Intelgenx Technologies Corp Annual Report 2023

Plain-text annual report

UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 FORM 10-K ☑ ☐ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023 or TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the transition period from ___________ to ___________ Commission file number 000-31187 IntelGenx Technologies Corp. (Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter) Delaware State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization 87-0638336 I.R.S. Employer Identification No. 6420 Abrams, Ville Saint Laurent , Quebec, Canada Address of Principal Executive Offices H4S 1Y2 Zip Code Registrant's telephone number, including area code (514) 331-7440 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: None Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: Title of each class Trading Symbol(s) Name of each exchange on which registered Common Stock, $0.00001 par value IGXT IGX OTCQB TSX Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☑ Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☑ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has ﬁled all reports required to be ﬁled by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to ﬁle such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☑ No ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☑ No ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated ﬁler, an accelerated ﬁler, a non-accelerated ﬁler, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the deﬁnitions of "large accelerated ﬁler," "accelerated ﬁler," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. Large accelerated filer ☐ Non-accelerated filer ☑ Emerging growth company ☐ Accelerated filer ☐ Smaller reporting company ☑ If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has ﬁled a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the eﬀectiveness of its internal control over ﬁnancial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting ﬁrm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐ If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the ﬁnancial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐1 Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐1 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☑ As of June 30, 2023, the aggregate market value of the registrant's voting and non-voting common equity held by non-aﬃliates of the registrant was $ 23,983,889 based on the closing price of the registrant's common stock of U.S. $0.19, as reported on the OTCQB on that date. Shares of the registrant's common stock held by each oﬃcer and director and each person who owns 10% or more of the outstanding common stock of the registrant have been excluded in that such persons may be deemed to be aﬃliates. This determination of aﬃliate status is not necessarily a conclusive determination for other purposes. Class Common Stock, $.00001 par value Outstanding at March 21, 2024 174,658,096 shares Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the registrant's classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date. DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE Portions of the Company's Proxy Statement for its 2024 Annual Meeting of Shareholders (the "2024 Proxy Statement") are incorporated by reference into Part III ________________________________ 1 Not applicable. TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I Item 1. Item 1A Item 1B Item 1C Item 2. Item 3. Item 4. PART II Item 5. Item 6 Item 7. Item 7A Item 8. Item 9. Item 9A. Item 9B. PART III Item 10. Item 11. Item 12. Item 13. Item 14 PART IV Item 15. Item 16 Business. Risk Factors. Unresolved Staff Comments. Cybersecurity Properties. Legal Proceedings. Mine Safety Disclosures. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities. Selected Financial Data. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure. Controls and Procedures. Other Information. Directors, Executive Officers, and Corporate Governance. Executive Compensation. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence. Principal Accounting Fees and Services Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules Form 10-K Summary Page Financial Statements Page 6 36 46 46 47 47 48 48 48 52 52 64 65 65 65 65 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 F-1-F-32 Terminology and references In this Annual Report on Form 10-K, the words "Company", "IntelGenx", "we", "us", and "our", refer collectively to IntelGenx Technologies Corp. and IntelGenx Corp., our wholly-owned Canadian subsidiary. In this Form 10-K, unless otherwise speciﬁed, all monetary amounts are in United States dollars, all references to "$", "U.S.$", "U.S. dollars" and "dollars" mean U.S. dollars and all references to "C$", "Canadian dollars" and "CA$" mean Canadian dollars. To the extent that such monetary amounts are derived from our consolidated ﬁnancial statements included elsewhere in this Form 10-K, they have been translated into U.S. dollars in accordance with our accounting policies as described therein. Unless otherwise indicated, other Canadian dollar monetary amounts have been translated into United States dollars at the average annual exchange rate for 2023 as reported by the Bank of Canada, being U.S. $1.00 = CA$1.3497. Cautionary Statement Concerning Forward-Looking Statements PART I Certain statements included or incorporated by reference in this report constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of applicable securities laws. All statements contained in this report that are not clearly historical in nature are forward-looking, and the words "anticipate", "believe", "continue", "expect", "estimate", "intend", "may", "plan", "will", "shall" and other similar expressions are generally intended to identify forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the United States Securities Act of 1933, as amended ("Securities Act") and Section 21E of the United States Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended ("Exchange Act"). All forward-looking statements are based on our beliefs and assumptions based on information available at the time the assumption was made. These forward-looking statements are not based on historical facts but on management's expectations regarding future growth, results of operations, performance, future capital and other expenditures (including the amount, nature and sources of funding thereof), competitive advantages, business prospects and opportunities and exchange listings. Forward-looking statements involve signiﬁcant known and unknown risks, uncertainties, assumptions and other factors that may cause our actual results, levels of activity, performance or achievements to diﬀer materially from those implied by forward-looking statements. These factors should be considered carefully and prospective investors should not place undue reliance on the forward-looking statements. Although the forward-looking statements contained in this report or incorporated by reference herein are based upon what management believes to be reasonable assumptions, there is no assurance that actual results will be consistent with these forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are made as of the date of this report or as of the date speciﬁed in the documents incorporated by reference herein, as the case may be. We undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements to reﬂect events or circumstances after the date on which such statements were made or to reﬂect the occurrence of unanticipated events, except as may be required by applicable securities laws. Forward-looking statements are subject to a variety of known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors which could cause actual events or results to differ from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements, including, without limitation: risks related to our history of losses; risks related to the potential need for additional capital; risks related to the incurrence of unforeseen costs; risks related to our dependence on business partners for clinical trials, regulatory approvals and the marketing and selling of our products; the competition in our industry; the size and experience of our competitors; the laws, regulations and guidelines applicable to cannabinoid-based products; risks related to our dependence on suppliers; risks related to the manufacturing of our VersaFilm™ products; risks related to regulatory approval and regulatory review of our products; our ability to expand or enhance our product offerings; the market's reception of our products that incorporate drug delivery technologies; risks related to environmental regulations; the impact of COVID-19; risks related to the atai investment (as defined below); the risk the Investment is terminated; the restrictions on our business activities contained in the Securities Purchase Agreement (as defined below); that our existing shareholders ("Shareholders") will have reduced ownership and voting interest if ATAI Life Sciences AG ("atai") chooses to exercise their options to increase the Investment; the influence atai may have on our business; the risk that the Strategic Development Agreement (as defined below) may not result in commercially viable products; risks related to default on our loan agreements; risks related to default on our convertible notes ; risks related to the developments of compounds that have psychedelic, entactogenic and/or oneirophrenic properties; risks related to public controversy with respect to compounds that may contain controlled substances; our ability to adequately protect our intellectual property; the risk we infringe on the intellectual property rights of third parties; the risk that certain of our products may be subject to litigation; the risk of litigation in the ordinary course of business; risks related to cyber security and the protection of our information systems; 4 risks related to the high risk nature of the common stock of the Company (the "Common Stock"); our failure to achieve and maintain profitability; actual or anticipated variations in our quarterly results of operations; the application of "penny stock" rules to our Common Stock and its impact on trading and liquidity; the lack of public market for certain of our outstanding securities; the risk of dilution upon the conversion or exercise of outstanding securities; risks related to events of default with respect to our Debentures (as defined below) and Notes (as defined below); risks related to foreign currency fluctuations; the impact of securities analyst downgrades of our Common stock; and risks associated with the prior activities of the public company we merged with. The factors set forth in Item 1A., "Risk Factors", as well as any cautionary language in this report, provide examples of risks, uncertainties and events that may cause our actual results to diﬀer materially from the expectations we describe in our forward-looking statements. Before you invest in our Common Stock, you should be aware that the occurrence of the events described as risk factors and elsewhere in this report could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial condition. 5 ITEM 1. BUSINESS. Corporate History Our predecessor company, Big Flash Corp., was incorporated in Delaware on July 27, 1999. On April 28, 2006, Big Flash Corp., through its Canadian holding corporation, completed the acquisition of IntelGenx Corp., a Canadian company incorporated on June 15, 2003. The Company did not have any operations prior to the acquisition of IntelGenx Corp. In connection with the acquisition, we changed our name from Big Flash Corp. to IntelGenx Technologies Corp. IntelGenx Corp. has continued operations as our operating subsidiary. Overview We are a drug delivery company established in 2003 and headquartered in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Our focus is on the contract development and manufacturing of novel oral thin ﬁlm products for the pharmaceutical market. More recently, we have made the strategic decision to enter the psychedelic market by entering into a strategic partnership with atai Life Sciences. The Company has applied and is operating under a CDMO business model: As a full service contract development and manufacturing organization ("CDMO"), we are oﬀering partners a comprehensive portfolio of pharmaceutical services, including pharmaceutical research and development ("R&D"), clinical monitoring, regulatory support, tech transfer, manufacturing scale-up and commercial manufacturing. Our business strategy is to leverage our proprietary drug delivery technologies and develop pharmaceutical products with tangible beneﬁts for patients, for our partners and, once a developed product launches, retain the exclusive manufacturing rights. We have undertaken a strategy under which we will work with pharmaceutical companies in order to apply our oral ﬁlm technology to pharmaceutical products for which patent protection is nearing expiration, a strategy which is often referred to as "lifecycle management." Under Section 505(b)(2) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act (the "FDCA") ("Section 505(b)(2)"), the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (the "FDA") may grant market exclusivity for a term of up to three years following approval of a listed drug that contains previously approved active ingredients but is approved in a new dosage, dosage form, route of administration or a combination. The Section 505(b)(2) pathway is also the regulatory approach to be followed if an applicant intends to ﬁle an application for a product containing a drug that is already approved by the FDA for a certain indication and for which the applicant is seeking approval for a new indication or for a new use, the approval of which is required to be supported by new clinical trials, other than bioavailability studies. We have implemented a strategy under which we actively look for such so-called "repurposing opportunities" and determine whether our proprietary VersaFilm™ technology adds value to the product. We currently have two such drug repurposing projects in our development pipeline. We continue to develop the existing products in our pipeline and may also perform R&D on other potential products as opportunities arise. We have established a state-of-the-art manufacturing facility with the intent to manufacture all of our VersaFilm™ products in-house as we believe that this: represents a profitable business opportunity; will reduce our dependency upon third-party contract manufacturers, thereby protecting our manufacturing process know-how and intellectual property; and allows us to offer our clients and development partners a full service from product conception through to supply of the finished product. In order to successfully execute our business strategy it will be essential to create and maintain a fully compliant manufacturing environment capable of meeting customer expectations regarding current Good Manufacturing Practices ("cGMP") compliance and manufacturing capacity. Our website address is www.intelgenx.com. 6 Technology Platforms Our main product development eﬀorts are based upon three delivery platform technologies: (1) VersaFilm™, an oral ﬁlm technology, (2) the VetaFilm TM technology platform for veterinary applications, and (3) DisinteQTM a disintegrating oral film technology. VersaFilm™ is a drug delivery platform technology that enables the development of oral thin films, improving product performance through: rapid disintegration without the need for water; • • quicker buccal or sublingual absorption; • potential for faster onset of action and increased bioavailability; • potential for reduced adverse effects by bypassing first-pass metabolism; • easy administration for patients who have problems swallowing tablets or capsules; pediatric and geriatric patients as well as patients who fear choking and/or are suffering from nausea (e.g., nausea resulting from chemotherapy, radiotherapy or any surgical treatment); • pleasant taste; and • small and thin size, making it convenient for consumers. Our VersaFilm™ technology consists of a thin (25-35 micron) polymeric ﬁlm comprised of United States Pharmacopeia components that are approved by the FDA for use in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic products. Derived from the edible ﬁlm technology used for breath strips and initially developed for the instant delivery of savory ﬂavors to food substrates, the VersaFilm™ technology is designed to provide a rapid response and improved bioavailability compared to existing conventional tablets. Our VersaFilm™ technology is intended for indications requiring rapid onset of action, such as migraine, opioid dependence, chronic pain, motion sickness, erectile dysfunction, and nausea or for drug that have a low oral bioavailability and require transmucosal absorption. Our VetaFilm™ platform technology is designed for the application in companion animals. Dose acceptance and compliance are often a challenge for the care giver which can be overcome with our newly designed VetaFilm™ platform. VetaFilm™ is speciﬁcally formulated with ﬂavors that are appealing to pets and to achieve rapid adhesion to the oral mucosa of the animal to achieve compliance. Our new DISINTEQ™ oral disintegrating ﬁlm formulations will provide diﬀerent dissolution characteristics compared to VersaFilm®. Instead of quickly dissolving in the oral cavity, DISINTEQ™ formulations disintegrate at a controlled rate. This will allow a slower release of the drug into the oral cavity thereby avoiding saturation of the oral mucosal membranes and increasing mucosal absorption. Our Product Portfolio Our product portfolio includes a blend of generic and branded products based on our proprietary delivery technology ("generic" products are essentially copies of products that have already received FDA approval). Of the eleven projects currently in our product portfolio, ten use our VersaFilm® technology and one uses our VetaFilmTM technology. Our most advanced projects: INT0008/2008: We developed a Rizatriptan oral ﬁlm product based on our VersaFilm™ technology. In March 2013 we submitted a Section 505(b)(2) New Drug Application ("NDA") to the FDA for our novel oral thin-ﬁlm formulation of Rizatriptan, which demonstrated to be bioequivalent to the active drug in Maxalt-MLT® orally disintegrating tablets. Maxalt-MLT® is a leading branded anti-migraine product marketed by Merck & Co. The thin-ﬁlm formulation of Rizatriptan was originally developed under a co-development and commercialization agreement with RedHill Biopharma Ltd. ("RedHill") which was terminated December 5, 2017, following which Redhill transferred all rights and obligations to us. On July 5, 2016, we announced the signing of a deﬁnitive agreement with Grupo Juste S.A.Q.F. (now Exeltis Healthcare, S.L. ("Exeltis")) for the commercialization of RIZAPORT® for the treatment of acute migraines in Spain. Exeltis is a prominent private Spanish company with over 90 years of experience in the research, development and commercialization of proprietary pharmaceutical products, including migraine and other central nervous system drugs, in Europe, Latin America and other territories. 7 Under the deﬁnitive agreement, Exeltis obtained exclusive rights to register, promote and distribute RIZAPORT® in Spain. In exchange, the Company and Redhill received upfront payments and are entitled to milestone payments, together with a share of the net sales of RIZAPORT® in Spain. The initial term of this agreement is ten years from the date of ﬁrst commercial sale of the product and shall automatically renew for one additional two-year term. On August 27, 2020, we announced that we had granted Exeltis an exclusive license to manufacture and commercialize RIZAPORT® in the European Union ("EU"). Exeltis will pay us prespeciﬁed royalties on net RIZAPORT® sales in the EU. In addition, we have a right of ﬁrst refusal to manufacture this product for the EU market. Eﬀective September 9, 2020, we signed a technology transfer agreement with LTS Lohmann Therapy Systems for future manufacture and supply of the product for Spain. On December 14, 2016, we announced the signing of an exclusive license agreement with Pharmatronic Co. for the commercialization of RIZAPORT® in the Republic of Korea ("South Korea"). Under the terms of such agreement, we granted Pharmatronic Co. the exclusive rights to register and commercialize RIZAPORT® in South Korea. IntelGenx received an upfront payment and will be eligible to receive additional milestone payments upon achievement of certain predeﬁned regulatory and commercial targets, as well as tiered royalties. The initial term of the deﬁnitive agreement with Pharmatronic Co. is for ten years from the date of first commercial sale and shall automatically renew for an additional two-year term. On October 31, 2018, we received National marketing authorization from the Spanish Agency of Medicines and Medical Devices for RIZAPORT® (10mg) in Spain. On December 12, 2018, we announced the execution of a deﬁnitive licensing, development and supply agreement with Gensco® Pharma, a specialty pharmaceutical company focusing on research, development and marketing of prescription products, for the exclusive right to commercialize RIZAPORT® in the United States. In return, we are entitled to receive royalty payments based on the net proﬁts of RIZAPORT®. We are also eligible to receive milestone payments upon FDA approval and product launch. This agreement also grants Gensco® Pharma a right of ﬁrst refusal for the exclusive rights to develop, market, sell, distribute and fully commercialize products as a partner for the People's Republic of China. On January 30, 2019, we announced that the FDA had performed a Pre-Approval Inspection ("PAI") of our manufacturing facility in Montreal, relating to our NDA for RIZAPORT®. At the conclusion of the PAI on January 25, the FDA issued a Form 483 with ﬁve inspectional observations that needed attention before final approval. On March 27, 2020, we received an additional complete response letter ("CRL") from the FDA. The FDA requested additional information, but no new bioequivalence study. On September 7, 2021, we announced that Exeltis, our commercialization partner in the EU for RIZAPORT®, a unique for the treatment of acute migraines, launched the product in Spain. On October 18, 2022, we announced that we responded to the CRL received from the FDA. On November 22, 2022, we announced that the FDA had accepted for review its Class 2 response to the 2020 CRL and that the FDA had assigned a Prescription Drug User Fee Act (PDUFA) goal date of April 17, 2023 for completion of the review of the RIZAFILM® NDA. (RIZAFILM® is a Registered Trademark of Gensco® Pharma Corporation). On January 23, 2023, we announced that we entered into an exclusive supply agreement (the "ARWAN Agreement") for RIZAPORT ® with ARWAN Pharmaceuticals Industries Lebanon s.a.l. ("ARWAN") in various countries in the Middle East and North Africa ("MENA") region, including Lebanon, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Jordan, Iraq, Libya, Oman, Yemen, Qatar, Bahrain, Egypt, Sudan, Kenya, Nigeria, Mauritius, Cameroon, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan (the "Territory"). Under the terms of the ARWAN Agreement, IntelGenx will supply RIZAPORT ® to ARWAN, which will have the exclusive right to register and commercialize it in the Territory. On April 17, 2023, we announced that the FDA has approved the Company's RIZAFILM ® VersaFilm® 505(b)(2) NDA for the treatment of acute migraine. On September 21, 2023, the Company announced that it received the ﬁrst purchase order ("PO") for RIZAFILM® from its commercial partner in the United States, Gensco Pharma ("Gensco®"). On February 20, 2024, IntelGenx confirmed the expected launch to occur in the second quarter. 8 INT0046/2018/INT55/2021: Our first cannabis project based on our VersaFilm™ technology contains 10mg CBD/CBDA. On November 7, 2018 we announced the execution of a deﬁnitive license, development and supply agreement with Tilray, Inc. ("Tilray"), a global leader in cannabis production and distribution. Under such agreement, the two companies will co-develop and commercialize oral ﬁlm products infused with adult-used medical cannabis ("cannabis infused VersaFilm™"). Under the agreement, the Company and Tilray will fund 20% and 80%, respectively, of the costs associated with the development of the cannabis infused Versaﬁlm™ products. The Company will have the exclusive right to manufacture and supply the co-developed products to Tilray, and will also receive a ﬁxed single-digit royalty on net product sales. Tilray will have the exclusive, worldwide marketing and distribution rights for the co- developed products. In connection with the Tilray agreement, the Company and Tilray also executed a subscription agreement under which Tilray made a strategic investment in IntelGenx through a non-brokered private placement (the "Tilray Private Placement"). As a result, we issued Tilray 1,428,571 shares of Common Stock at a subscription price of $0.70 per share of Common Stock for gross proceeds of $1,000,000. We used the proceeds of the Tilray Private Placement for cannabis infused VersaFilm™ product development under the agreement with Tilray. On May 2019, we received the ﬁrst extract from Tilray in suﬃcient quantities to commence batch production of cannabis-infused VersaFilm® followed by an announcement in October 2019 that the formulation had progressed to the scale-up manufacturing stage. The manufacturing scale-up work was completed successfully in January 2020. In the spring of 2019, we applied for a micro-processing license under the Canadian Cannabis Act (the "Cannabis Act"), which would allow us to process 600kg of cannabis per year, perform analytical testing and begin sales and research on cannabis. On June 5, 2020, we received the cannabis micro-processing license from Health Canada for our Montreal, Quebec facility, in accordance with the Cannabis Act and the regulations thereunder. On July 20, 2020, we announced that the exclusivity terms of the November 2018 license, development and supply agreement with Tilray had been amended to allow for the Company's co-development and commercialization of cannabidiol ("CBD") products with additional partners. In consideration, we shall pay a royalty to Tilray on all CBD products sold under this amendment. All other terms of such agreement, including those pertaining to Tilray's exclusive, worldwide marketing and distribution rights for non-CBD cannabis infused VersaFilm®, remained unchanged. On October 29, 2020, we signed a letter of intent with Heritage Cannabis Holding Corp. ("Heritage Cannabis") for long term cannabis ﬁlmstrip supply agreement. Shortly after, on January 7, 2021, we announced the execution of a deﬁnitive supply agreement with Heritage Cannabis for the manufacturing and supply of ﬁlmstrip products containing 10 mg of CBD/CBDA using our VersaFilm® technology for the Canadian and Australian markets. On August 31, 2021, we announced that we completed a shipment of CBD/CBDA Filmstrips in support of Heritage Cannabis' Canadian market launch of its "CB4 Control" branded product. The product was subsequently successfully launched by Heritage Cannabis in Canada and the relationship is ongoing between the parties. On December 8, 2021, we announced that we initiated an arbitration proceeding against Tilray, related to an alleged breach of the parties' 2018 license, development and supply agreement, as amended with Tilray for the co-development and commercialization of cannabis-infused VersaFilm® products. On November 6, 2023, we announced that we entered into a further amendment (the "Second Amendment") to the November 2018 license, development and supply agreement for the co-development and commercialization of cannabinoid-infused VersaFilm ® products, settling IntelGenx's arbitration claim against Tilray. Pursuant to the Second Amendment, IntelGenx has received an initial PO from Tilray for three SKUs (CBD20, THC10, THC10:CBD 10), with each SKU totalling 130,000 ﬁlmstrips. The Second Amendment also allows for IntelGenx's co-development and commercialization of CBD, THC, and combination THC:CBD products with additional partners. The Second Agreement removes any royalties paid to or from Tilray. 9 INT0007/2006: We are developing an oral ﬁlm product based on our VersaFilm™ technology containing the active ingredient tadalaﬁl. This product is intended for the treatment of erectile dysfunction ("ED"). The results of a phase I pilot study conducted in the second quarter of 2015 conﬁrmed that the product is bioequivalent with the brand product, Cialis®. On May 8, 2019, we executed a worldwide collaboration agreement for tadalaﬁl with Aquestive Therapeutics, Inc. ("Aquestive"). Under the terms of this agreement, the Company and Aquestive will each grant to the other exclusive worldwide licenses to their respective intellectual property relating to tadalaﬁl oral ﬁlm formulation and manufacturing. The companies will jointly undertake further co-development and commercialization of tadalaﬁl oral ﬁlm products, and will equally share (50/50) net proﬁts from worldwide product sales. Aquestive previously submitted an NDA for its tadalaﬁl oral ﬁlm for the treatment of ED to the FDA. In November 2018, Aquestive received a CRL from the FDA requesting additional safety data from healthy volunteers. Both companies are currently working on responding to the CRL. On September 29, 2021, we announced that Aquestive, our co-development and commercialization partner for Tadalaﬁl oral ﬁlms for the treatment of erectile dysfunction and benign prostatic hyperplasia, entered into a deﬁnitive license and supply agreement with an undisclosed leading men's health company for the US. INT0039/2013: This product is based on one of our proprietary technologies and was being developed under another development and commercialization agreement with Par Pharmaceuticals ("Par"). On September 18, 2015, Endo International plc ("Endo") acquired Par. As a result of this acquisition, Par had a conﬂict and was unable to remain as the partner for this product. Therefore, the product was returned to us with full rights and no requirement for any compensation for work paid by Par. On September 12, 2016, we entered into a licensing, development and supply agreement with Chemo Group ("Chemo") granting Chemo the exclusive license to commercialize two generic products for the United States market and one product on a worldwide basis. Under the terms of this agreement, Chemo obtained certain exclusive rights to market and sell our products in exchange for upfront and milestone payments, together with a share of the proﬁts of commercialization. Chemo also has a right of ﬁrst negotiation to obtain the exclusive commercialization rights for two of the products to include any country outside the United States. On October 4, 2018, we submitted an Abbreviated New Drug Application ("ANDA") to the FDA for a generic buccal ﬁlm product for our partner, Insud Pharma (formerly Chemo Group). On January 30, 2019, the FDA conﬁrmed the acceptance for review of this ANDA with a GDUFA date of October 18, 2019. On June 2019, the FDA conducted a PAI for the buccal ﬁlm that resulted in the FDA issuing us a Form 483, a report from an investigator noting conditions that in their judgment may constitute violations of the FDCA and related acts. Further, in October 2019, we received a CRL in which the FDA declined to approve our product. A CRL does not necessarily indicate that a drug or biologic is not safe or eﬀective. Rather, the FDA issues a CRL when it has reviewed the submitted data and has outstanding questions. A CRL allows the FDA to provide an applicant with a systematic list of deﬁciencies detected within the submission package sent to the agency that stop short of requiring an entire resubmission. Our updated response to the Form 483 was submitted on April 28 2021 and our response to the CRL was sent to the FDA on May 14, 2021. In February 2022, the FDA conducted a second PAI based on the initial response to the CRL ﬁled earlier in May 2021 which resulted in the issuance of a Form 483 with two observations. Subsequently, on March 14, 2022 the FDA issued a second CRL requesting more information on the product and changes to the labelling On October 25, 2022, we announced that our previously undisclosed development candidate, Buprenorphine Buccal Film, for which an abbreviated ANDA has been ﬁled by Chemo Research through its agent and aﬃliate Xiromed ("Xiromed"), has received a U.S. FDA Generic Drug User Fee Act ("GDUFA") date of April 28, 2023. On April 27, 2023, we announced that our co-developer, Chemo Research SL, through Xiromed, received a CRL from the FDA regarding the submitted ANDA for Buprenorphine Buccal Film. On September 19, 2023, we provided a regulatory update on Buprenorphine Buccal Film, for which an ANDA has been filed with the FDA by our co-developer, Chemo Research SL, through Xiromed. In response to the CRL, Xiromed submitted to the FDA an Amendment to the ANDA, requesting priority review. In an Amendment Acknowledgement received from the FDA by Xiromed, the FDA granted priority review with a Generic Drug User Fee Act ("GDUFA") goal date for review of the Amendment of March 8, 2024, unless the Agency determines that an inspection is required. As of March 21, 2024, Xiromed, is still in discussions with the FDA regarding the amended abbreviated new drug application submitted to the Agency in September. 10 INT0043/2015: We developed an oral ﬁlm containing montelukast as the active ingredient based on our proprietary VersaFilm™ oral ﬁlm technology, which is in the early clinical trial phase. We are collaborating with Dr. Ludwig Aigner, a member of our Scientiﬁc Advisory Board and head of the Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine at the Paracelsus Medical University in Salzburg, Austria. Dr. Aigner has made major contributions in the ﬁeld of brain and spinal cord regeneration over the last 25 years. He was the ﬁrst to develop tools to visualize neurogenesis in living animals and identiﬁed crucial signaling mechanisms that are involved in limiting brain regeneration. One of these mechanisms, leukotriene signaling, is related to asthma. In consequence, Dr. Aigner and his team recently demonstrated that the anti-asthmatic drug montelukast structurally and functionally rejuvenates the aged brain. His main aim is to develop molecular and cellular therapies for patients with neurodegenerative diseases and for the aged population. On July 13, 2016, we announced the successful completion of a pilot clinical study for our montelukast VersaFilm™ that demonstrated a signiﬁcantly improved pharmacokinetic proﬁle compared to the reference product. The study data conﬁrmed that buccal absorption of the drug from the montelukast ﬁlm product resulted in a signiﬁcantly improved bioavailability of the drug compared to the commercial tablet. In addition, the study data confirmed that montelukast crosses the blood brain barrier when administered using our Versafilm™ delivery technology. In 2017, we announced receiving a no objection letter from Health Canada regarding a Phase IIa proof-of-concept study. The objectives of this 26-week, randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled Phase IIa proof of concept study to be conducted at eight clinical study sites across Canada will be to evaluate the safety, feasibility, tolerability and eﬃcacy of montelukast buccal ﬁlm in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's Disease ("AD"). The trial design includes testing of up to 70 patients. Based on the outcome of this ﬁrst eﬃcacy trial in humans, we began actively seeking a partnership or alliance opportunity to further advance developmental work and commercialization of this product. On September 25, 2018, we announced the beginning of patient recruitment for the proposed AD study. In October 2019, an independent Data Safety Monitoring Board ("DSMB") completed its ﬁrst interim analysis of the ongoing montelukast AD Phase IIa ("BUENA") clinical trial in patients with mild to moderate AD. The DSMB reviewed compiled safety data from 25 subjects enrolled in the BUENA trial, 13 of whom have completed 26 weeks of daily treatment. The DSMB did not raise any concerns regarding safety and recommended that the trial continue. Based on additional eﬃcacy testing of montelukast in an AD mouse model, conducted in collaboration with Prof. Dr. Ludwig Aigner's group at the Paracelsus Medical University in Salzburg suggesting that montelukast, when given at higher doses, signiﬁcantly improves cognition in patients suﬀering from memory impairment and dementia, a revision of the dosage regiment was requested to Health Canada through the ﬁling of a clinical trial application. Health Canada issued a non-objection letter in January 2020. On October 12, 2021, we announced our intention to resume patient screening in the ongoing BUENA clinical trial in patients with mild to moderate AD following Health Canada's issuance of a no objection letter in response to IntelGenx's amended Clinical Trial Application. On January 20, 2022, we announced that patient dosing has resumed in the ongoing BUENA clinical trial in patients with mild to moderate AD under a previously amended protocol using higher doses of Montelukast VersaFilm®. On September 8, 2022, we announced that patient enrollment in the ongoing BUENA clinical trial in patients with mild to moderate AD had reached the halfway mark. Currently, this proof-of-concept study includes ten clinical research sites, all of which are expected to enroll a total of approximately 70 patients. On February 9, 2023, IntelGenx announced a research collaboration with Per Svenningsson, MD, PhD, of the Karolinska Institute, to plan and conduct a multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study (the "PD Study") to investigate the use of IntelGenx's Montelukast VersaFilm® for the treatment of Parkinson's Disease ("PD"). Dr. Svenningsson will serve as the Principal Investigator for the planned Study and will sponsor it through a 20 million Swedish Crowns grant (approx. $2 million USD) awarded by the Swedish Research Council, Sweden's largest governmental research funding body. IntelGenx will supply Dr. Svenningsson with both active and placebo ﬁlms to be used in the 18-month treatment regimen for study participants. Upon completion of the Study, IntelGenx will retain the intellectual property rights and use the ﬁndings to further develop its Montelukast VersaFilm® program for PD treatment. The PD Study is currently expected to commence in the first half of 2024. 11 PD is one of the most common movement disorders in elderly people and is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer's Disease ("AD"). It is a neurodegenerative disorder where misfolded alpha-synuclein-enriched aggregates, called Lewy bodies, are central in pathogenesis. No neuroprotective or disease-modifying treatments are currently available. The current standard treatment of PD motor dysfunction is based on the enhancement of dopaminergic transmission and involves the administration of L-dopa. Evidence from multiple patient studies and animal models has shown a signiﬁcant immune component during the course of the disease, highlighting immunomodulation as a potential treatment strategy. Montelukast is a CysLT1 antagonist which decreases neuroinflammation by inhibiting CysLT 1. Early results have indicated its potential usefulness for the treatment of various neurodegenerative disorders like PD and AD. On July 25, 2023, we announced the execution of a Research Grant Agreement with Karolinska University Hospital and that the manufacturing of both active and placebo ﬁlms are underway in preparation for a planned multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical PD Study to investigate the use of IntelGenx's Montelukast VersaFilm® for the treatment of Parkinson's Disease ("PD"). On August 1, 2023, we announced that we have completed patient enrollment in the ongoing Montelukast VersaFilm® Phase 2a ("BUENA") clinical trial in patients with mild to moderate AD. The Company successfully enrolled 52 patients in the study, 18 fewer than initially planned, in a study design modiﬁcation that received a No Objection Letter ("NOL") from Health Canada. The NOL provided authorization to proceed with the study changes. IntelGenx, in consultation with its statistical consultant, Cogstate Ltd., determined that adjusting the p-value (which determines whether a drug eﬀect exists) to p<0.1 will provide a basis for determining the extent to which eﬀect sizes (the size of the drug eﬀect) of 0.6 or greater (0.5 to <0.8 are considered 'medium' effect sizes, while 0.8 or greater are considered 'large' effect sizes1) are statistically significant. On November 14, 2023, we announced that the Swedish Medical Products Agency ("MPA"), the Swedish Ethical Review Authority, and the Regional Biobank Centre have approved the planned clinical study to investigate the use of IntelGenx's Montelukast VersaFilm® for the treatment of PD. Our Psychedelic Programs: INT0053/2020. On August 20, 2020 we entered into a feasibility agreement with atai to develop pharmaceutical-grade polymeric ﬁlm-based psychedelics. On October 13, 2022, we provided an update on our collaboration with atai. Pursuant to the feasibility agreement, IntelGenx conducted pre- development, formulation development work and clinical supply manufacturing to provide a product prototype to atai for further clinical investigation. That previously undisclosed candidate, buccal VLS-01, is a buccal film containing a synthetic form of N,N-dimethyltryptamine. atai is developing the product as a novel therapy for treatment-resistant depression ("TRD") in combination with atai's digital therapeutic designed to provide contextual "(mind)set-and- setting" support to patients prior to dosing. On March 4, 2024, Atai announced that the ﬁrst healthy participant has been dosed in the Phase 1b trial of VLS-01, an oral transmucosal ﬁlm ("OTF") formulation of N,N-dimethyltryptamine ("DMT"). The Phase 1b study is designed to evaluate the relative safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of an optimized OTF formulation of VLS-01, compared to intravenous (IV) DMT. This single center, open label study is anticipated to enroll a total of 16 healthy participants. Participants will initially receive a single dose of IV DMT followed by 3 diﬀerent doses of VLS-01, with a 28-day washout window between administrations. Top-line results for the Phase 1b study are expected in the second half of this year. INT0054/2020. On May 12, 2021, we entered into a second feasibility agreement with atai for the development of novel formulations of Salvinorin A, a naturally occurring psychedelic compound being developed for the treatment of TRD and other indications. This program is discontinued. 12 Our Animal Health Programs: INT0048/2020 VetaFilm: On January 9, 2020 we entered the animal health market by signing a feasibility agreement for its VetaFilm™ platform. We have performed all of our obligations under such agreement and the successfully developed high loading VetaFilm which was sent for evaluation by our partner. Based on the successful feasibility study, we are advancing the product development with the partner. On February 8, 2021, we announced that we had ﬁled a new provisional patent application at the United States Patent and Trademark Oﬃce ("USPTO") entitled "High Loading Oral Film Formulation". The patent application covers the incorporation of high concentrations of active ingredients in products based on IntelGenx's VetaFilm™ proprietary veterinary oral ﬁlm technology. This higher loading capability enables a formulation with a ratio of active-to-polymer of 1-to-1, thereby pushing the limit of the film capabilities and distinguishing it from known oral film technology. On December 18, 2023, we announced that we entered into development and license agreements with a wholly-owned subsidiary of Covenant Animal Health Partners, LLC ("Covenant Animal Health"). Under the terms of the development agreement, Covenant Animal Health will fund development and manufacturing of a VetaFilm®-based drug (the "Product"). The license agreement will give Covenant Animal Health exclusive rights to exploit the Product in the ﬁeld for non-human applications. In return, IntelGenx will receive royalties on worldwide net sales of the Product. IntelGenx will manufacture the Product on a worldwide basis for clinical development, and the parties anticipate entering into a subsequent commercial supply agreement, pursuant to which IntelGenx will supply the Product to Covenant Animal Health. On February 5, 2024, we announced positive results from a proof-of-concept ("POC") study to assess the palatability, owner-perceived acceptability, and ease of repeated administration of IntelGenx's VetaFilm® platform in healthy dogs and cats. The POC study was conducted through a research collaboration with the University Prince Edward Island ("UPEI"), one of North America's leading veterinary universities. The reliable administration of medications to dogs and cats is a concern for many owners and veterinarians. There are few prescribed medications that dogs and cats will eagerly accept. Forced administration of capsules, tablets and liquids may be stressful for both the pet and its owner(s). Additionally, many owners report that medicating their pet becomes more diﬃcult with each dose, often leading to decreased owner compliance, missed doses and potentially treatment failures. IntelGenx's VetaFilm®-based fast dissolving oral ﬁlms ("VetaFilm® FDOFs") present a new and potentially superior way to medicate companion animals. The research collaboration with UPEI evaluated: (1) the acceptance rate of various VetaFilm® placebo formulations in dogs and cats at ﬁrst exposure; (2) preference between flavours of VetaFilm® placebo formulations in dogs and cats; (3) changes in acceptance rates over longer periods; and (4), owner perception of ease of administration, acceptance and other behaviors associated with VetaFilm® placebo formulations. Key findings included: • The VetaFilm® FDOFs were well accepted and well tolerated by both dogs and cats; • Repeated dosing (twice a day for one week) showed high continued acceptance rates in both species with little or no eﬀect of time on the continued acceptance of the VetaFilm® FDOFs; • Overall, 100% of dog owners and 67% of cat owners felt that administration of the VetaFilm® FDOFs was "very easy" or "easy"; and • 95% of dog owners and 82% of cat owners identified VetaFilm® FDOFs as the preferred method of medication administration. Other Programs: INT0027/2011: We developed this oral ﬁlm product based on our VersaFilm™ technology under a co-development and commercialization agreement with Par (now an operating company of Endo). The product is a generic formulation of a commercial buprenorphine and naloxone-containing sublingual film for the treatment of opioid dependence. With Par, we developed a bioequivalent film formulation, scaled-up to a commercial manufacturing process and manufactured and tested pivotal batches during a subsequent pivotal clinical study. Par filed an ANDA with the FDA in July 2013. 13 On August 2013, we were notiﬁed that, in response to the ﬁling of the ANDA, we were named as a co-defendant in a lawsuit under Paragraph IV of the Hatch-Waxman Act ﬁled by Reckitt Benckiser Pharmaceuticals ("Reckitt") and Monosol RX ("Monosol") in the United States District Court for the District of Delaware (the "Delaware Court") alleging infringement of United States Patent Nos. 8,475,832, 8,603,514 and 8,017,150, each of which relate to Suboxone®. We believe the ANDA product does not infringe those or any other patents. Under the terms of the co-development and commercialization agreement, Par was ﬁnancially responsible for the costs of the defense. In June 2016, the Delaware Court ruled that our product is not infringing on two out of the three patents. Subsequently, both parties filed appeals. On December 2014, Reckitt and Monosol ﬁled another lawsuit for patent infringement in the Delaware Court relating to the Suboxone ® ANDA product. We were named as a co-defendant in this action alleging patent infringement of United States Patent Nos. 8,900,497 ("the '497 patent") and 8,906,277 ("the '277 patent"), each of which related to a process for making a uniform oral ﬁlm (the "process patents"). The trial on the process patents was held in November 2016. On May 14, 2018, the Company, Par, Indivior, Inc., Indivior UK Limited, and Aquestive (previously Monosol RX) settled all patent litigation related to Suboxone® ﬁlm. The settlement agreement permitted Par to begin selling a generic version of Suboxone® ﬁlm on January 1, 2023. The project is presently on hold. INT0036/2013: This oral ﬁlm product is based on our proprietary oral ﬁlm technology VersaFilm™. Loxapine is indicated for the treatment of anxiety and aggression in patients suﬀering from schizophrenia or bipolar 1 disorder. Using our VersaFilm™ technology allows an improved product to oﬀer patients signiﬁcant therapeutic beneﬁts compared to existing medications. We expect to eﬀectively treat acute agitation associated with schizophrenia or bipolar 1 disorder in non-institutionalized patients while reducing the risk of pulmonary problems. Our product oﬀers an important therapeutic beneﬁt to these patients, as it could substantially reduce the potential risks of violence and injury to patients and others by preventing or reducing the duration and severity of an episode of acute agitation. Our ﬁrst clinical study on this product, completed in the fourth quarter of 2014, suggested improved bioavailability compared to the currently approved tablet. In late 2015, we completed a second pilot clinical study which demonstrated that buccal absorption of the drug from the Loxapine oral ﬁlm results in a signiﬁcantly higher bioavailability of the drug compared to oral tablets. We were working to optimize the ﬁlm to further improve the time to reach peak plasma concentrations, however, due to the prioritization of our project line, we directed resources to other projects, leading to a temporary hold of the optimization work during 2019. This project is currently on hold. On February 21, 2023, IntelGenx announced that the USPTO granted a Notice of Allowance for U.S. Patent Application 16/053,383, entitled "Loxapine Film Oral Dosage Form". This ﬁlm formulation patent covers Loxapine oral ﬁlm formulations designed for use in patients with anxiety and agitation associated with schizophrenia and bipolar 1 disorder, and is intended to protect IntelGenx Loxapine VersaFilm® product. INT0010/2006: This product is based on our proprietary AdVersa ® technology and has been transferred to Tetra BioPharma. We initially entered into an agreement with Cynapsus Therapeutics Inc. (formerly Cannasat Therapeutics Inc., "Cynapsus") for the development of a buccal muco-adhesive tablet product containing a cannabinoid-based drug for the treatment of neuropathic pain and nausea in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. In 2009, we completed a clinical biostudy on this product. The study results indicated improved bioavailability and reduced ﬁrst-pass metabolization of the drug. In the fourth quarter of 2010, we acquired full control of, and interest in, this project from Cynapsus going forward. We also obtained worldwide rights to United States Patent 7,592,328 and all corresponding foreign patents and patent applications to exclusively develop and further secure intellectual property protection for this project. On October 21, 2020, we entered into an amended and restated licensing agreement with Tetra Bio-Pharma under which Tetra purchased the worldwide Adversa® technology rights as it relates to its PPP-002 (Dronabinol) drug product candidate for three undisclosed milestone payments: 45% to be paid on November 15, 2020; 45% to be paid on March 1, 2021, and a ﬁnal payment of 10% upon successful technology transfer. In addition, Tetra will pay us a royalty on future net sales of Dronabinol mucoadhesive tablets. 14 The current status of each of our products as of the date of this Annual Report is summarized in the table below. Product INT0008/2008 INT0046/2018 and INT0055/2021 INT0007/2006 INT0039/2013 INT0027/2011 INT0043/2015 INT0010/2006 INT0036/2013 INT0048/2020 INT0053/2020 Growth Strategy Indication Migraine Adult Use Erectile dysfunction Pain Opioid addiction Alzheimer / Parkinsons Status of Development Launched in Spain and Launch preparation for US market Launched Canada Working on response to Aquestive's CRL Pending FDA approval Currently on hold BUENA Study enrollment completed and data under analysis. PD study approved by MPA, enrollment in preparation Treatment of neuropathic pain and nausea in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy Transferred to TetraBio Schizophrenia or bipolar 1 disorder Animal Health Treatment resistant depression (TRD) Currently on hold Clinical Study Clinical Study Our primary growth strategy is based on providing CDMO services to the pharmaceutical industry. We have established a state-of-the-art manufacturing facility for the future manufacture of our VersaFilm™ and VetaFilm™ products. We believe that this (1) represents a proﬁtable business opportunity, (2) will reduce our dependency upon third-party contract manufacturers, thereby protecting our manufacturing process know-how and intellectual property, and (3) allows us to oﬀer our development partners a full service from product conception through to supply of the finished product. With our current manufacturing equipment, we are only able to manufacture products that do not contain ﬂammable organic solvents. We initiated a project to expand the existing manufacturing facility, the timing of which will be dictated in part by the completion of agreements with our commercial partners. This expansion became necessary following requests by commercial partners to increase manufacturing capacity and provide solvent ﬁlm manufacturing capabilities. The new facility should create a ﬁvefold increase of our production capacity in addition to oﬀering a one-stop shopping opportunity to our partners and provide better protection of our Intellectual Property. Product Opportunities that provide Tangible Patient Benefits We oﬀer our services to develop oral ﬁlm products leveraging our VersaFilm™ technology that provide tangible patient beneﬁts versus existing drug delivery forms. Patients with difficulties swallowing medication, pediatrics or geriatrics may benefit from oral films due to the ease of use. Similarly, we are working on oral ﬁlms to improve bio-availability and/or response time versus existing drugs and thereby reducing side eﬀects. We have also identiﬁed the Animal Health sector, particularly the companion animal segment, as an area where our proprietary oral ﬁlm technology can signiﬁcantly improve the administration of medication to animals. Development of New Drug Delivery Technologies The rapidly disintegrating film technology contained in our VersaFilm™ is an example of our efforts to develop alternate technology platforms. As we work with various partners on different products, we seek opportunities to develop new proprietary technologies. 15 Competition The pharmaceutical industry is highly competitive and is subject to the rapid emergence of new technologies, governmental regulations, healthcare legislation, availability of ﬁnancing, patent litigation and other factors. Many of our competitors, including Aquestive (formerly Monosol Rx), Tesa-Labtec GmbH, Collegium Pharmaceutical Inc. (formerly BioDelivery Sciences International, Inc.) and LTS Lohmann Therapy Systems Corp., have longer operating histories and greater ﬁnancial, technical, marketing, legal and other resources than we have. In addition, many of our competitors have signiﬁcantly greater experience than we have in conducting clinical trials of pharmaceutical products, obtaining FDA and other regulatory approvals of products, and marketing and selling products that have been approved. We expect that we will be subject to competition from numerous other companies that currently operate or are planning to enter the markets in which we compete. The key factors affecting the development and commercialization of our drug delivery products are likely to include, among other factors: the regulatory requirements; the safety and efficacy of our products; the relative speed with which we can develop products; generic competition for any product that we develop; our ability to defend our existing intellectual property and to broaden our intellectual property and technology base; our ability to differentiate our products; our ability to develop products that can be manufactured on a cost effective basis; our ability to manufacture our products in compliance with cGMP and any other regulatory requirements; and our ability to obtain financing. In order to establish ourselves as a viable full service CDMO partner, we plan to continue to invest in our R&D activities, analytical testing and in our manufacturing technology expertise, in order to further strengthen our technology base and to develop the ability to manufacture products based on our drug delivery technologies at competitive costs. Our Competitive Strengths We believe that our key competitive strengths include: our comprehensive service portfolio; our ability to swiftly develop products through to regulatory approval; the versatility of our drug delivery technologies, and our highly qualified, dedicated professional team. Dependence on Major Customers We currently rely on a few major customers for our end products. We also currently depend upon a limited number of partners to develop our products, to provide funding for the development of our products, to assist in obtaining regulatory approvals that are required in order to commercialize these products, and to market and sell our products. 16 Intellectual Property and Patent Protection We protect our intellectual property and technology by using the following methods: (i) applying for patent protection in the United States and in the appropriate foreign markets, (ii) non-disclosure agreements, license agreements and appropriate contractual restrictions and controls on the distribution of information, and (iii) trade secrets, common law trademark rights and trademark registrations. We plan to ﬁle core technology patents covering the use of our platform technologies in any pharmaceutical products. We have obtained 39 patents and have 43 published pending patent applications, as described below. The patents expire 20 years after submission of the initial application. In the United States, the term of a patent sometimes extends over the 20-year period. The initial term of 20 years is extended by a period (the "patent term adjustment") determined by the USPTO according to delays in the prosecution of the patent application that are not applicant delays. Our patent portfolio is dynamic in nature and constantly under review to assess the business priorities, as such any of the currently pending application and issued patent may be abandoned if the expense of pursuing prosecution or maintaining the patent or application active is no longer warranted by our business targets. Patent No. US 7,674,479 Title Subject Date issued/Expiration Sustained-release bupropion and bupropion / mecamylamine tablets Formulation and method of making tablets containing bupropion and mecamylamine Issued March 9, 2010 Expires July 25, 2027 US 8,691,272 Multilayer tablet Formulation of multilayered tablets Issued April 8, 2014 Expires January 28, 2033 US 8,703,191 Controlled release pharmaceutical tablets Formulation of tablets containing bupropion and mecamylamine Issued April 22, 2014 Expires January 10, 2032 US 8,735,374 Oral mucoadhesive dosage form Direct compression formulation for buccal and sublingual dosage forms Issued May 27, 2014 Expires April 15, 2032 South Africa 2016/00785 US 9,301,948 Immediately wet oral films dosage forms have no surfactant and a polyhydric alcohol Formulation of oral films containing active pharmaceutical ingredients Filed January 24,2017 Expires July 30, 2034 Instantly wettable oral film dosage form without surfactant or polyalcohol Formulation of oral films containing active pharmaceutical ingredients Issued April 5, 2016 Expires July 30, 2033 US 9,668,970 US 9,717,682 US 9,949,934 Film Dosage Form with Extended Release Mucoadhesive Particles Film containing mucoadhesive particle Issued June 6, 2017 Expires November 26, 2034 Solid Oral Film Dosage Forms and Methods for Making Same Optimization of film strip technology Issued August 1, 2017 Expires September 21, 2031 Device and method of treating conditions associated with neuroinflammation Formulation of oral films containing montelukast Issued April 24, 2018 Expires October 20, 2036 US 10,272,038 Film dosage form with extended release mucoadhesive particles Film containing mucoadhesive particle Issued April 30, 2019 Expires November 26, 2034 17 US 10,610,528 US 10,722,476 Solid oral film dosage forms and methods for making same Formulation of oral films containing tadalafil Issued April 7, 2020 Expires June 28, 2031 Device and method of treating conditions associated with neuroinflammation Formulation of oral films containing montelukast Issued July 28, 2020 Expires October 20, 2036 US 10,828,254 Oral film formulation for modulating absorption profile Formulation of oral films containing tadalafil Issued November 10, 2020 Expired September 28, 2038 CA 2,998,223 Loxapine film oral dosage form Formulation of oral films containing loxapine Issued October 9, 2018 Expires January 25, 2037 CL 61.052 JP 6,482,552 MX 366,595 CN 105530921 Germany 602014034391.0 Belgium 3027179 Switzerland 3027179 Instantly wettable oral film dosage form without surfactant or polyalcohol Formulation of oral films containing active pharmaceutical ingredients Issued October 13, 2020 Expires July 30, 2034 Instantly wettable oral film dosage form without surfactant or polyalcohol Formulation of oral films containing active pharmaceutical ingredients Issued February 22, 2019 Expires July 30, 2034 Instantly wettable oral film dosage form without surfactant or polyalcohol Formulation of oral films containing active pharmaceutical ingredients Issued July 15, 2019 Expires July 30, 2034 Instantly wettable oral film dosage form without surfactant or polyalcohol Instantly wettable oral film dosage form without surfactant or polyalcohol Formulation of oral films containing active pharmaceutical ingredients Issued February 26, 2021 Expires July 30, 2034 Formulation of oral films containing active pharmaceutical ingredients Issued October 17, 2018 Expires July 30, 2034 Instantly wettable oral film dosage form without surfactant or polyalcohol Formulation of oral films containing active pharmaceutical ingredients Issued October 17, 2018 Expires July 30, 2034 Instantly wettable oral film dosage form without surfactant or polyalcohol Formulation of oral films containing active pharmaceutical ingredients Issued February 26, 2021 Expires July 30, 2034 18 Denmark 3027179 Spain 3027179 Finland 3027179 France 3027179 UK 3027179 Greece 3027179 Instantly wettable oral film dosage form without surfactant or polyalcohol Formulation of oral films containing active pharmaceutical ingredients Issued February 11, 2019 Expires July 30, 2034 Instantly wettable oral film dosage form without surfactant or polyalcohol Formulation of oral films containing active pharmaceutical ingredients Issued October 17, 2018 Expires July 30, 2034 Instantly wettable oral film dosage form without surfactant or polyalcohol Formulation of oral films containing active pharmaceutical ingredients Issued October 17, 2018 Expires July 30, 2034 Instantly wettable oral film dosage form without surfactant or polyalcohol Formulation of oral films containing active pharmaceutical ingredients Issued October 17, 2018 Expires July 30, 2034 Instantly wettable oral film dosage form without surfactant or polyalcohol Formulation of oral films containing active pharmaceutical ingredients Issued October 17, 2018 Expires July 30, 2034 Instantly wettable oral film dosage form without surfactant or polyalcohol Formulation of oral films containing active pharmaceutical ingredients Issued October 17, 2018 Expires July 30, 2034 Italy 502019000003967 Instantly wettable oral film dosage form without surfactant or polyalcohol Formulation of oral films containing active pharmaceutical ingredients Issued October 17, 2018 Expires July 30, 2034 Netherlands 3027179 Norway NO/EP3027179 Sweden 3027179 Instantly wettable oral film dosage form without surfactant or polyalcohol Formulation of oral films containing active pharmaceutical ingredients Issued October 17, 2018 Expires July 30, 2034 Instantly wettable oral film dosage form without surfactant or polyalcohol Formulation of oral films containing active pharmaceutical ingredients Issued October 17, 2018 Expires July 30, 2034 Instantly wettable oral film dosage form without surfactant or polyalcohol Formulation of oral films containing active pharmaceutical ingredients Issued October 17, 2018 Expires July 30, 2034 US 11,033,493 Film dosage form with extended release mucoadhesive particles Film containing mucoadhesive particle Issued June 15, 2021 Expires November 26, 2038 19 CA 2998218 KR102272442 US 11,471,406 Device and method of treating conditions associated with neuroinflammation Formulation of oral films containing montelukast Issued June 15, 2021 Expires October 17, 2037 Instantly wettable oral film dosage form without surfactant or polyalcohol Formulation of oral films containing active pharmaceutical ingredients Issued June 28, 2021 Expires July 30, 2034 Oral film formulation for modulating absorption profile Formulation of oral films containing hydroxyethyl cellulose Issued October 18, 2022 Expires November 11, 2038 BR112016002074-0 Instantly wettable oral film dosage form without surfactant or polyalcohol Formulation of oral films containing active pharmaceutical ingredients Issued January 24, 2023 Expires July 30, 2034 US 11,602,504 Lipophilic active oral film formulation and method of making the same Film containing lipophilic actives Issued March 14, 2023 Expires April 15, 2039 US 11,648,212 Loxapine film oral dosage form Formulation of oral films containing loxapine Issued May 16, 2023 Expires October 12, 2037 EP 3528796 Method of treating conditions associated with neuroinflammation Formulation of oral films containing montelukast Issued February 7, 2023 Expires October 16, 2037 Patent Application No. Title Subject Date Filed Chinese Appl. 201780062591.7 Chinese Appl. 201880016281.6 The device and method for treating illness relevant to neuroinflammation Formulation of oral films containing montelukast Filed October 17, 2017 The treatment method and device of the bioavailability of improved leukotriene receptor antagonists Formulation of oral films containing montelukast Filed March 29, 2018 Mexican Appl. MX2018010755 Montelukast transmucosal film Formulation of oral films containing montelukast Filed March 1, 2017 Mexican Appl. MX/A/2018/009306 Mexican Appl. MX/A/2019/004096 Canadian Appl. CA3,017,264 Canadian Appl. CA3,017,526 Canadian Appl. CA3,056,944 Canadian Appl. CA 3,062,704 EP Appl. 18798869.6 Canadian Appl. CA 3,061,086 Canadian Appl. CA 3,122,192 20 Loxopine film oral dosage form Formulation of oral films containing loxapine Filed January 25, 2017 Device and method of treating conditions associated with neuroinflammation Formulation of oral films containing montelukast Filed October 17, 2017 Montelukast transmucosal film Formulation of oral films containing montelukast Filed March 1, 2017 Method of treatment and device for the improved bioavailability of leukotriene receptor antagonists Formulation of oral films containing montelukast Filed September 14, 2018 Method of treatment and device for the improved bioavailability of leukotriene receptor antagonists Formulation of oral films containing montelukast Filed March 29, 2018 Film dosage form with extended release mucoadhesive particles Film containing mucoadhesive particle Filed May 8, 2018 Film dosage form with extended release mucoadhesive particles Film containing mucoadhesive particle Filed May 8, 2018 Lipophilic active oral film formulation and method of making the same Film containing lipophilic actives Filed November 6, 2019 Device and method of treating conditions associated with neuroinflammation Formulation of oral films containing montelukast Filed October 17, 2017 US Appl. 16/391,430 Film Dosage Forms Containing Amorphous Active Agents Film containing amorphous agent Filed April 23, 2019 EP Appl. 19859079 Method of treatment and device for the improved bio availability of montelukast, a leukotriene receptor antagonist Formulation of oral films containing montelukast Filed September 12, 2019 Canadian Appl. CA 3,118,594 Lipophilic active oral film formulation and method of making the same Formulation of oral films containing lipophilic actives Filed November 4, 2019 EP Appl. 19883191.9 US Appl. 17/291,582 US Appl. 17/346,874 Australia Appl. 2019374172 Canadian Appl. CA 3,150,213 21 Lipophile aktive orale filmformulierung und verfahren zu ihrer herstellung Formulation of oral films containing lipophilic actives Filed November 4, 2019 Lipophilic active oral film formulation and method of making the same Formulation of oral films containing lipophilic actives Filed November 4, 2019 Film dosage form with extended release mucoadhesive particles Film containing mucoadhesive particles Filed June 14, 2021 Lipophilic active oral film formulation and method of making the same Formulation of oral films containing lipophilic actives Filed November 4, 2019 Method of treatment and device for the improved bio availability of montelukast, a leukotriene receptor antagonist Formulation of oral films containing montelukast Filed September 12, 2019 Mexican Appl. MX2021005292 Lipophilic active oral film formulation and method of making the same Formulation of oral films containing lipophilic actives Filed November 4, 2019 PCT/CA2022/050171 High loading oral film formulation Formulation of oral films containing a high amount of actives Filed February 7, 2022 PCT/CA2022/050212 Novel tryptamine oral film formulation Formulation of oral films containing tryptamine Filed February 14, 2022 US Appl. US 17/842,372 US Appl. US 17/732,456 US Appl. US 17/729,442 Stable Tryptamine Oral Films Formulation of oral films containing tryptamine Filed June 16, 2022 Method Of Treatment And Device For The Improved Bioavailability Of Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists Formulation of oral films containing montelukast Filed April 28, 2022 Method Of Treatment And Device For The Improved Bioavailability Of Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists Formulation of oral films containing montelukast Filed April 26, 2022 22 New Zealand Appl. NZ 775442 Lipophilic active oral film formulation and method of making the same Formulation of oral films containing lipophilic actives Filed November 4, 2019 Australia Appl. 2022217673 High loading oral film formulation Formulation of oral films for high loading Filed February 7, 2022 Brazil Appl. BR112023015504-5 High loading oral film formulation Formulation of oral films for high loading Filed February 7, 2022 Canadian Appl. 3,207,185 Chinese Appl. 202280013364.6 High loading oral film formulation Formulation of oral films for high loading Filed February 7, 2022 High loading oral film formulation Formulation of oral films for high loading Filed February 7, 2022 Israel Appl. 304928 High loading oral film formulation Formulation of oral films for high loading Filed February 7, 2022 Japan Appl. 2023-547033 High loading oral film formulation Formulation of oral films for high loading Filed February 7, 2022 Mexico Appl. MX/a/2023/009141 High loading oral film formulation Formulation of oral films for high loading Filed February 7, 2022 New Zealand Appl. 802249 High loading oral film formulation Formulation of oral films for high loading Filed February 7, 2022 South Korea Appl. 10-2023-7028927 High loading oral film formulation Formulation of oral films for high loading Filed February 7, 2022 EPO Appl. 22748777.4 High loading oral film formulation Formulation of oral films for high loading Filed February 7, 2022 23 US Appl. 17/952,300 Oral film formulation for modulating absorption profile Formulation of oral films containing tadalafil Filed September 25, 2022 US Appl. 18/098,683 US Appl. 18/110,879 US Appl. 18/125,800 US Appl. 18/208,177 Oral films with flavor entrapment Formulation of oral films with flavor technology Filed January 18, 2022 Lipophilic active oral film formulation and method of making the same Formulation of oral films containing lipophilic actives Filed February 16, 2023 Method of preparing loxapine film oral dosage form Methods for loxapine oral films Filed March 24, 2023 Novel disintegrating oral film formulation with a controlled or sustained active release Formulation of oral films for sustained active release Filed June 9, 2023 PCT/CA2023/051069 High loading oral film formulation with improved bioavailability Improvements on formulation of oral films for high loading Filed August 10, 2023 Government Regulation The pharmaceutical industry is highly regulated. The products we participate in developing require certain regulatory approvals. In the United States, drugs are subject to rigorous regulation by the FDA. The FDCA, and other federal and state statutes and regulations, govern, among other things, the research, development, testing, manufacture, storage, record keeping, packaging, labeling, adverse event reporting, advertising, promotion, marketing, distribution, and import and export of pharmaceutical products. Failure to comply with applicable regulatory requirements may subject a company to a variety of administrative or judicially-imposed sanctions and/or the inability to obtain or maintain required approvals or to market drugs. The steps ordinarily required before a new pharmaceutical product may be marketed in the United States include: preclinical laboratory tests, animal studies and formulation studies under FDA's good laboratory practices regulations, ("GLPs"); the submission to the FDA of an investigational new drug application, which must become effective before human clinical trials may begin; the completion of adequate and well-controlled clinical trials according to good clinical practice regulations,("GCPs"), to establish the safety and efficacy of the product for each indication for which approval is sought; after successful completion of the required clinical testing, submission to the FDA of an NDA, or an ANDA, for generic drugs. In certain cases, an application for marketing approval may include information regarding safety and eﬃcacy of a proposed drug that comes from studies not conducted by or for the applicant. Such applications, known as a Section 505(b)(2) NDA, are permitted for new drug products that incorporate previously approved active ingredients, even if the proposed new drug incorporates an approved active ingredient in a novel formulation or for a new indication; 24 satisfactory completion of an FDA pre-approval inspection of the manufacturing facility or facilities at which the product is to be produced, to assess compliance with cGMPs to assure that the facilities, methods and controls are adequate to preserve the drug's identity, strength, quality and purity; and FDA review and approval of the NDA or ANDA. The cost of complying with the foregoing requirements, including preparing and submitting an NDA or ANDA, may be substantial. Accordingly, we typically rely upon our partners in the pharmaceutical industry to spearhead and bear the costs of the FDA approval process. We also seek to mitigate regulatory costs by focusing on Section 505(b)(2) NDA opportunities. By applying our drug delivery technology to existing drugs, we seek to develop products with lower R&D expenses and shorter time-to-market timelines as compared to regular NDA products. The preclinical and clinical testing and approval process takes many years and the actual time required to obtain approval, if any, may vary substantially based upon the type, complexity and novelty of the product or disease. Preclinical tests include laboratory evaluation of product chemistry, formulation and toxicity, as well as animal studies to assess the characteristics and potential safety and eﬃcacy of the product. The conduct of the preclinical tests must comply with federal regulations and requirements, including GLPs. The results of preclinical testing are submitted to the FDA as part of an Investigational New Drug ("IND") application along with other information, including information about product chemistry, manufacturing and controls and a proposed clinical trial protocol. Long-term preclinical tests, such as animal tests of reproductive toxicity and carcinogenicity, may continue after the IND application is submitted. The IND application automatically becomes eﬀective 30 days after receipt by the FDA, unless the FDA, within the 30-day time period, raises concerns or questions relating to one or more proposed clinical trials and places the clinical trial on a clinical hold, including concerns that human research subjects will be exposed to unreasonable health risks. In such a case, the IND sponsor and the FDA must resolve any outstanding concerns before the clinical trial can begin. A separate submission to an existing IND application must also be made for each successive clinical trial conducted during product development. Further, an independent institutional review board ("IRB"), covering each site proposing to conduct the clinical trial must review and approve the plan for any clinical trial and informed consent information for subjects before the trial commences at that site and it must monitor the study until completed. The FDA, the IRB, or the sponsor may suspend a clinical trial at any time on various grounds, including a ﬁnding that the subjects or patients are being exposed to an unacceptable health risk or for failure to comply with the IRB's requirements, or may impose other conditions. Clinical trials involve the administration of the investigational new drug to healthy volunteers or patients under the supervision of a qualiﬁed investigator in accordance with GCP requirements, which includes the requirement that all research subjects provide their informed consent in writing for their participation in any clinical trial. Sponsors of clinical trials generally must register and report, at the NIH-maintained website ClinicalTrials.gov, key parameters of certain clinical trials. For purposes of an NDA submission and approval, human clinical trials are typically conducted in the following sequential phases, which may overlap or be combined: In Phase 1, through the initial introduction of the drug into healthy human subjects or patients, the drug is tested to assess metabolism, pharmacokinetics, pharmacological actions, side effects associated with increasing doses, and, if possible, early evidence on effectiveness. Phase 2 usually involves trials in a limited patient population to determine the eﬀectiveness of the drug for a particular indication, dosage tolerance and optimum dosage, and to identify common adverse effects and safety risks. Phase 3 trials are undertaken to obtain the additional information about clinical eﬃcacy and safety in a larger number of patients, typically at geographically dispersed clinical trial sites, to permit the FDA to evaluate the overall beneﬁt-risk relationship of the drug and to provide adequate information for the labeling of the drug. In most cases, the FDA requires two adequate and well controlled Phase 3 clinical trials to demonstrate the eﬃcacy of the drug. A single Phase 3 trial with other conﬁrmatory evidence may be suﬃcient in rare instances where the study is a large multicenter trial demonstrating internal consistency and a statistically persuasive finding of a clinically meaningful effect on mortality, irreversible morbidity or prevention of a disease with a potentially serious outcome and confirmation of the result in a second trial would be practically or ethically impossible. After completion of the required clinical testing, an NDA is prepared and submitted to the FDA. FDA approval of the NDA is required before marketing of the product may begin in the United States. The NDA must include the results of all preclinical, clinical and other testing and a compilation of data relating to the product's pharmacology, chemistry, manufacture and controls. Under federal law, the submission of most NDAs is subject to a substantial application user fee, and applicant under an approved NDA is also subject to an annual program fee for each prescription drug product, which beginning in Fiscal Year 2018 replaced the product and establishment fees. 25 The FDA has 60 days from its receipt of an NDA to determine whether the application will be accepted for ﬁling based on the agency's threshold determination that it is suﬃciently complete to permit substantive review. The FDA may request additional information rather than accept an NDA for ﬁling. In this event, the NDA must be resubmitted with the additional information and is subject to payment of additional user fees. The resubmitted application is also subject to review before the FDA accepts it for ﬁling. Once the submission is accepted for ﬁling, the FDA begins an in-depth substantive review. Under the Prescription Drug User Fee Act, the FDA has agreed to certain performance goals in the review of NDAs through a two- tiered classiﬁcation system, Standard Review and Priority Review. Priority Review designation is given to drugs that oﬀer major advances in treatment or provide a treatment where no adequate therapy exists. The FDA endeavors to review applications subject to Standard Review within ten to twelve months, whereas the FDA's goal is to review Priority Review applications within six to eight months. The FDA may refer applications for proprietary drug products or drug products which present diﬃcult questions of safety or eﬃcacy to an advisory committee for review, evaluation and recommendation as to whether the application should be approved and under what conditions. Before approving an NDA, the FDA will typically inspect one or more clinical sites to assure compliance with GCP requirements. Additionally, the FDA will inspect the facility or the facilities at which the drug is manufactured. The FDA will not approve the product unless it determines that the manufacturing process and facilities are in compliance with cGMP requirements and are adequate to assure consistent production of the product within required specifications and the NDA contains data that provide substantial evidence that the drug is safe and effective in the indication studied. After the FDA evaluates the NDA and the manufacturing facilities and possibly conducts a sponsor inspection, it issues either an approval letter or a complete response letter. A complete response letter generally outlines the deﬁciencies in the NDA and may require substantial additional testing, or information, in order for the FDA to reconsider the application. Even with submission of this additional information, the FDA may ultimately decide that an application does not satisfy the regulatory criteria for approval. If, or when, the deﬁciencies have been addressed to the FDA's satisfaction in a resubmission of the NDA, the FDA will issue an approval letter. The review by the FDA is two months for a Class I resubmission and six months for a Class 2 resubmission. An approval letter authorizes commercial marketing of the drug with specific prescribing information for specific indications. As a condition of NDA approval, the FDA may require a REMS, or Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy, to help ensure that the beneﬁts of the drug outweigh the potential risks. If the FDA determines a REMS is necessary during review of the application, the drug sponsor must agree to the REMS plan at the time of approval. A REMS may be required to include various elements, such as a medication guide or patient package insert, a communication plan to educate healthcare providers of the drug's risks, limitations on who may prescribe or dispense the drug, or other elements to assure safe use, such as special training or certiﬁcation for prescribing or dispensing, dispensing only under certain circumstances, special monitoring and the use of patient registries. In addition, the REMS must include a timetable to periodically assess whether the REMS plan is eﬀective. The requirement for a REMS can materially affect the potential market and profitability of a drug. Moreover, product approval may require substantial post-approval testing and surveillance to monitor the drug's safety or eﬃcacy, and the FDA has the authority to prevent or limit further marketing of a product based on the results of these post-marketing programs. Once granted, product approvals may be withdrawn if compliance with regulatory standards is not maintained or problems are identified following initial marketing. Drugs may be marketed only for the approved indications and in accordance with the provisions of the approved label, and, even if the FDA approves a product, it may limit the approved indications for use for the product or impose other conditions, including labeling or distribution restrictions or other risk-management mechanisms. Further changes to some of the conditions established in an approved application, including changes in indications, labeling, or manufacturing processes or facilities, require submission and FDA approval of a new NDA or NDA supplement before the change can be implemented, which may require us to develop additional data or conduct additional preclinical studies and clinical trials. An NDA supplement for a new indication typically requires clinical data similar to that in the original application, and the FDA uses similar procedures in reviewing NDA supplements as it does in reviewing NDAs. Post-Approval Requirements 26 Ongoing adverse event reporting and submission of periodic reports are required following FDA approval of an NDA. The FDA also may require post-marketing testing, known as Phase 4 testing, REMS, and surveillance to monitor the eﬀects of an approved product, or the FDA may place conditions on an approval that could restrict the distribution or use of the product. In addition, quality control, drug manufacture, packaging, and labeling procedures must continue to conform to cGMPs and NDA speciﬁcations after approval. Drug manufacturers and certain of their subcontractors are required to register their establishments with FDA. Accordingly, manufacturers must continue to expend time, money, and training and compliance eﬀorts in the areas of production and quality control to maintain compliance with cGMPs or other applicable laws. Regulatory authorities may require remediation, withdraw product approvals or request product recalls if a company fails to comply with regulatory standards, if it encounters problems following initial marketing, or if previously unrecognized problems or new concerns are subsequently discovered. In addition, other regulatory action, including, among other things, warning letters, the seizure of products, injunctions, consent decrees placing signiﬁcant restrictions on or suspending manufacturing operations, civil penalties, and criminal prosecution may be pursued. The Hatch-Waxman Amendments ANDA Approval Process The Hatch-Waxman Amendments established abbreviated FDA approval procedures for drugs that are shown to be equivalent to drugs previously approved by the FDA through its NDA process. Approval to market and distribute these drugs is obtained by submitting an ANDA to the FDA. An ANDA is a comprehensive submission that contains, among other things, data and information pertaining to the active pharmaceutical ingredient, drug product formulation, speciﬁcations and stability of the generic drug, as well as analytical methods, manufacturing process validation data and quality control procedures. Premarket applications for generic drugs are termed abbreviated because they generally do not include preclinical and clinical data to demonstrate safety and eﬀectiveness. Instead, a generic applicant must demonstrate that its product is bioequivalent to the innovator drug. In certain situations, an applicant may obtain ANDA approval of a generic product with a strength or dosage form that diﬀers from a referenced innovator drug pursuant to the ﬁling and approval of an ANDA Suitability Petition. The FDA will approve the generic product as suitable for an ANDA application if it ﬁnds that the generic product does not raise new questions of safety and eﬀectiveness as compared to the innovator product. A product is not eligible for ANDA approval if the FDA determines that it is not equivalent to the referenced innovator drug, if it is intended for a diﬀerent use, or if it is not subject to an approved Suitability Petition. However, such a product might be approved under an NDA, with supportive data from clinical trials. Section 505(b)(2) NDAs As an alternative path to FDA approval for modiﬁcations to formulations or uses of products previously approved by the FDA, an applicant may submit an NDA under Section 505(b)(2). Section 505(b)(2) was enacted as part of the Hatch-Waxman Amendments and permits the ﬁling of an NDA where at least some of the information required for approval comes from studies not conducted by, or for, the applicant. If the Section 505(b)(2) applicant can establish that reliance on FDA's previous ﬁndings of safety and eﬀectiveness is scientiﬁcally appropriate, it may eliminate the need to conduct certain preclinical or clinical studies of the new product. The FDA may also require companies to perform additional studies or measurements, including clinical trials, to support the change from the approved branded reference drug. The FDA may then approve the new product candidate for all, or some, of the label indications for which the branded reference drug has been approved, as well as for any new indication sought by the Section 505(b)(2) applicant. Orange Book Listing In seeking approval for a drug through an NDA, including a Section 505(b)(2) NDA, applicants are required to list with the FDA certain patents with claims that cover the applicant's product. Upon approval of an NDA, each of the patents listed in the application for the drug is then published in the Orange Book. Any applicant who ﬁles an ANDA seeking approval of a generic equivalent version of a drug listed in the Orange Book or a Section 505(b) (2) NDA referencing a drug listed in the Orange Book must certify to the FDA that (i) no patent information on the drug product that is the subject of the application has been submitted to the FDA; (ii) such patent has expired; (iii) the date on which such patent expires; or (iv) such patent is invalid or will not be infringed upon by the manufacture, use or sale of the drug product for which the application is submitted. This last certiﬁcation is known as a paragraph IV certiﬁcation. A notice of the paragraph IV certiﬁcation must be provided to each owner of the patent that is the subject of the certiﬁcation and to the holder of the approved NDA to which the ANDA or Section 505(b)(2) application refers. The applicant may also elect to submit a "section viii" statement certifying that its proposed label does not contain (or carves out) any language regarding the patented method-of-use rather than certify to a listed method-of-use patent. 27 If the reference drug NDA holder and patent owners assert a patent challenge directed to one of the Orange Book listed patents within 45 days of the receipt of the paragraph IV certiﬁcation notice, the FDA is prohibited from approving the application until the earlier of 30 months from the receipt of the paragraph IV certiﬁcation, expiration of the patent, settlement of the lawsuit or a decision in the infringement case that is favorable to the applicant. The ANDA or Section 505(b)(2) application also will not be approved until any applicable non-patent exclusivity listed in the Orange Book for the branded reference drug has expired as described in further detail below. Non-Patent Exclusivity In addition to patent exclusivity, the holder of the NDA for the listed drug may be entitled to a period of non-patent related exclusivity, during which the FDA cannot review, or in some cases, approve an ANDA or Section 505(b)(2) application that relies on the listed drug. For example, a company may obtain ﬁve years of non-patent exclusivity upon NDA approval of a new chemical entity ("NCE"), which is a drug that contains an active moiety that has not been approved by the FDA in any other NDA. An "active moiety" is deﬁned as the molecule or ion responsible for the drug substance's physiological or pharmacologic action. During the ﬁve-year exclusivity period, the FDA cannot accept for ﬁling any ANDA seeking approval of a generic version of that drug or any Section 505(b)(2) NDA for the same active moiety and that relies on the FDA's ﬁndings regarding that drug, except that FDA may accept an application for filing after four years if the follow-on applicant makes a paragraph IV certification. A drug, including one approved under Section 505(b)(2), may obtain a three-year period of exclusivity for a particular condition of approval, or change to a marketed product, such as a new formulation of a previously approved product, if one or more new clinical studies (other than bioavailability or bioequivalence studies) was essential to the approval of the application and was conducted/sponsored by the applicant. Should this occur, the FDA would be precluded from approving any ANDA or Section 505(b)(2) application for the protected modiﬁcation until after that three-year exclusivity period has run. However, unlike NCE exclusivity, the FDA can accept an application and begin the review process during the exclusivity period. International Regulation In addition to regulations in the United States, we are and will be subject to a variety of foreign regulations regarding development, approval, commercial sales and distribution of our products. Whether or not we obtain FDA approval for a product, we must obtain the necessary approvals by the comparable regulatory authorities of foreign countries before we can commence clinical trials or marketing of the product in those countries. The approval process varies from country to country and can involve additional product testing and additional review periods, and the time may be longer or shorter than that required to obtain FDA approval. The requirements governing, among other things, the conduct of clinical trials, product licensing, pricing and reimbursement vary greatly from country to country. Regulatory approval in one country does not ensure regulatory approval in another, but a failure or delay in obtaining regulatory approval in one country may negatively impact the regulatory process in others. If we fail to comply with applicable foreign regulatory requirements, we may be subject to ﬁnes, suspension or withdrawal of regulatory approvals, product recalls, seizure of products, operating restrictions and criminal prosecution. In the EU, we may seek marketing authorization under either the centralized authorization procedure or national authorization procedures. Centralized procedure. The European Medicines Agency, ("EMA"), implemented the centralized procedure for the approval of human medicines to facilitate marketing authorizations that are valid throughout the EU. This procedure results in a single marketing authorization issued by the European Commission following a favorable opinion by the EMA that is valid across the European Union, as well as Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway. The centralized procedure is compulsory for human medicines that are: derived from biotechnology processes, such as genetic engineering, contain a new active substance indicated for the treatment of certain diseases, such as HIV/AIDS, cancer, diabetes, neurodegenerative disorders or autoimmune diseases and other immune dysfunctions, and oﬃcially designated orphan medicines. For medicines that do not fall within these categories, an applicant has the option of submitting an application for a centralized marketing authorization to the EMA, as long as the medicine concerned is a signiﬁcant therapeutic, scientific or technical innovation, or if its authorization would be in the interest of public health. National authorization procedures. There are also two other possible routes to authorize medicinal products in several EU countries, which are available for investigational medicinal products that fall outside the scope of the centralized procedure: the decentralized procedure and the mutual recognition procedure. Under the decentralized procedure, an applicant may apply for simultaneous authorization in more than one EU country for medicinal products that have not yet been authorized in any EU country and that do not fall within the mandatory scope of the centralized procedure. Under the mutual recognition procedure, a medicine is ﬁrst authorized in one EU Member State, in accordance with the national procedures of that country. Following a national authorization, the applicant may seek further marketing authorizations from other EU countries under a procedure whereby the countries concerned agree to recognize the validity of the original, national marketing authorization. 28 In the EU, medicinal products designated as orphan products beneﬁt from ﬁnancial incentives such as reductions in marketing authorization application fees or fee waivers and 10 years of market exclusivity following medicinal product approval. For a medicinal product to qualify as orphan: (i) it must be intended for the treatment, prevention or diagnosis of a disease that is life-threatening or chronically debilitating; (ii) the prevalence of the condition in the EU must not be more than ﬁve in 10,000 or it must be unlikely that marketing of the medicine would generate suﬃcient returns to justify the investment needed for its development; and (iii) no satisfactory method of diagnosis, prevention or treatment of the condition concerned can be authorized, or, if such a method exists, the medicine must be of significant benefit to those affected by the condition. Other Regulation We are also subject to various laws and regulations regarding laboratory practices, the experimental use of animals, and the use and disposal of hazardous or potentially hazardous substances in connection with our research. While we believe we are in compliance with applicable environmental and other regulations, in each of these areas, as above, the FDA and other government agencies have broad regulatory and enforcement powers, including, among other things, the ability to levy ﬁnes and civil penalties, suspend or delay issuance of approvals, seize or recall products, and withdraw approvals, any one or more of which could have a material adverse effect on us. Canadian Medical and Adult-Use Medical and adult-use cannabis in Canada is regulated under the federal Cannabis Act and the Cannabis Regulations ("CR") promulgated under the Cannabis Act. Both the Cannabis Act and CR came into force in October 2018, superseding earlier legislation that only permitted commercial distribution and home cultivation of medical cannabis. The following are the highlights of the current federal legislation: a federal license is required for companies to cultivate, process and sell cannabis for medical or non-medical purposes; Health Canada, federal government entity, is the oversight and regulatory body for cannabis licenses in Canada. As of December 31, 2020, Health Canada has issued approximately 570 active licenses to licensees under the CR ("Licensed Producers"); allows individuals to purchase, possess and cultivate limited amounts of cannabis for medical purposes and, for individuals over the age of 18 years, for adult-use recreational purposes; enables the provinces and territories to regulate other aspects associated with recreational adult-use. In particular, each province or territory may adopt its own laws governing the distribution, sale and consumption of cannabis and cannabis accessory products, and those laws may set lower maximum permitted quantities for individuals and higher age requirements; promotion, packaging and labelling of cannabis is strictly regulated. For example, promotion is largely restricted to the place of sale and age-gated environments (i.e., environments with veriﬁcation measures in place to restrict access to persons of legal age). Promotions that appeal to underage individuals are prohibited; since the current federal regime came into force on October 17, 2018, certain classes of cannabis, including dried cannabis and oils, have been permitted for sale into the medical and adult-use markets; following amendments to the CR that came into force on October 17, 2019 (often referred to as Cannabis 2.0 regulations); other non-combustible form-factors, including edibles, topicals, and extracts (both ingested and inhaled), are permitted in the medical and adult-use markets; export is restricted to medical cannabis, cannabis for scientific purposes, and industrial hemp; and sale of medical cannabis occurs on a direct-to-patient basis from a federally licensed provider, while sale of adult-use cannabis occurs through retail-distribution models established by provincial and territorial governments. 29 All provincial and territorial governments have, to varying degrees, enacted regulatory regimes for the distribution and sale of recreational adult- use cannabis within their jurisdiction, including minimum age requirements. The retail-distribution models for adult-use cannabis varies nationwide: Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island have adopted a government-run model for retail and distribution; Ontario, British Columbia, Alberta, and Newfoundland and Labrador have adopted a hybrid model with some aspects, including distribution and online retail being government-run while allowing for private licensed retail stores; Manitoba and Saskatchewan have adopted a private model, with privately-run retail stores and online sales, with distribution in Manitoba managed by the provincial government; and the three northern territories of Yukon, Northwest Territories and Nunavut have adopted a model that mirrors their government-run liquor distribution model. All provinces and territories have secured supply agreements from Licensed Producers for their respective markets. We are fulﬁlling adult-use supply agreements and POs from various jurisdictions, consisting of: Quebec, Ontario, British Columbia, Prince Edward Island, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Alberta, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Northwest Territories, and the Yukon. United States Regulation of Hemp Hemp products are subject to state and federal regulation in respect to the production, distribution and sale of products intended for human ingestion or topical application. Hemp is categorized as Cannabis sativa L., a subspecies of the cannabis genus. Numerous unique, chemical compounds are extractable from Hemp, including tetrahydrocannabinol ("THC") and CBD. These cannabinoids are responsible for a range of potential psychological and physiological eﬀects. Hemp, as deﬁned in the 2018 Farm Bill, is distinguishable from marijuana, which also comes from the Cannabis sativa L. subspecies, by its absence of more than trace amounts (0.3% or less) of the psychoactive compound THC. Although international standards vary, other countries, such as Canada, use the same THC potency standards to define Hemp. The 2018 Farm Bill preserves the authority and jurisdiction of the FDA, under the FD&C Act, to regulate the manufacture, marketing, and sale of food, drugs, dietary supplements, and cosmetics, including products that contain Hemp extracts and derivatives, such as CBD. As a result, the FD&C Act will continue to apply to Hemp-derived food, drugs, dietary supplements, cosmetics, and devices introduced, or prepared for introduction, into interstate commerce. As a producer and marketer of Hemp-derived products, the Company must comply with the FDA regulations applicable to manufacturing and marketing of certain products, including food, dietary supplements, and cosmetics. As a result of the 2018 Farm Bill, federal law dictates that CBD derived from Hemp is not a controlled substance; however, CBD derived from Hemp may still be considered a controlled substance under applicable state law. Individual states take varying approaches to regulating the production and sale of Hemp and Hemp-derived CBD. Some states explicitly authorize and regulate the production and sale of Hemp-derived CBD or otherwise provide legal protection for authorized individuals to engage in commercial Hemp activities, other states, however, maintain drug laws that do not distinguish between marijuana and Hemp and/or Hemp-derived CBD which results in Hemp being classiﬁed as a controlled substance under certain state laws. European Union Medical Use While each country in the EU has its own laws and regulations, many common practices are being adopted relative to the developing and growing medical cannabis market. For example, to ensure quality and safe products for patients, many EU countries only permit the import and sale of medical cannabis from GMP-certified manufacturers. The EU requires adherence to GMP standards for the manufacture of active substances and medicinal products, including cannabis products. The EU system for certiﬁcation of GMP allows a Competent Authority of any EU member state to conduct inspections of manufacturing sites and, if the strict GMP standards are met, to issue a certificate of GMP compliance that is also accepted in other EU member countries. Competitive Conditions 30 As of December 31, 2020, Health Canada has issued approximately 570 active licenses to cannabis cultivators, processors and sellers. Health Canada licenses are limited to individual properties. As such, if a Licensed Producer seeks to commence production at a new site, it must apply to Health Canada for a new license. As demand for legal cannabis increases and the number of authorized retail distribution points increases, we believe new competitors are likely to enter the Canadian cannabis market. We also expect more countries to pass regulation allowing for the use of medical and/or recreational cannabis. While expansion of the global cannabis market will provide more opportunities to grow our international business, we also expect to experience increased global competition. Psychedelic Regulatory Disclosure Canada In Canada, oversight of healthcare is divided between the federal and provincial governments. The federal government is responsible for regulating, among other things, the approval, import, sale, and marketing of controlled substances, whether natural or novel. The provincial/territorial level of government has authority over the delivery of health care services, including regulating health facilities, administering health insurance plans such as the Ontario Health Insurance Plan, distributing prescription drugs within the province, and regulating health professionals such as doctors, psychologists, psychotherapists and nurse practitioners. Regulation is generally overseen by various colleges formed for that purpose, such as the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario. Certain psychoactive compounds, such as psilocybin, are considered controlled substances under Schedule III of the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act (Canada) (the "CDSA"). The production, possession, sale and distribution of controlled substances is prohibited unless speciﬁcally permitted by the government. Notwithstanding the prohibitions on various activities with respect to controlled substances that are set out in the CDSA, there are several avenues through which one can be legally permitted to conduct otherwise-prohibited activities with controlled substances. For instance, in order to conduct certain kinds of scientific research, including pre-clinical and clinical trials, using controlled substances (including various psychoactive compounds), an exemption granted by the Minister of Health under Section 56 of the CDSA (a "Section 56 Exemption") is required. This exemption allows the person to whom the Section 56 Exemption was issued to perform the activities speciﬁed in the Section 56 Exemption in relation to the controlled substance(s) speciﬁed in the Section 56 Exemption without being subject to the corresponding restrictions set out in the CDSA. Section 56 Exemptions may be granted by the Minister of Health to individual persons or to particular classes of persons, but only for medical purposes, scientiﬁc purposes, or where it is in the public interest. Additionally, dealer's licences may be applied for and obtained pursuant to various regulations existing under the CDSA. Dealer's licences can authorize the holders thereof (also known as licensed dealers) to possess, produce, assemble, sell, provide, transport, send, deliver, import and/or export one or more controlled substances. Licensed dealers are permitted to engage in all activities that are expressly set out in their respective licences. With respect to psychedelic substances, the primary regulations pursuant to which a person may obtain the appropriate dealer's licence are Part J of the Food and Drug Regulations (Canada)-which applies to "restricted drugs" such as psilocin and psilocybin-and the Narcotic Control Regulations (Canada)-which applies to "narcotics" such as ketamine. In order to receive a dealer's licence, a party must meet all regulatory requirements mandated by the applicable regulations, including (without limitation) having suﬃciently secure facilities and other physical infrastructure, and all requisite personnel (e.g., a senior person in charge; a qualified person in charge) that possess the necessary qualifications set out under the applicable regulations. The Company currently holds a dealer's licence, as issued pursuant to the CDSA, which authorizes the Company to possess, sell, supply, send, transport and deliver various controlled substances, including, among others, 2,2'-bisnaloxone, fentanyl, N,N-dimethyltryptamine, oxycodone, pseudobuprenorphine, psilocin, psilocybin and thebaine. The Company may, from the time to time, apply for approval to perform additional activities under its dealer's licence and/or to perform such activities in relation to additional controlled substances. United States In the United States, the FDA and other federal, state, local and foreign regulatory agencies impose substantial requirements upon the clinical development, approval, labeling, manufacture, marketing and distribution of drug products. These agencies regulate, among other things, R&D activities and the testing, approval, manufacture, quality control, safety, eﬀectiveness, labeling, storage, record keeping, advertising and promotion of any prescription drug product candidates or commercial products. The regulatory approval process is generally lengthy and expensive, with no guarantee of a positive result. Moreover, failure to comply with applicable FDA or other requirements may result in civil or criminal penalties, recall or seizure of products, injunctive relief including partial or total suspension of production, or withdrawal of a product from the market. The Company's commercial partners will be responsible for ﬁling the necessary regulatory applications such as Investigational New Drug ("IND") with the FDA following the development by the Company of a prototype containing the psychedelic compound. 31 Psychoactive compounds such as psilocybin and psilocin, are strictly controlled under the federal Controlled Substances Act, 21 U.S.C. §801, et. seq. (the "CSA") as Schedule I substances. Schedule I substances by deﬁnition have no currently accepted medical use in the United States, a lack of accepted safety for use under medical supervision, and a high potential for abuse. Schedule I and II drugs are subject to the strictest controls under the CSA, including manufacturing and procurement quotas, security requirements and criteria for importation. Anyone wishing to conduct research on substances listed in Schedule I under the CSA must register with the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration ("DEA"), and obtain DEA approval of the research proposal. Please see "Research and Development - Psychedelics" for additional information concerning the regulation applicable to the process required before prescription drug product candidates may be marketed in the United States. The FDA also regulates the formulation, manufacturing, preparation, packaging, labeling, holding, and distribution of foods, drugs and dietary supplements under the FDCA and the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 ("DSHEA"). "Dietary supplements" are deﬁned as vitamins, minerals, herbs, other botanicals, amino acids and other dietary substances for human use to supplement the diet, as well as concentrates, metabolites, constituents, extracts or combinations of such dietary ingredients. Generally, under DSHEA, dietary ingredients that were on the market prior to October 15, 1994 may be used in dietary supplements without notifying the FDA. New dietary ingredients (i.e., not marketed in the U.S. prior to October 15, 1994) must be the subject of a new dietary ingredient notiﬁcation submitted to the FDA unless the ingredient has been "present in the food supply as an article used for food" without being "chemically altered." A new dietary ingredient notiﬁcation must provide the FDA with evidence of a "history of use or other evidence of safety" establishing that use of the dietary ingredient, when used under the conditions recommended or suggested in the labeling of the dietary supplement, "will reasonably be expected to be safe." A new dietary ingredient notiﬁcation must be submitted to the FDA at least 75 days before the initial marketing of the new dietary ingredient. There can be no assurance that the FDA will accept the evidence of safety for any new dietary ingredients that the Company may want to market, and the FDA's refusal to accept such evidence could prevent the marketing of such dietary ingredients. The DSHEA revised the provisions of the FDCA concerning the composition and labeling of dietary supplement ingredients and products. Under the DSHEA, dietary supplement labeling must include the statement of identity (name of the dietary supplement), the net quantity of contents statement (amount of the dietary supplement), the nutrition labeling, the ingredient list, and the name and place of business of the manufacturer, packer, or distributor. The DSHEA also states that dietary supplements may display "statements of nutritional support," provided certain requirements are met. Such statements must be submitted to the FDA within 30 days of ﬁrst use in marketing and must be accompanied by a label disclosure that "This statement has not been evaluated by the FDA. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease." Such statements may describe how a particular dietary ingredient aﬀects the structure, function or general well-being of the body, or the mechanism of action by which a dietary ingredient may aﬀect body structure, function or well-being, but may not expressly or implicitly represent that a dietary supplement will diagnose, cure, mitigate, treat, or prevent a disease. Any statement of nutritional support the Company makes in labeling must possess scientiﬁc evidence substantiating that the statement is truthful and not misleading. If the FDA were to determine that a particular statement of nutritional support was an unacceptable drug claim or an unauthorized version of a health claim about disease risk reduction for a food product, or if the FDA were to determine that a particular claim was not adequately supported by existing scientiﬁc data or was false or misleading, the Company would be prevented from using that claim. In addition, the FDA deems promotional and internet materials as labeling; therefore, the Company's promotional and internet materials must comply with FDA requirements and could be the subject of regulatory action by the FDA, or by the Federal Trade Commission (the "FTC") if that agency or other governmental authorities, reviewing the materials as advertising, considers the materials false and misleading. U.S. laws also require recordkeeping and reporting to the FDA of all serious adverse events involving dietary supplements products. The Company will need to comply with such recordkeeping and reporting requirements, and implement procedures governing adverse event identiﬁcation, investigation and reporting. As a result of reported adverse events, health and safety risks or violations of applicable laws and regulations, the Company may from time to time elect, or be required, to recall, withdraw or remove a product from a market, either temporarily or permanently. The Company's expected nutraceutical products may be considered "food" and must be labeled as such. Within the U.S., this category of products is subject to the federal Nutrition, Labeling and Education Act ("NLEA"), and regulations promulgated under the NLEA. The NLEA regulates health claims, ingredient labeling and nutrient content claims characterizing the level of a nutrient in the product. The ingredients in conventional foods must either be generally recognized as safe by experts for the purposes to which they are put in foods, or be approved as food additives under FDA regulations. If the Company's expected nutraceutical products were regulated as foods, it would be required to comply with the Federal Food Safety & Modernization Act and applicable regulations. The Company would be required to provide foreign supplier certiﬁcations evidencing the Company's compliance with FDA requirements. 32 The FDA has broad authority to enforce the provisions of the FDCA applicable to foods, drugs, dietary supplements, and cosmetics, including powers to issue a public warning letter to a company, to publicize information about illegal or harmful products, to request a recall of products from the market, and to request the United States Department of Justice to initiate a seizure action, an injunction action, or a criminal prosecution in the U. S. courts. The Company could be subject to ﬁnes and penalties, including under administrative, civil and criminal laws for violating U.S. laws and regulations, and the Company's expected nutraceutical products could be banned or subject to recall from the marketplace. The Company could also be subject to possible business and consumer claims under applicable statutory, product liability and common laws. The FTC will exercise jurisdiction over the advertising of the Company's expected nutraceutical products in the United States. The FTC has in the past instituted enforcement actions against several dietary supplement and food companies and against manufacturers of dietary supplement products, including for false and misleading advertising, label claims or product promotional claims. In addition, the FTC has increased its scrutiny of the use of testimonials, which the Company may utilize, as well as the role of endorsements and product clinical studies. The Company cannot be sure that the FTC, or comparable foreign agencies, will not question the Company's advertising, product claims, promotional materials or other operations in the future. The FTC has broad authority to enforce its laws and regulations, including the ability to institute enforcement actions that could result in recall actions, consent decrees, injunctions, and civil and criminal penalties by the companies involved. Failure to comply with the FTC's laws and regulations could impair the Company's ability to market the Company's expected nutraceutical products. The Company will also be subject to regulation under various state and local laws, ordinances and regulations that include provisions governing, among other things, the registration, formulation, manufacturing, packaging, labeling, advertising, sale and distribution of foods and dietary supplements. In addition, in the future, the Company may become subject to additional laws or regulations administered by the FDA or by other federal, state, local or foreign governmental authorities, to the repeal of laws or regulations that the Company considers favorable, or to more stringent interpretations of current laws or regulations. In the future, the Company believes that the dietary supplement industry will likely face increased scrutiny from federal, state and local governmental authorities. It is diﬃcult to predict the eﬀect future laws, regulations, repeals or interpretations will have on the Company's business. However, such changes could require the reformulation of products, recalls or discontinuance of products, additional administrative requirements, revised or additional labeling, increased scientiﬁc substantiation or other requirements. Any such changes could have a material adverse eﬀect on the Company's business or financial performance. Research and Development - Psychedelics Canada Prescription Drugs in Canada If and as permitted by applicable law, the Company intends to manufacture prescription drugs with which it is authorized to deal pursuant to its dealer's licence. The process required before a prescription drug product candidate may be marketed in Canada generally involves: Chemical and Biological Research - Laboratory tests are carried out on tissue cultures and with a variety of small animals to determine the eﬀects of the drug. If the results are promising, the manufacturer will proceed to the next step of development. Pre-Clinical Development - Animals are given the drug in varying amounts over diﬀering periods of time. If it can be shown that the drug causes no serious or unexpected harm at the doses required to have an effect, the manufacturer will proceed to clinical trials. Clinical Trials - Phase I - The ﬁrst administration in humans is to test if people can tolerate the drug. If this testing is to take place in Canada, the manufacturer must prepare a clinical trial application for the Therapeutic Products Directorate of Health Canada (the "TPD"). This includes the results of the ﬁrst two steps and a proposal for testing in humans. If the information is suﬃcient, the Health Products and Food Branch of Health Canada (the "HPFB") grants permission to start testing the drug, generally first on healthy volunteers. Clinical Trials - Phase II - Phase II trials are carried out on people with the target condition, who are usually otherwise healthy, with no other medical condition. Trials carried out in Canada must be approved by the TPD. In phase II, the objective of the trials is to continue to gather information on the safety of the drug and begin to determine its effectiveness. 33 Clinical Trials - Phase III - If the results from phase II show promise, the manufacturer provides an updated clinical trial application to the TPD for phase III trials. The objectives of phase III include determining whether the drug can be shown to be eﬀective, and have an acceptable side eﬀect proﬁle, in people who better represent the general population. Further information will also be obtained on how the drug should be used, the optimal dosage regimen and the possible side effects. New Drug Submission - If the results from phase III continue to be favourable, the drug manufacturer can submit a new drug submission ("NDS") to the TPD. A drug manufacturer can submit an NDS regardless of whether the clinical trials were carried out in Canada. The TPD reviews all the information gathered during the development of the drug and assesses the risks and beneﬁts of the drug. If it is judged that, for a speciﬁc patient population and specific conditions of use, the benefits of the drug outweigh the known risks, the HPFB will approve the drug by issuing a notice of compliance. United States The process required before a prescription drug product candidate may be marketed in the United States generally involves: completion of extensive non-clinical laboratory tests, animal studies and formulation studies, all performed in accordance with the FDA's Good Laboratory and/or Manufacturing Practice regulations; submission to the FDA of an IND, which must become effective before human clinical trials may begin; approval by an institutional review board or independent ethics committee at each clinical trial site before each trial may be initiated; for some products, performance of adequate and well-controlled human clinical trials in accordance with the FDA's regulations, including Good Clinical Practices, to establish the safety and efficacy of the prescription drug product candidate for each proposed indication; submission to the FDA of a NDA; and FDA review and approval of the NDA prior to any commercial marketing, sale or shipment of the drug. The testing and approval process requires substantial time, eﬀort and ﬁnancial resources, and the Company cannot be certain that any approvals for its prescription drug product candidates will be granted on a timely basis, if at all. Non-clinical tests include laboratory evaluations of product chemistry, formulation and stability, as well as studies to evaluate toxicity in animals and other animal studies. The results of non-clinical tests, together with manufacturing information and analytical data, are submitted as part of an IND to the FDA. Some non-clinical testing may continue even after an IND is submitted. The IND also includes one or more protocols for the initial clinical trial or trials and an investigator's brochure. An IND automatically becomes eﬀective 30 days after receipt by the FDA, unless the FDA, within the 30-day time period, raises concerns or questions relating to the proposed clinical trials as outlined in the IND and places the clinical trial on a clinical hold. In such cases, the IND sponsor and the FDA must resolve any outstanding concerns or questions before any clinical trials can begin. Clinical trial holds also may be imposed at any time before or during studies due to safety concerns or non-compliance with regulatory requirements. An IRB, at each of the clinical centers proposing to conduct the clinical trial, must review and approve the plan for any clinical trial before it commences at that center. An IRB considers, among other things, whether the risks to individuals participating in the trials are minimized and are reasonable in relation to anticipated beneﬁts. The IRB also approves the consent form signed by the trial participants and must monitor the study until completed. The FDA, the IRB, or the sponsor may suspend or discontinue a clinical trial at any time on various grounds, including a ﬁnding that the subjects are being exposed to an unacceptable health risk. There also are requirements governing the reporting of ongoing clinical trials and completed clinical trials to public registries. The Company's commercial partners may plan to seek orphan drug designation for certain indications qualiﬁed for such designation. The U.S., E.U. and other jurisdictions may grant orphan drug designation to drugs intended to treat a "rare disease or condition." Under the Orphan Drug Act, the FDA may grant orphan designation to a drug intended to treat a rare disease or condition that aﬀects fewer than 200,000 individuals in the United States, or 200,000 or more individuals in the United States and for which there is no reasonable expectation that the cost of developing and making a drug available in the United States for this type of disease or condition will be recovered from sales of the product. Orphan drug designation must be requested before submitting an NDA. If a product that has an orphan drug designation subsequently receives the ﬁrst regulatory approval for the indication for which it has such designation, the product is entitled to orphan exclusivity, meaning that the applicable regulatory authority may not approve any other applications to market the same drug for the same indication, except in very limited circumstances, for a period of seven years in the U.S. Orphan drug designation does not prevent competitors from developing or marketing diﬀerent drugs for the same indication or the same drug for diﬀerent indications. After orphan drug designation is granted, the identity of the therapeutic agent and its potential orphan use are publicly disclosed. Orphan drug designation does not convey an advantage in, or shorten the duration of, the development, review and approval process. However, this designation provides an exemption from marketing and authorization (NDA) fees. 34 The FDA oﬀers a number of regulatory mechanisms that provide expedited or accelerated approval procedures for selected drugs and indications which are designed to address unmet medical needs in the treatment of serious or life threatening diseases or conditions. These include programs such as Breakthrough Therapy designations, Fast Track designations, Priority Review and Accelerated Approval, which the Company may need to rely upon in order to receive timely approval or to be competitive. Drugs manufactured or distributed pursuant to FDA approvals are subject to continuing regulation by the FDA, including, among other things, requirements relating to recordkeeping, periodic reporting, product sampling and distribution, reporting of adverse experiences with the product, and complying with promotion and advertising requirements. The FDA may impose a number of post-approval requirements as a condition of approval of an NDA. For example, the FDA may require post-market testing, including phase IV clinical trials, and surveillance to further assess and monitor the product's safety and eﬀectiveness after commercialization. In addition, drug manufacturers and their subcontractors involved in the manufacture and distribution of approved drugs are required to register their establishments with the FDA and certain state agencies and are subject to periodic unannounced inspections by the FDA and certain state agencies for compliance with ongoing regulatory requirements, including current Good Manufacturing Practices, which impose certain procedural and documentation requirements. Failure to comply with statutory and regulatory requirements may subject a manufacturer to legal or regulatory action, such as warning letters, suspension of manufacturing, product seizures, injunctions, civil penalties or criminal prosecution. There is also a continuing, annual prescription drug product program user fee. The FDA may withdraw approval if compliance with regulatory requirements and standards is not maintained or if problems occur after the product reaches the market. Later discovery of previously unknown problems with a product, including adverse events of unanticipated severity or frequency, or with manufacturing processes, or failure to comply with regulatory requirements, may result in revisions to the approved labeling to add new safety information, requirements for post-market studies or clinical trials to assess new safety risks, or imposition of distribution or other restrictions under a risk evaluation and mitigation strategy. Controlled Substances In the United States, the possession and sale of psychedelic and hallucinogenic products are illegal under federal, state, and local laws and regulations. Many psychedelic substances, such as psilocybin, are strictly controlled under the CSA as Schedule I substances. The CSA and its implementing regulations establish a "closed system" of regulations for controlled substances. The CSA imposes registration, security, recordkeeping and reporting, storage, manufacturing, distribution, importation and other requirements under the oversight of the DEA. The DEA is responsible for regulating controlled substances, and requires those individuals or entities that manufacture, import, export, distribute, research, or dispense controlled substances to comply with the regulatory requirements in order to prevent the diversion of controlled substances to illicit channels of commerce. Facilities that research, manufacture, distribute, import or export any controlled substance must register annually with the DEA. The DEA registration is speciﬁc to the particular location, activity(ies) and controlled substance schedule(s). For example, separate registrations are needed for import and manufacturing, and each registration will specify which schedules of controlled substances are authorized. The DEA inspects all manufacturing facilities to review security, recordkeeping, reporting and handling prior to issuing a controlled substance registration. The speciﬁc security requirements vary by the type of business activity and the schedule and quantity of controlled substances handled. The most stringent requirements apply to manufacturers of Schedule I and Schedule II substances. Required security measures commonly include background checks on employees and physical control of controlled substances through storage in approved vaults, safes and cages, and through use of alarm systems and surveillance cameras. Once registered, manufacturing facilities must maintain records documenting the manufacture, receipt and distribution of all controlled substances. Manufacturers must submit periodic reports to the DEA of the distribution of Schedule I and II controlled substances, Schedule III narcotic substances, and other designated substances. Registrants must also report any controlled substance thefts or signiﬁcant losses, and must obtain authorization to destroy or dispose of controlled substances. Imports of Schedule I and II controlled substances for commercial purposes are generally restricted to substances not already available from a domestic supplier or where there is not adequate competition among domestic suppliers. In addition to an importer or exporter registration, importers and exporters must obtain a permit for every import or export of a Schedule I and II substance or Schedule III, IV and V narcotic, and submit import or export declarations for Schedule III, IV and V non-narcotics. For drugs manufactured in the United States, the DEA establishes annually an aggregate quota for the amount of substances within Schedules I and II that may be manufactured or produced in the United States based on the DEA's estimate of the quantity needed to meet legitimate medical, scientiﬁc, research and industrial needs. The quotas apply equally to the manufacturing of the active pharmaceutical ingredient and production of dosage forms. The DEA may adjust aggregate production quotas a few times per year, and individual manufacturing or procurement quotas from time to time during the year, although the DEA has substantial discretion in whether or not to make such adjustments for individual companies. 35 Individual U.S. states also establish and maintain separate controlled substance laws and regulations, including licensing, recordkeeping, security, distribution, and dispensing requirements. State authorities, including boards of pharmacy, regulate use of controlled substances in each state. Failure to maintain compliance with applicable requirements, particularly as manifested in the loss or diversion of controlled substances, can result in enforcement action that could have a material adverse eﬀect on the Company's business, operations and ﬁnancial condition. The DEA may seek civil penalties, refuse to renew necessary registrations, or initiate proceedings to revoke those registrations. In certain circumstances, violations could lead to criminal prosecution. ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS. Our business faces many risks. Any of the risks discussed below, or elsewhere in this report or in our other ﬁlings with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"), could have a material impact on our business, financial condition, or results of operations. Risks Related to Our Business We have a history of losses and our revenues may not be sufficient to sustain our operations. Even though we ceased being a "development stage" company in April 2006, we are still subject to all of the risks associated with having a limited operating history and pursuing the development of new products. Our cash ﬂows may be insuﬃcient to meet expenses relating to our operations and the development of our business, and may be insuﬃcient to allow us to develop new products. We currently conduct R&D using our proprietary platform technologies to develop oral controlled release and other delivery products. We do not know whether we will be successful in the development of such products. We have an accumulated deﬁcit of approximately $78,457 thousand since our inception in 2003 through December 31, 2023. To date, these losses have been ﬁnanced principally through sales of equity securities. Our revenues for the past ﬁve years ended December 31, 2023, December 31, 2022, December 31, 2021, December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019 were $1 million, $1 million, $1.5 million, $1.5 million and $0.7 million, respectively. Revenue generated to date has not been suﬃcient to sustain our operations. In order to achieve proﬁtability, our revenue streams will have to increase and there is no assurance that revenues will increase to such a level. We may need additional capital to fulfill our business strategies. Failure to obtain such capital would adversely affect our business. We will need to expend significant capital in order to continue with our R&D and manufacturing operation expansion by hiring additional research staff and acquiring additional equipment. If our cash ﬂows from operations are insuﬃcient to fund our expected capital needs, or our needs are greater than anticipated, we may be required to raise additional funds in the future through private or public sales of equity securities or the incurrence of indebtedness. If we borrow additional funds, we likely will be obligated to make periodic interest or other debt service payments and may be subject to additional restrictive covenants. If we raise additional funds through public or private sales of equity securities, the sales may be at prices below the market price of our stock and our Shareholders may suffer significant dilution. Additional funding may also not be available on favorable terms, or at all. If we fail to obtain sufficient additional capital in the future, we could be forced to curtail our growth strategy by reducing or delaying capital expenditures, selling assets or downsizing or restructuring our operations. We are dependent on business partners to conduct clinical trials of, obtain regulatory approvals for, and market and sell our products. We depend heavily on our pharmaceutical partners to pay for part or all of the R&D expenses associated with developing a new product and to obtain approval from regulatory bodies such as the FDA to commercialize these products. We also depend on our partners to distribute these products after receiving regulatory approval. Our revenues from R&D fees, milestone payments and royalty fees are derived from our partners. Our inability to ﬁnd pharmaceutical partners who are willing to pay us these fees in order to develop new products would negatively impact our business and our cash flows. 36 We have limited experience in manufacturing, marketing and selling pharmaceutical products. Accordingly, if we cannot maintain our existing partnerships or establish new partnerships with respect to our other products in development, we will have to establish our own capabilities or discontinue the commercialization of the aﬀected product. Developing our own capabilities would be expensive and time consuming and could delay the commercialization of the affected product. There can be no assurance that we would be able to develop these capabilities. Our existing agreements with pharmaceutical industry partners are generally subject to termination by the counterparty on short notice upon the occurrence of certain circumstances, including, but not limited to, the following: a determination that the product in development is not likely to be successfully developed or not likely to receive regulatory approval; our failure to satisfy our obligations under the agreement, or the occurrence of a bankruptcy event. If any of our partnerships are terminated, we may be required to devote additional resources to the product, seek a new partner on short notice, or abandon the product development eﬀorts. The terms of any additional partnerships or other arrangements that we establish may not be favorable to us. We are also at risk that these partnerships or other arrangements may not be successful. Factors that may aﬀect the success of our partnerships include the following: our partners may incur financial and cash-flow difficulties that force them to limit or reduce their participation in our joint projects; our partners may be pursuing alternative technologies or developing alternative products that are competitive to our product, either on their own or in partnership with others; our partners may reduce marketing or sales eﬀorts, or discontinue marketing or sales of our products, which may reduce our revenues received on the products; our partners may have difficulty obtaining the raw materials to manufacture our products in a timely and cost effective manner or experience delays in production, which could affect the sales of our products and our royalty revenues earned; our partners may terminate their partnerships with us. This could make it diﬃcult for us to attract new partners, and it could adversely aﬀect how the business and financial communities perceive us; our partners may pursue higher priority programs or change the focus of their development programs, which could aﬀect the partner's commitment to us. Pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies historically have re-evaluated their priorities from time to time, including following mergers and consolidations, a common occurrence in recent years; and our partners may become the target of litigation for purported patent or intellectual property infringement, which could delay or prohibit commercialization of our products and which would reduce our revenue from such products. We face competition in our industry, and several of our competitors have substantially greater experience and resources than we do. We compete with other companies within the drug delivery industry, many of which have more capital, more extensive R&D capabilities and greater human resources than we do. Some of these drug delivery competitors include Aquestive (formerly Monosol Rx), Tesa-Labtec GmbH, BioDelivery Sciences International, Inc. and LTS Lohmann Therapy Systems Corp. Our competitors may develop new or enhanced products or processes that may be more eﬀective, less expensive, safer or more readily available than any products or processes that we develop, or they may develop proprietary positions that prevent us from being able to successfully commercialize new products or processes that we develop. As a result, our products or processes may not compete successfully, and research and development by others may render our products or processes obsolete or uneconomical. Competition may increase as technological advances are made and commercial applications broaden. The laws, regulations and guidelines applicable to cannabinoid-based products in Canada and in other countries may change in ways that impact our ability to continue our business as currently conducted or proposed to be conducted. Our operations are subject to various laws, regulations and guidelines relating to the manufacture, management, transportation, storage and disposal of cannabinoid-based products as well as laws and regulations relating to health and safety, the conduct of operations and the protection of the environment. The successful execution of our cannabis business objectives is contingent upon compliance with all applicable laws and regulatory requirements in Canada and other jurisdictions and obtaining all required regulatory approvals for the production, sale, import and export of our cannabinoid-based products. The administration, application and enforcement of the laws of Canada and other countries, may signiﬁcantly delay or impact our ability to participate in the Canadian cannabis market or cannabis markets outside Canada, and our ability to develop, produce and sell cannabinoid-based products. 37 Further, the regulatory authorities in Canada and in other countries in which we may operate in the future or to which we may export our products may change their administration, interpretation or application of the applicable laws, rules and regulations or their compliance or enforcement procedures at any time. Any such changes could require us to revise our ongoing compliance procedures, requiring us to incur increased compliance costs and expend additional resources. There is no assurance that we will be able to comply or continue to comply with applicable laws, rules and regulations. We rely upon third-party manufacturers, which puts us at risk for supplier business interruptions. In certain instances, we may have to enter into agreements with third party manufacturers to manufacture certain of our products once we complete development and after we receive regulatory approval. If our third-party manufacturers fail to perform, our ability to market products and to generate revenue would be adversely aﬀected. Our failure to deliver products in a timely manner could lead to the dissatisfaction of our distribution partners and damage our reputation, causing our distribution partners to cancel existing agreements with us and to stop doing business with us. Any third-party manufacturers that we depend on to manufacture our products are required to adhere to FDA regulations regarding cGMP, which include testing, control and documentation requirements. Ongoing compliance with cGMP and other regulatory requirements is monitored by periodic inspection by the FDA and comparable agencies in other countries. Failure by our third-party manufacturers to comply with cGMP and other regulatory requirements could result in actions against them by regulatory agencies and jeopardize our ability to obtain products on a timely basis. We have established our own manufacturing facility for the manufacture of VersaFilm™ products, which required considerable ﬁnancial investment. If we are unsuccessful to manufacture our VersaFilm™ products adequately and at an acceptable cost, this could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. We currently manufacture products only for clinical and testing purposes in our own facility and we do not yet manufacture products for commercial use to the exception of our CBD ﬁlm which was launched in Q1 2021. In order to establish ourselves as a full-service partner for our thin ﬁlm products, we invested approximately $6.5 million to establish a state-of-the-art manufacturing facility for the commercial manufacture of products developed using our VersaFilm™ drug delivery technology. We might exceed our current manufacturing capacity by ﬁrst half of 2026 depending on Buprenorphine ﬁlm launch timeline and volume; therefore, we ordered new manufacturing equipment that will increase our capacity approximately fourfold. We are expanding our manufacturing facility in order to create the space required for this new manufacturing equipment We have limited expertise in establishing and operating a manufacturing facility and although we have contracted with architects, engineers and construction contractors specialized in the planning and construction of pharmaceutical facilities, there can be no guarantee that the project can be completed within the time or budget allocated. In addition, we may be unable to attract suitably qualiﬁed personnel for our manufacturing facility at acceptable terms and conditions of employment. In addition, before we can begin commercial manufacture of our VersaFilm™ products for sale in the United States, we must obtain FDA regulatory approval for the product, which requires a successful inspection of our manufacturing facilities, processes and quality systems. Further, pharmaceutical manufacturing facilities are continuously subject to inspection by the FDA and other health authorities before and after product approval. Due to the complexity of the processes used to manufacture our VersaFilm™ products, we may be unable initially or at any future time to pass federal, state or international regulatory inspections in a cost eﬀective manner. If we are unable to comply with manufacturing regulations, we may be subject to ﬁnes, unanticipated compliance expenses, recall or seizure of any approved products, total or partial suspension of production and/or enforcement actions, including injunctions, and criminal or civil prosecution. The manufacture of our products is heavily regulated by governmental health authorities, including the FDA. We must ensure that all manufacturing processes comply with current cGMP and other applicable regulations. If we fail to comply fully with these requirements and the health authorities' expectations, then we could be required to shut down our production facilities or production lines, or could be prevented from importing our products from one country to another. This could lead to product shortages, or to our being entirely unable to supply products to patients for an extended period of time. Such shortages or shut downs could lead to signiﬁcant losses of sales revenue and to potential third-party litigation. In addition, health authorities have in some cases imposed signiﬁcant penalties for such failures to comply with cGMP. A failure to comply fully with cGMP could also lead to a delay in the approval of new products to be manufactured at our manufacturing facility. 38 Any disruption in the supply of our future products could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. We have no timely ability to replace our future VersaFilm™ manufacturing capabilities. If our manufacturing facility suﬀers any type of prolonged interruption, whether caused by regulator action, equipment failure, critical facility services, ﬁre, natural disaster or any other event that causes the cessation of manufacturing activities, we would be exposed to long-term loss of sales and proﬁts. There are no facilities capable of contract manufacturing our VersaFilm™ products at short notice. If we suﬀer an interruption to our manufacturing of VersaFilm™ products, we may have to ﬁnd a contract manufacturer capable of supplying our needs, although this would require completing a Manufacturing Site Change process, which takes considerable time and is costly. Replacement of our manufacturing capabilities will have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition or results of operations. We depend on a limited number of suppliers for Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients ("API"). Generally, only a single source of API is qualiﬁed for use in each product due to the costs and time required to validate a second source of supply. Changes in API suppliers must usually be approved through a Prior Approval Supplement by the FDA. Our ability to manufacture products is dependent, in part, upon ingredients and components supplied by others, including international suppliers. Any disruption in the supply of these ingredients or components or any problems in their quality could materially aﬀect our ability to manufacture our products and could result in legal liabilities that could materially aﬀect our ability to realize proﬁts or otherwise harm our business, ﬁnancial, and operating results. As the API typically comprises the majority of a product's manufactured cost, and qualifying an alternative is costly and time-consuming, API suppliers must be selected carefully based on quality, reliability of supply and long-term financial stability. We are subject to extensive government regulation including the requirement of approval before our products may be marketed. Even if we obtain marketing approval, our products will be subject to ongoing regulatory review. We, our partners, our products, and our product candidates are subject to extensive regulation by governmental authorities in the United States and other countries. Failure to comply with applicable requirements could result in warning letters, ﬁnes and other civil penalties, delays in approving or refusal to approve a product candidate, product recall or seizure, withdrawal of product approvals, interruption of manufacturing or clinical trials, operating restrictions, injunctions, and criminal prosecution. Our products cannot be marketed in the United States without FDA approval. Obtaining FDA approval requires substantial time, eﬀort, and ﬁnancial resources, and there can be no assurance that any approval will be granted on a timely basis, if at all. With most of our products, we rely on our partners for the preparation of applications and for obtaining regulatory approvals. If the FDA does not approve our product candidates in a timely fashion, or does not approve them at all, our business and ﬁnancial condition may be adversely aﬀected. Further, the terms of approval of any marketing application, including the labeling content, may be more restrictive than we desire and could aﬀect the marketability of our or our partner`s products. Subsequent discovery of problems with an approved product may result in restrictions on the product or its withdrawal from the market. In addition, both before and after regulatory approval, we, our partners, our products, and our product candidates are subject to numerous FDA requirements regarding testing, manufacturing, quality control, cGMP, adverse event reporting, labeling, advertising, promotion, distribution, and export. Our partners and we are subject to surveillance and periodic inspections to ascertain compliance with these regulations. Further, the relevant law and regulations may change in ways that could aﬀect us, our partners, our products, and our product candidates. Failure to comply with regulatory requirements could have a material adverse impact on our business. Regulations regarding the manufacture and sale of our future products are subject to change. We cannot predict what impact, if any, such changes may have on our business, ﬁnancial condition or results of operations. Failure to comply with applicable regulatory requirements could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Additionally, the time required for obtaining regulatory approval is uncertain. We may encounter delays or product rejections based upon changes in FDA policies, including cGMP, during periods of product development. We may encounter similar delays in countries outside of the United States. We may not be able to obtain these regulatory acceptances on a timely basis, or at all. The failure to obtain timely regulatory acceptance of our products, any product marketing limitations, or any product withdrawals would have a material adverse eﬀect on our business, ﬁnancial condition and results of operations. In addition, before it grants approvals, the FDA or any foreign regulatory authority may impose numerous other requirements with which we must comply. Regulatory acceptance, if granted, may include signiﬁcant limitations on the indicated uses for which the product may be marketed. FDA enforcement policy strictly prohibits the marketing of accepted products for unapproved uses. Product acceptance could be withdrawn or civil and/or criminal sanctions could be imposed for our failure to comply with regulatory standards or the occurrence of unforeseen problems following initial marketing. 39 We may not be able to expand or enhance our existing product lines with new products limiting our ability to grow. If we are not successful in the development and introduction of new products, our ability to grow will be impeded. We may not be able to identify products to enhance or expand our product lines. Even if we can identify potential products, our investment in R&D might be signiﬁcant before we can bring the products to market. Moreover, even if we identify a potential product and expend signiﬁcant dollars on development, we may never be able to bring the product to market or achieve market acceptance for such product. As a result, we may never recover our expenses. The market may not be receptive to products incorporating our drug delivery technologies. The commercial success of any of our products that are approved for marketing by the FDA and other regulatory authorities will depend upon their acceptance by the medical community and third party payers as clinically useful, cost-eﬀective and safe. To date, only two products based upon our technologies have been marketed in the United States, which limits our ability to provide guidance or assurance as to market acceptance. Factors that we believe could materially affect market acceptance of these products include: the timing of the receipt of marketing approvals and the countries in which such approvals are obtained; the safety and efficacy of the product as compared to competitive products; the relative convenience and ease of administration as compared to competitive products; the strength of marketing distribution support; and the cost-effectiveness of the product and the ability to receive third party reimbursement. The impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on our operations, and the operations of our partners, suppliers and logistics providers, could significantly disrupt our operations and may materially and adversely affect our business and financial conditions. Our business could be adversely impacted by the eﬀects of the coronavirus or other epidemics. The extent to which the COVID-19 impacts our business, including our operations and the market for our securities, will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted at this time, and include the duration, severity and scope of the outbreak and the actions taken to contain or treat the coronavirus outbreak. In particular, the continued spread of the coronavirus globally could materially and adversely impact our business including without limitation, employee health, workforce productivity, increased insurance premiums, limitations on travel, the availability of industry advisers and personnel, and other factors that will depend on future developments beyond our control, which may have a material and adverse eﬀect on our business, ﬁnancial condition and results of operations. Likewise, the continued spread of the virus locally and regionally and the resulting preventative measures that have been put in place by the provincial and local administrations may impact our ability to hire qualified staff. Hence, there can be no assurance that our personnel will not be impacted by these pandemic diseases and ultimately see our workforce productivity reduced or incur increased medical costs / insurance premiums as a result of these health risks. In addition, a signiﬁcant outbreak of coronavirus could result in a widespread global health crisis that could adversely aﬀect global economies and financial markets resulting in an economic downturn. International Conflicts In February 2022, the President of Russia, Vladimir Putin, announced a military invasion of Ukraine, and in October 2023, Israel declared war on Hamas in Gaza. The ongoing conﬂict and political and physical conditions in Ukraine, Russia, Israel and Gaza as well as in neighboring or involved countries may continue to lead to disruptions in local, regional, national, and global markets and economies aﬀected thereby. These disruptions caused by these conﬂicts have included, and may continue to include, political, social, and economic disruptions and uncertainties and material increases in certain commodity prices that may affect our business operations or the business operations of our subsidiaries. While we do not believe these conflicts will have a material impact on our current operations, given the evolving hostilities and their potential expansion beyond Ukraine, Russia, Israel, Gaza and the Middle East, the full impact of the conflicts remain uncertain. 40 Risks Related to the atai Investment Our existing Shareholders will have a reduced ownership and voting interest after any potential future atai investment Following any potential future atai investment under the Securities Purchase Agreement, the existing Shareholders other than atai will hold a percentage ownership in us that is smaller than the Shareholders' current percentage ownership. This dilution will be proportional to the percentage rate by which we increase our issued and outstanding shares. In addition, as of immediately following the initial closing of the Investment, atai had the right to nominate directors to the Board of Directors of the Company (the "Board"), which right is proportionate to the shares of Common Stock then held by atai. As a result, existing Shareholders will have less inﬂuence on our management and policies than they currently have, which inﬂuence will also further diminish if atai's ownership stake increases following additional closings. Atai is in a position to exert substantial inﬂuence on us and the interests pursued by atai could diﬀer from the interests of our other Shareholders, and if it acquires a majority of our shares, it will be able to approve most corporate actions requiring shareholder approval by written consent. Following the completion of the initial Investment, atai held approximately 25% of our issued and outstanding shares. Since then atai's ownership has been reduced to 21% following additional issuance of shares by the Company to Shareholders other than atai. If atai were to acquire all of the Additional Shares and exercise all of the Initial Warrants and Additional Warrants, atai would hold approximately 56% of our issued and outstanding shares. As a result, atai may be in a position to exert substantial inﬂuence at our annual shareholder meeting or any special meeting of the shareholders and, consequently, over matters decided by the annual shareholder meeting or any special meeting of the shareholders, including the appointment of members of the directors of the Board, particularly if attendance is low among other Shareholders. If atai acquires more than 50% of our outstanding Common Stock, atai generally will be able to determine the outcome of corporate actions requiring shareholder approval. In this regard, the interests of atai could deviate from, and even be to the detriment of, the interests of our other Shareholders. The Strategic Development Agreement may not result in the development of commercially viable products or the generation of signiﬁcant future revenues. Under the Strategic Development Agreement, we will cooperate with atai to conduct R&D projects in areas relating to our respective technologies. The success of our cooperation is dependent on a number of factors, including with respect to research and development, manufacturing and quality assurance. Even if our development and clinical trial eﬀorts succeed, the FDA or other regulatory agencies may not approve the developed products or may require additional product testing and clinical trials before approving the developed products, which would result in product launch delays and additional expense. Even if approved by the FDA or other regulatory agencies, the developed products may not be accepted in the marketplace. The commercialization of any technologies that result from the R&D projects under the strategic development agreement will be subject to agreements to be negotiated, as well as to speciﬁed pricing and royalty terms for manufacturing conducted by us or third parties. There is no guarantee that we will be able to enter into such an agreement on commercially reasonable terms or at all. If we default under the Loan Agreement, all or a portion of our assets could be subject to forfeiture. IntelGenx Technologies Corp. has guaranteed the repayment obligations of IntelGenx Corp. under the Loan Agreement and the loan is also secured by all of present and future ﬁxed assets of IntelGenx Corp., excluding any non-licensed intellectual property or technology controlled or owned by IntelGenx Corp. If IntelGenx Technologies Corp. defaults on the Loan Agreement and is unable to cure the default pursuant to the terms of the agreement or is unable to repay or reﬁnance the loan when due, atai could take possession of any or all assets in which it holds a security interest, and dispose those assets to the extent necessary to pay off the debts, which may have a significant impact on our ability to operate our business. 41 Risks related to the development of compounds for the prevention or treatment of mental health diseases or disorders, including compounds that have psychedelic, entactogenic and/or oneirophrenic properties. Under the Strategic Development Agreement, we aim to develop compounds for the prevention or treatment of mental health diseases or disorders, including compounds that have psychedelic, entactogenic and/or oneirophrenic properties. The success of our ability to develop and commercialize such compounds will depend on numerous factors, including the following: successful completion of clinical trials and preclinical studies; sufficiency of our financial and other resources to complete the necessary preclinical studies and clinical trials; receiving regulatory approvals or clearance for conducting our planned clinical trials or future clinical trials; successful patient enrollment in and completion of clinical trials; positive data from our clinical trials that support an acceptable risk-benefit profile of the compound for the intended populations; receipt and maintenance of regulatory and marketing approvals from applicable regulatory authorities; obtaining and maintaining patent and trade secret protection and/or regulatory exclusivity for any compounds we develop; successfully launching commercial sales of any compounds we develop, if approved; acceptance of our compounds' benefits and uses, if approved, by patients, the medical community and third-party payors; maintaining a continued acceptable safety profile of any compound we develop following approval; effectively competing with companies developing and commercializing other compounds in the indications which our compounds target; obtaining and maintaining healthcare coverage and adequate reimbursement from third-party payors; enforcing and defending intellectual property rights and claims; and complying with laws and regulations, including laws applicable to controlled substances. If we are not successful with respect to one or more of these factors in a timely manner or at all, we could experience signiﬁcant delays or an inability to successfully commercialize our compounds we develop, which would materially harm our business. The compounds we may develop in the future may be subject to controlled substance laws and regulations in the territories where the product will be marketed, such as the United States, Canada, and Europe, and failure to comply with these laws and regulations, or the cost of compliance with these laws and regulations, may adversely aﬀect the results of our business operations, both during clinical development and post approval, and our ﬁnancial condition. In addition, during the review process of any compound, and prior to approval, the FDA and/or other regulatory bodies may require additional data, including with respect to whether such compound has abuse potential. This may delay approval and any potential rescheduling process. Certain compounds may contain controlled substances, the use of which may generate public controversy. Compounds containing controlled substances may generate public controversy. Political and social pressures and adverse publicity could lead to delays in approval of, and increased expenses for, any compounds we may develop. Adverse publicity from misuse may adversely aﬀect the commercial success or market penetration achievable by any compound we develop. If any compounds are approved for commercial sale, we will be highly dependent upon consumer perceptions regarding safety and quality. We may face limited adoption if healthcare providers, and patients are unwilling to try novel compounds, which could have a material adverse impact on our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations. Future adverse events in research into depression and mental health diseases, or the pharmaceutical industry more generally, could also result in greater governmental regulation, stricter labeling requirements and potential regulatory delays in the testing or approvals. Any increased scrutiny could delay or increase the costs of obtaining regulatory approvals. Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property If we are not able to adequately protect our intellectual property, we may not be able to compete effectively. Our success depends, to a signiﬁcant degree, upon the protection of our proprietary technologies. While we currently own 38 patents and have an additional 31 published pending patent applications in several jurisdictions, we will need to pursue additional protection for our intellectual property as we develop new products and enhance existing products. We may not be able to obtain appropriate protection for our intellectual property in a timely manner, or at all. Our inability to obtain appropriate protections for our intellectual property may allow competitors to enter our markets and produce or sell the same or similar products. 42 If we are forced to resort to legal proceedings to enforce our intellectual property rights, the proceedings could be burdensome and expensive. In addition, our proprietary rights could be at risk if we are unsuccessful in, or cannot afford to pursue, those proceedings. We also rely on trade secrets and contract law to protect some of our proprietary technology. We have entered into conﬁdentiality and invention agreements with our employees and consultants. Nevertheless, these agreements may not be honored and they may not eﬀectively protect our right to our un-patented trade secrets and know-how. Moreover, others may independently develop substantially equivalent proprietary information and techniques or otherwise gain access to our trade secrets and know-how. We may need to obtain licenses to patents or other proprietary rights from third parties. We may not be able to obtain the licenses required under any patents or proprietary rights or they may not be available on acceptable terms. If we do not obtain required licenses, we may encounter delays in product development or ﬁnd that the development, manufacture or sale of products requiring licenses could be foreclosed. We may, from time to time, support and collaborate in research conducted by universities and governmental research organizations. We may not be able to acquire exclusive rights to the inventions or technical information derived from these collaborations, and disputes may arise over rights in derivative or related research programs conducted by us or our partners. If we infringe on the rights of third parties, we may not be able to sell our products, and we may have to defend against litigation and pay damages. If a competitor were to assert that our products infringe on its patent or other intellectual property rights, we could incur substantial litigation costs and be forced to pay substantial damages. Such litigation costs could be as a result of direct litigation against us, or as a result of litigation against one or more of our partners to whom we have contractually agreed to indemnify in the event that our intellectual property is the cause of a successful litigious action against our partner. Third-party infringement claims, regardless of their outcome, would not only consume signiﬁcant ﬁnancial resources, but would also divert our management's time and attention. Such claims could also cause our customers or potential customers to purchase competitors' products or defer or limit their purchase or use of our aﬀected products until resolution of the claim. If any of our products are found to violate third-party intellectual property rights, we may have to re-engineer one or more of our products, or we may have to obtain licenses from third parties to continue oﬀering our products without substantial re-engineering. Our eﬀorts to re-engineer or obtain licenses could require signiﬁcant expenditures and may not be successful. Our controlled release products that are generic versions of branded controlled release products that are covered by one or more patents may be subject to litigation, which could delay FDA approval and commercial launch of our products. We are also subject to litigation and other legal proceedings and may be involved in disputes with other parties in the future which may result in litigation We expect to ﬁle or have our partners ﬁle NDAs or ANDAs for our controlled release products under development that are covered by one or more patents of the branded product. It is likely that the owners of the patents covering the brand name product or the sponsors of the NDA with respect to the branded product will sue or undertake regulatory initiatives to preserve marketing exclusivity. Any signiﬁcant delay in obtaining FDA approval to market our products as a result of litigation, as well as the expense of such litigation, whether or not we or our partners are successful, could have a materially adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. The causes of potential future litigation and legal proceedings cannot be known and may arise from, among other things, business activities, the Investment, environmental laws, permitting and licensing activities, volatility in stock prices, or alleged failure to comply with disclosure obligations. The results of litigation and proceedings cannot be predicted with certainty and may include injunctions pending the outcome of such litigation and proceedings. Failure to resolve any such disputes favorably may have a material adverse impact on our ﬁnancial performance, cash ﬂow and results of operations. If we are unable to protect our information systems against service interruption, misappropriation of data or breaches of security, our operations could be disrupted, we may suffer financial losses and our reputation may be damaged. If we or third parties with which we do business were to fall victim to successful cyber-attacks or experience other cybersecurity incidents, including the loss of individually identiﬁable customer or other sensitive data, we may incur substantial costs and suﬀer other negative consequences, which may include: remediation costs, such as liability for stolen assets or information, repairs of system damage or replacement of systems, and incentives to customers or business partners in an eﬀort to maintain relationships after an attack; increased cybersecurity protection costs, which may include the costs to continue to make organizational changes, deploy additional personnel and protection technologies, train employees, and engage third party consultants; lost revenues resulting from the unauthorized use of proprietary information or the failure to retain or attract customers following an attack; litigation and legal risks, including regulatory actions by state and federal governmental authorities; increased cybersecurity and other insurance premiums; reputational damage that adversely aﬀects customer or investor conﬁdence; and damage to our competitiveness, stock price, and long-term stockholder value. 43 Risks Related to Our Securities: The price of our Common Stock could be subject to significant fluctuations. Any of the following factors could affect the market price of our Common Stock: our failure to achieve and maintain profitability; changes in earnings estimates and recommendations by financial analysts; actual or anticipated variations in our quarterly results of operations; changes in market valuations of similar companies; announcements by us or our competitors of signiﬁcant contracts, new products, acquisitions, commercial relationships, joint ventures or capital commitments; the loss of major customers or product or component suppliers; the loss of significant partnering relationships; and general market, political and economic conditions. We have a signiﬁcant number of convertible securities outstanding that could be exercised in the future. Subsequent resale of these and other shares could cause our stock price to decline. This could also make it more difficult to raise funds at acceptable levels pursuant to future securities offerings. Our Common Stock is a high risk investment. Our Common Stock has been quoted on OTC Markets under the symbol "IGXT" since January 2007. Beginning in June 2012, our Common Stock was quoted on the OTCQX and, since April 2020, has been quoted on the OTCQB. Our Common Stock was also listed on the TSX Venture Exchange (the "TSX-V") from May 2008 until our graduation to the Toronto Stock Exchange (the "TSX") in October 2021 where our Common Stock is now trading under the under the symbol "IGX". There is a limited trading market for our Common Stock, which may aﬀect the ability of Shareholders to sell our Common Stock and the prices at which they may be able to sell our Common Stock. The market price of our Common Stock has been volatile and ﬂuctuates widely in response to various factors which are beyond our control. The price of our Common Stock is not necessarily indicative of our operating performance or long term business prospects. In addition, the securities markets have from time to time experienced signiﬁcant price and volume ﬂuctuations that are unrelated to the operating performance of particular companies. These market ﬂuctuations may also materially and adversely aﬀect the market price of our Common Stock. As a result of the foregoing, our Common Stock should be considered a high risk investment. The application of the "penny stock" rules to our Common Stock could limit the trading and liquidity of our Common Stock, adversely aﬀect the market price of our Common Stock and increase stockholder transaction costs to sell those shares. As long as the trading price of our Common Stock is below $5.00 per share, the open market trading of our Common Stock will be subject to the "penny stock" rules, unless we otherwise qualify for an exemption from the "penny stock" deﬁnition. The "penny stock" rules impose additional sales practice requirements on certain broker-dealers who sell securities to persons other than established customers and accredited investors (generally those with assets in excess of $1,000,000 or annual income exceeding $200,000 or $300,000 together with their spouse). These regulations, if they apply, require the delivery, prior to any transaction involving a penny stock, of a disclosure schedule explaining the penny stock market and the associated risks. Under these regulations, certain brokers who recommend such securities to persons other than established customers or certain accredited investors must make a special written suitability determination regarding such a purchaser and receive such purchaser's written agreement to a transaction prior to sale. These regulations may have the eﬀect of limiting the trading activity of our Common Stock, reducing the liquidity of an investment in our Common Stock and increasing the transaction costs for sales and purchases of our Common Stock as compared to other securities. 44 There is no public market for certain Company warrants, which could limit their respective trading price or a holder's ability to sell them. There is currently no trading market in the United States for the warrants issued by the Company in 2020 and 2021. As a result, a market is unlikely to develop for the Company's warrants in the United States and holders may not be able to sell the Company's warrants in the United States. Future trading prices of the Company's warrants will depend on many factors, including the market for similar securities, general economic conditions and our ﬁnancial condition, performance and prospects. Accordingly, holders may be required to bear the ﬁnancial risk of an investment in the Company's warrants for an indefinite period of time until they expire. Risks related to our outstanding convertible notes. There is no public market for the Company's Notes, which could limit their respective trading price or a holder's ability to sell them. There is currently no trading market for the Company's Notes. As a result, a market is unlikely to develop for the Company's Notes and holders may not be able to sell the Company's Notes. Future trading prices of the Company's Notes will depend on many factors, including the market for similar securities, general economic conditions and our ﬁnancial condition, performance and prospects. Accordingly, holders may be required to bear the financial risk of an investment in the Company's Notes for an indefinite period of time until their maturity. Our failure to avoid events of default as defined in the Notes could require us to redeem such Notes at a loss. The Notes provide that, upon the occurrence of an "Event of Default," the Notes may become immediately due and payable. Events of Default under the Notes include, the occurrence of any of the following events with respect to the Notes: (a) failure for 10 business days to pay any of the principal amount or interest on the Notes when due; (b) voluntary or involuntary bankruptcy or insolvency proceedings; or (c) the Company breaches any representation or covenant in the Note that could reasonably be expected to have a material adverse eﬀect and such breach is not cured within 30 days after the notice thereof. Upon an Event of Default for non-payment, voluntary bankruptcy or insolvency or involuntary bankruptcy or insolvency, the Notes become immediately due and payable with the written consent of the holders of a majority in interest of investors. Upon an Event of Default for a Company breach of a representation or covenant, all outstanding Notes automatically become immediately due and payable. Our ability to avoid such Events of Default under the Notes may be aﬀected by changes in our business condition or results of our operations, or other events beyond our control. If we were to experience an Event of Default and the holders of the Notes became immediately due and payable, we may not have suﬃcient resources to do so, and we may have to seek additional debt or equity ﬁnancing to cover the costs of paying the Notes. Any additional debt or equity ﬁnancing that we may need may not be available on terms favorable to us, or at all. Furthermore, to the extent that additional capital is raised through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, the issuance of these securities could result in further dilution to our Shareholders. General Risk Factors We may incur losses associated with foreign currency fluctuations. The majority of our expenses are paid in Canadian dollars, while a signiﬁcant portion of our revenues are in U.S. dollars. Our ﬁnancial results are subject to the impact of currency exchange rate ﬂuctuations. Adverse movements in exchange rates could have an adverse eﬀect on our ﬁnancial condition and results of operations. Our operations are subject to Canadian and international environmental laws and regulations governing, among other things, emissions to air, discharges to waters and the generation, handling, storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of raw materials, waste and other materials. Many of these laws and regulations provide for substantial ﬁnes and criminal sanctions for violations. We believe that we are and have been operating our business and facility in a manner that complies in all material respects with environmental, health and safety laws and regulations; however, we may incur material costs or liabilities if we fail to operate in full compliance. We do not maintain environmental damage insurance coverage with respect to the products which we manufacture. 45 The decision to establish commercial ﬁlm manufacturing capability may require us to make signiﬁcant expenditures in the future to comply with evolving environmental, health and safety requirements, including new requirements that may be adopted or imposed in the future. To meet changing licensing and regulatory standards, we may have to make signiﬁcant additional site or operational modiﬁcations that could involve substantial expenditures or reduction or suspension of some of our operations. We cannot be certain that we have identified all environmental and health and safety matters affecting our activities and in the future our environmental, health and safety problems, and the costs to remediate them, may be materially greater than we expect. If we are the subject of securities analyst reports or if any securities analyst downgrades our Common Stock or our sector, the price of our Common Stock could be negatively affected. Securities analysts may publish reports about us or our industry containing information about us that may affect the trading price of our Common Stock. In addition, if a securities or industry analyst downgrades the outlook for our stock or one of our competitors' stocks, the trading price of our Common Stock may also be negatively affected. We became public by means of a reverse merger, and as a result we are subject to the risks associated with the prior activities of the public company with which we merged. Additional risks may exist because we became public through a "reverse merger" with a shell corporation. Although the shell did not have any operations or assets and we performed a due diligence review of the public company, there can be no assurance that we will not be exposed to undisclosed liabilities resulting from the prior operations of our company. ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS Not applicable. ITEM 1C. CYBERSECURITY Cybersecurity Risk Management and Strategy We operate in an industry subject to various cybersecurity risks that could adversely aﬀect our business, ﬁnancial condition, and results of operations, including intellectual property theft; fraud; extortion; harm to employees or partners; violation of privacy laws and other litigation and legal risk; and reputational risk. We have initiated a risk-based approach designed to identify and assess the cybersecurity threats that could aﬀect our business and information systems. Our strategy is to maintain a high level of risk awareness, identify critical IT assets, regularly update or replace those assets, and systematically perform vulnerability testing, and to promptly remediate deficiencies. Our cybersecurity program is aligned with industry standards and best practices, such as the National Institute of Standards and Technology ("NIST") Cybersecurity Framework and Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency ("CISA") best practices. We are adopting various tools and methodologies to manage cybersecurity risk that will be tested on a regular cadence. We are also in the process of monitoring and evaluating our cybersecurity posture and performance on an ongoing basis through scheduled vulnerability scans, penetration tests and threat intelligence feeds. We may require third-party service providers and consultants with access to personal, conﬁdential or proprietary information to implement and maintain comprehensive cybersecurity practices consistent with applicable legal standards and industry best practices. There can be no assurance that our cybersecurity risk management program, including our controls, procedures and processes, will be fully complied with or that our program will be fully effective in protecting the confidentiality, integrity and availability of our information systems, product and network. No risks from cybersecurity threats or previous cybersecurity incidents have materially aﬀected, or are reasonably likely to materially aﬀect, our business strategy, ﬁnancial condition or results of operations. However, there can be no assurance that the controls and procedures in place to monitor and mitigate the risks of cyber threats will be successful or sufficient to avoid material losses or consequences in the future. The Company is currently in the process of implementing a more formalized cybersecurity program. Governance 46 Our cybersecurity risk management and processes are led by our Vice President, Finance and Administration, with support of management, internal personnel and third-party providers. While management is responsible for the day-to-day management of cybersecurity risks, our Board of Directors, through its Audit Committee, has oversight of the Company's processes, policies and procedures for assessing, identifying, and managing material risks from cybersecurity threats including the integration and establishment of cybersecurity processes into the Company's overall risk management system or processes. On a quarterly basis, our VP Finance and Administration, presents necessary updates on our cybersecurity and other information technology risks that may affect us. ITEM 2. PROPERTIES On April 24, 2015, we entered into an agreement to lease approximately 17,000 square feet in a property located at 6420 Abrams, St-Laurent, Quebec. The lease has a 10 year and 6-month term which commenced on September 1, 2015 and we have retained two options to extend the lease, with each option being for an additional ﬁve years. Under the terms of the lease we are required to pay base rent of approximately CA$128 thousand (approximately $97 thousand) per year. Approximately 9,500 square feet of the new facility is being used to establish manufacturing capabilities for our VersaFilm™ thin film products, approximately 4,000 square feet for our R&D activities, and approximately 3,500 square feet for administration. On March 6, 2017, we entered into an agreement to lease additional approximately 11,000 square feet in a property located at 6410 Abrams, St-Laurent, Quebec. The lease has an 8 year and 5-month term commencing on October 1, 2017 and we have retained two options to extend the lease, with each option being for an additional ﬁve years. Under the terms of the lease we are required to pay base rent of approximately CA$82 thousand (approximately $62 thousand) per year. We use the leased space to manufacture the oral film VersaFilm™. On August 31, 2021, we entered into an agreement to lease additional approximately 15,000 square feet in a property located at 6400 Abrams, St- Laurent, Quebec. The lease has a 4 year and 6-month term commencing on September 1, 2021 and we have retained two options to extend the lease, with each option being for an additional ﬁve years. Under the terms of the lease we are required to pay base rent of approximately CA$152 thousand (approximately $115 thousand) per year. We are currently using the space for warehousing. ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS On March 1, 2019, a complaint for patent infringement was filed in United States District Court for the District of Delaware against Chemo Research, S.L., Insud Pharma S.L., IntelGenx Corp., and IntelGenx Technologies Corp. (collectively, the "Defendants") by BioDelivery Sciences International, Inc., and Arius Two, Inc., (collectively, the "Plaintiﬀs"), asserting that the Defendants infringed upon BioDelivery Sciences International, Inc. Orange Book listed patents for BELBUCA, including United States Patent Nos. 8,147,866 and 9,655,843, both expiring in July of 2027, and United States Patent No. 9,901,539 expiring December of 2032. See BioDelivery Sciences International, Inc. et al v. Chemo Research, S.L. et al , No. 1:19-cv-00444-CFC-CJB (D. Del.). Plaintiﬀs seek to enjoin Defendants from commercially manufacturing, using, oﬀering for sale, or selling Defendants' generic buprenorphine buccal ﬁlm within the United States, or importing Defendants' generic buprenorphine buccal ﬁlm into the United States, until the expiration of U.S. Patent Nos. 8,147,866, 9,655,843, and 9,901,539. Plaintiﬀs are not seeking damages. Discovery is ongoing. A trial addressing infringement is scheduled to begin on or after April 25, 2022. We believe that we will ultimately be successful in our defense of these matters. This complaint followed the receipt by BioDelivery Sciences International, Inc. of a notice letter by Chemo Research S.L. on January 31, 2019, stating that it had ﬁled with the FDA an ANDA containing a Paragraph IV Patent Certiﬁcation, for a generic version of BELBUA Buccal Film in strengths 75 mcg, 150 mcg, 300 mcg, 450 mcg, and 900 mcg. Since the Plaintiﬀs initiated a patent infringement suit to defend the patents identiﬁed in the notice letter within 45 days after receipt, the FDA is prevented from approving the ANDA until the earlier of (i) 30 months or (ii) a decision which determines whether the patents were infringed or invalid. On March 15, 2019, Plaintiﬀs ﬁled their same complaint for patent infringement in the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey. See BioDelivery Sciences International, Inc. et al v. Chemo Research, S.L. et al , No. 2:19-cv-08660-KM-MAH (D.N.J.). Plaintiﬀs voluntarily dismissed their New Jersey case on April 25, 2019. On September 12, 2022, BioDelivery Sciences International, Inc., and Arius Two, Inc., (collectively, the "Plaintiﬀs) ﬁled a second complaint for patent infringement against Chemo Research, S.L., Insud Pharma S.L., IntelGenx Corp., and IntelGenx Technologies Corp. and Xiromed, LLC (collectively, the "Defendants") alleging infringement of the same patents based on Defendants' generic buprenorphine buccal ﬁlm, 600 mcg and 750 mcg doses. See BioDelivery Sciences International, Inc. et al v. Chemo Research, S.L. et al, No. 1:22-cv-01196-CFC (D. Del.). Plaintiﬀs seek to enjoin Defendants from commercially manufacturing, using, oﬀering for sale, or selling Defendants' generic buprenorphine buccal ﬁlm within the United States, or importing Defendants' generic buprenorphine buccal ﬁlm into the United States, until the expiration of U.S. Patent Nos. 8,147,866, 9,655,843, and 9,901,539. Plaintiﬀs are not seeking damages. Currently, there is no trial date set in for both cases (BioDelivery Sciences International, Inc. et al v. Chemo Research, S.L. et al, No. 1:22-cv-01196-CFC (D. Del.) and BioDelivery Sciences International, Inc. et al v. Chemo Research, S.L. et al , No. 1:19-cv- 00444-CFC-CJB (D. Del.) ) 47 On December 8, 2021 we initiated an arbitration proceeding against Tilray related to an alleged breach of the parties' 2018 license, development and supply agreement, as amended (the "Agreement"), with Tilray for the co-development and commercialization of cannabis-infused VersaFilm® products. The action follows a press release issued by Tilray announcing its launch of medical cannabis oral strips in THC and CBD-rich varieties based on a competitive oral thin ﬁlm technology to IntelGenx's VersaFilm® platform. We believe this represents a material breach of the Agreement. The arbitration is ongoing. On November 6, 2023 we announced that it and Tilray Brands Inc. ("Tilray") have entered into a further amendment (the "Second Amendment") to their November 2018 license, development and supply agreement for the co-development and commercialization of cannabinoid-infused VersaFilm® products, settling IntelGenx's arbitration claim against Tilray. Pursuant to the Second Amendment, IntelGenx has received an initial PO from Tilray for three SKUs (CBD20, THC10, THC10:CBD 10), with each SKU totalling 130,000 ﬁlmstrips. The Second Amendment also allows for IntelGenx's co- development and commercialization of CBD (pursuant to a previous amendment), THC, and combination THC:CBD products with additional partners. The Second Agreement removes any royalties paid to or from Tilray. ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES Not applicable. PART II ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES Our Common Stock has been quoted on OTC Markets under the symbol "IGXT" since January 2007. Beginning in June 2012, our Common Stock was quoted on the OTCQX and, since April 2020, has been quoted on the OTCQB. Our Common Stock was also listed on the TSX-V from May 2008 until our graduation to the TSX in October 2021 where our Stock is now trading under the under the symbol "IGX". On March 21, 2024, there were approximately 49 holders of record of our Common Stock, one of which was Cede & Co., a nominee for Depository Trust Company, and one of which was The Canadian Depository for Securities Limited ("CDS"). All of our Common Stock held by brokerage ﬁrms, banks and other ﬁnancial institutions in the United States and Canada as nominees for beneﬁcial owners are considered to be held of record by Cede & Co. in respect of brokerage firms, banks and other financial institutions in the United States, and by CDS in respect of brokerage firms, banks and other financial institutions located in Canada. Cede & Co. and CDS are each considered to be one shareholder of record. Dividend Policy We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our Common Stock. We currently intend to retain any earnings to support operations and to ﬁnance the growth and development of our business. Therefore, we do not expect to pay cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Any future determination relating to our dividend policy will be made at the discretion of our Board and will depend on a number of factors, including future earnings, capital requirements, financial conditions and future prospect and other factors that the Board may deem relevant. Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers During the fourth quarter of 2023, there were no purchases or repurchases of our equity securities by us or any affiliated purchasers. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds 48 During ﬁscal year ended 2023, we did not sell equity securities without registration under the Securities Act, except as disclosed on a Current Report on Form 8-K. Equity Compensation Plan Information Number of Securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants and rights Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants and rights(3) (a) 10,264,294(1)(2) 0 10,264,294 (b) $0.29 - $0.29 Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans (excluding securities reflected in column (a)) (c) 7,897,816(4) 0 7,897,816 Equity Compensation Plans Approved by Security Holders Equity Compensation Plans Not Approved by Security Holders Total Footnotes: (1) (2) (3) (4) Includes shares of our Common Stock issuable pursuant to options granted under the 2006, 2016 and 2022 versions of the Stock Option Plans and RSUs awarded under our PRSU Plan. At the 2022 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, shareholders approved the 2022 Amended and Restated Stock Option Plan, which was adopted by the Board on March 21, 2022. The weighted average exercise price excludes RSUs, which have no exercise price. Represents the maximum number of shares of our Common Stock available for grants under the 2022 Amended and Restated Stock Option Plan and the 2018 PRSU Plan as of December 31, 2023. 2022 Amended and Restated Stock Option Plan The 2016 Stock Option Plan was adopted by the Board in order to make the terms of the Company's then existing 2006 Stock Option Plan more consistent with the requirements of the TSX Venture Exchange and to remove certain provisions which would have enabled the Company to grant incentive stock options in compliance with Section 422 of the Internal Revenue Code. A total of 6,361,525 shares of Common Stock were reserved for issuance under this plan, which includes stock options granted under the previous 2006 Stock Option Plan. In August 2018, the Board approved the amendment of the 2016 Stock Option Plan to increase the total number of shares of Common Stock reserved under the plan to 9,347,747 and in July 2020, the number of shares reserved was further increased to 11,025,965. On March 21, 2022, the Board adopted further amendments to the 2016 Stock Option Plan, which were approved by shareholders at the 2022 Annual Meeting of Shareholders. The number of shares reserved was further increased to 15,465,129. Employees, directors and eligible consultants of the Company and its aﬃliates are eligible to participate (the " Eligible Participants" and, following the grant of an option, the "Participants") in the SOP. The Board or one or more committees authorized by the Board are responsible for administering the SOP. As of March 20, 2024, approximately 50 employees, 7 directors, and 2 consultants qualify as Eligible Participants, for a total of 59 Eligible Participants. The SOP permits the granting of options to purchase shares of Common Stock ("Options") to Eligible Participants. There are currently 11,197,948 Options outstanding under the SOP, which represents, as of the date hereof, approximately 6.41% of the issued and outstanding shares of Common Stock of the Company. The number of shares reserved for issuance under the SOP was 15,465,129 (representing approximately 8.85% of the issued and outstanding shares of Common Stock as of the date hereof), of which 2,597,710 remain available for grant (representing approximately 1.49 % of the issued and outstanding shares of Common Stock as of the date hereof). Under the SOP, the aggregate number of shares of Common Stock that can be issued cannot exceed 10% of the Company's issued and outstanding shares (on a non-diluted basis) from time to time. The number of shares of Common Stock that are subject to Options outstanding at any time must not exceed the number of shares that then remain available for issuance under the SOP. The maximum number of shares of Common Stock issuable to insiders, at any time, and the maximum number of shares of Common Stock issued to insiders, within any one-year period, under all security- based compensation arrangements of the Company, cannot exceed 10% of the issued and outstanding shares. The SOP does not otherwise provide for a maximum number of shares of Common Stock which may be issued to an individual pursuant to the SOP and any other share compensation arrangement (expressed as a percentage or otherwise). 49 The exercise price under any Option will be determined by the Board in its sole discretion, except that the exercise price may not be less than 100% of the fair market value of a share of Common Stock on the date the Option was granted. The fair market value of a share of Common Stock as of a particular date will be determined with reference to the closing price of a share of Common Stock on the Toronto Stock Exchange on the last trading day prior to the date of determination. The vesting of Options is determined by the Board and speciﬁed in each Option agreement. Unless otherwise provided for in the Option agreement, in the event of a change of control, all outstanding Options will become exercisable in full, subject to such terms and conditions as the Board, in its sole discretion, deems appropriate. The SOP provides that the expiry date of an Option will be the date determined by the Board upon grant, subject to (i) such term not exceeding 10 years from the grant date, (ii) the provisions relating to early expiry, and (iii) should the expiry date of an Option fall during, or within a blackout period, then the expiry date shall automatically be extended to the tenth business day following the end of the blackout period. An Option will expire before its expiry date (i) if a Participant dies, on the date that is 12 months after the Participant's death, or (ii) if Participant's service terminates, at a date determined by the Board upon grant, provided that such date shall be within one year after the Participant's service terminates. Options are not assignable nor transferable, except in the case of death of the Participant, in which case the Options can be transferred to the Participant's heirs or administrators. The Board may amend, suspend or terminate the SOP or any Option at any time without the consent of Participants, provided that such amendment shall not adversely alter or impair any Option previously granted except as permitted by the SOP and be in compliance with applicable law and stock exchange rules. The Board is required to obtain shareholder approval for any of the following amendments: (i) reducing the exercise price of an Option held by an insider, (ii) extending the expiry date of any Option held by an insider, except in case of an extension due to a blackout period, (iii) removing or exceeding the insider participation limit, (iv) to the maximum number of Shares issuable from treasury under the SOP, or (v) amending the provisions related to the amendment of the SOP and Options. The Board may, subject to regulatory approval, discontinue the SOP at any time without the consent of Participants provided that such discontinuance shall not materially and adversely aﬀect any Options previously granted to a Participant under the SOP. The following table presents the burn rate of the SOP for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, 2021: Number of Options granted during the year Weighted average number of shares Burn rate PRSU Plan 2023 6,345,000 174,658,096 3.6% 2022 125,000 2021 350,000 164,746,054 137,003,313 0.76% 0.25% The PRSU Plan was approved at the 2018 Annual Meeting of Shareholders. The purpose of the PRSU Plan is to provide the Company with a share-related mechanism to attract, retain and motivate qualiﬁed directors, employees and consultants of the Company and its subsidiaries, to reward such directors, employees and consultants for their contributions toward the long-term goals and success of the Company and to enable and encourage such directors, employees and consultants to acquire shares of Common Stock as long-term investments and proprietary interests in the Company. The PRSU Plan permits the Board to grant RSU awards to employees, consultants or directors of the Company, and its subsidiaries, and Performance Share Unit ("PSU") awards to employees and consultants (but not to directors) of the Company, and its subsidiaries (following the grant of an RSU or PSU award, the "PRSU Participants"). In each case, the award of RSUs or PSUs are subject to restrictions in connection with the termination of employment, engagement or term in oﬃce, as further described below. The Board may, in its sole discretion, grant the majority of the awards to insiders of the Company. The number of shares reserved for issuance to any one PRSU Participant shall not, in aggregate, exceed 5% of the total number of issued and outstanding shares of Common Stock. The number of shares of Common Stock issuable, at any time, to PRSU Participants that are insiders, and issued to PRSU Participants that are insiders within any one year period, pursuant to the PRSU Plan, or when combined with all of the Company's other security based share compensation arrangements, shall not, in aggregate, exceed 10% of the total number of issued and outstanding shares of Common Stock (on a non-diluted basis). 50 The number of awards to be credited to each PRSU Participant's award account shall be computed by dividing the award value (being the percentage of annual base salary or such other amount as may be determined from time to time by the Board as the original value of the award to be paid to a PRSU Participant and speciﬁed in the PRSU Participant's award agreement) by the closing price of a share of Common Stock on the Toronto Stock Exchange on the last business day prior to the grant date. The number of shares of Common Stock reserved for issuance and which will be available for issuance pursuant to the awards granted under the PRSU Plan is equal to 2.5% of the issued and outstanding Common Stock of the Company from time to time. As of December 31st, 2023, there were 503,846 awards outstanding under the PRSU Plan, representing, approximately 0.3% of the issued and outstanding shares of Common Stock of the Company, as of such date. As of December 31st, 2023, 3,862,606 shares of Common Stock remained available for award grants (representing approximately 2.2% of the issued and outstanding shares of Common Stock as of such date). The following table presents the burn rate of the PRSU Plan for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, 2021: Number of awards granted during the year 2023 450,000 2022 NIL 2021 NIL Weighted average number of shares 174,658,096 164,746,054 137,003,313 Burn rate 0.26% 0% 0% The Board has the authority to condition the grant of RSUs or PSUs upon the attainment of speciﬁed performance goals, or such other factors (which may vary between awards) as the Board determines in its sole discretion. The Board has the authority to determine at the time of grant, in its sole discretion, the duration of the vesting period and other vesting terms applicable to the grant of RSUs or PSUs. In the case of PSUs, such awards may be adjusted in accordance with the applicable PSU award agreement. The term of an award is set out in the PRSU Participant's award agreement. The PRSU Participant's rights to an award may be restricted or limited if their employment or term of oﬃce is terminated. Additionally, the Board may terminate the PRSU Plan altogether, without notice or shareholder approval, if no awards remain outstanding. Subject to the terms of a PRSU Participant's award agreement: where a PRSU Participant's employment or term of oﬃce or engagement terminates by reason of such PRSU Participant's resignation, disability or death or by reason of a termination by the Company without cause, any unvested awards held by such PRSU Participant (except, only in the case of termination by reason of death, for a portion of the next instalment of any awards due to vest which shall vest immediately in such case) are immediately forfeited; where a PRSU Participant's employment or term of oﬃce or engagement terminates by reason of such PRSU Participant's termination for cause (or breach of ﬁduciary duties in the case of directors) any and all vested and unvested awards held by such PRSU Participant are immediately forfeited; notwithstanding any of the foregoing, the Board may, in its discretion, at any time prior to or following such events, permit the acceleration of vesting of any or all awards, all in the manner and on the terms as may be authorized by the Board and based on an adjustment factor (set out in the award agreement of PSUs) determined in the discretion of the Committee. The Board has the right to determine that any unvested or unearned awards outstanding immediately prior to the occurrence of a change in control shall become fully vested or earned upon the occurrence of such change in control. Dividend equivalents in the form of additional RSUs or PSUs will be credited to RSUs and PSUs on each dividend payment date for normal cash dividends paid on Shares. The dividend equivalents are calculated by dividing: (i) the product of the dividend declared and paid per Share and the number of RSUs or PSUs held by the Participant on the record date, by (ii) the Market Price at the close of the ﬁrst business day following the dividend record date. Dividend equivalents credited to a Participant's account will vest proportionally to the related RSUs or PSUs. If an award under the PRSU Plan expires during or within ten business days after a trading black-out period imposed by the Company, the award's expiration will be extended to ten business days after the end of the trading black-out period. 51 Subject to certain limitations, the assignability of the awards to permitted assigns (as such term is deﬁned in National Instrument 45-106) of PRSU Participants is allowed. The ability to transfer awards to permitted assigns is contingent on the shares of Common Stock remaining listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange. Subject to the rules and policies of any stock exchange on which the shares of Common Stock are listed and applicable law, the Board may, without notice or shareholder approval, at any time or from time to time, amend the PRSU Plan for the purposes of: (i) making any amendments to the general vesting provisions of each award, (ii) making any amendments to the provisions related to the termination of employment or services, (iii) adding covenants of the Company for the protection of Participants, provided that the Board will be of the good faith opinion that such additions will not be prejudicial to the rights or interests of the Participants, (iv) making any amendments not inconsistent with the PRSU Plan as may be necessary or desirable, including amendments due to changes in law, provided that such amendments are not prejudicial to the interests of the Participants, or (v) making any changes or corrections to cure or correct any ambiguity, defect, inconsistency, omission, mistake, or manifest error, provided that such changes or corrections are not prejudicial to the rights and interests of the Participants. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Board may not, without stock exchange and shareholder approval, amend the PRSU Plan to: (i) increase the number of shares of Common Stock issuable under the PRSU Plan or (ii) increase the number of shares of Common Stock issuable to insiders, except as otherwise provided in the PRSU Plan to permit the Board to make adjustments in the event of transactions aﬀecting the Company or its capital, or (iii) amending the provisions related to the amendment of the PRSU Plan. ITEM 6. [RESERVED] ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITIONS AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS Introduction to Management's Discussion and Analysis The purpose of this section, Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, is to provide a narrative explanation of the financial statements that enables investors to better understand our business, to enhance our overall financial disclosure, to provide the context within which our ﬁnancial information may be analyzed, and to provide information about the quality of, and potential variability of, our ﬁnancial condition, results of operations and cash ﬂows. Unless otherwise indicated, all ﬁnancial and statistical information included herein relates to our continuing operations. Unless otherwise indicated or the context otherwise requires, the words, "IntelGenx", "Company", "we", "us", and "our" refer to IntelGenx Technologies Corp. and its subsidiaries, including IntelGenx Corp. This information should be read in conjunction with the accompanying audited Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes thereto. Company Background We are a drug delivery company established in 2003 and headquartered in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Our focus is on the contract development and manufacturing of novel oral thin ﬁlm products for the pharmaceutical market. More recently, we have made the strategic decision to enter the psychedelic market by entering into a strategic partnership agreement with atai Life Sciences. The Company has applied and is operating under a CDMO business model. As a full service CDMO, we are oﬀering partners a comprehensive portfolio of pharmaceutical services, including pharmaceutical R&D, clinical monitoring, regulatory support, tech transfer, manufacturing scale-up and commercial manufacturing. Our business strategy is to leverage our proprietary drug delivery technologies and develop pharmaceutical products with tangible beneﬁts for patients, for our partners and, once a developed product launches, retain the exclusive manufacturing rights. Our primary growth strategy is based on providing CDMO services to the pharmaceutical industry. In order to successfully execute our business strategy, it will be essential to create and maintain a fully compliant manufacturing environment capable of meeting customer expectations regarding cGMP compliance and manufacturing capacity. We have established a state-of-the-art manufacturing facility for the future manufacture of our VersaFilm™ and VetaFilm™ products. We believe that this (1) represents a proﬁtable business opportunity, (2) will reduce our dependency upon third-party contract manufacturers, thereby protecting our manufacturing process know-how and intellectual property, and (3) allows us to oﬀer our development partners a full service from product conception through to supply of the finished product. We initiated a project to expand the existing manufacturing facility, the timing of which will be dictated in part by the completion of agreements with our commercial partners. This expansion became necessary in order to meet expected production volumes from our commercial partners. The new facility should create a fourfold increase of our production capacity in addition to oﬀering a one-stop shopping opportunity to our partners and provide better protection of our Intellectual Property. 52 Product Opportunities that provide Tangible Patient Benefits We oﬀer our services to develop oral ﬁlm products leveraging our VersaFilm™ technology that provide tangible patient beneﬁts versus existing drug delivery forms. Patients with difficulties swallowing medication, pediatrics or geriatrics may benefit from oral films due to the ease of use. Similarly, we are working on oral ﬁlms to improve bio-availability and/or response time versus existing drugs and thereby reducing side eﬀects. We have also identiﬁed the Animal Health sector, particularly the companion animal segment, as an area where our proprietary oral ﬁlm technology can signiﬁcantly improve the administration of medication to animals. Development of New Drug Delivery Technologies The rapidly disintegrating ﬁlm technology contained in our VersaFilm™, is an example of our eﬀorts to develop alternate technology platforms. As we work with various partners on different products, we seek opportunities to develop new proprietary technologies. Corporate On January 9, 2023, the Company announced that its wholly-owned subsidiary, IntelGenx Corp., received a third term loan in the amount of U.S. $3 million pursuant to its amended and restated secured loan agreement with atai Life Sciences. The obligations under the Third Loan are guaranteed by the Company. On March 21, 2023, the Company announced the closing of an oﬀering by way of a private placement to certain investors in the United States of convertible notes due March 1, 2027 for aggregate gross proceeds of $763,000. The Notes bear interest at a rate of 10% per annum, payable quarterly, and will be convertible into shares of common stock of the Company beginning six months after their issuance at a price of $0.20 per share. The Company intends to use the proceeds of the Oﬀering to ﬁnance the Company's Rizaport and Buprenorphine programs as well as for working capital. In connection with the Oﬀering, the Company paid a cash commission of approximately $53,000 in the aggregate and issued non-transferable agent warrants, entitling the agent to purchase 304,000 shares at a price of $0.20 per share until March 21, 2025. On April 27, 2023, we announced that we received conditional approval from the Toronto Stock Exchange to extend the expiry date of warrants originally issued to Cantone Research Inc. on August 5, 2021. The 613,000 Broker Warrants are exercisable for shares of common stock of the Company at a price of US$0.40 per Share and are set to expire on August 4, 2023. Eﬀective May 8, 2023, the expiry date of such Broker Warrants was extended by an additional 12 months to August 4, 2024. All other terms of the Broker Warrants, including the exercise price, remain unchanged. The Company and Cantone Research Inc. are dealing at arm's length. On August 31, 2023 the Company announced the closing of the ﬁrst tranche of a non-brokered private placement (the "Oﬀering") of units ("Units") from atai Life Sciences AG ("atai") for aggregate gross proceeds of approximately US$3 million, including US$750,000 to be received by the Company pursuant to the Subsequent atai Subscription (as defined below) once the Shareholder Approvals (as defined below) have been obtained. Pursuant to the Oﬀering, (i) United States subscribers could subscribe for Units (the "US Units") at a price of US$1,000 per US Unit, each US Unit being comprised of a US$1,000 principal amount convertible promissory note (the "US Notes") and 5,405 common stock purchase warrants (the "US Warrants"). The US Notes are convertible into shares of common stock of the Company (the "Shares") at the option of the holder at a price of US$0.185 (the "US Conversion Price") at anytime from the date that is six (6) months following their issuance up to and including August 31, 2026, and bear interest at 12% per annum, payable quarterly, in arrears, with ﬁrst payment due September 30, 2023 and every 3 months thereafter. The US Warrants entitle the holders thereof to purchase Shares at a price of US$0.26 per Share, for a period of 3 years following their issuance. atai, a signiﬁcant shareholder and partner of the Company, subscribed for 2,220 US Units for aggregate gross proceeds to the Company of US$2,220,000 (the "Initial atai Proceeds"). In addition, atai committed to subscribe for an additional 750 US Units for additional aggregate proceeds to the Company of US$750,000 (collectively with the Initial atai Proceeds, the "atai Proceeds") on the same terms (the "Subsequent atai Subscription"), subject to the Company obtaining the Shareholder Approvals (as defined below). Amendment to the Amended and Restated Loan Agreement 53 On August 31, 2023, the Company entered into an amending agreement (the "Amending Agreement") in respect of the amended and restated loan agreement dated as of September 14, 2021 (the "Loan Agreement") between the Company, as borrower, and atai, as lender pursuant to which, among other things, the maturity date of the Loan Agreement was extended from January 5, 2024 to January 5, 2025, and the Company granted additional security to atai over any non-licensed intellectual property of the Company (the "Loan Amendment"). On September 30, 2023, the Company and atai also agreed, subject to obtaining TSX and shareholder approvals, to enter into a second amendment to the Loan Agreement (the "Second Amendment") to provide, among other things, for the ability for atai to convert the principal and accrued interest outstanding under the Loan Agreement into Shares at the US Conversion Price (the "Conversion Feature"). Assuming the Second Amendment is entered into between the Company and atai prior to the Shareholder Approvals being obtained (as deﬁned below), the Second Amendment will include the same "blocker" provisions as those included in the Notes and the Warrants (see below "Shareholder Approvals"). Call Option On September 30, 2023, the Company and atai agreed, subject to obtaining TSX approval and the Shareholder Approvals (as deﬁned below), to enter into an amendment (the "Subscription Agreement Amendment") to the subscription agreement entered into by and between the Company and atai in connection with the Oﬀering to provide atai with the right (the "Call Option") to purchase up to an additional 7,401 US Units (the "Call Option Units") at any time prior to August 31, 2026. The Call Option Units, to the extent atai exercises the Call Option in whole or in part, will be issued on the same terms as the US Units, including with respect to the US Conversion Price, maturity date, interest rate and the number of warrants issued in connection therewith. The Subscription Agreement Amendment provides that the issuance of any Call Option Units will result in a corresponding reduction in atai's remaining purchase right pursuant to the amended and restated securities purchase agreement dated May 14, 2021, which such right to be reduced by the number of Shares issuable upon the conversion of the principal amount outstanding under such issued Call Option Units. Shareholder Approvals The Notes and the Warrants include "blocker" provisions to ensure that, unless securityholder approval is obtained in accordance with the rules of the TSX, (i) the aggregate number of Shares issuable in connection with the Oﬀering (upon conversion of the Notes, exercise of the Warrants and/or the payment of interest on the Notes in Shares, as the case may be) is limited to 43,664,524 Shares, which equals 24.99% of the issued and outstanding Shares (on a non-diluted basis) as of the date hereof (the "General Cap"), and (ii) the aggregate number of Shares that may be issued to "insiders" of the Company (as such term is deﬁned in the policies of the TSX) pursuant to the Oﬀering (upon conversion of the Notes, exercise of the Warrants and/or the payment of interest on the Notes in Shares, as the case may be), is limited to 17,465,809 Shares, which equals 9.99% of the issued and outstanding Shares as of the date hereof (the "Insider Cap"). The Company obtained the Shareholder Approvals at the special meeting of Shareholders held on November 28, 2023. The shareholders voted to approve all proposals related to financing transactions involving atai previously disclosed by the Company on August 31, 2023. On December 5, 2023, the Company announced the closing of the previously announced subsequent non-brokered private placement (the "Subsequent atai Subscription") of 750 units ("US Units") with atai Life Sciences AG ("atai") for aggregate gross proceeds of US$750,000, on the same terms as the August 31, 2023, oﬀering of units (the "Initial Oﬀering" and together with the Subsequent atai Subscription, the "Oﬀering"), following the Shareholder Approvals (as defined below) obtained at the special meeting held on November 28, 2023 (the "Special Meeting"). atai, a significant shareholder and partner of the Company, subscribed, on the date hereof, for 750 US Units at a price of US$1,000 per US Unit, each US Unit being comprised of a US$1,000 principal amount convertible promissory note (the "US Notes") and 5,405 common stock purchase warrants (the "US Warrants"). The US Notes are convertible into shares of common stock of the Company (the "Shares") at the option of atai at a price of US$0.185 (the "US Conversion Price") at anytime following their issuance up to and including August 31, 2026, and bear interest at 12% per annum, payable quarterly, in arrears. The US Warrants entitle atai to purchase Shares at a price of US$0.26 per Share until December 4, 2026. On March 11, 2024, the Company announced that it entered into a third amended and restated loan agreement dated as of March 8, 2024 (amending the second amended and restated loan agreement dated as of September 30, 2023) (the "Loan Agreement") with atai, pursuant to which, among other things, atai has agreed to make (i) one (1) additional term loan in the amount of US$1,000,000, which loan is to be disbursed within three (3) business days of the execution of the Loan Agreement (the "First Tranche Loan"), and (ii) one (1) additional term loan in the amount of US$1,000,000, which loan is to be disbursed upon the achievement of a pre-deﬁned milestone (the "Second Tranche Loan" and collectively with the Second Tranche Loan, the "Additional Term Loans"). The Additional Term Loans will mature on February 1, 2026. 54 Subject to obtaining approval from the Toronto Stock Exchange (the "TSX"), the Loan Agreement provides for the ability for atai to convert (the "Conversion Feature"), from time to time, (i) the principal outstanding under the First Tranche Loan into shares of common stock of the Company (the "Shares") at a conversion price of US$0.185 per Share (the "Conversion Price"), and (ii) the principal outstanding under the Second Tranche Loan into Shares at a conversion price equal to the greater of (a) the Conversion Price and (b) the 5-day volume-weighted average price (the "5-day VWAP") of the Shares on the TSX ending on the day preceding the disbursement by atai of the Second Tranche Loan to the Company or IntelGenx, less the maximum permissible discount under the applicable TSX rules. Additionally, and subject to approval of the TSX, the Company may elect, with the consent of atai, to pay any accrued but unpaid interest on the Additional Term Loans in Shares at a price per Share equal to the 5-day VWAP of the Shares ending on the day that is the second business day before the day the interest becomes due and payable, less the maximum permissible discount under the applicable TSX rules. Concurrently to entering into the Loan Agreement, the Company has issued 4,000,000 warrants (the "Warrants") to atai. The Warrants entitle atai to purchase Shares at a price of US$0.17 per Share, for a period of 36 months following their issuance. Liquidity Risk Liquidity risk is the risk that we will not be able to meet our ﬁnancial obligations as they fall due. We require continued access to capital markets to support our operations, as well as to achieve our strategic plans. Any impediments to our ability to access capital markets, including the lack of ﬁnancing capability or an adverse perception in capital markets of our ﬁnancial condition or prospects, could have a materially adverse eﬀect on us. In addition, our access to ﬁnancing is inﬂuenced by the economic and credit market environment. We manage liquidity risk through the management of our capital structure. Our objective in managing capital is to ensure a suﬃcient liquidity position to ﬁnance our R&D activities, scale up activities, regulatory activities, including product pipeline development general and administrative expenses, working capital and overall capital expenditures. Since inception, we ﬁnanced our liquidity needs primarily through public oﬀerings of our Common Stock, convertible debentures, convertible notes, bank loans, royalty, up-front and milestone payments, license fees, proceeds from exercise of warrants and options, R&D revenues and the sale of U.S. royalty on future sales of Forﬁvo XL®. When possible, we try to optimize our liquidity needs by non-dilutive sources, including research tax credits, grants, interest income, as well as with proceeds from collaboration and research agreements or product licensing agreements. In addition, we manage liquidity risk by continuously monitoring actual and projected cash ﬂows. The Board reviews, approves and monitors our annual operating and capital budgets, as well as any material transactions. Currency Rate Fluctuations Our operating currency is Canadian dollars, while our reporting currency is U.S. dollars. Accordingly, our results of operations and balance sheet position have been aﬀected by currency rate ﬂuctuations. In summary, our ﬁnancial statements for the ﬁscal year ended December 31, 2023 report an accumulated other comprehensive loss due to foreign currency translation adjustments of $2,453 primarily due to the ﬂuctuation in the rates used to prepare our ﬁnancial statements, $219 of which negatively impacted our comprehensive loss for the ﬁscal year ended December 31, 2023. The following Management Discussion and Analysis takes this into consideration whenever material. Reconciliation of Comprehensive Loss to Adjusted Earnings (Loss) before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation and Amortization (Adjusted EBITDA (Loss)) Adjusted EBITDA is a non-US GAAP ﬁnancial measure. A reconciliation of the Adjusted EBITDA is presented in the table below. We use adjusted financial measures to assess our operating performance. Securities regulations require that companies caution readers that earnings and other measures adjusted to a basis other than US-GAAP do not have standardized meanings and are unlikely to be comparable to similar measures used by other companies. Accordingly, they should not be considered in isolation. We use Adjusted EBITDA to measure our performance from one period to the next without the variation caused by certain adjustments that could potentially distort the analysis of trends in our operating performance, and because we believe it provides meaningful information on our financial condition and operating results. 55 IntelGenx obtains its Adjusted EBITDA measurement by adding / (deducting) to comprehensive loss, ﬁnance income and costs, depreciation and amortization, income taxes and foreign currency translation adjustment incurred during the period. IntelGenx also excludes the eﬀects of certain non- monetary transactions recorded, such as share-based compensation, for its Adjusted EBITDA calculation. We believe it is useful to exclude these items, as they are either non-cash expenses, items that cannot be inﬂuenced by management in the short term, or items that do not impact core operating performance. Excluding these items does not imply they are necessarily nonrecurring. Share-based compensation costs are a component of employee and consultant's remuneration and can vary signiﬁcantly with changes in the market price of our shares. Foreign currency translation adjustments are a component of other comprehensive income and can vary signiﬁcantly with currency ﬂuctuations from one period to another. In addition, other items that do not impact our core operating performance may vary signiﬁcantly from one period to another. As such, Adjusted EBITDA provides improved continuity with respect to the comparison of our operating results over a period of time. Our method for calculating Adjusted EBITDA may diﬀer from that used by other corporations. Reconciliation of Non-U.S.-GAAP Financial Information In U.S.$ thousands Comprehensive loss Add (deduct): Depreciation Finance costs Gain on debt extinguishment Finance income Share-based compensation Other comprehensive loss (income) Adjusted EBITDA Loss Three-month period ended December 31, Twelve-month period ended December 31, 2023 $ (1,666) 2022 $ (2,314) 2023 $ (10,146) 2022 $ (11,553) 179 570 (1,148) (13) 106 286 (1,686) 190 218 - (2) 19 (430) (2,319) 766 1,625 (1,148) (41) 389 219 (8,336) 777 1,281 - (4) 113 863 (8,523) Adjusted Earnings before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation and Amortization (Adjusted EBITDA (Loss)) Adjusted EBITDA Loss improved by $633 for the three-month period ended December 31, 2023 to ($1,686) compared to ($2,319) for the three-month period ended December 31, 2022. Adjusted EBITDA Loss improved by $187 for the twelve-month period ended December 31, 2023 to ($8,336) compared to ($8,523) for the twelve-month period ended December 31, 2022. The improvement in Adjusted EBITDA Loss of $633 for the three‐month period ended December 31, 2023 is mainly attributable to an increase in revenues of $253 and a decrease in SG&A expenses of $472 before consideration of stock-based compensation, oﬀset by increases in Manufacturing expenses of $61 before consideration of stock-based compensation, and R&D expenses of $31 before consideration of stock-based compensation. The improvement of Adjusted EBITDA Loss of $187 for the twelve-month period ended December 31, 2023 is mainly attributable to an increase in revenues of $89, and decreases in SG&A expenses of $238 before consideration of stock-based compensation, and Manufacturing expenses of $112 before consideration of stock-based compensation, oﬀset by an increase in R&D expenses of $252 before consideration of stock-based compensation. Results of operations for the three-month and twelve-month periods ended December 31, 2023 compared with the three-month and twelve- month periods ended December 31, 2022. 56 Three-month period ended December 31, Three-month period ended December 31, In U.S.$ thousands 2023 2022 2023 2022 Revenue $ 426 $ 173 $ 1,039 $ Research and Development Expenses Manufacturing Expenses Selling, General and Administrative Expenses Depreciation of tangible assets Operating Loss Net Loss Comprehensive Loss Revenue 771 541 906 179 (1,971) (1,380) (1,666) 742 477 1,292 190 (2,528) (2,744) (2,314) 3,274 1,733 4,757 766 (9,491) (9,927) (10,146) 950 3,031 1,858 4,697 777 (9,413) (10,690) (11,553) Total revenues for the three-month period ended December 31, 2023 amounted to $426, representing an increase of $253 or 146% compared to $173 for the three-month period ended December 31, 2022. Total revenues for the twelve-month period ended December 31, 2023 amounted to $1,039 representing an increase of $89 or 9% compared to $950 for the twelve-month period ended December 31, 2022. The increase for the three-month period ended December 31, 2023 compared to the last year's corresponding period is mainly attributable to an increase in R&D Revenues of $255. The increase for the twelve-month period ended December 31, 2023 compared to the last year's corresponding period is attributable to increases in R&D Milestone Revenue of $125 and R&D Revenues of $60, offset by decreases in Product Revenues of $78 and Royalties on Product Sales of $18. Research and development expenses R&D expenses for the three-month period ended December 31, 2023 amounted to $771, representing an increase of $29 or 4%, compared to $742 for the three-month period ended December 31, 2022. R&D expenses for the twelve-month period ended December 31, 2023 amounted to $3,274, representing an increase of $243 or 8%, compared to $3,031 recorded in the same period of 2022. The increase in R&D expenses for the three-month period ended December 31, 2023 is mainly attributable to increases in the allocation of the 20% credit of $116 as per the strategic development agreement with atai, lab supplies of $24, patent expenses of $20 and salary expenses of $5, oﬀset by decreases in study costs of $117 and consulting fees of $23. The increase in R&D expenses for the twelve-month period ended December 31, 2023 is mainly attributable to increases in the allocation of the 20% credit of $250 as per the strategic development agreement with atai, salary expenses of $92 due to hiring, study costs of $39, and patent expenses of $32, offset by decreases in analytical costs of $77, consulting fees of $54, and an increase in R&D estimated tax credits of $36. In the twelve-month period ended December 31, 2023 we recorded estimated Research and Development Tax Credits of $154, compared with $118 that was recorded in the same period of the previous year. Manufacturing expenses Manufacturing expenses for the three-month period ended December 31, 2023 amounted to $541, representing an increase of $64 or 13%, compared to $477 for the three-month period ended December 31, 2022. Manufacturing expenses for the twelve-month period ended December 31, 2023 amounted to $1,733 representing a decrease of $125 or 7%, compared to $1,858 for the twelve-month period ended December 31, 2022. 57 The increase in Manufacturing expenses for the three-month period ended December 31, 2023 is mainly attributable to increases in salary expenses of $51 due to hiring, repairs and maintenance of $24, and supplies and consumables of $18, oﬀset by decreases in quality expenses of $21 and consulting fees of $17. The decrease in Manufacturing expenses for the twelve-month period ended December 31, 2023 is mainly attributable to decreases in salary expenses of $90 due to employee departures and allocation to R&D expenses, quality expenses of $38, repairs and maintenance of $16 and consulting fees of $11, offset by an increase in storage costs of $32. Selling, general and administrative ("SG&A") expenses SG&A expenses for the three-month period ended December 31, 2023 amounted to $906, representing a decrease of $386 or 30%, compared to $1,292 for the three-month period ended December 31, 2022. SG&A expenses for the twelve-month period ended December 31, 2023 amounted to $4,757, representing an increase of $60 or 1%, compared to $4,697 recorded in the same period of 2022. The decreases in SG&A expenses for the three-month period ended December 31, 2023 is mainly attributable to the variation of the foreign exchange due to the depreciation of the CA dollar vs US currency in the amount of $357 and professional fees of $135, oﬀset by increases in business development expenses of $39, investor relations expenses of $39, rent expense of $12, and travel expenses of $12. The increase in SG&A expenses for the twelve-month period ended December 31, 2023 is attributable to increases in salary and compensation expenses of $790 (mainly attributable to stock-based compensation expense of $368, and hiring of new oﬃcers), investor relations expenses of $131, insurance expense of $73, business development expenses of $23, and rent expense of $15, oﬀset by the variation of the foreign exchange due to the depreciation of the CA dollar vs US currency in the amount of $634 and a decrease in professional fees of $338. Depreciation of tangible assets In the three-month period ended December 31, 2023 we recorded an expense of $179 for the depreciation of tangible assets, compared with an expense of $190 thousand for the same period of the previous year. In the twelve-month period ended December 31, 2023 we recorded an expense of $766 for the depreciation of tangible assets, compared with an expense of $777 for the same period of the previous year. Share-based compensation expense, warrants and stock based payments Share-based compensation warrants and share-based payments expense for the three-month period ended December 31, 2023 amounted to $106 compared to $19 for the three-month period ended December 31, 2022. Share-based compensation warrants and share-based payments expense for the twelve-month period ended December 31, 2023 amounted to $389 compared to $113 for the twelve-month period ended December 31, 2022. We expensed approximately $377 in the twelve-month period ended December 31, 2023 for options granted to our employees in 2022 and 2023 under the 2016 Stock Option Plans and $12 for options granted to consultants, compared with $101 and $12, respectively that was expensed in the same period of the previous year. There remains approximately $472 in stock-based compensation to be expensed in ﬁscal 2024 through 2027, of which $Nil relates to the issuance of options to a consultant. We anticipate the issuance of additional options and warrants in the future, which will continue to result in stock-based compensation expense Key items from the balance sheet 58 Current Assets $ 3,441 $ 3,788 $ Leasehold improvements and Equipment, net 3,958 4,425 (347) (467) (9%) (11%) December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 Increase/ (Decrease) Percentage Increase/ (Decrease) Security Deposits Operating lease right-of-use asset Current Liabilities (excluding convertible notes) Long-term debt Convertible notes Operating lease liability Finance lease liability Capital Stock Additional Paid-in Capital Going concern 250 633 5,866 7,401 6,995 230 37 1 245 732 2,374 5,500 4,272 425 42 1 5 (99) 3,492 1,901 2,723 (195) (5) 0 68,662 67,340 1,322 2% (14%) 147% 35% 64% (46%) (12%) 0% 2% The Company has ﬁnanced its operations to date primarily through public oﬀerings of its common stock, proceeds from issuance of convertible notes and debentures, bank loans, royalty, up-front and milestone payments, license fees, proceeds from exercise of warrants and options, and research and development revenues. The Company has devoted substantially all of its resources to its drug development eﬀorts, conducting clinical trials to further advance the product pipeline, the expansion of its facilities, protecting its intellectual property and general and administrative functions relating to these operations. The future success of the Company is dependent on its ability to develop its product pipeline and ultimately upon its ability to attain proﬁtable operations. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had cash totaling approximately $2,282. The Company does not have suﬃcient existing cash to support operations for the next year following the issuance of these ﬁnancial statements. These conditions raise substantial doubt about the Company's ability to continue as a going concern. Management's plans to alleviate these conditions include pursuing one or more of the following steps to raise additional funding, none of which can be guaranteed or are entirely within the Company's control: Raise funding through the possible sale of the Company's common stock, including public or private equity financings. Raise funding through the Regulation A offering. Raise funding through debt financing. Continue to seek partners to advance product pipeline. Expand oral film manufacturing activities. Continue to contract oral film manufacturing activities. If the Company is unable to raise further capital when needed or on attractive terms, or if it is unable to procure partnership arrangements to advance its programs, the Company would be forced to potentially delay, reduce or eliminate some of its research and development programs and commercial activities. The accompanying consolidated ﬁnancial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis, which contemplates the realization of assets and satisfaction of liabilities in the ordinary course of business. The accompanying consolidated ﬁnancial statements do not include any adjustments or classiﬁcations that may result from the possible inability of the Company to continue as a going concern. Should the Company be unable to continue as a going concern, it may be unable to realize the carrying value of its assets and to meet its liabilities as they become due. 59 Current assets Current assets totaled $3,441 at December 31, 2023 compared with $3,788 at December 31, 2022. The decrease of $347 is attributable to decreases in short-term investments of $1,317, security deposits of $119, and accounts receivable of $87, oﬀset by increases in cash of $1,072, prepaid expenses of $86, investment tax credits receivable of $9, and inventory of $9. Cash Cash totaled $2,282 as at December 31, 2023 representing an increase of $1,072 compared with the balance of $1,210 as at December 31, 2022. The increase in cash on hand relates to net cash provided by ﬁnancing activities of $6,776, and net cash provided by investing activities of $1,059, oﬀset by net cash used in operating activities of $6,410 and a negative effect of foreign exchange of $353. Short term investments Short term investments totaled $Nil as at December 31, 2023, representing a decrease of $1,317 compared with the balance of $1,317 as at December 31, 2022. The decrease in short term investments is attributable to the redemption of investments to fund operations. Accounts receivable Accounts receivable totaled $622 as at December 31, 2023 representing a decrease of $87 compared with the balance of $709 as at December 31, 2022. The decrease is related to the collection of receivables oﬀset by the invoicing of revenues incurred in the three-month period ended December 31, 2023. Prepaid expenses As at December 31, 2023, prepaid expenses totaled $223 compared with $137 as of December 31, 2022. The increase may be explained by advance payments made in December 2023. Investment tax credits receivable R&D investment tax credits receivable totaled approximately $168 as at December 31, 2023 compared with $159 as at December 31, 2022. The increase is attributable to the accrual estimated and recorded for the year ended December 31, 2023, offset by the collection of the 2022 amount. Leasehold improvements and equipment As at December 31, 2023, the net book value of leasehold improvements and equipment amounted to $3,958, compared to $4,425 as at December 31, 2022. In the year ended December 31, 2023, additions to assets totaled $180 and mainly comprised of $89 for manufacturing equipment, $66 for laboratory and office equipment, $20 for leasehold improvements, and variation of foreign exchange fluctuation, offset by depreciation expense of $766. Security deposit A security deposit in the amount of CA$300 ($226) in respect of an agreement to lease approximately 17,000 square feet in a property located at 6420 Abrams, St-Laurent, Quebec, Canada was recorded as at December 31, 2023. Security deposits in the amount of CA$26 ($20) for utilities and CA$5 ($4) for Cannabis license were also recorded as at December 31, 2023. Security deposit in the amount of CA$75 ($100) for Company credit cards was also recorded as at December 31, 2023 but classified as short-term. 60 Accounts payable and accrued liabilities Accounts payable and accrued liabilities totaled $2,661 as at December 31, 2023 (December 31, 2022 - $1,523). The increase is mainly attributable to increases in trade payables and payroll related accruals as at December 31, 2023. Accrued interest expense Accrued interest expense totaled $1,249 as at December 31, 2023 (December 31, 200 - $579). The increase is attributable to the fact that the interest expense has not been paid. Term loan Term loan totaled $500 as at December 31, 2023 compared with $Nil as at December 31, 2022. Atai has granted to the Company a secured term loan for $500, bearing interest at 14%. Principal of and interest on this Term Loan from time to time outstanding shall be due and payable from thirty ﬁve percent (35%) of the proceeds of each closing of equity ﬁnancing until the principal balance and any outstanding balance is paid in full. Regardless of whether any closing of equity ﬁnancing occurs, the outstanding and remaining principal balance and interest on this term loan shall be due and payable by December 31, 2024. The interest for the year ended December 31, 2023 amounts to $5 and is recorded in ﬁnancing and interest expense (2022 - $Nil). Loan payable Loan payable totaled $7,401 as at December 31, 2023 compared with $5,500 as at December 31, 2022. atai has granted to the Company a secured loan in the amount of $8,500, bearing interest at 8%. The loan is guaranteed by the Company and secured by all present and future movable property, rights and assets of the Company, excluding any intellectual property or technology controlled or owned by the Company. On August 31, 2023, the Company entered into an amending agreement (the "Amending Agreement") in respect of the amended and restated loan agreement dated as of September 14, 2021 (the "Loan Agreement") between the Company, as borrower, and atai, as lender pursuant to which, among other things, the maturity date of the Loan Agreement was extended from January 5, 2024 to January 5, 2025, and the Company granted additional security to atai over any non-licensed intellectual property of the Company (the "Loan Amendment"). On September 30, 2023, the Company and atai also agreed, subject to obtaining TSX and Shareholders approval, to enter into a second amendment to the Loan Agreement (the "Second Amendment") to provide, among other things, for the ability for atai to convert the principal and accrued interest outstanding under the Loan Agreement into Shares. On November 28, 2023, the Company announced shareholder approvals of the ﬁnancing transactions. As a result, atai has the ability to convert the principal and accrued interest under the Loan Agreement into shares of common stock of the Company (the "Shares") at a price of US$0.185 (the "US Conversion Price"). This transaction is accounted for as an extinguishment and the debt was re- measured at fair value on November 28, 2023. This re-measurement resulted in a gain on extinguishment in the amount of $1,148 recognized in ﬁnance and interest income. The loan bears interest at 8% and is convertible into shares of common stock of the Company. The interest for the year ended December 31, 2023 amounts to $671 and is recorded in ﬁnancing and interest expense (2022 - $423). The accretion expense for the year ended December 31, 2023 amounts to $86 (2022: $Nil). Atai is an insider of the Company as a result of its beneﬁcial ownership of, or control or discretion over, directly or indirectly, greater than 10% of the outstanding Shares. Convertible notes Convertible notes totaled $6,995 as at December 31, 2023 as compared to $4,272 as at December 31, 2022. The convertible notes have been recorded as a liability. As at December 31, 2023, convertible notes in the amount of $2,557 (2022 - $Nil) were classiﬁed as short-term. The accretion expense for the year ended December 31, 2023 amounts to $287 compared to $175 for the comparative period in 2022. The interest on the convertible notes for the year ended December 31, 2023 amounts to $535 ($380 in 2022) and is recorded in Financing and interest expense. 61 Shareholders' deficit As at December 31, 2023, we had accumulated a deﬁcit of $78,457 compared with an accumulated deﬁcit of $68,530 as at December 31, 2022. Total assets amounted to $8,282 and shareholders' deﬁcit totaled $12,247 as at December 31, 2023, compared with total assets and shareholders' deﬁcit of $9,190 and $3,423 respectively, as at December 31, 2022. Capital stock As at December 31, 2023 capital stock amounted to $1.746 (December 31, 2022: $1.746). Capital stock is disclosed at its par value with the excess of proceeds shown in Additional Paid-in-Capital. Additional paid-in-capital Additional paid-in capital totaled $68,662 as at December 31, 2023, as compared to $67,340 at December 31, 2022. Additional paid in capital increased by $1,322. The increase is due to the value of the atai warrants in connection with the private placement of $912, the value of the Agents' warrants in connection with the March 2023 private placement of $19, stock-based compensation attributable to the amortization of stock options of $389, and $2 for stock options exercised. Taxation As at December 31, 2023, the date of our latest annual tax return, we had Canadian and provincial net operating losses of approximately $52,703 (December 31, 2022: $45,041) and $63,394 (December 31, 2022: $52,004) respectively, which may be applied against earnings of future years. Utilization of the net operating losses is subject to signiﬁcant limitations imposed by the change in control provisions. Canadian and provincial losses will be expiring between 2026 and 2043. A portion of the net operating losses may expire before they can be utilized. As at December 31, 2023, the Company had non-refundable tax credits of $3,391 thousand (2022: $3,004 thousand) of which $8 thousand is expiring in 2026, $10 thousand is expiring in 2027, $170 thousand is expiring in 2028, $149 thousand is expiring in 2029, $127 thousand is expiring in 2030, $136 thousand is expiring in 2031, $170 thousand is expiring in 2032, $113 thousand is expiring in 2033, $86 thousand expiring in 2034, $101 thousand is expiring in 2035, $139 thousand expiring in 2036, $265 thousand is expiring in 2037, $572 thousand expiring in 2038, $346 thousand expiring in 2039, $226 thousand expiring in 2040, $231 thousand expiring in 2041, $270 thousand expiring in 2042, and $272 thousand expiring in 2043, and undeducted research and development expenses of $19,142 thousand (2022: $17,031 thousand) with no expiration date. The deferred tax benefit of these items was not recognized in the accounts as it has been fully provided for. Key items from the statement of cash flows In U.S.$ thousands December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 Increase/ (Decrease) Percentage Increase/ (Decrease) Operating Activities Financing Activities Investing Activities Cash - end of period Statement of cash flows $ (6,525) $ 6,776 1,174 2,282 (9,516) $ 2,965 3,509 1,210 2,991 3,811 (2,335) 1,072 (31%) 129% (67%) 89% Net cash used in operating activities was $6,525 for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to net cash used by operating activities of $9,516 for the year ended December 31, 2022. For the year ended December 31, 2023, net cash used by operating activities consisted of a net loss of ($9,927) (2022: $10,690) before depreciation, stock-based compensation, accretion expense, DSU expense, interest paid by issuance of Common Stock, gain on debt extinguishment, and lease non-cash expense in the amount of $407 (2022: $1,228) and an increase in non-cash operating elements of working capital of $2,995 compared with a decrease of $54 for the year ended December 31, 2022. The net cash provided by ﬁnancing activities was $6,776 for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to net cash provided by ﬁnancing activities of $2,965 for the year ended December 31, 2022. For the year ended December 31, 2023, an amount of $3,000 derives from the issuance of a loan, an amount of $500 derives from the issuance of a term loan, an amount of $2,970 derives from the proceeds from atai private placement, an amount of $697 derives from net proceeds from convertible notes, and an amount of $2 derives from proceeds from exercise of stock options, oﬀset by ﬁnance lease payments of $58, transaction costs related to atai private placement of $258, transactions costs related to the convertible notes of $40 and the transaction costs related to the debt extinguishment of $37. For the year ended December 31, 2022, an amount of $3,000 derives from the issuance of loan, offset by finance lease payments of $35. 62 Net cash provided by investing activities amounted to $1,174 for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to net cash provided by investing activities of $3,509 for the year ended December 31, 2022. The net cash provided by investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2023 relates to the redemption of short-term investments of $1,354 (2022: $9,519), oﬀset by the acquisition of short-term investments of $Nil (2022: $5,739) and the purchase of leasehold improvements and equipment of $180 (2022: $271). The balance of cash as at December 31, 2023 amounted to $2,282, compared to $1,210 at December 31, 2022. Commitments On April 24, 2015, we entered into an agreement to lease approximately 17,000 square feet in a property located at 6420 Abrams, St-Laurent, Québec. The lease has a 10 year and 6-month term commencing September 1, 2015. IntelGenx has retained two options to extend the lease, with each option being for an additional ﬁve years. Under the terms of the lease we are required to pay base rent of approximately CA$128 thousand (approximately $97 thousand) per year. On March 6, 2017, IntelGenx executed an agreement to lease approximately an additional 11,000 square feet in a property located at 6410 Abrams, St- Laurent, Quebec. The Lease has an 8 year and 5-month term commencing on October 1, 2017 and IntelGenx has retained two options to extend the Lease, with each option being for an additional ﬁve years. Under the terms of the Lease we will be required to pay base rent of approximately CA$82 thousand (approximately $62 thousand) per year. On August 31, 2021, we entered into an agreement to lease additional approximately 15,000 square feet in a property located at 6400 Abrams, St- Laurent, Québec. The lease has a 4 year and 6-month term commencing September 1, 2021 and we have retained two options to extend the lease, with each option being for an additional ﬁve years. Under the terms of the lease we are required to pay base rent of approximately CA$152 thousand (approximately $115 thousand) per year. The aggregate minimum rentals, exclusive of other occupancy charges, for property leases expiring in 2026, are approximately $592 thousand, as follows: 2024 2025 2026 273 273 46 Substantially all our finance lease right-of-use assets and finance lease liability represents leases for laboratory equipment to conduct our business. The aggregate minimum lease payments for laboratory equipment are approximately $130 thousand, as follows: 2024 93 2025 IT Infrastructure 37 We have an IT Infrastructure Disaster Recovery Plan in place. In the event of a disaster (cyber attack), a full recovery of our IT system is estimated to be recovered within a week. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the disaster recovery plans were tested. All recovery tests were successful. 63 Contingencies The government authorities have assessed the Company with respect to sales taxes claimed on certain expenses between 2017 and 2020, which the government is denying. The sales tax assessments amount to $322 (including interest and penalties of $35), which was paid to avoid further interest and penalties. The Company disagrees with the government's position and the sales tax assessments are under appeal. In the event the Company is unsuccessful in its appeal, sales taxes expenses would increase by $287 and net earnings would decrease by $287. Subsequent events Subsequent to the end of the year on January 29, 2024, the Company granted 1,354,268 RSUs to certain employees and directors. On February 20, 2024, the Company announced the launch of a Regulation A oﬀering of up to 2,000,000 shares of Series A Convertible Cumulative Preferred Stock ("Series A Preferred Stock"), par value $0.00001 per share, at an oﬀering price of $10.00 per share (the "Oﬀering"), for a maximum Offering amount of $20,000,000. Holders of the Series A Preferred Stock will be entitled to receive cumulative dividends in the amount of $0.20 per share each quarter, or 8% per year. Each share of Series A Preferred Stock will be convertible into twenty (20) shares of our common stock ("Common Stock) at the option of the holder, subject to certain conditions in accordance with the requirements of the Toronto Stock Exchange. Commencing on the ﬁfth anniversary of the initial closing of this oﬀering and continuing indeﬁnitely thereafter, the Company shall have a right to call for redemption the outstanding shares of the Series A Preferred Stock at a call price equal to 150% of the original issue price of the Series A Preferred Stock, and correspondingly, each holder of shares of the Series A Preferred Stock shall have a right to sell the shares of Series A Preferred Stock held by such holder back to the Company at a price equal to 150% of the original issue purchase price of such shares. The Series A Preferred Stock being oﬀered will rank, as to dividend rights and rights upon the Company's liquidation, dissolution, or winding up, senior to the Common Stock. On March 11, 2024, the Company announced that it entered into a third amended and restated loan agreement dated as of March 8, 2024 (amending the second amended and restated loan agreement dated as of September 30, 2023) (the "Loan Agreement") with atai, pursuant to which, among other things, atai has agreed to make (i) one (1) additional term loan in the amount of US$1,000,000, which loan is to be disbursed within three (3) business days of the execution of the Loan Agreement (the "First Tranche Loan"), and (ii) one (1) additional term loan in the amount of US$1,000,000, which loan is to be disbursed upon the achievement of a pre-deﬁned milestone (the "Second Tranche Loan" and collectively with the Second Tranche Loan, the "Additional Term Loans"). The Additional Term Loans will mature on February 1, 2026. Subject to obtaining approval from the Toronto Stock Exchange (the "TSX"), the Loan Agreement provides for the ability for atai to convert (the "Conversion Feature"), from time to time, (i) the principal outstanding under the First Tranche Loan into shares of common stock of the Company (the "Shares") at a conversion price of US$0.185 per Share (the "Conversion Price"), and (ii) the principal outstanding under the Second Tranche Loan into Shares at a conversion price equal to the greater of (a) the Conversion Price and (b) the 5-day volume-weighted average price (the "5-day VWAP") of the Shares on the TSX ending on the day preceding the disbursement by atai of the Second Tranche Loan to the Company or IntelGenx, less the maximum permissible discount under the applicable TSX rules. Additionally, and subject to approval of the TSX, the Company may elect, with the consent of atai, to pay any accrued but unpaid interest on the Additional Term Loans in Shares at a price per Share equal to the 5-day VWAP of the Shares ending on the day that is the second business day before the day the interest becomes due and payable, less the maximum permissible discount under the applicable TSX rules. Concurrently to entering into the Loan Agreement, the Company has issued 4,000,000 warrants (the "Warrants") to atai. The Warrants entitle atai to purchase Shares at a price of US$0.17 per Share, for a period of 36 months following their issuance. ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK. Not applicable. 64 ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA The consolidated ﬁnancial statements and supplementary data of the Company required in this item are set forth beginning on page F-1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE None. ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES a. Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures Based on an evaluation under the supervision and with the participation of our management, our Chief Executive Oﬃcer and Chief Financial Oﬃcer have concluded that the Company's disclosure controls and procedures as deﬁned in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act were eﬀective as of December 31, 2023 to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in reports that it ﬁles or submits under the Exchange Act is (i) recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods speciﬁed in the SEC rules and forms and (ii) accumulated and communicated to the Company's management, including our Chief Executive Oﬃcer and Chief Financial Oﬃcer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. b. Changes in Internal Controls over Financial Reporting Our Chief Executive Oﬃcer and Chief Financial Oﬃcer have concluded that there were no changes in the Company's internal controls over ﬁnancial reporting during the quarter ended December 31, 2023 that have materially aﬀected or are reasonably likely to materially aﬀect the Company's internal controls over financial reporting. c. Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over ﬁnancial reporting, as such term is deﬁned in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f). Our internal control system was designed to provide reasonable assurance to our management and the Board regarding the preparation and fair presentation of published financial statements. All internal control systems, no matter how well designed, have inherent limitations. Therefore, even those systems determined to be eﬀective can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation. Our management, including the Chief Executive Oﬃcer and Chief Financial Oﬃcer, assessed the eﬀectiveness of the Company's internal control over ﬁnancial reporting as of December 31, 2023. In making this assessment, our management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013). Based on our processes and assessment, as described above, management has concluded that, as of December 31, 2023 our internal control over financial reporting was effective. This Annual Report does not include an attestation report of our registered public accounting ﬁrm regarding internal control over ﬁnancial reporting. Management's report was not subject to attestation by the company's registered public accounting ﬁrm pursuant to rules of the SEC, as the Company qualifies as a "smaller reporting company". ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION Trading Plans None. ITEM 9C. DISCLOSURE REGRADING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS None. 65 PART III ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE Certain information required by this Item 10 relating to our directors, executive oﬃcers, audit committee and corporate governance is incorporated by reference herein from the 2024 Proxy Statement. ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION Certain information required by this Item 11 relating to remuneration of directors and executive oﬃcers and other transactions involving management is incorporated by reference herein from the 2024 Proxy Statement. ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS Certain information required by this Item 12 relating to security ownership of certain beneﬁcial owners and management, and the equity compensation plan information, is incorporated by reference herein from the 2024 Proxy Statement. ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE Certain information required by this Item 13 relating to certain relationships and related transactions, and director independence is incorporated by reference herein from the 2024 Proxy Statement. ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES Certain information required by this Item 14 regarding principal accounting fees and services is set forth under "Audit Fees" in the 2024 Proxy Statement. ITEM 15. EXHIBIT AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES (a) Financial Statements and Schedules 1. Financial Statements PART IV The following financial statements are filed as part of this report under Item 8 of Part II "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data: A. B. C. D. E. F. Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Richter LLP, PCAOB ID# 989, Montreal, Quebec Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity for the years ended of December 31, 2023 and 2022. Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss for the years ended of December 31, 2023 and 2022. Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. 2. Financial Statement Schedules Financial statement schedules not included herein have been omitted because they are either not required, not applicable, or the information is otherwise included herein. (b) Exhibits. 66 Exhibit No. 1.1 2.1 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 9.1 EXHIBIT INDEX Description Selling Agency Agreement, dated February 14, 2024, between IntelGenx Technologies Corp. and Digital Oﬀering, LLC (incorporated by reference to the Form 8-K filed on February 20, 2024) Share exchange agreement dated April 10, 2006 (incorporated by reference to the Form 8-K/A filed on May 5, 2006) Certificate of Incorporation (incorporated by reference to the Form SB-2 (File No. 333-90149) filed on November 16, 1999) Amendment to the Certiﬁcate of Incorporation (incorporated by reference to amendment No. 2 to Form SB-2 (File No. 333-135591) ﬁled on August 28, 2006) Amendment to the Certificate of Incorporation (incorporated by reference to the Form DEF 14C filed on April 20, 2007) Amendment to the Certificate of Incorporation (incorporated by reference to the Form S-1/A filed on May 12, 2017) Third Amended and Restated By-Laws (incorporated by reference to the Form 8-K filed on March 21, 2022) Amendment to the Certificate of Incorporation (incorporated by reference to the Form 8-K filed on November 28, 2023) Certiﬁcate of Designations of Preferences, Rights and Limitations of Series A Convertible Cumulative Preferred Stock dated February 8, 2024 (incorporated by reference to the Form 8-K filed on February 14, 2024) Trust Indenture with TSX Trust Company, dated July 12, 2017 (incorporated by reference to the Form 8-K filed on July 12, 2017) Warrant Indenture dated February 11, 2020 (incorporated by reference to the Form 8-K filed on February 12, 2020) Description of the Company's Securities Registered Under Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (incorporated by reference to the Form 10-K filed on March 26, 2020) Second Supplemental Trust Indenture, June 25, 2020.(incorporated by reference to the Form 8-K on December 23, 2020) Form of Common Stock Purchase Warrant (incorporated by reference to the Form 8-K filed on August 31, 2023) Voting Trust agreement (incorporated by reference to the Form 8-K/A filed on May 5, 2006) 10.1+ Horst Zerbe employment agreement dated October 1, 2014 (incorporated by reference to the Form 10-Q filed on November 12, 2014) 10.2 10.3 10.4+ 10.5+ 10.6+ 10.8 Registration rights agreement (incorporated by reference to the Form SB-2 (File No. 333-135591) filed on July 3, 2006) Principal's registration rights agreement (incorporated by reference to the Form SB-2 (File No. 333-135591) filed on July 3, 2006) 2006 Stock Option Plan (incorporated by reference to the Form S-8 filed on November 21, 2006) Amended and Restated 2006 Stock Option Plan, May 29, 2008 (incorporated by reference to the Form 10-K filed on March 25, 2009) Amended and Restated 2006 Stock Option Plan (incorporated by reference to the Form S-8 filed on November 15, 2010) Second Amended 2016 Stock Option Plan, July 16, 2020 (incorporated by reference to the Form 8-K on July 17, 2020) 10.9+ Employment Agreement Andre Godin, July 2015 (incorporated by reference to the Form 8-K filed on July 20, 2015) 10.10+ Employment Agreement Nadine Paiement, January 2016 (incorporated by reference to the Form 10-K filed on March 30, 2016) 10.11+ 2016 Stock Option Plan May, 11 2016 (incorporated by reference to the Form S-8 Registration Statement filed on August 3, 2016) 10.12 Amended Principal's Registration Rights Agreement, November 8, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Form 10-Q ﬁled on November 10, 2016) 10.13 Agency Agreement dated June 28, 2017 (incorporated by reference to the Form 8-K filed on July 5, 2017) 67 10.14+ Deferred Share Unit Plan for non-employee directors (incorporated by reference to the Form 10-K filed on March 29, 2018) 10.15 10.16 10.17 10.18 10.19 10.20 Placement Agent Agreement dated May 8, 2018 (incorporated by reference to the Form 8-K filed on May 10, 2018) Form of Warrant dated May 8, 2018 (incorporated by reference to the Form 8-K filed on May 10, 2018) Form of Securities Purchase Agreement dated May 8, 2018 (incorporated by reference to the Form 8-K filed on May 10, 2018) Form of Registration Rights Agreement dated May 8, 2018 (incorporated by reference to the Form 8-K filed on May 10, 2018) Form of Note dated May 8, 2018 (incorporated by reference to the Form 8-K filed on May 10, 2018) Placement Agent Agreement between the Company and H.C. Wainwright & Co., LLC dated October 18, 2018 (incorporated by reference to the Form 8-K filed on October 22, 2018) 10.21 10.22 10.23 10.24 10.25 10.26 Placement Agent Agreement between the Company and Echelon Wealth Partners Inc. dated October 18, 2018 (incorporated by reference to the Form 8-K filed on October 22, 2018) Form of Warrant (incorporated by reference to the Form 8-K on October 22, 2018) Form of Securities Purchase Agreement (incorporated by reference to the Form 8-K filed on October 22, 2018) Form of Agent Warrant (incorporated by reference to the Form S-1/A on filed on January 30, 2020) Agency Agreement dated January 27, 2020 (incorporated by reference to the Form 8-K filed on January 29, 2020) Loan Agreement dated March 9, 2021 (incorporated by reference to the Form 10-K filed on March 25, 2021) 10.27[#] Strategic Development Agreement dated March 14, 2021(incorporated by reference to the Form 10-K filed on March 25, 2021) , 10.28± Securities Purchase Agreement dated March 14, 2021(incorporated by reference to the Form 10-K filed on March 25, 2021) 10.29 10.30 10.31 10.32 10.33 10.34 10.35 10.36 Purchaser Rights Agreement dated March 14, 2021(incorporated by reference to the Form 10-K filed on March 25, 2021) Amended and Restated Securities Purchase Agreement dated May 14, 2021 (incorporated by reference to the Form 8-K ﬁled on May 17, 2021) First Amendment to Loan Agreement dated May 14, 2021 (incorporated by reference to the Form 8-K filed on May 17, 2021) Amendment No. 1 to 6% Subordinated Convertible Unsecured Promissory Note dated May 24, 2021 (incorporated by reference to the Form 8-K filed on May 25, 2021) Form of Initial Warrant dated May 14, 2021 (incorporated by reference to the Form 10-Q filed on August 4, 2021) Form of Additional Unit Warrant dated May 14, 2021 (incorporated by reference to the Form 10-Q filed on August 4, 2021) Form of Note (incorporated by reference to the Form 8-K filed on August 11, 2021) Second Amended and Restated Loan Agreement between IntelGenx Technologies Corp. and ATAI Life Sciences AG, dated September 30, 2023 (incorporated by reference to the Form 8-K filed on October 12, 2023) 10.37 Form of Note (incorporated by reference to the Form 8-K filed on March 24, 2023) 10.38+ Employment Agreement between IntelGenx Corp. and Dwight Gorham dated April 13, 2023 (incorporated by reference to the Form 8-K filed on April 18, 2023) 10.39 10.40 10.41 21.1 23.1* 31.1* 31.2* 32.1* 32.2* Form of 12% Convertible Promissory Note (incorporated by reference to the Form 8-K filed on August 31, 2023) First Amendment to the Amended and Restated Loan Agreement between IntelGenx Technologies Corp. and ATAI Life Sciences AG dated August 31, 2023 (incorporated by reference to the Form 8-K filed on August 31, 2023) Second Amended and Restated Loan Agreement between IntelGenx Technologies Corp. and ATAI Life Sciences AG, dated September 30, 2023 (incorporated by reference to the Form 8-K filed on October 12, 2023) Subsidiaries of the small business issuer (incorporated by reference to the Form SB-2 (File No. 333-135591) filed on July 3, 2006) Consent of Richter LLP 68 Certification of Dwight Gorham, Chief Executive Officer, pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Certification of Andre Godin, President and Chief Financial Officer, pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Certification of Dwight Gorham, Chief Executive Officer, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 Certification of Andre Godin, President and Chief Financial Officer, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 101.INS Inline XBRL Instance Document–the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File as its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document 101.SCH Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document 101.CAL Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document 101.DEF Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document 101.LAB Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document 101.PRE Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document 104 Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in the Exhibit 101 attachments) * Filed herewith. + Indicates management contract or employee compensation plan. [# Portions of this exhibit have been redacted in compliance with Regulation S-K Item 601(b)(10). The omitted information is not material and would likely cause competitive harm to the Company if publicly disclosed. The Company agrees to furnish an unredacted copy to the SEC upon its request.] ±Certain schedules and exhibits have been omitted in compliance with Regulation S-K Item 601(a)(5). The Company agrees to furnish a copy of any omitted schedule or exhibit to the SEC upon its request. ITEM 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY. None. Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned on March 21, 2024, thereunto duly authorized. 69 SIGNATURES INTELGENX TECHNOLOGIES CORP. By: By: /s/ Dwight Gorham Dwight Gorham Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) /s/ Andre Godin Andre Godin President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed by the following persons in the capacities and on the dates indicated. Signature By: /s/ Dwight Gorham Dwight Gorham By: /s/Andre Godin Andre Godin By: /s/ Horst G. Zerbe Horst G. Zerbe By: /s/Bernd Melchers Bernd J. Melchers By: /s/Clemens Mayr Clemens Mayr By: /s/Mark Nawacki Mark Nawacki By: /s/ Monika Trzcinska Monika Trzcinsk By: /s/ Sahil Kirpekar Sahil Kirpekar By: /s/Ryan Barrett Ryan Barrett Position Chief Executive Officer Date March 21, 2024 President and Chief Financial Officer March 21, 2024 Director, Chairman of the Board March 21, 2024 Director Director Director Director Director Director 70 March 21, 2024 March 21, 2024 March 21, 2024 March 21, 2024 March 21, 2024 March 21, 2024 IntelGenx Technologies Corp. Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2023 and 2022 (Expressed in U.S. Funds) IntelGenx Technologies Corp. Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2023 and 2022 (Expressed in U.S. Funds) Contents Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Consolidated Balance Sheets Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Deficit Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements F - 1 - 2 F - 3 F - 4 - 5 F - 6 F - 7 F - 8 - 33 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm To the Shareholders and Board of Directors of IntelGenx Technologies Corp. Opinion on the Financial Statements We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of IntelGenx Technologies Corp. (the "Company") as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of comprehensive loss, shareholders' deﬁcit and cash ﬂows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the "ﬁnancial statements"). In our opinion, the ﬁnancial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2023, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States ("US GAAP"). Going concern uncertainty The accompanying consolidated ﬁnancial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. As discussed in Note 2 to the consolidated ﬁnancial statements, the Company does not have suﬃcient existing cash and short-term investments to support operations for at least the next year following the issuance of these ﬁnancial statements which raises doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern. Management's plans in regard to these matters are also described in Note 2. The consolidated ﬁnancial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty. Basis for opinion These ﬁnancial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's ﬁnancial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting ﬁrm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) ("PCAOB") and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the ﬁnancial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the ﬁnancial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the ﬁnancial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and signiﬁcant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. MONTRÉAL ____ 1981 McGill College Montréal QC H3A 0G6 514.934.3400 TORONTO ____ 181 Bay St., #3320 Bay Wellington Tower Toronto ON M5J 2T3 416.488.2345 CHICAGO ____ 200 South Wacker Dr., #3100 Chicago, IL 60606 312.828.0800 RICHTER.CA RICHTER BUREAU FAMILIAL | D'AFFAIRES RICHTER BUSINESS | FAMILY OFFICE Critical Audit Matters The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the ﬁnancial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the ﬁnancial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the ﬁnancial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate. Impairment of leasehold improvements and equipment As reﬂected in the Company's consolidated ﬁnancial statements, at December 31, 2023, the Company's leasehold improvements and equipment amounted to $3,958 million. Long-lived assets must be reviewed for possible impairment if circumstances indicate the carrying amount of the asset may not be recoverable. Given that the plant is not currently operating at capacity, the Company evaluated its leasehold improvements and equipment for recoverability and concluded that they were not impaired. Auditing the Company's impairment assessment involved subjective auditor judgment due to the signiﬁcant estimation involved in determining the fair value, including the forecasted cash ﬂows used to evaluate the recoverability and the signiﬁcant assumptions used in estimating the fair values of long-lived assets. We therefore identiﬁed the impairment of leasehold improvements and equipment as a critical audit matter. The primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter included: Obtaining an understanding of the impairment process and the controls relating to management's impairment test, Reviewing the valuation methodology to assess whether the methodology was widely recognized and appropriate for use in the valuation of leasehold improvements and equipment, Testing management's process for determining the forecasted future cash ﬂows used to evaluate the recoverability. We evaluated the reasonableness of management's forecasts of future manufacturing and operating margin by comparing the Company's plans and forecasts to current industry and economic trends, Evaluating whether the data and assumptions used were reasonable by considering the past performance, industry and third-party market data, and whether such assumptions were consistent with evidence obtained in other areas of the audit, Performing sensitivity analysis on the significant data and assumptions used. We have served as the Company's auditors since 2005. Montréal, Quebec March 21, 2024 IntelGenx Technologies Corp. Consolidated Balance Sheets As at December 31, 2023 and 2022 (Expressed in Thousands of U.S. Dollars ($'000) Except Share and Per Share Data) Assets Current Cash Short-term investments (note 5) Accounts receivable Prepaid expenses Investment tax credits receivable Security deposits Inventory (note 6) Total current assets Leasehold improvements and equipment, net (note 7) Security deposits Operating lease right-of-use-asset December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 $ 2,282 $ - 622 223 168 75 71 3,441 3,958 250 633 1,210 1,317 709 137 159 194 62 3,788 4,425 245 732 Total assets Liabilities Current Accounts payable and accrued liabilities Accrued interest expense (note 11) Current portion of operating lease liability (note 18) Current portion of finance lease liability (note 18) Deferred revenue Convertible notes (note 9) Term loan (note 10) Total current liabilities Loan payable (note 11) Convertible notes (note 9) Operating lease liability (note 18) Finance lease liability (note 18) Total liabilities Contingencies (note 12) Subsequent event (note 21) Shareholders' deficit Capital stock, common shares, $ 0.00001 par value; 580,000,000 shares authorized; 174,658,096 shares issued and outstanding (2022: 174,646,196 common shares) (note 13) Additional paid-in capital (note 14) Accumulated deficit Accumulated other comprehensive loss Total shareholders' (deficit) equity See accompanying notes Approved on Behalf of the Board: $ 8,282 $ 9,190 2,661 1,249 248 90 1,118 2,557 500 8,423 7,401 4,438 230 37 1,523 579 236 36 - - - 2,374 5,500 4,272 425 42 20,529 12,613 1 68,662 (78,457) (2,453) $ (12,247) 8,282 $ 1 67,340 (68,530) (2,234) (3,423) 9,190 /s/ Bernd J. Melchers Director /s/ Horst G. Zerbe Director F-3 IntelGenx Technologies Corp. Consolidated Statement of Shareholders' Deficit For the Year Ended December 31, 2022 (Expressed in Thousands of U.S. Dollars ($'000) Except Share and Per Share Data) Capital Stock Number Amount Additional Paid-In Capital Accumulated Other Total Accumulated Deficit Comprehensive Shareholders' Loss Deficit Balance - December 31, 2021 154,571,289 $ 1 $ 63,104 $ (57,863) $ (1,371) $ 3,871 Modified retrospective adjustment upon adoption of ASU 2020-06 Other comprehensive loss Conversion of convertible debentures - - 120,000 Repayment of convertible debentures in shares 19,381,223 Interest paid by issuance of common shares 573,684 Stock-based compensation (note 13) - - - - - - - (325) 23 - 48 4,229 171 113 - - - - - - (863) - - - - (302) (863) 48 4,229 171 113 Net loss for the period - - - (10,690) - (10,690) Balance - December 31, 2022 174,646,196 $ 1 $ 67,340 $ (68,530) $ (2,234) $ (3,423) See accompanying notes F-4 IntelGenx Technologies Corp. Consolidated Statement of Shareholders' Deficit For the Year Ended December 31, 2023 (Expressed in Thousands of U.S. Dollars ($'000) Except Share and Per Share Data) Capital Stock Number Amount Additional Paid-In Capital Accumulated Other Total Accumulated Deficit Comprehensive Shareholders' Loss Deficit Balance - December 31, 2022 174,646,196 $ 1 $ 67,340 $ (68,530) $ (2,234) $ (3,423) Other comprehensive loss Issuance of warrants to atai Life Sciences (net of transaction costs of $89) (note 9) - - Stock options exercised (note 9) 11,900 Agents' warrants issued (note 9) Stock-based compensation (note 13) Net loss for the period - - - - - - - - - - 912 2 19 389 - - - - - - (9,927) (219) (219) - - - - - 912 2 19 389 (9,927) Balance - December 31, 2023 174,658,096 $ 1 $ 68,662 $ (78,457) $ (2,453) $ (12,247) See accompanying notes F-5 IntelGenx Technologies Corp. Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss For the Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 (Expressed in Thousands of U.S. Dollars ($'000) Except Share and Per Share Data) Revenues (note 16) Total revenues Expenses Research and development expense Manufacturing expense Selling, general and administrative expense Depreciation of tangible assets Total expenses Operating loss Gain on debt extinguishment (note 11) Interest income Financing and interest expense Net financing and interest expense Loss before income taxes Income taxes (note 15) Net loss Other comprehensive income (loss) Change in fair value Foreign currency translation adjustment $ 2023 1,039 $ 1,039 3,274 1,733 4,757 766 10,530 (9,491) 1,148 41 (1,625) (436) (9,927) - (9,927) 37 (256) 2022 950 950 3,031 1,858 4,697 777 10,363 (9,413) - 4 (1,281) (1,277) (10,690) - (10,690) (869) 6 Comprehensive loss Basic and diluted: Weighted average number of shares outstanding Basic and diluted loss per common share (note 20) See accompanying notes F-6 IntelGenx Technologies Corp. Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows For the Year Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 (Expressed in Thousands of U.S. Dollars ($'000) Except Share and Per Share Data) Funds (used) provided - Operating activities Net loss Depreciation of tangible assets Stock-based compensation Accretion expense DSU expense Interest paid by issuance of common shares Gain on debt extinguishment (note 11) Lease non-cash expense Changes in non-cash items related to operations: Accounts receivable Prepaid expenses Investment tax credits receivable Inventory Security deposits Accounts payable and accrued liabilities Accrued interest expense (note 11) Deferred revenues Net change in non-cash items related to operations Net cash used in operating activities Financing activities Issuance of loan Issuance of term loan Finance lease payments Proceeds from atai private placement Transaction costs of atai private placement Proceeds from exercise of stock options Net proceeds from convertible notes Transaction costs of convertible notes Transaction costs of debt extinguishment (note 11) Net cash provided by financing activities Investing activities Additions to leasehold improvements and equipment Acquisitions of short-term investments Redemptions of short-term investments Net cash provided by investing activities Increase (decrease) in cash Effect of foreign exchange on cash Cash Beginning of year End of year See accompanying notes IntelGenx Technologies Corp. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2023 and 2022 (219) (863) (10,146) $ (11,553) 174,654,565 164,746,054 (0.06) $ (0.07) 2023 2022 $ $ $ (9,927) $ 766 389 373 28 - (1,148) (1) (9,520) 87 (86) (9) (9) 120 1,104 670 1,118 2,995 (6,525) 3,000 500 (58) 2,970 (258) 2 697 (40) (37) 6,776 (180) - 1,354 1,174 1,425 (353) (10,690) 777 113 271 (106) 171 - 2 (9,462) (29) (32) 277 - (9) (495) 423 (189) (54) (9,516) 3,000 - (35) - - - - - - 2,965 (271) (5,739) 9,519 3,509 (3,042) 307 3,945 1,210 $ 1,210 2,282 $ F-7 (Expressed in U.S. Funds) 1. Basis of Presentation IntelGenx Technologies Corp. (and collectively with IntelGenx Corp., our wholly-owned Canadian subsidiary, "IntelGenx" or the "Company") prepares its consolidated ﬁnancial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("USA"). This basis of accounting involves the application of accrual accounting and consequently, revenues and gains are recognized when earned, and expenses and losses are recognized when incurred. The consolidated ﬁnancial statements include the accounts of IntelGenx Technologies Corp. and IntelGenx Corp. On consolidation, all inter-entity transactions and balances have been eliminated. The financial statements are expressed in U.S. funds. 2. Going Concern The Company has ﬁnanced its operations to date primarily through public oﬀerings of its common stock, proceeds from issuance of convertible notes and debentures, bank loans, royalty, up-front and milestone payments, license fees, proceeds from exercise of warrants and options, and research and development revenues. The Company has devoted substantially all of its resources to its drug development eﬀorts, conducting clinical trials to further advance the product pipeline, the expansion of its facilities, protecting its intellectual property and general and administrative functions relating to these operations. The future success of the Company is dependent on its ability to develop its product pipeline and ultimately upon its ability to attain proﬁtable operations. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had approximately $2,282 in cash. The Company does not have sufficient existing cash and short-term investments to support operations for the next year following the issuance of these financial statements. These conditions raise substantial doubt about the Company's ability to continue as a going concern. Management's plans to alleviate these conditions include pursuing one or more of the following steps to raise additional funding, none of which can be guaranteed or are entirely within the Company's control: Raise funding through the possible sale of the Company's common stock, including public or private equity financings. Raise funding through the Regulation A offering (note 21) Raise funding through debt financing. Continue to seek partners to advance product pipeline. Expand oral film manufacturing activities. Continue to contract oral film manufacturing activities. If the Company is unable to raise further capital when needed or on attractive terms, or if it is unable to procure partnership arrangements to advance its programs, the Company would be forced to potentially delay, reduce or eliminate some of its research and development programs and commercial activities. The accompanying consolidated ﬁnancial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis, which contemplates the realization of assets and satisfaction of liabilities in the ordinary course of business. The accompanying consolidated ﬁnancial statements do not include any adjustments or classiﬁcations that may result from the possible inability of the Company to continue as a going concern. Should the Company be unable to continue as a going concern, it may be unable to realize the carrying value of its assets and to meet its liabilities as they become due. F-8 IntelGenx Technologies Corp. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2023 and 2022 (Expressed in U.S. Funds) 3. Nature of Business IntelGenx was incorporated in the State of Delaware as Big Flash Corp. on July 27, 1999. On April 28, 2006 Big Flash Corp. completed, through the Canadian holding corporation, the acquisition of IntelGenx Corp., a company incorporated in Canada on June 15, 2003 and headquartered in Montreal, Quebec. IntelGenx Corp. has continued operations as our operating subsidiary. IntelGenx Corp. is a drug delivery company focused on the contract development and manufacturing of novel oral thin ﬁlm products for the pharmaceutical market. More recently, IntelGenx made the decision to enter the psychedelic market. As a full service contract development and manufacturing organization ("CDMO") IntelGenx is oﬀering partners a comprehensive portfolio of pharmaceutical services, including pharmaceutical research and development, clinical monitoring, regulatory support, technology transfer, manufacturing scale-up, and commercial manufacturing. The Company's main product development eﬀorts are based upon three delivery platform technologies: (1) VersaFilm™, an oral ﬁlm technology, (2) the VetaFilmTM technology platform for veterinary applications and (3) DisinteQ™ a disintegrating oral film technology. The Company's business strategy is to leverage its proprietary drug delivery technologies and develop pharmaceutical products with tangible benefits for patients, for partners and, once the product launches, retain the exclusive manufacturing rights. The Company has undertaken a strategy under which it will work with pharmaceutical companies in order to apply its oral ﬁlm technology to pharmaceutical products for which patent protection is nearing expiration, a strategy which is often referred to as "lifecycle management." Under §505(b)(2) of the Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act (the "FDCA"), the FDA may grant market exclusivity for a term of up to three years following approval of a listed drug that contains previously approved active ingredients but is approved in a new dosage, dosage form, route of administration or a combination. The Company's product portfolio includes a blend of generic and branded products based on its proprietary delivery technology ("generic" products are essentially copies of products that have already received FDA approval). Of the 11 projects currently in the Company's portfolio, 10 use the VersaFilm™ technology and one uses the VetaFilm™ technology. F-9 IntelGenx Technologies Corp. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2023 and 2022 (Expressed in U.S. Funds) 4. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Revenue Recognition The Company may enter into licensing and collaboration agreements for product development, licensing, supply and manufacturing for its product pipeline. The terms of the agreements may include non-refundable signing and licensing fees, milestone payments and royalties on any product sales derived from collaborations. These contracts are analyzed to identify all performance obligations forming part of these contracts. The transaction price of the contract is then determined. The transaction price is allocated between all performance obligations on a residual standalone selling price basis. The stand-alone selling price is estimated based on the comparable market prices, expected cost plus margin and the Company's historical experience. Revenue is measured based on a consideration speciﬁed in a contract with a customer, and excludes any sales incentives and amounts collected on behalf of third parties. The Company recognizes revenue when it satisﬁes a performance obligation by transferring control over a product or service to a customer. Taxes assessed by a governmental authority that are both imposed on and concurrent with a speciﬁc revenue-producing transaction, that are collected by the Company from a customer, are excluded from revenue. The following is a description of principal activities - separated by nature - from which the Company generates its revenue. Product revenue The Company recognizes revenue from the sale of its products when the following conditions are met; delivery has occurred; the price is ﬁxed or determinable; the collectability is reasonable assured and persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists. Research and Development Revenue Revenues with corporate collaborators are recognized as the performance obligations are satisﬁed over time, and the related expenditures are incurred pursuant to the terms of the agreement. Licensing and Collaboration Arrangements Licenses are considered to be right-to-use licenses. As such, the Company recognizes the licenses revenues at a point in time, upon granting the licenses. Milestone payments are considered variable consideration. As such, the Company estimates variable consideration at the most likely amount to which we expect to be entitled. The estimated amounts are included in the transaction price to the extent it is probable that a signiﬁcant reversal of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is resolved. At the end of each subsequent reporting period, the Company re-evaluates the probability of achievement of such development milestones and any related constraint, and if necessary, adjusts its estimate of the overall transaction price. Any such adjustments are recorded on a cumulative catch-up basis, which would aﬀect license, research and other revenues in the period during which the adjustment is recognized. The process of successfully achieving the criteria for the milestone payments is highly uncertain. Consequently, there is signiﬁcant risk that the Company may not earn all of the milestone payments for each of its contracts. F-10 IntelGenx Technologies Corp. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2023 and 2022 (Expressed in U.S. Funds) 4. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Cont'd) Royalties are typically calculated as a percentage of net sales realized by the Company's licensees of its products (including their sub-licensees), as speciﬁcally deﬁned in each agreement. The licensees' sales generally consist of revenues from product sales of the Company's product pipeline and net sales are determined by deducting the following: estimates for chargebacks, rebates, sales incentives and allowances, returns and losses and other customary deductions in each region where the Company has licensees. Revenues arising from royalties are considered variable consideration. As such, the Company estimates variable consideration at the most likely amount to which we expect to be entitled. The estimated amounts are included in the transaction price to the extent it is probable that a signiﬁcant reversal of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is resolved. Use of Estimates The preparation of ﬁnancial statements in conformity with US GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that aﬀect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the ﬁnancial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. The ﬁnancial statements include estimates based on currently available information and management's judgment as to the outcome of future conditions and circumstances. Signiﬁcant estimates in these ﬁnancial statements include the useful lives and impairment of long-lived assets, stock-based compensation costs, and the investment tax credits receivable. Changes in the status of certain facts or circumstances could result in material changes to the estimates used in the preparation of the ﬁnancial statements and actual results could differ from the estimates and assumptions. Financial instruments - Credit losses The Company accounts for estimated credit losses on ﬁnancial assets measured at an amortized cost basis and certain oﬀ-balance sheet credit exposures in accordance with FASB Accounting Standards Codiﬁcation ("ASC") 326 20, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses. FASB ASC 326 20 requires the Company to estimate expected credit losses over the life of its ﬁnancial assets and certain oﬀ-balance sheet exposures as of the reporting date based on relevant information about past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. The Company records the estimate of expected credit losses as an allowance for credit losses. For ﬁnancial assets measured at an amortized cost basis the allowance for credit losses is reported as a valuation account on the balance sheet that is deducted from the asset's amortized cost basis. Changes in the allowance for credit losses are reported in Credit Loss expense, included in Selling, General and Administrative Expenses. Accounts Receivable The Company's accounts receivable relate to licensing and collaboration agreements for product development, licensing, supply and manufacturing agreements. These accounts receivable are short term in nature. The Company estimates expected credit losses over the life of the ﬁnancial assets as of the reporting date based on relevant information about past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Investment Tax Credits Investment tax credits relating to qualifying expenditures are recognized in the accounts at the time at which the related expenditures are incurred and there is reasonable assurance of their realization. Management has made estimates and assumptions in determining the expenditures eligible for investment tax credits claimed. Investment tax credits received in the year ended December 31, 2023 totaled $149 (2022: $378). F-11 IntelGenx Technologies Corp. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2023 and 2022 (Expressed in U.S. Funds) 4. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Cont'd) Inventory The Company values inventory at the lower of cost and net realizable value where net realizable value represents the expected sale price upon disposition less make-ready costs and the costs of disposal and transportation and determines the cost of raw material inventory using the average- cost method. The Company analyzes its inventory levels quarterly and adjusts inventory to its net realizable value, if required, for obsolete, or has a cost basis in excess of its expected net realizable value. Leasehold Improvements and Equipment Leasehold improvements and equipment are recorded at cost. Provisions for depreciation are based on their estimated useful lives using the methods as follows: On the declining balance method - Laboratory and office equipment Computer equipment On the straight-line method - Leasehold improvements Manufacturing equipment 20% 30% over the lease term 5 - 10 years Upon retirement or disposal, the cost of the asset disposed of and the related accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts and any gain or loss is reflected in income. Expenditures for repair and maintenance are expensed as incurred. Leases Leases are classiﬁed as either ﬁnance leases or operating leases. A lease is classiﬁed as a ﬁnance lease if any one of the following criteria are met: the lease transfers ownership of the asset by the end of the lease term, the lease contains an option to purchase the asset that is reasonably certain to be exercised, the lease term is for a major part of the remaining useful life of the asset or the present value of the lease payments equals or exceeds substantially all of the fair value of the asset. A lease is classified as an operating lease if it does not meet any one of these criteria. Substantially all of the Company's operating leases are comprised of oﬃce space and property leases. The ﬁnance leases are comprised of laboratory equipment leases. For all leases at the lease commencement date, a right-of-use asset and a lease liability are recognized. The right-of-use asset represents the right to use the leased asset for the lease term. The lease liability represents the present value of the lease payments under the lease. F-12 IntelGenx Technologies Corp. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2023 and 2022 (Expressed in U.S. Funds) 4. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Cont'd) The right-of-use asset is initially measured at cost, which primarily comprises the initial amount of the lease liability, plus any initial costs incurred, consisting mainly of brokerage commissions, less any lease incentives received. All right-of-use assets are reviewed for impairment. The lease liability is initially measured as the present value of the lease payments, discounted using the interest rate implicit in the lease or, if that rate cannot be readily determined, the Company's secured incremental borrowing rate for the same term as the underlying lease. Lease payments included in the measurement of the lease liability comprise the following: the ﬁxed noncancelable lease payments, payments for optional renewal periods where it is reasonably certain the renewal period will be exercised, and payments for early termination options unless it is reasonably certain the lease will not be terminated early. Lease modifications result in remeasurement of the lease liability. Lease expense for operating leases consists of the lease payments plus any initial direct costs, primarily brokerage commissions, and is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Included in lease expense are any variable lease payments incurred in the period that were not included in the initial lease liability. The Company has elected not to recognize right-of-use assets and lease liabilities for short-tern leases that have a term of 12 months or less. The effect of short-term leases on our right-of-use asset and lease liability was not material. Impairment of Long-lived Assets Long-lived assets held and used by the Company are reviewed for possible impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of the assets to the estimated undiscounted cash ﬂows expected to be generated by the asset. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset exceeds the fair value thereof. Security Deposits Security deposits represent a refundable deposit paid to the landlord in accordance with the lease agreement and deposits held as guarantees by the Company's lenders in accordance with the lending facilities. The deposits will be repaid to the Company at the end of the lease. F-13 IntelGenx Technologies Corp. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2023 and 2022 (Expressed in U.S. Funds) 4. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Cont'd) Foreign Currency Translation The Company's reporting currency is the U.S. dollar. The Canadian dollar is the functional currency of the Company's Canadian operations, which is translated to the United States dollar using the current rate method. Under this method, accounts are translated as follows: Assets and liabilities - at exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date; Revenue and expenses - at average exchange rates prevailing during the year; Equity - at historical rates. Gains and losses arising from foreign currency translation are included in other comprehensive income. Income Taxes The Company accounts for income taxes in accordance with FASB ASC 740 "Income Taxes". Deferred taxes are provided on the liability method whereby deferred tax assets are recognized for deductible temporary diﬀerences, and deferred tax liabilities are recognized for taxable temporary diﬀerences. Temporary diﬀerences are the diﬀerences between the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and their tax bases. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when, in the opinion of management, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will be realized. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are adjusted for the effects of changes in tax laws and rates on the date of enactment. Unrecognized Tax Benefits The Company accounts for unrecognized tax beneﬁts in accordance with FASB ASC 740 "Income Taxes". ASC 740 prescribes a recognition threshold that a tax position is required to meet before being recognized in the ﬁnancial statements and provides guidance on de-recognition, measurement, classiﬁcation, interest and penalties, accounting in interim periods, disclosure and transition issues. ASC 740 contains a two-step approach to recognizing and measuring uncertain tax positions. The ﬁrst step is to evaluate the tax position for recognition by determining if the weight of available evidence indicates that it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained upon ultimate settlement with a taxing authority, including resolution of related appeals or litigation processes, if any. The second step is to measure the tax beneﬁt as the largest amount that is more than 50% likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement. Additionally, ASC 740 requires the Company to accrue interest and related penalties, if applicable, on all tax positions for which reserves have been established consistent with jurisdictional tax laws. The Company elected to classify interest and penalties related to the unrecognized tax beneﬁts in the income tax provision. Share-Based Payments The Company accounts for share-based payments to employees in accordance with the provisions of FASB ASC 718 "Compensation-Stock Compensation" and accordingly recognizes in its ﬁnancial statements share-based payments at their fair value. In addition, the Company will recognize in the ﬁnancial statements an expense based on the grant date fair value of stock options granted to employees. The expense will be recognized on a straight-line basis over the vesting period and the oﬀsetting credit will be recorded in additional paid-in capital. Upon exercise of options, the consideration paid together with the amount previously recorded as additional paid-in capital will be recognized as capital stock. The Company uses the Black-Scholes option pricing model to determine the fair value of the options. F-14 IntelGenx Technologies Corp. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2023 and 2022 (Expressed in U.S. Funds) 4. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Cont'd) The Company measures compensation expense for its non-employee stock-based compensation under ASC 718, "Compensation-Stock Compensation" and accordingly recognizes in its ﬁnancial statements share-based payments at their fair value. In addition, the Company will recognize in the financial statements as expense over the service period, as if the Company had paid cash for the services. Loss Per Share Basic loss per share is calculated based on the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the year. Any antidilutive instruments are excluded from the calculation of diluted loss per share. Fair Value Measurements ASC 820 applies to all assets and liabilities that are being measured and reported on a fair value basis. ASC 820 requires disclosure that establishes a framework for measuring fair value in US GAAP, and expands disclosure about fair value measurements. This statement enables the reader of the ﬁnancial statements to assess the inputs used to develop those measurements by establishing a hierarchy for ranking the quality and reliability of the information used to determine fair values. The statement requires that assets and liabilities carried at fair value be classiﬁed and disclosed in one of the following three categories: Level 1: Quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Level 2: Observable market based inputs or unobservable inputs that are corroborated by market data. Level 3: Unobservable inputs that are not corroborated by market data. In determining the appropriate levels, the Company performs a detailed analysis of the assets and liabilities that are subject to ASC 820. At each reporting period, all assets and liabilities for which the fair value measurement is based on signiﬁcant unobservable inputs are classiﬁed as Level 3. Short-term investments are classified Level 1. Fair Value of Financial Instruments The fair value represents management's best estimates based on a range of methodologies and assumptions. The carrying value of receivables and payables arising in the ordinary course of business and the investment tax credits receivable approximate fair value because of the relatively short period of time between their origination and expected realization. 5. Short-term investments As at December 31, 2023, short-term investments amounted to $ Nil. As at December 31, 2022, short-term investments consisted of investments in mutual funds of $1.3 million and were with a Canadian financial institution having a high credit rating. F-15 IntelGenx Technologies Corp. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2023 and 2022 (Expressed in U.S. Funds) 6. Inventory Inventory as at December 31, 2023 consisted of raw materials in the amount of $ 71 thousand (2022 - $62 thousand). An amount of $ 23 thousand ($19 in 2022) was recognized in Manufacturing expenses and an amount of $ 10 (2022 - $Nil thousand) was recognized in Research and development expenses. 7. Leasehold Improvements and Equipment Manufacturing equipment Laboratory and office equipment Computer equipment Leasehold improvements Cost Accumulated Depreciation Net Carrying Net Carrying Amount Amount 2023 2022 $ $ 4,789 $ 1,621 161 3,366 9,937 $ 2,034 $ 1,239 132 2,574 5,979 $ 2,755 $ 382 29 792 3,958 $ 2,894 419 34 1,078 4,425 As at December 31, 2023, no depreciation has been recorded on manufacturing equipment in the amount of $ 1,838 thousand (2022 - $1,715 thousand) as this equipment is not yet in use. 8. Bank Indebtedness The Company's credit facility is subject to review annually and consists of corporate credits cards of up to CAD$ 50 thousand ($38 thousand) and $ 30 thousand, and foreign exchange contracts limited to CAD$425 thousand ($321 thousand). 9. Convertible Notes Current liabilities On October 15, 2020, the Company announced the closing of an oﬀering by way of private placement to certain investors in the United States of $1.2 million principal amount of 8% convertible notes due October 15, 2024. The Notes will bear interest at a rate of 8% per annum, payable quarterly, and will be convertible into shares of common stock of the Company beginning 6 months after their issuance at a price of $0.18 per Share. The Company intends to use the proceeds of the Oﬀering for working capital purposes. In connection with the Oﬀering, the Company paid to an agent a cash commission of approximately $85,000 in the aggregate and issued non-transferable warrants to the agent, entitling the holder to purchase 482,000 common shares at a price of $ 0.18 per Share until October 15, 2022. On October 23, 2020, the Company announced the closing of a second tranche of the Notes to certain investors in the United States of $ 557 thousand principal amount of 8% convertible notes due Oct 15, 2024. The Notes bear interest at a rate of 8% per annum, payable quarterly, and are convertible into shares of common stock of the Company beginning 6 months after their issuance at a price of $0.18 per Share. In connection with the Oﬀering, the Company paid to an agent a cash commission of approximately $39,000 in the aggregate and issued non-transferable warrants to the agent, entitling the holder to purchase 222,800 common shares at a price of $ 0.18 per Share until October 15, 2022. F-16 IntelGenx Technologies Corp. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2023 and 2022 (Expressed in U.S. Funds) 9. Convertible Notes (Cont'd) Management has determined the value of the agents' warrants to be $ 44,000. The convertible notes have been recorded as a liability. Total transactions costs in the amount of $ 268 thousand were recorded against the liability. The accretion expense for the year ended December 31, 2023 amounts to $68 thousand (2022: $59 thousand). The warrants have been recorded as equity. The components of the convertible notes are as follows: Attributed value of net proceeds to convertible notes Accretion Convertible note December 31, 2023 $ December 31, 2022 1,397 126 1,523 1,397 $ 193 1,590 $ $ The interest on the convertible notes for the year ended December 31, 2023 amounts to $ 132,000 (2022: $132,000). The interest is recorded in financing and interest expense. On May 8, 2018, the Company closed its previously announced oﬀering by way of private placement (the "Oﬀering"). In connection with the Oﬀering, the Company issued 320 units (the "Units") at a subscription price of $ 10,000 per Unit for gross proceeds of $ 3,200,000. A related party of the Company participated in the Offering and subscribed for an aggregate of two Units. Each Unit is comprised of (i) 7,940 common shares of the Corporation ("Common Shares"), (ii) a $ 5,000 convertible 6% note (a "Note"), and (iii) 7,690 warrants to purchase common shares of the Corporation ("Warrants"). Each Note bears interest at a rate of 6% (payable quarterly, in arrears, with the ﬁrst payment being due on September 1, 2018), matured on June 1, 2021 and is convertible into Common Shares at a conversion price of $0.80 per Common Share. Each Warrant entitles its holder to purchase one Common Share at a price of $ 0.80 per Common Share until June 1, 2021. In connection with the Oﬀering, the Company paid to the Agents a cash commission of approximately $ 157,800 in the aggregate and issued non- transferable agents' warrants to the Agents, entitling the Agents to purchase 243,275 common shares at a price of $ 0.80 per share until June 1, 2021. Management has determined the value of the agents' warrants to be $50,000. The proceeds of the Units are attributed to liability and equity components based on the fair value of each component as follows: Gross proceeds Transaction costs Net proceeds 1,627 $ 1,086 487 3,200 $ 167 $ 111 50 328 $ 1,460 975 437 2,872 $ $ F-17 Common stock Convertible notes Warrants IntelGenx Technologies Corp. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2023 and 2022 (Expressed in U.S. Funds) 9. Convertible Notes (Cont'd) On May 19, 2021, the noteholders approved the amendment of the terms of the convertible notes. The maturity date of the convertible notes was extended from June 1, 2021 to October 31, 2024, the interest rate of the notes increased from 6% to 8%, and the conversion price was reduced from $0.80 to $0.44. These amendments were accounted for as an extinguishment and the notes were re-measured at fair value on June 1, 2021. This re- measurement resulted in a gain on extinguishment in the amount of $151,000 recognized in finance and interest income. The components of the convertible notes subsequent to the amendments are as follows: Face value of the convertible notes Transaction costs Accretion Convertible notes December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 $ $ 909 $ (29) 87 967 $ 909 (29) 52 932 The convertible notes have been recorded as a liability. Total transactions costs in the amount of $ 29 thousand were recorded against the liability. The accretion expense for the year ended December 31, 2023 amounts to $35,000 (2022: $31,000). The interest on the convertible notes for the year ended December 31, 2023 amounts to $ 80 thousand (2022: $80 thousand) and is recorded in financing and interest expense. Long-term liabilities On August 31, 2023 the Company announced the closing of the ﬁrst tranche of a non-brokered private placement (the "Oﬀering") of units ("Units") from atai for aggregate gross proceeds of approximately US$3 million, including US$750,000 received by the Company pursuant to the Subsequent atai Subscription (as defined below) upon Shareholder Approvals (as defined below). Pursuant to the Oﬀering, (i) United States subscribers can subscribe for Units (the "US Units") at a price of US$ 1,000 per US Unit, each US Unit being comprised of a US$1,000 principal amount convertible promissory note (the "US Notes") and 5,405 common stock purchase warrants (the "US Warrants"). The US Notes are convertible into shares of common stock of the Company (the "Shares") at the option of the holder at a price of US$ 0.185 (the "US Conversion Price"), at anytime from the date that is six (6) months following their issuance up to and including August 31, 2026, and bear interest at 12% per annum, payable quarterly, in arrears, with ﬁrst payment due September 30, 2023 and every 3 months thereafter. The US Warrants entitle the holders thereof to purchase Shares at a price of US$0.26 per Share, for a period of 3 years following their issuance. atai, a signiﬁcant shareholder and partner of the Company, subscribed for 2,220 US Units for aggregate gross proceeds to the Company of US$2,220,000 (the "Initial atai Proceeds"). In addition, atai committed to subscribe for an additional 750 US Units for additional aggregate proceeds to the Company of US$750,000 (collectively with the Initial atai Proceeds, the "atai Proceeds") on the same terms (the "Subsequent atai Subscription"), subject to the Company obtaining the Shareholder Approvals, which it did on November 28, 2023. F-18 IntelGenx Technologies Corp. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2023 and 2022 (Expressed in U.S. Funds) 9. Convertible Notes (Cont'd) On September 30, 2023, the Company and atai agreed, subject to obtaining TSX approval and the Shareholder Approvals, to enter into an amendment (the "Subscription Agreement Amendment") to the subscription agreement entered into by and between the Company and atai in connection with the Oﬀering to provide atai with the right (the "Call Option") to purchase up to an additional 7,401 US Units (the "Call Option Units") at any time prior to August 31, 2026. The Call Option Units, to the extent atai exercises the Call Option in whole or in part, will be issued on the same terms as the US Units, including with respect to the US Conversion Price, maturity date, interest rate and the number of warrants issued in connection therewith. The Subscription Agreement Amendment will provide that the issuance of any Call Option Units will result in a corresponding reduction in atai's remaining purchase right pursuant to the amended and restated securities purchase agreement dated May 14, 2021, which such right to be reduced by the number of Shares issuable upon the conversion of the principal amount outstanding under such issued Call Option Units. IntelGenx intends to use the proceeds of the Oﬀering to fund the Company's wholly-owned Canadian subsidiary, continuing formulation and development efforts related to ongoing collaborations between IGXT and atai as well as working capital and expenses related to the Offering. The proceeds of the Units are attributed to liability and equity components based on the fair value of each component as follows: Convertible notes Warrants Gross proceeds Transaction costs Net proceeds $ $ 1,969 $ 1,001 2,970 $ 169 $ 89 258 $ 1,800 912 2,712 The convertible notes have been recorded as a liability. Total transactions costs in the amount of $ 169 thousand were recorded against the liability. The accretion expense for the year ended December 31, 2023 amounts to $67,000 (2022: $Nil). The warrants have been recorded as equity. The components of the convertible notes are as follows: Attributed value of net proceeds to convertible notes Accretion Convertible notes December 31, 2023 $ $ 1,800 67 1,867 The interest on the convertible notes for year ended December 31, 2023 amounts to $ 96 thousand (2022: $Nil) and is recorded in ﬁnancing and interest expense. The proceeds of the Units are attributed to liability and equity components based on the fair value of each component. Management has determined the value attributed to the warrants to be $912. F-19 IntelGenx Technologies Corp. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2023 and 2022 (Expressed in U.S. Funds) 9. Convertible Notes (Cont'd) On March 21, 2023, the Company announced the closing of an offering by way of private placement to certain investors in the United States of $ 763 thousand principal amount of 10% convertible notes due March 1, 2027. The Notes will bear interest at a rate of 10% per annum, payable quarterly, and will be convertible into shares of common stock of the Company beginning 6 months after their issuance at a price of $0.20 per Share. The Company intends to use the proceeds of the Oﬀering to ﬁnance the Company's Rizaport and Buprenorphine programs as well as for working capital. In connection with the Oﬀering, the Company paid to an agent a cash commission of approximately $53,000 in the aggregate and issued non- transferable warrants to the agent, entitling the holder to purchase 304,000 common shares at a price of $0.20 per Share until March 21, 2025. Management has determined the value of the agents' warrants to be $ 19,000. The convertible notes have been recorded as a liability. Total transactions costs in the amount of $ 126 thousand were recorded against the liability. The accretion expense for the year ended December 31, 2023 amounts to $19,000 (2022: $Nil). The warrants have been recorded as equity. The components of the convertible notes are as follows: Face value of the convertible notes Transaction costs Accretion Convertible notes December 31, 2023 $ $ 763 (126) 19 656 The interest on the convertible notes for the year ended December 31, 2023 amounts to $ 59,000 (2022: $Nil) and is recorded in ﬁnancing and interest expense. On August 5, 2021, the Company announced the closing of an oﬀering by way of private placement to certain investors in the United States of $ 2.1 million principal amount of 8% convertible notes due July 31, 2025. The Notes bear interest at a rate of 8% per annum, payable quarterly, and are convertible into shares of common stock of the Company beginning 6 months after their issuance at a price of $0.40 per Share. The Company intends to use the proceeds of the Oﬀering for the Montelukast clinical program. In connection with the Oﬀering, the Company paid to an agent a cash commission of approximately $199,525 in the aggregate and issued non-transferable warrants to the agent, entitling the holder to purchase 613,000 common shares at a price of $ 0.40 per Share until August 4, 2023. On May 8, 2023, the expiry date of these warrants was extended by an additional 12 months to August 4, 2024. The impact of the modification on the financial statements was insignificant. Management has determined the value of the agents' warrants to be $ 164,000. The convertible notes have been recorded as a liability. Total transactions costs in the amount of $ 403 thousand were recorded against the liability. The accretion expense for the year ended December 31, 2023 amounts to $98,000 (2022: $85,000). The warrants have been recorded as equity. F-20 IntelGenx Technologies Corp. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2023 and 2022 (Expressed in U.S. Funds) 9. Convertible Notes (Cont'd) The components of the convertible notes are as follows: Face value of the convertible notes Transaction costs Accretion Convertible notes December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 $ $ 2,101 $ (403) 217 1,915 $ 2,101 (403) 119 1,817 The interest on the convertible notes for the year ended December 31, 2023 amounts to $ 168,000 (2022: $168,000) and is recorded in financing and interest expense. 10. Term loan On December 5, 2023, atai Life Sciences ("atai") has granted to the Company a secured term loan for $ 500,000, bearing interest at 14%. Principal of and interest on this Term Loan from time to time outstanding shall be due and payable from thirty ﬁve percent (35%) of the proceeds of each closing of equity ﬁnancing until the principal balance and any outstanding balance is paid in full. Regardless of whether any closing of equity ﬁnancing occurs, the outstanding and remaining principal balance and interest on this term loan shall be due and payable by December 31, 2024. The interest for the year ended December 31, 2023 amounts to $5,000 and is recorded in financing and interest expense (2022 - $ Nil). 11. Loan Payable atai Life Sciences ("atai") has granted to the Company a secured loan in the amount of $ 8,500,000, bearing interest at 8%. The loan is guaranteed by the Company and secured by all present and future movable property, rights and assets of the Company, excluding any intellectual property or technology controlled or owned by the Company. On August 31, 2023, the Company entered into an amending agreement (the "Amending Agreement") in respect of the amended and restated loan agreement dated as of September 14, 2021 (the "Loan Agreement") between the Company, as borrower, and atai, as lender pursuant to which, among other things, the maturity date of the Loan Agreement was extended from January 5, 2024 to January 5, 2025, and the Company granted additional security to atai over any non-licensed intellectual property of the Company (the "Loan Amendment"). The transaction is accounted for as a modification. The impact of the modification on the financial statements was insignificant. On September 30, 2023, the Company and atai also agreed, subject to obtaining TSX and Shareholder approvals, to enter into a second amendment to the Loan Agreement (the "Second Amendment") to provide, among other things, for the ability for atai to convert the principal and accrued interest outstanding under the Loan Agreement into Shares. On November 28, 2023, the Company announced shareholder approvals of the ﬁnancing transactions. As a result, atai has the ability to convert the principal and accrued interest under the Loan Agreement into shares of common stock of the Company (the "Shares") at a price of US$0.185 (the "US Conversion Price"). This transaction is accounted for as an extinguishment and the debt was re-measured at fair value on November 28, 2023. This re-measurement resulted in a gain on extinguishment in the amount of $1,148,000 recognized in finance and interest income. F-21 IntelGenx Technologies Corp. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2023 and 2022 (Expressed in U.S. Funds) 11. Loan Payable (Cont'd) The loan bears interest at 8% and is convertible into shares of common stock of the Company. The interest for the year ended December 31, 2023 amounts to $671,000 and is recorded in ﬁnancing and interest expense (2022 - $ 423,000). As at December 31, 2023, the Company has accrued interest expense totalling $1,249 thousand (2022: $579 thousand). The accretion expense for the year ended December 31, 2023 amounts to $ 86 thousand (2022: $Nil). The components of the Company's debt subsequent to the extinguishment are as follows Face value of the loan payable Gain on extinguishment Transaction costs Accretion Loan payable December 31, 2023 8,500 $ (1,148) (37) 86 7,401 $ Atai is an insider of the Company as a result of its beneﬁcial ownership of, or control or discretion over, directly or indirectly, greater than 10% of the outstanding Shares. 12. Contingencies Contingencies The government authorities have assessed the Company with respect to sales taxes claimed on certain expenses between 2017 and 2020, which the government is denying. The sales tax assessments amount to $322,000 (including interest and penalties of $ 35,000), which was paid to avoid further interest and penalties. The Company disagrees with the government's position and the sales tax assessments are under appeal. In the event the Company is unsuccessful in its appeal, sales taxes expenses would increase by $287,000 and net earnings would decrease by $ 287,000. 13. Capital Stock Authorized - 580,000,000 common shares of $0.00001 par value 20,000,000 preferred shares of $ 0.00001 par value Issued - 2023 2022 174,658,096 (December 31, 2022: 174,646,196) common shares $ 1 $ 1 F-22 IntelGenx Technologies Corp. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2023 and 2022 (Expressed in U.S. Funds) 13. Capital Stock (Cont'd) On November 28, 2023, the shareholders of the Company approved an amendment to increase the total number of authorized shares of capital stock of the Company from 470,000,000 to 600,000,000 and to increase the total authorized shares of the Company's common stock at $ 0.00001 par value, from 450,000,000 shares to 580,000,000 shares. Stock options During the year ended December 31, 2023, 11,900 stock options were exercised for 11,900 common shares having a par value of $ 0 thousand in aggregate, for cash consideration of $2 thousand, resulting in an increase in additional paid-in capital of $ 2 thousand. No stock options were exercised during the year ended December 31, 2022. Stock-based compensation of $ 389 thousand and $113 thousand was recorded during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 respectively. An amount of $377 thousand (2022 - $101 thousand) expensed relates to stock options granted to employees and an amount of $ 12 (2022- $12 thousand) relates to stock options granted to a consultant during the year ended December 31, 2021. As at December 31, 2023 the Company has $472 thousand (2022 - $39 thousand) of unrecognized stock-based compensation, of which $ Nil (2022 - $12) relates to options granted to consultants. 14. Additional Paid-In Capital Stock Options The fair value of options granted to employees has been estimated according to the Black-Scholes valuation model and based on the weighted average of the following assumptions for options granted to employees during the years ended: Exercise price Expected volatility Expected life Risk-free interest rate Dividend yield 2023 2022 0.18 87% 5.65 years 3.51% Nil 0.16 84% 5.63 years 3.47% Nil The weighted average fair value of the options granted to employees during the year ended December 31, 2023 is $ 0.13 (2022 - $0.11). F-23 IntelGenx Technologies Corp. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2023 and 2022 (Expressed in U.S. Funds) 14. Additional Paid-In Capital (Cont'd) Information with respect to employees' stock option activity for 2022 and 2023 is as follows: Outstanding - January 1, 2022 Granted Expired Forfeited Outstanding - December 31, 2022 Granted Expired Forfeited Exercised Outstanding - December 31, 2023 Number of options Weighted average exercise price $ 4,412,318 150,000 (266,250) (58,750) 4,237,318 6,795,000 (897,470) (462,500) (11,900) 9,660,448 0.56 0.16 (0.62) (0.32) 0.54 0.18 (0.57) (0.21) (0.12) 0.30 Information with respect to consultant's stock option activity for 2022 and 2023 is as follows: Outstanding - January 1, 2022, December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2023 100,000 $ 0.35 Number of options Weighted average exercise price F-24 IntelGenx Technologies Corp. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2023 and 2022 (Expressed in U.S. Funds) 14. Additional Paid-In Capital (Cont'd) Details of stock options outstanding as at December 31, 2023 are as follows: Outstanding options Exercisable options Exercise prices $ Number of options Weighted average remaining contractual life (years) Weighted average exercise price $ Aggregate intrinsic value $ Number of options Weighted average exercise price $ Aggregate intrinsic value $ 0.12 0.14 0.17 0.19 0.24 0.27 0.34 0.35 0.44 0.58 0.66 0.73 0.76 0.77 0.89 100,600 110,000 4,750,000 1,175,000 310,000 1,125,000 25,000 100,000 100,000 600,000 125,000 225,000 565,000 299,848 150,000 9,760,448 0.09 0.11 4.52 1.12 0.29 0.80 0.02 0.08 0.08 0.10 0.05 0.06 0.25 0.11 0.05 7.73 0.00 0.00 0.08 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.04 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.02 0.01 0.30 2,012 50,600 - 1,900,000 75,000 - 1,125,000 18,750 100,000 100,000 600,000 125,000 225,000 565,000 299,848 150,000 5,334,198 0.00 - 0.06 0.00 - 0.05 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.07 0.02 0.03 0.08 0.04 0.03 0.40 1,012 Stock-based compensation expense recognized in 2023 with regards to the stock options was $ 370 thousand (2022: $113 thousand). As at December 31, 2023 the Company has $472 thousand (2022 - $39 thousand) of unrecognized stock-based compensation, of which $ Nil (2022 - $12) relates to options granted to consultants. The amount of $472 thousand will be recognized as an expense over a period of three years. A change in control of the Company due to acquisition would cause the vesting of the stock options granted to employees to accelerate and would result in $472 thousand being charged to stock-based compensation expense. F-25 IntelGenx Technologies Corp. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2023 and 2022 (Expressed in U.S. Funds) 14. Additional Paid-In Capital (Cont'd) Warrants Information with respect to warrant activity for 2022 and 2023 is as follows: Outstanding - January 1, 2022 Expired Outstanding - December 31, 2022 Granted Expired Outstanding - December 31, 2023 Deferred Share Units ("DSUs") Number of warrants (All Exercisable) Weighted average exercise price $ 41,156,990 (704,800) 40,452,190 16,356,850 (17,459,190) 39,349,850 0.20 (0.18) 0.20 0.26 (0.57) 0.31 Under the DSU Plan, the Board may grant Deferred Share Units ("DSUs") to the participating directors at its discretion and, in addition, each participating director may elect to receive all or a portion of his or her annual cash stipend in the form of DSUs. To the extent DSUs are granted, the amount of compensation that is deferred is converted into a number of DSUs, as determined by the market price of our Common Stock on the eﬀective date of the election. These DSUs are converted back into a cash amount at the expiration of the deferral period based on the market price of our Common Stock on the expiration date and paid to the director in cash in accordance with the payout terms of the DSU Plan. As the DSUs are on a cash-only basis, no shares of Common Stock will be reserved or issued in connection with the DSUs. During the year ended December 31, 2023, 781,250 DSUs have been granted under the DSU Plan (2022 - 543,478), accordingly, an amount of $ 185 thousand has been recognized in general and administrative expenses (2022 - $197 thousand). During the year ended December 31, 2022, 298,640 DSUs were converted back into a cash amount of CAD $ 64 thousand (49 thousand) and paid to the director. Performance and Restricted Share Units ("PRSUs") During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company granted 400,000 Performance Restricted Share Units to certain employees, which vest if certain market conditions are met. The PRSUs vest based on the achievement of speciﬁed market conditions over a performance period of 3 years. The PRSUs expire 3 years after the grant date. The market conditions are based on the Company's stock price achieving speciﬁed targets over a continuous period of 30 calendar days. If the market conditions are met, the PRSUs will vest and become payable in shares of the Company's common stock. The PRSUs were accounted for at their fair value, as determined by the Binomial Lattice valuation model, of approximately $ 23 thousand. As at December 31, 2023, an amount of $6 thousand has been recognized as stock-based compensation in general and administrative expenses. As at December 31, 2023, 400,000 rewards have been issued under the PRSU Plan and there are 350,000 rewards outstanding. No rewards were granted under the PRSU Plan in 2022. F-26 IntelGenx Technologies Corp. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2023 and 2022 (Expressed in U.S. Funds) 14. Additional Paid-In Capital (Cont'd) On April 4, 2023, 100,000 rewards have been issued under the RSU Plan having a fair value of $ 18 thousand. As at December 31, 2023, an amount of $13 thousand has been recognized as stock-based compensation in general and administrative expenses. The RSUs expire 3 years after the grant date. As at December 31, 2023, 153,846 rewards have been issued under the RSU Plan. No rewards were granted under RSU Plan in 2022. 15. Income Taxes Income taxes reported differ from the amount computed by applying the statutory rates to net income (losses). The reasons are as follows: Statutory income taxes Net operating losses for which no tax benefits have been recorded Excess (deficiency) of depreciation over capital cost allowance Non-deductible expenses Undeducted research and development expenses Investment tax credit 2023 2022 $ $ (2,623) $ 1,694 203 242 525 (41) - $ The major components of the deferred tax assets classified by the source of temporary differences are as follows: Leasehold improvements and equipment Net operating losses carryforward Undeducted research and development expenses Non-refundable tax credits carryforward Valuation allowance 2023 2022 $ $ (191) $ 15,259 4,376 3,388 22,832 (22,832) - $ (3,062) 1,785 (52) 918 455 (44) - 184 12,789 4,122 2,780 19,875 (19,875) - As at December 31, 2023, management determined that enough uncertainty existed relative to the realization of deferred income tax asset balances to warrant the application of a full valuation allowance. There were Canadian and provincial net operating losses of approximately $ 52,703 thousand (2022: $45,041 thousand) and $ 63,394 thousand (2022: $52,004 thousand) respectively, that may be applied against earnings of future years. Utilization of the net operating losses is subject to signiﬁcant limitations imposed by the change in control provisions. Canadian and provincial losses will be expiring between 2026 and 2043. A portion of the net operating losses may expire before they can be utilized. F-27 IntelGenx Technologies Corp. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2023 and 2022 (Expressed in U.S. Funds) 15. Income Taxes (Cont'd) As at December 31, 2023, the Company had non-refundable tax credits of $ 3,391 thousand (2022: $3,004 thousand) of which $ 8 thousand is expiring in 2026, $10 thousand is expiring in 2027, $170 thousand is expiring in 2028, $149 thousand is expiring in 2029, $127 thousand is expiring in 2030, $136 thousand is expiring in 2031, $170 thousand is expiring in 2032, $113 thousand is expiring in 2033, $86 thousand expiring in 2034, $101 thousand is expiring in 2035, $139 thousand expiring in 2036, $265 thousand is expiring in 2037, $572 thousand expiring in 2038, $346 thousand expiring in 2039, $226 thousand expiring in 2040, $231 thousand expiring in 2041, $270 expiring in 2042, and $272 thousand expiring in 2043 and undeducted research and development expenses of $19,142 thousand (2022: $17,031 thousand) with no expiration date. The deferred tax benefit of these items was not recognized in the accounts as it has been fully provided for. Unrecognized Tax Benefits The Company does not have any unrecognized tax benefits. Tax Years and Examination The Company ﬁles tax returns in each jurisdiction in which it is registered to do business. For each jurisdiction a statute of limitations period exists. After a statute of limitations period expires, the respective tax authorities may no longer assess additional income tax for the expired period. Similarly, the Company is no longer eligible to ﬁle claims for refund for any tax that it may have overpaid. The following table summarizes the Company's major tax jurisdictions and the tax years that remain subject to examination by these jurisdictions as of December 31, 2023: Tax Jurisdictions Federal - Canada Provincial - Quebec Federal - USA F-28 Tax Years 2019 and onward 2019 and onward 2019 onward IntelGenx Technologies Corp. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2023 and 2022 (Expressed in U.S. Funds) 16. Revenues The following table presents our revenues disaggregated by revenue source. Sales and usage-based taxes are excluded from revenues: Research and development agreements Product revenue Research and development milestone Royalties on product sales The following table presents our revenues disaggregated by timing of recognition: Product and services transferred at point in time Products and services transferred over time December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 $ $ 884 $ - 125 30 1,039 $ 824 78 - 48 950 December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 $ $ 155 $ 884 1,039 $ 271 679 950 The following table presents our revenues disaggregated by geography, based on the billing addresses of our customers: Europe Canada United States Remaining performance obligations December 31, 2023 $ December 31, 2022 701 104 145 950 840 $ 6 193 1,039 $ $ As at December 31, 2023, the aggregate amount of the transaction price allocated to the remaining performance obligation is $ 3,359 representing research and development agreements. The Company is also eligible to receive up to $2,414 in research and development milestone payments, approximately 100% of which is expected to be recognized in the next three years; up to $ 401 in commercial sales milestone payments which are wholly dependent on the marketing efforts of our development partners. In addition, the Company is entitled to receive royalties on potential sales. The Company applies the practical expedient in paragraph 606-10-50-14 and does not disclose information about the remaining performance obligations that have original expected durations of one year or less. F-29 IntelGenx Technologies Corp. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2023 and 2022 (Expressed in U.S. Funds) 17. Statement of Cash Flows Information In US$ thousands Additional Cash Flow Information: Interest paid 18. Leases Operating leases 2023 2022 $ 447 $ 396 Substantially all our operating lease right-of-use assets and operating lease liability represents leases for oﬃce space and property to conduct our business. The operating lease expense for the year ended December 31, 2023 included in general and administrative expenses is $ 259 thousand (2022: $269 thousand). The cash outflows from operating leases for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $ 260 thousand (2022: $267 thousand). The weighted average remaining lease term and the weighted average discount rate for operating leases at December 31, 2023 were 2.2 years and 10%, respectively. The following table reconciles the undiscounted cash ﬂows for the operating leases as at December 31, 2022 to the operating lease liabilities recorded on the balance sheet: Operating Leases 273 273 46 592 114 478 $ 2024 2025 2026 Total undiscounted lease payments Less: Interest Present value of lease liabilities Current portion of operating lease liability Operating lease liability $248 $230 F-30 IntelGenx Technologies Corp. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2023 and 2022 (Expressed in U.S. Funds) 18. Leases (Cont'd) Finance leases Substantially all our finance lease right-of-use assets and finance lease liability represents leases for laboratory equipment to conduct our business. The cash outflows from finance leases for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $ 58 thousand (2022: $35 thousand). The weighted average remaining lease term and the weighted average discount rate for ﬁnance leases at December 31, 2023 were 1.4 years and 3.87%, respectively. The following table reconciles the undiscounted cash ﬂows for the ﬁnance leases as at December 31, 2023 to the ﬁnance lease liabilities recorded on the balance sheet: 2024 2025 Total undiscounted lease payments Less: Interest Present value of lease liabilities Current portion of finance lease liability Finance lease liability $90 $37 19. Related Party Transactions Finance Leases $ $ 93 37 130 3 127 Included in management salaries are $ 359 thousand (2022 - $56 thousand) for options, PRSUs and RSUs granted to key management personnel under the 2022 Stock Option Plan. The Company considers its Chief Executive Oﬃcer, President and Chief Financial Oﬃcer, and Vice-Presidents to be key management personnel. Also included in general and administrative expenses are director fees of $ 219 thousand (2022: $229 thousand). The above related party transactions have been measured at the exchange amount which is the amount of the consideration established and agreed upon by the related parties. F-31 IntelGenx Technologies Corp. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2023 and 2022 (Expressed in U.S. Funds) 20. Basic and Diluted Loss Per Common Share Basic and diluted loss per common share is calculated based on the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the year. Common equivalent shares from stock options, warrants and convertible debentures are also included in the diluted per share calculations unless the eﬀect of the inclusion would be antidilutive. 21. Subsequent Events Subsequent to the end of the year on January 29, 2024, the Company granted 1,354,268 RSUs to certain employees and directors. On February 20, 2024, the Company announced the launch of a Regulation A offering of up to 2,000,000 shares of Series A Convertible Cumulative Preferred Stock ("Series A Preferred Stock"), par value $0.00001 per share, at an oﬀering price of $ 10.00 per share (the "Oﬀering"), for a maximum Offering amount of $20,000,000. Holders of the Series A Preferred Stock will be entitled to receive cumulative dividends in the amount of $ 0.20 per share each quarter, or 8% per year. Each share of Series A Preferred Stock will be convertible into twenty (20) shares of our common stock ("Common Stock) at the option of the holder, subject to certain conditions in accordance with the requirements of the Toronto Stock Exchange. Commencing on the ﬁfth anniversary of the initial closing of this oﬀering and continuing indeﬁnitely thereafter, the Company shall have a right to call for redemption the outstanding shares of the Series A Preferred Stock at a call price equal to 150% of the original issue price of the Series A Preferred Stock, and correspondingly, each holder of shares of the Series A Preferred Stock shall have a right to sell the shares of Series A Preferred Stock held by such holder back to the Company at a price equal to 150% of the original issue purchase price of such shares. The Series A Preferred Stock being oﬀered will rank, as to dividend rights and rights upon the Company's liquidation, dissolution, or winding up, senior to the Common Stock. On March 11, 2024, the Company announced that it entered into a third amended and restated loan agreement dated as of March 8, 2024 (amending the second amended and restated loan agreement dated as of September 30, 2023) (the "Loan Agreement") with atai, pursuant to which, among other things, atai has agreed to make (i) one (1) additional term loan in the amount of US$1,000,000, which loan is to be disbursed within three (3) business days of the execution of the Loan Agreement (the "First Tranche Loan"), and (ii) one (1) additional term loan in the amount of US$1,000,000, which loan is to be disbursed upon the achievement of a pre-deﬁned milestone (the "Second Tranche Loan" and collectively with the Second Tranche Loan, the "Additional Term Loans"). The Additional Term Loans will mature on February 1, 2026. Subject to obtaining approval from the Toronto Stock Exchange (the "TSX"), the Loan Agreement provides for the ability for atai to convert (the "Conversion Feature"), from time to time, (i) the principal outstanding under the First Tranche Loan into shares of common stock of the Company (the "Shares") at a conversion price of US$0.185 per Share (the "Conversion Price"), and (ii) the principal outstanding under the Second Tranche Loan into Shares at a conversion price equal to the greater of (a) the Conversion Price and (b) the 5-day volume-weighted average price (the "5-day VWAP") of the Shares on the TSX ending on the day preceding the disbursement by atai of the Second Tranche Loan to the Company or IntelGenx, less the maximum permissible discount under the applicable TSX rules. F-32 IntelGenx Technologies Corp. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2023 and 2022 (Expressed in U.S. Funds) 21. Subsequent Events (Cont'd) Additionally, and subject to approval of the TSX, the Company may elect, with the consent of atai, to pay any accrued but unpaid interest on the Additional Term Loans in Shares at a price per Share equal to the 5-day VWAP of the Shares ending on the day that is the second business day before the day the interest becomes due and payable, less the maximum permissible discount under the applicable TSX rules. Concurrently to entering into the Loan Agreement, the Company has issued 4,000,000 warrants (the "Warrants") to atai. The Warrants entitle atai to purchase Shares at a price of US$0.17 per Share, for a period of 36 months following their issuance. F-33

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