&L Freidberg Casting GmbH & Co. KG GermanyFederal-Mogul Sealing Systems GmbH GermanyFederal-Mogul TP Europe GmbH & Co. KG GermanyFederal-Mogul TP Piston Rings GmbH GermanyFederal-Mogul Valvetrain GmbH GermanyFederal-Mogul Vermogensverwaltungs GmbH GermanyFederal-Mogul Verwaltungs und Beteiligungs GmbH GermanyFederal-Mogul Wiesbaden GmbH GermanyGoetze Wohnungsbau GmbH . GermanyISA Installations-,Steurerungs und Automatisierungs GmbH GermanyVTD Vakuumtecknik Dresden GmbH GermanyFederal-Mogul de Guatemala, S.A. GuatemalaFederal-Mogul (T&N) Hong Kong Limited Hong KongFederal-Mogul World Trade (Asia) Limited Hong KongFederal-Mogul Hungary Kft HungaryFederal Mogul Wipers Hungary Kft HungaryFederal-Mogul Systems Protection Hungary Kft. HungaryFederal-Mogul Anand Bearings India Limited IndiaFederal-Mogul Anand Sealings India Limited IndiaFederal-Mogul Ignition Products India Limited IndiaFederal-Mogul Goetze (India) Limited. IndiaFederal-Mogul Motorparts (India) Limited IndiaFederal-Mogul Powertrain Solutions India Private Limited IndiaFederal-Mogul TPR (India) Limited. IndiaMotocare India Private Limited IndiaFederal-Mogul Italy S.r.l. ItalyFederal-Mogul Powertrain Italy S.r.l ItalySaxid s.r.l. ItalyFederal Mogul Japan K.K. JapanFederal-Mogul Asia Investments Holding Korea, Ltd. KoreaFederal-Mogul Sejong Co., Ltd (fka KFM Bearing Co., Ltd). KoreaFederal-Mogul Sejong Tech Ltd (fka KFM Innovative Technology Company Limited KoreaFederal-Mogul Luxembourg S. a. r. l. LuxembourgFederal-Mogul Holdings, Ltd. Mauritius IsF-M Holding Mexico, S.A. de C.V. MexicoFederal-Mogul de Matamoros, S. de R.L. de C.V. MexicoFederal-Mogul de Mexico, S. de R.L. de C.V. MexicoFederal-Mogul Distribution de Mexico, S de R.L. de C.V. MexicoFederal-Mogul FIL-P43, S. de R.L. de C.V. MexicoFederal-Mogul FIL-S43, S. de R.L. de C.V. MexicoFederal-Mogul Lighting, S. de R.L. de C.V. MexicoFederal-Mogul Juarez S de R.L. de C.V. MexicoFederal-Mogul S. de R.L. de C.V. MexicoFederal-Mogul SP Mexico, S. de R.L. de C.V. MexicoFederal-Mogul Powertrain Mexico Distribution S de R.L. de C.V. MexicoFederal-Mogul Valve Train S. de R.L. de C.V. MexicoForjas y Maquinas, S. de R.L. de C.V MexicoMcCord Payen de Mexico S. de R.L. MexicoProductos de Frenos Automotrices de Calidad S.A. de C.V. MexicoRaimsa, S. de R.L. de C.V. MexicoServicios Administrativos Industriales, S. de R.L. de C.V. MexicoServicio de Componentes Automotrices, S. de R.L. de C.V. MexicoSubensambles Internacionales, S. de R.L. de C.V. MexicoT&N de Mexico S.de R.L MexicoFederal-Mogul Systems Protection Morocco SARL AU MoroccoCooperatief Federal-Mogul Dutch Investments B.A. NetherlandsFederal-Mogul Investments B.V. NetherlandsFederal-Mogul Motorparts (Netherlands) B.V. NetherlandsFederal-Mogul Motorparts Holding B.V. NetherlandsFederal-Mogul Motorparts Minority Holding B.V. NetherlandsFederal-Mogul Powertrain (Netherlands) B.V. NetherlandsFederal-Mogul Powertrain Eastern Europe B.V. NetherlandsFederal-Mogul VCS Holding B.V. NetherlandsFederal-Mogul Motorparts Philippines, Inc. PhilippinesFederal-Mogul Bimet Spolka Akcyjna PolandFederal-Mogul Financial Services Poland Sp.z.o.o. PolandFederal-Mogul Gorzyce S.A. PolandFederal-Mogul Motorparts Poland sp.z.o.o. PolandFederal-Mogul Friction Products Ploiesti s.r.l. RomaniaFederal-Mogul Friction Services s.r.l. RomaniaFederal-Mogul Motorparts Ploiesti s.r.l. RomaniaFederal-Mogul Dimitrovgrad LLC RussiaFederal-Mogul Naberezhyne Chelny LLC RussiaFederal-Mogul Naberezhyne Chelny Metallurgy LLC RussiaFederal-Mogul Powertrain Vostok OOO RussiaFederal-Mogul VCS OOO RussiaFederal-Mogul Motorparts (Singapore) Pte. Ltd. SingaporeFederal-Mogul Singapore Investments Pte. Ltd. SingaporeFederal-Mogul (Proprietary) Limited South AfricaFederal-Mogul Aftermarket Southern Africa (Pty) Limited South AfricaFederal-Mogul of South Africa (Pty) Ltd. South AfricaFederal-Mogul Powertrain Systems SA (Pty) Ltd South AfricaFederal-Mogul Aftermarket Espana S.A. SpainFederal-Mogul Friction Products Barcelona S.L. SpainFederal-Mogul Friction Products SA SpainFederal-Mogul Friction Spain S.L. SpainFederal-Mogul Iberica, S.L SpainF-M Holding Daros AB SwedenFederal-Mogul Goteborg AB SwedenFederal-Mogul Holding Sweden AB SwedenFederal-Mogul GmbH SwitzerlandTaiwan Federal-Mogul Motorparts Co., Limited TaiwanFederal-Mogul (Thailand) Ltd. ThailandFederal-Mogul Motorparts (Thailand) Limited ThailandFederal-Mogul Serina Co., Ltd. ThailandParts Zone (Thailand) Co., Ltd. ThailandA.E. Group Machines Limited United KingdomAE International Limited United KingdomF-M Motorparts Limited United KingdomF-M Trademarks Limited United KingdomFDML Holdings Limited United KingdomFederal-Mogul Aftermarket United Kingdom Limited United KingdomFederal-Mogul Asia Investments Limited United KingdomFederal-Mogul Bradford Limited United KingdomFederal-Mogul Controlled Power Limited United KingdomFederal-Mogul Coventry Limited United KingdomFederal-Mogul Employee Trust Administration Limited United KingdomFederal-Mogul Engineering Limited United KingdomFederal-Mogul Friction Products Limited United KingdomFederal-Mogul Global Growth Limited United KingdomFederal-Mogul Limited United KingdomFederal-Mogul Technology Limited United KingdomFederal-Mogul United Kingdom Investments Limited United KingdomFederal Mogul United Kingdom Powertrain Limited United KingdomFederal-Mogul Valvetrain Limited United KingdomFerodo Limited United KingdomLeeds Piston Ring & Engineering Co. Ltd. United KingdomPayen International Limited United KingdomPiston Rings (United Kingdom) Ltd. United KingdomSaxid Limited United KingdomSintration Limited United KingdomWellworthy Limited United KingdomBeck Arnley Holdings LLC DelawareCarter Automotive Company LLC DelawareFederal-Mogul Chassis LLC DelawareFederal-Mogul Filtration LLC DelawareFederal-Mogul Finance 1, LLC DelawareFederal-Mogul Finance 2, LLC DelawareFederal-Mogul Financing Corporation DelawareFederal-Mogul Ignition Company DelawareFederal-Mogul Piston Rings LLC DelawareFederal-Mogul Powertrain IP, LLC DelawareFederal-Mogul Risk Advisory Serivces LLC DelawareFederal-Mogul Transaction LLC DelawareFederal-Mogul Motorparts LLC DelawareFederal-Mogul Valve Train International LLC DelawareFerodo America LLC DelawareF-M Motorparts TSC LLC DelawareF-M TSC Real Estate Holdings LLC DelawareFelt Products Mfg. Co. LLC DelawareFM International, LLC DelawareGasket Holdings LLC DelawareMuzzy-Lyon Auto Parts LLC DelawareT&N Industries LLC DelawareFederal-Mogul Powertrain LLC MichiganFederal-Mogul World Wide LLC MichiganSpeyside Real Estate LLC MichiganFederal-Mogul Products, Inc. MissouriFederal-Mogul Sevierville LLC TennesseeFederal-Mogul de Venezuela, C.A. VenezualaFederal-Mogul (Vietnam) Ltd VietnamThe Pep Boys Manny Moe & Jack (287 "Pep Boys" stores omitted) PennsylvaniaTire Stores Holding Corp. DelawareBig 10 Tire Stores, LLC (80 "Big 10 Tires" stores omitted) DelawarePep Boys - Manny, Moe & Jack of Puerto Rico, Inc. (28 "Pep Boys" stores omitted) DelawareCarrus Supply Corporation DelawarePB Acquisition Company Florida LLC DelawarePB Acquisition Company Indiana LLC (1 "Pep Boys" store omitted) DelawarePB Acquisition Company North Carolina LLC (1 "Pep Boys" store omitted) DelawarePB Acquisition Company Tennessee LLC DelawareColchester Insurance Company VermontPep Boys - Manny, Moe & Jack of Delaware, Inc. (196 "Pep Boys" stores omitted) DelawareCar Sales US LLC DelawareCar Sales of New York LLC DelawareCar Sales of California LLC DelawareCar Sales of Georgia LLC DelawareCar Sales of Pennsylvania LLC DelawareThe Pep Boys - Manny, Moe & Jack of California (236 "Pep Boys" stores omitted) CaliforniaPB Acquisition Company San Diego LLC DelawarePB Acquisition Company Arizona LLC (15 "Pep Boys" stores omitted) DelawarePB Acquisition Company Alameda LLC (1 "Pep Boys" store omitted) DelawarePB Acquisition Company Illinois LLC DelawarePB Acquisition Company Hartford LLC (1 "Pep Boys" store omitted) DelawarePB Acquisition Company Massachusettes LLC DelawarePB Acquisition Company Michigan LLC (1 "Pep Boys" store omitted) DelawarePB Acquisition Company Nassau LLC (2 "Pep Boys" stores omitted) DelawarePB Acquisition Company Washington LLC (10 "Pep Boys" stores omitted) DelawareJBRE Holdings, LLC DelawareJBRE, LLC DelawareJBRE CTEX LLC (17 "Pep Boys" stores omitted) DelawareJBRE CO LLC (14 "Pep Boys" stores omitted) DelawareJBRE AZ LLC (9 "Pep Boys" stores omitted) DelawareJBRE GA LLC (10 "Pep Boys" and 2 "Just Brakes" stores omitted) DelawareJBRE NV LLC (11 "Pep Boys" and 2 "Just Brakes" stores omitted) DelawareJBRE NTEX LLC (22 "Pep Boys" stores omitted) DelawareJBRE FL LLC (25 "Pep Boys" and 1 "Just Brakes" stores omitted) DelawareJBRE STEX LLC (14 "Pep Boys" stores omitted) DelawarePrecision Auto Care, Inc. (48 "Precision Tune" stores omitted) VirginiaPrecision Printing, Inc. VirginiaWE JAC Corporation DelawarePrecision Tune Auto Care, Inc. VirginiaPTAC Operating Centers, LLC VirginiaPTW, Inc. WashingtonPrecision Franchising LLC VirginiaPT Auto Care Canada, Inc CanadaACC-U-TUNE CaliforniaNational 60 Minute Tune, Inc WashingtonColorado Tune, Inc ColoradoMiracle Industries, Inc OhioPAC Mexican Delaware Holding Company Inc. DelawarePrecision Auto Care Mexico II, S. de R.l. MexicoPrecision Auto Care Mexico I, S. de R.l. MexicoPromotora de Franquicas Praxis, S.A. de C.V. MexicoPraxis Afinaciones Puerto Rico, Inc. MexicoSixar Afinaciones Puerto Rico, Inc. MexicoPraxis Autopartes S.S. de C.V. MexicoPraxis Afinaciones S.A. de C.V. MexicoPremier Accessories S.A. de C.V. MexicoSixar Afinaciones S.A. de C.V. MexicoSixar Guadalajara S.A. de C.V. MexicoSixar Occidente, S.A. MexicoMiracle Partners, Inc. DelawarePrecision Building Solutions, Inc. DelawareIEH BA LLC DelawareIEH AIM LLC DelawareIcahn Automotive Service Partners LLC DelawareIEH Auto Parts LLC (312 "Auto Plus" stores omitted) DelawareAP Acquisition Company Clark LLC DelawareAP Acquisition Company Gordon LLC (1 "Auto Plus" store omitted) DelawareAP Acquisition Company Missouri LLC (1 "Auto Plus" store omitted) DelawareAP Acquisition Company Washington LLC (1 "Auto Plus" store omitted) DelawareAP Acquisition Company New York LLC DelawareAAMCO Transmissions, LLC PennsylvaniaAAMCO Canada, Inc. CanadaAmerican Driveline Technical Services, LLC PennsylvaniaAmerican Driveline Centers, LLC PennsylvaniaCottman Transmission Systems, LLC DelawareRoss Advertising, LLC PennsylvaniaCVR Energy Inc. DelawareCoffeyville Refining & Marketing Holdings, Inc. DelawareCoffeyville Refining & Marketing, Inc. DelawareCoffeyville Nitrogen Fertilizers, Inc. DelawareCoffeyville Crude Transportation, Inc. DelawareCoffeyville Terminal, Inc. DelawareCoffeyville Pipeline, Inc. DelawareCL JV Holdings, LLC DelawareCoffeyville Resources, LLC DelawareCoffeyville Resources Refining & Marketing, LLC DelawareCoffeyville Resources Crude Transportation, LLC DelawareCoffeyville Resources Terminal, LLC DelawareCoffeyville Resources Pipeline, LLC DelawareCVR GP, LLC DelawareCVR Partners, LP DelawareCoffeyville Resources Nitrogen Fertilizers, LLC DelawareCoffeyville Finance Inc. DelawareWynnewood Energy Company, LLC DelawareWynnewood Refining Company, LLC DelawareCVR Refining Holdings, LLC DelawareCVR Refining Holdings Sub, LLC DelawareCVR Refining, LLC DelawareWynnewood Insurance Corporation HawaiiCVR Refining, LP DelawareCVR Refining GP, LLC DelawareCVR Nitrogen GP, LLC DelawareCVR Nitrogen, LP DelawareCVR Nitrogen Finance Corporation DelawareEast Dubuque Nitrogen Fertlizers, LLC DelawareAmerican Railcar Industries, Inc. North DakotaARI Fleet Services of Canada, Inc. CanadaARI Component Venture LLC DelawareARI Longtrain, Inc. DelawareLongtrain Leasing I, LLC DelawareLongtrain Leasing II, LLC DelawareLongtrain Leasing III, LLC DelawareCastings LLC DelawareBlue Lagoon Realty, LLC DelawareARI Railcar Services, LLC DelawareSouthwest Steel Casting Company, LLC TexasARI Property Bude, LLC DelawareARI Property Brookhaven, LLC DelawareARI Property Goodrich, LLC DelawareARI Longview, LLC DelawareARI Mobile Repair Services, LLC DelawareARI Property North Kansas, LLC DelawareARI Property Tennille, LLC DelawareSouthwest Steel Property, LLC DelawareARI Leasing, LLC DelawareTropicana Entertainment, Inc. DelawareTropicana Atlantic City Corp. New JerseyTropicana AC Sub Corp. New JerseyNew Tropicana Holdings, Inc. DelawareNew Tropicana OpCo, Inc. DelawareAztar Riverboat Holding Company, LLC IndianaAztar Indiana Gaming Company, LLC IndianaNew Jazz Enterprises, L.L.C. NevadaCatfish Queen Partnership in Commendam LouisianaCentroplex Centre Convention Hotel, L.L.C. LouisianaColumbia Properties Tahoe, LLC NevadaMB Development, LLC NevadaTropicana Laughlin, LLC NevadaLighthouse Point, LLC MississippiTropicana Ent. Cayman Holdings Co. Ltd Cayman IslandsAruba Development Corp VBA ArubaTropicana Aruba Casino Operating Co. N.V. ArubaTropicana Aruba Resort Operating Corp. VBA ArubaTropicana St. Louis, LLC DelawareTEI (STLH), LLC DelawareTEI (ES), LLC DelawareTEI (St. Louis) RE, LLC DelawareTLH LLC DelawareSE Inlet Properties LLC DelawareTropWorld Games LLC NevadaTEI R7 Investment LLC DelawareTEI Management Services LLC DelawarePSC Metals Inc. OhioM W Recycling, LLC (dba PSC Metals) OhioTAP USA, LLC OhioCarbon Plate Steel Products, LLC OhioPSC Metals - Akron, LLC OhioPSC Metals - Aliquippa, LLC OhioPSC Metals - Alliance, LLC OhioPSC Metals - Beaver Falls, LLC OhioPSC Metals - Canton, LLC OhioPSC Metals - CAW, LLC OhioPSC Metals - Chattanooga, LLC OhioPSC Metals - D&L, LLC PennsylvaniaPSC Metals - Elyria, LLC OhioPSC Metals - Garn, LLC OhioPSC Metals - Joyce, LLC OhioPSC Metals - Knoxville, LLC OhioPSC Metals - Massillon, LLC OhioPSC Metals - Metallics, LLC OhioPSC Metals - Mitco, LLC OhioPSC Metals - New York, LLC New YorkPSC Metals - Newark, LLC OhioPSC Metals - Rockwood, LLC OhioPSC Metals - South Knoxville, LLC OhioPSC Metals - St. Louis, LLC OhioPSC Metals - Wooster, LLC OhioCAPPCO Tubular Products Canada, Inc. CanadaCAPPCO Tubular Products USA, LLC GeorgiaFerrous Limited Isle of ManFerrous Resources Limited United KingdomMediterranean Iron Limited MaltaAtlantic Iron Sarl LuxembourgFerrous Resources Do Brasil S.A. BrazilEmpresa de Mineracao Esperanca S.A. BrazilMineracao Jacuipe Ltda BrazilViskase Companies, Inc DelawareWSC Corp. DelawareViskase Films, Inc. DelawareViskase del Norte, S.A. de C.V. MexicoServicos Viskase del Norte, S.A. de C.V. MexicoViskase S.A.S. FranceViskase SpA ItalyViskase Gmbh GermanyViskase Polska SP.ZO.O PolandViskase Spain SL SpainViskase Brasil Embalagens Ltda BrazilViskase Asia Pacific Corp PhilippinesViskase Sales Philippines Inc. PhilippinesViskase Holdings, Inc. DelawareDarmex Casings SP.ZO.O PolandWalsroder Casings GmbH GermanyWalsroder Casings Polska Sp.zo.o PolandCT Casings Beteiligungs GmbH GermanyWestpoint Home LLC DelawareWestPoint Home Netherlands Holding, LLC DelawareWestPoint Home (Netherlands) Coopertief NetherlandsWestPoint Home Asia Ltd. British Virgin IslandsWestPoint Pakistan LLC DelawareWP IP, LLC NevadaWP Trademarks, LLC DelawareWP Property Holdings I, LLC DelawareWP Property Holdings II, LLC DelawareWestPoint Home Stores, LLC DelawareWP Sales, Inc. DelawareWPH - Nostalgia LLC DelawareWP Properties Lanier/Carter, LLC DelawareWP Properties Lumberton, LLC DelawareWP Properties Wagram, LLC DelawareWP Properties Clemson, LLC DelawareWP Properties Wagram Facility, LLC DelawareWestPoint Home (Netherlands) B.V. British Virgin IslandsWestPoint Home (Bahrain) W.L.L. BahrainWestPoint Home (Shanghai) Inc. China(1) Icahn Enterprises Holdings L.P. is a 99% owned subsidiary of Icahn Enterprises L.P. All other subsidiaries listed above are subsidiaries of Icahn Enterprises Holdings L.P. andtherefore are also subsidiaries of Icahn Enterprises L.P.EXHIBIT 23.1CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRMWe have issued our reports dated March 1, 2018, with respect to the consolidated financial statements, schedule and internal control over financial reportingof Icahn Enterprises L.P. and subsidiaries included in the joint Annual Report of Icahn Enterprises L.P. and Icahn Enterprises Holdings L.P. on Form 10-K forthe year ended December 31, 2017. We consent to the incorporation by reference of said reports in the Registration Statements of Icahn Enterprises L.P. andsubsidiaries on Form S-3 (File No. 333-213563) and on Form S-8 (File No. 333-216934)./s/GRANT THORNTON LLPNew York, New YorkMarch 1, 2018EXHIBIT 31.1 CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICERPursuant to Section 302(a) of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 andRule 13a-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934I, Keith Cozza, certify that:1. I have reviewed this joint annual report on Form 10-K of Icahn Enterprises L.P. and Icahn Enterprises Holdings L.P. for the year ended December 31,2017; 2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make thestatements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; 3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects thefinancial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrants as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4. The registrants' other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined inExchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) for theregistrants and we have: a) designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, toensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities,particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;b) designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under oursupervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for externalpurposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;c) evaluated the effectiveness of the registrants' disclosure controls and procedures and presented in the report our conclusions about theeffectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; andd) disclosed in this report any change in the registrants' internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrants' most recentfiscal quarter (the registrants' fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect,the registrants' internal control over financial reporting.5. The registrants' other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to theregistrants' auditors and the audit committee of the registrants' board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): a) all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonablylikely to adversely affect the registrants' ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; andb) any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrants' internal controlover financial reporting. /s/Keith CozzaKeith CozzaPresident and Chief Executive Officer of Icahn Enterprises G.P. Inc.,the general partner of Icahn Enterprises L.P. and Icahn EnterprisesHoldings L.P.Date: March 1, 2018EXHIBIT 31.2 CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICERPursuant to Section 302(a) of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 andRule 13a-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934I, SungHwan Cho, certify that:1. I have reviewed this joint annual report on Form 10-K of Icahn Enterprises L.P. and Icahn Enterprises Holdings L.P. for the year ended December 31,2017; 2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make thestatements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; 3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects thefinancial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrants as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4. The registrants' other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined inExchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) for theregistrants and we have: a) designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, toensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities,particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;b) designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under oursupervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for externalpurposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;c) evaluated the effectiveness of the registrants' disclosure controls and procedures and presented in the report our conclusions about theeffectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; andd) disclosed in this report any change in the registrants' internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrants' most recentfiscal quarter (the registrants' fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect,the registrants' internal control over financial reporting.5. The registrants' other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to theregistrants' auditors and the audit committee of the registrants' board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): a) all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonablylikely to adversely affect the registrants' ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; andb) any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrants' internal controlover financial reporting. /s/SungHwan ChoSungHwan ChoChief Financial Officer of Icahn Enterprises G.P. Inc., the generalpartner of Icahn Enterprises L.P. and Icahn Enterprises Holdings L.P.Date: March 1, 2018EXHIBIT 32.1 CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER AND CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICERPursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 (18 U.S.C. 1350) andRules 13a-14(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934In connection with the joint annual report on Form 10-K of Icahn Enterprises L.P. and Icahn Enterprises Holdings L.P., for the year ended December 31,2017, the undersigned certify that, to the best of his knowledge, based upon a review of the Icahn Enterprises L.P. and Icahn Enterprises Holdings L.P. jointannual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017: (1) The report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended; and (2) The information contained in the report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the registrants. /s/Keith CozzaKeith CozzaPresident and Chief Executive Officer of Icahn Enterprises G.P. Inc., thegeneral partner of Icahn Enterprises L.P. and Icahn Enterprises HoldingsL.P.Date: March 1, 2018/s/SungHwan ChoSungHwan ChoChief Financial Officer of Icahn Enterprises G.P. Inc., the generalpartner of Icahn Enterprises L.P. and Icahn Enterprises Holdings L.P.Date: March 1, 2018

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