Invitae
Annual Report 2019

Plain-text annual report

UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 Form 10-K ☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019 ☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the transition period from           to           Commission File No. 001-36847 Invitae Corporation (Exact name of the registrant as specified in its charter) Delaware (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) 27-1701898 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) 1400 16th Street, San Francisco, California 94103 (Address of principal executive offices, Zip Code) (415) 374‑‑7782 (Registrant’s telephone number, including area code) Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of each class Trading Symbol Name of exchange on which registered Common Stock, $0.0001 par value per share NVTA New York Stock Exchange Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well‑known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☒ No ☐ Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒ Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S‑T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ☒ No ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non‑accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b‑2 of the Exchange Act. Large accelerated filer ☒ Accelerated filer ☐ Non-accelerated filer ☐ Smaller reporting company ☐ Emerging growth company ☐ If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b‑2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒ As of June 28, 2019, the aggregate market value of common stock held by non‑affiliates of the Registrant was approximately $2.1 billion, based on the closing price of the common stock as reported on The New York Stock Exchange for that date. The number of shares of the registrant’s Common Stock outstanding as of February 24, 2020 was 98,961,385.         Items 10 (as to directors and Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance), 11, 12, 13 and 14 of Part III incorporate by reference information from the registrant’s proxy statement to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission in connection with the solicitation of proxies for the registrant’s 2020 Annual Meeting of Stockholders. DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No. PART I Item 1. Item 1A. Item 1B. Item 2. Item 3. Item 4. PART II Item 5. Item 6. Item 7. Business Risk Factors Unresolved Staff Comments Properties Legal Proceedings Mine Safety Disclosure Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Selected Financial Data Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Item 7A. Qualitative and Quantitative Disclosures About Market Risk Item 8. Item 9. Item 9A. Item 9B. PART III Item 10. Item 11. Item 12. Item 13. Item 14. PART IV Item 15. Item 16. SIGNATURES Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure Controls and Procedures Other Information Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance Executive Compensation Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence Principal Accountant Fees and Services Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules Form 10-K Summary i 2 16 39 39 39 39 40 41 43 53 55 91 91 94 95 95 95 95 95 96 98                                       ITEM 1. Business. PART I This report contains forward‑looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. All statements in this report other than statements of historical fact, including statements identified by words such as “believe,” “may,” “will,” “estimate,” “continue,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “expect” and similar expressions, are forward‑looking statements. Forward‑looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements about: • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • our views regarding the future of genetic testing and its role in mainstream medical practice; our mission and strategy for our business, products and technology, including our ability to expand our content and develop new content while maintaining attractive pricing, further enhance our genetic testing service and the related user experience, build interest in and demand for our tests and attract potential partners; the implementation of our business model; the expected benefits from and our ability to integrate our acquisitions; the rate and degree of market acceptance of our tests and genetic testing generally; our ability to scale our infrastructure and operations in a cost‑effective manner; the timing of and our ability to introduce improvements to our genetic testing platform and to expand our assays to include additional genes; our expectations with respect to future hiring; the timing and results of studies with respect to our tests; developments and projections relating to our competitors and our industry; our competitive strengths; the degree to which individuals will share genetic information generally, as well as share any related potential economic opportunities with us; our commercial plans, including our sales and marketing expectations; our ability to obtain and maintain adequate reimbursement for our tests; regulatory developments in the United States and foreign countries; our ability to attract and retain key scientific or management personnel; our expectations regarding our ability to obtain and maintain intellectual property protection and not infringe on the rights of others; our ability to obtain funding for our operations and the growth of our business, including potential acquisitions; our financial performance; the impact of accounting pronouncements and our critical accounting policies, judgments, estimates and assumptions on our financial results; our expectations regarding our future revenue, cost of revenue, operating expenses and capital expenditures, and our future capital requirements; and the impact of tax laws on our business. Forward‑looking statements are subject to a number of risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those expected. These risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, those risks discussed in Item 1A of this report. Although we believe that the expectations and assumptions reflected in the forward‑looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee future results, level of activity, performance or achievements. In addition, neither we nor any other person assumes responsibility for the accuracy and completeness of any of these forward‑looking statements. Any forward‑looking statements in this report speak only as of the date of this report. We expressly disclaim any obligation or undertaking to update any forward‑looking statements. This report contains statistical data and estimates that we obtained from industry publications and reports. These publications typically indicate that they have obtained their information from sources they believe to be reliable, but do not guarantee the accuracy and completeness of their information. Some data contained in this report is also based on our internal estimates. Although we have not independently verified the third‑party data, we believe it to be reasonable. 2 In this report, all references to “Invitae,” “we,” “us,” “our,” or “the Company” mean Invitae Corporation. Invitae and the Invitae logo are trademarks of Invitae Corporation. We also refer to trademarks of other companies and organizations in this report. Overview Combining genetic testing services that support patient care throughout life’s journey – from inherited disease diagnosis, to family planning, to proactive health screening – with a unique, rapidly expanding network of patients, healthcare providers, biopharma and advocacy partners, Invitae is capturing the broad potential of genetics and helping to expand its use across the healthcare continuum. Through the custom design and application of automation, robotics and bioinformatics software solutions tailored to the complexity of sample processing and complex variant interpretation, Invitae can apply its world-class clinical expertise to medical interpretation at scale, simplifying the process of obtaining and utilizing affordable, high-quality genetic information to inform critical healthcare decisions while making genetic testing available for billions of people. By pioneering new ways of sharing and understanding genetic information, Invitae is transforming the field of genetics from one-dimensional testing to complex information management. Mission and strategy Invitae’s mission is to bring comprehensive genetic information into mainstream medical practice to improve the quality of healthcare for billions of people. Our goal is to aggregate a majority of the world’s genetic information into a comprehensive network that enables sharing of data among network participants to improve healthcare and clinical outcomes. We were founded on four core principles: Patients should own and control their own genetic information; Healthcare professionals are fundamental in ordering and interpreting genetic information; Driving down the price of genetic information will increase its clinical and personal utility; and • • • • Genetic information is more valuable when shared. Our strategy for long-term growth centers on five key drivers of our business, which we believe work in conjunction to create a flywheel effect extending our leadership position in the new market we are building: • • Expanding our content offering. We intend to continue steadily adding additional content to the Invitae platform, ultimately leading to affordable access to the personal molecular information relevant in enabling personalized medicine. The breadth and depth of our offering is a core and central contribution to an improved user experience. Creating a unique user experience. A state-of-the-art interactive platform will enhance our service offering, leverage the uniquely empowering characteristics of online sharing of genetic information and, we believe, enable a superior economic offering to clients. We intend to continue to expend 3 substantial efforts developing, acquiring and implementing technology-driven improvements to our customers’ experience. We believe that an enhanced user experience and the resulting benefits to our brand and reputation will help draw customers to us over and above our direct efforts to do so. Driving volume. We intend to increase our brand equity and visibility through excellent service and a variety of marketing and promotional techniques, including scientific publications and presentations, sales, marketing, public relations, social media and web technology vehicles. We believe that rapidly increasing the volume of customers using our platform helps us to attract partners. Attracting partners. As we add more customers to our platform, we believe our business becomes particularly attractive to potential partners that can help the patients in our network further benefit from their genetic information or that provide us access to new customers who may wish to join our network. We believe the cumulative effect of the increased volume brought by these strategic components will allow us to lower the cost of our service. Lowering the cost and price of genetic information. Our goal is to provide customers with a broad menu of genetic content at a reasonable price and rapid turn-around time in order to grow volume and further achieve economies of scale. As we do so and benefit from further cost savings, we expect that those cost savings will allow us to deliver still more comprehensive information at decreasing prices and further improve the customer experience, allowing us to reap the cumulative benefits from all of the efforts outlined above. • • • We seek to differentiate our service in the market by establishing an exceptional experience for our customers. To that end, we believe that elevating the needs of the customer over those of our other stakeholders is essential to our success. Thus, in our decision-making processes, we will strive to prioritize, in order: • • • The needs of our customers; Motivating our employees to serve our customers; and Our long-term stockholder value. We are certain that focusing on customers as our top priority rather than short-term financial goals is the best way to build and operate an organization for maximum long-term value creation. Business overview We are focused on making comprehensive, high-quality genetic information more accessible by lowering the cost of genetic testing, by creating a network of partners to increase the utility of genetic information across the healthcare continuum, and ultimately by managing that information on behalf of our customers. As our market share grows, we expect that our business will grow in three stages: 1) Genetic testing: making genetic testing more affordable and more accessible with fast turnaround time. We believe that there is a significant market opportunity for high-volume, low-cost genetic testing that allows us to serve a large number of customers. We launched our first commercial offering in November 2013 with an offering of approximately 200 genes, growing the test menu over time to include more than 20,000 genes to help diagnose disease, inform family planning, and serve healthy individuals. In 2019, we accessioned approximately 482,000 samples and generated revenue of $216.8 million reflecting an approximate 59% and 47% increase over 2018 volume and revenue, respectively. In 2019, we achieved gross profit of $98.7 million, compared to $67.6 million in 2018. In support of our efforts to reduce the cost per test, expand our test menu, and develop a scalable laboratory infrastructure, we incurred research and development expenses of $141.5 million, $63.5 million and $46.5 million in 2019, 2018, and 2017, respectively, and selling and marketing expenses of $122.2 million, $74.4 million, and $53.4 million in 2019, 2018, and 2017, respectively. 2) Genome network: sharing genetic information on a global scale to advance science and medicine. We are focusing our efforts on partnering with patients, family members, healthcare professionals, payers, industry professionals, researchers, and clinical trial sponsors to advance the development of our genome network. Our goal is to build a network through which individuals can access, aggregate, and customize information based on their genotype and phenotype and participate in new research, clinical trials, treatment planning, or other related purposes that may benefit the individual and/or their clinician. Individuals can also decide to share information if they feel it will benefit them or will contribute more broadly to furthering knowledge about their conditions. 4 In addition to investing in informatics solutions and infrastructure to support network development, we have been expanding our partnerships with biopharmaceutical companies, including Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Biogen Inc., BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., Horizon Pharma USA, Inc., MyoKardia, Inc., Spark Therapeutics, Inc., and others to support accelerating patient diagnosis, clinical trial recruitment and other research-related initiatives. Our biopharmaceutical industry partnerships are complemented by partnerships with leading health systems, executive health programs and leading research institutions, including the Geisinger Health System, the Mayo Clinic, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, MedCan, and Stanford Health Care, among others. 3) Genome management: building a secure and trusted genome management infrastructure. By generating and storing large amounts of individualized genetic information for every patient sample, we believe we can create value over the course of disease or lifetime of a customer. Competition Our competitors include companies that offer molecular genetic testing services, including specialty and reference laboratories that offer traditional single and multi-gene tests. Principal competitors include companies such as Ambry Genetics, a subsidiary of Konica Minolta Inc.; Athena Diagnostics and Blueprint Genetics, subsidiaries of Quest Diagnostics Incorporated; Baylor-Miraca Genetics Laboratories; Centogene AG; Color Genomics, Inc.; Connective Tissue Gene Test LLC, a subsidiary of Health Network Laboratories, L.P.; Cooper Surgical, Inc.; Emory Genetics Laboratory, a subsidiary of Eurofins Scientific; GeneDx, a subsidiary of OPKO Health, Inc.; Integrated Genetics, Sequenom Inc., Correlagen, and MNG Laboratories, subsidiaries of Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings; Myriad Genetics, Inc.; Natera, Inc.; Perkin Elmer, Inc.; PreventionGenetics, LLC; Progenity, Inc.; and Sema4 Genomics; as well as other commercial and academic labs. In addition, there are a large number of new entrants into the market for genetic information ranging from informatics and analysis pipeline developers to focused, integrated providers of genetic tools and services for health and wellness, including Illumina, Inc. which is also one of our suppliers. In addition to the companies that currently offer traditional genetic testing services and research centers, other established and emerging healthcare, information technology and service companies may commercialize competitive products including informatics, analysis, integrated genetic tools and services for health and wellness. We believe the principal competitive factors in our market are: • • • • • • • • • • • • breadth and depth of content; quality; reliability; accessibility of results; turnaround time of testing results; price and quality of tests; coverage and reimbursement arrangements with third-party payers; convenience of testing; brand recognition of test provider; additional value-added services and informatics tools; client service; and quality of website content. We believe that we compare favorably with our competitors on the basis of these factors. However, many of our competitors and potential competitors have longer operating histories, larger customer bases, greater brand recognition and market penetration, substantially greater financial, technological and research and development resources and selling and marketing capabilities, and more experience dealing with third-party payers. As a result, they may be able to respond more quickly to changes in customer requirements, devote greater resources to the development, promotion and sale of their tests, or sell their tests at prices designed to win significant levels of market share. We may not be able to compete effectively against these organizations. 5 Regulation Reimbursement In April 2014, Congress passed the Protecting Access to Medicare Act of 2014, or PAMA, which included substantial changes to the way in which clinical laboratory services are paid under Medicare. Under PAMA (as amended by the Further Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020) and its implementing regulations, laboratories that realize at least $12,500 in Medicare Clinical Laboratory Fee Schedule, or CLFS, revenues during the six month reporting period and that receive the majority of their Medicare revenue from payments made under the CLFS or the Physician Fee Schedule must report, beginning in 2017, and then in 2021 and every three years thereafter (or annually for “advanced diagnostic laboratory tests”), private payer payment rates and volumes for their tests. We do not believe that our tests meet the current definition of advanced diagnostic laboratory tests, and therefore believe we are required to report private payer rates for our tests on an every three years basis starting next in 2021. CMS uses the rates and volumes reported by laboratories to develop Medicare payment rates for the tests equal to the volume‑weighted median of the private payer payment rates for the tests. Laboratories that fail to report the required payment information may be subject to substantial civil money penalties. As set forth under the regulations implementing PAMA, for tests furnished on or after January 1, 2018, Medicare payments for clinical diagnostic laboratory tests are paid based upon these reported private payer rates. For clinical diagnostic laboratory tests that are assigned a new or substantially revised code, initial payment rates for clinical diagnostic laboratory tests that are not advanced diagnostic laboratory tests will be assigned by the cross‑walk or gap‑fill methodology, as under prior law. Initial payment rates for new advanced diagnostic laboratory tests will be based on the actual list charge for the laboratory test. The payment rates calculated under PAMA went into effect starting January 1, 2018. Where applicable, reductions to payment rates resulting from the new methodology are limited to 10% per test per year in each of the years 2018 through 2020 and to 15% per test per year in each of 2021 through 2023 (with a second round of private payer rate reporting in 2021 to establish rates for 2022 through 2024). PAMA codified Medicare coverage rules for laboratory tests by requiring any local coverage determination to be made following the local coverage determination process. PAMA also authorizes CMS to consolidate coverage policies for clinical laboratory tests among one to four laboratory‑specific MACs. These same contractors may also be designated to process claims if CMS determines that such a model is appropriate. It is unclear whether CMS will proceed with contractor consolidation under this authorization. PAMA also authorized the adoption of new, temporary billing codes and/or unique test identifiers for FDA‑cleared or approved tests as well as advanced diagnostic laboratory tests. The American Medical Association has created a new section of billing codes, Proprietary Laboratory Analyses (PLA), to facilitate implementation of this section of PAMA. These codes may apply to one or more of our tests if we apply for PLA coding. In March 2018, CMS published a national coverage determination, or NCD, for next generation sequencing, or NGS tests for somatic (acquired) cancer testing. CMS subsequently updated this NCD in January 2020 to address coverage for NGS tests for germline (inherited) cancer testing and to clarify certain aspects of Medicare’s coverage of NGS for somatic cancer testing. For somatic cancer testing, the updated NCD establishes full coverage for FDA-approved or FDA-cleared NGS-based companion diagnostic assays that report results using report templates that specify treatment options when offered for their FDA-approved or FDA-cleared use(s), ordered by the patient’s treating physician for Medicare beneficiaries with advanced cancer (recurrent, relapsed, refractory, metastatic, or advanced stage III or IV cancer) who have not have previously been tested with the same test using NGS for the same cancer genetic content, and have decided to seek further cancer treatment. The NCD also gives MACs the authority to establish local coverage for NGS-based somatic cancer assays that are not FDA-approved or FDA-cleared companion diagnostics when offered to patients meeting the above-referenced criteria. It appears that NGS-based somatic cancer tests provided for patients with cancer that do not meet the above-referenced criteria - e.g., patients with earlier stage cancers - are nationally non-covered under the NCD. 6 Effective January 27, 2020, the NCD also establishes full coverage for FDA-approved or FDA-cleared NGS-based germline tests that report results using report templates that specify treatment options when ordered by the patient’s treating physician for patients with ovarian or breast cancer, a clinical indication for germline testing for hereditary breast or ovarian cancer, and a risk factor for germline breast or ovarian cancer, provided the patient has not previously been tested with the same germline test using NGS for the same germline genetic content. The NCD also gives MACs the authority to establish local coverage for NGS-based germline tests for ovarian or breast cancer that are not FDA-approved or FDA- cleared, as well as for NGS-based tests for any other cancer diagnosis (regardless of the test’s FDA regulatory status) when offered to patients meeting the above-referenced criteria for germline testing. Since we already have local coverage for our germline tests for ovarian and breast cancer, we believe that the NCD will not have a material impact on which of our tests will be reimbursable by CMS for Medicare patients. Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988, or CLIA Our clinical reference laboratories in California are required to hold certain federal certificates to conduct our business. Under CLIA, we are required to hold certificates applicable to the type of laboratory examinations we perform and to comply with standards covering personnel, facilities administration, inspections, quality control, quality assurance and proficiency testing. We have current certifications under CLIA to perform testing at our laboratory locations in San Francisco and Irvine, California. To renew our CLIA certifications, we are subject to survey and inspection every two years to assess compliance with program standards. Moreover, CLIA inspectors may make random inspections of our clinical reference laboratories. The regulatory and compliance standards applicable to the testing we perform may change over time, and any such changes could have a material effect on our business. If our clinical reference laboratories are out of compliance with CLIA requirements, we may be subject to sanctions such as suspension, limitation or revocation of our CLIA certificates, as well as directed plan of correction, state on‑site monitoring, civil money penalties, civil injunctive suit or criminal penalties. We must maintain CLIA compliance and certifications to be eligible to bill for diagnostic services provided to Medicare and Medicaid beneficiaries. If we were to be found out of compliance with CLIA requirements and subjected to sanction, our business could be harmed. Laboratory licensure requirements We are required to maintain in-state licenses to conduct testing in California. California laws establish standards for day‑to‑day operations of our laboratories in San Francisco and Irvine. Such laws mandate proficiency testing, which involves testing of specimens that have been specifically prepared for the laboratories. If our clinical reference laboratories are out of compliance with California standards, the California Department of Health Services, or DHS, may suspend, restrict or revoke our licenses to operate our clinical reference laboratories, assess substantial civil money penalties, or impose specific corrective action plans. Any such actions could materially affect our business. We maintain current licenses in good standing with DHS. However, we cannot provide assurance that DHS will at all times in the future find us to be in compliance with all such laws. Several states require the licensure of out‑of‑state laboratories that accept specimens from those states. Our laboratories hold the required out‑of‑state laboratory licenses for Maryland, New York, Pennsylvania, and Rhode Island. In addition to having laboratory licenses in New York, our clinical reference laboratories in California are also required to obtain approval on a test‑specific basis by the New York State Department of Health, or NYDOH, before specific testing is performed on samples from New York. Other states may adopt similar licensure requirements in the future, which may require us to modify, delay or stop our operations in such jurisdictions. Complying with licensure requirements in new jurisdictions may be expensive, time‑consuming, and subject us to significant and unanticipated delays. If we identify any other state with such requirements, or if we are contacted by any other state advising us of such requirements, we intend to follow instructions from the state regulators as to how we should comply with such requirements. We may also be subject to regulation in foreign jurisdictions as we seek to expand international utilization of our tests or such jurisdictions adopt new licensure requirements, which may require review of our tests in order to offer them or may have other limitations such as restrictions on the transport of human blood or saliva necessary for us to perform our tests that may limit our ability to make our tests available outside of the United States. 7 U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA We provide our tests as laboratory‑developed tests, or LDTs. CMS and certain state agencies regulate the performance of LDTs (as authorized by CLIA and state law, respectively). Historically, the FDA has exercised enforcement discretion with respect to most LDTs and has not required laboratories that furnish LDTs to comply with the agency’s requirements for medical devices (e.g., establishment registration, device listing, quality systems regulations, premarket clearance or premarket approval, and post‑ market controls). In recent years, however, the FDA has stated it intends to end its policy of general enforcement discretion and regulate certain LDTs as medical devices. To this end, on October 3, 2014, the FDA issued two draft guidance documents, entitled “Framework for Regulatory Oversight of Laboratory Developed Tests (LDTs)” and “FDA Notification and Medical Device Reporting for Laboratory Developed Tests (LDTs),” respectively, that set forth a proposed risk‑based regulatory framework that would apply varying levels of FDA oversight to LDTs. The FDA has indicated that it does not intend to modify its policy of enforcement discretion until the draft guidance documents are finalized. Subsequently, on January 13, 2017, the FDA published a “discussion paper” in which the agency outlined a substantially revised “possible approach” to the oversight of LDTs. The discussion paper explicitly states that it is not a final version of the 2014 draft guidance and that it does not represent the agency’s “formal position;” rather, the discussion paper describes the evolution of the agency’s thinking on LDTs, which the agency posted to “spur further dialogue.” Notably, in the discussion paper, the agency expressed its willingness to consider “grandfathering” currently marketed LDTs from most or all FDA regulatory requirements. It is unclear at this time when, or if, the FDA will finalize its plans to end enforcement discretion, and even then, the new regulatory requirements are expected to be phased‑in over time. Nevertheless, the FDA may decide to regulate certain LDTs on a case‑by‑case basis at any time. Legislative proposals addressing the FDA’s oversight of LDTs have been introduced in previous Congresses, and we expect that new legislative proposals will be introduced from time‑to‑time. The likelihood that Congress will pass such legislation and the extent to which such legislation may affect the FDA’s plans to regulate certain LDTs as medical devices is difficult to predict at this time. If the FDA ultimately regulates certain LDTs as medical devices, whether via final guidance, final regulation, or as instructed by Congress, our tests may be subject to certain additional regulatory requirements. Complying with the FDA’s requirements for medical devices can be expensive, time‑consuming, and subject us to significant or unanticipated delays. Insofar as we may be required to obtain premarket clearance or approval to perform or continue performing an LDT, we cannot assure you that we will be able to obtain such authorization. Even if we obtain regulatory clearance or approval where required, such authorization may not be for the intended uses that we believe are commercially attractive or are critical to the commercial success of our tests. As a result, the application of the FDA’s medical device requirements to our tests could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Notwithstanding the FDA’s current position with respect to oversight of our tests, we may voluntarily decide to pursue FDA pre‑market review for our current tests and/or tests we may offer in the future if we determine that doing so would be appropriate from a strategic perspective – e.g., if CMS indicated that it no longer intended to cover tests offered as LDTs. Failure to comply with applicable FDA regulatory requirements may trigger a range of enforcement actions by the FDA including warning letters, civil monetary penalties, injunctions, criminal prosecution, recall or seizure, operating restrictions, partial suspension or total shutdown of operations, and denial of or challenges to applications for clearance or approval, as well as significant adverse publicity. In addition, in November 2013, the FDA issued final guidance regarding the distribution of products labeled for research use only. Certain of the reagents and other products we use in our tests are labeled as research use only products. Certain of our suppliers may cease selling research use only products to us and any failure to obtain an acceptable substitute could significantly and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. HIPAA and state privacy, security and breach notification laws Under the administrative simplification provisions of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, or HIPAA, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act of 2009, or HITECH, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services issued regulations that establish uniform standards governing the conduct of certain electronic healthcare transactions and requirements for protecting the privacy and security of protected health information used or disclosed by covered entities, including health care providers and their respective business associates, including the business associates’ subcontractors. Four principal regulations 8 with which we are required to comply have been issued in final form under HIPAA and HITECH: privacy regulations, security regulations, the breach notification rule, and standards for electronic transactions, which establish standards for common healthcare transactions. The privacy regulations cover the use and disclosure of protected health information by covered entities as well as business associates, which are persons or entities that perform certain functions for or on behalf of a covered entity that involve the creation, receipt, maintenance, or transmittal of protected health information. Business associates are defined to include a subcontractor to whom a business associate delegates a function, activity, or service, other than in the capacity of the business associate’s workforce. As a general rule, a covered entity or business associate may not use or disclose protected health information except as permitted under the privacy regulations. The privacy regulations also set forth certain rights that an individual has with respect to his or her protected health information maintained by a covered entity or business associate, including the right to access or amend certain records containing his or her protected health information, or to request restrictions on the use or disclosure of his or her protected health information. Covered entities and business associates also must comply with the security regulations, which establish requirements for safeguarding the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of protected health information that is electronically transmitted or electronically stored. In addition, HITECH established, among other things, certain breach notification requirements with which covered entities and business associates must comply. In particular, a covered entity must notify any individual whose unsecured protected health information is breached according to the specifications set forth in the breach notification rule. A covered entity must also notify the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and, under certain circumstances, the media of a breach of unsecured protected health information. There are significant civil and criminal penalties that may be imposed on a covered entity or business associate for violating HIPAA. A covered entity or business associate may also be liable for civil money penalties for a violation that is based on an act or omission of any of its agents, including a downstream business associate, as determined according to the federal common law of agency. Additionally, to the extent that we submit electronic healthcare claims and payment transactions that do not comply with the electronic data transmission standards established under HIPAA and HITECH, payments to us may be delayed or denied. The HIPAA privacy, security, and breach notification regulations establish a uniform federal “floor” and do not supersede state laws that are more stringent or provide individuals with greater rights with respect to the privacy or security of, and access to, their records containing protected health information or insofar as such state laws apply to personal information that is broader in scope than protected health information as defined under HIPAA. Massachusetts, for example, has a state law that protects the privacy and security of personal information of Massachusetts residents. In addition, every U.S. state has a data breach notification law that requires entities to report certain security incidents to affected consumers and, in some instances, state regulators and consumer reporting agencies. Many states also have laws or regulations that specifically apply to genetic testing and genetic information and are more stringent than the standards under HIPAA. These state genetic information privacy laws include specific informed consent requirements for the conduct of genetic testing and restrict the collection, use, disclosure, or retention of genetic information. Failure to comply with applicable state laws that impose privacy, security, or breach notification requirements for genetic or other personal information could result in civil or criminal penalties, administrative actions, or private causes of action by patients, and adversely affect our business, results of operations and reputation. Federal and state consumer protection laws The Federal Trade Commission, or FTC, is an independent U.S. law enforcement agency charged with protecting consumers and enhancing competition across broad sectors of the economy. The FTC’s primary legal authority comes from Section 5 of the FTC Act, which prohibits unfair or deceptive acts or practices in the marketplace. The FTC has increasingly used this broad authority to police data privacy and security, using its powers to investigate and bring lawsuits. Where appropriate, the FTC can seek a variety of remedies, such as but not limited to the implementation of comprehensive privacy and security programs, biennial assessments by independent experts, monetary redress to consumers, and provision of robust notice and choice mechanisms to consumers. In addition to its enforcement mechanisms, the FTC uses a variety of tools to protect consumers’ privacy and personal information, including pursuing enforcement actions to stop violations of law, conducting studies and issuing reports, hosting public workshops, developing educational materials, and testifying before the U.S. Congress on issues that affect consumer privacy. The vast majority of cases brought by the FTC fall under the “deceptive” prong of Section 5. These cases often involve a failure on the part of a company to adhere to its own privacy and data protection principles set forth 9 in its policies. To avoid Section 5 violations, the FTC encourages companies to build privacy protections and safeguards into relevant portions of the business, and consider privacy and data protection as the company grows and evolves. In addition, privacy notices should clearly and accurately disclose the type(s) of information the company collects, how the company uses and shares the information, and the security measures used by the company to protect the information. In recent years, the FTC’s enforcement under Section 5 has included alleged violations of the “unfairness” prong. Many of these cases have alleged that companies were unfair to consumers because they failed to take reasonable and necessary measures to protect consumer data. The FTC has not provided bright line rules defining what constitutes “reasonable and necessary measures” for implementing a cybersecurity program, but it has provided guidance, tips and advice for companies. The FTC has also published past complaints and consent orders, which it urges companies use as examples to help avoid an FTC enforcement action, even if a data breach or loss occurs. In addition to the FTC Act, most U.S. states have unfair and deceptive acts and practices statutes, or UDAP statutes, that substantially mirror the FTC Act and have been applied in the privacy and data security context. These vary in substance and strength from state to state. Many have broad prohibitions against unfair and deceptive acts and practices, while New York’s UDAP statute, for instance, is currently limited to only deceptive acts and practice. These statutes generally allow for private rights of action and are enforced by the states’ Attorneys General. California Consumer Privacy Act The California Consumer Privacy Act, or CCPA, is a comprehensive consumer privacy law that took effect on January 1, 2020, and regulates how certain for-profit businesses that do business in California collect, use, and disclose the personal information of consumers who reside in California. Among other things, the CCPA confers to California consumers the right to receive notice of the categories of personal information to be collected by a business, how the business will use and share the personal information, and the third parties who will receive the personal information; the rights to access, delete, or transfer personal information; and the right to receive equal service and pricing from a business after exercising a consumer right granted by the CCPA. In addition, the CCPA allows California consumers the right to opt out of the “sale” of their personal information, which the CCPA defines broadly as any disclosure of personal information to a third party in exchange for monetary or other valuable consideration. The CCPA also requires a business to implement reasonable security procedures to safeguard personal information against unauthorized access, use, or disclosure. The California Attorney General has authority to enforce the CCPA and its implementing regulations against covered businesses beginning on July 1, 2020. The CCPA provides for civil penalties for violations, as well as private right of action for data breaches that result from a business’ failure to implement reasonable security procedures. Privacy and data protection laws There are a growing number of jurisdictions all over the world that have privacy and data protection laws. These laws are typically triggered by a company’s establishment or physical location in the jurisdiction, data processing activities that take place in the jurisdiction, and/or the processing of personal information about individuals located in that jurisdiction. Certain international privacy and data protection laws, such as those in the European Union, can be more restrictive and prescriptive than those in the U.S., while other jurisdictions can have laws less restrictive or prescriptive than those in the U.S. Enforcement of these laws vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, with a variety of civil or criminal penalties, or private rights of action. The European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation, or GDPR, took effect on May 25, 2018. The GDPR extraterritorially applies to a business outside the European Union that offers goods or services to, or monitors the behavior of individuals who are located in the European Union. The GDPR imposes strict requirements on controllers and processors of personal data, including enhanced protections for “special categories” of personal data, which includes sensitive information such as health and genetic information of data subjects in the European Union. The GDPR also grants individuals various rights in relation to their personal data including the rights of access, rectification, objection to certain processing and deletion. The GDPR provides an individual with an express right to seek legal remedies if the individual believes his or her rights have been violated. Failure to comply with the requirements of the GDPR or the related national data protection laws of the member states of the European Union, which may deviate from or be more restrictive than the GDPR, may result in significant administrative fines issued by European Union regulators. 10 Federal, state and foreign fraud and abuse laws In the United States, there are various fraud and abuse laws with which we must comply, and we are potentially subject to regulation by various federal, state and local authorities, including CMS, other divisions of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (e.g., the Office of Inspector General), the U.S. Department of Justice, and individual U.S. Attorney offices within the Department of Justice, and state and local governments. We also may be subject to foreign fraud and abuse laws. In the United States, the federal Anti‑Kickback Statute prohibits knowingly and willfully offering, paying, soliciting or receiving remuneration, directly or indirectly, overtly or covertly, in cash or in kind, to induce or in return for the referral of an individual for the furnishing of or arranging for the furnishing of any item or service for which payment may be made in whole or in part by a federal healthcare program, or the purchasing, leasing, ordering or arranging for or recommending purchasing, leasing or ordering of any good, facility, service or item for which payment may be made in whole or in part by a federal healthcare program. Many courts have held that the Anti‑Kickback Statute may be violated if any one purpose of the remuneration is to induce or reward patient referrals or other federal healthcare program business, regardless of whether there are other legitimate purposes for the arrangement. The definition of “remuneration” has been broadly interpreted to include anything of value, including gifts, discounts, credit arrangements, payments of cash, consulting fees, waivers of co‑payments, ownership interests, and providing anything at less than its fair market value. The Anti‑Kickback Statute is broad and may technically prohibit many innocuous or beneficial arrangements within the healthcare industry. The Anti-Kickback Statute includes several statutory exceptions, and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services has issued a series of regulatory “safe harbors.” These exceptions and safe harbor regulations set forth certain requirements for various types of arrangements, which, if met, will protect the arrangement from potential liability under the Anti‑Kickback Statute. Although full compliance with the statutory exceptions or regulatory safe harbors ensures against liability under the federal Anti‑Kickback Statute, the failure of a transaction or arrangement to fit within a specific statutory exception or regulatory safe harbor does not necessarily mean that the transaction or arrangement is illegal or that prosecution under the federal Anti‑Kickback Statute will be pursued. Penalties for violations of the Anti‑Kickback Statute are severe, and include imprisonment, criminal fines, civil money penalties, and exclusion from participation in federal healthcare programs. Many states also have anti‑kickback statutes, some of which may apply to items or services reimbursed by any third‑party payer, including commercial insurers. There are also federal laws related to healthcare fraud and false statements, among others, that apply to healthcare matters. The healthcare fraud statute prohibits, among other things, knowingly and willfully executing a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program, including private payers. A violation of this statute is a felony and may result in fines, imprisonment, or exclusion from governmental payer programs such as the Medicare and Medicaid programs. The false statements statute prohibits, among other things, knowingly and willfully falsifying, concealing or covering up a material fact, or making any materially false, fictitious or fraudulent statement in connection with the delivery of or payment for healthcare benefits, items, or services. A violation of this statute is a felony and may result in fines, imprisonment, or exclusion from governmental payer programs. Another development affecting the healthcare industry is the increased enforcement of the federal False Claims Act and, in particular, actions brought pursuant to the False Claims Act’s “whistleblower” or “qui tam” provisions. The False Claims Act imposes liability on any person or entity that, among other things, knowingly presents, or causes to be presented, a false or fraudulent claim for payment by a federal governmental payer program. The qui tam provisions of the False Claims Act allow a private individual to bring actions on behalf of the federal government alleging that the defendant has defrauded the federal government by presenting or causing to be presented a false claim to the federal government and permit such individuals to share in any amounts paid by the entity to the government in fines or settlement. When an entity is determined to have violated the False Claims Act, it may be required to pay up to three times the actual damages sustained by the government, plus civil penalties for each false claim. For penalties assessed after January 29, 2018, whose associated violations occurred after November 2, 2015, the penalties range from $11,181 to $22,363 for each false claim. The minimum and maximum per claim penalty amounts are subject to annual increases for inflation. In addition, various states have enacted false claim laws analogous to the federal False Claims Act, and some of these state laws apply where a claim is submitted to any third‑party payer and not only a governmental payer program. Additionally, the civil monetary penalties statute imposes penalties against any person or entity that, among other things, is determined to have knowingly presented or caused to be presented a claim to a federal health program that the person knows or should know is for an item or service that was not provided as claimed or for a claim that is false or fraudulent. This law also prohibits the offering or transfer of remuneration to a Medicare or state healthcare program beneficiary if the person knows or should know it is likely to influence the beneficiary’s 11 selection of a particular provider, practitioner, or supplier for items or services reimbursable by Medicare or a state healthcare program. There are several exceptions to the prohibition on beneficiary inducement. The Eliminating Kickbacks in Recovery Act of 2018, or EKRA, prohibits payments for referrals to recovery homes, clinical treatment facilities, and laboratories. EKRA’s reach extends beyond federal health care programs, to include private insurance (i.e., it is an “all payer” statute). For purposes of EKRA, the term “laboratory” is defined broadly and without reference to any connection to substance use disorder treatment. EKRA is a criminal statute and violations can result in fines of up to $200,000, up to 10 years in prison, or both, per violation. The law includes a limited number of exceptions, some of which closely align with corresponding Anti-Kickback Statute exceptions and safe harbors and others that materially differ. We are also subject to the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, or FCPA, which prohibits companies and their intermediaries from making payments in violation of law to non-U.S. government officials for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business or securing any other improper advantage. In Europe various countries have adopted anti‑bribery laws providing for severe consequences, in the form of criminal penalties and/or significant fines, for individuals and/or companies committing a bribery offence. Violations of these anti‑bribery laws, or allegations of such violations, could have a negative impact on our business, results of operations and reputation. For instance, in the United Kingdom, under the Bribery Act 2010, which went into effect in July 2011, a bribery occurs when a person offers, gives or promises to give a financial or other advantage to induce or reward another individual to improperly perform certain functions or activities, including any function of a public nature. Bribery of foreign public officials also falls within the scope of the Bribery Act 2010. Under the new regime, an individual found in violation of the Bribery Act 2010, faces imprisonment of up to ten years. In addition, the individual can be subject to an unlimited fine, as can commercial organizations for failure to prevent bribery. Physician referral prohibitions A federal law directed at “self‑referrals,” commonly known as the “Stark Law,” prohibits a physician from referring a patient to an entity for certain Medicare-covered designated health services, including laboratory services, if the physician, or an immediate family member, has a financial relationship with the entity, unless an exception applies. The Stark Law also prohibits an entity from billing for services furnished pursuant to a prohibited referral. A physician or entity that engages in a scheme to circumvent the Stark Law’s referral prohibition may be fined up to $172,137 for each such arrangement or scheme. In addition, any person who presents or causes to be presented a claim to the Medicare program in violation of the Stark Law is subject to civil monetary penalties of up to $25,820 per service, an assessment of up to three times the amount claimed and possible exclusion from participation in federal healthcare programs. Bills submitted in violation of the Stark Law may not be paid by Medicare, and any person collecting any amounts with respect to any such prohibited bill is obligated to refund such amounts. Many states have comparable laws that apply to services covered by other third-party payers. The Stark Law also prohibits state receipt of federal Medicaid matching funds for services furnished pursuant to a prohibited referral. This provision of the Stark Law has not been implemented by regulations, but some courts have held that the submission of claims to Medicaid that would be prohibited as self‑referrals under the Stark Law for Medicare could implicate the False Claims Act. Corporate practice of medicine Numerous states have enacted laws prohibiting business corporations, such as us, from practicing medicine and employing or engaging clinicians to practice medicine, generally referred to as the prohibition against the corporate practice of medicine. These laws are designed to prevent interference in the medical decision‑making process by anyone who is not a licensed physician. For example, California’s Medical Board has indicated that determining what diagnostic tests are appropriate for a particular condition and taking responsibility for the ultimate overall care of the patient, including providing treatment options available to the patient, would constitute the unlicensed practice of medicine if performed by an unlicensed person. Violation of these corporate practice of medicine laws may result in civil or criminal fines, as well as sanctions imposed against us and/or the professional through licensure proceedings. 12 Intellectual property We rely on a combination of intellectual property rights, including trade secrets, copyrights, trademarks, customary contractual protections and, to a lesser extent, patents, to protect our core technology and intellectual property. With respect to patents, we believe that the practice of patenting individual genes, along with patenting tools and methods specific to individual genes, has impeded the progress of the genetic testing industry beyond single gene tests and is antithetical to our core principle that patients should own and control their own genomic information. The U.S. Supreme Court has issued a series of unanimous (9‑0) decisions setting forth limits on the patentability of natural phenomena, natural laws, abstract ideas and their applications—i.e., Mayo Collaborative v. Prometheus Laboratories (2012), or Mayo, Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics (2013), or Myriad, and Alice Corporation v. CLS Bank (2014), or Alice. As discussed below, we believe the Mayo, Myriad and Alice decisions bring clarity to the limits to which patents may cover specific genes, mutations of such genes, or gene‑specific technology for determining a patient’s genomic information. Patents U.S. Supreme Court cases have clarified that naturally occurring DNA sequences are natural phenomena, which should not be patentable. On June 13, 2013, the U.S. Supreme Court decided Myriad, a case challenging the validity of patent claims held by Myriad relating to the cancer genes BRCA1 and BRCA2. The Myriad Court held that genomic DNAs that have been isolated from, or have the same sequence as, naturally occurring samples, such as the DNA constituting the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes or fragments thereof, are not eligible for patent protection. Instead, the Myriad Court held that only those complementary DNAs (cDNAs) which have a sequence that differs from a naturally occurring fragment of genomic DNA may be patent eligible. Because it will be applied by other courts to all gene patents, the holding in Myriad also invalidates patent claims to other genes and gene variants. Prior to Myriad, on August 16, 2012, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit had held that certain patent claims of Myriad directed to methods of comparing or analyzing BRCA1 and BRCA2 sequences to determine whether or not a person has a variant or mutation are unpatentable abstract processes, and Myriad did not appeal such ruling. We do not currently have any patents or patent applications directed to the sequences of specific genes or variants of such genes, nor do we rely on any such in‑licensed patent rights of any third party. We believe that correlations between specific gene variants and a person’s susceptibility to certain conditions or diseases are natural laws that are not patentable under the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision in Mayo. The Mayo case involved patent claims directed to optimizing, on a patient‑specific basis, the dosage of a certain drug by measuring its metabolites in a patient. The Mayo Court determined that patent claims directed at detection of natural correlations, such as the correlation between drug metabolite levels in a patient and that drug’s optimal dosage for such patient, are not eligible for patent protection. The Mayo Court held that claims based on this type of comparison between an observed fact and an understanding of that fact’s implications represent attempts to patent a natural law and, moreover, when the processes for making the comparison are not themselves sufficiently inventive, claims to such processes are similarly patent‑ineligible. On June 19, 2014, the U.S. Supreme Court decided Alice, where it amplified its Mayo and Myriad decisions and clarified the analytical framework for distinguishing between patents that claim laws of nature, natural phenomena and abstract ideas and those that claim patent‑eligible applications of such concepts. According to the Alice Court, the analysis depends on whether a patent claim directed to a law of nature, a natural phenomenon or an abstract idea contains additional elements, an “inventive concept,” that “is sufficient to ensure that the patent in practice amounts to significantly more than a patent upon the [ineligible concept] itself;” (citing Mayo). We believe that Mayo, Myriad and Alice not only render as unpatentable genes, gene fragments and the detection of a person’s sequence for a gene, but also have the same effect on generic applications of conventional technology to specific gene sequences. For example, we believe that generic claims to primers or probes directed to specific gene sequences and uses of such primers and probes in determining a person’s genetic information are not patentable. We do not currently have any patents or patent applications directed to such subject matter nor have we in‑licensed such patents rights of any third party. Unlike patents directed to specific genes, we do rely upon, in part, patent protection to protect technology that is not gene‑specific and that provides us with a potential competitive advantage as we focus on making comprehensive genetic information less expensive and more broadly available to our customers. In this regard, we have issued U.S. patents, pending U.S. patent applications and corresponding non-U.S. patents and patent applications directed to various aspects of our laboratory, analytic and business practices. We intend to pursue further patent protection where appropriate. 13 Trade secrets In addition to seeking patent protection for some of our laboratory, analytic and business practices, we also rely on trade secrets, including unpatented know‑how, technology and other proprietary information, to maintain and develop our competitive position. We have developed proprietary procedures for both the laboratory processing of patient samples and the analysis of the resulting data to generate clinical reports. For example, we have automated aspects of our processes for curating information about known variants, identifying variants in an individual’s sequence information, associating those variants with known information about their potential effects on disease, and presenting that information for review by personnel responsible for its interpretation and for the delivery of test reports to clinicians and patients. We try to protect these trade secrets, in part, by taking reasonable steps to keep them confidential. This includes entering into nondisclosure and confidentiality agreements with parties who have access to them, such as our employees and certain third parties. We also enter into invention or patent assignment agreements with our employees and consultants that obligate them to assign to us any inventions developed in the course of their work for us. However, we may not enter into such agreements with all relevant parties, and these parties may not abide by the terms of their agreements. Despite measures taken to protect our intellectual property, unauthorized parties might copy or independently develop and commercially exploit aspects of our technology or obtain and use information that we regard as proprietary. Trademarks We work hard to achieve a high level of quality in our operations and to provide our customers with a superior experience when interacting with us. As a consequence, our brand is very important to us, as it is a symbol of our reputation and representative of the goodwill we seek to generate with our customers. As a consequence, we have invested significant resources in protection of our trademarks. Environmental matters Our operations require the use of hazardous materials (including biological materials) that subject us to a variety of federal, state and local environmental and safety laws and regulations. Some of these regulations provide for strict liability, holding a party potentially liable without regard to fault or negligence. We could be held liable for damages and fines as a result of our, or others’, business operations should contamination of the environment or individual exposure to hazardous substances occur. We cannot predict how changes in laws or new regulations will affect our business, operations or the cost of compliance. Raw materials and suppliers We rely on a limited number of suppliers, or, in some cases, sole suppliers, including Illumina, Inc., Integrated DNA Technologies Incorporated, Roche Holdings Ltd. and Twist Bioscience Corporation for certain laboratory reagents, as well as sequencers and other equipment and materials which we use in our laboratory operations. We rely on Illumina as the sole supplier of next generation sequencers and associated reagents and as the sole provider of maintenance and repair services for these sequencers. Our laboratory operations could be interrupted if we encounter delays or difficulties in securing these reagents, sequencers or other equipment or materials, and if we cannot obtain an acceptable substitute. Any such interruption could significantly affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and reputation. We believe that there are only a few other manufacturers that are currently capable of supplying and servicing the equipment necessary for our laboratory operations, including sequencers and various associated reagents. The use of equipment or materials provided by these replacement suppliers would require us to alter our laboratory operations. Transitioning to a new supplier would be time consuming and expensive, may result in interruptions in our laboratory operations, could affect the performance specifications of our laboratory operations or could require that we revalidate our tests. We cannot be certain that we will be able to secure alternative equipment, reagents and other materials, or bring such equipment, reagents and materials on line and revalidate them without experiencing interruptions in our workflow. If we encounter delays or difficulties in securing, reconfiguring or revalidating the equipment and reagents we require for our tests, our business and reputation could be adversely affected. Customer concentration and seasonality We receive payment for our tests from partners, patients, institutional customers and third-party payers. As of December 31, 2019, substantially all our revenue has been derived from test reports generated from our assays. See information regarding our customer concentration in Note 2, “Summary of significant accounting policies” in Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report. 14 We have historically experienced higher revenue in our fourth quarter compared to other quarters in our fiscal year due in part to seasonal demand of our tests from patients who have met their annual insurance deductible. However, changes in our payer mix might cause these historical seasonal patterns to be different than future patterns of revenue or financial performance. Employees We had approximately 1,300 employees as of December 31, 2019. Information about our Executive Officers The names of our executive officers and other corporate officers, and their ages as of February 28, 2020, are as follows: Name Executive officers Sean E. George, Ph.D. Lee Bendekgey Thomas R. Brida Shelly D. Guyer Robert L. Nussbaum, M.D. Katherine A. Stueland Age   Position 46 62 49 59 70 44   President, Chief Executive Officer, Director and Co-Founder   Chief Operating Officer   General Counsel and Secretary   Chief Financial Officer   Chief Medical Officer   Chief Commercial Officer Sean E. George, Ph.D. is one of our co-founders and has been our President and Chief Executive Officer since January 2017, a position he also held from January 2010 through August 2012. Dr. George also served as our President since August 2012 and he served as our Chief Operating Officer from August 2012 until January 2017. He has also served as a director since January 2010. Prior to co-founding Invitae, Dr. George served as Chief Operating Officer from 2007 to November 2009 at Navigenics, Inc., a personalized medicine company. Previously, he served as Senior Vice President of Marketing and Senior Vice President, Life Science Business at Affymetrix, Inc., a provider of life science and molecular diagnostic products, as well as Vice President, Labeling and Detection Business at Invitrogen Corporation, a provider of tools to the life sciences industry, during his tenure there from 2002 to 2007. Dr. George holds a B.S. in Microbiology and Molecular Genetics from the University of California Los Angeles, an M.S. in Molecular and Cellular Biology from the University of California Santa Barbara, and a Ph.D. in Molecular Genetics from the University of California Santa Cruz. Lee Bendekgey has served as our Chief Operating Officer since June 2017. Mr. Bendekgey also served as our Chief Financial Officer from November 2013 to June 2017 and as our General Counsel from November 2013 through January 2017. Prior to joining our company, he was the General Counsel of DNAnexus, Inc., a cloud-based genome informatics and data management company, from September 2011 to October 2013. From March 2009 until September 2011, Mr. Bendekgey pursued personal interests. Prior to that, he was Chief Financial Officer and General Counsel for Nuvelo, Inc., a biopharmaceutical company, from July 2004 to March 2009. Mr. Bendekgey also served as General Counsel and Chief Financial Officer for Incyte Corporation from 1998 to 2004. Mr. Bendekgey holds a B.A. in French and Political Science from Kalamazoo College and a J.D. from Stanford Law School. Thomas R. Brida has served as our General Counsel since January 2017. Mr. Brida also served as our Deputy General Counsel from January 2016 to January 2017. Prior to joining Invitae, he was Associate General Counsel at Bio-Rad Laboratories, a life science research and clinical diagnostics manufacturer, from January 2004 to January 2016. He holds a B.A. from Stanford University and a J.D. from the U.C. Berkeley School of Law. Shelly D. Guyer has served as our Chief Financial Officer since June 2017. Ms. Guyer served as Chief Financial Officer of Veracyte, Inc., a genomic diagnostics company, from April 2013 to December 2016 and served as Veracyte’s Secretary from April 2013 to March 2014. Previously, she served as Chief Financial Officer and Executive Vice President of Finance and Administration of iRhythm Technologies, Inc., a digital healthcare company, from April 2008 to December 2012. From March 2006 to August 2007, Ms. Guyer served as Vice President of Business Development and Investor Relations of Nuvelo, Inc., a biopharmaceutical company. Prior to joining Nuvelo, Ms. Guyer worked at J.P. Morgan Securities and its predecessor companies for over 17 years, serving in a variety of roles including in healthcare investment banking. Ms. Guyer currently serves as a director of 15                   NGM Biopharmaceuticals, Inc., a publicly held biopharmaceutical company. Ms. Guyer holds an A.B. in Politics from Princeton University and an M.B.A. from the Haas School of Business at the University of California Berkeley. Robert L. Nussbaum, M.D. has served as our Chief Medical Officer since August 2015. From April 2006 to August 2015, he was chief of the Division of Genomic Medicine at UCSF Health where he also held leadership roles in the Cancer Genetics and Prevention Program beginning in January 2009 and the Program in Cardiovascular Genetics beginning in July 2007. From April 2006 to August 2015, he served as a member of the UCSF Institute for Human Genetics. Prior to joining UCSF Health, Dr. Nussbaum was chief of the Genetic Disease Research Branch of the National Human Genome Research Institute, one of the National Institutes of Health, from 1994 to 2006. He is a member of the National Academy of Medicine and a fellow at the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Dr. Nussbaum is a board-certified internist and medical geneticist who holds a B.S. in Applied Mathematics from Harvard College and an M.D. from Harvard Medical School in the Harvard-MIT joint program in Health Sciences and Technology. He completed his residency in internal medicine at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and a fellowship in medical genetics at the Baylor College of Medicine. Katherine A. Stueland has served as our Chief Commercial Officer since October 2016. From January 2014 to October 2016, she served as our head of communications and investor relations. Prior to joining Invitae, Ms. Stueland was a Principal at Vivo Communications, a healthcare communications company, from January 2013 to December 2013. Previously, she served as Vice President, Communications and Investor Relations at Dendreon Corporation, a biotechnology company. Ms. Stueland holds a B.S in English Literature from Miami University in Ohio. General Information We were incorporated in the State of Delaware on January 13, 2010 under the name Locus Development, Inc. and changed our name to Invitae Corporation in 2012. In February 2015 we completed an initial public offering of our common stock. Our principal executive offices are located at 1400 16th Street, San Francisco, California 94103, and our telephone number is (415) 374‑7782. Our website address is www.invitae.com. The information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website is not part of this annual report on Form 10‑K. We make available free of charge on our website our annual reports on Form 10‑K, quarterly reports on Form 10‑Q, current reports on Form 8‑K and amendments to those reports, as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file or furnish such materials to the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC. You may obtain a free copy of these reports in the Investor Relations section of our website, www.invitae.com. All reports that we file are also available at www.sec.gov. ITEM 1A. Risk Factors. Risks related to our business and strategy We expect to continue incurring significant losses, and we may not successfully execute our plan to achieve or sustain profitability. We have incurred substantial losses since our inception. For the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, our net losses were $242.0 million, $129.4 million and $123.4 million, respectively. At December 31, 2019, our accumulated deficit was $758.7 million. While our revenue has increased over time, we expect to continue to incur significant losses as we invest in our business. We incurred research and development expenses of $141.5 million, $63.5 million and $46.5 million in 2019, 2018, and 2017, respectively, and selling and marketing expenses of $122.2 million, $74.4 million, and $53.4 million in 2019, 2018, and 2017, respectively. We expect these losses may increase as we focus on scaling our business and operations and expanding our testing capabilities, which may also increase our operating expenses. In addition, as a result of the integration of acquired businesses, we may be subject to unforeseen or additional expenditures, costs or liabilities. Our prior losses and expected future losses have had and may continue to have an adverse effect on our stockholders’ equity, working capital and stock price. Our failure to achieve and sustain profitability in the future would negatively affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows, and could cause the market price of our common stock to decline. We began operations in January 2010 and commercially launched our initial assay in late November 2013; accordingly, we have a relatively limited operating history upon which you can evaluate our business and prospects. Our limited commercial history makes it difficult to evaluate our current business and makes predictions about our future results, prospects or viability subject to significant uncertainty. Our prospects must be considered in light of the risks and difficulties frequently encountered by companies in their early stage of development, particularly 16 companies in new and rapidly evolving markets such as ours. These risks include an evolving and unpredictable business model and the management of growth. To address these risks, we must, among other things, increase our customer base; implement and successfully execute our business and marketing strategy; identify, acquire and successfully integrate companies, assets or technologies in areas that are complementary to our business strategy; successfully enter into other strategic collaborations or relationships; obtain access to capital on acceptable terms and effectively utilize that capital; identify, attract, hire, retain, motivate and successfully integrate additional employees; continue to expand, automate and upgrade our laboratory, technology and data systems; obtain, maintain and expand coverage and reimbursement by healthcare payers; provide rapid test turnaround times with accurate results at low prices; provide superior customer service; and respond to competitive developments. We cannot assure you that we will be successful in addressing these risks, and the failure to do so could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations. We have acquired and may continue to acquire businesses or assets, form joint ventures or make investments in other companies or technologies that could harm our operating results, dilute our stockholders’ ownership, or cause us to incur debt or significant expense. As part of our business strategy, we have pursued and expect to continue to pursue acquisitions of complementary businesses or assets, as well as technology licensing arrangements. We also may pursue strategic alliances that leverage our core technology and industry experience to expand our offerings or distribution, or make investments in other companies. As an organization, we have limited experience with respect to acquisitions as well as the formation of strategic alliances and joint ventures. In 2017, we established a leading position in family health genetic information services through the strategic acquisition of reproductive health testing capabilities, which included our acquisition of Good Start Genetics, Inc., or Good Start, a molecular diagnostics company focused on preimplantation and carrier screening for inherited disorders, and CombiMatrix Corporation, a company specializing in prenatal diagnosis, miscarriage analysis and pediatric developmental disorders. In 2017 we also acquired AltaVoice, formerly PatientCrossroads, a patient-centered data company with a global platform for collecting, curating, coordinating and delivering safeguarded data from patients and clinicians, and Ommdom, Inc. and its product, CancerGene Connect, an end-to-end platform for collecting and managing genetic family histories to deliver personalized genetic risk information. In the second quarter of 2019, we acquired Singular Bio, Inc., to assist in lowering the costs of our NIPS offering, in July 2019, we acquired Jungla Inc. to further enhance our genetic variant interpretation and the quality of results we deliver and in November 2019, we acquired Clear Genetics, Inc. to expand our ability to scale and deliver genetic information. With respect to our acquired businesses and any acquisitions we may make in the future, we may not be able to integrate these acquisitions successfully into our existing business, and we could assume unknown or contingent liabilities. Any acquisitions by us also could result in significant write-offs or the incurrence of debt and contingent liabilities, any of which could harm our operating results. Furthermore, as we experienced in the past, the loss of customers, payers, partners or suppliers following the completion of any acquisitions by us could harm our business. Changes in services, sources of revenue, and branding or rebranding initiatives may involve substantial costs and may not be favorably received by customers, resulting in an adverse impact on our financial results, financial condition and stock price. Integration of an acquired company or business also may require management’s time and resources that otherwise would be available for ongoing development of our existing business. We may also need to divert cash from other uses in order to fund these integration activities and these new businesses. Ultimately, we may not realize the anticipated benefits of any acquisition, technology license, strategic alliance, joint venture or investment, or these benefits may take longer to realize than we expected. To finance any acquisitions or investments, we may raise additional funds. If we raise funds by issuing equity securities, dilution to our stockholders could result. Any equity securities issued also may provide for rights, preferences or privileges senior to those of holders of our common stock. If we raise funds by issuing debt securities, these debt securities would have rights, preferences and privileges senior to those of holders of our common stock. The terms of debt securities issued or borrowings could impose significant restrictions on our operations. If we raise funds through collaborations and licensing arrangements, we might be required to relinquish significant rights to our technologies or products, or grant licenses on terms that are not favorable to us. If the price of our common stock is low or volatile, we may not be able to acquire other companies for stock. In addition, our stockholders may experience substantial dilution as a result of additional securities we may issue for acquisitions. Open market sales of substantial amounts of our common stock issued to stockholders of companies we acquire could also depress our share price. Alternatively, we may raise additional funds for our acquisition activities through public or private financings. Additional funds may not be available on terms that are favorable to us, or at all. 17 If third-party payers, including managed care organizations, private health insurers and government health plans do not provide adequate reimbursement for our tests or we are unable to comply with their requirements for reimbursement, our commercial success could be negatively affected. Our ability to increase the number of billable tests and our revenue will depend on our success achieving reimbursement for our tests from third-party payers. Reimbursement by a payer may depend on a number of factors, including a payer’s determination that a test is appropriate, medically necessary, cost-effective and has received prior authorization. Since each payer makes its own decision as to whether to establish a policy or enter into a contract to cover our tests, as well as the amount it will reimburse for a test, seeking these approvals is a time-consuming and costly process. In addition, the determination by a payer to cover and the amount it will reimburse for our tests will likely be made on an indication by indication basis. To date, we have obtained policy-level reimbursement approval or contractual reimbursement for some indications for our tests from most of the large commercial third-party payers in the United States, and the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, or CMS, provides reimbursement for our multi-gene tests for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer-related disorders as well as colon cancer. We believe that establishing adequate reimbursement from Medicare is an important factor in gaining adoption from healthcare providers. Our claims for reimbursement from third-party payers may be denied upon submission, and we must appeal the claims. The appeals process is time consuming and expensive, and may not result in payment. In cases where there is not a contracted rate for reimbursement, there is typically a greater coinsurance or copayment requirement from the patient, which may result in further delay or decreased likelihood of collection. In cases where we have established reimbursement rates with third-party payers, we face additional challenges in complying with their procedural requirements for reimbursement. These requirements often vary from payer to payer, and we have needed additional time and resources to comply with them. We have also experienced, and may continue to experience, delays in or denials of coverage if we do not adequately comply with these requirements. Our third-party payers have also requested, and in the future may request, audits of the amounts paid to us. We have been required to repay certain amounts to payers as a result of such audits, and we could be adversely affected if we are required to repay other payers for alleged overpayments due to lack of compliance with their reimbursement policies. In addition, we have experienced, and may continue to experience, delays in reimbursement when we transition to being an in-network provider with a payer. We expect to continue to focus our resources on increasing adoption of, and expanding coverage and reimbursement for, our current tests and any future tests we may develop or acquire. If we fail to expand and maintain broad adoption of, and coverage and reimbursement for, our tests, our ability to generate revenue could be harmed and our future prospects and our business could suffer. Our inability to raise additional capital on acceptable terms in the future may limit our ability to develop and commercialize new tests and expand our operations. We expect capital expenditures and operating expenses to increase over the next several years as we expand our infrastructure, commercial operations, research and development and selling and marketing activities and pursue and integrate acquisitions. We believe our existing cash and cash equivalents as of December 31, 2019 and revenue from sales of our tests will be sufficient to meet our anticipated cash requirements for our currently-planned operations for the foreseeable future. We may raise additional capital to finance operations prior to achieving profitability, or should we make additional acquisitions. We may seek to raise additional capital through equity offerings, debt financings, collaborations or licensing arrangements. Additional funding may not be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all. If we raise funds by issuing equity securities, dilution to our stockholders would result. Any equity securities issued also may provide for rights, preferences or privileges senior to those of holders of our common stock. The terms of debt securities issued or borrowings, if available, could impose significant restrictions on our operations. The incurrence of additional indebtedness or the issuance of certain equity securities could result in increased fixed payment obligations and could also result in restrictive covenants, such as limitations on our ability to incur additional debt or issue additional equity, limitations on our ability to acquire or license intellectual property rights, and other operating restrictions that could adversely affect our ability to conduct our business. In addition, the issuance of additional equity securities by us, or the possibility of such issuance, may cause the market price of our common stock to decline. In the event that we enter into collaborations or licensing arrangements to raise capital, we may be required to accept unfavorable terms. These agreements may require that we relinquish or license to a third party on unfavorable terms our rights to tests we otherwise would seek to develop or commercialize ourselves, or reserve certain opportunities for future potential arrangements when we might be able to achieve more favorable terms. If we are not able to secure additional funding when needed, we may have to delay, reduce the scope of or 18 eliminate one or more research and development programs, selling and marketing initiatives, or potential acquisitions. In addition, we may have to work with a partner on one or more aspects of our tests or market development programs, which could lower the economic value of those tests or programs to our company. We face intense competition, which is likely to intensify further as existing competitors devote additional resources to, and new participants enter, the market. If we cannot compete successfully, we may be unable to increase our revenue or achieve and sustain profitability. With the development of next generation sequencing, the clinical genetics market is becoming increasingly competitive, and we expect this competition to intensify in the future. We face competition from a variety of sources, including: • • • • dozens of relatively specialized competitors focused on inherited clinical genetics and gene sequencing, such as Ambry Genetics, a subsidiary of Konica Minolta Inc.; Athena Diagnostics and Blueprint Genetics, subsidiaries of Quest Diagnostics Incorporated; Baylor- Miraca Genetics Laboratories; Centogene AG; Color Genomics, Inc.; Connective Tissue Gene Test LLC, a subsidiary of Health Network Laboratories, L.P.; Cooper Surgical, Inc.; Emory Genetics Laboratory, a subsidiary of Eurofins Scientific; GeneDx, a subsidiary of OPKO Health, Inc.; Integrated Genetics, Sequenom Inc., Correlagen, and MNG Laboratories, subsidiaries of Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings; Myriad Genetics, Inc.; Natera, Inc.; Perkin Elmer, Inc.; PreventionGenetics, LLC; Progenity, Inc.; and Sema4 Genomics; a few large, established general testing companies with large market share and significant channel power, such as Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings and Quest Diagnostics Incorporated; a large number of clinical laboratories in an academic or healthcare provider setting that perform clinical genetic testing on behalf of their affiliated institutions and often sell and market more broadly; and a large number of new entrants into the market for genetic information ranging from informatics and analysis pipeline developers to focused, integrated providers of genetic tools and services for health and wellness including Illumina, Inc., which is also one of our suppliers. Hospitals, academic medical centers and eventually physician practice groups and individual clinicians may also seek to perform at their own facilities the type of genetic testing we would otherwise perform for them. In this regard, continued development of equipment, reagents, and other materials as well as databases and interpretation services may enable broader direct participation in genetic testing and analysis. Participants in closely related markets such as clinical trial or companion diagnostic testing could converge on offerings that are competitive with the type of tests we perform. Instances where potential competitors are aligned with key suppliers or are themselves suppliers could provide such potential competitors with significant advantages. In addition, the biotechnology and genetic testing fields are intensely competitive both in terms of service and price, and continue to undergo significant consolidation, permitting larger clinical laboratory service providers to increase cost efficiencies and service levels, resulting in more intense competition. We believe the principal competitive factors in our market are: • • • • • • • • • • • • breadth and depth of content; quality; reliability; accessibility of results; turnaround time of testing results; price and quality of tests; coverage and reimbursement arrangements with third-party payers; convenience of testing; brand recognition of test provider; additional value-added services and informatics tools; client service; and quality of website content. 19 Many of our competitors and potential competitors have longer operating histories, larger customer bases, greater brand recognition and market penetration, higher margins on their tests, substantially greater financial, technological and research and development resources, selling and marketing capabilities, lobbying efforts, and more experience dealing with third-party payers. As a result, they may be able to respond more quickly to changes in customer requirements, devote greater resources to the development, promotion and sale of their tests than we do, sell their tests at prices designed to win significant levels of market share, or obtain reimbursement from more third-party payers and at higher prices than we do. We may not be able to compete effectively against these organizations. Increased competition and cost-saving initiatives on the part of governmental entities and other third-party payers are likely to result in pricing pressures, which could harm our sales, profitability or ability to gain market share. In addition, competitors may be acquired by, receive investments from or enter into other commercial relationships with larger, well-established and well-financed companies as use of next generation sequencing for clinical diagnosis and preventative care increases. Certain of our competitors may be able to secure key inputs from vendors on more favorable terms, devote greater resources to marketing and promotional campaigns, adopt more aggressive pricing policies and devote substantially more resources to website and systems development than we can. In addition, companies or governments that control access to genetic testing through umbrella contracts or regional preferences could promote our competitors or prevent us from performing certain services. In addition, some of our competitors have obtained approval or clearance for certain of their tests from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA. If payers decide to reimburse only for tests that are FDA-approved or FDA-cleared, or if they are more likely to reimburse for such tests, we may not be able to compete effectively unless we obtain similar approval or clearance for our tests. If we are unable to compete successfully against current and future competitors, we may be unable to increase market acceptance and sales of our tests, which could prevent us from increasing our revenue or achieving profitability and could cause our stock price to decline. We may not be able to manage our future growth effectively, which could make it difficult to execute our business strategy. Our expected future growth could create a strain on our organizational, administrative and operational infrastructure, including laboratory operations, quality control, customer service, marketing and sales, and management. We may not be able to maintain the quality of or expected turnaround times for our tests, or satisfy customer demand as it grows. We will likely need to continue expanding our sales force to facilitate our growth, and we may have difficulties locating, recruiting, training and retaining sales personnel. Our ability to manage our growth effectively will require us to continue to improve our operational, financial and management controls, as well as our reporting systems and procedures. As we grow, any failure of our controls or interruption of our production facilities or systems could have a negative impact on our business and financial operations. We plan to implement new enterprise software systems in a number of areas affecting a broad range of business processes and functional areas. The time and resources required to implement these new systems is uncertain, and failure to complete these activities in a timely and efficient manner could adversely affect our operations. Future growth in our business could also make it difficult for us to maintain our corporate culture. If we are unable to manage our growth effectively, it may be difficult for us to execute our business strategy and our business could be harmed. Security breaches, loss of data and other disruptions could compromise sensitive information related to our business or prevent us from accessing critical information and expose us to liability, which could adversely affect our business and our reputation. In the ordinary course of our business, we collect and store sensitive data, including protected health information, or PHI, personally identifiable information, credit card information, intellectual property and proprietary business information owned or controlled by ourselves or our customers, payers and other parties. We manage and maintain our applications and data utilizing a combination of on-site systems, managed data center systems and cloud-based data center systems. We also communicate sensitive patient data through our Invitae Family History Tool, Patient Insights Network, or PIN, and CancerGene Connect platform. In addition to storing and transmitting sensitive personal information that is subject to myriad legal protections, these applications and data encompass a wide variety of business-critical information including research and development information, commercial information, and business and financial information. We face a number of risks relative to protecting this critical information, including loss of access risk, inappropriate disclosure, inappropriate modification, and the risk of our being unable to adequately monitor and modify our controls over our critical information. Any technical problems that may arise in connection with our data and systems, including those that are hosted by third-party providers, could result in interruptions in our business and operations. These types of problems may be caused by a variety of factors, including infrastructure changes, human or software errors, viruses, security attacks, fraud, spikes in customer usage and denial of service issues. From time to time, large third-party web hosting providers have experienced outages or other problems that have resulted in their systems being offline and inaccessible. Such outages could materially impact our business and operations. 20 The secure processing, storage, maintenance and transmission of this critical information are vital to our operations and business strategy, and we devote significant resources to protecting such information. Although we take what we believe to be reasonable and appropriate measures to protect sensitive information from unauthorized access or disclosure, our information technology and infrastructure may be vulnerable to attacks by hackers or viruses or breached due to employee error, malfeasance or other disruptions. Any such breach or interruption could compromise our networks and the information stored there could be accessed by unauthorized parties, altered, publicly disclosed, lost or stolen. Any such access, disclosure or other loss of information could result in legal claims or proceedings, liability under federal or state laws that protect the privacy of personal information, such as but not limited to the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, or HIPAA, the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Heath Act, or HITECH, state data security and data breach notification laws, and related regulatory penalties. Although we have implemented security measures and a formal, dedicated enterprise security program to prevent unauthorized access to patient data, our Invitae Family History Tool, PIN and CancerGene Connect platform are currently accessible through our online portal and/or through our mobile applications, and there is no guarantee we can protect our online portal or our mobile applications from breach. Unauthorized access, loss or dissemination could also disrupt our operations (including our ability to conduct our analyses, provide test results, bill payers or patients, process claims and appeals, provide customer assistance, conduct research and development activities, collect, process and prepare company financial information, provide information about our tests and other patient and physician education and outreach efforts through our website, and manage the administrative aspects of our business) and damage our reputation, any of which could adversely affect our business. In addition to security risks, we also face privacy risks. While we have policies that govern our privacy practices and procedures that aim to keep our practices consistent with such policies, such procedures are not invulnerable to human error. Should we inadvertently break the privacy promises we make to patients or consumers, we could receive a complaint from an affected individual or interested privacy regulator, such as the Federal Trade Commission, or FTC, or a state Attorney General. This risk is heightened given the sensitivity of the data we collect. Penalties for failure to comply with a requirement of HIPAA and HITECH vary significantly, and include civil monetary penalties of up to $1.5 million per calendar year for each provision of HIPAA that is violated. A person who knowingly obtains or discloses individually identifiable health information in violation of HIPAA may face a criminal penalty of up to $50,000 and up to one-year imprisonment. The criminal penalties increase if the wrongful conduct involves false pretenses or the intent to sell, transfer or use identifiable health information for commercial advantage, personal gain or malicious harm. Penalties for unfair or deceptive acts or practices under the FTC Act or state Unfair and Deceptive Acts and Practices, or UDAP, statutes may also vary significantly. There has been unprecedented activity in the development of data protection regulation around the world. As a result, the interpretation and application of consumer, health-related and data protection laws in the United States, Europe and elsewhere are often uncertain, contradictory and in flux. The European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation, or GDPR, took effect in May 2018. The GDPR applies to any business, regardless of its location, that provides goods or services to residents in the European Union. The GDPR imposes strict requirements on controllers and processors of personal data, including special protections for “sensitive information” which includes health and genetic information of data subjects residing in the European Union. The GDPR also grants individuals various rights in relation to their personal data including the right to access, rectification, objection to processing and deletion, and provides an individual with an express right to seek legal remedies if the individual believes his or her rights have been violated. Failure to comply with the requirements of the GDPR and the related national data protection laws of the member states of the European Union, which may deviate slightly from the GDPR, may result in significant fines. Additionally, the implementation of GDPR has led other jurisdictions to either amend or propose legislation to amend their existing data privacy and cybersecurity laws to resemble the requirements of GDPR. For example, on June 28, 2018, California adopted the California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018, or CCPA, and amended the law in September 2018 to exempt all PHI collected by certain parties subject to HIPAA. The effective date of the CCPA is January 1, 2020. On October 10, 2019, the California Attorney General issued draft regulations for the CCPA. The regulations are still subject to change but are expected to be finalized by July 1, 2020. The Attorney General has stated that even though the regulations will not be finalized before the effective date of the CCPA, the Attorney General may still bring enforcement actions for CCPA violations occurring after January 1, 2020. The CCPA gives California residents expanded rights to access and delete their personal information, opt out of certain personal information sharing, and receive detailed information about how their personal information is used. The CCPA provides for civil penalties for violations, as well as a private right of action for data breaches that is expected to increase data breach litigation. 21 It is possible the GDPR, CCPA and other data protection laws may be interpreted and applied in a manner that is inconsistent with our practices. If so, this could result in government-imposed fines or orders requiring that we change our practices, which could adversely affect our business. In addition, these privacy regulations may differ from country to country and state to state, and may vary based on whether testing is performed in the United States or in the local country. Complying with these various laws and regulations could cause us to incur substantial costs or require us to change our business practices and compliance procedures in a manner adverse to our business. We can provide no assurance that we are or will remain in compliance with diverse privacy and security requirements in all of the jurisdictions in which we do business. Failure to comply with privacy and security requirements could result in civil or criminal penalties, which could have a material adverse effect on our business. We rely on highly skilled personnel in a broad array of disciplines and, if we are unable to hire, retain or motivate these individuals, or maintain our corporate culture, we may not be able to maintain the quality of our services or grow effectively. Our performance, including our research and development programs and laboratory operations, largely depend on our continuing ability to identify, hire, develop, motivate and retain highly skilled personnel for all areas of our organization, including software developers, geneticists, biostatisticians, certified laboratory scientists and other scientific and technical personnel to process and interpret our genetic tests. In addition, we expect the need to continue to expand our sales force with qualified and experienced personnel. Competition in our industry for qualified employees is intense, and we may not be able to attract or retain qualified personnel in the future due to the competition for qualified personnel among life science and technology businesses as well as universities and public and private research institutions, particularly in the San Francisco Bay Area. In addition, our compensation arrangements, such as our equity award programs, may not always be successful in attracting new employees and retaining and motivating our existing employees. If we are not able to attract and retain the necessary personnel to accomplish our business objectives, we may experience constraints that could adversely affect our ability to scale our business, support our research and development efforts and our clinical laboratory. We believe that our corporate culture fosters innovation, creativity and teamwork. However, as our organization grows, we may find it increasingly difficult to maintain the beneficial aspects of our corporate culture. This could negatively impact our ability to retain and attract employees and our future success. We need to scale our infrastructure in advance of demand for our tests, and our failure to generate sufficient demand for our tests would have a negative impact on our business and our ability to attain profitability. Our success depends in large part on our ability to extend our market position, to provide customers with high-quality test reports quickly and at a lower price than our competitors, and to achieve sufficient test volume to realize economies of scale. In order to execute our business model, we intend to continue to invest heavily in order to significantly scale our infrastructure, including our testing capacity and information systems, expand our commercial operations, customer service, billing and systems processes and enhance our internal quality assurance program. We expect that much of this growth will be in advance of demand for our tests. Our current and future expense levels are to a large extent fixed and are largely based on our investment plans and our estimates of future revenue. Because the timing and amount of revenue from our tests is difficult to forecast, when revenue does not meet our expectations, we may not be able to adjust our spending promptly or reduce our spending to levels commensurate with our revenue. Even if we are able to successfully scale our infrastructure and operations, we cannot assure you that demand for our tests will increase at levels consistent with the growth of our infrastructure. If we fail to generate demand commensurate with this growth or if we fail to scale our infrastructure sufficiently in advance of demand to successfully meet such demand, our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected. If we are not able to continue to generate substantial demand of our tests, our commercial success will be negatively affected. Our business model assumes that we will be able to generate significant test volume, and we may not succeed in continuing to drive adoption of our tests to achieve sufficient volumes. Inasmuch as detailed genetic data from broad-based testing panels such as our tests have only recently become available at relatively affordable prices, the continued pace and degree of clinical acceptance of the utility of such testing is uncertain. Specifically, it is uncertain how much genetic data will be accepted as necessary or useful, as well as how detailed that data should be, particularly since medical practitioners may have become accustomed to genetic testing that is specific to one or a few genes. Given the substantial amount of additional information available from a broad-based testing panel such as ours, there may be distrust as to the reliability of such information when compared with more limited and focused genetic tests. To generate further demand for our tests, we will need to continue to make clinicians aware of the benefits of our tests, including the price, the breadth of our testing options, and the benefits of having 22 additional genetic data available from which to make treatment decisions. Because broad-based testing panels are relatively new, it may be more difficult or take more time for us to expand clinical adoption beyond our current customer base. In addition, clinicians in other areas of medicine may not adopt genetic testing for hereditary disease as readily as it has been adopted in hereditary cancer and our efforts to sell our tests to clinicians outside of oncology may not be successful. A lack of or delay in clinical acceptance of broad-based panels such as our tests would negatively impact sales and market acceptance of our tests and limit our revenue growth and potential profitability. Genetic testing is expensive and many potential customers may be sensitive to pricing. In addition, potential customers may not adopt our tests if adequate reimbursement is not available, or if we are not able to maintain low prices relative to our competitors. Also, we have recently introduced our direct channel, in which we facilitate the ordering of our genetic tests by consumers through an online network of physicians. Since we have limited experience directly marketing to patients, we may not be successful in increasing demand for our tests through this new channel. Patient-initiated testing may also be perceived negatively by our existing customer base of clinicians and genetic counselors, in which case our core business could be harmed. If we are not able to generate demand for our tests at sufficient volume, or if it takes significantly more time to generate this demand than we anticipate, our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations could be materially harmed. Our success will depend on our ability to use rapidly changing genetic data to interpret test results accurately and consistently, and our failure to do so would have an adverse effect on our operating results and business, harm our reputation and could result in substantial liabilities that exceed our resources. Our success depends on our ability to provide reliable, high-quality tests that incorporate rapidly evolving information about the role of genes and gene variants in disease and clinically relevant outcomes associated with those variants. Errors, such as failure to detect genomic variants with high accuracy, or mistakes, such as failure to identify, or incompletely or incorrectly identifying, gene variants or their significance, could have a significant adverse impact on our business. Hundreds of genes can be implicated in some disorders, and overlapping networks of genes and symptoms can be implicated in multiple conditions. As a result, a substantial amount of judgment is required in order to interpret testing results for an individual patient and to develop an appropriate patient report. We classify variants in accordance with published guidelines as benign, likely benign, variants of uncertain significance, likely pathogenic or pathogenic, and these guidelines are subject to change. In addition, it is our practice to offer support to clinicians and geneticists ordering our tests regarding which genes or panels to order as well as interpretation of genetic variants. We also rely on clinicians to interpret what we report and to incorporate specific information about an individual patient into the physician’s treatment decision. The marketing, sale and use of our genetic tests could subject us to liability for errors in, misunderstandings of, or inappropriate reliance on, information we provide to clinicians, geneticists or patients, and lead to claims against us if someone were to allege that a test failed to perform as it was designed, if we failed to correctly interpret the test results, if we failed to update the test results due to a reclassification of the variants according to new published guidelines, or if the ordering physician were to misinterpret test results or improperly rely on them when making a clinical decision. In addition, our entry into the reproductive health testing market exposes us to increased liability. A product liability or professional liability claim could result in substantial damages and be costly and time-consuming for us to defend. Although we maintain liability insurance, including for errors and omissions, we cannot assure you that such insurance would fully protect us from the financial impact of defending against these types of claims or any judgments, fines or settlement costs arising out of any such claims. Any liability claim, including an errors and omissions liability claim, brought against us, with or without merit, could increase our insurance rates or prevent us from securing insurance coverage in the future. Additionally, any liability lawsuit could cause injury to our reputation or cause us to suspend sales of our tests. The occurrence of any of these events could have an adverse effect on our reputation and results of operations. Our industry is subject to rapidly changing technology and new and increasing amounts of scientific data related to genes and genetic variants and their role in disease. Our failure to develop tests to keep pace with these changes could make us obsolete. In recent years, there have been numerous advances in methods used to analyze very large amounts of genomic information and the role of genetics and gene variants in disease and treatment therapies. Our industry has and will continue to be characterized by rapid technological change, increasingly larger amounts of data, frequent new testing service introductions and evolving industry standards, all of which could make our tests obsolete. Our future success will also depend on our ability to keep pace with the evolving needs of our customers on a timely and cost- effective basis and to pursue new market opportunities that develop as a result of technological 23 and scientific advances. Our tests could become obsolete and our business adversely affected unless we continually update our offerings to reflect new scientific knowledge about genes and genetic variations and their role in diseases and treatment therapies. Our success will depend in part on our ability to generate sales using our internal sales team and through alternative marketing strategies. We may not be able to market or sell our current tests and any future tests we may develop or acquire effectively enough to drive demand sufficient to support our planned growth. We currently sell our tests primarily through our internal sales force. Historically, our sales efforts have been focused primarily on hereditary cancer and more recently on reproductive health. Our efforts to sell our tests to clinicians and patients outside of oncology may not be successful, or may be difficult to do successfully without significant additional selling and marketing efforts and expense. We significantly increased the size of our sales force in 2017, 2018, and 2019. Our future sales will also depend in large part on our ability to develop and substantially expand awareness of our company and our tests through alternative strategies including through education of key opinion leaders, through social media-related and online outreach, education and marketing efforts, and through focused channel partner strategies designed to drive demand for our tests. We also plan to continue to increase our consumer advertising in connection with our introduction of our direct channel to consumers, which could be costly. We have limited experience implementing these types of marketing efforts. We may not be able to drive sufficient levels of revenue using these sales and marketing methods and strategies necessary to support our planned growth, and our failure to do so could limit our revenue and potential profitability. Outside the United States we are increasing our direct sales personnel; however, we have limited experience selling and operating internationally. We also use a limited number of distributors to assist internationally with sales, logistics, education and customer support. Sales practices utilized by our distributors that are locally acceptable may not comply with sales practices standards required under U.S. laws that apply to us, which could create additional compliance risk. If our sales and marketing efforts are not successful outside the United States, we may not achieve significant market acceptance for our tests outside the United States, which could adversely impact our business. Impairment in the value of our goodwill or other intangible assets could have a material adverse effect on our operating results and financial condition. We record goodwill and intangible assets at fair value upon the acquisition of a business. Goodwill represents the excess of amounts paid for acquiring businesses over the fair value of the net assets acquired. Goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets are evaluated for impairment annually, or more frequently if conditions warrant, by comparing the carrying value of a reporting unit to its estimated fair value. Intangible assets with definite lives are reviewed for impairment when events or circumstances indicate that their carrying value may not be recoverable. Declines in operating results, divestitures, sustained market declines and other factors that impact the fair value of a reporting unit could result in an impairment of goodwill or intangible assets and, in turn, a charge to net income. Any such charges could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition. We rely on a limited number of suppliers or, in some cases, sole suppliers, for some of our laboratory instruments, materials and services, and we may not be able to find replacements or immediately transition to alternative suppliers. We rely on a limited number of suppliers, or, in some cases, sole suppliers, including Illumina, Inc., Integrated DNA Technologies Incorporated, Qiagen N.V., Roche Holdings Ltd. and Twist Bioscience Corporation for certain laboratory substances used in the chemical reactions incorporated into our processes, which we refer to as reagents, as well as sequencers and other equipment and materials which we use in our laboratory operations. We do not have short- or long-term agreements with most of our suppliers, and our suppliers could cease supplying these materials and equipment at any time, or fail to provide us with sufficient quantities of materials or materials that meet our specifications. Our laboratory operations could be interrupted if we encounter delays or difficulties in securing these reagents, sequencers or other equipment or materials, and if we cannot obtain an acceptable substitute. Any such interruption could significantly affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and reputation. We rely on Illumina as the sole supplier of next generation sequencers and associated reagents and as the sole provider of maintenance and repair services for these sequencers. Any disruption in Illumina’s operations could impact our supply chain and laboratory operations as well as our ability to conduct our tests, and it could take a substantial amount of time to integrate replacement equipment into our laboratory operations. We also currently rely on a third party to perform non-invasive prenatal screening, or NIPS, testing on our behalf. In the event of any 24 disruption or termination of these services, it may be difficult to find a replacement NIPS offering, which could harm our business, financial condition, results of operation and reputation. We believe that there are only a few other manufacturers that are currently capable of supplying and servicing the equipment necessary for our laboratory operations, including sequencers and various associated reagents. The use of equipment or materials provided by these replacement suppliers would require us to alter our laboratory operations. Transitioning to a new supplier would be time consuming and expensive, may result in interruptions in our laboratory operations, could affect the performance specifications of our laboratory operations or could require that we revalidate our tests. We cannot assure you that we will be able to secure alternative equipment, reagents and other materials, and bring such equipment, reagents and materials on line and revalidate them without experiencing interruptions in our workflow. In the case of an alternative supplier for Illumina, we cannot assure you that replacement sequencers and associated reagents will be available or will meet our quality control and performance requirements for our laboratory operations. If we encounter delays or difficulties in securing, reconfiguring or revalidating the equipment and reagents we require for our tests, our business, financial condition, results of operations and reputation could be adversely affected. If our laboratories in California become inoperable due to disasters, health epidemics or for any other reasons, we will be unable to perform our tests and our business will be harmed. We perform all of our tests at our production facilities in San Francisco and Irvine, California. Our laboratories and the equipment we use to perform our tests would be costly to replace and could require substantial lead time to replace and qualify for use. Our laboratories may be harmed or rendered inoperable by natural or man-made disasters, including earthquakes, flooding, fire and power outages, or by health epidemics, such as the recent coronavirus, which may render it difficult or impossible for us to perform our tests for some period of time. This risk of natural disaster is especially high for us since we perform the substantial majority of our tests at our San Francisco laboratory, which is located in an active seismic region, and we do not have a redundant facility to perform the same tests in the event our San Francisco laboratory is inoperable. The inability to perform our tests or the backlog that could develop if our laboratories are inoperable for even a short period of time may result in the loss of customers or harm our reputation. Although we maintain insurance for damage to our property and the disruption of our business, this insurance may not be sufficient to cover all of our potential losses and may not continue to be available to us on acceptable terms, if at all. We face risks related to health epidemics which could adversely affect our business and results of operations. Our business could be materially adversely affected by the effects of a widespread outbreak of contagious disease, including the recent outbreak of respiratory illness caused by a novel coronavirus first identified in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. These effects could include disruptions or restrictions on our employees’ ability to travel, as well as temporary closures of our laboratories or the facilities of our suppliers or customers, which could impact our test volume and results of operations. In addition, a significant outbreak of contagious diseases in the human population could result in a widespread health crisis that could adversely affect the economies and financial markets of many countries, resulting in an economic downturn that could affect demand for our tests and likely impact our results of operations. The loss of any member or change in structure of our senior management team could adversely affect our business. Our success depends in large part upon the skills, experience and performance of members of our executive management team and others in key leadership positions. The efforts of these persons will be critical to us as we continue to develop our technologies and test processes and focus on scaling our business. If we were to lose one or more key executives, we may experience difficulties in competing effectively, developing our technologies and implementing our business strategy. All of our executives and employees are at-will, which means that either we or the executive or employee may terminate their employment at any time. We do not carry key man insurance for any of our executives or employees. In addition, we do not have a long-term retention agreement in place with our president and chief executive officer. Development of new tests is a complex process, and we may be unable to commercialize new tests on a timely basis, or at all. We cannot assure you that we will be able to develop and commercialize new tests on a timely basis. Before we can commercialize any new tests, we will need to expend significant funds in order to: • conduct research and development; 25 • • • • • further develop and scale our laboratory processes; and further develop and scale our infrastructure to be able to analyze increasingly larger and more diverse amounts of data. Our testing service development process involves risk, and development efforts may fail for many reasons, including: failure of any test to perform as expected; lack of validation or reference data; or failure to demonstrate utility of a test. As we develop tests, we will have to make significant investments in development, marketing and selling resources. In addition, competitors may develop and commercialize competing tests faster than we are able to do so. We depend on our information technology systems, and any failure of these systems could harm our business. We depend on information technology and telecommunications systems for significant elements of our operations, including our laboratory information management system, our bioinformatics analytical software systems, our database of information relating to genetic variations and their role in disease process and drug metabolism, our clinical report optimization systems, our customer-facing web-based software, our customer reporting, and our Invitae Family History Tool, PIN, and CancerGene Connect platform. We have installed, and expect to expand, a number of enterprise software systems that affect a broad range of business processes and functional areas, including for example, systems handling human resources, financial controls and reporting, customer relationship management, regulatory compliance and other infrastructure operations. In addition, we intend to extend the capabilities of both our preventative and detective security controls by augmenting the monitoring and alerting functions, the network design, and the automatic countermeasure operations of our technical systems. These information technology and telecommunications systems support a variety of functions, including laboratory operations, test validation, sample tracking, quality control, customer service support, billing and reimbursement, research and development activities, scientific and medical curation, and general administrative activities, including financial reporting. Information technology and telecommunications systems are vulnerable to damage from a variety of sources, including telecommunications or network failures, malicious human acts and natural disasters. Moreover, despite network security and back-up measures, some of our servers are potentially vulnerable to physical or electronic break-ins, computer viruses and similar disruptive problems. Despite the precautionary measures we have taken to prevent unanticipated problems that could affect our information technology and telecommunications systems, failures or significant downtime of our information technology or telecommunications systems or those used by our third-party service providers could prevent us from conducting tests, preparing and providing reports to clinicians, billing payers, processing reimbursement appeals, handling physician or patient inquiries, conducting research and development activities, and managing the administrative and financial aspects of our business. Any disruption or loss of information technology or telecommunications systems on which critical aspects of our operations depend could have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations. Technical problems have arisen, and may arise in the future, in connection with our data and systems, including those that are hosted by third-party providers, which have in the past and may in the future result in interruptions in our business and operations. These types of problems may be caused by a variety of factors, including infrastructure changes, human or software errors, viruses, security attacks, fraud, spikes in customer usage and denial of service issues. From time to time, large third-party web hosting providers have experienced outages or other problems that have resulted in their systems being offline and inaccessible. Such outages could materially impact our business and operations. Ethical, legal and social concerns related to the use of genetic information could reduce demand for our tests. Genetic testing has raised ethical, legal and social issues regarding privacy and the appropriate uses of the resulting information. Governmental authorities could, for social or other purposes, limit or regulate the use of genetic information or genetic testing or prohibit testing for genetic predisposition to certain conditions, particularly for those that have no known cure. Similarly, these concerns may lead patients to refuse to use, or clinicians to be reluctant to order, genomic tests even if permissible. These and other ethical, legal and social concerns may limit 26 market acceptance of our tests or reduce the potential markets for our tests, either of which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. Our international business exposes us to business, regulatory, political, operational, financial and economic risks associated with doing business outside of the United States. Doing business internationally involves a number of risks, including: • multiple, conflicting and changing laws and regulations such as privacy regulations, tax laws, export and import restrictions, employment laws, regulatory requirements, and other governmental approvals, permits and licenses; • • • • • • • • failure by us or our distributors to obtain regulatory approvals for the use of our tests in various countries; complexities and difficulties in obtaining protection and enforcing our intellectual property; difficulties in staffing and managing foreign operations; complexities associated with managing multiple payer reimbursement regimes, government payers or patient self-pay systems; logistics and regulations associated with shipping samples, including infrastructure conditions, customs and transportation delays; limits on our ability to penetrate international markets if we do not to conduct our tests locally; natural disasters, including the recent and ongoing outbreak and spreading of Coronavirus, political and economic instability, including wars, terrorism and political unrest, outbreak of disease, boycotts, curtailment of trade and other business restrictions; and regulatory and compliance risks that relate to maintaining accurate information and control over activities that may fall within the purview of the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, or FCPA, its books and records provisions, or its anti-bribery provisions. Any of these factors could significantly harm our international operations and, consequently, our revenue and results of operations. In addition, applicable export or import laws and regulations such as prohibitions on the export of samples imposed by countries outside of the United States, or international privacy or data restrictions that are different or more stringent than those of the United States, may require that we build additional laboratories or engage in joint ventures or other business partnerships in order to offer our tests internationally in the future. Any such restrictions would impair our ability to offer our tests in such countries and could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Our ability to use our net operating loss carryforwards and certain other tax attributes may be limited. At December 31, 2019, our total gross deferred tax assets were $204.5 million. Due to our lack of earnings history and uncertainties surrounding our ability to generate future taxable income, the net deferred tax assets have been fully offset by a valuation allowance. The deferred tax assets were primarily comprised of federal and state tax net operating losses and tax credit carryforwards. Furthermore, under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Internal Revenue Code, if a corporation undergoes an “ownership change,” the corporation’s ability to use its pre-change net operating loss carryforwards, or NOLs, and other pre-change tax attributes (such as research tax credits) to offset its future taxable income may be limited. In general, an “ownership change” occurs if there is a cumulative change in our ownership by “5% shareholders” that exceeds 50 percentage points over a rolling three-year period. Our existing NOLs and tax credit carryovers may be subject to limitations arising from previous ownership changes, and if we undergo one or more ownership changes in connection with completed acquisitions, or other future transactions in our stock, our ability to utilize NOLs and tax credit carryovers could be further limited by Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code. As a result, if we earn net taxable income, our ability to use our pre-change net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards to offset U.S. federal taxable income may be subject to limitations, which could potentially result in increased future tax liability to us. The annual limitation may result in the expiration of certain net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards before their utilization. In addition, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act limits the deduction for NOLs to 80% of current year taxable income and eliminates NOL carrybacks. Also, at the state level, there may be periods during which the use of NOLs is suspended or otherwise limited, which could accelerate or permanently increase state taxes owed. 27 Risks related to government regulation If the FDA regulates our tests as medical devices, we could incur substantial costs and our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected. We provide our tests as laboratory-developed tests, or LDTs. CMS and certain state agencies regulate the performance of LDTs (as authorized by the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988, or CLIA, and state law, respectively). Historically, the FDA has exercised enforcement discretion with respect to most LDTs and has not required laboratories that furnish LDTs to comply with the agency’s requirements for medical devices (e.g., establishment registration, device listing, quality systems regulations, premarket clearance or premarket approval, and post-market controls). In recent years, however, the FDA has stated it intends to end its policy of general enforcement discretion and regulate certain LDTs as medical devices. To this end, on October 3, 2014, the FDA issued two draft guidance documents, entitled “Framework for Regulatory Oversight of Laboratory Developed Tests (LDTs)” and “FDA Notification and Medical Device Reporting for Laboratory Developed Tests (LDTs),” respectively, that set forth a proposed risk-based regulatory framework that would apply varying levels of FDA oversight to LDTs. Subsequently, on January 13, 2017, the FDA published a “discussion paper” in which it outlined a substantially revised “possible approach” to the oversight of LDTs. In December 2018, a draft bill titled the “Verifying Accurate Leading-edge IVCT Development Act of 2018,” or VALID Act, was released for discussion. The draft bill proposes a risk-based approach to regulate LDTs and creates a new in vitro clinical test, or IVCT, category of regulated products, which includes LDTs, and a regulatory structure under the FDA. As proposed, the draft bill grandfathers many existing tests from the proposed premarket approval, quality systems, and labeling requirements, respectively, but would require such tests to comply with other regulatory requirements (e.g., registration and notification, adverse event reporting). We cannot predict if this draft bill will be enacted in its current (or any other) form and cannot quantify the effect of this draft bill on our business. Legislative proposals addressing the FDA’s oversight of LDTs have been introduced in previous Congresses, and we expect that new legislative proposals will be introduced from time-to-time. The likelihood that Congress will pass such legislation and the extent to which such legislation may affect the FDA’s plans to regulate certain LDTs as medical devices is difficult to predict at this time. If the FDA ultimately regulates certain LDTs (either as medical devices or as part of a new stand-alone regulatory category for IVCTs), whether via individualized enforcement action, or more generally, as outlined in final guidance or final regulation, or as instructed by Congress, our tests may be subject to certain additional regulatory requirements. Complying with the FDA’s requirements can be expensive, time-consuming and subject us to significant or unanticipated delays. Insofar as we may be required to obtain premarket clearance or approval to perform or continue performing an LDT, we cannot assure you that we will be able to obtain such authorization. Even if we obtain regulatory clearance or approval where required, such authorization may not be for the intended uses that we believe are commercially attractive or are critical to the commercial success of our tests. As a result, the application of the FDA’s requirements to our tests could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Failure to comply with applicable FDA regulatory requirements may trigger a range of enforcement actions by the FDA including warning letters, civil monetary penalties, injunctions, criminal prosecution, recall or seizure, operating restrictions, partial suspension or total shutdown of operations, and denial of or challenges to applications for clearance or approval, as well as significant adverse publicity. In addition, in November 2013, the FDA issued final guidance regarding the distribution of products labeled for research use only. Certain of the reagents and other products we use in our tests are labeled as research use only products. Certain of our suppliers may cease selling research use only products to us and any failure to obtain an acceptable substitute could significantly and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. If we fail to comply with federal, state and foreign laboratory licensing requirements, we could lose the ability to perform our tests or experience disruptions to our business. We are subject to CLIA, a federal law that regulates clinical laboratories that perform testing on specimens derived from humans for the purpose of providing information for the diagnosis, prevention or treatment of disease. CLIA regulations establish specific standards with respect to personnel qualifications, facility administration, proficiency testing, quality control, quality assurance and inspections. CLIA certification is also required in order for us to be eligible to bill state and federal healthcare programs, as well as many private third-party payers, for our tests. We have current CLIA certifications to conduct our tests at our laboratories in San Francisco and Irvine, 28 California. To renew these certifications, we are subject to survey and inspection every two years. Moreover, CLIA inspectors may make random inspections of our clinical reference laboratories. We are also required to maintain licenses to conduct testing in California. California laws establish standards for day-to-day operation of our clinical reference laboratories in San Francisco and Irvine, including the training and skills required of personnel and quality control. We also maintain out-of-state laboratory licenses to conduct testing on specimens from Maryland, New York, Pennsylvania and Rhode Island. In addition to having laboratory licenses in New York, our clinical reference laboratories are approved on test-specific bases by the New York State Department of Health, or NYDOH. Other states may adopt similar licensure requirements in the future, which may require us to modify, delay or stop our operations in such jurisdictions. We may also be subject to regulation in foreign jurisdictions as we seek to expand international utilization of our tests or such jurisdictions adopt new licensure requirements, which may require review of our tests in order to offer them or may have other limitations such as restrictions on the transport of samples necessary for us to perform our tests that may limit our ability to make our tests available outside of the United States. Complying with licensure requirements in new jurisdictions may be expensive, time-consuming, and subject us to significant and unanticipated delays. Failure to comply with applicable clinical laboratory licensure requirements may result in a range of enforcement actions, including license suspension, limitation, or revocation, directed plan of action, onsite monitoring, civil monetary penalties, criminal sanctions, and cancellation of the laboratory’s approval to receive Medicare and Medicaid payment for its services, as well as significant adverse publicity. Any sanction imposed under CLIA, its implementing regulations, or state or foreign laws or regulations governing clinical laboratory licensure, or our failure to renew our CLIA certificate, a state or foreign license, or accreditation, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Even if we were able to bring our laboratory back into compliance, we could incur significant expenses and potentially lose revenue in doing so. The College of American Pathologists, or CAP, maintains a clinical laboratory accreditation program. CAP asserts that its program is “designed to go well beyond regulatory compliance” and helps laboratories achieve the highest standards of excellence to positively impact patient care. While not required to operate a CLIA-certified laboratory, many private insurers require CAP accreditation as a condition to contracting with clinical laboratories to cover their tests. In addition, some countries outside the United States require CAP accreditation as a condition to permitting clinical laboratories to test samples taken from their citizens. We have CAP accreditations for our laboratories. Failure to maintain CAP accreditation could have a material adverse effect on the sales of our tests and the results of our operations. Complying with numerous statutes and regulations pertaining to our business is an expensive and time-consuming process, and any failure to comply could result in substantial penalties. Our operations are subject to other extensive federal, state, local and foreign laws and regulations, all of which are subject to change. These laws and regulations currently include, among others: • • • • • HIPAA, which establishes comprehensive federal standards with respect to the privacy and security of protected health information and requirements for the use of certain standardized electronic transactions; amendments to HIPAA under HITECH, which strengthen and expand HIPAA privacy and security compliance requirements, increase penalties for violators and expand vicarious liability, extend enforcement authority to state attorneys general, and impose requirements for breach notification; the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, which prohibits knowingly and willfully offering, paying, soliciting or receiving remuneration, directly or indirectly, overtly or covertly, in cash or in kind, to induce or in return for the referral of an individual, for the furnishing of or arrangement for the furnishing of any item or service for which payment may be made in whole or in part by a federal healthcare program, or the purchasing, leasing, ordering, arranging for, or recommend purchasing, leasing or ordering, any good, facility, item or service for which payment may be made, in whole or in part, under a federal healthcare program; EKRA, which prohibits payments for referrals to recovery homes, clinical treatment facilities, and laboratories and reaches beyond federal health care programs, to include private insurance; the federal physician self-referral law, known as the Stark Law, which prohibits a physician from making a referral to an entity for certain designated health services covered by the Medicare program, including laboratory and pathology services, if the physician or an immediate family member has a financial relationship with the entity unless an exception applies, and prohibits an entity from billing for designated health services furnished pursuant to a prohibited referral; 29 • • • • • • • the federal false claims law, which imposes liability on any person or entity that, among other things, knowingly presents, or causes to be presented, a false or fraudulent claim for payment to the federal government; the federal Civil Monetary Penalties Law, which prohibits, among other things, the offering or transfer of remuneration to a Medicare or state healthcare program beneficiary if the person knows or should know it is likely to influence the beneficiary’s selection of a particular provider, practitioner or supplier of services reimbursable by Medicare or a state healthcare program, unless an exception applies; the HIPAA fraud and abuse provisions, which create new federal criminal statutes that prohibit, among other things, defrauding health care benefit programs, willfully obstructing a criminal investigation of a healthcare offense and falsifying or concealing a material fact or making any materially false statements in connection with the payment for healthcare benefits, items or services; other federal and state fraud and abuse laws, such as anti-kickback laws, prohibitions on self-referral, fee-splitting restrictions, insurance fraud laws, anti-markup laws, prohibitions on the provision of tests at no or discounted cost to induce physician or patient adoption, and false claims acts, which may extend to services reimbursable by any third-party payer, including private insurers; the prohibition on reassignment of Medicare claims, which, subject to certain exceptions, precludes the reassignment of Medicare claims to any other party; state laws that prohibit other specified practices, such as billing clinicians for testing that they order; waiving coinsurance, copayments, deductibles and other amounts owed by patients; billing a state Medicaid program at a price that is higher than what is charged to one or more other payers; and similar foreign laws and regulations that apply to us in the countries in which we operate or may operate in the future. We have adopted policies and procedures designed to comply with these laws and regulations. In the ordinary course of our business, we conduct internal reviews of our compliance with these laws. Our compliance may also be subject to governmental review. The growth of our business and our expansion outside of the United States may increase the potential of violating these laws or our internal policies and procedures. The risk of our being found in violation of these or other laws and regulations is further increased by the fact that many have not been fully interpreted by the regulatory authorities or the courts, and their provisions are open to a variety of interpretations. Any action brought against us for violation of these or other laws or regulations, even if we successfully defend against it, could cause us to incur significant legal expenses and divert our management’s attention from the operation of our business. If our operations are found to be in violation of any of these laws and regulations, we may be subject to any applicable penalty associated with the violation, including administrative, civil and criminal penalties, damages, fines, individual imprisonment, exclusion from participation in Federal healthcare programs, refunding of payments received by us, and curtailment or cessation of our operations. Any of the foregoing consequences could seriously harm our business and our financial results. Healthcare policy changes, including legislation reforming the U.S. healthcare system, may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. In March 2010, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act, collectively referred to as the Affordable Care Act, was enacted in the United States, which made a number of substantial changes in the way healthcare is financed by both governmental and private insurers. Among other things, the Affordable Care Act required each medical device manufacturer to pay a sales tax equal to 2.3% of the price for which such manufacturer sells its medical devices, and applied to sales of taxable medical devices from January 1, 2013 through December 31, 2015. The excise tax was suspended from January 1, 2016 to December 31, 2019 and was repealed as of January 1, 2020 by the Further Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2020. Policy changes or implementation of new health care legislation could result in significant changes to health care systems. In the United States, this could include potential modification or repeal of all or parts of the Affordable Care Act. In April 2014, Congress passed the Protecting Access to Medicare Act of 2014, or PAMA, which included substantial changes to the way in which clinical laboratory services are paid under Medicare. Under PAMA (as amended by the Further Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020) and its implementing regulations, clinical laboratories must report to CMS private payer rates beginning in 2017, and then in 2021 and every three years thereafter for clinical diagnostic laboratory tests that are not advanced diagnostic laboratory tests and every year for advanced diagnostic laboratory tests. 30 We do not believe that our tests meet the definition of advanced diagnostic laboratory tests, but in the event that we seek designation for one or more of our tests as an advanced diagnostic laboratory test and the tests are determined by CMS to meet these criteria or new criteria developed by CMS, we would be required to report private payer data for those tests annually. Otherwise, we will be required to report private payer rates for our tests on an every three years basis starting in 2021. Laboratories that fail to timely report the required payment information may be subject to substantial civil money penalties. As set forth in the PAMA final rule, for tests furnished on or after January 1, 2018, Medicare payments for clinical diagnostic laboratory tests are paid based upon these reported private payer rates. For clinical diagnostic laboratory tests that are assigned a new or substantially revised code, initial payment rates for clinical diagnostic laboratory tests that are not advanced diagnostic laboratory tests will be assigned by the cross-walk or gap-fill methodology. Initial payment rates for new advanced diagnostic laboratory tests will be based on the actual list charge for the laboratory test. The payment rates calculated under PAMA went into effect starting January 1, 2018. Where applicable, reductions to payment rates resulting from the new methodology are limited to 10% per test per year in each of the years 2018 through 2020 and to 15% per test per year in each of 2021 through 2023 (with a second round of private payer rate reporting in 2021 to establish rates for 2022 through 2024). PAMA also authorized the adoption of new, temporary billing codes and/or unique test identifiers for FDA-cleared or approved tests as well as advanced diagnostic laboratory tests. The CPT® Editorial Panel approved a proposal to create a new section of billing codes to facilitate implementation of this section of PAMA, but these codes would apply to our tests only if we apply for such codes. In March 2018, CMS published a national coverage determination, or NCD, for next generation sequencing, or NGS tests for somatic (acquired) cancer testing. CMS subsequently updated this NCD in January 2020 to address coverage for NGS tests for germline (inherited) cancer testing and to clarify certain aspects of Medicare’s coverage of NGS for somatic cancer testing. For somatic cancer testing, the updated NCD establishes full coverage for FDA-approved or FDA-cleared NGS-based companion diagnostic assays that report results using report templates that specify treatment options when offered for their FDA-approved or FDA-cleared use(s), ordered by the patient’s treating physician for Medicare beneficiaries with advanced cancer (recurrent, relapsed, refractory, metastatic, or advanced stage III or IV cancer) who have not have previously been tested with the same test using NGS for the same cancer genetic content, and have decided to seek further cancer treatment. The NCD also gives MACs the authority to establish local coverage for NGS-based somatic cancer assays that are not FDA-approved or FDA-cleared companion diagnostics when offered to patients meeting the above-referenced criteria. It appears that NGS-based somatic cancer tests provided for patients with cancer that do not meet the above-referenced criteria - e.g., patients with earlier stage cancers - are nationally non-covered under the NCD. Effective January 27, 2020, the NCD also establishes full coverage for FDA-approved or FDA-cleared NGS-based germline tests that report results using report templates that specify treatment options when ordered by the patient’s treating physician for patients with ovarian or breast cancer, a clinical indication for germline testing for hereditary breast or ovarian cancer, and a risk factor for germline breast or ovarian cancer, provided the patient has not previously been tested with the same germline test using NGS for the same germline genetic content. The NCD also gives MACs the authority to establish local coverage for NGS-based germline tests for ovarian or breast cancer that are not FDA-approved or FDA- cleared, as well as for NGS-based tests for any other cancer diagnosis (regardless of the test’s FDA regulatory status) when offered to patients meeting the above-referenced criteria for germline testing. Since we already have local coverage for our germline tests for ovarian and breast cancer, we believe that the NCD will not have a material impact on which of our tests will be reimbursable by CMS for Medicare patients. We cannot predict whether future healthcare initiatives will be implemented at the federal or state level, or how any future legislation or regulation may affect us. For instance, the payment reductions imposed by the Affordable Care Act and the expansion of the federal and state governments’ role in the U.S. healthcare industry as well as changes to the reimbursement amounts paid by payers for our tests and future tests or our medical procedure volumes may reduce our profits and have a materially adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Notably, Congress enacted legislation in 2017 that eliminated the Affordable Care Act’s “individual mandate” beginning in 2019, which may significantly impact the number of covered lives participating in exchange plans. Moreover, Congress has proposed on several occasions to impose a 20% coinsurance on patients for clinical laboratory tests reimbursed under the clinical laboratory fee schedule, which would increase our billing and collecting costs and decrease our revenue. 31 If we use hazardous materials in a manner that causes injury, we could be liable for resulting damages. Our activities currently require the use of hazardous chemicals and biological material. We cannot eliminate the risk of accidental contamination or injury to employees or third parties from the use, storage, handling or disposal of these materials. In the event of contamination or injury, we could be held liable for any resulting damages, and any liability could exceed our resources or any applicable insurance coverage we may have. In 2018, we decommissioned our laboratory in Cambridge, Massachusetts; however, we could be held liable for any damages resulting from our prior use of hazardous chemicals and biological materials at this facility. Additionally, we are subject on an ongoing basis to federal, state and local laws and regulations governing the use, storage, handling and disposal of these materials and specified waste products. The cost of compliance with these laws and regulations may become significant, and our failure to comply may result in substantial fines or other consequences, and either could negatively affect our operating results. We could be adversely affected by violations of the FCPA and other worldwide anti-bribery laws. We are subject to the FCPA, which prohibits companies and their intermediaries from making payments in violation of law to non-U.S. government officials for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business or securing any other improper advantage. We are increasing our direct sales and operations personnel outside the United States, in which we have limited experience. We use a limited number of independent distributors to sell our tests internationally, which requires a high degree of vigilance in maintaining our policy against participation in corrupt activity, because these distributors could be deemed to be our agents, and we could be held responsible for their actions. Other U.S. companies in the medical device and pharmaceutical fields have faced criminal penalties under the FCPA for allowing their agents to deviate from appropriate practices in doing business with these individuals. We are also subject to similar anti-bribery laws in the jurisdictions in which we operate, including the United Kingdom’s Bribery Act of 2010, which also prohibits commercial bribery and makes it a crime for companies to fail to prevent bribery. These laws are complex and far-reaching in nature, and, as a result, we cannot assure you that we would not be required in the future to alter one or more of our practices to be in compliance with these laws or any changes in these laws or the interpretation thereof. Any violations of these laws, or allegations of such violations, could disrupt our operations, involve significant management distraction, involve significant costs and expenses, including legal fees, and could result in a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition or results of operations. We could also incur severe penalties, including criminal and civil penalties, disgorgement and other remedial measures. Risks related to our intellectual property Litigation or other proceedings or third-party claims of intellectual property infringement or misappropriation may require us to spend significant time and money, and could in the future prevent us from selling our tests or impact our stock price. Our commercial success will depend in part on our avoiding infringement of patents and proprietary rights of third parties, including for example the intellectual property rights of competitors. As we continue to commercialize our tests in their current or an updated form, launch different and expanded tests, and enter new markets, competitors might claim that our tests infringe or misappropriate their intellectual property rights as part of business strategies designed to impede our successful commercialization and entry into new markets. Our activities may be subject to claims that we infringe or otherwise violate patents or other intellectual property rights owned or controlled by third parties. We cannot assure you that our operations do not, or will not in the future, infringe existing or future patents. We may be unaware of patents that a third party, including for example a competitor in the genetic testing market, might assert are infringed by our business. There may also be patent applications that, if issued as patents, could be asserted against us. Third parties making claims against us for infringement or misappropriation of their intellectual property rights may seek and obtain injunctive or other equitable relief, which could effectively block our ability to perform our tests. Further, if a patent infringement suit were brought against us, we could be forced to stop or delay our development or sales of any tests or other activities that are the subject of such suit. Defense of these claims, regardless of merit, could cause us to incur substantial expenses and be a substantial diversion of our employee resources. Any adverse ruling or perception of an adverse ruling in defending ourselves could have a material adverse impact on our business and stock price. In the event of a successful claim of infringement against us by a third party, we may have to (1) pay substantial damages, possibly including treble damages and attorneys’ fees if we are found to have willfully infringed patents; (2) obtain one or more licenses, which may not be available on commercially reasonable terms (if at all); (3) pay royalties; and/or (4) redesign any infringing tests or other activities, which may be impossible or require substantial time and monetary expenditure, all of which could have a material adverse impact on our cash position and business and financial condition. 32 If licenses to third-party intellectual property rights are or become required for us to engage in our business, we may be unable to obtain them at a reasonable cost, if at all. Even if such licenses are available, we could incur substantial costs related to royalty payments for licenses obtained from third parties, which could negatively affect our gross margins. Moreover, we could encounter delays in the introduction of tests while we attempt to develop alternatives. Defense of any lawsuit or failure to obtain any of these licenses on favorable terms could prevent us from commercializing tests, which could materially affect our ability to grow and thus adversely affect our business and financial condition. Developments in patent law could have a negative impact on our business. Although we view current U.S. Supreme Court precedent to be aligned with our belief that naturally occurring DNA sequences and detection of natural correlations between observed facts (such as patient genetic data) and an understanding of that fact’s implications (such as a patient’s risk of disease associated with certain genetic variations) should not be patentable, it is possible that subsequent determinations by the U.S. Supreme Court or other federal courts could limit, alter or potentially overrule current law. Moreover, from time to time the U.S. Supreme Court, other federal courts, the United States Congress or the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, or USPTO, may change the standards of patentability, and any such changes could run contrary to, or otherwise be inconsistent with, our belief that naturally occurring DNA sequences and detection of natural correlations between observed facts and an understanding of that fact’s implications should not be patentable, which could result in third parties newly claiming that our business practices infringe patents drawn from categories of patents which we currently view to be invalid as directed to unpatentable subject matter. For example, the U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee, Subcommittee on Intellectual Property held hearings in 2019 regarding a legislative proposal that would overrule current U.S. Supreme Court precedent concerning the scope of patentable subject matter. Our President and Chief Executive Officer, Sean George, appeared before this subcommittee. If such proposal were to be formulated as a bill and enacted into law, there could be an increase in third-party claims to patent rights over correlations between patient genetic data and its interpretation and such third parties may assert that our business practices infringe some of those resulting patent rights. Our inability to effectively protect our proprietary technologies, including the confidentiality of our trade secrets, could harm our competitive position. We currently rely upon trade secret protection and copyright, as well as non-disclosure agreements and invention assignment agreements with our employees, consultants and third parties, and to a limited extent patent protection, to protect our confidential and proprietary information. Although our competitors have utilized and are expected to continue utilizing similar methods and have aggregated and are expected to continue to aggregate similar databases of genetic testing information, our success will depend upon our ability to develop proprietary methods and databases and to defend any advantages afforded to us by such methods and databases relative to our competitors. If we do not protect our intellectual property adequately, competitors may be able to use our methods and databases and thereby erode any competitive advantages we may have. We will be able to protect our proprietary rights from unauthorized use by third parties only to the extent that our proprietary technologies are covered by valid and enforceable patents or are effectively maintained as trade secrets. In this regard, we have applied, and we intend to continue applying, for patents covering such aspects of our technologies as we deem appropriate. However, we expect that potential patent coverage we may obtain will not be sufficient to prevent substantial competition. In this regard, we believe it is probable that others will independently develop similar or alternative technologies or design around those technologies for which we may obtain patent protection. In addition, any patent applications we file may be challenged and may not result in issued patents or may be invalidated or narrowed in scope after they are issued. Questions as to inventorship or ownership may also arise. Any finding that our patents or applications are unenforceable could harm our ability to prevent others from practicing the related technology, and a finding that others have inventorship or ownership rights to our patents and applications could require us to obtain certain rights to practice related technologies, which may not be available on favorable terms, if at all. If we initiate lawsuits to protect or enforce our patents, or litigate against third-party claims, which would be expensive, and, if we lose, we may lose some of our intellectual property rights. Furthermore, these lawsuits may divert the attention of our management and technical personnel. We expect to rely primarily upon trade secrets and proprietary know-how protection for our confidential and proprietary information, and we have taken security measures to protect this information. These measures, however, may not provide adequate protection for our trade secrets, know-how or other confidential information. Among other things, we seek to protect our trade secrets and confidential information by entering into confidentiality agreements with employees and consultants. There can be no assurance that any confidentiality agreements that we have with our employees and consultants will provide meaningful protection for our trade secrets and confidential information or will provide adequate remedies in the event of unauthorized use or disclosure of such 33 information. Accordingly, there also can be no assurance that our trade secrets will not otherwise become known or be independently developed by competitors. Enforcing a claim that a party illegally disclosed or misappropriated a trade secret can be difficult, expensive and time-consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. In addition, trade secrets may be independently developed by others in a manner that could prevent legal recourse by us. If any of our confidential or proprietary information, such as our trade secrets, were to be disclosed or misappropriated, or if any such information was independently developed by a competitor, our competitive position could be harmed. We may not be able to enforce our intellectual property rights throughout the world. The laws of some foreign countries do not protect proprietary rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States, and many companies have encountered significant challenges in establishing and enforcing their proprietary rights outside of the United States. These challenges can be caused by the absence of rules and methods for the establishment and enforcement of intellectual property rights outside of the United States. In addition, the legal systems of some countries, particularly developing countries, do not favor the enforcement of patents and other intellectual property protection, especially those relating to healthcare. This could make it difficult for us to stop the infringement of our patents, if obtained, or the misappropriation of our other intellectual property rights. For example, many foreign countries have compulsory licensing laws under which a patent owner must grant licenses to third parties. In addition, many countries limit the enforceability of patents against third parties, including government agencies or government contractors. In these countries, patents may provide limited or no benefit. Patent protection must ultimately be sought on a country-by-country basis, which is an expensive and time-consuming process with uncertain outcomes. Accordingly, we may choose not to seek patent protection in certain countries, and we will not have the benefit of patent protection in such countries. Proceedings to enforce our patent rights in foreign jurisdictions could result in substantial costs and divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business. Accordingly, our efforts to protect our intellectual property rights in such countries may be inadequate. In addition, changes in the law and legal decisions by courts in the United States and foreign countries may affect our ability to obtain adequate protection for our technology and the enforcement of intellectual property. Third parties may assert that our employees or consultants have wrongfully used or disclosed confidential information or misappropriated trade secrets. We employ individuals who were previously employed at universities or genetic testing, diagnostic or other healthcare companies, including our competitors or potential competitors. Although we try to ensure that our employees and consultants do not use the proprietary information or know-how of others in their work for us, we may be subject to claims that we or our employees or consultants have inadvertently or otherwise used or disclosed intellectual property, including trade secrets or other proprietary information, of a former employer or other third parties. Further, we may be subject to ownership disputes in the future arising, for example, from conflicting obligations of consultants or others who are involved in developing our intellectual property. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims. If we fail in defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights or personnel. Even if we are successful in defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management and other employees. Risks related to being a public company We incur increased costs and demands on management as a result of compliance with laws and regulations applicable to public companies, which could harm our operating results. As a public company, we incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses, including costs associated with public company reporting requirements. In addition, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, or the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, as well as rules implemented by the SEC and the New York Stock Exchange, or NYSE, impose a number of requirements on public companies, including with respect to corporate governance practices. The SEC and other regulators have continued to adopt new rules and regulations and make additional changes to existing regulations that require our compliance. In addition, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, or the Dodd-Frank Act, enacted in 2010, includes significant corporate governance and executive-compensation-related provisions. Our management and other personnel need to devote a substantial amount of time to these compliance and disclosure obligations. If these requirements divert the attention of our management and personnel from other aspects of our business concerns, they could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Moreover, these rules and regulations applicable to public companies substantially increase our legal, accounting and financial compliance costs, require that we hire additional personnel and make some activities more time consuming and costly. It may also be more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance. 34 If we are unable to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting, investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our reported financial information and the market price of our common stock may be negatively affected. We are required to maintain internal control over financial reporting and to report any material weaknesses in such internal controls. Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires that we evaluate and determine the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting and provide a management report on our internal control over financial reporting. If we have a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting, we may not detect errors on a timely basis and our financial statements may be materially misstated. We have compiled the system and process documentation necessary to perform the evaluation needed to comply with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. We need to maintain and enhance these processes and controls as we grow and we have required, and may continue to require, additional personnel and resources to do so. During the evaluation and testing process, if we identify one or more material weaknesses in our internal controls, our management will be unable to conclude that our internal control over financial reporting is effective. Because we were no longer be an emerging growth company as of December 31, 2019, our independent registered public accounting firm was required to issue an attestation report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting for the fiscal year 2019. Even if our management concludes that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, our independent registered public accounting firm may conclude that there are material weaknesses with respect to our internal controls or the level at which our internal controls are documented, designed, implemented or reviewed. If we are unable to conclude that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, or if our auditors were to express an adverse opinion on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting because we had one or more material weaknesses, investors could lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial disclosures, which could cause the price of our common stock to decline. Internal control deficiencies could also result in the restatement of our financial results in the future. Risks related to our Convertible Senior Notes Servicing our debt requires a significant amount of cash, and we may not have sufficient cash flow from our business to pay our substantial debt. In September 2019, we issued $350.0 million aggregate principal amount of our 2.00% Convertible Senior Notes due 2024 in a private placement. Our ability to make scheduled payments of the principal of, to pay interest on or to refinance our indebtedness, including the notes, depends on our future performance, which is subject to economic, financial, competitive and other factors beyond our control. Our business may not continue to generate cash flow from operations in the future sufficient to service our debt and make necessary capital expenditures. If we are unable to generate such cash flow, we may be required to adopt one or more alternatives, such as selling assets, restructuring debt or obtaining additional equity capital on terms that may be onerous or highly dilutive. Our ability to refinance our indebtedness will depend on the capital markets and our financial condition at such time. We may not be able to engage in any of these activities or engage in these activities on desirable terms, which could result in a default on our debt obligations. We may not have the ability to raise the funds necessary to settle conversions of the Convertible Senior Notes in cash or to repurchase the notes upon a fundamental change, and our future debt may contain limitations on our ability to pay cash upon conversion or repurchase of the notes. Holders of the notes have the right to require us to repurchase all or any portion of their notes upon the occurrence of a fundamental change at a fundamental change repurchase price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the notes to be repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any. In addition, upon conversion of the notes, unless we elect to deliver solely shares of our common stock to settle such conversion (other than paying cash in lieu of delivering any fractional share), we will be required to make cash payments in respect of the notes being converted. However, we may not have enough available cash or be able to obtain financing at the time we are required to make repurchases of notes surrendered therefor or notes being converted. In addition, our ability to repurchase the notes or to pay cash upon conversions of the notes may be limited by law, by regulatory authority or by agreements governing our future indebtedness. Our failure to repurchase notes at a time when the repurchase is required by the indenture or to pay any cash payable on future conversions of the notes as required by the indenture would constitute a default under the indenture. A default under the indenture or the occurrence of the fundamental change itself could also lead to a default under agreements governing our future indebtedness. If the repayment of the related indebtedness were to be accelerated after any applicable notice or grace periods, we may 35 not have sufficient funds to repay the indebtedness and repurchase the notes or make cash payments upon conversions thereof. The conditional conversion feature of the Convertible Senior Notes, if triggered, may adversely affect our financial condition and operating results. In the event the conditional conversion feature of the notes is triggered, holders of notes will be entitled to convert the notes at any time during specified periods at their option. If one or more holders elect to convert their notes, unless we elect to satisfy our conversion obligation by delivering solely shares of our common stock (other than paying cash in lieu of delivering any fractional share), we would be required to settle a portion or all of our conversion obligation through the payment of cash, which could adversely affect our liquidity. In addition, even if holders do not elect to convert their notes, we could be required under applicable accounting rules to reclassify all or a portion of the outstanding principal of the notes as a current rather than long-term liability, which would result in a material reduction of our net working capital. The accounting method for convertible debt securities that may be settled in cash, such as the notes, could have a material effect on our reported financial results. In May 2008, the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, issued FASB Staff Position No. APB 14-1, Accounting for Convertible Debt Instruments That May Be Settled in Cash Upon Conversion (Including Partial Cash Settlement), which has subsequently been codified as Accounting Standards Codification 470-20, Debt with Conversion and Other Options, or ASC 470-20. Under ASC 470-20, an entity must separately account for the liability and equity components of the convertible debt instruments (such as the notes) that may be settled entirely or partially in cash upon conversion in a manner that reflects the issuer’s economic interest cost. The effect of ASC 470-20 on the accounting for the notes is that the equity component is required to be included in the additional paid-in capital section of stockholders’ equity on our consolidated balance sheet at issuance, and the value of the equity component would be treated as original issue discount for purposes of accounting for the debt component of the notes. As a result, we will be required to record a greater amount of non-cash interest expense in current periods presented as a result of the amortization of the discounted carrying value of the notes to their face amount over the term of the notes. We will report larger net losses or lower net income in our financial results because ASC 470-20 will require interest to include both the current period’s amortization of the debt discount and the instrument’s non-convertible coupon interest rate, which could adversely affect our reported or future financial results, the trading price of our common stock and the trading price of the notes. In addition, under certain circumstances, convertible debt instruments (such as the notes) that may be settled entirely or partly in cash are currently accounted for utilizing the treasury stock method, the effect of which is that the shares issuable upon conversion of the notes are not included in the calculation of diluted net income (loss) per share except to the extent that the conversion value of the notes exceeds their principal amount. Under the treasury stock method, for diluted earnings per share purposes, the transaction is accounted for as if the number of shares of common stock that would be necessary to settle such excess, if we elected to settle such excess in shares, are issued. We cannot be sure that the accounting standards in the future will continue to permit the use of the treasury stock method. If we are unable or otherwise elect not to use the treasury stock method in accounting for the shares issuable upon conversion of the notes, then our diluted earnings per share would be adversely affected. For example, the FASB recently published an exposure draft proposing to amend these accounting standards to eliminate the treasury stock method for convertible instruments and instead require application of the ‘‘if-converted’’ method. Under that method, if it is adopted, diluted net income (loss) per share would generally be calculated assuming that all the notes were converted solely into shares of common stock at the beginning of the reporting period, unless the result would be anti-dilutive. The application of the ‘‘if-converted’’ method may reduce our reported diluted net income (or further increase our diluted net loss, as the case may be) per share. Risks related to our common stock Our stock price is volatile, and you may not be able to sell shares of our common stock at or above the price you paid. The trading price of our common stock is volatile and could be subject to wide fluctuations in response to various factors, some of which are beyond our control. These factors include: • • • actual or anticipated fluctuations in our operating results; competition from existing tests or new tests that may emerge; announcements by us or our competitors of significant acquisitions, strategic partnerships, joint ventures, collaborations or capital commitments; 36 • • • • • • • • • • failure to meet or exceed financial estimates and projections of the investment community or that we provide to the public; issuance of new or updated research or reports by securities analysts or changed recommendations for our stock; our focus on long-term goals over short-term results; the timing and magnitude of our investments in the growth of our business; actual or anticipated changes in regulatory oversight of our business; additions or departures of key management or other personnel; disputes or other developments related to our intellectual property or other proprietary rights, including litigation; changes in reimbursement by current or potential payers; general economic and market conditions; and issuances of significant amounts of our common stock. In addition, the stock market in general, and the market for stock of life sciences companies in particular, has experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of those companies. Broad market and industry factors may seriously affect the market price of our common stock, regardless of our actual operating performance. In addition, in the past, following periods of volatility in the overall market and the market price of a particular company’s securities, securities class action litigation has often been instituted against these companies. This litigation, if instituted against us, could result in substantial costs and a diversion of our management’s attention and resources. Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market could cause our stock price to fall. Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market or the perception that these sales might occur could depress the market price of our common stock and could impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of additional equity securities. We are unable to predict the effect that sales may have on the prevailing market price of our common stock. In addition, the sale of substantial amounts of our common stock could adversely impact its price. As of December 31, 2019, we had outstanding approximately 98.8 million shares of our common stock, options to purchase approximately 3.5 million shares of our common stock (of which approximately 3.0 million were exercisable as of that date), outstanding restricted stock units representing approximately 8.9 million shares of our common stock (which includes an estimated number of Time-based RSUs and PRSUs granted in connection with our acquisition of Singular Bio), outstanding Series A convertible preferred stock convertible into approximately 0.1 million shares of our common stock and warrants to purchase 0.6 million shares of our common stock. The foregoing does not include additional shares that may be issuable in 2020 upon the achievement of certain milestones in connection with our acquisition of Jungla or shares that may be issuable in the future in connection with the Convertible Senior Notes. In addition, up to $93.7 million of our common stock was available for sale as of December 31, 2019 pursuant to our at the market sales agreement. The sale or the availability for sale of a large number of shares of our common stock in the public market could cause the price of our common stock to decline. If securities or industry analysts issue an adverse opinion regarding our stock or do not publish research or reports about our company, our stock price and trading volume could decline. The trading market for our common stock will depend in part on the research and reports that equity research analysts publish about us and our business. We do not control these analysts or the content and opinions included in their reports. Securities analysts may elect not to provide research coverage of our company and such lack of research coverage may adversely affect the market price of our common stock. The price of our common stock could also decline if one or more equity research analysts downgrade our common stock, change their price targets, issue other unfavorable commentary or cease publishing reports about us or our business. If one or more equity research analysts cease coverage of our company, we could lose visibility in the market, which in turn could cause our stock price to decline. 37 We have never paid dividends on our capital stock, and we do not anticipate paying dividends in the foreseeable future. We have never paid dividends on any of our capital stock and currently intend to retain any future earnings to fund the growth of our business. Any determination to pay dividends in the future will be at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on our financial condition, operating results, capital requirements, general business conditions and other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant. As a result, capital appreciation, if any, of our common stock will be the sole source of gain for the foreseeable future. Anti-takeover provisions in our charter documents and under Delaware law could discourage, delay or prevent a change in control and may affect the trading price of our common stock. Provisions in our restated certificate of incorporation and our amended and restated bylaws may have the effect of delaying or preventing a change of control or changes in our management. Our restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws include provisions that: • • • • • • • • authorize our board of directors to issue, without further action by the stockholders, up to 20,000,000 shares of undesignated preferred stock; require that any action to be taken by our stockholders be effected at a duly called annual or special meeting and not by written consent; specify that special meetings of our stockholders can be called only by our board of directors, our chairman of the board or our chief executive officer; establish an advance notice procedure for stockholder approvals to be brought before an annual meeting of our stockholders, including proposed nominations of persons for election to our board of directors; establish that our board of directors is divided into three classes, Class I, Class II and Class III, with each class serving staggered terms; provide that our directors may be removed only for cause; provide that vacancies on our board of directors may, except as otherwise required by law, be filled only by a majority of directors then in office, even if less than a quorum; and require a super-majority of votes to amend certain of the above-mentioned provisions as well as to amend our bylaws generally. In addition, we are subject to the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law regulating corporate takeovers. Section 203 generally prohibits us from engaging in a business combination with an interested stockholder subject to certain exceptions. Our certificate of incorporation designates the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware as the sole and exclusive forum for certain types of actions and proceedings that may be initiated by our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers or other employees. Our certificate of incorporation provides that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware shall be the sole and exclusive forum for: • • • • any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf; any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any of our directors, officers, or other employees to us or our stockholders; any action asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of the Delaware General Corporation Law; or any action asserting a claim against us governed by the internal affairs doctrine. Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in shares of our capital stock shall be deemed to have notice of and consented to the provisions of our certificate of incorporation described above. This choice of forum provision may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers or other employees, which may discourage such lawsuits against us and our directors, officers and other employees. Alternatively, if a court were to find these provisions of our certificate of incorporation inapplicable to, or unenforceable in respect of, one or more of the specified types of actions or 38 proceedings, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such matters in other jurisdictions, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations. ITEM 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments. None. ITEM 2. Properties. Our headquarters and main production facility is located in San Francisco, California, where we currently lease and occupy approximately 103,000 square feet of laboratory and office space. The lease for this facility expires in July 2026 and we may renew the lease for an additional ten years. We also lease approximately 75,000 square feet of additional office and laboratory space in California, Massachusetts and New York. We believe that our facilities are adequate for our current needs and that additional space will be available on commercially reasonable terms if required. ITEM 3. Legal Proceedings. We are not a party to any material legal proceedings on the date of this report. We may from time to time become involved in legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business, and the resolution of any such claims could be material. ITEM 4. Mine Safety Disclosure. Not applicable. 39 PART II ITEM 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities. Our common stock has been publicly traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “NVTA” since February 12, 2015. Prior to that time, there was no public market for our common stock. As of February 24, 2020, there were 62 stockholders of record of our common stock. The actual number of stockholders is greater than this number of record holders and includes stockholders who are beneficial owners but whose shares are held in street name by brokers and other nominees. Stock performance graph The following information shall not be deemed to be soliciting material or to be filed with the SEC, or subject to Regulations 14A or 14C under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, or Exchange Act, or to the liabilities of Section 18 of the Exchange Act nor shall such information be incorporated by reference into any future filing under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, except to the extent that we specifically incorporate it by reference into such filing. _________________________________________________________________ (*) The above graph shows the cumulative total stockholder return of an investment of $100 in cash from February 12, 2015 (the date our common stock commenced trading on the New York Stock Exchange) through December 31, 2019 for: (i) our common stock; (ii) the S&P 500 Index; and (iii) the S&P 500 Healthcare Index. All values assume reinvestment of the full amount of all dividends. The comparisons in the table are required by the SEC and are not intended to be forecasts or indicative of future stockholder returns. Invitae Corporation S&P 500 S&P 500 Healthcare Index 2/12/2015 12/31/2015 12/31/2016 12/31/2017 12/31/2018 12/31/2019 $ $ $ 100.00   $ 100.00   $ 48.15   $ 46.57   $ 53.26   $ 64.87   $ 97.87   $ 107.20   $ 128.02   $ 120.03   $ 100.00   $ 102.41   $ 97.94   $ 117.53   $ 123.05   $ 94.60 154.70 146.03 40           ITEM 6.     Selected Financial Data. The information set forth below should be read together with “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our audited consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this report. The selected consolidated balance sheet data at December 31, 2019 and 2018 and the selected consolidated statements of operations data for each of the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017 have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements that are included elsewhere in this report. The selected consolidated balance sheet data at December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 and the selected consolidated statement of operations data for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements not included in this report. Historical results are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected in any future period. Year Ended December 31, 2019 (1,3) 2018 (4) 2017 (1) 2016 2015 (In thousands except per share data) Consolidated Statements of Operations Data: Test revenue Other revenue Total revenue Costs and operating expenses: Cost of revenue (5) Research and development (5) Selling and marketing (5) General and administrative (5) Total costs and operating expenses Loss from operations Other income (expense), net Interest expense Net loss before taxes Income tax benefit Net loss Net loss per share, basic and diluted (6) Shares used in computing net loss per share, basic and diluted Consolidated Balance Sheet Data: Cash and cash equivalents Marketable securities Working capital Total assets Lease obligations Debt Convertible senior notes, net Total liabilities Accumulated deficit Total stockholders' equity $ 212,473   $ 144,560   $ 65,169   $ 24,840   $ 4,351   3,139   216,824   147,699   118,103   141,526   122,237   79,070   460,936   80,105   63,496   74,428   52,227   3,052   68,221   50,142   46,469   53,417   39,472   208   25,048   27,878   44,630   28,638   24,085   8,378 — 8,378 16,523 42,806 22,479 16,047 97,855 270,256   189,500   125,231   (244,112)   (122,557)   (121,279)   (100,183)   (89,477) (3,891)   (12,412)   (2,568)   (7,030)   (303)   (3,654)   348   (421)   (94) (211) (260,415)   (132,155)   (125,236)   (100,256)   (89,782) (18,450)   (2,800)   (1,856)   —   — (241,965)   $ (129,355)   $ (123,380)   $ (100,256)   $ (89,782) (2.66)   $ (1.94)   $ (2.65)   $ (3.02)   $ (3.18) $ $ 90,859   66,747   46,512   33,176   28,213 As of December 31, 2019 (1,2,3) 2018 (4) 2017 (1) 2016 2015 (In thousands) $ 151,389   $ 112,158   $ 12,053   $ 66,825   $ 240,436   360,538   781,601   50,071   —   268,755   401,961   13,727   129,127   282,959   3,312   74,477   —   52,607   53,294   25,798   87,047   211,078   130,651   5,412   39,084   —   1,575   12,102   —   121,120   89,284   31,577   18,300 (758,677)   (516,712)   (398,598)   (275,218)   (174,962) 379,640   161,839   121,794   99,074   138,376 41 73,238 53,780 120,433 156,676 3,164 7,040 —                                                           ___________________________________________________________________  In 2019 we completed the acquisition of three businesses and in 2017 we completed the acquisition of four businesses, all of which are included in (1) our selected consolidated financial data as of each acquisition date. On January 1, 2019, we adopted Accounting Standards Codification, or ASC, Topic 842 using the modified retrospective transition method which (2) required the recognition of operating and finance lease right-of-use assets and operating lease liabilities to be recognized on our consolidated balance sheets. Prior period amounts are presented as originally reported based upon the accounting standards in effect for those periods. In September 2019, we issued $350.0 million aggregate principal amount of 2.00% Convertible Senior Notes due 2024 and also settled our previous (3) debt obligations which resulted in the recognition of $8.9 million of debt extinguishment costs. On January 1, 2018, we adopted ASC Topic 606 using the modified retrospective transition method. Prior period amounts are presented as originally (4) reported based upon the accounting standards in effect for those periods. (5) Includes employee stock‑based compensation as follows: Cost of revenue Research and development Selling and marketing General and administrative Total stock-based compensation Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 (In thousands) $ $ 4,563   $ 2,960   $ 2,093   $ 1,353   $ 52,450   7,641   11,294   7,017   4,887   5,986   6,158   3,956   7,014   4,976   1,709   2,661   75,948   $ 20,850   $ 19,221   $ 10,699   $ 368 1,545 688 876 3,477 See Note 4, "Business combinations," and Note 10, "Stock Incentive Plans," in our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report for further information regarding our stock-based compensation, including inducement awards granted to new employees who joined Invitae in connection with our acquisition of Singular Bio, Inc in June 2019. See Note 2, "Summary of significant accounting policies," and Note 12, "Net loss per share," in our audited consolidated financial statements (6) included elsewhere in this report for an explanation of the calculations of our basic and diluted net loss per share. 42             ITEM 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. The following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our financial statements and the related notes included in Item 8 of this report. Historic results are not necessarily indicative of future results. Business overview We offer high-quality, comprehensive, affordable genetic testing across multiple clinical areas, including hereditary cancer, cardiology, neurology, pediatrics, metabolic conditions and rare diseases. To augment our offering and realize our mission, we have acquired multiple assets including four businesses in 2017, which expanded our suite of genome management offerings and completed our entry into prenatal and perinatal genetic testing. In the first quarter of 2019, we expanded our reproductive offering by introducing our Non-invasive Prenatal Screen ("NIPS") and in the second quarter of 2019, we acquired Singular Bio, Inc. ("Singular Bio") to assist in lowering the costs of this offering. Also in June 2019, we launched a direct channel to consumers to increase accessibility to our testing platform. In July 2019, we acquired Jungla Inc. ("Jungla") to further enhance our genetic variant interpretation and the quality of results we deliver. In November 2019, we acquired Clear Genetics, Inc. ("Clear Genetics") to expand our ability to scale and deliver genetic information. We have experienced rapid growth. For the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, our revenue was $216.8 million, $147.7 million and $68.2 million, respectively and we incurred net losses of $242.0 million, $129.4 million and $123.4 million, respectively. At December 31, 2019, our accumulated deficit was $758.7 million. To meet the demands of scaling our business, we increased our number of employees to approximately 1,300 at December 31, 2019 from approximately 800 on December 31, 2018. Our sales force grew to approximately 230 at December 31, 2019 from approximately 130 at December 31, 2018. We expect headcount will continue to increase as we add staff to support anticipated growth. Sales of our tests have grown significantly. In 2019, 2018 and 2017, we generated approximately 469,000, 292,000 and 145,000 billable tests, respectively. Through December 31, 2019, approximately 34% of the billable tests we performed have been billable to institutions and patients, and the remainder have been billable to third-party payers. Many of the gene tests on our assays are tests for which insurers reimburse. However, when we do not have reimbursement policies or contracts with private insurers, our claims for reimbursement may be denied upon submission, and we must appeal the claims. The appeals process is time consuming and expensive, and may not result in payment. Even if we are successful in achieving reimbursement, we may be paid at lower rates than if we were under contract with the third-party payer. When there is not a contracted rate for reimbursement, there is typically a greater coinsurance or copayment requirement from the patient which may result in further delay in payment for these tests. We expect to incur operating losses for the near-term future and may need to raise additional capital in order to fund our operations. If we are unable to achieve our revenue growth objectives and successfully manage our costs, we may not be able to achieve profitability. We believe that the keys to our future growth will be to increase billable test volumes, achieve broad reimbursement coverage for our tests from third-party payers, drive down the price for genetic analysis and interpretation, steadily increase the amount of genetic content we offer, consistently improve the client experience, drive physician and patient utilization of our website for ordering and delivery of results and increase the number of strategic partners working with us to add value for our clients. Factors affecting our performance Number of billable tests The growth in our test revenue is tied to the number of tests for which we bill third-party payers, institutions, partners or patients, which we refer to as billable tests. We typically bill for our services following delivery of the billable test report derived from testing samples and interpreting the results. We incur the expenses associated with a test in the period in which the test is processed regardless of when payment is received with respect to that test. We believe the number of billable tests in any period is the most important indicator of the growth in our test revenue, and with time, this will translate into the number of customers we add to our platform. Success obtaining and maintaining reimbursement Our ability to increase the number of billable tests and our revenue will depend in part on our success achieving broad reimbursement coverage and laboratory service contracts for our tests from third-party payers and 43 agreements with institutions and partners. Reimbursement may depend on a number of factors, including a payer’s determination that a test is appropriate, medically necessary and cost-effective, as well as whether we are in contract, where we get paid more consistently and at higher rates. Because each payer makes its own decision as to whether to establish a policy or enter into a contract to reimburse for our testing services and specific tests, seeking these approvals is a time-consuming and costly process. In addition, clinicians and patients may decide not to order our tests if the cost of the test is not covered by insurance. Because we require an ordering physician to requisition a test, our revenue growth also depends on our ability to successfully promote the adoption of our testing services and expand our base of ordering clinicians. We believe that establishing coverage and obtaining contracts from third-party payers is an important factor in gaining adoption by ordering clinicians. Our arrangements for laboratory services with payers cover approximately 295 million lives, comprised of Medicare, all national commercial health plans, and Medicaid in most states, including California (Medi-Cal), our home state. In cases where we have established reimbursement rates with third-party payers, we face additional challenges in complying with their procedural requirements for reimbursement. These requirements may vary from payer to payer, and it may be time-consuming and require substantial resources to meet these requirements. We may also experience delays in or denials of coverage if we do not adequately comply with these requirements. In addition, we have experienced, and may continue to experience, delays in reimbursement when we transition to being an in- network provider with a payer. We expect to continue to focus our resources on increasing adoption of, and expanding coverage and reimbursement for, our current tests, tests provided by companies we acquire and any future tests we may develop. However, if we are not able to continue to obtain and maintain adequate reimbursement from third-party payers, institutions and partners for our testing services and expand the base of clinicians and patients ordering our tests, we may not be able to effectively increase the number of billable tests or our revenue. Ability to lower the costs associated with performing our tests Reducing the costs associated with performing our genetic tests is both a focus and a strategic objective of ours. Over the long term, we will need to reduce the cost of raw materials by improving the output efficiency of our assays and laboratory processes, modifying our platform-agnostic assays and laboratory processes to use materials and technologies that provide equal or greater quality at lower cost, improve how we manage our materials, port some tests onto a next generation sequencing platform and negotiate favorable terms for our materials purchases. Our acquisition of Singular Bio is a component of this objective and we expect the technology acquired in this transaction, once developed, to help decrease the costs associated with our NIPS offering. We also intend to continue to design and implement hardware and software tools that are designed to reduce personnel-related costs for both laboratory and clinical operations/medical interpretation by increasing personnel efficiency and thus lowering labor costs per test. Finally, we will need to reduce our costs of providing tests internationally to enable us to expand more rapidly outside of the United States. Ability to expand our genetic content Our focus on reducing the average cost per test will have a countervailing force — increasing the number of tests we offer and the content of each test. We intend to continue to expand our test menus by steadily releasing additional genetic content for the same or lower prices per test, ultimately leading to affordable whole genome services. The breadth and flexibility of our offering will be a critical factor in our ability to address new markets, including internationally, for genetic testing services. Both of these, in conjunction with our continued focus on strategic partnerships, will be important to our ability to continue to grow the volume of billable tests we deliver. Investment in our business and timing of expenses We plan to continue to invest in our genetic testing and information management business. We deploy state-of-the-art and costly technologies in our genetic testing services, and we intend to continue to scale our infrastructure, including our testing capacity and information systems. We also expect to incur software development costs as we seek to further automate our laboratory processes and our genetic interpretation and report sign-out procedures, scale our customer service capabilities to improve our customers' experience, and expand the functionality of our website. We will incur costs related to marketing and branding as we spread our initiatives beyond our current customer base and focus on providing access to customers through our website. We plan to hire additional personnel as necessary to support anticipated growth, including software engineers, sales and marketing personnel, billing personnel, research and development personnel, medical specialists, biostatisticians and geneticists. We will also incur additional costs related to the expansion of our production facilities in San Francisco and Irvine to accommodate growth and as we expand internationally. In addition, we 44 expect to incur ongoing expenses as a result of operating as a public company. The expenses we incur may vary significantly by quarter as we focus on building out different aspects of our business. How we recognize revenue We generally recognize revenue on an accrual basis, which is when a customer obtains control of the promised goods or services, typically a test report. Accrual amounts recognized are based on estimates of the consideration that we expect to receive and such estimates are adjusted and subsequently recorded until fully settled. Changes to such estimates may increase or decrease revenue recognized in future periods. Revenue from our tests may not be equal to billed amounts due to a number of factors, including differences in reimbursement rates, the amounts of patient copayments, the existence of secondary payers and claim denials. Financial overview Revenue We primarily generate revenue from the sale of our tests, which provide the analysis and associated interpretation of the sequencing of parts of the genome. Clients are billed upon delivery of test results. Our ability to increase our revenue will depend on our ability to increase our market penetration, obtain contracted reimbursement coverage from third-party payers, enter into contracts with institutions and partners, and increase the rate at which we are paid for tests performed. Cost of revenue Cost of revenue reflects the aggregate costs incurred in delivering test results to clinicians and patients and includes expenses for materials and supplies, personnel-related costs, equipment and infrastructure expenses associated with testing and allocated overhead including rent, equipment depreciation, amortization of acquired intangibles, and utilities. Costs associated with performing our test are recorded as the patient’s sample is processed. We expect cost of revenue to generally increase in line with the increase in the number of tests we perform. However, we expect that the cost per test will decrease over time due to the efficiencies we expect to gain as test volume increases and from automation and other cost reductions. These expected reductions will be offset by new tests which often have a higher cost per test during the introductory phases before we are able to gain efficiencies. The cost per test may fluctuate from quarter to quarter. Operating expenses Our operating expenses are classified into three categories: research and development, selling and marketing, and general and administrative. For each category, the largest component is personnel-related costs, which include salaries, employee benefit costs, bonuses, commissions, as applicable, and stock-based compensation expense. Research and development Research and development expenses represent costs incurred to develop our technology and future tests. These costs are principally for process development associated with our efforts to expand the number of genes we can evaluate in our tests and with our efforts to lower the cost of performing our tests. In addition, we incur process development costs to further develop the software we use to operate our laboratory, analyze the data it generates, process customer orders, enable ease of customer ordering, deliver reports and automate our business processes. These costs consist of personnel-related costs, including stock-based compensation, laboratory supplies and equipment expenses, consulting costs, amortization of acquired intangible assets, and allocated overhead including rent, information technology, equipment depreciation and utilities. We expense all research and development costs in the periods in which they are incurred. We expect our research and development expenses to increase as we continue our efforts to develop additional tests, make investments to reduce testing costs, streamline our technology to provide patients access to testing, scale our business domestically and internationally and acquire and integrate new technologies. During the second quarter of 2019 through our acquisition of Singular Bio, we recognized $30.0 million of in-process R&D technology using an income approach. This technology is estimated to be developed in 2021 with significant development costs incurred during the second half of 2019 and expected through development completion. If not completed timely, the ability to lower the cost of our NIPS offering may be delayed. Additionally, we expect stock-based compensation to significantly increase in future periods related to Singular Bio, which we acquired in June 2019. 45 Selling and marketing Selling and marketing expenses consist of personnel-related costs, client service expenses, advertising and marketing expenses, educational and promotional expenses, market research and analysis, and allocated overhead including rent, information technology, equipment depreciation, amortization of acquired intangibles, and utilities. We expect our selling and marketing expenses to significantly increase as we expand our salesforce and continue to build our brand. General and administrative General and administrative expenses include executive, finance and accounting, billing and collections, legal and human resources functions as well as other administrative costs. These expenses include personnel-related costs; audit, accounting and legal expenses; consulting costs; allocated overhead including rent, information technology, equipment depreciation, and utilities; costs incurred in relation to our collaboration and co- development agreements; and post-combination expenses incurred in relation to companies we acquire. We expect our general and administrative expenses to increase as we support continued growth of operations. Other expense, net Other expense, net, primarily consists of losses on extinguishment of debt partially offset by interest income earned on our cash equivalents and marketable securities. Interest expense Interest expense is primarily attributable to interest incurred related to our debt financings and finance leases. See Note 8, “Commitments and contingencies” in Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report for more details. Income tax benefit Since we generally establish a full valuation allowance against our deferred tax balances, our income tax benefit primarily consists of tax impacts of our deferred income tax assessments resulting from our acquisitions. Critical accounting policies and estimates Management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, or U.S. GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, as well as the reported revenue generated and expenses incurred during the reporting periods. We evaluate our estimates on an ongoing basis. Our estimates are based on current facts, our historical experience and on various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions and any such differences may be material. We believe that the accounting policies discussed below are critical to understanding our historical and future performance, as these policies relate to the more significant areas involving management’s judgments and estimates. Revenue recognition Revenue recognition We recognize revenue when control of the promised goods or services is transferred to the customer in an amount that reflects the consideration it expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. All revenues are generated from contracts with customers. Test revenue The majority of our revenue is generated from genetic testing services that provide analysis and associated interpretation of the sequencing of parts of the genome. Test orders are placed under signed requisitions, and we often enter into contracts with institutions (e.g., hospitals, clinics, partners) and insurance companies that include pricing provisions under which such tests are billed. Billing terms are generally net thirty to sixty days. 46 While the transaction price of diagnostic tests is originally established either via contract or pursuant to our standard list price, we often provide concessions for tests billed to insurance carriers, and therefore the transaction price for patient insurance-billed tests is considered to be variable and revenue is recognized based on an estimate of the consideration to which we will be entitled at an amount for which it is probable that a reversal of cumulative consideration will not occur. Making these estimates requires significant judgments based upon such factors as length of payer relationship, historical payment patterns, changes in contract provisions and insurance reimbursement policies. These judgments are reviewed quarterly and updated as necessary. In connection with some diagnostic test orders, we offer limited re-requisition rights (“Re-Requisition Rights”) that are considered distinct at contract inception, and therefore certain diagnostic test orders contain two performance obligations, the performance of the original test and the Re- Requisition Rights. When Re-Requisition Rights are granted, we allocate the transaction price to each performance obligation based on the relative estimated standalone selling prices. In order to comply with loss contract rules, the allocations are adjusted, if necessary, to ensure the amount deferred for Re-Requisition Rights is no less than the estimated cost of fulfilling our related obligations. We look to transfer of control in assessing timing of recognition of revenue in connection with each performance obligation. In general, revenue in connection with diagnostic tests is recognized upon delivery of the underlying clinical report or when the report is made available on our web portal. Outstanding performance obligations pertaining to orders received but for which the underlying report has not been issued are generally satisfied within a thirty-day period. Revenue in connection with Re-Requisition Rights is recognized as the rights are exercised or expire unexercised, which is generally within ninety days of initial deferral. Other revenue We also enter into collaboration and genome network contracts. Collaboration agreements provide customers with diagnostic testing and related data aggregation reporting services that are provided over the contract term. Collaboration revenue is recognized as the testing and reporting services are delivered to the customer. Genome network offerings consist of subscription services related to a proprietary software platform designed to connect patients, clinicians, advocacy organizations, researchers and therapeutic developers to accelerate the understanding, diagnosis and treatment of hereditary disease. Such services are recognized on a straight-line basis over the subscription periods. Amounts due under collaboration and genome network agreements are typically billable on net thirty-day terms. Business combinations We apply ASC 805, Business Combinations, or ASC 805, which requires recognition of assets acquired, liabilities assumed, and contingent consideration at their fair value on the acquisition date with subsequent changes recognized in earnings; requires acquisition-related expenses and restructuring costs to be recognized separately from the business combination and expensed as incurred; requires in-process research and development to be capitalized at fair value as an indefinite-lived intangible asset until completion or abandonment; and requires that changes in accounting for deferred tax asset valuation allowances and acquired income tax uncertainties after the measurement period be recognized as a component of provision for taxes. We account for acquisitions of entities that include inputs and processes and have the ability to create outputs as business combinations. The tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination are recorded based on their estimated fair values as of the business combination date, including identifiable intangible assets which either arise from a contractual or legal right or are separable from goodwill. We base the estimated fair value of identifiable intangible assets acquired in a business combination on independent valuations that use information and assumptions provided by our management, which consider our estimates of inputs and assumptions that a market participant would use. Any excess purchase price over the estimated fair value assigned to the net tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed is recorded to goodwill. The use of alternative valuation assumptions, including estimated revenue projections, growth rates, estimated cost savings, cash flows, discount rates, estimated useful lives and probabilities surrounding the achievement of contingent milestones could result in different purchase price allocations and amortization expense in current and future periods. In circumstances where an acquisition involves a contingent consideration arrangement that meets the definition of a liability under Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, Accounting Standards Codification, or ASC, Topic 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity, we recognize a liability equal to the fair value of the 47 contingent payments we expect to make as of the acquisition date. We remeasure this liability each reporting period and record changes in the fair value as a component of operating expenses. Transaction costs associated with acquisitions are expensed as incurred in general and administrative expenses. Results of operations and cash flows of acquired companies are included in our operating results from the date of acquisition. Goodwill In accordance with ASC 350, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other, or ASC 350, we do not amortize goodwill or other intangible assets with indefinite lives but rather test them for impairment. ASC 350 requires us to perform an impairment review of our goodwill balance at least annually, which we do in the fourth quarter of each year for our single consolidated reporting unit, and whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of these assets may not be recoverable. We did not incur any goodwill impairment losses in any of the periods presented. Stock-based compensation We incur stock-based compensation expense for awards granted to employees and directors and for inducement awards granted in connection with our business acquisitions. Stock-based compensation expense is measured at the date of grant and is based on the estimated fair value of the award. Compensation cost is recognized as expense on a straight-line basis over the vesting period for options and restricted stock unit, or RSU, awards and on an accelerated basis for performance-based restricted stock unit, or PRSU, awards. We recognize stock-based compensation expense associated with PRSU grants when we determine the achievement of performance conditions is probable. In determining the fair value of stock options and Employee Stock Purchase Plan, or ESPP, purchases, we estimate the grant date fair value, and the resulting stock- based compensation expense, using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. We estimate the grant date fair value of RSU and PRSU awards based on the grant date share price. The Black-Scholes option-pricing model requires the use of highly subjective assumptions, which determine the fair value of stock-based awards. These assumptions include: Expected term—The expected term represents the period that stock-based awards are expected to be outstanding. We use the simplified method to determine the expected term, which is based on the mid-point between the vesting date and the end of the contractual term. Expected volatility—We estimate expected volatility based on the historical volatility of our common stock over a period equal to the expected term of awards and over the expected six-month term ESPP purchase periods. Risk-free interest rate—The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury zero coupon issues in effect at the time of grant for periods corresponding with the expected term of an option. Dividend yield—We have never paid dividends on our common stock and have no plans to pay dividends on our common stock. Therefore, we used an expected dividend yield of zero. In addition to the Black-Scholes assumptions, we estimate our forfeiture rate based on an analysis of our actual forfeitures and will continue to evaluate the adequacy of the forfeiture rate based on actual forfeiture experience, analysis of employee turnover behavior and other factors. The impact from any forfeiture rate adjustment would be recognized in full in the period of adjustment and if the actual number of future forfeitures differs from our estimates, we might be required to record adjustments to stock-based compensation in future periods. We granted approximately $90.0 million of RSUs under our 2015 Stock Incentive Plan as inducement awards to new employees who joined Invitae in connection with our acquisition of Singular Bio. $45.0 million of the RSUs are time-based and vest in three equal installments in December 2019, June 2020, and December 2020, subject to the employee's continued service with us ("Time-based RSUs") and $45.0 million of the RSUs are PRSUs that vest upon the achievement of certain performance conditions over a period of approximately 12 months from the date of acquisition, subject to the employee's continued service with us. These awards are based on a 30-day volume weighted-average share price with a fixed dollar value and therefore are liability-classified and the fair value will be estimated at each reporting period based on the number of shares that are expected to be issued at each reporting date and our closing stock price. Therefore, fair value of the RSUs and PRSUs and the number of shares to be issued will not be fixed until the awards vest. 48 Income taxes We use the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the differences between the financial reporting and the tax bases of assets and liabilities and are measured using the enacted tax rates and laws that will be in effect when the differences are expected to reverse. A valuation allowance is provided when it is more likely than not that some portion or all of a deferred tax asset will not be realized. Significant judgment is required in determining the net valuation allowance which includes our evaluation of all available evidence including past operating results, estimates on future taxable income and acquisition-related tax assets and liabilities. As of December 31, 2019, we recorded a full valuation allowance on our net deferred tax assets because we expect that it is more likely than not that our deferred tax assets will not be realized in the foreseeable future. Should the actual amounts differ from our estimates, the amount of our valuation allowance could be materially impacted. Results of Operations A discussion regarding our financial condition and results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to the year ended December 31, 2018 is presented below. A discussion regarding our financial condition and results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 2017 can be found under Part II, Item 7 in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018. Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 Revenue: Test revenue Other revenue Total revenue Cost of revenue Research and development Selling and marketing General and administrative Loss from operations Other expense, net Interest expense Net loss before taxes Income tax benefit Net loss Revenue Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 Dollar Change % Change $ 212,473   $ 144,560   $ 67,913   4,351   216,824   118,103   141,526   122,237   79,070   3,139   147,699   80,105   63,496   74,428   52,227   1,212   69,125   37,998   78,030   47,809   26,843   (244,112)   (122,557)   (121,555)   (3,891)   (12,412)   (260,415)   (18,450)   (2,568)   (7,030)   (1,323)   (5,382)   (132,155)   (128,260)   (2,800)   (15,650)   $ (241,965)   $ (129,355)   $ (112,610)   47% 39% 47% 47% 123% 64% 51% 99% 52% 77% 97% 559% 87% The increase in revenue of $69.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to the same period in 2018 was due primarily to increased test volume from growth in our business. Billable test volumes increased to approximately 469,000 during the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to 292,000 in the same period in 2018, an increase of 61%. Average revenue per test decreased to $453 per test during the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to $495 in the same period in 2018, primarily due to changes in payer and product mix, as well as reductions in pricing for some payers as we focus on providing cost effective genetic testing. Cost of revenue The increase in the cost of revenue of $38.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to the same period in 2018 was primarily due to costs associated with increased test volume partially offset by the effect of cost efficiencies. For the year ended December 31, 2019, the number of samples accessioned increased to approximately 482,000 from approximately 303,000 for the same period in 2018. Cost per sample accessioned was $245 in 2019 compared to $264 in 2018. The cost per sample accessioned decreased primarily due to increased volume which resulted in lower labor costs, production improvements which resulted in material efficiencies and 49                   automation and software improvements which reduced the medical interpretation time per report, which were partially offset by an increase in amortization of acquired intangible assets of $4.4 million. Research and development The increase in research and development expense of $78.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to the same period in 2018 was due to growth in the business and the effect of business acquisitions in 2019 and principally consisted of increases in personnel-related costs of $77.4 million, reflecting increased headcount as well as $39.1 million of stock-based compensation related to inducement equity awards granted to employees who joined Invitae in connection with our acquisition of Singular Bio; increase in information technology costs by $3.5 million due to increased spending on networking equipment and software licenses; increase in travel-related costs of $1.3 million due to increased headcount; and a $1.0 million increase in professional fees. These cost increases were partially offset by a decrease of $2.7 million of amortization of intangible assets associated with business acquisitions and a net increase of $2.0 million in allocations of resources from research and development to cost of revenue to support the increase in production volumes. Selling and marketing The increase in selling and marketing expenses of $47.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to the same period in 2018 was due to growth in the business and increased spending on marketing and branding initiatives and principally consisted of the following elements: increases in personnel costs of $27.6 million due to increases in headcount; marketing costs, principally for branding initiatives and advertising, increased by $9.9 million; increase of $3.7 million in allocations from other functional areas, increase in travel expenses of $3.6 million due to our growing sales force; and an increase in information technology costs by $2.0 million. General and administrative The increase in general and administrative expenses of $26.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to the same period in 2018 was primarily due to the growth of the business, including increased headcount, and the effect of business acquisitions in 2019 and principally consisted of the following elements: personnel-related costs increased by $12.2 million primarily due to increases in headcount; $8.2 million acquisition-related expense incurred in 2019 with no comparable expense in 2018, which includes $6.8 million of post-combination expense related to the acceleration of unvested equity from our 2019 business acquisitions; professional fees increased by $4.0 million principally due to the utilization of outside consultants to augment existing staff; occupancy costs increased by $4.0 million primarily related to facilities costs for increased space; legal and accounting costs increased by $3.5 million; information technology costs increased by $3.3 million due primarily to computer equipment and software purchases to support headcount growth; and travel expenses increased by $2.2 million due to increases in headcount. These cost increases were offset by increased allocations of technology and facilities-related expenses to other functional areas of $7.6 million, by $2.9 million of losses related to our collaboration agreement with a private company in 2018 with no similar expense in 2019, and by a decrease in right of first refusal payments of $0.6 million. Other expense, net The increase in other expense, net of $1.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to the same period in 2018 was principally due to a loss on extinguishment of debt of $8.9 million recorded in 2019 related to the settlement of our 2018 Note Purchase Agreement in September 2019 as compared to a loss on extinguishment of debt of $5.3 million recorded in November 2018 related to our 2017 Loan Agreement. This was partially offset by increases in interest income of $3.7 million and a gain on remeasurement of an acquisition-related liability from AltaVoice of $1.6 million in the first quarter of 2018 with no similar gains in 2019. Interest expense The increase in interest expense of $5.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to the same period in 2018 was due principally to increased borrowings under our debt facilities as compared to the prior year period. See Note 8, “Commitments and contingencies” in Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report. 50 Income tax benefit The increase in income tax benefit of $15.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to the same period in 2018 was due to net deferred tax liabilities assumed in connection with our acquisitions of Singular Bio, Jungla, and Clear Genetics which provided a future source of income to support the realization of our deferred tax assets and resulted in a partial release of our valuation allowance, partially offset by $2.8 million realized during 2018 resulting from our acquisition of CombiMatrix. As the short period tax returns for our 2019 acquisitions have not yet been filed, material changes to the tax returns may have a material impact on the net deferred tax liabilities assumed in connection with the acquisitions and the related income tax benefit. Liquidity and capital resources Liquidity and capital expenditures We have incurred net losses since our inception. For the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, our net losses were $242.0 million, $129.4 million and $123.4 million, respectively, and we expect to incur additional losses in the near term. At December 31, 2019, we had an accumulated deficit of $758.7 million. While our revenue has increased over time, we may never achieve revenue sufficient to offset our expenses. Since inception, our operations have been financed primarily by net proceeds from sales of our capital stock, fees collected from our customers as well as borrowing from debt facilities. In March 2019, we issued, in an underwritten public offering, an aggregate of 10.4 million shares of our common stock at a price of $19.00 per share, for gross proceeds of $196.7 million and net proceeds of $184.5 million. During 2019, we issued 0.8 million shares of common stock under our 2018 Sales Agreement at an average price of $25.71 per share in an "at the market" offering for aggregate proceeds of $20.2 million and net proceeds of $19.5 million. In September 2019, we issued $350.0 of aggregate principal amount of Convertible Senior Notes which bear cash interest at a rate of 2.0% per year. Also in September 2019, we used the funds received through the issuance of our Convertible Senior Notes to settle our Note Purchase Agreement we entered into in November 2018. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, we had $398.0 million and $131.9 million, respectively, of cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and marketable securities. Our primary uses of cash are to fund our operations as we continue to grow our business, enter into partnerships and acquire businesses and technologies. Cash used to fund operating expenses is affected by the timing of when we pay expenses, as reflected in the change in our outstanding accounts payable and accrued expenses. We estimate our capital expenditures will be approximately $24.0 million for 2020. We have incurred substantial losses since our inception, and we expect to continue to incur losses in the near term. We believe our existing cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities as of December 31, 2019 and fees collected from the sale of our tests will be sufficient to meet our anticipated cash requirements for the foreseeable future. We may need additional funding to finance operations prior to achieving profitability or should we make additional acquisitions. We regularly consider fundraising opportunities and will determine the timing, nature and size of future financings based upon various factors, including market conditions and our operating plans. We may in the future elect to finance operations by selling equity or debt securities or borrowing money. We also may elect to finance future acquisitions. If we issue equity securities, dilution to stockholders may result. Any equity securities issued may also provide for rights, preferences or privileges senior to those of holders of our common stock. If we raise funds by issuing additional debt securities, these debt securities would have rights, preferences and privileges senior to those of holders of our common stock. In addition, the terms of additional debt securities or borrowings could impose significant restrictions on our operations. If additional funding is required, there can be no assurance that additional funds will be available to us on acceptable terms on a timely basis, if at all. If we are unable to obtain additional funding when needed, we will need to curtail planned activities to reduce costs. Doing so will likely have an unfavorable effect on our ability to execute on our business plan and have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and future prospects. 51 The following table summarizes our cash flows (in thousands): Year Ended December 31, Cash used in operating activities Cash provided by (used in) investing activities Cash provided by financing activities Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash $ $ 2018 2017 2019 (145,053)   $ (280,310)   464,771   (92,220)   $ 35,773   157,152   39,408   $ 100,705   $ (97,981) (36,953) 80,871 (54,063) Cash flows from operating activities For the year ended December 31, 2019, cash used in operating activities of $145.1 million principally resulted from our net loss of $242.0 million and $18.5 million related to our income tax benefit generated from business combinations completed in 2019 offset by non-cash charges of $75.9 million for stock-based compensation, $16.2 million for depreciation and amortization, $8.9 million for debt extinguishment costs related to the settlement of our 2018 Note Purchase Agreement and $1.1 million of other adjustments. The net effect on cash for changes in net operating assets was a use of cash of $8.8 million due principally to increases in accrued liabilities which include acquisition-related liabilities for 2019 business acquisitions partially offset by increases in accounts receivable due to timing of collections and increases in prepaid expenses and other current assets. For the year ended December 31, 2018, cash used in operating activities of $92.2 million principally resulted from our net loss of $129.4 million offset by non-cash charges of $20.9 million for stock-based compensation, $13.5 million for depreciation and amortization, $5.3 million related to debt extinguishment costs, $2.9 million of impairment losses related to a collaboration agreement, $0.8 million of other non-cash adjustments and $0.4 million for remeasurements of liabilities associated with business combinations, all partially offset by a $2.9 million benefit from income taxes resulting from the completion of our analysis of historical net operating losses for CombiMatrix. The net effect on cash of changes in net operating assets was a use of cash of $3.8 million due principally to the effect of increase in accounts receivable due to timing of collections partially offset by an increase in accrued and other liabilities. For the year ended December 31, 2017, cash used in operating activities of $98.0 million principally resulted from our net loss of $123.4 million and non-cash income tax benefits offset by non-cash charges of $19.2 million for stock-based compensation, $9.2 million for depreciation and amortization and $1.8 million for remeasurements of liabilities associated with business combinations. The net effect on cash of changes in net operating assets was a use of cash of $3.4 million due principally to the effect of increase in accounts receivable. Cash flows from investing activities For the year ended December 31, 2019, cash used in investing activities of $280.3 million resulted primarily from purchases of marketable securities exceeding proceeds from maturities and sales of marketable securities by $226.4 million, net cash used to acquire Singular Bio, Jungla, and Clear Genetics of $33.8 million and purchases of property and equipment of $20.0 million. For the year ended December 31, 2018, cash provided by investing activities of $35.8 million resulted primarily from proceeds from maturities and sales of marketable securities exceeding purchases of marketable securities by $42.7 million and purchases of property and equipment of $6.0 million. For the year ended December 31, 2017, cash used in investing activities of $37.0 million resulted primarily from purchases of marketable securities exceeding proceeds from maturities of marketable securities by $33.1 million and purchases of property and equipment of $6.7 million, partially offset by $2.8 million cash acquired from acquisition of businesses. Cash flows from financing activities For the year ended December 31, 2019, cash provided by financing activities of $464.8 million consisted of net proceeds from the issuance of Convertible Senior Notes of $339.9 million, net proceeds from the public offerings of common stock of $204.0 million and cash received from issuances of common stock totaling $9.5 million, including cash received from exercises of stock options of $3.5 million and employee stock plan purchases of $5.8 million. These cash inflows were partially offset by payments related to the settlement of our Note Purchase Agreement through repayment of loan obligations of $75.0 million and payment of debt extinguishment costs of $10.6 million, as well as finance lease payments of $2.1 million. 52       For the year ended December 31, 2018, cash provided by financing activities of $157.2 million consisted of net proceeds from the public offerings of common stock of $112.4 million, net proceeds of $93.9 million from the second term loan under the Amended 2017 Loan Agreement and from the 2018 Note Purchase Agreement, and cash received from issuances of common stock totaling $17.5 million (which includes $6.5 million received from exercises of warrants issued pursuant to the acquisition of CombiMatrix (see Note 4, “Business combinations,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this report), $5.0 million received pursuant to the Securities Purchase Agreement entered into in connection with our 2018 Note Purchase Agreement, employee stock purchases of $3.2 million, and stock option exercises of $2.7 million). These cash inflows were partially offset by loan payments of $60.0 million to extinguish our 2017 Loan Agreement, payments of $4.6 million related to the extinguishment of our 2017 Loan Agreement and related amendments and capital lease payments of $2.1 million. For the year ended December 31, 2017, cash provided by financing activities of $80.9 million consisted of net proceeds of $68.9 million from a private placement, net proceeds of $39.7 million from an initial term loan under the 2017 Loan Agreement and cash received from employee stock plan purchases, exercises of stock options and exercises of warrants totaling $5.7 million. These cash inflows were partially offset by a cash payment of $18.4 million to settle loan obligations assumed in the Good Start acquisition, other loan payments of $12.1 million and capital lease obligations payments of $3.0 million. Contractual obligations The following table summarizes our contractual obligations, including interest, as of December 31, 2019 (in thousands): Contractual obligations: Operating leases Finance leases Convertible Senior Notes Purchase commitments Total 2020 2021 and 2022 2023 and 2024 2025 and beyond Total   $ 10,156   $ 20,314   $ 19,947   $ 18,238   $ 1,963   —   3,278   1,217   —   1,105   —   350,000   —   —   —   —     $ 15,397   $ 22,636   $ 369,947   $ 18,238   $ 68,655 3,180 350,000 4,383 426,218 See Note 8, “Commitments and contingencies” in Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report for additional details regarding our leases, Convertible Senior Notes and purchase commitments. Off-balance sheet arrangements We have not entered into any off-balance sheet arrangements. Recent accounting pronouncements See “Recent accounting pronouncements” in Note 2, “Summary of significant accounting policies” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion of recently adopted accounting pronouncements and accounting pronouncements not yet adopted, and their expected effect on our financial position and results of operations. ITEM 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk. We are exposed to market risks in the ordinary course of our business. These risks primarily relate to interest rates. Our cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and marketable securities totaled $398.0 million at December 31, 2019, and consisted of bank deposits, money market funds, U.S. treasury notes, and U.S. government agency securities. Such interest-bearing instruments carry a degree of risk; however, because our investments are primarily high-quality credit instruments with short-term in durations with high-quality institutions, we have not been exposed to, nor do we anticipate being exposed to, material risks due to changes in interest rates. At December 31, 2019, a hypothetical 1% (100 basis points) increase or decrease in interest rates would not have resulted in a material change in the fair value of our cash equivalents and portfolio of marketable securities. Fluctuations in the value of our cash equivalents and portfolio of marketable securities caused by a change in interest rates (gains or losses on the carrying value) are recorded in other comprehensive gain (loss) and are realized only if we sell the underlying securities prior to maturity or declines in fair value are determined to be other-than-temporary. Although our Convertible Senior Notes are based on a fixed rate, changes in interest rates could impact the fair market value. As of December 31, 2019, the fair market value of the Convertible Senior Notes was $319.0 million. 53                 For additional information about the Convertible Senior Notes, see Note 8, “Commitments and contingencies” in Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report. 54 ITEM 8. Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data. Index to Consolidated Financial Statements Report of independent registered public accounting firm Consolidated balance sheets Consolidated statements of operations Consolidated statements of comprehensive loss Consolidated statements of stockholders’ equity Consolidated statements of cash flows Notes to consolidated financial statements 55 Page 56 58 59 60 61 62 63                           Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm To the Stockholders and Board of Directors of Invitae Corporation Opinion on the Financial Statements We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Invitae Corporation (the Company) as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive loss, stockholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2019 and 2018, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) and our report dated February 28, 2020 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. Adoption of ASU No. 2014-09 As discussed in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company changed its method of accounting for revenue in 2018 due to the adoption of Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), and the related amendments. Basis for Opinion These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. Critical Audit Matters The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate. 56 Measurement of test revenue Description of the Matter During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company’s test revenue was $212.5 million. As discussed in Note 3 of the consolidated financial statements, test revenue is recognized when the performance obligation is complete, generally upon delivery of the underlying clinical report or when the report is made available to the customer on the Company’s website. Auditing the measurement of the Company’s test revenue was complex and judgmental due to the significant estimation required in determining the amount that would be collected for each test. In particular, the estimate of revenue for tests billed to insurance carriers is affected by assumptions in payer behavior such as changes in historical payment patterns, contract provisions and government and private insurance reimbursement policies. How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit We obtained an understanding, evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of controls over the Company’s revenue recognition process. As part of our testing, we considered controls over management’s review of the significant assumptions and inputs used in the determination of the expected amount. We also tested controls used by management to compare the current and historical data used in making the estimates for completeness and accuracy. Our audit procedures over the Company’s test revenue included, among others, assessing valuation methodologies and models and testing the significant assumptions above and the underlying data used by the Company in its analysis. We agreed transactions selected for testing back to the actual customer contract terms. We compared the significant assumptions above and inputs used by management to changes in the Company’s contracted rates, government and private insurance payer collection trends, and other relevant factors. We assessed the historical accuracy of the cash collections used in the Company’s revenue models and assessed the completeness of adjustments to estimates of future cash collections as a result of significant contract amendments, changes in collection trends and changes in payer behavior. Valuation of intangible assets associated with business acquisitions Description of the Matter As described in Note 4 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company completed three business acquisitions during 2019. As a result of the acquisitions, the Company recorded goodwill of $76.7 million, and intangible assets of $102.4 million. The acquisitions were accounted for as business combinations. Auditing the Company’s accounting for the acquisitions was challenging as the determination of the fair value of the intangible assets acquired required management to make subjective estimates and assumptions. The valuation of the intangible assets is subject to higher estimation uncertainty due to management’s judgments in determining significant assumptions that included assumed revenue growth rates, estimated cost savings and discount rates. Changes in these significant assumptions could have a significant effect on the fair value of the intangible assets. How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit We tested the design and operating effectiveness of internal controls over the Company’s process for accounting for acquisitions. For example, we tested controls over management’s review of the valuation of intangible assets, including the review of the valuation model and significant assumptions used in the valuation. Our audit procedures related to the valuation of intangible assets included the following, among others, utilizing a valuation specialist to assist in evaluating the appropriateness of the Company’s valuation models and evaluating the reasonableness of significant assumptions used including the revenue growth rate, cost savings and the discount rates as compared to industry and market data and historical results. We also evaluated whether the assumptions used were reasonable by comparing them to the past performance of past acquisitions, current industry data, current market forecasts, and whether such assumptions were consistent with evidence obtained in other areas of the audit. /s/ Ernst & Young LLP We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2013. Redwood City, California February 28, 2020 57                     Assets Current assets: Cash and cash equivalents Marketable securities Accounts receivable Prepaid expenses and other current assets Total current assets Property and equipment, net Operating lease assets Restricted cash Intangible assets, net Goodwill Other assets Total assets Liabilities and stockholders’ equity Current liabilities: Accounts payable Accrued liabilities Operating lease obligation Finance lease obligation Total current liabilities Operating lease obligation, net of current portion Finance lease obligation, net of current portion Debt Convertible senior notes, net Other long-term liabilities Total liabilities Commitments and contingencies (Note 8) Stockholders’ equity: INVITAE CORPORATION Consolidated Balance Sheets (in thousands, except par value data) December 31, 2019 2018 $ 151,389   $ 240,436   32,541   18,032   442,398   37,747   36,640   6,183   125,175   126,777   6,681   112,158 13,727 26,296 13,258 165,439 27,886 — 6,006 30,469 50,095 3,064 781,601   $ 282,959 $ $ 10,321   $ 64,814   4,870   1,855   81,860   42,191   1,155   —   268,755   8,000   401,961   —   10   (9)   1,138,316   (758,677)   379,640   7,812 26,563 — 1,937 36,312 — 1,375 74,477 — 8,956 121,120 — 8 (5) 678,548 (516,712) 161,839 282,959 Preferred stock, $0.0001 par value: 20,000 shares authorized; 125 and 3,459 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively Common stock, $0.0001 par value: 400,000 shares authorized; 98,796 and 75,481 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively Accumulated other comprehensive loss Additional paid-in capital Accumulated deficit Total stockholders’ equity Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements. 58 $ 781,601   $                               INVITAE CORPORATION Consolidated Statements of Operations (in thousands, except per share data) Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 2017 Revenue: Test revenue Other revenue Total revenue Cost of revenue Research and development Selling and marketing General and administrative Loss from operations Other expense, net Interest expense Net loss before taxes Income tax benefit Net loss Net loss per share, basic and diluted Shares used in computing net loss per share, basic and diluted $ 212,473   $ 144,560   $ 4,351   216,824   118,103   141,526   122,237   79,070   (244,112)   (3,891)   (12,412)   (260,415)   (18,450)   3,139   147,699   80,105   63,496   74,428   52,227   (2,568)   (7,030)   (132,155)   (2,800)   $ $ (241,965)   $ (129,355)   $ (2.66)   $ (1.94)   $ 90,859   66,747   65,169 3,052 68,221 50,142 46,469 53,417 39,472 (303) (3,654) (125,236) (1,856) (123,380) (2.65) 46,512 (122,557)   (121,279) The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements. 59           INVITAE CORPORATION Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss (in thousands) Net loss Other comprehensive income (loss): Unrealized income (loss) on available-for-sale marketable securities, net of tax Comprehensive loss Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 2017 $ $ (241,965)   $ (129,355)   $ (123,380) (4)   166   (171) (241,969)   $ (129,189)   $ (123,551) The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements. 60                     INVITAE CORPORATION Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity (in thousands) Common stock: Balance, beginning of period Common stock issued Balance, end of period Accumulated other comprehensive loss: Balance, beginning of period Unrealized income (loss) on available-for-sale marketable securities, net of tax Balance, end of period Additional paid-in capital: Balance, beginning of period Common stock issued in private placement, net Common stock issued in connection with public offering, net Common stock issued on exercise of stock options, net Common stock issued pursuant to exercises of warrants Common stock issued pursuant to employee stock purchase plan Common stock issued or issuable pursuant to business combinations Equity component of convertible senior notes, net Warrants issued pursuant to loan agreement Common stock issued pursuant to securities purchase agreement Stock-based compensation expense Other Balance, end of period Accumulated deficit: Balance, beginning of period Cumulative effect of accounting change Net loss Balance, end of period Total stockholders' equity Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 2017 $ 8   $ 2   10   (5)   (4)   (9)   5   $ 3   8   (171)   166   (5)   678,548   520,558   —   —   204,024   112,438   3,456   181   5,833   133,942   75,488   —   —   36,844   —   2,741   6,539   3,231   6,455   —   383   5,353   20,850   —   1,138,316   678,548   4 1 5 — (171) (171) 374,288 68,896 — 1,706 1,381 2,635 50,808 — 740 — 18,832 1,272 520,558 (516,712)   (398,598)   (275,218) —   (241,965)   (758,677)   11,241   (129,355)   (516,712)   — (123,380) (398,598) $ 379,640   $ 161,839   $ 121,794 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements. 61                                                                                   INVITAE CORPORATION Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (in thousands) Cash flows from operating activities: Net loss Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities: Depreciation and amortization Stock-based compensation Amortization of debt discount and issuance costs Impairment losses Benefit from income taxes Debt extinguishment costs Other Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of businesses acquired: Accounts receivable Prepaid expenses and other current assets Other assets Accounts payable Accrued expenses and other liabilities Net cash used in operating activities Cash flows from investing activities: Purchases of marketable securities Proceeds from sales of marketable securities Proceeds from maturities of marketable securities Acquisition of businesses, net of cash acquired Purchases of property and equipment Other Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities Cash flows from financing activities: Proceeds from public offerings of common stock, net of issuance costs Proceeds from issuance of common stock, net Proceeds from issuance of convertible senior notes, net Proceeds from issuance of debt, net Payments of debt extinguishment costs Loan payments Finance lease principal payments Other Net cash provided by financing activities Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period Supplemental cash flow information: Interest paid Supplemental cash flow information of non-cash investing and financing activities: Equipment acquired through finance leases Purchases of property and equipment in accounts payable and accrued liabilities Amounts related to co-development agreement in other assets and accrued liabilities Warrants issued pursuant to 2017 Loan Agreement Common stock issued for acquisition of businesses Consideration payable for acquisition of businesses Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 2017 $ (241,965)   $ (129,355)   $ (123,380) 16,206   75,948   4,416   —   (18,450)   8,926   1,095   (6,131)   (4,979)   2,026   1,558   16,297   (145,053)   (260,917)   —   34,500   (33,846)   (20,047)   —   (280,310)   204,024   9,470   339,900   —   (10,638)   (75,000)   (2,075)   (910)   464,771   39,408   118,164   157,572   $ 13,540   20,850   —   2,925   (2,862)   5,266   1,168   (5,291)   (1,445)   (163)   (417)   3,564   (92,220)   (9,680)   19,965   32,458   —   (5,970)   (1,000)   35,773   112,441   17,511   —   93,909   (4,609)   (60,000)   (2,100)   —   157,152   100,705   17,459   118,164   $ 4,731   $ 6,231   $ 1,892   $ 2,422   $ —   $ —   $ 108,573   $ 21,449   $ —   $ 510   $ 2,000   $ 383   $ 6,445   $ —   $ 9,181 19,221 — — (1,856) — 2,214 (1,963) (641) (185) (535) (37) (97,981) (101,867) — 68,768 2,821 (6,675) — (36,953) — 74,619 — 39,661 — (30,457) (2,952) — 80,871 (54,063) 71,522 17,459 2,852 6,789 200 — 740 50,808 13,276 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $                                                                                     Common stock issued to settle assumed liabilities Operating lease assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations, net $ $ —   $ 4,261   $ —   $ —   $ 1,272 — The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements. 62 INVITAE CORPORATION Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 1. Organization and description of business Invitae Corporation ("Invitae," “the Company," "we," "us," and "our") was incorporated in the State of Delaware on January 13, 2010, as Locus Development, Inc. and changed its name to Invitae Corporation in 2012. We utilize an integrated portfolio of laboratory processes, software tools and informatics capabilities to process DNA-containing samples, analyze information about patient-specific genetic variation and generate test reports for clinicians and patients. Our headquarters and main production facility is located in San Francisco, California. We currently have more than 20,000 genes in production and provide a variety of diagnostic tests that can be used in multiple indications. We offer genetic testing across multiple clinical areas, including hereditary cancer, cardiology, neurology, pediatrics, metabolic conditions and rare diseases. To augment our offering and realize our mission, we have acquired multiple assets including four businesses in 2017, which expanded our suite of genome management offerings and provided our entry into prenatal and perinatal genetic testing. To complement these, in the first quarter of 2019, we introduced our Non-invasive Prenatal Screen ("NIPS") and to advance this offering, in June 2019, we acquired Singular Bio, Inc. ("Singular Bio") to lower costs associated with NIPS. In July 2019, we acquired Jungla Inc. ("Jungla") to further enhance our genetic variant interpretation and in November 2019, to expand our ability to scale and deliver genetic information, we acquired Clear Genetics, Inc. ("Clear Genetics"). Invitae operates in one segment. 2. Summary of significant accounting policies Principles of consolidation Our consolidated financial statements include our accounts and the accounts of our wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Use of estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent liabilities as of the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. We base these estimates on current facts, historical and anticipated results, trends and various other assumptions that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, including assumptions as to future events. Actual results could differ materially from those judgments, estimates and assumptions. We evaluate our estimates on an ongoing basis. Significant estimates and assumptions made by management include the determination of: • • • • • • • • revenue recognition (See Note 3, “Revenue, accounts receivable and deferred revenue” for further information); the fair value of assets and liabilities associated with business combinations; the impairment assessment of goodwill and intangible assets; valuation of our 2.00% convertible senior notes due 2024 issued in September 2019 ("Convertible Senior Notes"); the recoverability of long-lived assets; our incremental borrowing rates used to calculate our lease balances; stock-based compensation expense and the fair value of awards issued; and income tax uncertainties. Concentrations of credit risk and other risks and uncertainties Financial instruments that potentially subject us to a concentration of credit risk consist of cash, cash equivalents, marketable securities and accounts receivable. Our cash and cash equivalents are held by financial institutions in the United States. Such deposits may exceed federally insured limits. 63 Significant customers are those that represent 10% or more of our total revenue for each year presented on the statements of operations. Revenue for significant customers as a percentage of total revenue were as follows: Customers Medicare Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 2017 25%   22%   13% No customers represented more than 10% of accounts receivable as of December 31, 2019, and Medicare represented 21% of accounts receivable as of December 31, 2018. Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash We consider all highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less from the date of purchase to be cash equivalents. Cash equivalents consist primarily of amounts invested in money market funds, U.S. treasury notes and government agency securities. Restricted cash consists primarily of money market funds that secure irrevocable standby letters of credit that serve as collateral for security deposits for our facility leases. The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash reported within the consolidated balance sheets that sum to the total of the same amounts shown in the statements of cash flows (in thousands): Cash and cash equivalents Restricted cash Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash Marketable securities $ $ December 31, 2019   December 31, 2018 112,158 151,389   $ 6,183   157,572   $ 6,006 118,164 All marketable securities have been classified as “available-for-sale” and are carried at estimated fair value as determined based upon quoted market prices or pricing models for similar securities. Management determines the appropriate classification of its marketable debt securities at the time of purchase and reevaluates such designation at each balance sheet date. Short-term marketable securities have maturities one year or less at the balance sheet date. Unrealized gains and losses are excluded from earnings and are reported as a component of other comprehensive loss. Realized gains and losses and declines in fair value judged to be other than temporary, if any, on available-for-sale securities are included in other expense, net. The cost of securities sold is based on the specific-identification method. Interest on marketable securities is included in other expense, net. Accounts receivable We receive payment for our tests from partners, patients, institutional customers and third-party payers. See Note 3, "Revenue, accounts receivable and deferred revenue" for further information. Inventory We maintain test reagents and other consumables primarily used in sample collection kits which are valued at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Cost is determined using actual costs on a first-in, first-out basis. Our inventory was $6.6 million and $8.3 million as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and was recorded in prepaid expenses and other current assets in our consolidated balance sheets. Business combinations We apply Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 805, Business Combinations, or ASC 805, which requires recognition of assets acquired, liabilities assumed, and contingent consideration at their fair value on the acquisition date with subsequent changes recognized in earnings; requires acquisition-related expenses and restructuring costs to be recognized separately from the business combination and expensed as incurred; requires in-process research and development to be capitalized at fair value as an indefinite-lived intangible asset until completion or abandonment; and requires that changes in accounting for deferred tax asset valuation allowances and acquired income tax uncertainties after the measurement period be recognized as a component of provision for taxes. 64             We account for acquisitions of entities that include inputs and processes and have the ability to create outputs as business combinations. The tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination are recorded based on their estimated fair values as of the business combination date, including identifiable intangible assets which either arise from a contractual or legal right or are separable from goodwill. We base the estimated fair value of identifiable intangible assets acquired in a business combination on independent valuations that use information and assumptions provided by our management, which consider our estimates of inputs and assumptions that a market participant would use. Any excess purchase price over the estimated fair value assigned to the net tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed is recorded to goodwill. The use of alternative valuation assumptions, including estimated revenue projections, growth rates, estimated cost savings, cash flows, discount rates, estimated useful lives and probabilities surrounding the achievement of contingent milestones could result in different purchase price allocations and amortization expense in current and future periods. In circumstances where an acquisition involves a contingent consideration arrangement that meets the definition of a liability under ASC Topic 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity, we recognize a liability equal to the fair value of the contingent payments we expect to make as of the acquisition date. We remeasure this liability each reporting period and record changes in the fair value as a component of operating expenses. Transaction costs associated with acquisitions are expensed as incurred in general and administrative expenses. Results of operations and cash flows of acquired companies are included in our operating results from the date of acquisition. Intangible assets Amortizable intangible assets include trade names, non-compete agreements, developed technology and customer relationships acquired as part of business combinations. Customer relationships are amortized on an accelerated basis, utilizing free cash flows, over periods ranging from five to 11 years. All other intangible assets subject to amortization are amortized using the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives ranging from two to 15 years. All intangible assets subject to amortization are reviewed for impairment in accordance with ASC 360, Property, Plant and Equipment. Goodwill In accordance with ASC 350, Intangibles-Goodwill and Other (“ASC 350”), our goodwill is not amortized but is tested for impairment on an annual basis or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of these assets may not be recoverable. Under ASC 350, we perform annual impairment reviews of our goodwill balance during the fourth fiscal quarter or more frequently if business factors indicate. In testing for impairment, we compare the fair value of our reporting unit to its carrying value including the goodwill of that unit. If the carrying value, including goodwill, exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value, we will recognize an impairment loss for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value. The loss recognized cannot exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. We did not incur any goodwill impairment losses in any of the periods presented. In-process research and development Intangible assets related to in-process research and development costs (“IPR&D”) are considered to be indefinite-lived until the completion or abandonment of the associated research and development efforts. If and when development is complete, the associated assets would be deemed finite-lived and would then be amortized based on their respective estimated useful lives at that point in time. During this period, the assets will not be amortized but will be tested for impairment on an annual basis and between annual tests if we become aware of any events occurring or changes in circumstances that would indicate a reduction in the fair value of the IPR&D projects below their respective carrying amounts. During the fourth quarter and if business factors indicate more frequently, we perform an assessment of the qualitative factors affecting the fair value of our IPR&D projects. If the fair value exceeds the carrying value, there is no impairment. Impairment losses on indefinite-lived intangible assets are recognized based solely on a comparison of the fair value of an asset to its carrying value, without consideration of any recoverability test. We have not identified any such impairment losses to date. 65 Leases Under ASC 842, Leases, we determine if an arrangement is a lease at inception. Operating leases are included in operating lease assets and operating lease obligations in our consolidated balance sheets. Finance leases are included in other assets and finance lease obligations in our consolidated balance sheets. Lease assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating lease assets and liabilities are recognized at commencement based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. We generally use our incremental borrowing rate based on the estimated rate of interest for collateralized borrowing over a similar term of the lease payments. The operating lease asset also includes any lease payments made and excludes lease incentives. Our lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease which are recognized when it is reasonably certain that we will exercise that option. Lease expense for lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease terms, or in some cases, the useful life of the underlying asset. Property and equipment, net Property and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation is computed using the straight‑line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, generally between three and seven years. Leasehold improvements are amortized using the straight‑line method over the shorter of the estimated useful life of the asset or the term of the lease. Maintenance and repairs are charged to expense as incurred, and improvements and betterments are capitalized. When assets are retired or otherwise disposed of, the cost and accumulated depreciation are removed from the balance sheet and any resulting gain or loss is reflected in the statements of operations in the period realized. The estimated useful lives of property and equipment are as follows: Furniture and fixtures Automobiles Laboratory equipment Computer equipment Software Leasehold improvements 7 years 7 years 5 years 3 years 3 years Shorter of lease term or estimated useful life Long‑‑lived assets We review long‑lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be recoverable. An impairment loss is recognized when the total estimated future undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use of the asset and its eventual disposition are less than its carrying amount. Impairment, if any, is assessed using discounted cash flows or other appropriate measures of fair value. There were no long-lived asset impairment losses recorded for any period presented. Fair value of financial instruments Our financial instruments consist principally of cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities, accounts payable, accrued liabilities, finance leases, debt and convertible senior notes. The carrying amounts of certain of these financial instruments, including cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued and other current liabilities approximate their current fair value due to the relatively short-term nature of these accounts. Based on borrowing rates available to us, the carrying value of finance leases approximate their fair values. Revenue recognition We recognize revenue when control of the promised goods or services is transferred to the customer in an amount that reflects the consideration it expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. All revenues are generated from contracts with customers. We utilize the following practical expedients and exemptions: • Certain information about remaining performance obligations is not disclosed because the underlying contracts have an original expected duration of one year or less, • Costs to obtain or fulfill a contract are expensed when incurred because the amortization period would have been one year or less, and 66 • No adjustments to promised consideration were made for financing as we expect, at contract inception, that the period between the transfer of a promised good or service and when the customer pays for that good or service will be one year or less. Test revenue The majority of our revenue is generated from genetic testing services that provide analysis and associated interpretation of the sequencing of parts of the genome. Test orders are placed under signed requisitions, and we often enter into contracts with institutions (e.g., hospitals, clinics, partners) and insurance companies that include pricing provisions under which such tests are billed. Billing terms are generally net thirty to sixty days. While the transaction price of diagnostic tests is originally established either via contract or pursuant to our standard list price, we often provide concessions for tests billed to insurance carriers, and therefore the transaction price for patient insurance-billed tests is considered to be variable and revenue is recognized based on an estimate of the consideration to which we will be entitled at an amount for which it is probable that a reversal of cumulative consideration will not occur. Making these estimates requires significant judgments based upon such factors as length of payer relationship, historical payment patterns, changes in contract provisions and insurance reimbursement policies. These judgments are reviewed quarterly and updated as necessary. In connection with some diagnostic test orders, we offer limited re-requisition rights (“Re-Requisition Rights”) that are considered distinct at contract inception, and therefore certain diagnostic test orders contain two performance obligations, the performance of the original test and the Re- Requisition Rights. When Re-Requisition Rights are granted, we allocate the transaction price to each performance obligation based on the relative estimated standalone selling prices. In order to comply with loss contract rules, the allocations are adjusted, if necessary, to ensure the amount deferred for Re-Requisition Rights is no less than the estimated cost of fulfilling our related obligations. We look to transfer of control in assessing timing of recognition of revenue in connection with each performance obligation. In general, revenue in connection with diagnostic tests is recognized upon delivery of the underlying clinical report or when the report is made available on our web portal. Outstanding performance obligations pertaining to orders received but for which the underlying report has not been issued are generally satisfied within a thirty-day period. Revenue in connection with Re-Requisition Rights is recognized as the rights are exercised or expire unexercised, which is generally within ninety days of initial deferral. Other revenue We also enter into collaboration and genome network contracts. Collaboration agreements provide customers with diagnostic testing and related data aggregation reporting services that are provided over the contract term. Collaboration revenue is recognized as the testing and reporting services are delivered to the customer. Genome network offerings consist of subscription services related to a proprietary software platform designed to connect patients, clinicians, advocacy organizations, researchers and therapeutic developers to accelerate the understanding, diagnosis and treatment of hereditary disease. Such services are recognized on a straight-line basis over the subscription periods. Amounts due under collaboration and genome network agreements are typically billable on net thirty-day terms. Cost of revenue Cost of revenue reflects the aggregate costs incurred in delivering the genetic testing results to clinicians and patients and includes expenses for personnel-related costs including stock-based compensation, materials and supplies, equipment and infrastructure expenses associated with testing and allocated overhead including rent, equipment depreciation, amortization of acquired intangibles and utilities. Income taxes We use the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the differences between the financial reporting and the tax bases of assets and liabilities and are measured using the enacted tax rates and laws that will be in effect when the differences are expected to reverse. A valuation allowance is provided when it is more likely than not that some portion or all of a deferred tax asset will not be realized. Significant judgment is required in determining the net valuation allowance which includes our evaluation of all available evidence including past operating results, estimates on future taxable income and acquisition-related tax assets and liabilities. As of December 31, 2019, we recorded a full valuation allowance on our net deferred tax assets because we expect that it is more likely than not that our deferred tax assets will not be realized in the foreseeable future. 67 Stock-based compensation We measure stock-based payment awards made to employees and directors based on the estimated fair values of the awards and recognize the compensation expense over the requisite service period. We use the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to estimate the fair value of stock option awards and employee stock purchase plan (“ESPP”) purchases. The fair value of restricted stock unit (“RSU”) awards with time-based vesting terms is based on the grant date share price. We grant performance-based restricted stock unit (“PRSU”) awards to certain employees which vest upon the achievement of certain performance conditions, subject to the employees’ continued service relationship with us. The probability of vesting is assessed at each reporting period and compensation cost is adjusted based on this probability assessment. We recognize such compensation expense on an accelerated vesting method. Stock-based compensation expense for awards without a performance condition is recognized using the straight-line method. Stock-based compensation expense is based on the value of the portion of stock-based payment awards that is ultimately expected to vest. As such, our stock- based compensation is reduced for estimated forfeitures at the date of grant and revised, if necessary, in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates. We account for stock issued in connection with business combinations based on the fair value of our common stock on the date of issuance. Advertising Advertising expenses are expensed as incurred. We incurred advertising expenses of $9.9 million, $0.6 million and $0.6 million during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Comprehensive loss Comprehensive loss is composed of two components: net loss and other comprehensive income (loss). Other comprehensive income (loss) refers to gains and losses that under U.S. GAAP are recorded as an element of stockholders’ equity, but are excluded from net loss. Our other comprehensive income (loss) consists of unrealized gains or losses on investments in available-for-sale securities. Net loss per share Basic net loss per share is calculated by dividing net loss by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period, without consideration of common stock equivalents. Diluted net loss per share is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted-average number of common share equivalents outstanding for the period determined using the treasury stock method. Potentially dilutive securities, consisting of preferred stock, options to purchase common stock, common stock warrants, shares of common stock pursuant to ESPP, common stock issuable in connection with our Convertible Senior Notes, RSUs and PRSUs, are considered to be common stock equivalents and were excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share because their effect would be antidilutive for all periods presented. Prior period reclassifications We have reclassified certain amounts in prior periods to conform with current presentation. Recent accounting pronouncements We evaluate all Accounting Standards Updates (“ASUs”) issued by the FASB for consideration of their applicability. ASUs not included in the disclosures in this report were assessed and determined to be either not applicable or are not expected to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. Recently issued accounting pronouncements not yet adopted In June 2016, FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326), which requires measurement and recognition of expected credit losses for financial assets. This guidance will become effective for us beginning in the first quarter of 2020 and must be adopted using a modified retrospective approach, with certain exceptions. We are currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of this standard on our consolidated financial statements. 68 Recently adopted accounting pronouncements In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU No. 2019-12, Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes (“ASU 2019-12”), which simplifies the accounting for income taxes, eliminates certain exceptions within ASC 740, Income Taxes, and clarifies certain aspects of the current guidance to promote consistency among reporting entities. ASU 2019-12 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020 with early adoption permitted. We have early adopted this ASU effective for the year ended December 31, 2019. In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), and in July 2018 issued ASU 2018-10, Codification Improvements to Topic 842, Leases, and ASU 2018-11, Leases (Topic 842): Targeted Improvements (the foregoing ASUs collectively referred to as “Topic 842”). Under this guidance, lessees are required to recognize a lease liability and a right-of-use asset for all leases at the commencement date and also make expanded disclosures about leasing arrangements. On January 1, 2019, we adopted Topic 842 using the modified retrospective approach in accordance with Topic 842. Adoption of Topic 842 had a material impact on our consolidated balance sheets, but did not have an impact on our consolidated statements of operations. We elected the package of practical expedients permitted under the transition guidance which, among other things, allowed us to carry forward the historical classification of leases in place as of January 1, 2019. The effect of the adoption of Topic 842 on our consolidated balance sheet as of January 1, 2019 was as follows (in thousands): Property and equipment, net Operating lease assets Other assets Accrued liabilities Operating lease obligations Operating lease obligations, net of current portion Other long-term liabilities December 31, 2018 Adjustments Due to the Adoption of Topic 842 January 1, 2019   $   $   $   $   $   $   $ 27,886   $ —   $ 3,064   $ 26,563   $ —   $ —   $ 8,956   $ (5,159)   $ 36,711   $ 5,159   $ (490)   $ 4,697   $ 41,279   $ (8,775)   $ 22,727 36,711 8,223 26,073 4,697 41,279 181 The adjustments due to the adoption of Topic 842 primarily relate to the recognition of operating and finance lease right-of-use assets and operating lease liabilities. Finance lease assets are recorded within other assets on our consolidated balance sheet and were $5.2 million as of implementation of Topic 842 on January 1, 2019 and $5.6 million as of December 31, 2019. Under Topic 842, we determine if an arrangement is a lease at inception primarily based on the determination of the party responsible for directing the use of an underlying asset within a contract. Operating leases are included in operating lease assets and operating lease obligations in our consolidated balance sheets. Lease assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating lease right-of-use assets and liabilities are recognized at the lease commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. In determining the present value of lease payments, we use our incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the lease commencement date which includes significant assumptions made by us including our estimated credit rating. Operating lease right-of-use assets also include any lease payments made prior to the lease commencement date and exclude any lease incentives paid or payable at the lease commencement date. Lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that we will exercise any such options. Lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the expected lease term, or in some cases, the useful life of the underlying asset. As allowed under Topic 842, we elected to not apply the recognition requirements of Topic 842 to short-term leases, that is, leases with terms of 12 months or less which do not include an option to purchase the underlying asset that we are reasonably certain to exercise. For short- term leases, we recognize lease payments as operating expenses on a straight-line basis over the lease term. As a result of our election of the package of practical expedients permitted under the Topic 842 transition guidance, for assets related to facilities leases we elected to account for lease and non-lease components, such as common area maintenance charges, as a single lease component. We did not identify any material embedded leases with the adoption of Topic 842 and therefore the implementation of Topic 842 primarily focused on the treatment of our previously identified leases. 69         Prior period amounts were not adjusted and continue to be reported in accordance with our historic accounting under previous lease guidance, ASC 840: Leases. Under ASC 840, we rented facilities under operating lease agreements and recognized related rent expense on a straight-line basis over the term of the applicable lease agreement. Some of the lease agreements contained rent holidays, scheduled rent increases, lease incentives, and renewal options. Rent holidays and scheduled rent increases were included in the determination of rent expense recorded over the lease term. Lease incentives were recognized as a reduction of rent expense on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. Renewals were not assumed in the determination of the lease term unless they were deemed to be reasonably assured at the inception of the lease. We recognized rent expense beginning on the date we obtained the legal right to use and control the leased space. On January 1, 2018, we adopted the provisions of ASC Topic 606 using the modified retrospective method. From adoption to date, we have recognized all our revenue from contracts with customers within the scope of Topic 606. In connection with the adoption, we recognized the cumulative effect of initially applying this standard as an adjustment to retained earnings on the date of adoption. Comparative information prior to the date of adoption has not been restated and continues to be reported under the accounting standards in effect for those periods. Under ASC 605, test revenue was recognized when persuasive evidence of an arrangement existed; delivery had occurred or services had been rendered; the fee was fixed or determinable; and collectability was reasonably assured. The criterion for whether the fee was fixed or determinable and whether collectability was reasonably assured were based on management’s judgments. When evaluating collectability, in situations where contracted reimbursement coverage did not exist, we considered whether we had sufficient history to reliably estimate a payer’s individual payment patterns. For most customers, we had not been able to demonstrate a predictable pattern of collectability, and therefore recognized revenue when payment was received. For customers who had demonstrated a consistent pattern of payment of tests billed at appropriate amounts, we recognized revenue at estimated realizable amounts upon delivery of test results. 3. Revenue, accounts receivable and deferred revenue Test revenue is generated from sales of diagnostic tests to three groups of customers: institutions, such as hospitals, clinics and partners; patients who pay directly; and patients’ insurance carriers. Amounts billed and collected, and the timing of collections, vary based on whether the payer is an institution, a patient or an insurance carrier. Other revenue consists principally of revenue recognized under collaboration and genome network agreements. The following table includes our revenue as disaggregated by payer category (in thousands): Test revenue: Institutions Patient - direct Patient - insurance Total test revenue Other revenue Total revenue Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 2017 (1) $ 41,049   $ 34,618   $ 17,597   153,827   212,473   4,351   13,589   96,353   144,560   3,139   $ 216,824   $ 147,699   $ 17,238 5,638 42,293 65,169 3,052 68,221 (1) 2017 amounts are presented as originally reported based upon the accounting standards in effect for that period. We recognize revenue related to billings based on estimates of the amount that will ultimately be realized. Cash collections for certain tests delivered may differ from rates originally estimated. As a result of new information, we updated our estimate of the amounts to be recognized for previously delivered tests which resulted in the following increases to revenue and decreases to our loss from operations and basic and diluted net loss per share (in millions, except per share amounts): Revenue Loss from operations Net loss per share, basic and diluted 70 Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 $ $ $ 4.1   $ (4.1)   $ (0.05)   $ 4.5 (4.5) (0.07)                                                         Accounts receivable The majority of our accounts receivable represents amounts billed to institutions (e.g., hospitals, clinics, partners) and estimated amounts to be collected from third-party insurance payers for diagnostic test revenue recognized. Also included are amounts due under the terms of collaboration and genome network agreements for diagnostic testing and data aggregation reporting services provided and proprietary platform access rights transferred. Deferred revenue We record deferred revenue when cash payments are received or due in advance of our performance related to one or more performance obligations. The amounts deferred to date primarily consist of prepayments related to our consumer direct channel as well as consideration received pertaining to the estimated exercise of certain re-requisition rights. In order to comply with loss contract rules, our re-requisition rights revenue deferral is no less than the estimated cost of fulfilling related obligations. We recognize revenue related to re-requisition rights as the rights are exercised or expire unexercised, which is generally within 90 days of initial deferral. 4. Business combinations Singular Bio In June 2019, we acquired 100% of the fully diluted equity of Singular Bio, a privately held company developing single molecule detection technology, for approximately $57.3 million, comprised of $53.9 million in the form of 2.5 million shares of our common stock and the remainder in cash. Prior to the acquisition, we entered into a co-development agreement with Singular Bio whereby we paid Singular Bio $3.0 million for a 12- month right of first refusal and an opportunity to conduct due diligence on its business. As of January 2019, we made all required payments under the terms of this agreement. In connection with the acquisition, all of Singular Bio's equity awards that were outstanding and unvested prior to the acquisition became fully vested per the terms of the merger agreement. The acceleration of vesting required us to allocate the fair value of the equity attributable to pre- combination service to the purchase price and the remainder was considered our post-combination expense. We recognized post-combination expense related to the acceleration of unvested equity of $3.2 million and we also incurred transaction costs of $1.5 million related to the acquisition of Singular Bio; both of these charges were recorded as general and administrative expense during the year ended December 31, 2019. We included the financial results of Singular Bio in our consolidated financial statements from the acquisition date, which were not material for the year ended December 31, 2019. Assets acquired and liabilities assumed are recorded based on valuations derived from estimated fair value assessments and assumptions used by us. While we believe that our estimates and assumptions underlying the valuations are reasonable, different estimates and assumptions could result in different valuations assigned to the individual assets acquired and liabilities assumed, and the resulting amount of goodwill. The following table summarizes the fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the date of acquisition (in thousands): Cash Property and equipment In-process research and development Total identifiable assets acquired Current liabilities assumed Deferred tax liability Net identifiable assets acquired Goodwill Total purchase price $ $ 4,988 303 29,988 35,279 (479) (3,950) 30,850 26,461 57,311 Based on the guidance provided in ASC 805, we accounted for the acquisition of Singular Bio as a business combination in which we determined that 1) Singular Bio was a business which combines inputs and processes to create outputs, and 2) substantially all of the fair value of gross assets acquired was not concentrated in a single identifiable asset or group of similar identifiable assets. Our purchase price allocation for the acquisition is preliminary and subject to revision as additional information about fair value of assets and liabilities becomes available, primarily related to our deferred tax liability assumed in connection with the acquisition as the short period tax return has not yet been filed. Additional information that existed 71 as of the acquisition date but at the time was unknown to us may become known to us during the remainder of the measurement period, a period not to exceed 12 months from the acquisition date. Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net tangible and intangible assets acquired. The acquisition of Singular Bio resulted in the recognition of $26.5 million of goodwill which we believe consists primarily of technological expertise and capabilities within nucleic acid analysis and the ability to utilize the technology outside NIPS. Goodwill created as a result of the acquisition of Singular Bio is not deductible for tax purposes. We recorded an income tax benefit of $4.0 million in June 2019 due to net deferred tax liabilities assumed in connection with our acquisition of Singular Bio which provided a future source of income to support the realization of our deferred tax assets and resulted in a partial release of our valuation allowance. We granted approximately $90.0 million of RSUs under our 2015 Stock Incentive Plan as inducement awards to new employees who joined Invitae in connection with our acquisition of Singular Bio. $45.0 million of the RSUs are time-based and vest in three equal installments in December 2019, June 2020, and December 2020, subject to the employee's continued service with us ("Time-based RSUs") and $45.0 million of the RSUs are PRSUs that vest upon the achievement of certain performance conditions over a period of approximately 12 months from the date of acquisition, subject to the employee's continued service with us. Since the number of awards granted is based on a 30-day volume weighted-average share price with a fixed dollar value, these Time-based RSUs and PRSUs are liability-classified and the fair value will be estimated at each reporting period based on the number of shares that are expected to be issued at each reporting date and our closing stock price, which combined are categorized as Level 3 inputs. Therefore, fair value of the RSUs and PRSUs and the number of shares to be issued will not be fixed until the awards vest. During the year ended December 31, 2019, we recorded research and development stock-based compensation expense of $14.7 million related to the Time-based RSUs and $24.4 million related to the PRSUs based on our evaluation of the probability of achieving performance conditions. As of December 31, 2019, the Time-based RSUs and PRSUs had a total fair value of $41.9 million and $42.6 million, respectively, based on a total estimated issuance of 5.2 million shares and expectation of the achievement of the performance conditions. As of December 31, 2019, 0.8 million of the Time-based RSUs had vested and none of these PRSUs had vested. Jungla In July 2019, we acquired 100% of the equity interest of Jungla, a privately held company developing a platform for molecular evidence testing in genes, for approximately $59.0 million, comprised of $44.9 million in the form of shares of our common stock and the remainder in cash. We agreed to pay a portion of the cash and issue approximately 0.2 million shares of our common stock after a 12-month period, subject to a hold back to satisfy indemnification obligations that may arise. We incurred $0.8 million of transaction costs related to the acquisition of Jungla which were recorded as general and administrative expense during the year ended December 31, 2019. We may be required to pay contingent consideration based on achievement of post-closing development milestones. As of the acquisition date, the fair value of this contingent consideration was $10.7 million, $9.6 million of which would be in the form of shares of our common stock, priced at the time of milestone achievement, and the remainder in cash. The milestones are expected to be completed within two years from the date of the acquisition. The material factors that may impact the fair value of the contingent consideration, and therefore, this liability, are the probabilities and timing of achieving the related milestones and the discount rate we used to estimate the fair value. Significant changes in any of the probabilities of success would result in a significant change in the fair value, which is estimated at each reporting date with changes reflected as a general and administrative expense. As of December 31, 2019, the fair value of the contingent consideration was $11.3 million. In connection with the acquisition, a portion of Jungla's equity awards that were outstanding and unvested prior to the acquisition became fully vested per the terms of the merger agreement. The acceleration of vesting required us to allocate the fair value of the equity attributable to pre- combination service to the purchase price and the remaining amount was considered our post-combination expense. In July 2019, we recognized post-combination expense related to the acceleration of unvested equity of $2.9 million, which was recorded as general and administrative expense. We included the financial results of Jungla in our consolidated financial statements from the acquisition date, which were not material for the year ended December 31, 2019. 72 The following table summarizes the purchase price and post-combination expense recorded as a part of the acquisition of Jungla in July 2019 (in thousands): Cash transferred Hold-back consideration - cash Hold-back consideration - common stock Contingent consideration Common stock transferred Total Purchase Price Post-combination Expense $ $ 13,261   $ 270   4,574   10,158   30,753   59,016   $ 2,151 253 — 542 — 2,946 Assets acquired and liabilities assumed are recorded based on valuations derived from estimated fair value assessments and assumptions used by us. While we believe that our estimates and assumptions underlying the valuations are reasonable, different estimates and assumptions could result in different valuations assigned to the individual assets acquired and liabilities assumed, and the resulting amount of goodwill. The following table summarizes the fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the date of acquisition (in thousands): Cash Developed technology Total identifiable assets acquired Accounts payable Deferred tax liability Net identifiable assets acquired Goodwill Total purchase price $ $ 289 44,140 44,429 (8) (8,700) 35,721 23,295 59,016 Based on the guidance provided in ASC 805, we accounted for the acquisition of Jungla as a business combination in which we determined that 1) Jungla was a business which combines inputs and processes to create outputs, and 2) substantially all of the fair value of gross assets acquired was not concentrated in a single identifiable asset or group of similar identifiable assets. Our purchase price allocation for the acquisition is preliminary and subject to revision as additional information about fair value of assets and liabilities becomes available, primarily related to our deferred tax liability assumed in connection with the acquisition as the short period tax return has not yet been filed. Additional information that existed as of the acquisition date but at the time was unknown to us may become known to us during the remainder of the measurement period, a period not to exceed 12 months from the acquisition date. We measured the identifiable assets and liabilities assumed at their acquisition date fair values separately from goodwill. The intangible asset acquired is developed technology related to Jungla's functional molecular platform. The fair value of the developed technology was estimated using an income approach with an estimated useful life of ten years. Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net tangible and intangible assets acquired. The acquisition of Jungla resulted in the recognition of $23.3 million of goodwill which we believe consists primarily of technological expertise related to large-scale molecular and genomic technologies and the ability to expand the use of these into other areas of our business. Goodwill created as a result of the acquisition of Jungla is not deductible for tax purposes. We recorded an income tax benefit of $8.7 million in July 2019 due to net deferred tax liabilities assumed in connection with our acquisition of Jungla which provided a future source of income to support the realization of our deferred tax assets and resulted in a partial release of our valuation allowance. 73     Pro forma financial information (unaudited) The unaudited pro forma financial information in the table below summarizes the combined results of operations for Invitae, Singular Bio and Jungla as though the companies had been combined as of January 1, 2018. The pro forma amounts have been adjusted for: • • • • • • • • transaction expenses incurred by Singular Bio, Jungla and us, the impacts of the co-development agreement between Singular Bio and us, the historical interest expense incurred by Singular Bio on its debt and debt-like items, compensation expense recognized in relation to the equity awards granted in connection with the acquisition of Singular Bio, amortization expense resulting from the developed technology acquired through the acquisition of Jungla, post-combination expense, income tax benefits resulting from the deferred tax liabilities acquired, and the 2.5 million and 1.4 million shares of our common stock issued upon the closing of the Singular Bio and Jungla transactions, respectively. The following unaudited pro forma financial information is for informational purposes only and is not necessarily indicative of the results of operations that would have been achieved as if the acquisitions had taken place as of January 1, 2018 (in thousands, except per share data): Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 Invitae 216,824   $   Singular Bio   Jungla —   $ —   $ Total 216,824   $ Invitae (147,699)   $   Singular Bio   Jungla —   $ —   $ Total (147,699) (241,965)   $ 39,752   $ (8,571)   $ (210,784)   $ (129,355)   $ (2,003)   $ (5,016)   $ (136,374) 90,859   1,160   735   92,754   66,747   2,499   1,366   70,612 (2.66)       $ (2.27)   $ (1.94)       $ (1.93) Revenue Net loss Shares Basic and diluted net loss per share Clear Genetics $ $ $ In November 2019, we acquired 100% of the equity interest of Clear Genetics, a developer of software for providing genetic services at scale, for approximately $50.1 million. Of the cash and stock purchase price consideration issued, $0.2 million of cash and approximately 0.4 million shares of our common stock are subject to a 12-month hold back to satisfy indemnification obligations that may arise. In connection with the acquisition, a portion of Clear Genetics' equity awards that were outstanding and unvested prior to the acquisition became fully vested per the terms of the merger agreement. The acceleration of vesting required us to allocate the fair value of the equity attributable to pre-combination service to the purchase price and the remaining amount was considered our post-combination expense. In November 2019, we recognized post-combination expense related to the acceleration of unvested equity of $0.6 million, which was recorded as general and administrative expense. We included the financial results of Clear Genetics in our consolidated financial statements from the acquisition date, which were not material for the year ended December 31, 2019. We incurred $0.4 million of transaction costs related to the acquisition of Clear Genetics which were recorded as general and administrative expense during the year ended December 31, 2019. 74                   The following table summarizes the purchase price and post-combination expense recorded as a part of the acquisition of Clear Genetics in November 2019 (in thousands): Cash transferred Hold-back consideration - cash Hold-back consideration - common stock Common stock transferred Total Purchase Price Post-combination Expense $ $ 24,645   $ 196   7,294   17,927   50,062   $ 542 98 — — 640 Assets acquired and liabilities assumed are recorded based on valuations derived from estimated fair value assessments and assumptions used by us. While we believe that our estimates and assumptions underlying the valuations are reasonable, different estimates and assumptions could result in different valuations assigned to the individual assets acquired and liabilities assumed, and the resulting amount of goodwill. The following table summarizes the fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed through our acquisition of Clear Genetics at the date of acquisition (in thousands): Cash Accounts receivable Developed technology Total identifiable assets acquired Other current liabilities Deferred tax liability Net identifiable assets acquired Goodwill Total purchase price $ $ 599 114 28,293 29,006 (70) (5,800) 23,136 26,926 50,062 Based on the guidance provided in ASC 805, we accounted for the acquisition of Clear Genetics as a business combination in which we determined that 1) Clear Genetics was a business which combines inputs and processes to create outputs, and 2) substantially all of the fair value of gross assets acquired was not concentrated in a single identifiable asset or group of similar identifiable assets. Our purchase price allocation for the acquisition is preliminary and subject to revision as additional information about fair value of assets and liabilities becomes available, primarily related to our deferred tax liability assumed in connection with the acquisition as the short period tax return has not yet been filed. Additional information that existed as of the acquisition date but at the time was unknown to us may become known to us during the remainder of the measurement period, a period not to exceed 12 months from the acquisition date. We measured the identifiable assets and liabilities assumed at their acquisition date fair values separately from goodwill. The intangible asset acquired is developed technology related to Clear Genetics' patient support technology platform. The fair value of the developed technology was estimated using an income approach with an estimated useful life of eight years. Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net tangible and intangible assets acquired. The acquisition of Clear Genetics resulted in the recognition of $26.9 million of goodwill which we believe relates primarily to expansion of the acquired technology into all realms of genetic testing. Goodwill created as a result of the acquisition of Clear Genetics is not deductible for tax purposes. We recorded an income tax benefit of $5.8 million in November 2019 due to net deferred tax liabilities assumed in connection with our acquisition of Clear Genetics which provided a future source of income to support the realization of our deferred tax assets and resulted in a partial release of our valuation allowance. 5. Goodwill and intangible assets Goodwill The changes in the carrying amounts of goodwill were as follows (in thousands): 75     Balance as of December 31, 2018 Goodwill acquired - Singular Bio Goodwill acquired - Jungla Goodwill acquired - Clear Genetics Balance as of December 31, 2019 Intangible assets The following table presents details of our acquired intangible assets as of December 31, 2019 (in thousands):   $ 50,095 26,461 23,295 26,926   $ 126,777 Customer relationships Developed technology Non-compete agreement Trade name Patent licensing agreement Favorable leases Cost Accumulated Amortization $ 23,763   $ 84,396   (5,141)   $ (8,476)   286   576   496   247   (172)   (480)   (70)   (238)   —   Weighted-Average Useful Life (in Years) Weighted- Average Estimated Remaining Useful Life (in Years) 10.0   8.6   5.0   2.7   15.0   2.2   n/a   8.9   7.6 8.0 2.0 0.5 12.9 0.1 n/a 7.9 Net 18,622   75,920   114   96   426   9   29,988   In-process research and development 29,988   $ 139,752   $ (14,577)   $ 125,175   Acquisition-related intangibles included in the above table are finite-lived, other than in-process research and development which has an indefinite life, and are carried at cost less accumulated amortization. Customer relationships are being amortized on an accelerated basis, in proportion to estimated cash flows. All other finite-lived acquisition-related intangibles are being amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated lives, which approximates the pattern in which the economic benefits of the intangible assets are realized. Amortization expense was $7.7 million, $5.0 million, and $1.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Intangible assets are carried at cost less accumulated amortization. Amortization expense is recorded to cost of revenue, research and development, sales and marketing and general and administrative expense. The following table summarizes our estimated future amortization expense of intangible assets with finite lives as of December 31, 2019 (in thousands): 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Thereafter Total estimated future amortization expense 76 Amount 13,479 13,783 12,078 11,065 10,787 33,995 95,187 $ $               6. Balance sheet components Property and equipment, net Property and equipment consisted of the following (in thousands): Leasehold improvements Laboratory equipment Equipment under capital lease Computer equipment Software Furniture and fixtures Automobiles Construction-in-progress Total property and equipment, gross Accumulated depreciation and amortization Total property and equipment, net December 31, 2019 2018 $ 18,352   $ 24,873   —   5,995   2,611   1,198   58   10,795   63,882   (26,135)   $ 37,747   $ 13,034 22,149 7,129 4,723 2,594 784 20 1,962 52,395 (24,509) 27,886 Depreciation expense was $7.1 million, $8.5 million and $7.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Accrued liabilities Accrued liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands): Accrued compensation and related expenses Deferred revenue Compensation and other liabilities associated with business combinations Liability associated with co-development agreement Other Total accrued liabilities Other long-term liabilities Other long-term liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands): Lease incentive obligation, non-current Deferred rent, non-current Liabilities associated with business combinations, non-current Other non-current liabilities Total other long-term liabilities 7. Fair value measurements December 31, 2019 2018 16,440   $ 1,429   30,560   —   16,385   64,814   $ December 31, 2019 2018 —   $ —   8,000   —   8,000   $ 7,917 761 6,460 2,000 9,425 26,563 3,280 5,495 — 181 8,956 $ $ $ $ Financial assets and liabilities are recorded at fair value. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in an orderly transaction between market participants at the reporting date. The authoritative guidance establishes a three-level valuation hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value based upon whether such inputs are observable or unobservable. Observable inputs reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect market assumptions made by the reporting entity. 77             The three-level hierarchy for the inputs to valuation techniques is summarized as follows: Level 1—Observable inputs such as quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical instruments in active markets. Level 2—Observable inputs such as quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active, or model-derived valuations whose significant inputs are observable. Level 3—Unobservable inputs that reflect the reporting entity’s own assumptions. The following tables set forth the fair value of our consolidated financial instruments that were measured at fair value on a recurring basis (in thousands): Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Estimated Fair Value December 31, 2019 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Financial assets: Money market funds Certificates of deposit U.S. treasury notes U.S. government agency securities   $ 39,396   $ 300   150,627   193,302   Total financial assets   $ 383,625   $ —   $ —   —   6   6   $ —   $ 39,396   $ 39,396   $ —   $ —   (15) 300   —   150,612   150,612   300   —   —   193,308   —   193,308   (15)   $ 383,616   $ 190,008   $ 193,608   $ — — — — — Financial liabilities: Contingent consideration Total financial liabilities Reported as: Cash equivalents Restricted cash Marketable securities Total cash equivalents, restricted cash, and marketable securities Accrued liabilities Other long-term liabilities 78   $   $ 11,300   $ 11,300   $ —   $ —   $ —   $ 11,300 —   $ 11,300 December 31, 2019   $   $   $   $ 136,997  6,183  240,436  383,616  3,300  8,000                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Financial assets: Money market funds Certificates of deposit Commercial paper U.S. treasury notes U.S. government agency securities Amortized  Cost Gross  Unrealized  Gains Gross  Unrealized  Losses Estimated  Fair Value December 31, 2018 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3   $ 93,934   $ —   $ —   $ 93,934   $ 93,934   $ 300   10,908   9,990   6,001   —   —   —   —   —   $ —   (1) —   300   10,907   9,990   —   —   9,990   —   $ 300   10,907   —   (4) (5) 5,997   —   5,997     $ 121,128   $ 103,924   $ 17,204   $ — — — — — — Total financial assets   $ 121,133   $ Financial liabilities: Contingent consideration Total financial liabilities Reported as: Cash equivalents Restricted cash Marketable securities Total cash equivalents, restricted cash, and marketable securities Accrued liabilities   $   $ 4,998   $ 4,998   $ —   $ —   $ —   $ 4,998 —   $ 4,998 December 31, 2018   $   $   $ 101,395  6,006  13,727  121,128  4,998  There were no transfers between Level 1, Level 2 and Level 3 during the periods presented. The total fair value of investments with unrealized losses at December 31, 2019 was $150.6 million. None of the available-for-sale securities held as of December 31, 2019 has been in a material continuous unrealized loss position for more than one year. At December 31, 2019, unrealized losses on available-for-sale investments are not attributed to credit risk and are considered to be temporary. We believe it is more likely than not that investments in an unrealized loss position will be held until maturity or the recovery of the cost basis of the investment. To date, we have not identified any other-than-temporary declines in market value and thus has not recorded any impairment charges on our financial assets other than on an investment in a private company during 2018 of $2.9 million. Interest income generated from our investments was $5.2 million and $1.5 million during the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. At December 31, 2019, the remaining contractual maturities of available-for-sale securities ranged from three to 12 months. Our certificates of deposit, commercial paper and debt securities of U.S. government agency entities are classified as Level 2 as they are valued based upon quoted market prices for similar instruments in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active and model-based valuation techniques for which all significant inputs are observable in the market or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets. Where applicable, these models project future cash flows and discount the future amounts to a present value using market-based observable inputs obtained from various third-party data providers, including but not limited to benchmark yields, interest rate curves, reported trades, broker/dealer quotes and reference data. As of December 31, 2019, we had contingent obligations of $11.3 million of our common stock to the former owners of Jungla in conjunction with our acquisition of Jungla in July 2019. The amount of the contingent obligation is dependent upon achievement of certain post-close development milestones. We estimated the fair value of the contingent consideration as $10.7 million at the acquisition date in July 2019 using a discounted cash flow technique based on estimated achievement of the post-close milestones and discount rates which were Level 3 inputs not supported by market activity. These inputs can significantly affect the estimated fair value of the contingent consideration. The value of the liability is subsequently remeasured to fair value at each reporting date with changes recorded as general and administrative expense. 79                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     As of December 31, 2018, we had a contingent obligation of $5.0 million of our common stock calculated using a 30-day trailing average share price to the former owners of AltaVoice in conjunction with our acquisition of AltaVoice in January 2017. The amount of the contingent obligation was dependent upon 2017 and 2018 revenue attributable to AltaVoice. Since revenue attributable to AltaVoice for the combined period of 2017 and 2018 was greater than the $10.0 million contingent milestone, in April 2019 we issued 0.2 million shares of our common stock to the former owners of AltaVoice which had a fair value on the date of issuance of $5.2 million to settle this contingent obligation. 8. Commitments and contingencies Leases Operating leases In 2015, we entered into a lease agreement for our headquarters and main production facility in San Francisco, California which commenced in 2016. This lease expires in 2026 and we may renew the lease for an additional ten years. This optional period was not considered reasonably certain to be exercised and therefore we determined the lease term to be a ten-year period expiring in 2026. In connection with the execution of the lease, we provided a security deposit of approximately $4.6 million which is included in restricted cash in our consolidated balance sheets. We also have other operating leases in for office and laboratory space in California and Massachusetts. We expect to enter into new leases and modifying existing leases as we support continued growth of our operations. As of December 31, 2019, the weighted-average remaining lease term for our operating leases was 6.5 years and the weighted-average discount rate used to determine our operating lease liability was 11.8%. Cash payments included in the measurement of our operating lease liabilities were $10.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. The components of lease costs, which were included in cost of revenue, research and development, selling and marketing and general and administrative expenses on our consolidated statements of operations, were as follows (in thousands): Operating lease costs Sublease income Total operating lease costs Finance lease costs Total lease costs Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 2017   $ 10,329   $ 9,648   $ (173)   10,156   1,546   (156)   9,492   1,820   8,709 (157) 8,552 1,590   $ 11,702   $ 11,312   $ 10,142 Future minimum payments under non-cancelable operating leases as of December 31, 2019 are as follows (in thousands): 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Thereafter Future non-cancelable minimum operating lease payments Less: imputed interest Total operating lease liabilities Less: current portion Operating lease obligations, net of current portion 80 $ $ 10,156 10,183 10,131 9,912 10,035 18,238 68,655 (21,594) 47,061 (4,870) 42,191                 Finance leases We have entered into various finance lease agreements to obtain laboratory equipment. The terms of our finance leases are generally three years with a weighted-average remaining lease term of 2.0 years as of December 31, 2019 and are typically secured by the underlying equipment. The weighted-average discount rate used to determine our finance lease liability was 5.5%. The portion of the future payments designated as principal repayment was classified as a finance lease obligation on our consolidated balance sheets. Cash payments included in the measurement of our finance lease liabilities were $2.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. Future payments under finance leases at December 31, 2019 are as follows (in thousands): 2020 2021 2022 Total finance lease obligations Less: interest Present value of net minimum finance lease payments Less: current portion Finance lease obligations, net of current portion Debt financing $ $ 1,963 608 609 3,180 (170) 3,010 (1,855) 1,155 In November 2018, we entered into a Note Purchase Agreement (the "2018 Note Purchase Agreement") pursuant to which we were eligible to borrow an aggregate principal amount up to $200.0 million over a seven year maturity term which included an initial borrowing of $75.0 million in November 2018. We received net proceeds of $10.3 million after terminating and repaying the balance of our obligations of approximately $64.7 million with our previous lender. In September 2019, we settled our obligations under the 2018 Note Purchase Agreement in full for $85.7 million, which included repayment of principal of $75.0 million, accrued interest of $2.4 million, and prepayment fees of $8.9 million which were recorded as debt extinguishment costs in other expense, net in our statement of operations during the year ended December 31, 2019. Interest expense related to our debt financings, excluding the impact of our Convertible Senior Notes, was $5.7 million, $6.7 million and $3.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Convertible Senior Notes In September 2019, we issued, at par value, $350.0 million aggregate principal amount of 2.00% Convertible Senior Notes due 2024 in a private offering. The Convertible Senior Notes are our senior unsecured obligations and will mature on September 1, 2024, unless earlier converted, redeemed or repurchased. The Convertible Senior Notes bear cash interest at a rate of 2.0% per year, payable semi-annually in arrears on March 1 and September 1 of each year, beginning on March 1, 2020. In accounting for the issuance of the Convertible Senior Notes, we separated the notes into liability and equity components. The carrying amount of the liability component was calculated by measuring the fair value of a similar liability that does not have an associated convertible feature using the effective interest method. The excess of the principal amount of the liability component over its carrying amount, referred to as the debt discount, is amortized to interest expense over the five-year term of the Convertible Senior Notes. The equity component of $75.5 million, net of issuance costs, was recorded in additional paid-in capital on our consolidated balance sheet and will not be re-measured as long as it continues to meet the conditions for equity classification. We received net proceeds of $339.9 million from the sale of the Convertible Senior Notes after deducting commissions and offering expenses. These transaction costs were allocated to the liability and equity components based on their relative fair values. The transaction costs attributable to the liability component are amortized to interest expense over the term of the Convertible Senior Notes under the effective interest method, and the transaction costs attributable to the equity component were netted with the equity component in stockholder's equity. Upon conversion, the Convertible Senior Notes will be convertible into cash, shares of our common stock or a combination of cash and shares of our common stock, at our election. Our current intent is to settle the principal amount of the Convertible Senior Notes in cash upon conversion, with any remaining conversion value being delivered in shares of our common stock. 81 The initial conversion rate for the Convertible Senior Notes is 33.6293 shares of our common stock per $1,000 principal amount of the Convertible Senior Notes (equivalent to an initial conversion price of approximately $29.74 per share of common stock). The conversion rate is subject to adjustment upon the occurrence of certain specified events but will not be adjusted for any accrued and unpaid interest. In addition, upon the occurrence of certain corporate events that occur prior to the maturity date or if we deliver a notice of redemption, we will, in certain circumstances, increase the conversion rate for a holder that elects to convert its Convertible Senior Notes in connection with such a corporate event or notice of redemption. If we undergo a fundamental change (as defined in the indenture governing the Convertible Senior Notes), the holders of the Convertible Senior Notes may require us to repurchase all or any portion of their Convertible Senior Notes for cash at a repurchase price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the Convertible Senior Notes to be repurchased plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the redemption date. The Convertible Senior Notes will be convertible at the option of the holders at any time prior to the close of business on the business day immediately preceding March 1, 2024, only under the following circumstances: (1) during any calendar quarter commencing after the calendar quarter ending on December 31, 2019 (and only during such calendar quarter), if the last reported sale price of our common stock for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during a period of 30 consecutive trading days ending on, and including, the last trading day of the immediately preceding calendar quarter is greater than or equal to 130% of the conversion price for the Convertible Senior Notes on each applicable trading day; (2) during the five business day period after any five consecutive trading day period (the “measurement period”) in which the trading price per $1,000 principal amount of Convertible Senior Notes for each trading day of the measurement period was less than 98% of the product of the last reported sale price of our common stock and the conversion rate on each such trading day; (3) if we call any or all of the Convertible Senior Notes for redemption, at any time prior to the close of business on the scheduled trading day immediately preceding the redemption date; or (4) upon the occurrence of specified corporate events. On or after March 1, 2024 until the close of business on the business day immediately preceding the maturity date, holders may convert their Convertible Senior Notes at any time, regardless of the foregoing circumstances. As of December 31, 2019, none of the above circumstances had occurred and therefore the Convertible Senior Notes could not have been converted. We may not redeem the Convertible Senior Notes prior to September 6, 2022. We may redeem for cash all or any portion of the Convertible Senior Notes, at our option, on or after September 6, 2022 and on or before the 30th scheduled trading day immediately before the maturity date if the last reported sale price of the Common Stock has been at least 130% of the conversion price then in effect for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during any 30 consecutive trading day period (including the last trading day of such period) ending on, and including, the trading day immediately preceding the date on which we provide notice of redemption at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the notes to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the redemption date. The Convertible Senior Notes as of December 31, 2019 consisted of the following (in thousands): Outstanding principal Unamortized debt discount and issuance costs Net carrying amount, liability component $ $ 350,000 (81,245) 268,755 As of December 31, 2019, the fair value of the Convertible Senior Notes was $319.0 million. The estimated fair value of the Convertible Senior Notes, which are classified as Level 2 financial instruments, was determined based on the estimated or actual bid prices of the Convertible Senior Notes in an over-the-counter market. We recorded $6.5 million of interest expense related to the Convertible Senior Notes during the year ended December 31, 2019. Guarantees and indemnifications As permitted under Delaware law and in accordance with our bylaws, we indemnify our directors and officers for certain events or occurrences while the officer or director is or was serving in such capacity. The maximum amount of potential future indemnification is unlimited; however, we maintain director and officer liability insurance. This insurance allows the transfer of the risk associated with our exposure and may enable us to recover a portion of any future amounts paid. We believe the fair value of these indemnification agreements is minimal. Accordingly, we did not record any liabilities associated with these indemnification agreements at December 31, 2019 or 2018. 82 Other commitments In the normal course of business, we enter into various purchase commitments primarily related to service agreements and laboratory supplies. At December 31, 2019, our total future payments under noncancelable unconditional purchase commitments having a remaining term of over one year were as follows (in thousands): 2020 2021 2022 Total Contingencies Amount 3,278 1,064 41 4,383 $ $ We were not a party to any material legal proceedings at December 31, 2019, or at the date of this report. We may from time to time become involved in various legal proceedings and claims arising in the ordinary course of business, and the resolution of any such claims could be material. 9. Stockholders’ equity Shares outstanding Shares of convertible preferred and common stock were as follows (in thousands): Convertible preferred stock: Shares outstanding, beginning of period Convertible preferred stock issued in private placement Conversion into common stock Shares outstanding, end of period Common stock: Shares outstanding, beginning of period Common stock issued in private placement Common stock issued in connection with public offering Common stock issued on exercise of stock options, net Common stock issued pursuant to vesting of RSUs Common stock issued pursuant to exercises of warrants Common stock issued pursuant to employee stock purchase plan Common stock issued pursuant to business combinations Common stock issued pursuant to securities purchase agreement Common stock issued upon conversion of preferred stock Other Shares outstanding, end of period 83 Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 2017 3,459   —   (3,334)   125   3,459   —   —   3,459   75,481   53,597   —   11,136   468   2,683   31   455   5,208   —   3,334   —   —   17,103   351   1,369   1,099   566   1,022   374   —   —   — 3,459 — 3,459 41,144 5,188 — 387 925 232 379 5,176 — — 166 98,796   75,481   53,597                                                                                 2018 Sales Agreement In August 2018, we entered into a Common Stock Sales Agreement (the “2018 Sales Agreement”) with Cowen and Company, LLC (“Cowen”), under which we could offer and sell from time to time at our sole discretion shares of our common stock through Cowen as our sales agent, in an aggregate amount not to exceed $75.0 million. Cowen may sell the shares by any method permitted by law deemed to be an “at the market” offering as defined in Rule 415 of the Securities Act of 1933, including without limitation sales made directly on The New York Stock Exchange, and also may sell the shares in privately negotiated transactions, subject to our prior approval. Per the terms of the agreement, Cowen receives a commission equal to 3% of the gross proceeds of the sales price of all shares sold through it as sales agent under the 2018 Sales Agreement. In March 2019, we amended the 2018 Sales Agreement to increase the aggregate amount of our common stock to be sold under this agreement to an amount not to exceed $175.0 million. During 2018, we sold a total of 4.3 million shares of common stock under the 2018 Sales Agreement at an average price of $14.13 per share, for aggregate gross proceeds of $61.1 million and net proceeds of $58.9 million. During the year ended December 31, 2019, we sold a total of 0.8 million shares of common stock under the 2018 Sales Agreement at an average price of $25.71 per share, for gross proceeds of $20.2 million and net proceeds of $19.5 million. Public offerings In March 2019, we sold, in an underwritten public offering, an aggregate of 10.4 million shares of our common stock at a price of $19.00 per share, for gross proceeds of $196.7 million and net proceeds of $184.5 million. In April 2018, we sold, in an underwritten public offering, an aggregate of 12.8 million shares of our common stock at a price of $4.50 per share, for gross proceeds of $57.5 million and net proceeds of $53.5 million. Private placement In August 2017, in a private placement to certain accredited investors, we issued 5.2 million shares of common stock at a price of $8.50 per share, and 3.5 million shares of our Series A convertible preferred stock at a price of $8.50 per share, for gross proceeds of approximately $73.5 million and net proceeds of $68.9 million. The Series A preferred stock is convertible into common stock on a one-for-one basis, subject to adjustment for events such as stock splits, combinations and the like. During the year ended December 31, 2019, 3.3 million shares of Series A convertible preferred stock were converted to 3.3 million shares of common stock. Common stock warrants As of December 31, 2019, we had outstanding warrants to purchase common stock as follows: Warrant Warrants issued in exchange for CombiMatrix Series F warrants Warrants issued to lender under a 2017 loan agreement Warrants issued to lender under 2017 loan agreement - 2018 amendment Issuance Date Expiration Date November 2017 March 2021 March 2017 March 2027 March 2018 March 2028 Exercise Price Per Share Number of Shares of Common Stock Underlying Warrants   $   $   $ 5.95   377,735 10.27   116,845 7.02   85,482 580,062 The exercise price of warrants issued in exchange for CombiMatrix Series F warrants was determined pursuant to the terms of the acquisition. The CombiMatrix Series D warrants expired during the year ended December 31, 2018. The exercise price of the warrants issued to the lender under the 2017 Loan Agreement was the closing price of Invitae's common stock on the date of the agreements. 84                                   10. Stock incentive plans Stock incentive plans In 2010, we adopted the 2010 Incentive Plan (the “2010 Plan”). The 2010 Plan provides for the granting of stock-based awards to employees, directors and consultants under terms and provisions established by our Board of Directors. Under the terms of the 2010 Plan, options may be granted at an exercise price not less than fair market value. For employees holding more than 10% of the voting rights of all classes of stock, the exercise prices for incentive and nonstatutory stock options must be at least 110% of fair market of the common stock on the grant date, as determined by our Board of Directors. The terms of options granted under the 2010 Plan may not exceed ten years. In January 2015, we adopted the 2015 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2015 Plan”), which became effective upon the closing of our initial public offering (“IPO”). Shares outstanding under the 2010 Plan were transferred to the 2015 Plan upon effectiveness of the 2015 Plan. The 2015 Plan provides for automatic annual increases in shares available for grant, beginning on January 1, 2016 through January 1, 2025. In addition, shares subject to awards under the 2010 Plan that are forfeited or terminated will be added to the 2015 Plan. The 2015 Plan provides for the grant of incentive stock options, nonstatutory stock options, restricted stock awards, stock units, stock appreciation rights and other forms of equity compensation, all of which may be granted to employees, including officers, non-employee directors and consultants. Additionally, the 2015 Plan provides for the grant of cash-based awards. In June 2019, we amended and restated the 2015 Plan to create a pool of shares to be awarded solely as a material inducement to employees. Options granted generally vest over a period of four years. Typically, the vesting schedule for options granted to newly hired employees provides that 1/4 of the award vests upon the first anniversary of the employee’s date of hire, with the remainder of the award vesting monthly thereafter at a rate of 1/48 of the total shares subject to the option. All other options typically vest in equal monthly installments over the four-year vesting schedule. RSUs generally vest over a period of three years. Typically, the vesting schedule for RSUs provides that 1/3 of the award vests upon each anniversary of the grant date, with certain awards that include a portion that vests immediately upon grant. In June 2019, we granted Time-based RSUs in connection with the acquisition of Singular Bio which vest in three equal installments over a period of 18 months and PRSUs that vest based on the achievement of performance conditions; see further details in Note 4, "Business combinations." Under our management incentive compensation plan, in July 2019 we granted PRSUs to our executive officers as well as other specified senior level employees based on the level of achievement of a specified 2019 revenue goal. These PRSUs will vest beginning in 2020 over a period of two years and may range from 0% to 115% of the target amount of 1.0 million shares. As of December 31, 2019, these PRSUs had a fair value of $18.0 million based on an estimated issuance of 0.8 million shares and expectation of achievement of the performance conditions, of which $6.5 million was recorded as stock-based compensation expense during the year ended December 31, 2019. No PRSUs were granted during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017. Activity under the 2010 Plan and the 2015 Plan is set forth below (in thousands, except per share amounts and years): Shares Available For Grant Stock Options Outstanding Weighted- Average Exercise Price Per Share   8.54   3,855   $ Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Life (years) 6.8   $ Aggregate Intrinsic Value 9,927 —     193   $ (38) (468)   $   $ —     —     3,542   $ 3,019   $ 24.16     13.24     7.38     9.49   8.77   6.1   $ 5.8   $ 24,966 22,399 3,474   $ 9.38   6.1   $ 24,682 Balance at December 31, 2018 Additional shares reserved Options granted Options cancelled Options exercised RSUs and PRSUs granted(1) RSUs and PRSUs cancelled Balance at December 31, 2019 Options exercisable at December 31, 2019 Options vested and expected to vest at December 31, 2019 118   13,019   (193)   38   —   (7,785)   247   5,444   85                                                   (1) Includes the Time-based RSUs and PRSUs granted as a part of the Singular Bio acquisition which are based on a fixed dollar value. The number of shares issued will be variable until the awards vest. See further details in Note 4, "Business combinations." The aggregate intrinsic value is calculated as the difference between the exercise price of the underlying stock options and the fair value of our common stock for stock options that were in-the-money. The weighted-average fair value of options to purchase common stock granted was $14.52, $4.87 and $5.82 in the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The total grant-date fair value of options to purchase common stock vested was $4.3 million, $5.9 million and $6.9 million in the year ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017, respectively. The intrinsic value of options to purchase common stock exercised was $6.3 million, $1.7 million and $2.1 million in the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The following table summarizes RSU activity, which includes the Time-based RSUs and PRSUs granted in connection with our acquisition of Singular Bio and PRSUs granted related to our management incentive compensation plan (in thousands, except per share data): Balance at December 31, 2018 RSUs granted Time-based RSUs and PRSUs granted - Singular Bio (1) PRSUs granted RSUs vested RSUs cancelled Balance at December 31, 2019 Number of Shares Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value Per Share 4,031   $ 1,599   $ 5,231   $ 955   $ (2,684)   $ (247)   $ 8,885   $ 8.35 20.98 16.16 22.62 13.25 11.97 15.17 (1) The Time-based RSUs and PRSUs granted as a part of the Singular Bio acquisition in June 2019 are based on a fixed dollar value. The number of shares issued and weighted-average grant date fair value per share will be variable until the awards vest. See further details in Note 4, "Business combinations." 2015 employee stock purchase plan In January 2015, we adopted the 2015 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “ESPP”), which became effective upon the closing of the IPO. Employees participating in the ESPP may purchase common stock at 85% of the lesser of the fair market value of common stock on the purchase date or last trading day preceding the offering date. At December 31, 2019, cash received from payroll deductions pursuant to the ESPP was $1.0 million. The ESPP provides for automatic annual increases in shares available for grant, beginning on January 1, 2016 and continuing through January 1, 2025. At December 31, 2019, a total of 0.6 million shares of common stock are reserved for issuance under the ESPP. Stock-based compensation We use the grant date fair value of our common stock to value options when granted. In determining the fair value of stock options and ESPP purchases, we use the Black-Scholes option-pricing model and, for stock options, the assumptions discussed below. Each of these inputs is subjective and its determination generally requires significant judgment. The fair value of RSU and PRSU awards is based on the grant date share price. Compensation cost is recognized as expense on a straight-line basis over the vesting period for options and RSUs and on an accelerated basis for PRSUs. Expected term—The expected term represents the period that our stock-based awards are expected to be outstanding and is determined using the simplified method (based on the midpoint between the vesting date and the end of the contractual term). Expected volatility—We estimate expected volatility based on the historical volatility of our common stock over a period equal to the expected term of stock option grants and RSUs and over the expected six-month term ESPP purchase periods. Risk-free interest rate—The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury zero coupon issues in effect at the time of grant for periods corresponding with the expected term of the option. 86   Dividend yield—We have never paid dividends on our common stock and have no plans to pay dividends on our common stock. Therefore, we used an expected dividend yield of zero. The fair value of share-based payments for stock options granted to employees and directors was estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model based on the following assumptions: Expected term (in years) Expected volatility Risk-free interest rate 2019 6.0 64.2% 2.6% Year Ended December 31, 2018 6.0 59.6% 2.8% 2017 6.0 72.6% 2.0% The fair value of shares purchased pursuant to the ESPP is estimated using the Black‑Scholes option pricing model. For the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, the weighted-average grant date fair value per share for the ESPP was $6.05, $3.26 and $2.51, respectively. The fair value of the shares purchased pursuant to the ESPP was estimated using the following assumptions: Expected term (in years) Expected volatility Risk-free interest rate 2019 0.5 66.3% 2.0% Year Ended December 31, 2018 0.5 71.7% 2.1% 2017 0.5 52.5% 1.2% The following table summarizes stock-based compensation expense for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, included in the consolidated statements of operations (in thousands): Cost of revenue Research and development Selling and marketing General and administrative Total stock-based compensation expense Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 2017 4,563   $ 2,960   $ 52,450   7,641   11,294   7,017   4,887   5,986   75,948   $ 20,850   $ 2,093 6,158 3,956 7,014 19,221 $ $ At December 31, 2019, unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested stock options, net of estimated forfeitures, was $3.2 million, which we expect to recognize on a straight-line basis over a weighted-average period of 2.0 years. Unrecognized compensation expense related to RSUs, including PRSUs, at December 31, 2019, net of estimated forfeitures, was $85.2 million, which we expect to recognize on a straight-line basis over a weighted-average period of 1.1 years. 11. Income taxes We recorded a benefit for income taxes in the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017. The components of net loss before taxes by U.S. and foreign jurisdictions are as follows (in thousands): United States Foreign Total Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 2017 260,531   $ 132,194   $ (116)   (39)   260,415   $ 132,155   $ 124,108 1,128 125,236 $ $ 87                                                 The components of the provision for income taxes are as follows (in thousands): Current: Federal Foreign Total current benefit for income taxes Deferred: Federal State Total deferred benefit for income taxes Total income tax benefit Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 2017 $ —   $ 85   85   (16,011)   (2,524)   (18,535)   $ (18,450)   $ —   $ 62   62   (2,862)   —   (2,862)   (2,800)   $ — — — (1,704) (152) (1,856) (1,856) The following table presents a reconciliation of the tax expense computed at the statutory federal rate and our tax expense for the periods presented: U.S. federal taxes at statutory rate State taxes (net of federal benefit) Stock-based compensation Research and development credits Non-deductible expenses Foreign tax differential Other Change in valuation allowance Change in deferred—Tax Reform Change in valuation allowance—Tax Reform Total Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 2017 21.0 %   3.7 %   1.3 %   — %   (1.6)%   — %   — %   (17.3)%   — %   — %   7.1 %   21.0 %   5.2 %   (0.7)%   2.7 %   (0.6)%   — %   — %   (25.5)%   — %   — %   2.1 %   34.0 % 3.3 % (1.1)% — % — % (0.3)% — % (34.4)% (39.0)% 39.0 % 1.5 % The tax effects of temporary differences and carryforwards that give rise to significant portions of the deferred tax assets are as follows (in thousands): Deferred tax assets: Net operating loss carryforwards Tax credits Revenue recognition differences Leasing Liabilities Accruals and other Gross deferred tax assets Valuation allowance Total deferred tax assets Deferred tax liabilities: Amortization and depreciation Convertible Senior Notes Leasing Assets Total deferred tax liabilities Net deferred tax assets As of December 31, 2019 2018 $ 173,182   $ —   3,070   11,626   16,621   204,499   (145,318)   59,181   (31,037)   (17,720)   (10,424)   (59,181)   $ —   $ 76,972 15 47,650 — 7,262 131,899 (121,954) 9,945 (9,945) — — (9,945) — 88                                             On December 22, 2017, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (the “Tax Act”) was signed into law making significant changes to the Internal Revenue Code. Changes included among other items, a reduction of the corporate tax rate from a top marginal rate of 35% to a flat rate of 21%. Although the Tax Act was generally effective January 1, 2018, GAAP required recognition of the tax effects of new legislation during the reporting period that includes the enactment date, which was December 22, 2017. As a result of the lower corporate tax rate enacted as part of the Tax Act, during 2017, the Company recorded a provisional estimate to reduce deferred tax assets by $48.8 million offset by a corresponding reduction in the valuation allowance resulting in no net impact to our income tax benefit or expense. On December 22, 2017, the Securities and Exchange Commission issued Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118 ("SAB 118") to address the application of U.S. GAAP in situations when a registrant does not have the necessary information available, prepared, or analyzed (including computations) in reasonable detail to complete the accounting for certain income tax effects of the Tax Act. In accordance with SAB 118, during 2017, we recorded a provisional estimate which resulted in a $48.8 million reduction in deferred tax assets and in the fourth quarter of 2018, we completed our analysis of the impact of the Tax Act and determined that no material adjustments were required to the provisional amounts previously recorded. We established a full valuation allowance against our deferred tax assets due to the uncertainty surrounding realization of such assets. Our valuation allowance increased by $23.4 million, $26.3 million, and $2.0 million during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. As of December 31, 2019, we had net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $705.9 million and $388.9 million available to reduce future taxable income, if any, for Federal and state income tax purposes, respectively. Of the $705.9 million, $285.1 million will begin to expire in 2030 while $420.8 million have no expiration date. The state net operating loss carryforwards will begin to expire in 2030. As of December 31, 2019, we had research and development credit carryforwards of approximately $15.3 million and $11.7 million available to reduce our future tax liability, if any, for Federal and state income tax purposes, respectively. The Federal credit carryforwards begin to expire in 2030. California credit carryforwards have no expiration date. Internal Revenue Code ("IRC") section 382 places a limitation (the “Section 382 limitation” or “annual limitation”) on the amount of taxable income that can be offset by net operating loss carryforwards after a change in control (generally greater than 50% change in ownership) of a loss corporation. Similar provisions exist for states. In addition, and as a result of the acquisitions of Good Start Genetics and CombiMatrix in 2017 and Singular Bio, Jungla and Clear Genetics in 2019, tax loss carryforwards from acquired entities are also subject to the Section 382 limitation due to the change in control in the acquired entities in the current year. As a result of equity issued in connection with our acquisitions, we performed a section 382 analysis with respect to our legacy operating loss and credit carryforwards. We concluded while an ownership change occurred as defined under IRC section 382, none of our legacy carryforwards would expire unused solely as a result of annual limitations imposed on the use of the carryforwards under IRC sections 382 and 383. As of December 31, 2019, we had unrecognized tax benefits of $27.0 million, which primarily relates to research and development credits, none of which would currently affect our effective tax rate if recognized due to the Company’s deferred tax assets being fully offset by a valuation allowance. Unrecognized tax benefits are not expected to change in the next 12 months. A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows (in thousands): Unrecognized tax benefits, beginning of period Gross increases—current period tax positions Gross increases—prior period tax positions Unrecognized tax benefits, end of period Year ended December 31, 2019 2018 2017 $ $ 16,375   $ 10,311   299   26,985   $ 10,561   $ 5,686   128   16,375   $ 7,791 2,552 218 10,561 Our policy is to include penalties and interest expense related to income taxes as a component of tax expense. We have not accrued interest and penalties related to the unrecognized tax benefits reflected in the financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017. Our major tax jurisdictions are the United States and California. All of our tax years will remain open for examination by the Federal and state tax authorities for three and four years, respectively, from the date of utilization of the net operating loss or research and development credit. We do not have any tax audits pending. 89       12. Net loss per share The following table presents the calculation of basic and diluted net loss per share (in thousands, except per share data): Net loss Shares used in computing net loss per share, basic and diluted Net loss per share, basic and diluted Year ended December 31, 2019 2018 2017 $ $ (241,965)   $ (129,355)   $ (123,380) 90,859   (2.66)   $ 66,747   (1.94)   $ 46,512 (2.65) The following common stock equivalents have been excluded from diluted net loss per share because their inclusion would be anti-dilutive (in thousands): Shares of common stock subject to outstanding options Shares of common stock subject to outstanding warrants Shares of common stock subject to outstanding RSUs Shares of common stock subject to outstanding PRSUs Shares of common stock pursuant to ESPP Shares of common stock underlying Series A convertible preferred stock Shares of common stock subject to Convertible Senior Notes exercise Total shares of common stock equivalents Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 2017 3,662   592   5,293   1,860   239   702   3,612   15,960   4,028   1,513   3,476   —   294   3,459   —   12,770   4,485 343 2,067 41 146 1,421 — 8,503 13. Geographic information Revenue by country is determined based on the billing address of the customer and is summarized as follows (in thousands): United States Canada Rest of world Total revenue Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 2017 $ $ 202,550   $ 138,239   $ 4,356   9,918   4,206   5,254   216,824   $ 147,699   $ 62,446 3,226 2,549 68,221 As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, all long-lived assets were located in the United States. 90                   14. Selected quarterly data (unaudited) The following table summarizes our quarterly financial information for 2019 and 2018 (in thousands, except per share amounts): Revenue Cost of revenue Loss from operations Net loss(1) Net loss per share, basic and diluted(2) Revenue Cost of revenue Loss from operations Net loss(1) Net loss per share, basic and diluted(2) ___________________________________________________________________  (1) Three Months Ended March 31, 2019 June 30, 2019 September 30, 2019 December 31, 2019 40,553   $ 21,254   $ (36,207)   $ (37,677)   $ (0.47)   $ 53,475   $ 28,006   $ (51,886)   $ (48,676)   $ (0.54)   $ 56,511   $ 32,120   $ (76,983)   $ (78,707)   $ (0.82)   $ 66,285 36,723 (79,036) (76,905) (0.79) Three Months Ended March 31, 2018 June 30, 2018 September 30, 2018 December 31, 2018 27,671   $ 18,076   $ (36,475)   $ (36,120)   $ (0.66)   $ 37,306   $ 20,447   $ (30,068)   $ (31,671)   $ (0.47)   $ 37,366   $ 20,441   $ (30,110)   $ (31,723)   $ (0.45)   $ 45,356 21,141 (25,904) (29,841) (0.40)   $   $   $   $   $   $   $   $   $   $ Includes $8.9 million and $5.3 million of debt extinguishment costs during the three months ended September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. See Note 8, "Commitments and contingencies" for further information. (2) Net loss per share is computed independently for each of the quarters presented. Therefore, the sum of quarterly net loss per share information may not equal annual net loss per share. ITEM 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure. Not applicable. ITEM 9A. Controls and Procedures. Evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures We maintain “disclosure controls and procedures,” as such term is defined in Rule 13a‑15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, or Exchange Act, that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in Securities and Exchange Commission rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial and accounting officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. In designing and evaluating our disclosure controls and procedures, management recognized that disclosure controls and procedures, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the disclosure controls and procedures are met. Our disclosure controls and procedures have been designed to meet reasonable assurance standards. Additionally, in designing disclosure controls and procedures, our management necessarily was required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost‑benefit relationship of possible disclosure controls and procedures. The design of any disclosure controls and procedures also is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions. Based on their evaluation as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10‑K, our Chief Executive Officer (our principal executive officer) and Chief Financial Officer (our principal financial and accounting officer) have concluded that, as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level. Changes in internal control over financial reporting There was no change in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a‑15(f) under the Exchange Act) identified in connection with the evaluation described in Item 9A above that occurred during our last fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. 91                                           Management’s annual report on internal control over financial reporting Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining internal control over our financial reporting. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Because of inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues, if any, within an organization have been detected. Projections of any evaluation of the effectiveness of internal control to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may deteriorate. Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019. In making this assessment, our management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, or COSO, in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013 Framework). Based on the assessment using those criteria, our management concluded that, as of December 31, 2019, our internal control over financial reporting was effective. Our independent registered public accounting firm, Ernst & Young LLP, has issued an audit report with respect to our internal control over financial reporting, which appears in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. 92 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm To the Stockholders and Board of Directors of Invitae Corporation Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting We have audited Invitae Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, Invitae Corporation (the Company) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on the COSO criteria. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of Invitae Corporation as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive loss, stockholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”) and our report dated February 28, 2020 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. Basis for Opinion The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. /s/ Ernst & Young LLP We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2013. Redwood City, California February 28, 2020 93 ITEM 9B. Other Information. None. 94 ITEM 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance. PART III The information required by this item with respect to directors is incorporated by reference from the information under the caption “Election of Directors,” contained in our proxy statement to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission no later than 120 days from the end of our fiscal year ended December 31, 2019 in connection with the solicitation of proxies for our 2020 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, or the Proxy Statement. Certain information required by this item concerning executive officers is set forth in Part I of this Report under the caption “Information About our Executive Officers” and is incorporated herein by reference. There have been no material changes to the procedures by which stockholders may recommend nominees to our Board of Directors. Item 405 of Regulation S-K calls for disclosure of any known late filing or failure by an insider to file a report required by Section 16(a) of the Exchange Act. To the extent disclosure for delinquent reports is being made, it can be found under the caption “Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports” in the Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference. Our board of directors has adopted a code of business conduct and a code of ethics for senior financial officers applicable to our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer as well as other key management employees addressing ethical issues. The code of business conduct and the code of ethics are each posted on our website www.invitae.com. The code of business conduct and the code of ethics can only be amended by the approval of a majority of our board of directors. Any waiver to the code of business conduct for an executive officer or director or any waiver of the code of ethics may only be granted by our board of directors or our nominating and corporate governance committee and must be timely disclosed as required by applicable law. We have implemented whistleblower procedures that establish formal protocols for receiving and handling complaints from employees. Any concerns regarding accounting or auditing matters reported under these procedures will be communicated promptly to our audit committee. Stockholders may request a free copy of our code of business conduct and code of ethics by contacting Invitae Corporation, Attention: Chief Financial Officer, 1400 16th Street, San Francisco, California 94103. None of the materials on, or accessible through, our website is part of this report or incorporated by reference herein. To date, there have been no waivers under our code of business conduct or code of ethics. We intend to disclose future amendments to certain provisions of our code of business conduct or code of ethics or waivers of such codes granted to executive officers and directors on our website at http://www.invitae.com within four business days following the date of such amendment or waiver. Our Board of Directors has appointed an Audit Committee, comprised of Eric Aguiar, Geoffrey S. Crouse and Christine M. Gorjanc. The Board of Directors has determined that each of the members of our Audit Committee qualifies as an Audit Committee Financial Expert under the definition outlined by the Securities and Exchange Commission. In addition, each of the members of the Audit Committee qualifies as an "independent director" under the current rules of the New York Stock Exchange and Securities and Exchange Commission rules and regulations. ITEM 11. Executive Compensation. The information required by this item is incorporated by reference from the information under the captions “Election of Directors-Director Compensation” and “Executive Compensation” contained in the Proxy Statement. ITEM 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters. The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the disclosure appearing under the headings “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management” and “Equity Compensation Plan Information” contained in the Proxy Statement. ITEM 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence. The information required by this item is incorporated by reference from the information under the caption “Election of Directors-Certain Relationships and Related Transactions,” "Election of Directors-Corporate Governance" and “Director Independence” contained in the Proxy Statement. ITEM 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services. The information required by this item is incorporated by reference from the information under the caption “Ratification of the Appointment of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm” contained in the Proxy Statement. 95 ITEM 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules. (a) Documents filed as part of this report PART IV 1. Financial Statements: Reference is made to the Index to Financial Statements of Invitae Corporation included in Item 8 of Part II hereof. 2. Financial Statement Schedules: All schedules have been omitted because they are not required, not applicable, or the required information is included in the financial statements or notes thereto. 3. Exhibits: See Item 15(b) below. Each management contract or compensating plan or arrangement required to be filed has been identified. (b) Exhibits Exhibit Number Description 2.1@ Agreement and Plan of Merger and Reorganization, dated as of June 14, 2019, by and among Invitae Corporation, Santa Barbara Merger Sub, Singular Bio, Inc. and Fortis Advisors LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2019). 2.2@ Stock Purchase and Merger Agreement, dated as of July 11, 2019, by and among Invitae Corporation, Jumanji, LLC, Jungla Inc., and Fortis Advisors LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.2 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2019). 2.3@*^ Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of November 8, 2019, by and among Invitae Corporation, Catalina Merger Sub A Inc., Catalina Merger Sub B LLC, Clear Genetics, Inc. and Shareholder Representative Services LLC. 3.1 Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8‑K filed February 23, 2015). 3.1.1 Certificate of Designation of Preferences, Rights and Limitations of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock of Invitae Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed August 1, 2017). 3.2 4.1 Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8‑K filed February 23, 2015). Form of Common Stock Certificate (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S‑1 (File No. 333‑201433), as amended, declared effective on February 11, 2015). 4.2* Description of Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. 4.3 Amended and Restated Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of July 31, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed August 1, 2017). 4.4 Form of Invitae Corporation Series F Warrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S‑4 (File No. 333‑220447), as amended, filed September 13, 2017). 4.5 Form of Invitae Corporation Series F Warrant Agent Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.5 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S‑4 (File No. 333‑220447), as amended, filed September 13, 2017). 4.6 Form of Registration Rights Agreement by and among Invitae Corporation and certain stockholders of Singular Bio, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2019). 4.7 Form of Registration Rights Agreement by and among Invitae Corporation and certain stockholders of Jungla Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2019). 4.8* 4.9   Form of Registration Rights Agreement by and among the Registrant and certain stockholders of Clear Genetics, Inc. Indenture dated as of September 10, 2019, between Invitae Corporation and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee (including form of Note) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed September 11, 2019). 96                                                       Exhibit Number Description 10.1# Form of Indemnification Agreement between Invitae Corporation and its officers and directors (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S‑1 (File No. 333‑201433), as amended, declared effective on February 11, 2015). 10.2# 2010 Stock Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S‑1 (File No. 333‑201433), as amended, declared effective on February 11, 2015). 10.3# Form of Notice of Stock Option Grant and Stock Option Agreement—Standard Exercise for awards granted under 2010 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S‑1 (File No. 333‑201433), as amended, declared effective on February 11, 2015). 10.4# Form of Notice of Stock Option Grant and Stock Option Agreement—Early Exercise for awards granted under 2010 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S‑1 (File No. 333‑201433), as amended, declared effective on February 11, 2015). 10.5# Invitae Corporation 2015 Stock Incentive Plan (as amended and restated as of June 11, 2019) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2019). 10.6# Form of Notice of Stock Option Grant and Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement for awards granted under the 2015 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S‑1 (File No. 333‑201433), as amended, declared effective on February 11, 2015). 10.7# Form of Notice of Restricted Stock Award and Restricted Stock Agreement for awards granted under the 2015 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S‑1 (File No. 333‑201433), as amended, declared effective on February 11, 2015). 10.8# Form of Notice of Restricted Stock Unit Award and Restricted Stock Unit Agreement for Awards Granted under the 2015 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8‑K filed August 6, 2015). 10.9# Employee Stock Purchase Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S‑1 (File No. 333‑201433), as amended, declared effective on February 11, 2015). 10.10# Form of Notice of Time-Based Restricted Stock Unit Award and Time-Based Restricted Stock Unit Agreement for Awards Granted under the Invitae Corporation 2015 Stock Incentive Plan (Inducement) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2019). 10.11#^ Form of Notice of Performance-Based Restricted Stock Unit Award and Performance-Based Restricted Stock Unit Agreement for Awards under the Invitae Corporation 2015 Stock Inventive Plan (Inducement) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2019). 10.12# Offer Letter, dated as of May 19, 2017, between Invitae Corporation and Shelly Guyer (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed June 1, 2017). 10.13 10.14 Lease Agreement dated as of September 2, 2015 by and between Invitae Corporation and 1400 16th Street LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8‑K filed September 4, 2015). Form of Warrant to Purchase Common Stock between Oxford Capital, LLC and Invitae Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.14 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016). 10.15 Sales Agreement dated as of August 9, 2018 between Invitae Corporation and Cowen and Company, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.19 to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018). 10.16 Amendment No. 1 to Sales Agreement dated as of February 28, 2019 between Invitae Corporation and Cowen and Company, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 1.2 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed March 1, 2019). 21.1* List of Subsidiaries. 23.1* Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm. 24.1* Power of Attorney (contained on the signature page to this Form 10‑K).                           31.1* Principal Executive Officer’s Certifications Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes‑Oxley Act of 2002. 31.2* Principal Financial and Accounting Officer’s Certifications Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes‑Oxley Act of 2002. 32.1+ Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350 (Section 906 of Sarbanes‑Oxley Act of 2002). 97 Exhibit Number Description 32.2+ Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350 (Section 906 of Sarbanes‑Oxley Act of 2002). 101.INS* Inline XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document. 101.SCH* Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema 101.CAL* Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase 101.DEF* Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase 101.LAB* Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase 101.PRE* Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase 104   Cover Page Interactive Data File (the cover page XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document and included as Exhibit 101). __________________________________________ # * Indicates management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement. Filed herewith. @ The schedules and exhibits to this agreement have been omitted pursuant to Item 601(b)(2) of Regulation S-K. A copy of any omitted schedule and/or exhibit will be furnished to the SEC upon request. + In accordance with Item 601(b)(32)(ii) of Regulation S‑K and SEC Release No. 34‑47986, the certifications furnished in Exhibits 32.1 and 32.2 hereto are deemed to accompany this Form 10‑K and will not be deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”) or deemed to be incorporated by reference into any filing under the Exchange Act or the Securities Act of 1933 except to the extent that the registrant specifically incorporates it by reference. ^ Portions of this Exhibit have been redacted in accordance with Item 601 of Regulation S-K Copies of the above exhibits not contained herein are available to any stockholder, upon payment of a reasonable per page fee, upon written request to: Chief Financial Officer, Invitae Corporation, 1400 16th Street, San Francisco, California 94103. (c) Financial Statement Schedules: Reference is made to Item 15(a) 2 above. ITEM 16. Form 10-K Summary. Not applicable. 98         Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. SIGNATURES INVITAE CORPORATION By: /s/ Sean E. George, Ph.D. Sean E. George, Ph.D. President and Chief Executive Officer Date: February 28, 2020 POWER OF ATTORNEY KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints Sean E. George and Shelly D. Guyer, and each of them, his true and lawful attorneys‑in‑fact, each with full power of substitution, for him or her in any and all capacities, to sign any amendments to this report on Form 10‑K and to file the same, with exhibits thereto and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, hereby ratifying and confirming all that each of said attorneys‑in‑fact or their substitute or substitutes may do or cause to be done by virtue hereof. Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons, on behalf of the registrant on the dates and the capacities indicated. Signature Title Date /s/ Sean E. George, Ph.D.   President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) and February 28, 2020 Sean E. George, Ph.D. Director /s/ Shelly D. Guyer   Chief Financial Officer Shelly D. Guyer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) /s/ Eric Aguiar, M.D. Eric Aguiar, M.D. /s/ Geoffrey S. Crouse Geoffrey S. Crouse /s/ Christine M. Gorjanc Christine M. Gorjanc /s/ Chitra Nayak Chitra Nayak Director Director Director Director 99 February 28, 2020 February 28, 2020 February 28, 2020 February 28, 2020 February 28, 2020                                                                                     [*] Indicates that certain information in this exhibit has been excluded because it is both (i) not material and (ii) would be competitively harmful if publicly disclosed. Exhibit 2.3 EXECUTION VERSION AGREEMENT AND PLAN OF MERGER among INVITAE CORPORATION, CATALINA MERGER SUB A INC., CATALINA MERGER SUB B LLC, CLEAR GENETICS, INC. and SHAREHOLDER REPRESENTATIVE SERVICES LLC, solely in its capacity as HOLDERS’ REPRESENTATIVE November 8, 2019   2   TABLE OF CONTENTS Certain Definitions The Mergers Closing Effects of the Mergers Organization Documents of the Surviving Company Management of the Surviving Company Effect of the Reverse Merger on Capital Stock Options Rights Cease to Exist No Fractional Shares; Offset Right Delivery of Calculations Payments At Closing Issuances of Shares Following Closing Non-Conversion Exchange Agent; Submission of Letters of Transmittal No Liability Withholding Taxes Adjustments Post-Closing Adjustment Amount. Indemnification Hold-Back and Payment Effect of the Forward Merger on Capital Stock Tax Consequences Article I CERTAIN DEFINITIONS; CONSTRUCTION 1.1 Article II THE CONTEMPLATED TRANSACTIONS 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 2.19 2.20 2.21 Article III REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES OF THE COMPANY 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12 Organizational Matters Authority; Noncontravention; Voting Requirements Capitalization No Consents or Approvals Financial Matters Absence of Certain Changes or Events Legal Proceedings Compliance with Laws; Permits Taxes Employee Benefits and Labor Matters Environmental Matters Contracts Page 2 2 19 19 20 20 20 21 21 23 24 24 25 26 26 27 27 29 29 29 29 31 32 32 32 33 34 35 36 36 38 38 38 39 42 46 46         Assets: Title, Sufficiency, Condition Real Property Intellectual Property; Technology; Privacy and Security; Information Systems; Disaster Recovery Insurance Related Party/Affiliate Transactions Suppliers Certain Business Practices Brokers and Other Advisors Disclaimer of Other Warranties 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 3.17 3.18 3.19 3.20 3.21 Article IV REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES OF PARENT Organization 4.1 Authority; Non-Contravention 4.2 Governmental Approvals 4.3 SEC Documents 4.4 Shares of Common Stock 4.5 Availability of Funds 4.6 4.7 No Reliance Article V CERTAIN AGREEMENTS OF THE PARTIES 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 5.15 5.16 Article VI CONDITIONS TO CLOSING 6.1 6.2 Article VII TERMINATION 7.1 7.2 Article VIII SURVIVAL AND INDEMNIFICATION Survival 8.1 Indemnification 8.2 Conduct of the Business Stockholder and Other Holder Approvals Commercially Reasonable Efforts Public Announcements Access to Information Confidentiality Notification of Certain Matters Tax Matters Employment Related Agreements Employee Matters and Company Plans No Negotiations, Etc Termination of the Company Option Plan Registration of Shares Absence of Certain Changes New York Stock Exchange Listing Director and Officer Indemnification and Insurance Termination Effect of Termination 2 Conditions to Obligations of Parent, Merger Sub A and Merger Sub B Conditions to Obligation of the Company 49 49 49 54 54 55 55 55 55 55 56 56 56 57 57 58 58 58 58 61 61 62 63 63 63 64 67 68 68 69 69 69 69 70 70 71 73 74 74 75 76 76 76   79 81 85 88 88 89 90 90 90 91 91 91 91 91 92 92 92 92 92 92 Offset Right Claims for Indemnification; Resolution of Conflicts Holders’ Representative 8.3 8.4 8.5 Article IX GENERAL PROVISIONS Interpretation 9.1 Notices 9.2 Assignment and Succession 9.3 Amendment or Supplement 9.4 Waivers 9.5 Entire Agreement 9.6 No Third-Party Beneficiaries 9.7 Remedies Cumulative 9.8 Specific Performance 9.9 Severability 9.10 Costs and Expenses 9.11 Time of Essence 9.12 Counterparts 9.13 Governing Law 9.14 Exclusive Jurisdiction; Venue; Service of Process 9.15 Consent to Representation; Privileged Communications 9.16 LIST OF EXHIBITS Exhibit A     –     Form of Written Consent and Joinder Agreement     Exhibit B     –     Form of Certificate of Reverse Merger     Exhibit C     –     Form of Certificate of Forward Merger     Exhibit D     –     List of Continuing Employees     Exhibit E     –     Form of Employment Documents     Exhibit F     –     Form of Registration Rights Agreement     Exhibit G     –     List of Third Party Notices     3   AGREEMENT AND PLAN OF MERGER THIS AGREEMENT AND PLAN OF MERGER (this “Agreement”) is entered into and dated as of November 8, 2019 (the “Agreement Date”) by and among: (i) Invitae Corporation, a Delaware corporation (“Parent”); (ii) Catalina Merger Sub A Inc., a Delaware corporation and a wholly owned subsidiary of Parent (“Merger Sub A”); (iii) Catalina Merger Sub B LLC, a Delaware limited  liability  company  and  a  wholly  owned  subsidiary  of  Parent  (“Merger  Sub  B”);  (iv)  Clear  Genetics,  Inc.,  a  Delaware corporation (the “Company”); and (v) Shareholder Representative Services LLC, a Colorado limited liability company, solely in its capacity as the representative, agent and attorney-in-fact of the Holders (the “Holders’ Representative”), but solely with respect to the provisions expressly applicable to the Holders’ Representative as set forth herein. Each of Parent, Merger Sub A, Merger Sub B, the Company and the Holders’ Representative may be individually referred to herein as a “Party” and collectively referred to herein as the “Parties.” Capitalized terms used herein have the meanings ascribed thereto in ARTICLE I or elsewhere in this Agreement as identified in ARTICLE I. RECITALS WHEREAS, the Company, Parent and Merger Sub A intend to effect a merger of Merger Sub A with and into the Company (the  “Reverse  Merger”)  in  accordance  with  this  Agreement  and  the  General  Corporation  Law  of  the  State  of  Delaware  (the “DGCL”), whereupon consummation of the Reverse Merger, Merger Sub A shall cease to exist and the Company shall become a Subsidiary of Parent; WHEREAS,  as  part  of  the  same  overall  transaction,  promptly  following  the  Reverse  Merger,  the  Company,  Parent  and Merger Sub B intend to effect a merger of the Company with and into Merger Sub B (the “Forward Merger” and, together with the Reverse  Merger,  the  “Mergers”)  in  accordance  with  this  Agreement  and  the  Delaware  Limited  Liability  Company  Act  (the “DLLCA”), whereupon consummation of the Forward Merger, the Company shall cease to exist and Merger Sub B shall survive the Forward Merger as a continuing Subsidiary of Parent; WHEREAS,  the  respective  board  of  directors  of  Parent,  the  Company,  Merger  Sub  A  and  Merger  Sub  B  have  each approved,  adopted  and  declared  advisable  this  Agreement  and  the  transactions  contemplated  hereby,  including  the  Mergers,  in accordance with the DGCL, the DLLCA and upon the terms and subject to the conditions set forth herein; WHEREAS, in connection with the transactions contemplated hereby, each option (a “Company Option”) to acquire shares of  the  Company’s  Common  Stock,  par  value  $0.0001  per  share  (the  “Company  Stock”)  that  is  unexpired,  unexercised  and outstanding immediately  prior to the Closing shall (i) become fully vested with respect to all shares exercisable thereunder (other than any Company Option held by a former Employee that is, by its terms, no longer eligible for vesting), and (ii) be cancelled in exchange for the right to receive (without interest) the consideration set forth herein; WHEREAS, in connection with the transactions contemplated hereby, all shares of Company Stock subject to vesting shall become fully vested; WHEREAS,  in  connection  with  the  transactions  contemplated  hereby,  each  Simple  Agreement  for  Future  Equity  (a “Company SAFE”) between the Company and the holder thereof (a “Company SAFE Holder”) that is outstanding immediately prior to the Closing shall have converted in accordance with its terms into (i) shares of Company Stock, which shares shall be entitled to the right to receive (without interest) the consideration set forth herein or (ii) cash payable by the Company, and otherwise cancelled; WHEREAS, in connection with the transactions contemplated hereby, that certain Convertible Promissory Note issued by the Company to the Company Noteholder on October 5, 2016 (the “Company Note”), to the extent it remains outstanding and unpaid immediately prior to the Closing, shall have converted in accordance with its terms into (i) shares of Company Stock, which shares shall be entitled to the right to receive (without interest) the consideration set forth herein or (ii) cash payable by the Company, and otherwise cancelled; WHEREAS, promptly following the execution and delivery of this Agreement, and as an inducement to Parent’s willingness to enter into this Agreement, in accordance with Sections 228(a) and 228(c) of the DGCL, the Company has agreed to seek a written consent and joinder agreement in the form attached as Exhibit A hereto (a “Written Consent and Joinder Agreement”), executed by all  Holders  of  the  outstanding  shares  of  Company  Stock  (including  shares  of  Company  Stock  issuable  upon  conversion  of  the Company SAFEs and the Company Note), pursuant to which such Holders will do the following: (i) approve this Agreement, the Mergers  and  the  other  transactions  and  arrangements  contemplated  hereby;  (ii)  agree  to  the  indemnification  provisions  set  forth herein; (iii) make customary representations and warranties relating to an investment in shares of Parent Common Stock (including, as  applicable,  with  the  assistance  of  a  “purchaser  representative”  for  such  purpose)  if  receiving  shares  of  Parent  Common  Stock pursuant to this Agreement; and (iv) release the Company against certain claims; WHEREAS, concurrent with the execution and delivery of this Agreement the Company has delivered to Parent a Support Agreement executed by the founders of the Company pursuant to which such founders agree to approve this Agreement, the Mergers and the other transactions and arrangements contemplated hereby and otherwise take certain actions in support thereof; and WHEREAS, for U.S. federal income Tax purposes, it is intended that the Mergers contemplated herein shall be considered together  as  a  single  integrated  transaction  for  U.S.  federal  income  Tax  purposes  and  that  the  Mergers  shall  qualify  as  a “reorganization” within the meaning of Section 368(a) of the Code, in accordance with Revenue Ruling 2001-46, 2001-2 C.B. 321. NOW, THEREFORE,  in  consideration  of  the  foregoing  and  the  mutual  agreements  and  covenants  set  forth  below,  and intending to be legally bound hereby, the Parties hereby agree as follows: 2   ARTICLE I CERTAIN DEFINITIONS; CONSTRUCTION 1.1    Certain Definitions. The following terms shall have the following meanings in this Agreement: “Accredited  Investor”  means  a  Person  that  is  an  “accredited  investor”  as  defined  in  Rule  501  of  Regulation  D  of  the Securities Act. “Accounting  Methodology”  means  the  accounting  methods,  practices  and  procedures  used  to  prepare  the  Financial Statements. “Action”  means  any  claim,  controversy,  suit,  action  or  cause  of  action,  litigation,  arbitration,  investigation,  opposition, interference, audit, hearing, demand, assessment, complaint, citation, proceeding, order or other legal proceeding (whether sounding in contract or tort or otherwise, whether civil, criminal, administrative or otherwise and whether brought at law or in equity or under arbitration or administrative regulation). “Advisor Payments” mean any and all payments which are made in lieu of equity grants to those advisors to the Company identified in Section 3.10(a) of the Disclosure Schedule, which payments are described in Section 1.1 of the Disclosure Schedule. “Affiliate” means, with respect to any Person, any other Person that, directly or indirectly, controls, or is controlled by, or is under common control with, such Person. For this purpose, “control” (including, with its correlative meanings, “controlled by” and “under  common  control  with”)  means  the  possession,  directly  or  indirectly,  of  the  power  to  direct  or  cause  the  direction  of management  or  policies  of  a  Person,  whether  through  the  ownership  of  securities  or  partnership  or  other  ownership  interests,  by contract  or  otherwise.  For  the  avoidance  of  doubt,  from  and  after  the  Closing  Date,  the  Company  shall  be  deemed  not  to  be  an Affiliate of the Holders. “Aggregate  Option  Payment”  means  the  aggregate  amount  (net  of  applicable  exercise  prices)  payable  to  the  Company Optionholders pursuant to Section 2.7(a)(A). “Anti-Kickback Statute” means the Federal Health Care Program Anti-Kickback Statute, 42 U.S.C. § 1320a-7b(b), and all regulations promulgated thereunder. “Base Cash Amount” means (i) $25,000,000 minus (ii) the Advisor Payments. “Base Purchase Price” means (i) $50,000,000 minus (ii) the Advisor Payments. “Business” means the business of providing an automated web-based application (chatbots) for personalized risk assessments with  respect  to  genetic  information  to  healthcare  providers,  patients,  and  healthcare  systems,  with  such  tools  that  may  include automatic  collection  of  patient  and  family  history,  delivery  of  risk  assessment,  patient  triaging,  genetic  counseling  services,  and provision of personalized healthcare information for patients and their medical practitioner. 3   “Business  Day”  means  any  day  other  than  a  Saturday,  Sunday  or  any  other  day  on  which  banking  institutions  in  San Francisco, California are authorized or required by Law or order to remain closed. “CERCLA” is defined within the definition of “Environmental Laws” below. “Change  in  Control  Payments”  means  (i)  any  bonus,  severance  or  other  payment  that  is  created,  accelerated,  accrues  or becomes payable by the Company to any present or former director, stockholder, Employee or Consultant, including pursuant to an employment agreement, Company Plan or any other Contract and (ii) without duplication of any other amounts included within the definition of Company Transaction and Bonus Expenses, any other payment, expense, or fee that accrues or becomes payable by the Company  to  any  Person  under  any  Contract  as  a  result  of  the  consummation  of  the  Transactions  (including  the  Mergers)  or  in connection with the execution and delivery of the Agreement or any other Transaction Agreement. “Charter Documents” means, with respect to any entity, the certificate of incorporation and bylaws or similar organizational documents of such entity. “Closing Cash” means the fair market value of all cash and cash equivalents held by the Company as of the Closing (before taking  into  account  the  consummation  of  the  transactions  contemplated  hereby),  determined  in  accordance  with  the  Accounting Methodology, excluding, to the extent applicable, (i) outstanding (uncleared) checks, drafts, wire transfers or deposits in transit, and other debits and credits in-process, (ii) restricted balances, (iii) amounts held in escrow, (iv) amounts held in banks outside of the United  States  in  accounts  that  cannot  be  readily  expatriated  due  to  foreign  exchange  controls  or  other  applicable  Laws,  (v)  the proceeds of any casualty loss with respect to any asset held or owned by the Company (to the extent that any such asset has not been repaired or replaced or the liability for the repair or replacement of such asset has not been paid or accrued as a current liability), and (vi)  cash  received  with  respect  to  unperformed  work  or  installations  and  reflected  as  deferred  revenues  on  the  Estimated  Balance Sheet. “Closing  Net  Working  Capital”  means,  as  of  the  Closing,  an  amount  equal  to  (i)  the  sum of  (x)  the  current  assets  of  the Company,  other  than  cash  and  cash  equivalents,  plus (y)  Closing  Cash,  reduced by (ii)  the  liabilities  of  the  Company  (excluding Company  Debt,  but  including  all  Company  Transaction  and  Bonus  Expenses  other  than  the  Advisor  Payments),  in  each  case  as determined in accordance with the Accounting Methodology. “Code”  means  the  United  States  Internal  Revenue  Code  of  1986,  as  amended,  and  the  rules  and  regulations  promulgated thereunder. “Collection and Use” (and its variants) means the collection, use interception, storage, receipt, purchase, sale, maintenance, transmission, transfer, disclosure, processing and/or use of Personal Data. “Company  Debt”  means,  as  at  any  time  with  respect  to  the  Company,  without  duplication,  all  Liabilities  with  respect  to principal, accrued and unpaid interest, penalties, premiums and any other fees, expenses and breakage costs on and other payment obligations arising under any (i) 4   indebtedness  for borrowed  money (including  amounts outstanding  under overdraft  facilities),  (ii) indebtedness  issued in exchange for or in substitution for borrowed money, (iii) obligations for the deferred purchase price of property, goods or services other than trade  payables  arising  in  the  Ordinary  Course  of  Business  (but  including  any  deferred  purchase  price  Liabilities,  earnouts, contingency payments, seller notes, promissory notes or similar Liabilities, in each case, related to past acquisitions by the Company and for the avoidance of doubt, whether or not contingent), (iv) obligations evidenced by any note, bond, debenture, guarantee or other  debt  security  or  similar  instrument  or  Contract,  (v)  all  liabilities  under  capitalized  leases,  (vi)  all  obligations,  contingent  or otherwise, in respect of amounts drawn under letters of credit and banker’s acceptance or similar credit transactions, (vii) obligations under Contracts relating to interest rate protection or other hedging arrangements, to the extent payable if such Contract is terminated at  Closing,  and  (viii)  guarantees  of  the  types  of  obligations  described  in  sub  clauses  (i)  though  (vii)  above.  For  the  avoidance  of doubt, the Company Note shall not constitute Company Debt for the purposes of this Agreement. “Company Fundamental Representations” means the representations and warranties contained in Section 3.1(a), (c) and  (d) (Organizational  Matters),  Section  3.2 (Noncontravention)  (excluding  clause  (z)  of  Section  3.2(d),  Section  3.3 (Capitalization), Section 3.4 (No Consents or Approvals), Section 3.9 (Taxes), and Section 3.20 (Brokers and Other Advisors). “Company  Intellectual  Property  Rights”  means  all  Intellectual  Property  Rights  owned  by  the  Company  or  used  by  the Company in connection with the business of the Company as currently conducted, including all Intellectual Property Rights in and to Company Technology. “Company Material Adverse Effect” means a Material Adverse Effect with respect to the Company. “Company Noteholder” means Alchemist Accelerator Fund I, LLC. “Company Option Plan” means the Company’s 2016 Stock Plan. “Company Optionholder” means each Person holding a Company Option. “Company Plans”  means  (i)  “employee  benefit  plans”  (as  defined  in  Section  3(3)  of  ERISA,  as  amended),  (ii)  individual employment,  consulting,  change  in  control,  severance  or  other  agreements  or  arrangements  and  (iii)  other  benefit  plans,  policies, agreements or arrangements, including bonus or other incentive compensation, stock purchase, equity or equity-based compensation, deferred compensation, profit sharing, change in control, severance, pension, retirement, welfare, sick leave, vacation, loans, salary continuation,  health,  dental,  disability,  flexible  spending  account,  service  award,  fringe  benefit,  life  insurance  and  educational assistance plan, policies, agreements or arrangements, whether written or oral, under which any Employee, Consultant or director of the Company participates and which is maintained, contributed to or participated in by the Company, or with respect to which the Company has or may have any obligation or liability, contingent or otherwise. “Company Stockholder” means a holder of Company Stock as of the Agreement Date. 5   “Company  Technology”  means  any  and  all  Technology  that  is  owned  by  the  Company  or  used  in  connection  with  the Business of the Company as currently conducted, including Proprietary Software. “Company  Transaction  and  Bonus  Expenses”  means  an  amount  equal  to  (i)  the  aggregate  fees  and  expenses  payable  or reimbursable by the Company to third parties in connection with negotiation, entering into and consummation of this Agreement and the  Transactions,  including  the  fees  and  expenses  of  investment  bankers,  finders,  consultants,  attorneys,  accountants  and  other advisors  engaged  by  the  Company  in  connection  with  the  Transactions,  plus (ii)  all  Change  in  Control  Payments,  plus (iii)  all employer-portion  payroll  or  employment  Taxes  incurred  in  connection  with  the  treatment  of  the  Company  Options  in  connection with the Transactions (including cancellation, exercise or payment) or any Change in Control Payments plus (iv) the lesser of (a) one-half  of  the  premium  of  the  D&O  Tail  Policy  and  (b)  $4,000.  For  the  avoidance  of  doubt,  the  following  shall  not  constitute Company Transaction and Bonus Expenses: (x) any severance payments as a result of any terminations effected by Parent after the Closing; (y) any “double trigger” change of control obligations which have, as a second trigger, any termination effected by Parent following the Closing; and (z) any retention or similar bonus awarded by Parent or committed by Parent to be paid following the Closing. “Consenting Holder” means a Holder that has consented  to the Transactions  and delivered  a duly completed  and executed Written Consent and Joinder Agreement. “Consenting Shares” means all shares of Company Stock (including shares of Company Stock issuable upon conversion of the Company SAFEs and the Company Note) held by the Consenting Holders. “Contract” means any contract, loan or credit agreement, debenture, note, guaranty, bond, mortgage, indenture, deed of trust, license, lease or other agreement that is legally binding. “Disclosure Schedule” means a document delivered by the Company to Parent referring to the representations and warranties in ARTICLE III. “Dissenting  Shares”  means  shares  of  Company  Stock  held  by  a  Holder  who  has  properly  demanded  and  not  effectively withdrawn or lost such Holder’s appraisal, dissenters’ or similar rights for such shares under the DGCL. “DOL” means the United States Department of Labor. “DR Plans” means the Company’s disaster recovery and business continuity plans. “Environmental  Laws”  means  all  Laws  relating  in  any  way  to  the  environment,  preservation  or  reclamation  of  natural resources, the presence, management or Release of, or exposure to, Hazardous Materials, or to human health and safety, including the  Comprehensive  Environmental  Response,  Compensation  and  Liability  Act  (42  U.S.C.  §  9601  et  seq.)  (“CERCLA”),  the Hazardous Materials Transportation Act (49 U.S.C. § 5101 et seq.), the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (42 U.S.C. § 6901 et seq.), the Clean Water Act (33 U.S.C. § 1251 et seq.), the Clean Air Act 6   (42 U.S.C. § 7401 et seq.), the Safe Drinking Water Act (42 U.S.C. § 300f et seq.), the Toxic Substances Control Act (15 U.S.C. § 2601  et  seq.),  the  Federal  Insecticide,  Fungicide  and  Rodenticide  Act  (7  U.S.C.  §  136  et  seq.)  and  the  Occupational  Safety  and Health Act (29 U.S.C. § 651 et seq.), each of their state and local counterparts or equivalents, each of their foreign and international equivalents  and  any  transfer  of  ownership  notification  or  approval  statute,  as  each  has  been  amended  and  the  regulations promulgated pursuant thereto. “Environmental Liabilities” means, with respect to any Person, all liabilities, obligations, responsibilities, remedial actions, losses, damages, punitive damages, consequential damages, treble damages, liens, costs and expenses (including all reasonable fees, disbursements and expenses of counsel, experts and consultants and costs of investigation and feasibility studies), fines, penalties, sanctions  and interest  incurred  as a result of any Action,  claim or demand  by any other Person  or in response  to any violation  of Environmental  Law,  whether  based  in  contract,  tort,  implied  or  express  warranty,  strict  liability,  criminal  or  civil  statute  or administrative regulation, to the extent based upon, related to, or arising under or pursuant to any Environmental Law, environmental Permit, order or agreement with any Governmental Authority or other Person, which relates to any environmental, health or safety condition, violation of Environmental Law or Release or threatened Release of Hazardous Materials. “ERISA”  means  the  Employee  Retirement  Income  Security  Act  of  1974,  as  amended,  and  the  rules  and  regulations promulgated thereunder, all as from time to time in effect, and any successor Laws thereto. “European Economic Area” means the member countries of the European Union, Norway, Iceland and Lichtenstein. “Expense Fund Amount” means $350,000. “False  Claims  Act”  means  the  Federal  False  Claims  Act,  31  U.S.C.  §  3729  et  seq.,  and  all  regulations  promulgated thereunder. “Final Purchase Price” means the sum of (i) the Base Purchase Price, minus (ii) the Company Debt, minus (iii) the amount, if any, by which the Net Working Capital Threshold exceeds the Closing Net Working Capital. “Fully  Diluted  Shares  of  Company  Stock”  means  the  sum,  without  duplication,  of  (a)  the  aggregate  number  of  shares  of Company  Stock  that  are  issued  and  outstanding  immediately  prior  to  the  Closing,  plus  (b)  the  aggregate  number  of  shares  of Company Stock issuable upon exercise or conversion, as applicable, of all Company Options, all Company SAFEs and the Company Note immediately prior to the Closing (assuming, for this purpose, (x) acceleration of all vesting periods applicable to the Company Options and shares of Company Stock, and (y) conversion of all Company SAFEs and the Company Note into Company Stock in lieu of cash or cancellation of such Company SAFEs or the Company Note). “Fundamental Representations” means, collectively, the Company Fundamental Representations and the Parent Fundamental Representations. 7   “GAAP” means the generally accepted accounting principles in the United States. “Governmental Authority” means any (i) federal, state, local, municipal, foreign or other government, (ii) governmental or quasi-governmental entity of any nature (including any governmental agency, branch, department or other entity and any court or other  tribunal)  or  (iii)  other  body  entitled  to  exercise  any  administrative,  executive,  judicial,  legislative,  police  or  regulatory authority. “Hazardous Materials” means any material, substance or waste that is regulated, classified, or otherwise characterized under or  pursuant  to  any  Environmental  Law  as  “hazardous”,  “toxic”,  a  “pollutant”,  a  “contaminant”,  “radioactive”  or  words  of  similar meaning  or  effect,  including  petroleum  and  its  by-products,  asbestos,  polychlorinated  biphenyls,  radon,  mold,  urea  formaldehyde insulation, chlorofluorocarbons and all other ozone-depleting substances. “Health Care Laws” means any Laws relating to health care regulatory and reimbursement matters, including (i) the Federal Ethics in Patient Referrals Act, 42 U.S.C. § 1395nn, and all regulations promulgated thereunder, (ii) the Anti-Kickback Statute, (iii) the False Claims Act, (iv) the Occupational Safety and Health Act, and all regulations, agency guidance or similar legal requirements promulgated thereunder that apply to the Company or its Business, (v) the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, 21 U.S.C. § 321 et seq.,  and  all  regulations,  agency  guidance  or  similar  legal  requirements  promulgated  thereunder  that  apply  to  the  Company  or  its Business,  (vi)  the  Public  Health  Service  Act,  42  U.S.C.  §  201  et  seq.,  and  all  regulations,  agency  guidance  or  similar  legal requirements  promulgated  thereunder  that  apply  to  the  Company  or  its  Business,  (vii)  the  Clinical  Laboratory  Improvement Amendments,  42  U.S.C.  §  263a,  and  all  regulations,  agency  guidance  or  similar  legal  requirements  promulgated  thereunder  that apply  to  the  Company  or  its  Business,  (viii)  applicable  Laws  of  the  United  States  Drug  Enforcement  Administration,  (ix)  the Medicare Act, 42 U.S.C. § 1395 et seq., and all regulations, agency guidance, or similar legal requirements promulgated thereunder that  apply  to  the  Company  or  its  Business,  (x)  state  self-referral,  anti-kickback,  fee-splitting  and  patient  brokering  Laws,  (xi) Information Privacy and Security Laws, including those related to genetic testing and the privacy of genetic testing results, and (xii) state Laws governing the licensure and operation of clinical laboratories and billing for clinical laboratory services. “HIPAA”  means, collectively,  the  Health  Insurance Portability  and  Accountability  Act  of  1996  as  amended  by  the  Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act (“HITECH”), implementing regulations promulgated thereunder and related guidance issued from time to time. “Holder Indemnified Persons” means the Holders and their Affiliates and each of their respective equity holders, directors, officers, employees, agents, successors and assigns. “Holders” means, collectively, the Company Stockholders, the Company SAFE Holders, the Company Noteholder and the Company Optionholders. “Holders’ Representative Losses” means any and all losses, liabilities, damages, claims, penalties, fines, forfeitures, actions, fees, costs and expenses of any nature (including the reasonable 8   fees and expenses of counsel and experts and their staffs and all expense of document location, duplication and shipment) arising out of or in connection with the Holders’ Representative’s execution and performance of this Agreement and any agreements ancillary hereto. “Indemnification Hold-Back Cash Amount” means the product of (i) the Indemnification Hold-Back Value multiplied by (ii) the Indemnification Hold-Back Cash Proportion. “Indemnification Hold-Back Cash Proportion” means the quotient of (i) the number of shares of Company Stock reflected in the Fully Diluted Shares of Company Stock that are either (x) Consenting Shares held by Holders that are not Accredited Investors, or (y) not Consenting Shares divided by (ii) the Fully Diluted Shares of Company Stock. “Indemnification  Hold-Back  Share  Amount”  means  the  sum of  (i)  the  Indemnification  Hold-Back  Value  minus (ii)  the Indemnification Hold-Back Cash Amount. “Indemnification  Hold-Back  Shares”  means  a  number  of  shares  of  Parent  Common  Stock  equal  to  the  quotient of  (i)  the Indemnification Hold-Back Share Amount, divided by (ii) the Merger Consideration Share Price. “Indemnification  Hold-Back  Shares  Value”  means,  as  of  any  particular  time,  the  cash  value  of  the  Indemnification  Hold- Back Shares which remain subject to the Offset Right in accordance with Section 8.3, based on the average closing price for shares of Parent Common Stock on the New York Stock Exchange (or any other exchange which is then the primary exchange upon which shares of Parent Common Stock are traded) for the immediately preceding period of twenty (20) trading days, as adjusted by any stock  split,  division  or  subdivision  of  shares,  stock  dividend,  reverse  stock  split,  consolidation  of  shares,  reclassification, recapitalization  or  other  similar  transaction  with  respect  to  shares  of  Parent  Common  Stock  during  such  twenty  (20)  trading  day period. “Indemnification Hold-Back Value” means $7,500,000. “Indemnified Person” means a Parent Indemnified Person or a Holder Indemnified Person, as applicable. “Indemnifying Party”  means  Parent  or  the  Holders  (including,  where  applicable,  Holders’  Representative  on  behalf  of  the Holders, except for provisions relating to an obligation to make or a right to receive any payments), as applicable. “Information Privacy and Security Laws” means all applicable Laws concerning the privacy and/or security of Personal Data (including any Laws of jurisdictions where the Personal Data was collected), and all regulations promulgated thereunder, including, where  applicable,  HIPAA,  state  data  privacy  and  breach  notification  Laws,  state  social  security  number  protection  Laws,  any applicable Laws concerning requirements for website and mobile application privacy policies and practices, data or web scraping, call  or  electronic  monitoring  or  recording  or  any  outbound  communications  (including,  outbound  calling  and  text  messaging, telemarketing,  and  e-mail  marketing),  the  European  Union  Directive  95/46/EC,  the  European  Union  General  Data  Protection Regulation (GDPR), the Federal Trade Commission Act, the Gramm Leach Bliley Act, the Fair 9   Credit Reporting Act, the Fair and Accurate Credit Transaction Act, the CAN-SPAM Act, the Telephone Consumer Protection Act, Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act, and state consumer protection Laws. “Information  Statement”  shall  mean  an  information  statement  prepared  by  the  Company  for  the  purpose  of  soliciting  (i) written  consents  of  the  Holders  in  favor  of  the  adoption  of  this  Agreement  and  the  approval  of  the  Transactions  (including  the Mergers)  and  (ii)  Written  Consent  and  Joinder  Agreements  from  Holders.  Without  limitation,  the  Information  Statement  shall include  such  information  as  shall  be  appropriate  to  ensure  that  the  issuance  of  Parent  Common  Stock  as  contemplated  by  this Agreement qualifies for the exemption from registration under the Securities Act pursuant to Rule 506 of Regulation D thereunder with  the  assumption  that  all  Holders  receiving  any  consideration  in  the  form  of  Parent  Common  Stock  hereunder  qualify  as Accredited Investors. “Information  System”  means  software,  hardware,  computer  and  telecommunications  equipment  and  other  information technology and related services. “Intellectual Property Rights” means the entire right, title and interest in and to all proprietary rights of every kind and nature however denominated, throughout the world, including: (i) patents, industrial designs, copyrights, mask work rights, trade secrets, database rights and all other proprietary rights in Technology;  (ii) trademarks, trade names, service marks, service names, brands, trade  dress,  logos  and  other  indicia  of  origin  and  the  goodwill  and  activities  associated  therewith;  (iii)  domain  names,  rights  of privacy  and  publicity  and  moral  rights;  (iv)  any  and  all  registrations,  applications,  recordings,  licenses,  common-law  rights  and contractual  rights  relating  to  any  of  the  foregoing;  and  (v)  all  Actions  and  rights  to  sue  at  law  or  in  equity  for  any  past  or  future infringement or other impairment of any of the foregoing, including the right to receive all proceeds and damages therefrom and all rights to obtain renewals, continuations, divisions, or other extensions of legal protections pertaining thereto. “Intentional Fraud” means the willful and knowing commission of fraud with the specific intent to deceive and mislead. “IRS” means the United States Internal Revenue Service. “Knowledge”  means  (i)  with  respect  to  any  individual,  the  actual  knowledge  following  due  inquiry  of  the  specified individual, and (ii) with respect to any entity, the actual knowledge of the executive officers of such entity following due inquiry; provided, however, the terms “Knowledge of the Company” or “to the Company’s Knowledge” each mean  the actual knowledge following due inquiry of Moran Snir and Guy Snir. “Law”  means  any  United  States  federal,  state  or  local  or  any  foreign  law,  statute,  standard,  ordinance,  code,  rule  or regulation, resolution or promulgation, agency guidance or similar legal requirement or any Order or any Permit granted under any of the foregoing or any similar provision having the force or effect of law and includes Health Care Laws and Information Privacy and Security Laws. 10   “Liability” means, with respect to any Person, any liability or obligation of such Person whether known or unknown, whether asserted  or  not  asserted,  whether  determined,  determinable  or  otherwise,  whether  absolute  or  contingent,  whether  accrued  or unaccrued,  whether  liquidated  or  unliquidated,  whether  due  or  to  become  due  and  whether  or  not  required  under  GAAP  to  be accrued on the financial statements of such Person. “Lien” means any charge, encumbrance,  claim, community or other marital property interest, equitable ownership interest, collateral  assignment,  lien  (statutory  or  otherwise),  license,  option,  pledge,  security  interest,  mortgage,  deed  of  trust,  attachment, right  of  way,  easement,  restriction,  encroachment,  servitude,  right  of  first  offer  or  first  refusal,  buy/sell  agreement  and  any  other restriction  or  covenant  with  respect  to,  or  condition  governing  the  use,  construction,  voting  (in  the  case  of  any  equity  interest), transfer, receipt of income or exercise of any other attribute of ownership of any kind or nature whatsoever affecting or attached to any asset. “Loss” means, with respect to any Person, any cost, damage (including incidental and consequential damages as well as any diminution in value, in each case, only to the extent such damages are reasonably foreseeable and determinable), expense, Liability, loss, injury and Tax, including interest, penalties, fees, fines, reasonable out-of-pocket legal, accounting and other professional fees and reasonable out-of-pocket expenses incurred in the investigation, collection, prosecution, determination, defense and settlement of  such  Losses  (including,  in  each  case,  in  connection  with  the  enforcement  of  any  claim  for  indemnification  hereunder),  that  is incurred or suffered by such Person; provided, that “Losses” shall not include punitive damages (unless such punitive damages are payable in connection with a Third Party Claim). “Material  Adverse  Effect”  means  with  respect  to  the  Company  or  Parent,  as  applicable,  any  fact,  condition,  event, occurrence,  change,  circumstance  or  effect  that,  individually  or  in  the  aggregate  with  all  other  facts,  conditions,  changes, circumstances and effects with respect to which such defined term is used in this Agreement, has, or would reasonably be expected to (i) have a material adverse effect on the business, assets, operations, results of operations, or financial condition of such Party, or (ii) materially and adversely impair such Party’s ability to, perform its obligations under the Transaction Agreements to which it is a party without material delay, or to consummate the Transactions under such Transaction Agreements; provided, however, that any determination of whether there has been a Material Adverse Effect shall not include any adverse effect, change, event, occurrence or state of facts (whether short term or long term): (s) that generally affects the industry in which the Company or Parent, as applicable, operates so long as such Party is not disproportionately affected thereby relative to other participants in such industry; (t) that results from general economic or political conditions in any country where such Party’s business is conducted so long as such Party is not disproportionately  affected  relative  to  the  other  companies  therein;  (u)  arising  out  of  or  attributable  to  any  changes  in  financial, banking or securities markets in general, including any disruption thereof and any decline in the price of any security or any market index or any change in prevailing interest rates; (v) arising out of or attributable to any acts of war (whether or not declared), armed hostilities or terrorism, or the escalation or worsening thereof; (w) consisting of any changes in applicable Laws, regulations, rules, orders, or other binding directives issued by any Governmental Authority, or accounting rules (including GAAP) or the enforcement, implementation or interpretation thereof; (x) consisting of any natural or man-made 11   disaster or acts of God; (y) consisting of any failure by such Party to meet any internal or published projections, forecasts or revenue or earnings predictions (provided that the underlying causes of such failures (subject to the other provisions of this definition) shall not  be  excluded);  or  (z)  that  results  from  the  taking  or  announcement  of  any  action  (or  inaction)  specifically  contemplated  or required to be taken by this Agreement; including the announcement or consummation of the Transactions. “Merger Consideration Share Price” means the average closing price for shares of Parent Common Stock on the New York Stock Exchange (or any other exchange which is then the primary exchange upon which shares of Parent Common Stock are traded) for  the  twenty  (20)  trading  day  period  immediately  preceding  the  Agreement  Date,  as  adjusted  by  any  stock  split,  division  or subdivision of shares, stock dividend, reverse stock split, consolidation of shares, reclassification, recapitalization or other similar transaction with respect to shares of Parent Common Stock during such twenty (20) trading day period; provided, however, that if, on the Closing Date the closing price for shares of Parent Common Stock is lower than such average price as of the Agreement Date by more than 2% or higher than such average price by more than 2%, then (i) if lower, the Merger Consideration Share Price shall equal the product of (x) 102% and (y) the closing price for shares of Parent Common Stock on the New York Stock Exchange (or any  other  exchange  which  is  then  the  primary  exchange  upon  which  shares  of  Parent  Common  Stock  are  traded)  on  the  Closing Date, or (ii) if higher, the Merger Consideration Share Price shall equal the product of (x) 98% and (y) the closing price for shares of Parent Common Stock on the New York Stock Exchange (or any other exchange which is then the primary exchange upon which shares of Parent Common Stock are traded) on the Closing Date. “Net Working Capital Threshold” means $250,000. “Nonqualified Deferred Compensation Plan” has the meaning given such term in Section 409A(d)(1) of the Code. “Order” means any order, injunction (whether temporary, preliminary or permanent), judgment, decree, assessment, award or ruling enacted, promulgated, issued, entered, amended or enforced by any Governmental Authority. “Ordinary Course of Business” means the ordinary course of business of the Company consistent with past practice. “Parent Common Stock” means shares of Parent’s common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, or any other shares of capital stock into which such common stock may be reclassified, converted or exchanged. “Parent Fundamental Representations” means the representations and warranties contained in Section 4.1 (Organization) and Section 4.2 (Authority; Noncontravention). “Parent Indemnified  Person”  means  each  of  the  Company  (following  the  Closing),  Parent,  Merger  Sub  A,  Merger  Sub  B (a/k/a the Surviving Company) and their respective Affiliates and 12   each of the respective directors, officers, employees, agents, successors and assigns of each of the foregoing Persons. “Parent Material Adverse Effect” means a Material Adverse Effect with respect to Parent. “Per Share Aggregate Upfront Consideration” means the quotient of (i) the sum of (x) the Upfront Purchase Price, minus (y) the Indemnification Hold-Back Value, minus (z) the Expense Fund Amount,  divided by (ii) the Fully Diluted Shares of Company Stock. “Per  Share  Upfront  Cash  Consideration”  means  the  quotient of  (i)  the  sum of  (v)  the  Base  Cash  Amount,  minus (w)  the Aggregate  Option  Payment,  minus (x)  the  Substitute  Cash  Payment  Amount,  minus (y)  the  Indemnification  Hold-Back  Cash Amount, minus (z) the Expense Fund Amount, divided by (ii) the number of Consenting Shares held by Holders that are Accredited Investors  (assuming,  for  this  purpose,  (x)  acceleration  of  all  vesting  periods  applicable  to  the  Company  Options  and  shares  of Company  Stock,  and  (y)  conversion  of  all  Company  SAFEs  and  the  Company  Note  into  Company  Stock  in  lieu  of  cash  or cancellation of such Company SAFEs or the Company Note). “Per Share Upfront Stock Consideration” means the quotient of (i) the sum of (x) the Stock Consideration Shares, minus (y) the  Indemnification  Hold-Back  Shares,  divided by (ii)  the  number  of  Consenting  Shares  held  by  Holders  that  are  Accredited Investors  (assuming,  for  this  purpose,  (x)  acceleration  of  all  vesting  periods  applicable  to  the  Company  Options  and  shares  of Company  Stock,  and  (y)  conversion  of  all  Company  SAFEs  and  the  Company  Note  into  Company  Stock  in  lieu  of  cash  or cancellation of such Company SAFEs or the Company Note). “Permit”  means  any  permit,  license,  franchise,  certificate,  accreditation  approval,  registration,  notification  or  authorization from any Governmental Authority, or required by any Governmental Authority to be obtained, maintained or filed. “Permitted  Liens”  means:  (i)  statutory  liens  with  respect  to  the  payment  of  Taxes,  in  all  cases  which  are  not  yet  due  or payable or that are being contested in good faith by appropriate actions and for which appropriate reserves with respect thereto have been  established  on  the  books  and  records  of  the  Company;  and  (ii)  statutory  liens  of  landlords,  suppliers,  mechanics,  carriers, materialmen, warehousemen, service providers or workmen and other similar Liens imposed by Law created in the Ordinary Course of Business the existence of which could not constitute a default or breach under any of the Company’s Contracts for amounts that are not yet delinquent and are not, individually or in the aggregate significant. “Person”  means  any  natural  person,  corporation,  limited  liability  company,  partnership,  association,  trust  or  other  entity, including a Governmental Authority. “Personal Data” means, as applicable, (i) any and all information about an individual that either contains data elements that identify  the  individual  or  with  respect  to  which  there  is  a  reasonable  basis  to  believe  the  information  can  be  used  to  identify  the individual,  (ii)  any  information  that  enables  a  Person  to  contact  the  individual  (such  as  information  contained  in  a  cookie  or  an electronic device fingerprint) and (iii) any and all other information, the collection, use, sharing, transfer or 13   other  processing  of  which  is  regulated  by  any  applicable  Law  in  relation  to  data  protection,  data  privacy  or  personal  privacy, including  personal  healthcare  information.  Personal  Data  includes  (v)  personal  identifiers  such  as  name,  address,  Social  Security Number, date of birth, driver’s license number or state identification number, Taxpayer Identification Number and passport number, (w) financial information, including credit or debit card numbers, account numbers, access codes, consumer report information and insurance  policy  number,  (x)  demographic  information,  (y)  unique  biometric  data,  such  as  fingerprint,  retina  or  iris  image,  voice print  or  other  unique  physical  representation  and  (z)  individual  medical  or  health  information  (including  information  of  patients, customers,  employees,  workers,  contractors,  and  third  parties  who  have  provided  information  to  the  Company,  and  including information relating to services provided by or to third parties). For avoidance of doubt, Personal Data does not include information that  has  been  irreversibly  anonymized  so  that  it  can  no  longer  enable  anyone,  whether  in  combination  with  other  information  or otherwise, to identify the individual(s). “Personal  Data  Obligations”  means  the  Company’s  privacy  policies  (or  applicable  terms  of  use)  as  published  on  any Company  websites  or  mobile  applications  or  any  other  privacy  policies  (or  applicable  terms  of  use),  Contracts,  documents  or promises  or  representations  agreed  to  with  employees,  consumers  or  customers,  or  other  Persons,  and  any  applicable  Laws,  or applicable industry standards, regarding Collection and Use of Personal Data, including but not limited to Laws regarding the use of Personal Data for marketing communications such as the CAN SPAM Act of 2003. “Pre-Closing  Tax  Period”  means  (i)  any  taxable  period  ending  on  or  before  the  Closing  Date  and  (ii)  with  respect  to  a Straddle Period, any portion thereof ending on and including the Closing Date. “Pre-Closing  Taxes”  means  all  Taxes  of,  or  imposed  on,  the  Company  with  respect  to  any  Pre-Closing  Tax  Period.  The amount of Taxes for a Straddle Period that shall be treated as allocable to a Pre-Closing Tax Period (x) in the case of any Taxes (i) based on or measured by income, profits, receipts, capital or net worth of the Company, (ii) imposed in connection with the sale, transfer or assignment of property by the Company or (iii) required to be withheld by the Company, shall be determined based on an interim  closing  of  the  books  as  of  the  close  of  business  on  the  Closing  Date,  and  (y)  in  the  case  of  any  other  Taxes  (such  as  ad valorem Taxes), shall be equal to the product of the amount of such Taxes for the entire Straddle Period multiplied by a fraction, the numerator of which is the number of calendar days in the Straddle Period before and including the Closing Date and the denominator of which is the total number of calendar days in the entire Straddle Period. “Pro Rata Portion”  means,  with  respect  to  any  Consenting  Holder,  the  portion  of  the  Final  Purchase  Price  to  which  such Consenting  Holder  is  allocated  pursuant  to  the  terms  of  this  Agreement  relative  to  the  Final  Purchase  Price  allocated  to  all Consenting Holders (expressed as a percentage, rounded to four decimal places, and as set forth in the Allocation Schedule). “Products and Services” means any product or service that the Company currently offers or sells. 14   “Proprietary  Software”  means  any  Software  that  is  owned  by  the  Company  and  is  related  to  the  Company’s  Business  as conducted by the Company. “Public Software”  means  any  software  that  is (i)  distributed  as  free  software  or  as  open  source  software  (e.g.,  Linux),  (ii) subject  to  any  licensing  or  distribution  model  that  includes  as  a  term  thereof  any  requirement  for  distribution  of  source  code  to licensees  or  third  parties,  patent  license  requirements  on  distribution,  restrictions  on  future  patent  licensing  terms,  or  other abridgement  or  restriction  of  the  exercise  or  enforcement  of  any  Company  Intellectual  Property  Rights  through  any  means,  (iii) licensed  or  distributed  under  any  Public  Software  License  or  under  less  restrictive  free  or  open  source  licensing  and  distribution models such as those obtained under the BSD, MIT, Boost Software License and the Beer-Ware Public Software Licenses or any similar  licenses,  (iv)  a  public  domain  dedication  or  (v)  derived  in  any  manner  (in  whole  or  in  part)  from,  links  to,  relies  on,  is distributed with, incorporates or contains any software described in (i) through (iv) above. “Public  Software  License”  means  any  of  the  following  licenses  or  distribution  models,  or  licenses  or  distribution  models similar to any of the following: (i) GNU’s General Public License (GPL) or Lesser/Library GPL (LGPL); (ii) the Artistic License (e.g., PERL); (iii) the Mozilla Public License; (iv) the Netscape Public License; (v) the Sun Community Source License (SCSL); (vi) the Sun Industry Standards License (SISL); (vii) the Apache License; and (viii) any licenses that are defined as OSI (Open Source Initiative) licenses as listed on the Opensource.org website. “Reference Date” means July 8, 2016. “Related Party” means (i) any current or former director (or nominee), or officer of the Company, (ii) any ten percent (10%) or greater Company Stockholder on a fully-diluted basis and (iii) any first-degree relative, spouse, officer, director or Affiliate of any of the foregoing Persons. “Release”  means  any  spilling,  leaking,  pumping,  pouring,  emitting,  emptying,  discharging,  injecting,  escaping,  leaching, dumping, disposing of or migrating into or through the environment or any natural or man-made structure. “Representatives”  means,  with  respect  to  any  Person,  the  officers,  employees,  investment  bankers,  financial  advisors, attorneys, accountants, agents and other representatives of such Person. “SEC” means the United States Securities and Exchange Commission. “Securities Act” means the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. “Software”  means  computer  software  programs  and  software  systems,  including  all  databases,  compilations,  tool  sets, compilers,  higher  level  or  “proprietary”  languages,  related  documentation  and  materials  (including  all  Source  Code  Materials), whether in source code, object code or human readable form, and all software programs and software systems that are classified as work-in-progress on the Closing Date. 15   “Source Code Materials” as it pertains to source code of any Software means: (i) the software, tools and materials utilized for the operation, development and maintenance of the Software; (ii) documentation describing the names, vendors and version numbers of  (x)  the  development  tools  used  to  maintain  or  develop  the  Software  and  (y)  any  third-party  software  or  other  applications  that form  part  of  the  source  code  version  of  the  Software  and  are  required  in  order  to  compile,  assemble,  translate,  bind  and  load  the Software into executable releases; (iii) all programmers’ notes, bug lists and technical information, systems and user manuals and documentation for the Software, including all job control language statements, descriptions of data structures, flow charts, technical specifications, schematics, statements or principles of operations, architecture standards and annotations describing the operation of the Software; and (iv) all test data, test cases and test automation scripts used for the testing and validating the functioning of the Software. “Stock  Consideration  Shares”  means  a  number  of  shares  of  Parent  Common  Stock  equal  to  the  quotient of  (i)  the  Stock Consideration Value, divided by (ii) the Merger Consideration Share Price. “Stock Consideration Value” means the sum of (i) the Upfront Purchase Price, minus (ii) the Base Cash Amount. “Subsidiary”  means,  with  respect  to  a  Party,  any  corporation,  limited  liability  company,  partnership,  association,  trust  or other entity the accounts of which would be consolidated with those of such Party in such entity’s consolidated financial statements if such financial statements were prepared in accordance with GAAP, as well as any other corporation, limited liability company, partnership,  association,  trust  or  other  entity  of  which  securities  or  other  ownership  interests  representing  more  than  50%  of  the equity or more than 50% of the ordinary voting power (or, in the case of a partnership, more than 50% of the general partnership interests) are, as of such date, owned by such Party or one or more Subsidiaries of such Party. “Substitute Cash Payment Amount” means the aggregate amount payable, if any, to the Holders pursuant to Sections 2.6(c) (iii)(A) and 2.6(c)(iv)(A). “Tax” or “Taxes” means (i) any or all federal, state, local or foreign taxes or other assessments in the nature of taxes imposed by  a  Taxing  Authority,  including  all  net  income,  gross  receipts,  capital,  sales,  use,  ad  valorem,  value  added,  transfer,  franchise, profits,  inventory,  capital  stock,  withholding,  payroll,  employment,  social  security,  unemployment,  excise,  severance,  stamp, occupation, property and estimated taxes, and (ii) any or all interest, penalties or additions to tax imposed by any Taxing Authority in connection with any item described in clause (i). “Tax Returns” means, with respect to Taxes, any return, report, claim for refund, estimate, information return or statement, declaration of estimated Tax or other similar document filed or required to be filed with any Taxing Authority with respect to Taxes, including any schedule or attachment thereto and including any amendment thereof. “Tax Sharing Agreement” means any agreement relating to the sharing, allocation or indemnification of Taxes or amounts in lieu of Taxes, or any similar Contract or arrangement, other 16   than  any  Contract  or arrangement  entered  into  in the  ordinary  course  of business  the  purpose  of  which  is not primarily  related  to Taxes. “Taxing Authority” means any Governmental Authority responsible for the administration, assessment and collection of any Taxes. “Technology” means all inventions, works, discoveries, innovations, know-how, information (including ideas, research and development,  formulas,  algorithms,  compositions,  processes  and  techniques,  data,  designs,  drawings,  specifications,  customer  and supplier  lists,  pricing  and  cost  information,  business  and  marketing  plans  and  proposals,  graphics,  illustrations,  artwork, documentation and manuals), databases, computer software, firmware, computer hardware, integrated circuits and integrated circuit masks, electronic, electrical and mechanical equipment and all other forms of technology, including improvements, modifications, works  in  process,  derivatives,  or  changes,  whether  tangible  or  intangible,  embodied  in  any  form,  and  all  documents  and  other materials recording any of the foregoing. “Third  Party  Claim”  refers  to  any  Action  that  is  instituted,  or  any  claim  that  is  asserted,  by  any  Person  not  party  to  this Agreement in respect of an indemnifiable matter under this Agreement. “Transaction Agreements” means this Agreement and the Written Consent and Joinder Agreements. “Transactions”  means  any  transaction  or  arrangement  contemplated  by  this  Agreement,  including  (i)  the  Mergers  and  the other transactions and arrangements described in the recitals to this Agreement, (ii) the execution, delivery and performance of the Transaction Agreements other than this Agreement and (iii) the payment of fees and expenses relating to such transactions by the Company and the Holders. “Upfront Purchase Price” means the sum of (i) the Base Purchase Price,  minus (ii) the estimated Company Debt, minus (iii) the amount, if any, by which the Net Working Capital Threshold exceeds the estimated Closing Net Working Capital. Terms Defined Elsewhere in this Agreement. For  purposes  of  this  Agreement,  the  following  terms  have  meanings  set  forth  at  the  section  of  this  Agreement  indicated opposite such term: Term “1934 Act” “Agreement” “Agreement Date” “Allocation Schedule” “Assets” “Balance Sheet Date” 17 Section Section 4.4(a) Preamble Preamble Section 2.10 Section 3.13 Section 3.5(a)(i)   Term “Basket” “Certificate of Forward Merger” “Certificates of Reverse Merger” “Certificates of Merger” “Closing” “Closing Date” “Company” “Company Charter Documents” “Company Indemnified Persons” “Company Note” “Company SAFE” “Company SAFE Holder” “Company Stock” “Company Option” “Company Registrations” “Competing Transaction”    “Confidential Information” “Conflict” “Consultant” “Continuing Employees” “Current Consultant” “Current Employee” “D&O Tail Policy” “DGCL” “DLLCA” “Effective Time” “Employee” “Employment Documents” “ERISA Affiliate” “Estimated Balance Sheet” “Exchange Agent” “Exchange Agreement” “Expense Fund” “Final Calculation” “Financial Statements” “First Indemnification Hold-Back Payment Date” “Forward Merger” “General Survival Date” “Holders’ Representative” “Inbound IP Contracts” 18 Section Section 8.2(b)(i)(A) Section 2.1 Section 2.1 Section 2.1 Section 2.2 Section 2.2 Preamble Section 3.1(d) Section 5.16(a) Recitals Recitals Recitals Recitals Recitals Section 3.15(c) Section 5.11 Section 5.6 Section 3.2(d) Section 3.1(b) Section 5.9 Section 3.1(b) Section 3.1(b) Section 5.16(b) Recitals Recitals Section 2.1 Section 3.1(b) Section 5.99 Section 3.10(c) Section 2.10(e) Section 2.14(a) Section 2.14(a) Section 8.5(f) Section 2.18(a) Section 3.5(a)(i) Section 2.19 Recitals Section 8.1 Section 8.5(a) Section 3.15(d)   Term “Initial Resolution Period” “Interim Balance Sheet” “Interim Balance Sheet Date” “IP Contracts” “Letter of Transmittal” “Material Contract” “Mergers” “Merger Sub A” “Merger Sub B” “Multiemployer Plan” “Non-Offset Notice” “Note Conversion” “Objection Notice” “Objection Period” “Offset Certificate” “Offset Right” “Outbound IP Contracts” “Outside Date” “Parent” “Parent Plan” “Parent’s SEC Documents” “Parties” “Payoff Amount” “Post-Closing Adjustment” “Registration Rights Agreement” “Requisite Stockholder Approval” “Reverse Merger” “Reviewing Party” “SAFE Conversion” “Second Indemnification Hold-Back Payment Date” “Security Program” “Settlement” “Shrink Wrap Licenses” “Stated Damages” “Straddle Periods” “Survival Date” “Surviving Company” “Tax Claim” “Third Party Indemnification Claim Notice” “Third Party Software” 19 Section Section 2.18(a) Section 3.5(a)(i) Section 3.5(a)(i) Section 3.15(d) Section 2.14(b) Section 3.12(c) Recitals Preamble Preamble Section 3.10(c) Section 8.4(b) Section 2.6(c)(i) Section 2.18(a) Section 2.18(a) Section 8.3(b) Section 8.3(a) Section 3.15(d) Section 7.1(b) Preamble Section 1.1(a) Section 4.4(a) Preamble Section 2.11(a) Section 2.18(c)(i) Section 5.13 Section 3.2(b) Recitals Section 2.18(b) Section 2.6(c)(i) Section 2.19 Section 3.15(g)(vii) Section 8.4(a)(iv) Section 3.15(a)(i) Section 8.3(b) Section 5.8(b) Section 8.1 Section 2.1 Section 5.8(c)(i) Section 8.4(a)(i) Section 3.15(d)   Term “Title IV Plan” “Top Supplier” “Transfer Taxes” “Written Consent and Joinder Agreement” Section Section 3.10(c) Section 3.18 Section 5.8(h) Recitals ARTICLE II THE CONTEMPLATED TRANSACTIONS 2.1        The Mergers.  Upon  the  terms  and  subject  to  the  conditions  set  forth  in  this  Agreement  and  in  accordance  with  the DGCL, at the Closing, the Parties shall cause the Reverse Merger to be consummated  by filing with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware a certificate of merger in the form attached hereto as Exhibit B (the “Certificate of Reverse Merger”), executed in accordance  with the relevant  provisions  of the DGCL, and shall make all other filings or recordings  required  under the DGCL in order to consummate the Merger. The Reverse Merger shall become effective at the time the Certificate of Reverse Merger is filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware (the “Effective Time”). At the Effective Time, Merger Sub A shall be merged with  and into  the Company,  and  the separate  corporate  existence  of Merger Sub  A shall  thereupon  cease,  and  the Company  shall continue as the surviving corporation and a wholly owned Subsidiary of Parent. Promptly after the Closing, and in all cases on the Closing  Date,  Parent  shall  cause  the  Forward  Merger  to  be  consummated  by  filing  with  the  Secretary  of  State  of  the  State  of Delaware a certificate of merger in the form attached hereto as Exhibit C (the “Certificate of Forward Merger” and, together with the Certificate of Reverse Merger, the “Certificates  of Merger”), executed  in accordance  with the relevant  provisions  of the DLLCA, and shall make all other filings or recordings required under the DLLCA in order to consummate the Forward Merger. The Forward Merger  shall  become  effective  at  the  time  the  Certificate  of  Forward  Merger  is  filed  with  the  Secretary  of  State  of  the  State  of Delaware. At the effective time of the Forward Merger, Parent shall cause the Company to merge with and into Merger Sub B in accordance with the DLLCA, whereupon the separate existence of the Company shall cease, and Merger Sub B will be the Surviving Company. The surviving company after the Forward Merger is sometimes referred to hereinafter as the “Surviving Company.” 2.2        Closing.  The  closing  of  the  Transactions  (the  “Closing”)  shall  take  place  at  10:00  a.m.  (San  Francisco  time)  on  the second Business Day following the satisfaction or waiver of the conditions set forth in ARTICLE VI (other than those conditions that by their nature are to be satisfied at the Closing, but subject to the satisfaction or waiver of those conditions at such time) at the offices of Pillsbury Winthrop Shaw Pittman LLP, 12255 El Camino Real, Suite 300, San Diego, California 92130, unless another time, date or place is agreed to in writing by the Parties (the “Closing Date”). 2.3       Effects of the Mergers. The  Mergers  shall  have  the effects  set forth  in this Agreement,  the DGCL  and the DLLCA. Without  limiting  the  generality  of  the  foregoing  and  subject  thereto,  as  a  result  of  the  Mergers,  (i)  all  the  rights,  privileges  and powers  of the Company,  Merger Sub A and Merger Sub B shall vest in the Surviving  Company,  (ii) all of the property,  real and personal, 20   including  causes  of  action  and  every  other  asset  of  the  Company,  Merger  Sub  A  and  Merger  Sub  B,  shall  vest  in  the  Surviving Company without further act or deed and (iii) all debts, liabilities and duties of the Company, Merger Sub A and Merger Sub B shall become the debts, liabilities and duties of the Surviving Company. 2.4    Organization Documents of the Surviving Company. (a)    Certificate of Incorporation and Operating Agreement. At the Effective Time, the certificate of incorporation of the  Company  shall  be  amended  and  restated  so  as  to  be  identical  to  the  certificate  of  incorporation  of  Merger  Sub  A  as  in  effect immediately prior to the Effective Time, except that the name of the Surviving Company in the Reverse Merger shall be the name of the  Company  as  of  immediately  prior  to  the  Effective  Time.  At  the  effective  time  of  the  Forward  Merger,  the  limited  liability company  operating  agreement  of  the  Merger  Sub  B  shall  be  (i)  amended  and  restated  so  as  to  be  substantively  identical  to  the certificate of incorporation of Merger Sub A as in effect immediately prior to the effective time of the Forward Merger, except that the name of the Surviving Company shall be the name of Merger Sub A as of immediately prior to the effective time of the Forward Merger  (i.e.,  the  name  of  the  Company  as  of  immediately  prior  to  the  Effective  Time),  and  (ii)  the  limited  liability  company operating agreement of the Surviving Company until thereafter amended as provided therein or by applicable Law. (b)    Bylaws. At the Effective Time, the bylaws of the Company shall be amended and restated so as to be identical to the bylaws of Merger Sub A as in effect immediately prior to the Effective Time. 2.5    Management of the Surviving Company. (a)    Board of Directors. Unless otherwise determined by Parent prior to the Effective Time, the Parties shall take all requisite action so that the directors of Merger Sub B immediately prior to the Effective Time shall be the directors of the Surviving Company immediately following the effectiveness of both Mergers, until their respective successors are duly elected and qualified or their earlier death, resignation or removal in accordance with the Charter Documents of the Surviving Company. (b)    Officers. Unless otherwise determined by Parent prior to the Effective Time, the Parties shall take all requisite action so that the officers of Merger Sub B immediately prior to the Effective Time shall be the officers of the Surviving Company until their respective successors are duly appointed and qualified or their earlier death, resignation or removal in accordance with the Charter Documents of the Surviving Company. 2.6    Effect of the Reverse Merger on Capital Stock. At the Effective Time, by virtue of the Reverse Merger and without any action to be taken on the part of the holder of any shares of the Company Stock or any shares of capital stock of Merger Sub A, or on the part of the Company, Parent, Merger Sub A or any other Person, the following shall occur: (a)    Capital Stock of Merger Sub A. Each share of capital stock of Merger Sub A issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time shall be converted into and become 21   one  validly  issued,  fully  paid  and  non-assessable  share  of  common  stock,  par  value  $0.0001  per  share,  of  the  Company  and collectively shall constitute the only outstanding shares of capital stock of the Company and each stock certificate of Merger Sub A evidencing ownership of any such shares shall evidence ownership of such shares of common stock of the Company. (b)    Cancellation of Securities Held by the Company. Any shares of Company Stock that are owned by the Company immediately  prior  to  the  Effective  Time  shall  be  automatically  canceled  and  shall  cease  to  exist  and  no  consideration  shall  be delivered in exchange therefor. (c)    Conversion of Company Stock. (i)    SAFE AND Note Conversions. For each Company SAFE outstanding prior to the Effective Time that is converted into shares of Company Stock in accordance with the applicable Company SAFE, such conversion is referred to herein as a  “SAFE  Conversion”.  If  the  Company  Note  is  converted  into  shares  of  Company  Stock  in  accordance  with  its  terms,  such conversion is referred to herein as the “Note Conversion”. (ii)        Accredited  Consenting  Holders.  Each  share  of  Company  Stock  that  is  (x)  issued  and  outstanding (including as a result of the SAFE Conversion and the Note Conversion) immediately prior to the Effective Time (other than shares to be canceled in accordance with Section 2.6(b)) and (y) held by a Consenting Holder that qualifies as an Accredited Investor, shall, subject  to  the  terms  and  conditions  of  this  Agreement  (including  Section 2.6(c)(iv) below),  be  converted  into  the  right  to  receive (without interest) the following consideration, payable as set forth herein: (A)    within three (3) Business Days after the Closing Date, a certificate or book entry reflecting an amount of shares of Parent Common Stock equal to the Per Share Upfront Stock Consideration (which shall reflect any adjustments required by the definition of Merger Consideration Share Price); (B)    on the Closing Date, an amount of cash equal to the Per Share Upfront Cash Consideration; extent payable in accordance with Section 2.18(c)(iii)), divided by (y) the Fully Diluted Shares of Company Stock; (C)    an amount of cash equal to the quotient of (x) the amount of any Post-Closing Adjustment (to the (D)    a certificate or book entry reflecting an amount of shares of Parent Common Stock equal to the quotient of (x) the Indemnification Hold-Back Shares, to the extent released to the Holders as provided herein,  divided by (y) the Consenting Shares held by Holders that are Accredited Investors (assuming, for this purpose, (1) acceleration of all vesting periods applicable  to  the  Company  Options  and  shares  of  Company  Stock,  and  (2)  conversion  of  all  Company  SAFEs  and  the  Company Note into Company Stock in lieu of cash or cancellation of such Company SAFEs or the Company Note); and 22   released to the Holders as provided herein, divided by (y) the Fully Diluted Shares of Company Stock. (E)       an  amount  of  cash  equal  to  up  to  the  quotient of  (x)  the  Expense  Fund  Amount,  to  the  extent (iii)    Non-Accredited Consenting Holders. Each share of Company Stock that is (x) issued and outstanding (including as a result of the SAFE Conversion and the Note Conversion) immediately prior to the Effective Time (other than shares to  be  canceled  in  accordance  with  Section  2.6(b))  and  (y)  held  by  a  Consenting  Holder  that  does  not  qualify  as  an  Accredited Investor, shall, subject to the terms and conditions of this Agreement (including Section 2.6(c)(iv) below), be converted into the right to receive (without interest) the following consideration, payable as set forth herein: (A)    on the Closing Date, an amount of cash equal to the Per Share Aggregate Upfront Consideration; extent payable in accordance with Section 2.18(c)(iii)), divided by (y) the Fully Diluted Shares of Company Stock; (B)    an amount of cash equal to the quotient of (x) the amount of any Post-Closing Adjustment (to the (C)        an  amount  of  cash  equal  to  up  to  the  quotient of  (x)  the  Indemnification  Hold-Back  Cash Amount, to the extent released to the Holders as provided herein, divided by (y) the sum of (i) the Fully Diluted Shares of Company Stock minus (ii) the Consenting Shares held by Holders that are Accredited Investors (assuming, for this purpose, (1) acceleration of all vesting periods applicable to the Company Options and shares of Company Stock, and (2) conversion of all Company SAFEs and the Company Note into Company Stock in lieu of cash or cancellation of such Company SAFEs or the Company Note); and released to the Holders as provided herein, divided by (y) the Fully Diluted Shares of Company Stock. (D)       an amount  of cash equal  to up to the quotient of (x) the Expense  Fund  Amount,  to the extent (i)    Other Holders. Notwithstanding the provisions of Sections 2.6(c)(ii) and 2.6(c)(iii), to the extent that any share  of  Company  Stock  issued  and  outstanding  (including  as  a  result  of  the  SAFE  Conversion  and  the  Note  Conversion) immediately prior to the Effective Time (other than shares to be canceled in accordance with Section 2.6(b)) is held by a Holder that is not a Consenting Holder, then such share shall, subject to the terms and conditions of this Agreement, be converted into the right to receive (without interest) the following consideration, payable as set forth herein: (A)    on the Closing Date, an amount of cash equal to the Per Share Aggregate Upfront Consideration; extent payable in accordance with Section 2.18(c)(iii)), divided by (y) the Fully Diluted Shares of Company Stock; (B)    an amount of cash equal to the quotient of (x) the amount of any Post-Closing Adjustment (to the 23   (C)        an  amount  of  cash  equal  to  up  to  the  quotient of  (x)  the  Indemnification  Hold-Back  Cash Amount, to the extent released to the Holders as provided herein, divided by (y) the sum of (i) the Fully Diluted Shares of Company Stock minus (ii) the Consenting Shares held by Holders that are Accredited Investors (assuming, for this purpose, (1) acceleration of all vesting periods applicable to the Company Options and shares of Company Stock, and (2) conversion of all Company SAFEs and the Company Note into Company Stock in lieu of cash or cancellation of such Company SAFEs or the Company Note); and released to the Holders as provided herein, divided by (y) the Fully Diluted Shares of Company Stock. (D)       an amount  of cash equal  to up to the quotient of (x) the Expense  Fund  Amount,  to the extent 2.7    Options. It is acknowledged and agreed by all of the Parties that: (a)    At the Closing, each Company Option that is unexpired, unexercised and outstanding immediately prior to the Closing shall (i) become fully vested with respect to all shares exercisable thereunder, and (ii) be cancelled in exchange for the right to  receive  (without  interest)  the  following  consideration  for  each  share  of  Company  Stock  issuable  upon  the  exercise  of  such Company Option as of immediately prior to the Closing, payable as set forth herein: (y) the exercise price per share of such Company Option; (A)    an amount of cash equal to the sum of (x) the Per Share Aggregate Upfront Consideration, minus extent payable in accordance with Section 2.18(c)(iii)), divided by (y) the Fully Diluted Shares of Company Stock; (B)    an amount of cash equal to the quotient of (x) the amount of any Post-Closing Adjustment (to the (C)        an  amount  of  cash  equal  to  up  to  the  quotient of  (x)  the  Indemnification  Hold-Back  Cash Amount, to the extent released to the Holders as provided herein, divided by (y) the sum of (i) the Fully Diluted Shares of Company Stock minus (ii) the Consenting Shares held by Holders that are Accredited Investors (assuming, for this purpose, (1) acceleration of all vesting periods applicable to the Company Options and shares of Company Stock, and (2) conversion of all Company SAFEs and the Company Note into Company Stock in lieu of cash or cancellation of such Company SAFEs or the Company Note); and released to the Holders as provided herein, divided by (y) the Fully Diluted Shares of Company Stock. (D)    an amount of cash equal to up to the quotient of (x) the Expense Fund Amount, to the extent All amounts paid to Optionholders shall be paid in accordance with Treasury Regulation Section 1.409A-3(i)(5)(iv)(A). 2.8        Rights  Cease  to  Exist.  As  of  the  Effective  Time,  all  shares  of  Company  Stock,  and  all  options,  warrants  and  other securities convertible, exercisable or exchangeable for, or otherwise granting the right to acquire, Company Stock, shall no longer be outstanding, shall automatically 24   be  canceled  and  shall  cease  to  exist  and  each  holder  of  any  shares  of  Company  Stock  shall  cease  to  have  any  rights  with  respect thereto, except the rights set forth in this ARTICLE II. 2.9        No  Fractional  Shares;  Offset  Right.  Notwithstanding  any  provision  herein  to  the  contrary  (i)  no  fractional  shares  of Parent  Common  Stock  shall  be  issued  pursuant  to  this  ARTICLE II (with  the  intended  effect  that  any  shares  of  Parent  Common Stock  issuable  to  a  single  Consenting  Holder  on  a  particular  date  shall  be  aggregated  and  then  rounded  up  to  the  nearest  whole number);  (ii)  in  no  event  shall  the  total  number  of  shares  of  Parent  Common  Stock  issued  hereunder  exceed  19.9%  of  the  total number  of  shares  of  Parent  Common  Stock  outstanding  immediately  prior  to  the  Closing  (not  including  any  shares  of  Parent Common  Stock  that  are  owned  by  Parent  and  without  assuming  the  conversion  or  exercise  of  any  options,  warrants  or  other convertible securities) if Parent has not first obtained the required stockholder approval of the issuance of such number of shares of Parent  Common  Stock  pursuant  to  applicable  stock  exchange  listing  rules  (with  Parent  agreeing  to  exercise  good  faith  efforts  to obtain  such  required  stockholder  approval  if  the  19.9%  cap  will  have  any  effect  with  respect  to  any  issuance  of  Parent  Common Stock  pursuant  to  this  Agreement);  (iii)  if,  when  cash  and  Indemnification  Hold-Back  Shares  would  otherwise  be  distributed  or payable  pursuant  to  Section  2.6(c)(ii)(D),  Section  2.6(c)(iii)(C),  Section  2.6(c)(iv)(C) and  Section  2.7(a)(C),  as  applicable,  there shall exist a good faith claim by Parent to exercise the Offset Right, all or a portion of such cash and Indemnification Hold-Back Shares  (with  such  shares  valued  at  the  Indemnification  Hold-Back  Shares  Value)  as  determined  by  Parent  (in  its  reasonable discretion, but subject to the limitations set forth in ARTICLE VIII) to represent the Losses at issue (including, if applicable, as to any specific Holders) shall be withheld from payment until such time as the claim has been perfected, in which case the Offset Right shall apply (subject to the limitations set forth in ARTICLE VIII) against such portion of the shares and cash at issue and the balance of any withheld portion (if applicable) shall be distributed to the Holders (or, as applicable, to the affected Holders) as contemplated by this Agreement; and (iv) no Holder may assign or transfer any right to receive shares of Parent Common Stock or cash pursuant to this Agreement without the prior written consent of Parent (which may be withheld in Parent’s sole discretion). 2.10    Delivery of Calculations. Not less than two (2) Business Days prior to the Closing Date, the Company shall prepare and deliver to Parent the following for Parent’s review and approval: (a)       the  Company’s  calculation  of  the  Upfront  Purchase  Price,  setting  forth,  in  reasonable  detail,  an  estimation  of each component thereof; (b)    the Company’s calculations (setting forth the individual components) of (i) the Aggregate Option Payment, (ii) the  Substitute Cash  Payment Amount,  (iii) the  Stock Consideration  Value,  (iv) the  Stock Consideration  Shares, (v)  the Per  Share Upfront  Cash  Consideration,  (vi)  the  Per  Share  Upfront  Stock  Consideration,  and  (vii)  the  Per  Share  Aggregate  Upfront Consideration; (c)        the  Company’s  calculations  of  (i)  the  Fully  Diluted  Shares  of  Company  Stock,  (ii)  the  aggregate  number  of Consenting Shares held by Holders that are Accredited Investors, 25   and (iii) the aggregate number of Consenting Shares held by Holders that are not Accredited Investors; (d)    a schedule of all Company Options, with exercise price information for each Company Option; (e)    the Company’s estimated balance sheet as of immediately prior to the Closing (the “Estimated Balance Sheet”), with  separate  schedules  reflecting  (i)  the  estimated  Closing  Cash,  (ii)  the  estimated  Company  Debt,  (iii)  the  estimated  Company Transaction  and  Bonus  Expenses  and  (iv)  the  estimated  Closing  Net  Working  Capital  as  well  as  the  delta  between  the  estimated Closing Net Working Capital and the Net Working Capital Threshold; (f)    the name, address (or email address) and, if known, tax identification number of each Holder and: (i)    for the Consenting Holders, the amount of Parent Common Stock to be issued to each Consenting Holder, if any, pursuant to Section 2.6(c)(ii)(A), the amount of cash to be paid to each Consenting Holder pursuant to Section 2.6(c)(ii)(B) or Section 2.6(c)(iii)(A), as applicable, as well as the potential cash payable and potential Parent Company Stock issuable, if any, to each such Consenting Holder pursuant to Sections 2.6(c)(ii)(C) through 2.6(c)(iii)(E) or Sections 2.6(c)(iii)(B) through 2.6(c)(iii)(D), as applicable; (ii)    for any Holders that are not Consenting Holders, the amount of cash to be paid to each Holder pursuant to Section 2.6(c)(iv)(A), as well as the potential cash payable each such Holder pursuant to Sections 2.6(c)(iv)(B) through 2.6(c)(iv) (D), as applicable; (iii)        in  the  instance  of  Company  Optionholders,  the  amount  of  cash  to  be  paid  to  each  Company Optionholder pursuant to Section 2.7(a)(A) as well as the potential cash payable to each Company Optionholder pursuant to Sections 2.7(a)(B) through 2.7(a)(C); and (g)    the Company’s determination of whether Taxes are required to be withheld from any payments to each Holder under this Agreement (assuming submission of a Form W-9 or Form W-8, as applicable); and (h)    a certificate of a duly authorized officer of the Company certifying the foregoing on behalf of the Company. The calculations listed in the foregoing Section 2.10(a) through  2.10(g) shall be set forth on a spreadsheet referred to herein as the “Allocation Schedule”  and  with  respect  to  any  calculation  of  shares  of  Parent  Common  Stock,  which  calculations  shall  be  before giving effect to any adjustment to the Merger Consideration Share Price. The Parties agree that Parent, Merger Sub A, Merger Sub B and  the  Surviving  Company  will  have  the  right  to  rely  on  the  Allocation  Schedule  as  setting  forth  a  true,  complete  and  accurate listing  of  all  amounts  due  to  be  paid  by  Parent,  Merger  Sub  A,  Merger  Sub  B  and  the  Company  to  the  Holders  in  exchange  for Company Stock, subject to any adjustments required by the definition of Merger Consideration Share Price. Parent, Merger Sub A, Merger Sub B and the Surviving Company will not have any liability with respect to the allocation of any shares 26   of Parent Common Stock or cash made to the Holders in accordance with the Allocation Schedule. Notwithstanding anything in this Agreement  to  the  contrary,  the  Estimated  Balance  Sheet  and  the  Company’s  estimation  of  the  Net  Working  Capital  shall  be consistent with the Accounting Methodology and shall reflect all vacation, sick leave, severance and/or other remuneration required by Law, Contract or policy of the Company to be paid to Employees for periods on or prior to the Closing Date. 2.11    Payments At Closing. At the Closing, Parent shall make, or cause to be made, the following payments, by wire transfer of immediately available funds: (a)    to each holder of Company Debt, the aggregate amount of Company Debt owed to such holder as of the Closing pursuant to a payoff letter from such holder (i) indicating the amount required to discharge such Company Debt in full (the “Payoff Amount”) and (ii) agreeing to release applicable Liens upon receipt of the applicable Payoff Amount; (b)    to the payees thereof, the Company Transaction and Bonus Expenses, including the Advisor Payments, in each case  as directed  in  writing  by  the  Company  prior  to  the  Closing  pursuant  to  invoices  or  other  evidence  reasonably  satisfactory  to Parent,  except  that  Parent  shall  cause  Change  of  Control  Payments  to  Employees  to  be  paid  through  the  Surviving  Company’s payroll system; and (c)        to  the  Exchange  Agent,  the  aggregate  cash  for  distribution  to  the  Holders  as  of  immediately  following  the Closing  pursuant  to  Section  2.6(c)(ii)(B),  Section  2.6(c)(iii)(A) and  Section  2.6(c)(iv)(A) and  in  accordance  with  the  Allocation Schedule. Promptly  following  the  Closing,  Parent  will  pay  directly,  or  through  the  Company’s  payroll  service  as  applicable  (i.e.,  to Employees), the cash to be distributed to the Company Optionholders as of immediately following the Closing pursuant to Section 2.7(a)(A) and in accordance with the Allocation Schedule. 2.12       Issuances of Shares Following  Closing. Within three (3) Business Days after the Closing Date, Parent shall deliver certificates  or  book  entries  reflecting  the  shares  of  Parent  Common  Stock  to  be  allocated  among  the  Consenting  Holders  that  are Accredited Investors pursuant to Section 2.6(c)(ii)(A)) and in accordance with the Allocation Schedule and adjusted if required by the definition of Merger Consideration Share Price; provided, however, that with respect to any shares of Company Stock for which a properly completed Letter of Transmittal has not been received by the Exchange Agent, Parent shall be entitled to withhold the certificates or book entries reflecting the shares of Parent Common Stock issuable with respect to such shares of Company Stock and to issue such shares of Parent Common Stock promptly following such receipt by the Exchange Agent. 2.13    Non-Conversion. (a)    Dissenting Shares. Notwithstanding anything in this Agreement to the contrary, any Dissenting Shares shall not be converted into or represent a right to receive the applicable consideration for Company Stock set forth in Section 2.6, but instead the applicable Company Stockholder shall only be entitled to such rights as are provided by the DGCL. In the 27   event  that  a  Company  Stockholder  properly  perfects  such  Company  Stockholder’s  appraisal,  dissenters’  or  similar  rights  by demanding  and  not  effectively  withdrawing  or  losing  such  Company  Stockholder’s  appraisal,  dissenters’  or  similar  rights  for  any shares of Company Stock, the Exchange Agent shall deliver to Parent such Company Stockholder’s portion of any cash otherwise allocable to such Dissenting Shares at the time such rights are perfected. (b)    Withdrawal or Loss of Rights. Notwithstanding the provisions of Section 2.13(a), if any Company Stockholder effectively withdraws or loses (through failure to perfect or otherwise) such Company Stockholder’s appraisal or dissenters’ rights with respect to any Dissenting Shares under the DGCL, then, within ten (10) Business Days of the later of the Effective Time and the occurrence of such event, (i) such Company Stockholder’s shares shall automatically convert into and represent only the right to receive  the  consideration  for  Company  Stock,  as  applicable,  set  forth  in  and  subject  to  the  provisions  of  this  Agreement,  upon delivery of a duly completed and validly executed Letter of Transmittal and (ii) Parent (to the extent the following amount has been previously delivered by the Exchange Agent to Parent pursuant to Section 2.13(a) and not returned to the Exchange Agent) or the Exchange Agent shall deliver to such Company Stockholder such Company Stockholder’s portion of the cash attributable to such shares. (c)    Demands for Appraisal. The Company shall give Parent (i) prompt notice of any written demand for appraisal received by the Company pursuant to the applicable provisions of the DGCL and (ii) the opportunity to participate in all negotiations and proceedings with respect to such demands. The Company shall not, except with the prior written consent of Parent (not to be unreasonably withheld, conditioned or delayed), make any payment with respect to any such demands or offer to settle or settle any such demands. Any communication to be made by the Company to any Company Stockholder with respect to such demands must be submitted and consented to in writing by Parent prior to delivery to any such Company Stockholder. 2.14    Exchange Agent; Submission of Letters of Transmittal. (a)    Wilmington Trust, National Association, will act as exchange agent hereunder (in such capacity, the “Exchange Agent”) for the delivery of the aggregate cash for distribution to the Holders as of immediately following the Closing pursuant to Section 2.6(c)(ii)(B), Section 2.6(c)(iii)(A) and Section 2.6(c)(iv)(A) and in accordance with the Allocation Schedule as well as the cash that may become distributable to such Holders as and when any portion of the Indemnification Hold-Back Cash Amount or the Expense Fund Amount is released pursuant to the terms of this Agreement. At or prior to the Effective Time, Parent will deposit (or cause to be deposited) with the Exchange Agent, for the benefit of the Holders, the aggregate cash for distribution to the Holders as of immediately following the Closing pursuant to Section 2.6(c)(ii)(B), Section 2.6(c)(iii)(A) and Section 2.6(c)(iv)(A). Parent also will deposit (or cause to be deposited) with the Exchange Agent, for the benefit of the Holders, cash that may become distributable to the Holders as and when any portion of the or the Indemnification Hold-Back Cash Amount is released pursuant to the terms of this  Agreement.  The  Exchange  Agent  will  hold  and  distribute  the  cash  payable  to  the  Holders  pursuant  to  the  provisions  of  an exchange agreement between Parent and the Exchange Agent (the “Exchange Agreement”). 28   (b)    Following the Effective Time, Parent shall cause the Exchange Agent to send to each Company Stockholder of record  (including  Persons  deemed  to  have  acquired  shares  of  Company  Stock  as  a  result  of  the  SAFE  Conversion  and  the  Note Conversion) a letter of transmittal in a form mutually agreed upon by Parent and the Company (each, a “Letter of Transmittal”) to provide the Exchange Agent with specified information in connection with the receipt, as applicable, of either the amount of Parent Common Stock to be issued to such Holder pursuant to Section 2.6(c)(ii)(A), the amount of cash to be paid to such Holder pursuant to Section 2.6(c)(ii)(B), Section 2.6(c)(iii)(A) or  Section 2.6(c)(iv)(A),  as  well  as  the  potential  cash  payable  and  shares  of  Parent Common Stock delivered, as applicable, to such Holder pursuant to Sections 2.6(c)(ii)(C) through  2.6(c)(ii)(E), Sections 2.6(c)(iii) (B) through  2.6(c)(iii)(D) and  Sections 2.6(c)(iv)(B) through  2.6(c)(iv)(D). Upon delivery to the Exchange Agent of such Letter of Transmittal, duly completed and validly executed in accordance with the instructions (and such other customary documents as may reasonably be required by the Exchange Agent), the record owner of such Company Stock shall be entitled to receive in exchange therefor the consideration, if any, provided for herein. If payment of any portion of the consideration provided for herein is to be made  to  any  Person  other  than  the  Person  in  whose  name  the  surrendered  shares  of  Company  Stock  are  registered,  it  shall  be  a condition of payment that the Person requesting such payment shall have paid any transfer and other Taxes required by reason of the payment  of  the  applicable  portion  of  the  consideration  provided  for  herein  to  a  Person  other  than  the  registered  holder  of  such Company Stock surrendered or shall have established to the reasonable satisfaction of Parent that such Tax either has been paid or is not applicable. After the Effective Time, each share of Company Stock shall represent only the right to receive the applicable portion of the consideration provided for herein as contemplated by this ARTICLE II. (c)    Transfer Books; No Further Ownership Rights in Company Stock. The right to receive the applicable portion of the consideration  provided for herein in accordance with the terms of this ARTICLE II shall be deemed to have been paid in full satisfaction of all rights pertaining to the shares of Company Stock at the close of business on the day on which the Effective Time occurs, the stock transfer books of the Company shall be closed and thereafter there shall be no further registration of transfers on the stock transfer books of the Surviving Company of the shares of Company Stock that were outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time. (d)        Termination  of  Exchange  Fund.  At  any  time  after  six  months  following  the  Effective  Time,  Parent  shall  be entitled to require the Exchange Agent to deliver to it any amount distributed to the Exchange Agent in respect of such payments that has  not  been  disbursed  to  the  holders  of  the  Company  Stock  and  thereafter  such  holders  may  look  only  to  Parent  (subject  to abandoned property, escheat or other similar Laws) as general creditors thereof with respect to the payment of any portion thereof that may be payable upon surrender of any Company Stock held by such holders. 2.15    No Liability. Notwithstanding anything in this Agreement to the contrary, none of the Parties or the Exchange Agent shall  be  liable  to  any  Person  for  any  portion  of  the  payments  contemplated  by  this  ARTICLE  II delivered  to  a  public  official pursuant to any applicable abandoned property, escheat or similar Law. 29   2.16    Withholding Taxes. Notwithstanding anything in this Agreement to the contrary, Parent, the Company, the Surviving Company and the Exchange Agent shall be entitled to deduct and withhold from that portion of any payments contemplated by this ARTICLE II or any other amount payable to a Holder pursuant to this Agreement, and shall pay to the appropriate Taxing Authority, such amounts that are required to be deducted and withheld with respect to the making of such payments under any Tax Law. If, prior to the Closing, Parent determines that any withholding or deduction is required under any provision of Tax law with respect to any portion of any payment to be made by it under this Agreement (other than with respect to any Company Option, or as a result of a failure to provide the certificate specified in Section 6.1(g)(iv) or a properly completed IRS Form W-9 or applicable Form W-8), Parent shall promptly notify the Company in writing (and such notice shall describe the basis for such deduction or withholding) and provide the Company with a reasonable opportunity to provide such forms, certificates or other evidence, and Parent shall cooperate with the Company to eliminate or reduce any such required deduction or withholding. To the extent amounts are so deducted and withheld and paid to the appropriate Taxing Authority, such amounts shall be treated for purposes of this Agreement as having been paid to the Holder in respect of which such deduction and withholding were made. 2.17    Adjustments. Notwithstanding any provision of this ARTICLE II to the contrary (but without in any way limiting the covenants in Section 5.1 (Conduct of Business)), if between the Agreement Date and the Effective Time the outstanding shares of any class or series of Company Stock are changed into a different number of shares or a different class or series by reason of the occurrence or record date of any stock dividend, subdivision, reclassification, recapitalization, split, combination, exchange of shares or  similar  transaction,  the  per  share  consideration  payable  pursuant  to  Section  2.6 shall  be  appropriately  adjusted  to  reflect  such stock dividend, subdivision, reclassification, recapitalization, split, combination, exchange of shares or similar transaction. 2.18    Post-Closing Adjustment Amount. (a)       Preparation  of  Closing  Statement.  Within  one  hundred  twenty  (120)  days  following  the  Closing  Date,  Parent shall  prepare  and  deliver  to  Holders’  Representative  a  statement  as  of  the  Closing  (the  “Final  Calculation”)  setting  forth  its calculation of each of the following: (i)    the Closing Cash; (ii)    the Closing Net Working Capital; (iii)    the Company Transaction and Bonus Expenses; (iv)    the Company Debt; and (v)    the resulting Final Purchase Price. The Final Calculation shall be accompanied by such supporting documentation reasonably necessary to derive the numbers set forth therein.  The  Final  Calculation  shall  be  final,  conclusive  and  binding  upon  the  Parties  unless  Holders’  Representative  delivers  a written notice to Parent of any objection to the Final Calculation (the “Objection Notice”) within thirty (30) days (the “Objection Period”) 30   after delivery of the Final Calculation. Any Objection Notice must set forth in reasonable detail (x) any item on the Final Calculation that Holders’ Representative believes has not been prepared in accordance with this Agreement and the correct amount of such item and  (y)  Holders’  Representative’s  alternative  calculation  of  the  Closing  Cash,  the  Closing  Net  Working  Capital,  the  Company Transaction  and  Bonus  Expenses  or  Company  Debt,  as  the  case  may  be.    Any  Objection  Notice  must  specify,  with  reasonable particularity, all facts that form the basis of such disagreements and all statements by Persons (who shall be identified by name) and documents relied upon by Holders’ Representative as forming the basis of such disagreement. If Holders’ Representative gives any such Objection Notice within the Objection Period, then Holders’ Representative and Parent shall attempt in good faith to resolve any dispute concerning the item(s) subject to such Objection Notice. If Holders’ Representative and Parent do not resolve the issues raised in the Objection Notice within thirty (30) days of the date of delivery of such notice (the “Initial Resolution Period”), such dispute shall be resolved  in accordance  with the procedures  set forth in Section 2.18(b). Any item or amount which has not been disputed  in  the  Objection  Notice  shall  be  final,  conclusive  and  binding  on  the  Parties  on  the  expiration  of  the  Initial  Resolution Period  (for  clarity,  excluding  any  item  or  amount  which  is  dependent  on  another  item  or  amount  that  has  been  disputed  in  the Objection Notice). (b)    Resolution of Disputes. If Parent and Holders’ Representative have not been able to resolve a dispute within the Initial Resolution Period, either Party may submit such dispute to and such dispute shall be resolved fully, finally and exclusively through  the  use  of  an  independent  international  accounting  firm  selected  to  serve  as  such  by  mutual  agreement  of  Parent  and Holders’ Representative (such accounting firm, the “Reviewing Party”). The fees and expenses of the Reviewing Party incurred in the resolution of such dispute shall be borne by the parties (in the case of the Holders’ Representative, on behalf of the Holders) in such proportion as is appropriate to reflect the relative benefits received by the Holders and Parent from the resolution of the dispute. For  example,  if  Holders’  Representative  challenges  the  calculation  in  the  Final  Calculation  by  an  amount  of  $100,000,  but  the Reviewing Party determines that Holders’ Representative has a valid claim for only $40,000, Parent shall bear 40% of the fees and expenses of the Reviewing Party and Holders’ Representative on behalf of the Holders shall bear the other 60% of such fees and expenses. The Reviewing Party shall determine (with written notice thereof to Holders’ Representative and Parent) as promptly as practicable, but in any event within thirty (30) days following the date on which Final Calculation and written submissions detailing the disputed items are delivered to the Reviewing Party (i) whether the Final Calculation was prepared in accordance with the terms of this Agreement  or, alternatively, (ii) only with  respect to the disputed items  submitted to the Reviewing  Party,  whether and to what extent (if any) the Final Calculation requires adjustment and a written explanation in reasonable detail of each such required adjustment, including the basis therefor (it being understood that any determination of a disputed item shall be not greater or less than the amount of such disputed item as proposed by Parent in the Final Calculation or as proposed by Holders’ Representative in the Objection Notice). Parent and Holders’ Representative shall require the Reviewing Party to enter into a confidentiality agreement on terms agreeable to Parent, Holders’ Representative and the Reviewing Party. The procedures of this Section 2.18(b) are exclusive and  the  determination  of  the  Reviewing  Party  shall  be  final  and  binding  on  the  Parties.  The  decision  rendered  pursuant  to  this Section 2.18(b) may be filed as a judgment in any court of competent jurisdiction. 31   (c)    Post-Closing Purchase Price Adjustment. Purchase Price and, for the avoidance of doubt, may be a positive or a negative number or zero. (i)       The “Post-Closing Adjustment”  shall  be  an  amount  equal  to  the  Final  Purchase  Price  less the Upfront (ii)        Without  limiting  the  provisions  of  Section 8.2(a)(i) (except  to  the  extent  of  any  double  counting  that would otherwise result), if the Post-Closing Adjustment is a negative number, the Indemnification Hold-Back Cash Amount and the Indemnification  Hold-Back  Shares  (valued  at  the  Indemnification  Hold-Back  Shares  Value)  shall  be  reduced  in  proportion  to  the their relative values as of the Closing Date by the absolute value of the Post-Closing Adjustment (i.e., offsetting the Post-Closing Adjustment against the Indemnification Hold-Back Cash Amount and the Indemnification Hold-Back Shares). (iii)    If the Post-Closing Adjustment is a positive number, Parent shall deliver to the Holders in accordance with  the  Allocation  Schedule  (or  cause  to  be  delivered  by  the  Exchange  Agent)  cash  in  an  amount  equal  to  the  Post-Closing Adjustment. 2.19    Indemnification Hold-Back and Payment. On the date that is six (6) months following the Closing Date (such date, the “First Indemnification Hold-Back Payment Date”), Parent shall deliver to the Holders in accordance with the Allocation Schedule, as it may be adjusted (or cause to be delivered by the Exchange Agent), cash and Indemnification Hold-Back Shares (valued at the Indemnification Hold-Back Shares Value), in proportion to the their relative values as of the Closing Date, in an amount equal to $2,500,000 in the aggregate from (i) the initial Indemnification Hold-Back Cash Amount, less any reductions to the Indemnification Hold-Back  Cash  Amount  made  in accordance  with Section 2.18(c)(ii) or  ARTICLE VIII, and (ii)  the Indemnification Hold-Back Shares, less any reductions to the Indemnification Hold-Back Shares made in accordance with Section 2.18(c)(ii) or ARTICLE VIII, it being understood that if such reductions under the foregoing clauses (A) and (B) equal or exceed $2,500,000, then no release to the Holders  will  be made  on such  date;  provided, however, that if, when any amount would otherwise  be distributed  pursuant to this Section 2.19 on the First Indemnification Hold-Back Payment Date, there shall exist a timely made good faith claim by Parent in accordance  with  ARTICLE  VIII  to  exercise  the  Offset  Right,  all  or  a  portion  of  such  amount  as  determined  by  Parent  (in  its reasonable  discretion)  to  represent  the  Losses  at  issue specified  in such  claim  (including,  if applicable,  as to  any specific  Holder) shall, subject to compliance with the procedures specified in ARTICLE VIII, be withheld from payment until such time as the claim has been finally resolved, in which case the Offset Right shall apply against such portion of the amount at issue resolved in favor of Parent and the balance of any withheld portion (if applicable) shall be distributed to the Holders (or, as applicable, to the affected Holders)  as  contemplated  by  this  Agreement.  On  the  date  that  is  twelve  (12)  months  following  the  Closing  Date  (such  date,  the “Second  Indemnification  Hold-Back  Payment  Date”),  Parent  shall  deliver  to  the  Holders  in  accordance  with  the  Allocation Schedule,  as  it  may  be  adjusted  (or  cause  to  be  delivered  by  the  Exchange  Agent),  cash  in  an  amount  equal  to  the  then-current balance  of  the  Indemnification  Hold-Back  Cash  Amount  and  the  remaining  Indemnification  Hold-Back  Shares,  as  applicable (reflecting  any  reductions  to  the  Indemnification  Hold-Back  Cash  Amount  and  the  Indemnification  Hold-Back  Shares  made  in accordance with Section 2.18(c)(ii) or ARTICLE VIII); 32   provided,  however,  that  if,  when  any  amount  would  otherwise  be  distributed  pursuant  to  this  Section  2.19 on  the  Second Indemnification Hold-Back Payment Date, there shall exist a timely made good faith claim by Parent in accordance with ARTICLE VIII to exercise the Offset Right, all or a portion of such amount as determined by Parent (in its reasonable discretion) to represent the Losses at issue specified in such claim (including, if applicable, as to any specific Holder) shall, subject to compliance with the procedures specified in ARTICLE VIII, be withheld from payment until such time as the claim has been finally resolved, in which case  the  Offset  Right  shall  apply  against  such  portion  of  the  amount  at  issue  resolved  in  favor  of  Parent  and  the  balance  of  any withheld portion (if applicable) shall be distributed to the Holders (or, as applicable, to the affected Holders) as contemplated by this Agreement. 2.20    Effect of the Forward Merger on Capital Stock. At the effective time of the Forward Merger, by virtue of the Forward Merger and without any action to be taken on the part of the holder of any shares of the Company Stock or any units of membership interest in Merger Sub B, or on the part of the Company, Parent, Merger Sub B or any other Person: (a)    each share of capital stock of the Company outstanding immediately prior to the effective time of the Forward Merger shall be canceled and shall cease to exist and no consideration shall be delivered in exchange therefor; and (b)       each  unit  of membership  interest  in  Merger  Sub  B outstanding  immediately  prior  to  the  effective  time  of  the Forward  Merger  shall  remain  unchanged  and  continue  to  remain  outstanding  as  a  unit  of  membership  interest  in  the  Surviving Company.  At  the  effective  time  of  the  Forward  Merger,  Parent  shall  continue  as  the  sole  holder  of  membership  interests  in  the Surviving Company. 2.1        Tax  Consequences.  For  federal  income  Tax  purposes,  (i)  the  Mergers,  taken  together,  are  intended  to  constitute  a “reorganization”  within  the  meaning  of  Section  368(a)  of  the  Code  and  the  Treasury  Regulations  promulgated  thereunder,  in accordance with Revenue Ruling 2001-46, 2001-2 CB 321, and (ii) the Parties adopt this Agreement as a “plan of reorganization” within the meaning of Treasury Regulations Section 1.368-2(g); provided, however, that (x) notwithstanding any provision herein to the contrary, no Party and no Parent Indemnified Person (other than a Person in breach of Section 5.8(j)) shall have any liability to any Holder with respect to the tax treatment or the tax consequences of the Mergers or the other Transactions and (y) each Holder shall be solely responsible with respect to the tax treatment of the Mergers or the other Transactions as to such Holder as well as the tax consequences thereof. ARTICLE III  REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES OF THE COMPANY As a material inducement to Parent, Merger Sub A and Merger Sub B to enter into this Agreement and effect the Mergers, with  the  understanding  that  Parent,  Merger  Sub  A  and  Merger  Sub  B  are  relying  thereon  in  entering  into  this  Agreement  and consummating the Transactions (including the Mergers), the Company hereby represents and warrants to Parent and Merger Sub A and Merger Sub B, subject to such exceptions as are set forth in the Disclosure Schedule (provided 33   that the Disclosure Schedule shall be arranged in sections corresponding to the numbered and lettered sections and subsections of this  Agreement,  and  the  disclosures  in  any  section  or  subsection  of  the  Disclosure  Schedule  shall  qualify  other  sections  and subsections of this Agreement only to the extent it is reasonably apparent that such disclosure is applicable to such other sections and subsections), as of the Agreement Date and as of the Closing Date as follows: 3.1    Organizational Matters. (a)    Valid Existence; Good Standing. The Company is a corporation duly incorporated, validly existing and in good standing under the Laws of the State of Delaware and has all requisite power and authority to own or lease all of its properties and assets  and  to  carry  on  its  business  as  now  conducted.  The  Company  is  duly  licensed  or  qualified  to  do  business  and  is  in  good standing under the laws of Delaware and each other jurisdiction in which the nature of the business conducted by it or the character or location of the properties and assets owned, leased or licensed by it makes such licensing or qualification necessary. (b)    Operations. Section 3.1(b) of the Disclosure Schedule lists each state and country in which the Company has any employee or officer (each a “Current Employee”) or has assets or leases Real Property. Current Employees, together with any former employees  or  officers  of  the  Company,  are  referred  to  herein  individually  as  an  “Employee”  and  collectively  as  “Employees.” Section 3.1(b) of the Disclosure Schedule also lists each state and country in which the Company has any individual consultant or independent contractor that is currently engaged and is actively providing services to the Company (each a “Current Consultant”) as of the Agreement Date and any current director (who is not an Employee). Current Consultants, together with any director (who is not an Employee) of the Company, are referred to herein individually as a “Consultant” and collectively as “Consultants.” (c)    Subsidiaries. The Company has no Subsidiaries. The Company does not own and never has owned, directly or indirectly, any shares of capital stock, voting securities, or equity interests in any Person. The Company has no obligation to make an investment  (in  the  form  of  a  purchase  of  equity  securities,  loan,  capital  contribution  or  otherwise)  directly  or  indirectly  in  any Person. (d)    Corporate Documents. The Company has delivered or made available to Parent true and complete copies of the certificate of incorporation and bylaws of the Company in each case as the same may have been amended from time to time (the “Company  Charter  Documents”).  All  such  Company  Charter  Documents  are  unmodified  and  in  full  force  and  effect  and  the Company  is  not  in  violation  of  any  provision  of  the  Company  Charter  Documents.  The  Company’s  board  of  directors  has  not proposed or approved any amendment of any of the Company Charter Documents. The Company has delivered or made available to Parent and its representatives true and complete copies of the stock ledger of the Company and of the minutes of all meetings of the Company  Stockholders,  the  board  of  directors  and  each  committee  of  the  board  of  directors  of  the  Company  held  since  the Reference Date. (e)        Officers  and Directors. Section 3.1(e) of  the  Disclosure  Schedule  lists  all  of  the  directors  and  officers  of  the Company as of the Agreement Date. 34   3.2    Authority; Noncontravention; Voting Requirements. (a)    Power and Authority. Subject to obtaining the Requisite Stockholder Approval, the Company has all necessary corporate power and authority to execute and deliver this Agreement and the Transaction Agreements to which it is a party and to perform all of its obligations hereunder and thereunder and to consummate the Transactions (including the Mergers). (b)    Due Authorization of Agreement. The Company’s board of directors, at a meeting duly called and held pursuant to  the  DGCL,  has  unanimously  (i)  approved  and  declared  advisable  and  in  the  best  interests  of  the  Company  and  the  Company Stockholders  the  Transaction  Agreements  and  the  Transactions  (including  the  Mergers)  and  (b)  recommended  that  the  Company Stockholders adopt this Agreement and approve the Transactions (including the Mergers). The execution, delivery and performance by  the  Company  of  this  Agreement  and  the  Transaction  Agreements  to  which  it  is  a  party  and  the  consummation  by  it  of  the Transactions (including the Mergers) have been duly authorized by the Company’s board of directors and, subject to adoption of this Agreement by the affirmative vote or written consent of the Company Stockholders representing the requisite number of shares of Company Stock required under the DGCL and the Company Charter Documents (the “Requisite Stockholder Approval”), no other action  on  the  part  of  the  Company’s  board  of  directors  or  the  Company  Stockholders  is  necessary  to  authorize  the  execution, delivery  and  performance  by  the  Company  of  this  Agreement  and  the  Transaction  Agreements  to  which  it  is  a  party  and  the consummation by it of the Transactions (including the Mergers). (c)        Valid  and  Binding  Agreements.  This  Agreement  and  each  of  the  other  Transaction  Agreements  to  which  the Company  is  a  party  have  been,  or  will  be  as  of  the  Closing  Date,  duly  executed  and  delivered  by  the  Company.  Assuming  due authorization,  execution  and  delivery  of  this  Agreement  and  the  other  Transaction  Agreements  by  the  other  Parties  hereto  and thereto, this Agreement constitutes and the other Transaction Agreements shall, when executed and delivered, constitute, the legal, valid and binding obligations of the Company, enforceable against the Company in accordance with their respective terms, except to the extent that their enforceability may be limited by applicable bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium, or other similar laws affecting the enforcement of creditors’ rights generally and by general equitable principles. (d)    No Conflict. Except as set forth in Section 3.2(d) of the Disclosure Schedule, neither the execution and delivery by the Company of this Agreement nor the consummation of the Transactions shall (i) conflict with or result in any violation of or default under (with or without notice or lapse of time, or both) or (ii) or give rise to a right of termination, cancellation, modification or acceleration of any obligation or loss of any benefit or result in the creation of any Lien upon any of the properties or assets of the Company (any such event, a “Conflict”) under (x) any provision of the Company Charter Documents or any resolutions adopted by the Company’s board of directors or the Company Stockholders, (y) any Material Contract, or (z) any Permit issued to the Company or any  Order  or Law  applicable  to the  Company  or any  of its  properties  or assets  (whether  tangible  or intangible).  Following  the Closing  Date,  the  Company  shall  continue  to  be  permitted  to  exercise  all  of  its  rights  under  all  Material  Contracts  without  the payment  of  any  additional  amounts  or  consideration  other  than  ongoing  fees,  royalties  or  payments  which  the  Company  would otherwise 35   be  required  to  pay  pursuant  to  the  terms  of  such  Material  Contracts  had  the  Transactions  contemplated  by  this  Agreement  not occurred. 3.3    Capitalization. (a)    Authorized and Issued Securities. The authorized capital stock of the Company consists of 11,000,000 shares of Company Stock and no shares of preferred stock. The capitalization of the Company is as follows: (i) 7,934,691 shares of Company Stock are issued and outstanding, (ii) no shares of Company Stock are held by the Company in its treasury, (iii) 2,548,808 shares of Company  Stock  are  issuable  in  satisfaction  of  the  Company  SAFEs  in  connection  with  the  Transactions,  (iv)  119,791  shares  of Company  Stock  are  issuable  in  satisfaction  of  the  Company  Note  in  connection  with  the  Transactions,  (v)  185,000  shares  of Company Stock are subject to outstanding options under the Company Option Plan (i.e., the Company Options), (vi) no outstanding options have been issued outside the Company Option Plan, and (vii) a sufficient number of Company Stock is available for issuance upon exercise or conversion of all outstanding Company Options, all Company SAFEs and the Company Note. Except as set forth in this Section 3.3(a), there are no, and as of the Closing (after giving effect to the issuance of shares of Company Stock in respect of the Company  SAFEs and Company  Note) there shall be no, shares of Company  Stock, voting securities  or equity interests of the Company  issued  and  outstanding  or  any  subscriptions,  options,  warrants,  calls,  convertible  or  exchangeable  securities,  rights, commitments  or agreements  of any character  providing  for the issuance of any shares of capital  stock, voting  securities  or equity interests of the Company, including any representing the right to purchase or otherwise receive any Company Stock. The Company has never issued physical or electronic stock certificates in respect of the Company Stock. (b)    Ownership of Stock and Options. Section 3.3(b) of the Disclosure Schedule sets forth a complete and accurate list of each of (i) the record holders of each class or series of the Company Stock and the number of shares of each such class or series of Company Stock held by each Holder as of the Agreement Date and the number of shares or other securities into which such Company Stock is convertible, listed by class and series, (ii) all Company Options and the Company Optionholders thereof as well as the exercise prices, dates of grant and numbers of shares of Company Stock for which such Company Options are exercisable by each such Company Optionholder as of the Agreement Date, (iii) all Company SAFEs and the holders thereof as well as the shares of Company Stock issuable in full satisfaction thereof, and (iv) the Company Note and the holder thereof as well as the shares of Company Stock issuable in full satisfaction thereof. All issued and outstanding shares of Company Stock are owned of record and beneficially as set forth in Section 3.3(b) of the Disclosure Schedule. (c)    Valid Issuance; No Preemptive or Other Rights. (i)    All issued and outstanding shares of Company Stock (x) are, and all shares of Company Stock that may be  issued  pursuant  to  the  exercise  of  Company  Options  and  the  exercise  or  conversion  of  outstanding  Company  SAFEs  and  the Company Note shall be, when issued in accordance with the respective terms thereof, duly authorized, validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable, (y) are not subject to, nor were issued in violation of, any preemptive rights, rights of first offer or refusal, co-sale rights or similar rights arising under applicable Law or pursuant 36   to the Company Charter Documents, or any Contract to which the Company is a party or by which it is bound and (z) have been offered, issued, sold and delivered by the Company in compliance with all registration or qualification requirements (or applicable exemptions therefrom) of applicable federal, state and foreign securities Laws. Each Company Option granted under the Company Option Plan was duly authorized by all requisite corporate action on a date no later than the grant date and has an exercise price per share at least equal to the fair market value of a share of Company Stock on the grant date. The Company is not under any obligation to register any of its presently outstanding securities, or securities issuable upon exercise or conversion of such securities, under the Securities Act or any other Law. (ii)       The  rights,  preferences  and  privileges  of the Company  Stock  are as set forth  in the  Company  Charter Documents. There is no liability for dividends accrued and/or declared but unpaid with respect to the outstanding Company Stock. The Company is not subject to any obligation to repurchase, redeem or otherwise acquire any shares of Company Stock or any other voting  securities  or  equity  interests  (or  any  options,  warrants  or  other  rights  to  acquire  any  shares  of  Company  Stock,  voting securities  or  equity  interests)  of  the  Company.  To  the  Company’s  Knowledge,  there  are  no  voting  trusts  or  other  agreements  or understandings with respect to the voting of the Company Stock. There are no outstanding or authorized stock appreciation, phantom stock, profit participation, or other similar rights with respect to the Company. (iii)        True  and  complete  copies  of  all  form  agreements  and  instruments  (and  any  amendments  thereto,  if applicable)  relating  to  or  issued  under  the  Company  Option  Plan  have  been  delivered  or  made  available  to  Parent;  there  are  no agreements to amend, modify or supplement such agreements or instruments from the forms thereof provided or made available to Parent; and all equity grants under the Company Option Plan have been made pursuant to agreements and instruments and do not deviate from such form agreements and instruments. 3.4    No Consents or Approvals. Except for the filing of the Certificates of Merger with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware pursuant to the DGCL and the receipt of the Requisite Stockholder Approval, no consents or approvals of, filings with, or notices to any Governmental Authority are required to be made or obtained by the Company for the valid execution, delivery and performance  of  this  Agreement  or  the  other  Transaction  Agreements  to  which  it  is  a  party,  and  the  consummation  of  the Transactions (including the Mergers). 3.5    Financial Matters. (a)    Financial Statements. (i)    Prior to the Agreement Date, the Company has delivered or made available to Parent true and complete copies of  the  following  financial  statements of  the  Company  (collectively,  the  “Financial Statements”): (x) the unaudited balance sheet and related unaudited statements of income, cash flows and stockholders’ equity as of and for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018 (December 31, 2018, the “Balance Sheet Date”); and (y) the unaudited balance sheet and related unaudited statements of income, cash flows and stockholders’ equity as of and for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2019 (the “Interim Balance Sheet” and such date the “Interim Balance Sheet Date”). 37   (ii)    The books and records of the Company (x) have been and are being maintained in accordance with the policies described in Section 3.5(a)(ii) of the Disclosure Schedule and (y) are complete, properly maintained and do not contain or reflect any inaccuracies or discrepancies. (b)    Fair Presentation. The Financial Statements were prepared on a consistent basis throughout the periods covered thereby. The Financial Statements fairly present the financial condition of the Company as of such dates and the results of operations of the Company for such periods, and were derived from and are consistent with the books and records of the Company; provided, however, that the Financial Statements as of and for the period ended on the Interim Balance Sheet Date are subject to normal year- end adjustments (which are not expected to be material individually or in the aggregate). (c)    [RESERVED]. (d)    No Undisclosed Liabilities. The Company does not have any Liabilities that are not reflected or reserved against on the face of (and not in the notes to) the Financial Statements, except Liabilities (i) incurred by the Company in connection with the preparation, execution, delivery and performance of the Transaction Agreements and included in the Company Transaction and Bonus Expenses, or (ii) which have arisen in the Ordinary Course of Business since the Interim Balance Sheet Date. (e)    Off-Balance-Sheet Arrangements. There are no “off-balance-sheet arrangements” (within the meaning of Item 303 of Regulation S-K promulgated by the SEC) with respect to the Company. (f)       Bank Accounts. Section 3.5(f) of  the  Disclosure  Schedule  sets  forth  an  accurate  list  (account  type,  name  and address)  of  each  bank  and  other  financial  institution  in  which  the  Company  maintains  an  account  (whether  checking,  savings  or otherwise), lock box or safe deposit box and the names of the persons having signing authority or other access thereto. All cash in such accounts is held in demand deposits and is not subject to any restriction as to withdrawal. (g)       Company Debt. Except  as set forth in Section 3.5(g) of the Disclosure  Schedule,  there  is no Company  Debt. With respect to each item of Company Debt, Section 3.5(g) of the Disclosure Schedule accurately sets forth the name of the creditor, the Contract under which such debt was issued, the principal amount of the debt and a description of the collateral if secured. The Company is not in default with respect to any outstanding Company Debt or any instrument relating thereto, nor is there any event which, with the passage of time or giving of notice, or both, would result in a default, and no such Company Debt or any instrument or  agreement  thereto  purports  to  limit  the  operation  of  the  Company’s  business.  Complete  and  correct  copies  of  all  instruments (including all amendments, supplements, waivers and consents) relating to any Company Debt have been provided or made available to Parent. 3.6        Absence  of  Certain  Changes  or  Events.  Since  the  Balance  Sheet  Date,  (i)  there  has  not  been  a  Company  Material Adverse Effect and (ii) there has not occurred any damage, destruction or loss (whether or not covered by insurance) of any material asset of the Company that adversely 38   affects  the  use  thereof.  Since  the  Balance  Sheet  Date,  the  Company  has  been  operated  in  the  Ordinary  Course  of  Business  and, without limiting the foregoing, the Company has not taken any action described in Section 5.1 that if taken after the Agreement Date and prior to the Closing would violate such provision. 3.7        Legal  Proceedings.  Since  the  Reference  Date,  there  have  not  been  and  there  are  no  pending  Actions,  and  to  the Knowledge of the Company, there are no Actions threatened, in either case, by or against the Company, its properties or assets or any of the Company’s officers or directors in their capacities as such. 3.8    Compliance with Laws; Permits. (a)    The Company is and has at all times been in compliance in all respects with all Laws applicable to the Company or any of its assets, business or operations, including the Health Care Laws; provided, however, for the avoidance of doubt, Laws applicable  to the Company  or any of its assets, business  or operations  means  those Laws  that apply  to the Company  based  on its operations as of a particular date with respect to which compliance would be required. The Company holds all Permits necessary to conduct its business and operate its assets, and all such Permits are in full force and effect. The Company is and has always been in compliance in all respects with the terms of all Permits necessary to conduct its business and to lease and operate its properties and facilities. Section 3.8(a) of the Disclosure Schedule sets forth a list of all Permits that are held by the Company. The Company has not received written notice from any Governmental Authority claiming or alleging that the Company was not in compliance with all Laws applicable to the Company or its business or operations; the Company has not received in writing a notice of assessment of any penalty with respect to any alleged failure by the Company to have or comply with any Permit. (b)    Neither the Company, nor any of its officers, directors, Employees, Consultants or agents, have, in the operating of the Company’s business, engaged in any activities which are prohibited or are cause for criminal or civil penalties or mandatory or  permissive  exclusion  from  Medicare,  Medicaid  or  any  other  state  or  federal  health  care  program  under  42  U.S.C.  §§  1320a-7, 1320a-7a, 1320a-7b or 1395nn, 5 U.S.C. § 8901 et seq. (the Federal Employees Health Benefits program statute), or the regulations, agency guidance, or similar legal requirement promulgated pursuant to such statutes or any analogous state or local Laws. (c)    Neither the Company, nor any of its directors, officers, Employees, or, to the Company’s Knowledge, any of its Consultants  or  agents,  in  their  capacity  as  officers,  directors,  Employees,  Consultants  or  agents  of  the  Company,  has,  directly  or indirectly  given  any  illegal  gift,  contribution,  payment  or  similar  benefit  to  any  supplier,  customer,  governmental  official  or employee or other Person. (d)       (i)  Each  Current  Employee  and  Current  Consultant  of  the  Company  required  to  be  licensed  by  an  applicable Governmental Authority, professional body and/or medical body has such licenses, (ii) such licenses are in full force and effect and (iii) to the Knowledge of the Company, there are no facts or circumstances that could reasonably be expected to result in any such licenses being suspended, revoked or otherwise lapse prematurely. 39   (e)    Neither the Company nor any of its Employees, or, to the Company’s Knowledge, any of its Consultants, agents or  vendors  has  been  excluded,  suspended,  debarred  or  otherwise  sanctioned  by  any  Governmental  Authority,  including  the  U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office of Inspector General or the General Services Administration. (f)    The Company is and has at all times been in compliance in all respects with all applicable Laws relating to the privacy,  security,  use  and  disclosure  of  health  information,  including  “protected  health  information”  or  “PHI”  as  defined  under HIPAA  and  information  related  to  genetic  testing  and  genetic  test  results,  created,  used,  disclosed  or  stored  in  the  course  of  the operations  of  the  Company,  including  HIPAA  and  all  applicable  state,  federal  and  international  laws  regarding  the  privacy  and security of health information, including genetic testing and results, provided, however, for the avoidance of doubt, applicable Laws means those Laws that apply to the Company based on its operations as of a particular date with respect to which compliance would be required. The Company has the necessary agreements with all of the Company’s “business associates” as such term is defined by and  as  such  agreements  are  required  by HIPAA.  True  and  complete  copies  of  all  current  HIPAA  and  health  information  privacy policies that are used by the Company have been provided or made available to Parent and such privacy policies are in compliance with all applicable Laws relating to the privacy, security, use and disclosure of health information.  The Company has at all times complied in all respects with all rules, policies, and procedures established by the Company from time to time and as applicable with respect to privacy, security, data protection, or the collection and use of health information and genetic testing information created, used, disclosed or stored in the course of the operations of the Company. No actions have been asserted or, to the Knowledge of the Company, threatened against the Company by any person alleging a violation of such person’s privacy, personal, or confidentiality rights under any such rules, policies, or procedures. (g)    With respect to all health information, PHI, and genetic testing information as described in Section 3.8(f), the Company  has  taken  reasonable  steps  (including  implementing  and  monitoring  compliance  with  administrative,  physical  and technical  safeguards)  to  ensure  that  such  information  is  protected  against  loss  and  against  unauthorized  access,  use,  modification, disclosure, or other misuse. The Company maintains and has implemented security policies and procedures as required by HIPAA and other applicable laws. Since the Reference Date, there has been no “Breach of Unsecured PHI,” as defined under HIPAA, and no  “Security  Incident”  as  defined  under  HIPAA,  resulting  in  the  unauthorized  use  or  disclosure  of  PHI.  The  Company  maintains systems,  policies  and  procedures  to  respond  to  incidents  and  complaints  alleging  violations  of  applicable  privacy  or  security standards and to identify and report all Breaches of Unsecured Protected Health Information in accordance with Company’s legal and contractual obligations. 3.9    Taxes. (a)       The  Company  has  paid  all  material  Taxes  owed  by  the  Company,  whether  or  not  shown  on  any  Tax  Return. Since the Balance Sheet Date, the Company has incurred no Liability for Taxes arising outside of the Ordinary Course of Business. There are no Liens for Taxes (other than Permitted Liens). The Company is not subject to any currently effective waiver of any 40   statute  of  limitations  in  respect  of  Taxes  and  has  not  agreed  to  any  currently  effective  extension  of  time  with  respect  to  a  Tax assessment or deficiency. (b)    The Company has timely filed, taking into account any extensions granted to the Company which are set forth in Section 3.9(b) of the Disclosure Schedule as to Tax Returns not yet filed as of the Agreement Date, all Tax Returns that are required to  have  been  filed  by  or  with  respect  to  the  Company.  All  such  Tax  Returns  were,  when  filed,  true,  correct  and  complete  in  all respects. The Company is not the beneficiary of any currently effective extension of time within which to file any Tax Return. No written claim has ever been made by any Taxing Authority in a jurisdiction where the Company does not file Tax Returns that it is or may be subject to taxation by that jurisdiction, which claim has not been finally resolved. (c)    The Company has withheld and paid all Taxes required to have been withheld and paid by it in connection with amounts paid or owing by the Company to any Employee, Consultant, creditor, stockholder or other third party. (d)    No deficiencies for any Taxes have been proposed or assessed, in each case in writing, against or with respect to any Taxes due by, or Tax Returns of, the Company, which deficiencies have not been finally resolved, and the Company has not received  written  notice  of  any  audit,  assessment,  dispute  or  claim  concerning  any  Tax  Liability  of  the  Company,  which  audit, assessment, dispute or claim has not been finally resolved. (e)    The Company (i) is not nor has never been a member of an affiliated  group (other than a group the common parent  of  which  is  Company)  filing  a  consolidated  federal  income  Tax  Return  and  (ii)  has  no  Liability  for  Taxes  of  any  Person arising from the application of Treasury Regulation Section 1.1502-6 or any analogous provision of state, local or foreign Tax Law, or as a transferee or successor, or pursuant to a Tax Sharing Agreement. (f)        The  Company  has  not  been  a  United  States  real  property  holding  corporation  within  the  meaning  of  Section 897(c)(2) of the Code during the applicable period specified in Section 897(c)(1)(A)(ii) of the Code. (g)    The Company has never made an election under Section 965(h) of the Code. (h)       The  Company  has  not  made  any  payments,  is  not  obligated  to  make  any  payments  and  is  not  a  party  to  any agreement, including this Agreement, that under certain circumstances could obligate it to make any payments to any “disqualified individual” within the meaning of Section 280G of the Code that shall not be fully deductible under Section 280G of the Code. (i)    The Company shall not be required to include any item of income in, or exclude any item of deduction from, taxable income for any taxable period (or portion thereof) ending after the Closing Date as a result of any: (i) change in method of accounting requested by the Company prior to the Closing; (ii) agreement entered into by the Company with any Taxing Authority prior to the Closing;  (iii) installment  sale or open transaction  disposition  made by the Company  prior to the Closing;  (iv) prepaid amounts received or paid by the Company prior to the 41   Closing  other  than  amounts  consistent  with  the  deferred  revenue  shown  on  the  Estimated  Balance  Sheet;  (v) cancellation  of indebtedness  income  recognized  by  the  Company  pursuant  to  Section  108  of  the  Code  with  respect  to  the  Company  Debt  that  is properly  allocable  to  the  Pre-Closing  Tax  Period;  or  (vi)  deferral  of  income  under  Section  108(i)  of  the  Code  as  a  result  of  any reacquisition  of  a  debt  instrument  by  the  Company  occurring  prior  to  the  Closing.  The  Company  has  not  utilized  the  long-term method of accounting prior to the Closing. (j)        Within  the  last  two  years,  the  Company  has  not  distributed  stock  of  another  Person,  nor,  to  the  Company’s Knowledge, has its stock been distributed by another Person, in a transaction that was purported or intended to be governed in whole or in part by Section 355 or Section 361 of the Code. (k)        The  Company  does  not  have  nor  has  it  ever  had  a  permanent  establishment  in  any  foreign  country.  The Company does not engage nor has it ever engaged in a trade or business in any foreign country that would cause the Company to be obligated to pay Taxes or file Tax Returns in such country. (l)        The  Company  has  delivered  or  made  available  to  Parent  correct  and  complete  copies  of  all  federal  and  state income Tax Returns filed since January 1, 2013 and all examination reports and statements of deficiencies filed, or assessed against and agreed to, by the Company with respect to Taxes for all taxable periods ending on or prior to the Agreement Date. (m)    The Company is not and has never been a “United States shareholder” within the meaning of Section 951(b) with respect to any Person that is or was treated as a “controlled foreign corporation” as defined in Section 957 of the Code. The Company  does  not  own  an  equity  interest  in  any  Person  that  is  treated  as  a  “passive  foreign  investment  company”  within  the meaning of Section 1297 of the Code. (n)        Section  3.9(n)  of  the  Disclosure  Schedule  lists  all  jurisdictions  (whether  foreign  or  domestic)  in  which  the Company pays Taxes and the nature of the Taxes paid by the Company. (o)    The Company has not been a party to any “listed transaction,” as defined in Section 6707A(c)(2) of the Code and Treasury Regulation Section 1.6011-4(b)(2). (p)    No power of attorney that has been granted by the Company with respect to any matter relating to the Taxes of the Company is currently in force. (q)    The Company has never (i) made an election under Section 1362 of the Code to be treated as an S corporation for  federal  income  tax  purposes  or  (ii)  made  a similar  election  under  any  comparable  provision  of  any  state,  local  or  foreign  Tax Law. (r)    The Company has never been a “personal holding company” within the meaning of Section 542 of the Code. 42   (s)    The Company is not and has never have been a party to a transaction or agreement that is in conflict with the Tax rules on transfer pricing in any relevant jurisdiction and all transactions and agreements between or among the Company and any related parties and/or the terms thereof have been conducted in an arm’s length manner consistent with the Company’s transactions or agreements with unrelated third parties. 3.10    Employee Benefits and Labor Matters. (a)       Plans and Arrangements. Section 3.10(a) of  the  Disclosure  Schedule  sets  forth  a  true  and  complete  list  of  all Company Plans. (b)    Plan Documents. With respect to each Company Plan, the Company has delivered or made available to Parent a current, accurate and complete copy thereof (including amendments) or a copy of the representative form agreement thereof and, to the extent applicable, true and complete copies of the following documents with respect to each Company Plan: (i) any Contracts or agreements, plans and related trust documents, insurance Contracts or other funding arrangements, in each case as currently in effect, and  all  amendments  thereto;  (ii)  the  results  of  the  non-discrimination  testing  since  the  Reference  Date;  (iii)  Forms  5500  and  all schedules thereto since the Reference Date; (iv) the most recent actuarial report, if any; (v) the most recent IRS determination or opinion  letter;  (vi)  all  correspondence,  rulings  or  opinions  issued  by  the  DOL,  IRS  or  any  other  Governmental  Authority  and  all material correspondence from the Company to the DOL, IRS or other Governmental Authority other than routine reports, returns or other filings since the Reference Date; (vii) the most recent summary plan descriptions and any summaries of material modifications with respect thereto; and (viii) written descriptions of all non-written Company Plans. (c)    ERISA. No Company Plan is subject to Title IV of ERISA or is otherwise a Defined Benefit Plan as defined in Section 3(35) of ERISA (a “Title IV Plan”) and neither the Company nor any other trade or business (whether or not incorporated) that,  together  with  the  Company,  would  be  treated  as  a  single  employer  under  Section  414(b)  or  (c)  of  the  Code  or,  solely  for purposes of Section 302 of ERISA and Section 412 of the Code, is treated as a single employer under Section 414(m) or (o) of the Code  (each  an  “ERISA Affiliate”)  has  incurred  any  liability  pursuant  to  Title  IV  of  ERISA  that  remains  unsatisfied.  Neither  the Company nor any ERISA Affiliate has sponsored, contributed or had an obligation to contribute, to any Title IV Plan, or any money purchase  pension  plan  subject  to  Section  412  of  the  Code,  within  the  past  six  (6)  years.  No  Company  Plan  is  or  has  been  a multiemployer  plan  within  the  meaning  of  Section  3(37)  of  ERISA  (a  “Multiemployer  Plan”)  or  a  multiple  employer  welfare arrangement  within  the  meaning  of  Section  3(40)  of  ERISA.  During  the  past  six  (6)  years,  neither  the  Company  nor  any  of  its ERISA  Affiliates  has  completely  or  partially  withdrawn  from  any  Multiemployer  Plan  and  no  termination  liability  to  the  United States Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation or withdrawal liability to any Multiemployer Plan has been or is reasonably expected to be incurred with respect to any Multiemployer Plan by the Company nor any of its ERISA Affiliates. Neither the Company nor any  other  “disqualified  person”  or  “party  in  interest,”  as  defined  in  Section  4975  of  the  Code  and  Section  3(14)  of  ERISA, respectively, has, to the Company’s Knowledge, engaged in any “prohibited transaction,” as defined in Section 4975 of the Code or Section 406 of ERISA (which is not otherwise exempt), with respect to any Company Plan, nor, to the Company’s Knowledge, have there been 43   any fiduciary violations under ERISA that could subject the Company (or any Employee) to any penalty or tax under Section 502(i) of ERISA or Section 4975 of the Code. (d)    Status of Plans. Company Plans intended to qualify under Section 401 of the Code or other tax-favored treatment under Subchapter B of Chapter 1 of Subtitle A of the Code are so qualified and any trusts intended to be exempt from federal income taxation under the Code are so exempt. To the Knowledge of the Company, (i) nothing has occurred with respect to the operation of any Company Plans that could reasonably be expected to cause the loss of such qualification or exemption; and (ii) no event has occurred and no condition exists with respect to any Company Plan subject to the requirements of Code Section 401(a) that would subject the Company to any Tax, fine, Lien, penalty or other liability imposed by ERISA, the Code or other applicable Laws. For each Company Plan with respect to which a Form 5500 has been filed, no adverse change has occurred with respect to the matters covered  by  the  most  recent  Form  5500  since  the  date  thereof.  None  of  the  Company  Plans  provides  for  post-employment  life  or health coverage for any participant or any beneficiary of a participant, except as may be required under Part 6 of Subtitle B of Title I of ERISA, Section 4980B of the Code or any similar state law and at the expense of the participant or the participant’s beneficiary. (e)    Contributions to Plans. All contributions required to have been made under any of the Company Plans or by Law (without regard to any waivers granted under Section 412 of the Code) have been timely made. There are no unfunded liabilities or benefits under any Company Plans that are not reflected in the Financial Statements. (f)    Conformity with Laws. All Company Plans have been established, operated and maintained in accordance with their terms and with all applicable provisions of ERISA, the Code and other Laws. All amendments and actions required to bring the Company  Plans  into  conformity  in  all  material  respects  with  all  of  the  applicable  provisions  of  the  Code,  ERISA  and  other applicable Laws have been made or taken, except to the extent that such amendments or actions are not required by Law to be made or  taken  until  a  date  after  the  Closing.  There  are  no  pending  Actions  arising  from  or  relating  to  the  Company  Plans  (other  than routine benefit claims). There are no filings or applications pending with respect to the Company Plans with the IRS, the DOL or any other Governmental Authority. The Company has satisfied obligations applicable to the Company under Section 4980B of the Code, Part 6 of Subtitle  B of Title  I of ERISA  and each applicable  state  law relating  to continuation  of health  or other coverage  to any Employee (or any dependent or former dependent of such Employee) with respect to any qualifying event that has occurred on or before  the  Closing  Date.  Section  3.10(f) of  the  Disclosure  Schedule  lists  each  individual  who,  as  of  the  Agreement  Date,  (i)  is currently receiving continuation coverage under COBRA under a Company Plan, or (ii) is within his or her COBRA election period. (g)       Leased Employees.  The  Company  has  no  Employees  who  are  “leased  employees”  (as  that  term  is defined  in Section  414(n)  of  the  Code)  and  has  no  liability,  contingent  or  otherwise,  for  any  federal,  state  or  local  workers’  compensation contribution, with respect to any Employees who are leased employees. (h)    Employment Matters. 44   (i)        Section  3.10(h)(i) of  the  Disclosure  Schedule  sets  forth  a  true  and  complete  listing  of  the  Current Employees and the Current Consultants, as of the Agreement Date, including each such person’s name, job title or function and job location, as well as a true, correct and complete listing of his or her current salary or wage payable by the Company, and for each such Current Employee or such Current Consultant, the amount of all incentive compensation paid or payable to such person for the current calendar year, and each such Current Employee’s or such Current Consultant’s current status (as to full time or part time, exempt  or  nonexempt  and  temporary  or  permanent  status  and  as  to  classification  as  an  employee,  consultant  or  independent contractor).  No  Current  Employees  are  on  leave  or  disability.  Other  than  as  fully  reflected  or  specifically  reserved  against  in  the Financial  Statements  (or  as  otherwise  expressly  permitted  or  required  pursuant  to  this  Agreement),  the  Company  has  not  paid  or contractually promised to pay any bonuses, commissions or incentives to any Employee or Consultant. The Company has delivered or made available to Parent a true and complete copy of the employee handbook for the Company, if any, and all other employment policies, if any, currently applicable to any Current Employee or Current Consultant. manager or higher has disclosed any plans to terminate his, her or their employment or other relationship with the Company. (ii)        To  the  Company’s  Knowledge,  no  officer,  Current  Consultant  or  Current  Employee  at  the  level  of (iii)        The  Company  has  a  USCIS  Form  I-9  that  is  validly  and  properly  completed  in  accordance  with applicable Law for each Employee with respect to whom such form is required by applicable Law. The Company has complied with all  Department  of  Homeland  Security,  DOL  and  State  Department  regulations  governing  the  employment  of  foreign  national workers. If applicable, the Company has complied with all Laws related to H-1B workers, including the payment of wages and the maintenance of public access files related to the filing of ETA-9035 Labor Condition Applications. (iv)    Except as set forth in Section 3.10(h)(iv) of the Disclosure Schedule: (A)    since the Reference Date: (x) the Company has paid or made provision for payment of all salaries and wages, which are payable by the Company to any Employees, accrued through the Closing Date and is in compliance with all applicable  Laws  respecting  employment  and  employment  practices,  terms  and  conditions  of  employment,  collective  bargaining, immigration, wages, hours and benefits, non-discrimination in employment, workers’ compensation, including Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967, the Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972, ERISA, the Equal Pay Act, the National Labor Relations Act, the Fair Labor Standards Act, the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, the Vietnam Era Veterans Reemployment Act, the Family and Medical Leave Act, Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 and any and all similar applicable state and local Laws; and (y) the Company has not been engaged in any unfair employment practice, as defined in the National Labor Relations Act or other applicable Law; (B)    since the Reference Date, the Company has not received a written notice, citation, complaint or charge asserting any violation or liability under the federal Occupational  Safety and Health Act of 1970 or any similar applicable Law regulating employee health and safety; 45   (C)    (u) none of the Current Employees is represented by any labor union or other labor representative with  respect  to  his  or  her  employment  with  the  Company;  (v)  there  are  no  labor,  collective  bargaining  agreements  or  similar arrangements binding on the Company with respect to any Current Employees; (w) since the Reference Date, no petition has been filed nor has any proceeding been instituted by any Employee or group of Employees with the National Labor Relations Board or similar Governmental Authority seeking recognition of a collective bargaining agreement; (x) to the Company’s Knowledge, there are no Persons attempting to represent or organize or purporting to represent for bargaining purposes any of the Current Employees; (y)  since  the  Reference  Date,  there  has  not  occurred  or,  to  the  Company’s  Knowledge,  has  not  been  threatened  any  strikes, slowdowns, picketing, work stoppages or concerted refusals to work or other similar labor activities with respect to Employees; and (z)  no  grievance  or  arbitration  or  other  proceeding  arising  out  of  or  under  any  collective  bargaining  agreement  relating  to  the Company is pending or, to the Company’s Knowledge, threatened; (D)        since  the  Reference  Date,  the  Company  has  not  received  written  notice  of  any  charge  or complaint  pending  before  the  Equal  Employment  Opportunity  Commission  or  similar  Governmental  Authority  alleging  unlawful discrimination in employment practices, or before the National Labor Relations Board or similar Governmental Authority alleging any unfair labor practice, by the Company, nor, to the Knowledge of the Company, has any such charge been threatened in writing; (E)        (x)  all  Current  Employees  of  the  Company  are  employed  on  an  at-will  basis  and  their employment  can  be  terminated  at  any  time  for  any  reason  without  any  amounts  being  owed  to  such  individual  other  than  with respect  to  wages,  compensation  and  benefits  accrued  before  such  termination;  and  (y)  the  Company’s  relationships  with  all individuals  who  act  as  Consultants  to  the  Company  can  be  terminated  at  any  time  for  any  reason  without  notice  or  any  amounts being owed to such individual other than with respect to compensation or payments accrued before such termination; (F)    since the Reference Date, the Company has not effectuated: (x) a “plant closing” (as defined in the WARN Act, or any similar Law) affecting any site of employment or one or more facilities or operating units within any site of employment or facility of the Company; or (y) a “mass layoff” (as defined in the WARN Act, or any similar Law) affecting any site of employment or facility of the Company; and (G)    any individual performing services for the Company who has been classified as an independent contractor, or as an employee of some other entity whose services are leased to the Company, has been correctly classified and is in fact not a common law employee of the Company or any Subsidiary. (i)    Effect of Transaction. Except for the payment of the consideration under ARTICLE II or otherwise provided in this Agreement or under applicable Law, neither the execution and delivery of the Transaction Agreements nor the consummation of the Transactions shall result in (i) any payment becoming due to any Employee, (ii) the provision of any benefits or other rights to any Employee, (iii) the increase, acceleration or provision of any payments, benefits or other rights to any Employee, whether or not any such payment, right or benefit would constitute a 46   “parachute  payment”  within  the  meaning  of  Section  280G  of  the  Code,  (iv)  require  any  contributions  or  payments  to  fund  any obligations under any Company Plan, or (v) the forgiveness in whole or in part of any outstanding loans made by the Company to any Employee or Consultant. No payment, right or benefit that becomes due or accelerated as a result of the execution and delivery of the Transaction  Agreements or the consummation  of the Transactions  is an “excess parachute payment” within the meaning of Section 280G of the Code. (j)    Compliance with Section 409A of the Code. To the extent that any Company Plan is a Nonqualified Deferred Compensation  Plan,  such Company  Plan  is in documentary  and  operational  compliance  with,  in all respects,  Section  409A  of the Code  and  all  applicable  guidance  issued  by  the  IRS  thereunder  (or  could  be  made  compliant  without  applicable  penalties  in accordance with such guidance). No payment pursuant to any Company Plan or other arrangement to any “service provider” (as such term  is  defined  in  Section  409A  of  the  Code  and  the  United  States  Treasury  Regulations  and  IRS  guidance  thereunder)  to  the Company  would  subject  any  person  to  tax  pursuant  to  Section  409A(1)  of  the  Code,  whether  pursuant  to  the  Transactions  or otherwise.  There  is  no  Contract  or  arrangement  to  which  the  Company,  or  to  the  Knowledge  of  the  Company,  any  Company Affiliate  is  a  party  or  by  which  it  is  bound  to  compensate  any  of  its  current  or  former  employees,  independent  contractors  or directors for additional income or excise taxes paid pursuant to Sections 409A or 4999 of the Code. (k)        Plans  Outside  the  United  States.  No  Company  Plan  is  subject  to  the  laws  of  any  jurisdiction  other  than  the United States of America. (l)    Plan Termination. Each Company Plan can be amended, terminated or otherwise discontinued in accordance with its terms, without Liability to the Company, Parent or any of their Affiliates (other than ordinary administrative expenses typically incurred  in  a  termination  event).  Except  as  required  by  Law,  neither  the  Company  nor  any  of  its  Affiliates  has  announced  its intention to modify or amend any Company Plan or adopt any arrangement or program which, once established, would come within the  meaning  of  a  Company  Plan,  and  each  asset  held  under  any  Company  Plan  may  be  liquidated  or  terminated  without  the imposition of any redemption fee, surrender charge or comparable Liability. 3.11    Environmental Matters. The Company is, and at all times has been, in compliance with all applicable Environmental Laws. There is no Action arising under Environmental Laws that is pending or, to the Knowledge of the Company, threatened in writing  against  the  Company.  The  Company  has  not  received  any  written  notice  of,  or  entered  into,  or  assumed  by  Contract  or operation of Law, any obligation, liability, order, settlement, judgment, injunction or decree arising under Environmental Laws. The Company  has  not  stored,  treated,  disposed  of,  arranged  for  or  permitted  the  disposal  of,  transported,  handled  or  released  any Hazardous  Material  in  a  manner  that  has  given  or  would  reasonably  be  expected  to  give  rise  to  any  Liabilities  (including  any Liabilities  for  response  costs,  corrective  action  costs,  personal  injury,  natural  resource  damages,  property  damage,  or  any investigative,  corrective  or  remedial  obligations)  pursuant  to  CERCLA  or  any  other  Environmental  Laws.  No  property  or  facility now or, to the Knowledge of the Company, previously operated by the Company, currently is listed or proposed for listing on the National Priorities List or the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Information System, 47   both promulgated under CERCLA, or on any analogous state or local registry list and, to the Knowledge of the Company, no off-site location at which the Company has disposed or arranged for the disposal of any Hazardous Material is listed or proposed to be listed on the National Priorities List or on any analogous state or local list. 3.12    Contracts. (a)    Specified Material Contracts. Except as set forth in Section 3.12(a) of the Disclosure Schedule, the Company is not a party to, does not have any obligations, rights or benefits under, and none of its assets or properties are bound by any: (i)    Contracts that purport to limit, curtail or restrict the ability of the Company or its Affiliates to conduct business in any geographic area or line of business or restrict the Persons with whom the Company or any of its future Subsidiaries or Affiliates may do business; (ii)    Contracts: (x) with any Employee and any offer letters for employment or consulting with the Company, that  (A)  provide  for  anticipated  annual  compensation  or  other  payments  in  excess  of  $100,000  for  any  individual  (other  than employment offers terminable at will with no severance or acceleration liability), including any Contracts with individuals providing for  any  commission-based  compensation  in  excess  of  such  amount,  (B)  provide  for  the  payment  of  non-qualified  deferred compensation subject to Section 409A of the Code, or (C) provide for potential severance payments or other severance benefits; and (y)  with  any  Consultant  and  any  offer  letters  to  enter  into  consulting  agreements  with  the  Company,  that  provide  for  anticipated annual payments in excess of $100,000 for any individual, including any Contracts with individuals providing for any commission- based payments in excess of such amount; bargaining agreement); (iii)        Contracts  with  any  labor  union  or  other  labor  representative  of  Employees  (including  any  collective (iv)    Contracts with any present or former officer, director or stockholder of the Company, or any Affiliate of such officer, director or stockholder (other than Company Plans, but specifically including any employment agreements that are not terminable at will without severance or acceleration liability), including, but not limited to, any agreement providing for furnishing of services by, rental of assets from or to, or otherwise requiring payments to, any such officer, director, stockholder or Affiliate, in each  case,  other  than  advances  or  reimbursements  for  travel  and  entertainment  expenses  consistent  with  Company  policy  and practice; (v)        Contracts  under  which  the  Company  has  advanced  or  loaned  any  money  to  any  of  the  Employees  or Affiliates of the Company where there is still an outstanding amount due to the Company under such Contract, other than advances or  reimbursements  for  expenses  consistent  with  Company  policy  and  past  practice  (including,  but  not  limited  to,  travel  and entertainment); (vi)        Contracts  granting  any  power  of  attorney  with  respect  to  the  affairs  of  the  Company  or  otherwise conferring agency or other power or authority to bind the Company other than to officers and attorneys in the Ordinary Course of Business; 48   (vii)    Partnership or joint venture agreements; (viii)    Contracts for the acquisition, sale or lease of properties or assets (including any ownership interest in any entity) other than in the Ordinary Course of Business; (ix)    Contracts with a Governmental Authority; (x)       Loan or credit agreements,  indentures,  notes or other Contracts  evidencing  indebtedness  for borrowed money (contingent or otherwise) by the Company, or any Contracts pursuant to which indebtedness for borrowed money (contingent or otherwise) is guaranteed by the Company, or any guarantees of the foregoing by third parties for the Company’s benefit; Permitted Lien on any material property or assets of the Company; (xi)       Mortgages,  pledges,  security  agreements,  deeds  of  trust  or other  Contracts  granting  a Lien  other  than is a party; (xii)    Voting agreements or registration rights agreements relating to Company Stock to which the Company (xiii)    Lease or rental Contracts relating to personal property; (xiv)    Contracts providing for indemnification by the Company other than (x) customary indemnities in such Contracts  that  were  entered  into  in  the  Ordinary  Course  of  Business  and  (y)  customary  indemnities  against  infringement  of Intellectual Property Rights contained in non-exclusive licenses entered into in the Ordinary Course of Business; (xv)    Any Contract with any supplier or provider of goods or services that are incorporated into, or related to the  development  of,  any  Product  and  Service  involving  consideration  in  excess  of  $60,000  in  the  current  or  either  of  the  two  (2) previous fiscal years (other than purchase orders for goods entered into in the Ordinary Course of Business); (xvi)    Any Contracts to (x) provide services to any Person involving consideration in excess of $60,000 in the current or either of the two (2) previous fiscal years, or (y) perform any service or sell or lease any product which grants the other party  or  any  third  party  “most  favored  nation”  status,  “most  favored  customer”  pricing,  preferred  pricing,  exclusive  sales, distribution, marketing or other exclusive rights, or rights of first refusal or rights of first negotiation; of $60,000 and not cancelable without penalty; (xvii)    Contracts relating to capital expenditures and involving obligations after the Agreement Date in excess (xviii)    Contracts relating to the disposition or acquisition of material assets or any ownership interest in any entity to the Company in connection with the Transactions; and (xvix)    Contracts with any financial advisor, broker, finder or investment banker providing advisory services 49   (xx)    Contracts to enter into or negotiate the entering into of any of the foregoing. (b)    Documentation. The Company has delivered or made available to Parent (i) true and complete copies of each written Material Contract and (ii) a summary of each oral Material Contract, together with any and all amendments, supplements and “side letters” thereto. (c)        Status  of  Material  Contracts.  Each  of  the  Contracts  required  to  be  listed  in  Section 3.12(a) of  the  Disclosure Schedule and each of the IP Contracts (collectively, the “Material Contracts”) is valid and binding on the Company and in full force and  effect  and  is  enforceable  in  accordance  with  its  terms  by  the  Company,  except  to  the  extent  that  their  enforceability  may  be limited  by  applicable  bankruptcy,  insolvency,  reorganization,  moratorium,  or  similar  laws  affecting  the  enforcement  of  creditors’ rights generally and by general equitable principles. The Company is not in breach or default under any Material Contract, nor does any condition exist that, with notice or lapse of time or both, would constitute a breach or default in any respect thereunder by the Company or that would result in liability to the Company. To the Knowledge of the Company,  (i) no other party to any Material Contract is in default thereunder and (ii) no condition exists that with notice or lapse of time or both would constitute a default in any respect by any such other party thereunder. The Company has not received notice of any termination or cancellation of any Material Contract. The Company has not and, to the Knowledge of the Company, no other party to any Material Contract has repudiated in writing  any  provision  of  any  Material  Contract.  The  Company  is  not  disputing  and,  to  the  Knowledge  of  the  Company,  no  other party to such Material Contract is disputing in writing, any provision of any Material Contract. None of the parties to any Material Contract  is  renegotiating  any  amounts  paid  or  payable  to  or  by  the  Company  under  such  Material  Contract  or  any  other  term  or provision thereof. 3.13        Assets:  Title,  Sufficiency,  Condition.  The  Company  has  good,  valid  and  sufficient  title  to  or  sole  and  exclusive leasehold interest in or adequate right to use all of its tangible assets, including those that are used in the conduct of the Business or reflected in the Interim Balance Sheet as being owned by the Company or acquired after the date thereof (the “Assets”), free and clear  of  all Liens  except  Permitted  Liens.  The  Assets  constitute,  in all material  respects,  all of  the  assets,  properties  and  rights  of every type and description that are used in and necessary for the conduct of the Company’s business as currently conducted. All of the tangible personal property other than the inventory (i) are in all material respects adequate and suitable for their present uses, (ii) in  reasonably  good  working  order,  operating  condition  and  state  of  repair  (ordinary  wear  and  tear  excepted)  and  (iii)  have  been maintained in all respects in accordance with normal industry practice. 3.14    Real Property. (a)    The Company does not own or lease, and has never owned or leased, any real property. 3.15    Intellectual Property; Technology; Privacy and Security; Information Systems; Disaster Recovery. (a)    Company Intellectual Property Rights and Company Technology. 50   (i)    The Company owns or has the right to use all Company Technology and all Intellectual Property Rights therein for all purposes necessary or useful to the Company’s business as presently conducted. Except for (x) the Technology and Intellectual Property Rights licensed to the Company under the Inbound IP Contracts and (y) off the shelf, “click wrap” or “shrink wrap”  license  agreements  for  software  that  is  generally  commercially  available  to  the  public  on  reasonable  terms  (“Shrink Wrap Licenses”), in each case with annual, aggregate payments (including license, maintenance and support fees) not in excess of $20,000 individually or $50,000 in the aggregate, or (z) Public Software disclosed on Section 3.15(f) of the Disclosure Schedule, none of the Company  Technology  or  Company  Intellectual  Property  Rights  is  owned  by  any  third  party.  Except  as  noted  in  the  preceding sentence,  the  Company  exclusively  owns  all  Company  Technology,  including  Proprietary  Software  and  all  Company  Intellectual Property Rights that are owned or purported to be owned by the Company free and clear of all Liens other than with respect to the Permitted Liens. (ii)    Section 3.15(a)(ii) of the Disclosure Schedule contains a list of Proprietary Software. Except as disclosed by  Section  3.15(a)(ii) of  the  Disclosure  Schedule:  (A)  the  Company  has  used  commercially  reasonable  efforts  to  maintain  and protect  all  Proprietary  Software  (including  all  source  code  and  system  specifications)  with  appropriate  proprietary  notices, confidentiality  and  non-disclosure  agreements  and  such  other  measures  as  are  reasonably  necessary  to  protect  the  Intellectual Property Rights contained therein or relating thereto, and none of the source code of any Proprietary Software has been published, disclosed or delivered to any Person by the Company (other than those subcontractors or other Persons listed on Section 3.15(a)(ii) of the Disclosure Schedule) or by any employee, consultant, contractor or agent of the Company; (B) no licenses or rights (including contingent rights) have been granted by the Company, or any of its Affiliates, to any Person to access, use or distribute any source code  of  any  Proprietary  Software;  (C)  the  Company  has  complete  and  exclusive  right,  title  and  interest  in  and  to  all  Proprietary Software except as to Public Software disclosed on Section 3.15(f) of the Disclosure Schedule that is included or made part of the Proprietary  Software;  (D)  the  Company  has  developed  the  Proprietary  Software  through  its  own  efforts  and  for  its  own  account without the aid or use of any consultants, agents, independent contractors or Persons (other than Persons that are Employees) who may claim ownership interests in the Proprietary Software or any portion thereof; (E) the Proprietary Software includes the current source  code,  system  documentation,  statements  of  principles  of  operation  and  schematics,  as  well  as  any  pertinent  commentary, explanation, program (including compilers), workbenches, tools and higher level (or “proprietary”) language actually created, owned or used by the Company for the development, maintenance and implementation thereof; and (F) there are no Contracts in effect with respect to the marketing, distribution or licensing of the Proprietary Software by any other Person. (b)    Infringement. Neither (i) the operation of the business of the Company, including as presently conducted, nor (ii) any of the Products and Services or Company Technology has infringed upon, diluted, misappropriated or violated, or will infringe upon, dilute, misappropriate or violate, any Intellectual Property Rights of any Person. The Company has not received any written charge, complaint, claim, demand, or notice alleging infringement, dilution, misappropriation or violation of the Intellectual Property Rights of any Person (including any demand to refrain from using or to license any Intellectual Property Rights of any Person in 51   connection  with  the  conduct  of  the  Company’s  business).  To  the  Company’s  Knowledge,  no  Person  has  infringed  upon,  diluted, misappropriated or violated any Company Intellectual Property Rights at any time since the Reference Date. There are no pending or, to the Company’s Knowledge, claims threatened in writing against the Company challenging the Company’s ownership of the Company Intellectual Property Rights or alleging that any of the Company Intellectual Property Rights are invalid or unenforceable. (c)       Scheduled IP. Section 3.15(c) of  the  Disclosure  Schedule  identifies  all  patents,  patent  applications,  registered trademarks and registered copyrights, applications for trademark and copyright registrations, domain names, registered design rights and other forms of registered Intellectual Property Rights and applications therefor owned by or exclusively licensed to the Company (collectively, the “Company Registrations”). All current Company Registrations have been duly maintained (including the payment of fees) and have not expired, cancelled or abandoned. Section 3.15(c) of the Disclosure Schedule also identifies each trade name, each  unregistered  trademark,  service  mark,  or  trade  dress  owned  or  exclusively  licensed  by  the  Company  that,  in  each  case,  is material to the Business of the Company. (d)    IP Contracts. Section 3.15(d) of the Disclosure Schedule identifies under separate headings each Contract under which  the  Company  uses  or  licenses  from  third  parties  Company  Technology  or  Company  Intellectual  Property  Rights  that  are material to the operation of the Business of the Company as presently conducted and that any Person besides the Company owns, including Software other than Proprietary Software that is licensed to or used by the Company or any of its Affiliates and is related to Company’s business (“Third Party Software”) (other than Shrink Wrap Licenses and Public Software) (collectively “Inbound IP Contracts”)  or  under  which  the  Company  has  granted  any  Person  any  right  or  interest  in  Company  Intellectual  Property  Rights including  any  right  to  use  or  access  any  item  of  the  Company  Technology  (the  “Outbound  IP  Contracts”,  and  together  with  the Inbound  IP  Contracts,  the  “IP  Contracts”).  None  of  the  Inbound  IP  Contracts  are  subject  to  any  transfer,  assignment,  change  of control, site, equipment or other operational limitations. Except as provided in the Inbound IP Contracts and Shrink Wrap Licenses, the  Company  does  not  owe  any  royalties  or  other  payments  or  otherwise  have  any  liability  to  any  Person  for  the  use  of  any Intellectual Property Rights or Technology. The Company has paid all fees, royalties and other payments applicable to the past and current use or exploitation of Intellectual Property Rights provided for by the Inbound IP Contracts and Shrink Wrap Licenses, and no fees, royalties or other payments provided by the Inbound IP Contracts and Shrink Wrap Licenses are due or otherwise required to be paid by the Company or any of its Affiliates within thirty (30) days following the Closing Date or otherwise become due as a result of, or attributable to, the Transactions contemplated herein. (e)        Confidentiality  and  Invention  Assignments.  The  Company  has  maintained  commercially  reasonable  practices designed to ensure the protection of the confidentiality of the Company’s confidential information and trade secrets and has required any Employee, Consultant or third party with access, or to whom it has disclosed its confidential information, to execute contracts requiring them to maintain the confidentiality of such information and use such information only in accordance with such contracts. All  Employees  and  Consultants  of  the  Company  who  (i)  in  the  normal  course  of  their  duties  are  involved  in  the  creation  of  any Company Technology that 52   is incorporated in any Product and Service of the Company or (ii) have in fact created Company Technology that is incorporated in any Product and Service of the Company, have executed contracts that irrevocably assign to the Company on a worldwide royalty- free basis all of such Persons’ respective rights, including Intellectual Property Rights relating to such Product and Service. To the Knowledge  of  the  Company,  no  Employee  or  Consultant  is in  violation  of  any  term  of  any  such  agreement,  including  any  patent disclosure  agreement  or  other  employment  contract  or  any  other  contract  or  agreement  relating  to  the  relationship  of  any  such Employee or Consultant with the Company. All authors of any works of authorship in the Company Technology have waived their moral rights and have agreed to a covenant not to assert their moral rights. (f)    Open Source Software. Except as disclosed on Section 3.15(f) of the Disclosure Schedule, none of the Company Technology,  Proprietary  Software,  or  any  Product  and  Service  of  the  Company  (including  any  software,  middleware,  firmware) constitutes, contains, or is dependent upon any Public Software. Except as disclosed on Section 3.15(f) of the Disclosure Schedule, the  Proprietary  Software  has  never  been  provided,  delivered  or  distributed  to  any  Person  other  than  those  Employees  and Consultants  of  the  Company  working  on  the  development  of  Company’s  software,  firmware  or  middleware  for  the  benefit  of  the Company and has never been delivered or distributed in any form (object code, executable code or source code form) to any Person, including delivery via electronic transmission, by physical delivery on tangible media (either as stand-alone software or as a part of any other software), loan, delivery or transmission as part of the transfer of hardware or components, or any other form of delivery or distribution, temporary or permanent. None of the Company Technology, Proprietary Software, nor any Product and Service of the Company is subject to any IP Contract or other contractual obligation that would require the Company to publicly divulge any source code or trade secret that is part of the Company Technology. (g)    Privacy and Data Security. (i)    The Collection and Use and dissemination by the Company of any Personal Data is in compliance in all respects with the Company’s privacy policies and terms of use, all applicable Information Privacy and Security Laws, all Personal Data  Obligations,  and  all  Contracts  to  which  the  Company  is  bound.  Except  as  disclosed  on  Section  3.15(g) of  the  Disclosure Schedule, (i) no Personal Data is stored or otherwise maintained outside the United States by the Company or any third party and (ii) the Company has not engaged in cross-border processing of Personal Data. True and complete copies of all current privacy policies used by the Company have been provided or made available to Parent. The Company has consistently posted a privacy policy in a clear and conspicuous location on all websites and any mobile applications owned or operated by the Company. described in the Contracts or, to the extent applicable, any privacy policies delivered or made available to Parent. (ii)        The  Company  does  not  Collect  or  Use  Personal  Data  from  any  Person  in  any  manner  other  than  as (iii)        The  Company  maintains  policies  and  procedures  regarding  data  security  and  privacy  and  maintains administrative, technical and physical safeguards that are commercially reasonable and, in any event, to the Company’s Knowledge, in compliance with all applicable Information and Privacy and Security Laws and all Contracts to which the Company is 53   bound. True and complete copies of all such policies and procedures have been provided or made available to Parent. The Company has complied  at all times in all respects with the terms of all Contracts  to which the Company  is a party relating  to data privacy, security  or  breach  notification  (including  provisions  that  impose  conditions  or  restrictions  on  the  collection,  use,  disclosure, transmission, destruction, maintenance, storage, or safeguarding of Personal Data). (iv)    At any time since the Reference Date, there have been no security breaches relating to, or violations of any security policy or Information Privacy and Security Law regarding, or any unauthorized access, disclosure, or use of, any data or information used by the Company, including Personal Data. No written notice has been provided to the Company by a third party vendor  or  any  other  person  of  any  security  breach  relating  to  Personal  Data.  The  Company  has  not  experienced  a  loss  or unauthorized disclosure, use, or breach of privacy or security of any Personal Data in the custody or control of the Company that would have required notice to any third Person (including any Governmental Entity or parties to any Contract) under any applicable Law. No Person (including any Governmental Authority) has commenced or, to the Company’s Knowledge, threatened, any Action relating to the Company’s information privacy or data security practices. Area, or (y) process, transmit, or store any Personal Data of any Persons located in the European Economic Area. (v)    The Company does not knowingly (x) have or actively solicit any customers in the European Economic (vi)        The  Company  has  taken  all  required  steps  to  limit  access  to  Personal  Data  to:  (x)  those  Company personnel and third-party vendors providing services to or on behalf of the Company who have a need to know such Personal Data in the execution of their duties to the Company; and (y) such other Persons permitted to access such Personal Data in accordance with the privacy policies and terms of use, all applicable Information Privacy and Security Laws and all Contracts to which the Company is bound. (vii)    The Company maintains a written technical information security program that contains administrative, technical and physical safeguards (including encryption) compliant in all respects with industry standards and applicable Information Privacy and Security Laws (the “Security Program”). The Company’s Security Program is designed to: (v) protect the integrity and confidentiality of Personal Data; (w) protect against reasonably anticipated threats or hazards to the security of Personal Data; (x) protect  against  the  unauthorized  access,  disclosure  or  use  of  Personal  Data;  (y)  address  computer  and  network  security;  and  (z) provide  for  the  secure  destruction  and  disposal  of  Personal  Data.  The  Security  Program  has  been  updated  as  required  by  all applicable Information Privacy and Security Laws. All third party vendors or persons with access to Personal Data have entered into contracts or written agreements with the Company requiring that such vendors or persons maintain a substantially similar security program. (viii)       The Company  controls  the access to its computer  and information  technology  networks  through  the utilization of standard security measures that are designed to prevent unauthorized access to such networks. All of the Company’s security measures are designed to be consistent with or exceed the requirements of applicable Laws and are designed to (x) prevent the unauthorized disclosure of confidential information (including Personal Data) of the Company, 54   (y)  prevent  access  without  express  authorization  (and  immediately  terminate  such  unauthorized  access)  to  the  networks  and information system of the Company and (z) facilitate the Company’s identification of the person making or attempting to make such unauthorized access. (h)        Effect  of  Transactions  on  Company  Technology  Rights  or  Data  Privacy.  The  Transactions  (including  the Mergers) shall not adversely affect the Company’s ownership of any Company Technology or the Company’s legal right and ability to  continue  using  the  Company  Technology  in  the  operation  of  the  Company’s  business  in  any  material  respect  on  or  after  the Closing  to  the  same  extent  as  the  Company  Technology  is  used  in  the  operation  of  the  business  prior  to  the  Closing.  The Transactions (including any transfer of Personal Data resulting from the Transactions) (i) comply with all Personal Data Obligations of the Company, and (ii) comply (and the disclosure to and transfer to Parent of such Personal Data at the Closing, and the use by Parent of such Personal Data at and after the Closing in the same manner as such Personal Data is used by the Company prior to the Closing, will comply) with all applicable Information Privacy and Security Laws. (i)        Information  Systems.  The  Company  owns,  leases  or  licenses  all  Information  Systems  that  are  used  in,  or necessary  for,  the  Business  of  the  Company.  In  the  last  twelve  (12)  months,  to  the  Company’s  Knowledge,  there  have  been  no failures,  breakdowns,  outages  or  unavailability  of  such  Information  Systems  and  the  DR  Plans  were  not  activated  other  than  for testing purposes. On and after the Closing, the Information Systems shall be in the possession, custody or control of the Company, along with all tools, documentation and other materials relating thereto, as existing immediately prior to the Closing. (j)    Disaster Recovery. The Company has delivered or made available to Parent a true and complete copy of the DR Plans. To the Knowledge of the Company, the DR Plans are consistent with or exceed industry standards and applicable Laws. The DR  Plans  are  designed  to  ensure,  at  a  minimum,  the  ability  of  the  Company  to  resume  operations  and  performance  of  services promptly and ensure redundancy of all data and information material to the operation of the Company that the Company is required to maintain pursuant to any Contract, internal policy or applicable Law. Within the last twelve (12) months, the Company conducted “tabletop” testing of the DR Plans, which testing did not detect any material deficiencies in the DR Plans. 3.16    Insurance. Section 3.16 of the Disclosure Schedule sets forth a list of all policies of property, general liability, directors and officers, fiduciary, employment, title, workers’ compensation, environmental, product liability, cyber liability and other forms of insurance  maintained  by  the  Company  and  all  pending  outstanding  claims  against  such  insurance  policies.  The  Company  has delivered  or made  available  to  Parent  complete  and correct  copies  of  all such  policies,  together  with  all  endorsements,  riders  and amendments thereto. There are no disputes with the insurers of any such policies or any claims pending under such policies as to which coverage has been reserved, questioned, denied or disputed by the insurers of such policies. Each such policy is in full force and effect, all premiums that are due and payable under all such policies have been paid, the Company is otherwise in compliance in all respects with the terms of such policies. The Company has not failed to give proper notice of any claim under any such policy in a valid and timely fashion. The Company has not received any notice of non-renewal, cancellation or 55   termination of any insurance policy in effect on the Agreement Date or at any time since the Reference Date. 3.17    Related Party/Affiliate Transactions. There are no Liabilities of the Company to any Related Party other than ordinary course,  Employee-  and  director-related  compensation  and  reimbursement  Liabilities.  Except  as  disclosed  in  Section  3.17 of  the Disclosure Schedule, no Related Party (i) has any interest in any property (real, personal or mixed, tangible or intangible) used by the Company in the conduct of its business, or (ii) has been party to any Contract with the Company. All transactions pursuant to which any Related Party has purchased any services, products or Technology from, or sold or furnished any services, products or technology to, the Company have been on an arm’s-length basis on terms no less favorable to the Company than would be available from an unaffiliated party. 3.18       Suppliers. Section 3.18 of  the Disclosure  Schedule  sets  forth  true  and complete  lists  of  the  top  ten suppliers  of  the Company (measured in terms of total expenses) attributable to each such Person (i) during the year ended December 31, 2018, and (ii)  during  the  six  (6)-month  period  ended  June  30,  2019  (each  Person  identified  on  at  least  one  of  such  lists,  a  “Top Supplier”), showing the total purchases by the Company from each such Top Supplier during such period. Since the Balance Sheet Date, no Top Supplier has, to the Knowledge of the Company, threatened to cease or materially reduce such sales or provision of services, other than in the Ordinary Course of Business. No Top Supplier has pending or threatened any Action against the Company. 3.19    Certain Business Practices. Neither the Company nor any Employee or agent, acting on behalf of the Company has (i) used any Company funds for unlawful contributions, gifts, entertainment or other unlawful payments relating to political activity, (ii) made any unlawful payment to any foreign or domestic government official or employee or to any foreign or domestic political party or campaign or violated any provision of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended, (iii) consummated any transaction, made any payment, entered into any Contract or arrangement or taken any other action in violation of Section 1128B(b) of the Social Security  Act, as amended,  or (iv) knowingly  made any other unlawful  payment  of a type similar  to those described  above in this Section 3.19. 3.20        Brokers  and  Other  Advisors.  No  broker,  investment  banker,  financial  advisor  or  other  Person  is  entitled  to  any broker’s, finder’s, financial advisor’s or other similar fee or commission, or the reimbursement of expenses, in connection with the Transactions  or  any  prior  merger,  acquisition  or  divestiture  transaction  based  upon  arrangements  made  by  or  on  behalf  of  the Company or any of its Affiliates. Notwithstanding anything in this Agreement to the contrary, there are no fees or expenses related to the Transactions payable by the Company to any third party other than the Company Transaction and Bonus Expenses. 3.21        Disclaimer  of  Other  Warranties.  Except  for  the  representations  and  warranties  contained  in  this  ARTICLE  III (including  the  Disclosure  Schedule),  neither  the  Company  nor  any  other  Person  on  behalf  of  the  Company  has  made,  or  shall  be deemed to have made, any other express or implied representation or warranty with respect to the Company or with respect to any other information provided or made available to Parent, Merger Sub A and Merger Sub B and any 56   Representatives, and the Company hereby disclaims any other representations or warranties, whether made by the Company or any of its Representatives. ARTICLE IV Parent represents and warrants to the Company as of the Agreement Date and as of the Closing Date as follows: REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES OF PARENT 4.1    Organization. Each of Parent, Merger Sub A and Merger Sub B is a corporation duly incorporated, validly existing and in good standing under the laws of the State of Delaware. Since the date of its incorporation, neither Merger Sub A nor Merger Sub B has not engaged in any activities other than in connection with or as contemplated by this Agreement. 4.2    Authority; Non-Contravention. (a)    Each of Parent, Merger Sub A and Merger Sub B has all requisite corporate power and corporate authority to execute and deliver the Transaction Agreements to which it is a party and to perform its obligations thereunder and to consummate the Transactions  (including  the Mergers).  The execution,  delivery  and performance  by each of Parent,  Merger Sub A and Merger Sub B of the Transaction Agreements to which it is a party and the consummation by Parent, Merger Sub A and Merger Sub B of the Transactions  (including  the  Mergers)  have  been  duly  authorized  and  approved  by  Parent’s,  Merger  Sub  A’s  and  Merger  Sub  B’s respective  board  of  directors  and  no  other  corporate  action  on  the  part  of  Parent,  Merger  Sub  A  and  Merger  Sub  B,  including, without  limitation,  by Parent’s  stockholders,  is necessary  to authorize  the execution,  delivery  and performance  by each of Parent, Merger  Sub  A  and  Merger  Sub  B  of  the  Transaction  Agreements  to  which  it  is  a  party  and  the  consummation  by  it  of  the Transactions  (including  the  Mergers).  This  Agreement  has  been  and,  when  delivered  at  the  Closing,  the  other  Transaction Agreements to which each of Parent, Merger Sub A and Merger Sub B is a party shall be, duly executed and delivered by Parent, Merger Sub A and Merger Sub B. Assuming due authorization, execution and delivery hereof and thereof by the other parties hereto and thereto, this Agreement constitutes and the other Transaction Agreements to which each of Parent, Merger Sub A and Merger Sub B is a party shall, when delivered at the Closing, constitute, the legal, valid and binding obligations of Parent, Merger Sub A and Merger Sub B, enforceable against Parent, Merger Sub A and Merger Sub B in accordance with their respective terms, except to the extent  that  their  enforceability  may  be  limited  by  applicable  bankruptcy,  insolvency,  reorganization,  moratorium  or  similar  laws affecting the enforcement of creditors’ rights generally and by general equitable principles. (b)    Neither the execution and delivery of the Transaction Agreements to which each of Parent, Merger Sub A and Merger  Sub  B  is  a  party,  nor  the  consummation  by  Parent,  Merger  Sub  A  and  Merger  Sub  B  of  the  Transactions  (including  the Mergers), nor compliance by Parent, Merger Sub A and Merger Sub B with any of the terms or provisions thereof, shall (i) violate any 57   provision of the Charter Documents of Parent, Merger Sub A and Merger Sub B or (ii) assuming that the consents and approvals referred to in Section 4.3 are obtained and the filings referred to in  Section 4.3 are made, (x) violate any Law applicable to Parent, Merger Sub A and Merger Sub B or any of their respective properties or assets, or (y) constitute a default under (with or without notice or lapse of time, or both), result in the termination of or cancellation under, or result in the creation of any Lien upon any of the respective properties or assets of Parent, Merger Sub A and Merger Sub B under, any of the terms, conditions or provisions of any  material  Contract  to  which  Parent,  Merger  Sub  A  and  Merger  Sub  B  is  a  party,  except  for  such  violations,  losses,  defaults, terminations, cancellations, accelerations or Liens as, individually or in the aggregate, would not reasonably be expected to have a “Parent Material Adverse Effect.” 4.3        Governmental Approvals.  No  consent,  approval  or  authorization  of,  or  registration,  qualification  or  filing  with,  any Governmental  Authority is required for the valid execution,  delivery  and performance  of this Agreement or the other Transaction Agreements by Parent, Merger Sub A and Merger Sub B or the consummation by Parent, Merger Sub A and Merger Sub B of the transactions  contemplated  hereby,  except  for  (i)  a  filing  with  the  New  York  Stock  Exchange  in  respect  of  the  shares  of  Parent Common Stock issuable pursuant to this Agreement, (ii) the filing of the Certificates of Merger with the Secretary of State of the State  of  Delaware  pursuant  to  the  DGCL  and  (iii)  such  consents,  approvals,  orders,  authorizations,  registrations,  declarations  and filings as may be required under applicable federal or state securities laws. 4.4    SEC Documents. (a)    Parent has filed or furnished all reports, schedules, forms, proxy statements, prospectuses, registration statements and other documents required to be filed or furnished by it with the SEC since January 1, 2018, and Parent has made available to the Company  (including  through  the  SEC’s  EDGAR  database)  true,  correct  and  complete  copies  of  all  such  documents  (collectively, “Parent’s  SEC  Documents”).  As  of  their  respective  dates  (or,  if  amended  or  supplemented,  as  of  the  date  of  the  most  recent amendment or supplement), each of Parent’s SEC Documents complied in all material respects with the applicable requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “1934 Act”), the Securities Act and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, and any rules  and  regulations  promulgated  thereunder,  and  none  of  Parent’s  SEC  Documents,  as  of  their  respective  dates,  contained  any untrue statement of a material fact or omitted to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary in order to make the statements made therein, in light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading. (b)    Each of the consolidated financial statements (including, in each case, any notes thereto) contained in Parent’s SEC Documents was prepared in accordance with GAAP throughout the periods indicated (except as may be indicated in the notes thereto and except that financial statements included with interim reports do not contain all notes to such financial statements) and each fairly presented in all material respects the consolidated financial position, results of operations and changes in stockholders’ equity  and  cash  flows  of  Parent  and  its  consolidated  subsidiaries  as  at  the  respective  dates  thereof  and  for  the  respective  periods indicated therein (subject, in the case of unaudited statements, to normal year-end adjustments which are not expected, individually or in the aggregate, to be material). 58   (c)    Parent is not now, and has never been, a shell issuer, as described in Rule 144(i)(1) under the Securities Act. 4.5    Shares of Common Stock. The shares of Parent Common Stock to be issued and delivered to the Consenting Holders that are Accredited Investors in accordance with this Agreement, when so issued and delivered, will be (i) duly authorized, validly issued,  fully  paid  and  nonassessable  and  not  subject  to  preemptive,  subscription  or  similar  rights,  and  (ii)  based  in  part  upon  the statements  of  such  Consenting  Holders  in  the  Written  Consent  and  Joinder  Agreements,  issued  pursuant  to  available  and  valid exemptions  from  the  registration  and  qualification  provisions  of  applicable  federal  and  state securities  laws.  Parent  has, and  shall continue  to  have  through  the  Closing,  sufficient  authorized  but  unissued  or  treasury  shares  of  Parent  Common  Stock  to  meet  its obligations to deliver the Parent Common Stock under this Agreement. 4.6    Availability of Funds. On the Closing Date and through the Second Indemnification Hold-Back Payment Date (or such later  date  as  all  disputes  are  resolved  if  Parent  exercises  its  Offset  Right),  Parent  will  have  sufficient  cash  or  other  sources  of immediately available funds to enable Parent to consummate on a timely basis the Transactions (including the Mergers) including the payment of all of its cash obligation due under this Agreement. Parent understands and acknowledges that under the terms of this Agreement, Parent’s obligation to consummate the Transactions is not in any way contingent upon or otherwise subject to Parent’s consummation of any financing arrangements, Parent’s obtaining of any financing or the availability, grant, provision or extension of any financing to Parent. 4.7    No Reliance. Parent, Merger Sub A and Merger Sub B acknowledge and agree that except for the representations and warranties  contained  in  ARTICLE III,  neither  the  Company  nor  any  other  Person  on  behalf  of  the  Company  makes,  and  neither Parent, Merger Sub A nor Merger Sub B has relied upon, any other express or implied representation or warranty with respect to the Company  or  with  respect  to  any  other  information  provided  to  Parent,  and  that  the  Company  hereby  disclaims  any  other representations  or  warranties,  whether  made  by  the  Company  or  any  of  its  Affiliates,  officers,  directors,  employees,  agents  or representatives. ARTICLE V CERTAIN AGREEMENTS OF THE PARTIES 5.1    Conduct of the Business. Except as expressly permitted by this Agreement, or with the prior written consent of Parent (not  to  be  unreasonably  withheld,  conditioned  or  delayed),  or  as  required  by  applicable  Law,  from  the  Agreement  Date  until  the Closing or the earlier termination of this Agreement pursuant to ARTICLE VII (Termination), the Company shall (i) in all material respects conduct its business in the Ordinary Course of Business and in compliance with all applicable Laws, (ii) use commercially reasonable  efforts  to  maintain  and  preserve  intact  its  present  business  organization  and  the  goodwill  of  those  having  business relationships  with  it  (including  by  using  commercially  reasonable  efforts  to  maintain  the  value  of  its  assets  and  technology  and preserve its relationships with Employees, suppliers, strategic partners, licensors, licensees, regulators, landlords and others having business relationships with the Company) and retain the services of its 59   present officers, directors and Employees and (iii) maintain in full force and effect all insurance policies described in Section 3.16. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, until the Closing, the Company shall not: (a)    issue, sell, grant, dispose of, amend any term of, grant registration  rights with respect to, pledge or otherwise encumber  any  shares  of  its  capital  stock  or  other  equity  interests,  or  any  securities  or  rights  convertible  into,  exchangeable  or exercisable  for,  or  evidencing  the  right  to  subscribe  for  any  shares  of  its  capital  stock  or  other  equity  interests,  or  any  rights, warrants, options, calls, commitments or any other agreements of any character to purchase or acquire any shares of its capital stock or  other  equity  interests  or  any  securities  or  rights  convertible  into,  exchangeable  or  exercisable  for,  or  evidencing  the  right  to subscribe  for,  any  shares  of  its  capital  stock  or  other  equity  interests;  provided, however,  that  the  Company  may  issue  shares  of Company  Stock  upon  the  exercise  of  Company  Options  that  are  outstanding  on  the  Agreement  Date  and  upon  conversion  of  the Company SAFEs and Company Note, in each case in accordance with the terms thereof;   (b)    other than as contemplated by the terms of this Agreement, amend (including by reducing an exercise price or extending a term) or waive any of its rights under, or accelerate the vesting under, any provision of the Company Option Plan or any agreement evidencing any outstanding stock option, warrant or other right to acquire capital stock of the Company or any restricted stock purchase agreement or any similar or related contract; (c)    redeem, purchase or otherwise acquire or cancel any of its outstanding shares of capital stock or equity interests, or  any  rights,  warrants,  options,  calls,  commitments  or  any  other  agreements  of  any  character  to  acquire  any  shares  of  its  capital stock or equity interests; (d)    declare, set aside funds for the payment of or pay any dividend on, or make any other distribution (whether in cash, stock or property) in respect of, any shares of its capital stock or other equity interests or make any payments to the Holders in their capacity as stockholders of the Company; (e)        split,  combine,  subdivide,  reclassify  or  take  any  similar  action  with  respect  to  any  shares  of  the  Company’s capital stock; (f)    form any Subsidiary; (g)    incur, guarantee, issue, sell, repurchase, prepay or assume any (i) Company Debt, or issue or sell any options, warrants, calls or other rights to acquire any debt securities of the Company; (ii) obligations of the Company issued or assumed as the deferred purchase price of property; (iii) conditional sale obligations of the Company; (iv) obligations of the Company under any title retention agreement (but excluding trade accounts payable and other accrued current liabilities arising in the Ordinary Course of Business); (v) obligations of the Company for the reimbursement of any obligor on any letter of credit; or (vi) obligations of the type referred  to in clauses (i) through  (vi) of other Persons for the payment of which the Company  is responsible  or liable, directly  or indirectly, as obligor, guarantor, surety or otherwise, including guarantees of such obligations; 60   (h)        sell,  transfer,  lease,  license,  mortgage,  encumber  or  otherwise  dispose  of  or  subject  to  any  Lien  other  than  a Permitted  Lien  (including  pursuant  to  a  sale-leaseback  transaction  or  an  asset  securitization  transaction),  any  of  its  properties  or assets; (i)    make any capital expenditures in excess of $75,000; (j)    acquire or agree to acquire in any manner (whether by merger or consolidation, the purchase of an equity interest in  or  a  material  portion  of  the  assets  of  or  otherwise)  any  business  or  any  corporation,  partnership,  association  or  other  business organization or division thereof other than the acquisition of inventory and equipment in the Ordinary Course of Business; (k)    make any investment (by contribution to capital, property transfers, purchase of securities or otherwise) in, or loan or advance funds to any Person (other than travel and similar advances to its Employees in the Ordinary Course of Business in an aggregate amount at any one time of not more than $10,000); (l)        with  respect  to  Contracts,  (i)  enter  into,  adopt,  terminate,  modify,  renew  or  amend  (including  by  accelerating material rights or benefits under) any Material Contract (or any Contract that would constitute a Material Contract if in effect on the Agreement  Date)  other  than  in  the  Ordinary  Course  of  Business,  (ii)  enter  into  or  extend  the  term  or  scope  of  any  Contract  that purports to restrict the Company, or any current or future Subsidiary of the Company, from engaging in any line of business or in any  geographic  area,  (iii)  enter  into  any  Contract  that  could  be  breached  by,  or  require  the  consent  of  any  third  party  in  order  to continue in full force following, consummation of the Transactions, or (iv) release any Person from, or modify or waive any material provision of, any confidentiality or non-disclosure agreement; (m)        (i)  hire  or  terminate  any  employees,  except  for  the  termination  of  any  employee  for  legitimate  business purposes,  (ii)  materially  increase  the  annual  level  of  compensation  payable  or  to  become  payable  by  the  Company  to  any  of  its directors  or  Current  Employees,  (iii)  grant  any  bonus,  benefit  or  other  direct  or  indirect  compensation  to  any  director,  Current Employee or Current Consultant, except as required by the terms of this Agreement, (iv) increase the coverage or benefits available under or otherwise modify or amend or terminate any (or create any new) Company Plan, except as required by the terms of this Agreement, applicable Law or by the terms of any Company Plan, (v) enter into any employment, deferred compensation, severance, consulting, non-competition or similar agreement to which the Company is a party (or amend any such agreement in any material respect) or enter into any agreement involving a Current Employee or Current Consultant, except, in each case, as required by the terms  of this  Agreement,  applicable  Law  from  time  to  time  in effect  or  by the  terms  of any  Company  Plan  or  (vi)  enter  into  any transactions  pursuant  to  which  any  Related  Party  purchases  any  services,  products  or  technology  from,  or  sells  or  furnishes  any services, products or technology to, the Company; (n)    make, change or revoke any election concerning Taxes or Tax Returns, file any amended Tax Return or any Tax Return  inconsistent  with  past  practice,  enter  into  any  closing  agreement  or  Contract  with  any  Taxing  Authority  with  respect  to Taxes, settle any Tax claim or assessment (other than by paying Taxes in the Ordinary Course of Business), surrender any right 61   to claim a refund of Taxes, request any Tax ruling or agree to an extension or waiver of the statute of limitations with respect to the assessment or determination of Taxes; (o)        make  any  changes  in  financial  or  tax  accounting  methods,  principles  or  practices  (or  change  an  annual accounting period), except as required by applicable Law; (p)    amend the Company Charter Documents; (q)        adopt  a  plan  or  agreement  for  or  carry  out  any  complete  or  partial  liquidation,  dissolution,  restructuring, recapitalization,  merger,  consolidation  or  other  reorganization  other  than  as  required  by  the  provisions  of  the  Transaction Agreements; (r)    pay, repurchase, prepay, discharge, settle or satisfy any claim, liability or obligation (absolute, accrued, asserted or unasserted, contingent or otherwise) in excess of $40,000 in any one instance or $80,000 in the aggregate, other than the payment, discharge, settlement or satisfaction in accordance with the terms of the Liabilities reflected in the Balance Sheet; (s)    initiate, settle, agree to settle, waive or compromise any Action that results in payment by the Company in excess of $100,000; (t)        accelerate,  beyond  the  normal  collection  cycle,  collection  of  accounts  receivable  or  delay  beyond  normal payment terms payment of any accounts payable; (u)    accelerate or defer the construction of any premises; (v)    accelerate or defer the purchase of fixtures, equipment, leasehold improvements or other capital expenditures; (w)        grant  or  agree  to  grant  any  license  to  any  of  the  Company’s  Intellectual  Property  Rights  other  than  non- exclusive licenses granted in the Ordinary Course of Business; (x)        hire,  appoint  or,  except  as  required  by  the  terms  of  this  Agreement,  terminate  any  director  or  officer  of  the Company (other than a termination for cause); (y)        enter  into  any  lease  (either  as  lessor  or  lessee)  or  other  form  of  use  or  occupancy  agreement  for  the  use  or occupancy of any real property; or (z)    obligate the Company to take any of the foregoing actions. Nothing contained in this Agreement shall give Parent, Merger Sub A or Merger Sub B, directly or indirectly, rights to control any operations of the Company prior to the Closing. 5.2        Stockholder  and  Other  Holder  Approvals.  As  promptly  as  practicable  after  the  execution  of  this  Agreement,  the Company shall, in accordance with its Charter Documents and applicable Law, provide to the Holders an Information Statement and other  appropriate  documents  in  connection  with  the  obtaining  of  written  consents  of  the  Holders  in  favor  of  the  adoption  of  this Agreement and the approval of the Transactions (including the Mergers). The Information Statement 62   shall include the unanimous recommendation of the board of directors of the Company in favor of the adoption of this Agreement and the approval of the Transactions (including the Mergers). Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in this Agreement, the Information Statement and any other materials submitted to the Holders in connection with this Agreement and the Transactions shall be subject to prior review and reasonable approval by Parent. The Company shall use its commercially reasonable efforts to obtain (i) Written Consent and Joinder Agreements from all Holders and (ii) approval by the Requisite Stockholder Approval of the adoption of this Agreement as well as the consummation of the Transactions (including the Mergers). 5.3    Commercially Reasonable Efforts. (a)    Actions Required to Consummate Transactions. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Agreement, from the Agreement Date until the Closing Date or the earlier termination of this Agreement pursuant to ARTICLE VII (Termination), each of the Parties (other than the Holders’ Representative) shall use (and shall cause its Affiliates to use) commercially reasonable efforts to promptly (i) take, or cause to be taken, all actions and do, or cause to be done, all things necessary, proper or advisable to cause the  conditions  to  closing  of  the  other  Parties  hereunder  to  be  satisfied  and  to  consummate  and  make  effective  the  Transactions (including the Mergers), in each case, as expeditiously as practicable, and (ii) obtain all approvals, consents, registrations, Permits, authorizations  and  other  confirmations  from  any  Governmental  Authority  or  third  party  necessary,  proper  or  advisable  to consummate the Transactions (including the Mergers). (b)    Governmental Authorities. Each of the Parties, in the case of the Holders’ Representative, after Closing, shall use its commercially reasonable efforts to (i) cooperate with each other in connection with any investigation or other inquiry by or before  a  Governmental  Authority  relating  to  the  Transactions  (including  the  Mergers),  including  any  proceeding  initiated  by  a private  party  and  (ii)  keep  the  other  Parties  informed  in  all  material  respects  and  on  a  reasonably  timely  basis  of  any  material communication  received  by  such  Party  from,  or  given  by  such  Party  to,  any  Governmental  Authority  and  of  any  material communication  received  or  given  in  connection  with  any  proceeding  by  a  private  party,  in  each  case  regarding  any  of  the Transactions. In furtherance and not in limitation of the covenants of the Parties contained in this Section 5.3(b), each of the Parties in the case of the Holders’ Representative, after Closing, shall use its commercially reasonable efforts to resolve such objections, if any, as may be asserted by a Governmental Authority or other Person with respect to the Transactions (including the Mergers). 5.4       Public Announcements. Parent, the Company and the Holders’ Representative (if after the Closing) shall reasonably cooperate in order to prepare and publish a press release concerning the Transactions upon or promptly following the Closing. No Party hereto shall, and shall not permit its Affiliates or Representatives to, make any public announcement or disclosure in respect of this  Agreement  or  the  transactions  contemplated  hereby  or  otherwise  communicate  with  any  news  media  with  respect  to  this Agreement or the transactions contemplated hereby without the prior written consent of the other Parties (which consent shall not be unreasonably withheld or delayed); provided, that, in each case, any party to this Agreement shall be permitted to disclose the terms of  this  Agreement  (including  the  Base  Purchase  Price  or  the  Final  Purchase  Price)  (i)  to  its  Affiliates  and  its  and  their  respective managers, partners, stockholders, equityholders, attorneys, 63   accountants,  tax  advisors,  financial  advisors,  consultants,  agents,  employees,  potential  financing  sources  or  investors  or  other representatives, and, in the case of the Holders’ Representative, to the Holders, (so long as such Person is obligated and directed to maintain  the  confidentiality  of  such  information),  (ii)  as  required  (upon  advice  of  legal  counsel)  by  applicable  Law,  the  rules  or regulations  of  any  United  States  or  foreign  securities  exchange,  in  which  case  the  Party  required  to  make  such  release,  filing, announcement, or disclosure shall provide the other Party (if legally permissible) with advance written notice of, and an opportunity to review, discuss, and comment on, such proposed release, filing, announcement, or disclosure, and (iii) and such other information previously made public in accordance with this Section 5.4 in a press release or other document; provided further, with respect to any Holder that is a venture capital or private equity fund or accelerator, such Holder may make such non-confidential disclosures after  the  Closing  that  are  in  the  ordinary  course  of  its  business  consistent  with  past  practices.  Notwithstanding  anything  in  this Agreement  to  the  contrary,  after  Closing  and  the  public  announcement  of  the  Mergers,  the  Holders’  Representative  shall  be permitted to publicly announce that it has been engaged to serve as the Holders’ Representative in connection with the Mergers as long as such announcement does not disclose any of the other terms of the Mergers or the other transactions contemplated herein. 5.5    Access to Information. Subject to the requirements of applicable Law, the Company shall afford to Parent and Parent’s Representatives, from time to time prior to the earlier of (i) the Closing or (ii) the termination of the Agreement pursuant to Section 7.1,  access  during  normal  business  hours  upon  reasonable  advance  notice  to  (x)  all  of  the  Company’s  books,  reports,  Contracts, assets, filings with and applications to Governmental Authorities, records and correspondence (in each case, whether in physical or electronic form) and (y) to the Representatives of the Company as Parent may reasonably request and the Company shall furnish promptly  to  Parent  all  information  and  documents  concerning  its  business,  financial  condition  and  operations,  properties  and personnel related to the consummation of the Transactions or the ownership or operation of the Company’s business as Parent may reasonably request and Parent shall be allowed to make copies of such information and documents. 5.6    Confidentiality. Holders’ Representative, on behalf of the Holders, acknowledges that the success of the Company after the Closing Date depends upon the preservation of the confidentiality of the Confidential Information (as hereinafter defined), that the preservation of the confidentiality of the Confidential Information is an essential premise of the bargain between the Parties and Parent would be unwilling to enter into this Agreement in the absence of this Section 5.6. Accordingly, Holders’ Representative, on behalf of the Holders, shall, and shall use its commercially reasonable efforts to cause its Affiliates and its Representatives to, keep confidential  all  confidential  documents  and  information  involving  or  relating  to  the  Company  or  its  business  (the  “Confidential Information”), unless (i) compelled to disclose such Confidential Information by Law so long as, to the extent permitted by Law, reasonable prior notice of such disclosure is given to Parent and the Company and a reasonable opportunity is afforded Parent and the Company  to contest the same or (ii) disclosed in an Action brought by a Party in pursuit of its rights or in the exercise of its remedies  hereunder;  provided,  that,  in  each  case,  any  party  to  this  Agreement  shall  be  permitted  to  disclose  the  terms  of  this Agreement (including  the Base Purchase Price or the Final Purchase Price) to its Affiliates  and its and their respective managers, partners, stockholders, equityholders, attorneys, accountants, tax advisors, financial advisors, consultants, agents, 64   employees, potential financing sources or investors or other representatives, and, in the case of the Holders’ Representative, to the Holders,  (so  long  as  such  Person  is  obligated  and  directed  to  maintain  the  confidentiality  of  such  information).  “Confidential Information” does not include any document or information which is as of the Closing Date or becomes following the Closing Date generally available to the public other than as a result of a disclosure in violation  of this Section 5.6 by the receiving party or its Representatives. The provisions of this Section 5.6 shall survive three (3) years after the completion of the Holders’ Representative’s responsibilities hereunder. 5.7    Notification of Certain Matters. The Company shall provide prompt written notice to Parent and Parent shall provide prompt written notice to the Company upon the respective Party’s Knowledge (i) that any representation or warranty made by such Party in this Agreement was untrue when made or subsequently has become untrue, (ii) of any failure by such Party to comply with or satisfy any of its covenants or agreements hereunder, (iii) of the occurrence or nonoccurrence of any event that could reasonably be expected to cause any condition precedent to any obligation  of any other Party to consummate  the Transactions  (including  the Mergers)  not  to  be  satisfied  at  or  prior  to  the  Closing  Date,  (iv)  of  any  written  notice  or  other  communication  from  any  Person alleging that the consent of such Person is or may be required in connection with the Transactions (including the Mergers), to the extent  such consent  is not already  contemplated  by this Agreement  or the Disclosure  Schedule,  (v) of any written  notice  or other communication  from  any  Governmental  Authority  in  connection  with  the  Transactions  (including  the  Mergers),  (vi)  of  the commencement or threat of commencement of any Action regarding the Transactions (including the Mergers) or otherwise relating to  such  Party,  or  (vii)  of  any  other  material  and  detrimental  development  affecting  the  assets,  Liabilities,  business,  financial condition  or  operations  of  such  Party;  provided, however,  that  neither  the  delivery  of  any  notice  pursuant  to  this  Section 5.7 nor obtaining any information or knowledge in any investigation pursuant to Section 5.5 or otherwise shall (x) cure any breach of, or non-compliance with, any representation or warranty requiring disclosure of such matter, or any breach of any other provision of this Agreement,  (y)  amend  or  supplement  any  scheduled  disclosure  made  by  the  Company  in  ARTICLE III or  (z)  limit  the  remedies available to the Party receiving, or entitled to receive, such notice. 5.8    Tax Matters. (a)    Company Prepared Tax Returns. The Company shall, at the Company’s expense, prepare or cause to be prepared and file or cause to be filed all Tax Returns for the Company for all taxable periods ending on or before the Closing Date and which are due on or before the Closing Date and to pay or cause to be paid all Taxes shown as due on such Tax Returns. All Tax Returns referred to in the first sentence of this Section 5.8(a) shall be prepared in accordance with the past practices of the Company, to the extent permitted by applicable Law, and shall be subject to Section 5.1(n) if applicable. The Company shall submit any such Tax Return for Parent’s review and comment a reasonable period of time prior to filing. The Company shall consider in good faith any changes  to  such  Tax  Return  that  are  reasonably  requested  by  Parent,  and  Parent  shall  reasonably  assist  in  causing  any  such  Tax Return to be timely filed, as necessary. (b)    Parent Prepared Tax Returns. Parent shall prepare or cause to be prepared and file or cause to be filed all Tax Returns of the Company (x) for taxable periods that end after 65   the  Closing  Date,  including  all  Tax  Returns  for  all  complete  taxable  periods  including  but  not  ending  on  the  Closing  Date (collectively, the “Straddle Periods”), and (y) for taxable periods ending on or before the Closing Date and which are due after the Closing Date. All Tax Returns referred to in the first sentence of this Section 5.8(b) shall, to the extent relating to the Pre-Closing Tax Period, be prepared  in accordance  with the past practices  of the Company,  to the extent permitted  by applicable  Law. Parent shall cause the Company to pay all Taxes shown as due on such Tax Returns. Parent shall permit Holders’ Representative to review and comment on each Tax Return for a Straddle Period or that is described in clause (y) of the first sentence of this Section 5.8(b) at least fifteen (15) days before such Tax Return is required to be filed. Parent shall consider in good faith any changes to such Tax Returns that are reasonably requested by Holders’ Representative with respect to Taxes for which the Holders would bear liability pursuant to this Agreement. (c)    Tax Contests. (i)    After the Closing, each of Parent, on the one hand, and Holders’ Representative, on the other hand, shall promptly notify the other Party in writing upon receipt from a Taxing Authority of any written notice of any pending or threatened audit, examination, claim, dispute or controversy relating to Taxes (a “Tax Claim”) with respect to the Company for a Pre-Closing Tax Period or any Losses for which such other Party (or any of its Affiliates) could be liable pursuant to this Agreement; provided, however, the failure to give such notice shall not affect the indemnification provided hereunder except to the extent the Indemnifying Party has been prejudiced as a result of such failure. (ii)    With respect to any Tax Claim relating to Taxes or Tax Returns within the scope of Section 5.8(a) or Section 5.8(b)(y), the Holders may elect, through Holders’ Representative, solely at the Holders’ own cost and expense, to control all proceedings  in  connection  with  such  Tax  Claim  (including  selection  of  counsel);  provided,  however,  that  (x)  Holders’ Representative (on behalf of the Holders) shall keep Parent informed of all material developments regarding such Tax Claim and shall not settle such Tax Claim without the written consent of Parent, which consent shall not be unreasonably withheld, conditioned or delayed, and (y) Parent and its counsel (at Parent’s expense) may participate  in (but not control the conduct of) the defense of such Tax Claim. (iii)    With respect to any Tax Claim relating to Taxes or Tax Returns within the scope of Section 5.8(b)(x), or within the scope of Section 5.8(a) or  Section 5.8(b)(y) which Holders’ Representative does not elect to control pursuant to  Section 5.8(c)(ii),  Parent  shall,  solely  at  Parent’s  own  cost  and  expense,  control  all  proceedings  in  connection  with  such  Tax  Claim (including  selection  of  counsel);  provided,  however,  that  to  the  extent  that  any  such  Tax  Claim  could  reasonably  be  expected  to result in the Holders being liable for any amounts hereunder, (x) Parent shall keep Holders’ Representative informed of all material developments regarding such Tax Claim, (y) Holders’ Representative and its counsel (at the Holders’ expense) may participate in (but not control the conduct of) the defense of such Tax Claim, and (z) Parent shall not settle such Tax Claim without the written consent of Holders’ Representative, which consent shall not be unreasonably withheld, conditioned or delayed. 66   defense of any Tax Claim, as described in this Section 5.8(c), shall be resolved pursuant to Section 5.8(i). (iv)        Any  dispute,  controversy  or  claim  between  Parent  and  Holders’  Representative  with  respect  to  the 8.4(a), the provisions of this Section 5.8(c), shall control. (v)    In the event of any conflict between the provisions of this Section 5.8(c), and the provisions of Section (d)        Certification.  Parent  and  Holders’  Representative  agree,  upon  request  from  the  other  Party,  to  use  their commercially reasonable efforts to obtain any certificate or other document from any Taxing Authority or any other Person as may be  necessary  to  mitigate,  reduce  or  eliminate  any  Tax  that  could  be  imposed  (including,  but  not  limited  to,  with  respect  to  the contemplated Transactions). (e)        Tax  Sharing  Agreements.  The  Company  shall  terminate  all  Tax  Sharing  Agreements  with  respect  to  the Company as of the Closing Date and shall ensure that such agreements are of no further force or effect on and after the Closing Date and that there shall be no further liabilities or obligations imposed on any of the Company under any such agreements. (f)    Cooperation. Following the Closing Date, Parent and Holders’ Representative shall, as reasonably requested by any  Party:  (i)  assist  any  other  Party  in  preparing  and  filing  any  Tax  Returns  relating  to  the  Company  that  such  other  Party  is responsible for preparing and filing; (ii) cooperate in preparing for any Tax audit of, or dispute with any Taxing Authority regarding and  any  judicial  or  administrative  proceeding  relating  to,  liability  for  Taxes,  in  the  preparation  or  conduct  of  litigation  or investigation of claims and in connection with the preparation of financial statements or other documents to be filed with any Taxing Authority,  in  each  case  with  respect  to  the  Company;  (iii)  make  available  to  the  other  Parties  and  to  any  Taxing  Authority  as reasonably requested all information, records and documents in its possession relating to Taxes relating to the Company (at the cost and  expense  of  the  requesting  Party);  (iv)  provide  timely  notice  to  the  other  Parties  in  writing  of  any  pending  or  threatened  Tax audits or assessments relating to the Company for taxable periods for which any such other Party is responsible; and (v) furnish the other Parties with copies of all correspondence received from any Taxing Authority in connection with any Tax audit or information request with respect to any taxable periods (or portion thereof) for which any such other Party is responsible. For the avoidance of doubt,  the  cooperation  noted  in  this  Section 5.8(f) shall  include  signing  any  Tax  Returns,  amended  Tax  Returns,  claims  or  other documents with respect to any audit, litigation or other proceedings with respect to Taxes, the retention and (upon the other Party’s reasonable  request)  the  provision  of  records  and  information  which  are  reasonably  relevant  to  any  such  audit,  litigation  or  other proceeding  and  making  employees  available  on  a  mutually  convenient  basis  to  provide  additional  information  and  explanation  of any material provided hereunder. (g)    Amended Tax Returns and Tax Elections. (i)    Parent shall not cause or permit the Company or any Affiliate of Parent to file inconsistently with past practice or amend any Tax Return of or with respect to the Company that relates to Taxes that are subject to indemnification by the Holders and shall not file any Tax election with respect to the Company with effect to any Pre-Closing Tax Period (including 67   any election under Section 338 or 336 of the Code) hereunder without the prior written consent of Holders’ Representative (which consent shall not be unreasonably withheld, conditioned or delayed); provided, however, that no such consent shall be required for the filing of any Tax Return or an amendment of any Tax Return of the Company that is required by applicable Tax Law. Treasury Regulations Section 301.7701-3 effective on or prior to the Closing Date. (ii)    Parent shall not cause or permit Merger Sub B to make any election to be taxable as an association under (h)    Transfer Taxes. All real property transfer or gains tax, stamp tax, stock transfer tax, or other similar Tax imposed as a result of or in connection with the Transactions (collectively, the “Transfer Taxes”), and any penalties or interest with respect to the  Transfer  Taxes,  shall  be  borne  fifty  percent  (50%)  by  the  Holders  and  fifty  percent  (50%)  by  Parent.  Each  Party,  at  its  own expense, shall file all Tax Returns and other documentation required to be filed by it with respect to all such Transfer Taxes, and, if required  by  applicable  Law,  each  other  Party  shall  cooperate  in  filing  all  necessary  Tax  Returns  and  other  documentation  with respect to the Transfer Taxes. (i)    Dispute Resolution for Taxes. With respect to any dispute, controversy or claim relating to Taxes between Parent and the Holders (for any Tax for which an indemnity claim may exist under this Agreement), Parent and the Holders shall cooperate in good faith to resolve such dispute, controversy or claim between them for a period of thirty (30) days from the date written notice of  such  dispute,  controversy  or  claim  is  received  by  Parent  or  Holders’  Representative,  as  the  case  may  be;  but  if  the  applicable Parties  are  unable  to  resolve  such  dispute,  controversy  or  claim,  the  Parties  shall  submit  the  dispute,  controversy  or  claim  for resolution, which resolution shall be final, conclusive and binding on the Parties, to a mutually agreed upon national accounting firm or a mutually agreed upon tax lawyer who is a partner in a law firm, that, in each case, is: (i) familiar with transactions or operations of the sort at issue; and (ii) independent with respect to each Party. Notwithstanding anything in this Agreement to the contrary, the fees and expenses of the mutually agreed upon firm or person, as described in the preceding sentence, relating to any dispute as to the amount of Taxes owed shall be paid by Parent, on the one hand, and the Holders, on the other hand, in proportion to each Party’s respective liability for the portion of Taxes in dispute, as determined by such mutually agreed upon firm or person. (j)    Tax Treatment. (i)        Parent,  Merger  Sub  A,  Merger  Sub  B  and  the  Company  shall  use  their  respective  commercially reasonable efforts to cause the Mergers, considered together as a single integrated transaction for U.S. federal income Tax purposes, to qualify, and agree not to, and shall not permit or cause any Affiliate or any Subsidiary to, take any actions or cause any action to be taken which would reasonably be expected to prevent the Mergers, considered together as a single integrated transaction for U.S. federal income Tax purposes, from qualifying, as a “reorganization” under Section 368(a) of the Code, in accordance with Revenue Ruling 2001-46, 2001-2 C.B. 321. (ii)        If  requested  by  Sullivan  &  Worcester  LLP,  the  Company  and  Parent  shall  each  use  its  commercially reasonable  efforts  to  deliver  to  Sullivan  &  Worcester  LLP  an  officer’s  certificate,  dated  as  of  the  Closing  Date  and  signed  by  an officer of the Company or Parent, as 68   applicable,  containing  customary  representations  to  enable  Sullivan  &  Worcester  LLP  to  render  an  opinion  to  the  effect  that  the Mergers, considered together as a single integrated transaction for U.S. federal income Tax purposes, will qualify as a reorganization within the meaning of Section 368(a) of the Code. (k)        Plan  of  Reorganization.  This  Agreement  is  intended  to  constitute,  and  the  parties  hereto  hereby  adopt  this Agreement  as,  a  “plan  of  reorganization”  within  the  meaning  Treasury  Regulation  Sections  1.368-2(g)  and  1.368-3(a).  Parent, Merger Sub A, Merger Sub B and the Company shall treat the Mergers, and shall not take any tax reporting position inconsistent with the treatment of the Mergers, considered together as a single integrated transaction for U.S. federal income Tax purposes, as a reorganization within the meaning of Section 368(a) of the Code, in accordance with Revenue Ruling 2001-46, 2001-2 C.B. 321, for U.S. federal, state and other relevant Tax purposes, unless otherwise required pursuant to a “determination” within the meaning of Section 1313(a) of the Code. 5.9        Employment  Related  Agreements.  As  promptly  as  practicable  after  the  Agreement  Date,  the  Company  shall  use commercially  reasonable  efforts to cause each Current  Employee  identified  on Exhibit D hereto (the “Continuing Employees”) to execute and deliver to Parent an offer letter and, to the extent indicated on Exhibit D hereto, a non-competition agreement, in each case substantially in the form(s) attached hereto as Exhibit E, which agreement shall become binding and effective as of the Closing Date (collectively, the “Employment Documents”). 5.10    Employee Matters and Company Plans. (a)    Continuing Employees. (i)    The Current Employees shall continue to receive full credit for service with the Company to the extent  required  by  applicable  Law.  Effective  as  of  the  Closing  and  thereafter,  Parent  shall,  and  shall  cause  the  Company  to,  use commercially  reasonable  efforts  to  (i)  cause  any  pre-existing  condition  limitations,  eligibility  waiting  periods  or  evidence  of insurability requirements under any health plan of the Company, Parent or an Affiliate of Parent extended to the Current Employees after the Closing to be waived with respect to the Current Employees and their eligible dependents to the extent such limitations or requirements had been satisfied or do not apply under an analogous compensation and benefit plan in which such Current Employees participated immediately prior to the Closing, and (ii) fully credit for purposes of eligibility and vesting for years of service with the Company  prior  to  the  Closing  to  the  extent  that  such  service  was  recognized  under  the  corresponding  Company  Plan  prior  to  the Closing  for  the  Current  Employee’s  participation  in  any  welfare  benefit  plan  or  pension  plan  (intended  to  qualify  under  Section 401(a) of the Code) of Parent (each a “Parent Plan”). For the avoidance of doubt, no incentive compensation, bonus or similar plan shall constitute a Parent Plan for the purpose of subclause (ii) of this Section 5.10(a)(i). (i)       Following  the date of this Agreement,  the Parties agree to reasonably  cooperate  in all matters reasonably  necessary  to  effect  the  actions  contemplated  by  this  Section  5.10,  including  furnishing  each  other  with  information concerning the Current Employees, applicable compensation and benefit plans, and workers compensation, in obtaining any 69   governmental approvals required hereunder and in addressing inquiries from the Current Employees. (b)        Company  Plans.  The  Company  shall  cease  contributions  to  and  terminate  all  of  the  Company  Plans effective immediately prior to Closing (one day prior to Closing in the case of any Company Plan intended to qualify under Section 401(a)  of  the  Code).  Any  such  cessation  or  termination  shall  be  undertaken  (i)  in  accordance  with  the  governing  documents  and Contracts for the Company Plans (including through plan amendment) and (ii) in conformance with applicable Laws. (c)    No Limitation. This Section 5.10 is not intended to amend any benefit plans or arrangements of Parent or any of its Subsidiaries, to limit the ability of Parent or any of its Subsidiaries to amend, modify or terminate any of such benefit plans or  arrangements  or  to  confer  third-party  beneficiary  rights  on  any  Person  (including  any  Current  Employee  or  any  beneficiary  or dependent thereof). 5.11    No Negotiations, Etc. The Company shall not, shall cause its Representatives not to, and shall advise the Holders and their respective Representatives (other than the Holders’ Representative) not to, directly or indirectly solicit, initiate, or enter into any  discussions  or  negotiations  or  continue  in  any  way  any  discussions  or  negotiations  with  any  Person  or  group  of  Persons regarding  any  Competing  Transaction.  The  Company  shall  promptly  but  not  later  than  forty-eight  (48)  hours  following  the occurrence of the relevant event notify Parent orally and in writing if any inquiries, proposals, or requests for information concerning a Competing Transaction are received in writing by the Company, the Holders or any of their respective Representatives (other than the Holders’ Representative). The written notice shall include the identity of the Person making such inquiry, proposal, or request and the material terms and conditions thereof as well as a copy of such inquiry proposal or request. For purposes of this Agreement, “Competing Transaction” means a transaction or a series of related transactions (other than the Transactions) involving (i) any sale of  stock  or  other  equity  interests  in  the  Company,  (ii)  a  merger,  consolidation,  share  exchange,  business  combination,  or  other similar transaction involving the Company, (iii) any sale, lease, exchange, license (other than in the Ordinary Course of Business), mortgage,  pledge,  transfer,  or  other  disposition  of  the  assets  of  the  Company  (other  than  disposition  of  inventory  in  the  Ordinary Course of Business), or (iv) any other transaction or series of transactions which could reasonably preclude the consummation of the Transactions. 5.12       Termination of the Company Option Plan . The Company shall take (or cause to be taken) all actions necessary or appropriate to terminate, effective immediately after the Closing, the Company Option Plan (as well as all Company Options). 5.13    Registration of Shares. Parent agrees to register for public resale the Stock Consideration Shares on a Form S‑3ASR (assuming Parent remains eligible for the use of such form, otherwise on a Form S-3) pursuant to the registration rights agreement substantially in the form attached hereto as Exhibit F (the “Registration Rights Agreement”). Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, following registration of the Stock Consideration Shares, each Consenting Holder that is an Accredited Investor, by virtue of approving  the Mergers and the execution  of a Written Consent and Joinder Agreement,  shall agree to not to sell any shares of Parent Common 70   Stock issued to such Consenting Holder on a particular day, if the sale of such shares would, when combined with the sale of any other  shares  of  Parent  Common  Stock  by  such  Consenting  Holder  on  such  one  (1)-day  period,  exceed  five  percent  (5%)  of  the average daily trading volume of Parent Common Stock on the New York Stock Exchange over the five (5) trading days preceding such date of sale; provided, however, that if the aggregate number of Stock Consideration Shares represents less than fifty percent (50%) of the average daily trading volume of Parent Common Stock on the New York Stock Exchange over the five (5) trading days preceding the Closing, such resale volume limitations shall not apply. 5.14        Absence  of  Certain  Changes.  From  the  Agreement  date  to  the  Closing,  except  as  consented  to  in  writing  by  the Company  (which  consent  shall  not  be  unreasonably  withheld,  conditioned  or  delayed),  Parent  shall  not  (i)  amend  or  restate  its Charter Documents in a manner that would have a disproportionate adverse effect on the Consenting Holders that are Accredited Investors as compared to other holders of Parent Common Stock or (ii) enter into or adopt a plan of complete or partial liquidation or dilution. 5.15        New  York  Stock  Exchange  Listing.  Prior  to  the  Closing,  Parent  shall  prepare  and  file  with  the  New  York  Stock Exchange a supplemental listing application with respect to the Stock Consideration Shares and shall use its reasonable best efforts to obtain, as promptly as practicable following the Closing, approval of the listing of the Stock Consideration Shares, subject only to official notice to the New York Stock Exchange of issuance. 5.16    Director and Officer Indemnification and Insurance. (a)        Parent  agrees  that  all  rights  to  indemnification,  advancement  of  expenses,  and  exculpation  by  the  Company existing  as  of  the  date  hereof  in  favor  of  each  Person  who  is  now,  or  has  been  at  any  time  prior  to  the  Closing  Date,  an  officer, director or employee of the Company (the “Company Indemnified Persons”), as provided in the Company Charter Documents, in each  case  as  in  effect  as  of  the  date  hereof,  or  pursuant  to  any  other  agreements  in  effect  as  of  the  date  hereof  and  disclosed  in Schedule 5.16(a), shall survive the Closing, and shall continue in full force and effect in accordance with their respective terms, for a period of six (6) years after the Closing Date.  The Company shall comply with, and shall provide the Company Indemnified Persons with  all  rights  and  protections  provided  in,  the  Company  Charter  Documents,  in  each  case  as  in  effect  as  of  the  date  hereof,  or pursuant to any agreements disclosed in Schedule 5.16(a) notwithstanding any subsequent modification, amendment, or termination of any such Company Charter Documents or agreements, and Parent shall cause the Company to comply with the provisions of this sentence. (b)    Parent acknowledges that, prior to the Closing, the Company shall purchase a policy of directors’ and officers’ liability insurance (the “D&O Tail Policy”) which is intended to be in effect for a period of six (6) years after the Closing Date. The Company  agrees  to  purchase  the  D&O  Tail  Policy  and  Parent  agrees  that  it  will  take  no  action,  except  as  contemplated  by  this Agreement, with respect to the Company and its maintenance of the D&O Tail Policy for such six (6) year period. The insurance premium  for  the  D&O  Tail  Policy  shall  be  borne  equally  between  Parent  and  the  Company  and  settled  through  the  Company Transaction and Bonus Expenses; 71   provided, however, that the Company shall bear (through the Company Transaction and Bonus Expenses) 100% of the obligation to pay any premium amount in excess of $8,000. (c)    The obligations of Parent and the Company under this Section 5.16 shall not be terminated or modified in such a manner  as  to  adversely  affect  any  Company  Indemnified  Person  to  whom  this  Section  5.16 applies  without  the  consent  of  such affected Company Indemnified Person (it being expressly agreed that the Company Indemnified Persons to whom this Section 5.16 applies shall be third-party beneficiaries of this Section 5.16, each of whom may enforce the provisions of this Section 5.16). (d)    In the event that Parent or the Company or their respective successors or assigns (i) consolidates with or merges into  any  other  Person  and  shall  not  be  the  continuing  or  surviving  corporation  or  entity  in  such  consolidation  or  merger  or  (ii) transfers  all  or  substantially  all  of  its  properties  and  assets  to  any  Person,  then,  and  in  either  such  case,  proper  provision  shall  be made so that the successors and assigns of such Person (as applicable) shall assume all of the obligations of such Person set forth in this Section 5.16 as part of, or as a condition to, such Transaction. ARTICLE VI CONDITIONS TO CLOSING 6.1    Conditions to Obligations of Parent, Merger Sub A and Merger Sub B. The obligations of Parent, Merger Sub A and Merger Sub B to effect the Transactions (including the Mergers) are subject to the satisfaction (or full or partial waiver by Parent) at or prior to the Closing of the following conditions: (a)        Representations  and  Warranties.  Each  of  the  representations  and  warranties  of  the  Company  contained  in ARTICLE III that is qualified by “materiality”, “Company Material Adverse Effect” or a similar qualifier shall be true and correct in all respects, and each of such representations and warranties that is not so qualified shall be true and correct in all material respects, in each case, at and as of the Closing Date, except for representations and warranties made as a of a specified date, the accuracy of which will be determined only as of the specified date; provided, however, that the Company Fundamental Representations shall be true and correct in all respects at and as of the Closing Date. (b)        Performance  of  Obligations  of  Company.  The  Company  shall  have  performed  in  all  material  respects  all covenants, agreements and obligations required to be performed by it under this Agreement at or prior to the Closing. (c)        No  Litigation.  No  Action  shall  have  been  instituted,  commenced  or  threatened  and  no  Action  shall  remain pending that seeks to or could reasonably be expected to (i) restrain, prevent, enjoin, prohibit or make illegal the Transactions, (ii) cause any of the Transactions to be rescinded following the Closing Date, (iii) impose limitations on the ability of the Surviving 72   Company to conduct its business following the Closing Date or (iv) compel Parent or the Company to dispose of any portion of the Company’s business or assets; provided, however, [*]. (d)        No  Material  Adverse  Effect.  Since  the  Agreement  Date,  no  Company  Material  Adverse  Effect  shall  have occurred. (e)        No  Injunctions  or  Restraints.  No  Order  shall  be  in  effect  (i)  enjoining,  restraining,  preventing  or  prohibiting consummation of the Transactions, (ii) causing any of the Transactions to be rescinded following the Closing Date, (iii) imposing limitations on the ability of the Company to effectively conduct its business following the Closing Date or (iv) compelling Parent or the Company to dispose of any portion of the Company’s business or assets. (f)    Governmental Consents. All filings with and consents of any Governmental Authority required to be made or obtained  to  consummate  the  Transactions  shall  have  been  made  or  obtained  and  shall  be  in  full  force  and  effect  and  any  waiting period under any applicable antitrust or competition law, regulation or other Law shall have expired or been terminated. (g)    Delivery of Closing Certificates. Parent shall have received: (i)    Closing Certificate. A certificate dated as of the Closing Date, signed by the Chief Executive Officer or the  Chief  Financial  Officer  of  the  Company  certifying  that  the  conditions  precedent  set  forth  in  Section  6.1(a),  Section  6.1(b), Section 6.1(c), Section 6.1(d), Section 6.1(e) and Section 6.1(f) have been met; (ii)    Allocation Schedule Certificate. A certificate dated as of the Closing Date, signed by the Chief Executive Officer or the Chief Financial Officer of the Company certifying that the Allocation Schedule before giving effect to any adjustment required by the definition of Merger Consideration Share Price is true and correct in all respects; (iii)       Good Standing Certificates. Certificates  of  good  standing  with  respect  to the  Company  issued  by  the Company’s jurisdiction of organization and the jurisdiction of the Company’s principal place of business, dated not more than five (5) Business Days prior to the Closing Date; and (iv)    FIRPTA Certificate. A certificate dated as of the Closing Date, signed by the Chief Executive Officer or Chief Financial Officer of the Company conforming to the requirements of Treasury Regulation Sections 1.897-2(h) and 1.1445-2(c) (3). (v)    Certificate of Reverse Merger. The Certificate of Reverse Merger duly executed by the Company. (h)    Employment Documentation. The Employment Documents described in Section 5.9 shall have been executed and delivered to Parent at or prior to Closing and no such Employment Document shall have been amended, terminated, cancelled or repudiated. (i)    Resignation of Officers and Directors. Parent shall have received resignations, in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to Parent, effective as of the Closing, 73   from  each  officer  and  director  of  the  Company,  other  than  those  continuing  officers  and  directors  specified  to  the  Company  by Parent in writing at least two (2) Business Days prior to the Closing Date. (j)    [RESERVED.] (k)    Transaction Expenses. Parent shall have received written statements from the Company’s outside legal counsel and any financial advisor, accountant or other Person who provided services to the Company (other than Employees who provided such services only in their capacities as such), or who is otherwise entitled to any compensation from the Company, in connection with services provided with respect to this Agreement or any of the Transactions, setting forth the total amount of unpaid Company Transaction and Bonus Expenses that remain payable to such Person with respect to services rendered through the Closing Date. (l)    Third Party Notices. The Company shall have delivered to Parent copies of notices provided to the third Persons specified  or  referenced  in  Exhibit  G attached  hereto  with  respect  to  the  consummation  of  the  Transactions  contemplated  by  this Agreement in a form that is reasonably acceptable to Parent. (m)    280G Stockholder Approval or Disapproval. With respect to any payments and/or benefits that may constitute “parachute  payments”  under  Section  280G  of  the  Code  with  respect  to  any  Employees  (including,  without  limitation,  any acceleration of vesting relating to unvested Company Stock or Company Options as set forth on Section 6.1(m) of the Disclosure Schedule), either (i) the Company shall have submitted such parachute payments to the Company Stockholders for approval and the Company Stockholders shall have (x) approved, pursuant to the method provided for in the regulations promulgated under Section 280G of the Code, any such “parachute payments” or (y) shall have voted upon and disapproved such “parachute payments,” and, as a consequence, such “parachute payments” shall not be paid or provided for in accordance with applicable Law, or (ii) the applicable Employee(s) shall have made arrangements satisfactory to Parent in order for Parent and/or the Company to effect any applicable Tax withholding obligation. (n)    Exchange Agreement. The Exchange Agreement shall have been executed and delivered by the Exchange Agent to Parent at or prior to the Effective Time and shall not have been amended, terminated, cancelled or repudiated. (o)    Stockholder Approval; Written Consent and Joinder Agreements. The adoption of this Agreement as well as the consummation of the Transactions (including the Mergers) shall have been duly approved by the Requisite Stockholder Approval, and  the  Company  shall  have  delivered  to  Parent  Written  Consent  and  Joinder  Agreements  duly  executed  by  all  Holders  of  the Company Stock (including any Company Stock issuable as result of the SAFE Conversion and the Note Conversion). (p)    No Company Options or Plans. The Company shall have provided Parent with evidence reasonably satisfactory to Parent as to the termination of (i) the Company Option Plan, (ii) all outstanding Company Options and (iii) all Company Plans. 74   (q)    Registration Rights Agreement. The Registration Rights Agreement shall have been executed and delivered by each Consenting Holder that is an Accredited Investor to Parent. (r)    Mornetware Reseller Agreement. Section 5.1 of that certain SaaS Reseller Agreement, dated as of December 1, 2016,  by  and  between  Mornetware  Ltd.  and  the  Company  shall  have  been  amended  prior  to  the  Closing  to  provide  for  the Company’s right to terminate such SaaS Reseller Agreement for convenience upon thirty (30) days’ notice, and the Company shall have provided Parent a duly executed copy of such amendment. 6.2    Conditions to Obligation of the Company. The obligation of the Company to effect the Transactions is subject to the satisfaction (or waiver, if permissible under applicable Law) prior to the Closing of the following conditions: (a)    Representations and Warranties. Each of the representations and warranties of Parent contained in ARTICLE IV that is qualified by “materiality”, “Parent Material Adverse Effect” or a similar qualifier shall be true and correct in all respects, and each of such representations and warranties that is not so qualified shall be true and correct in all material respects, in each case, at and as of the Closing Date, except for representations and warranties made as a of a specified date, the accuracy of which will be determined only as of the specified date. (b)        Performance  of  Obligations  of  Parent.  Parent  shall  have  performed  in  all  material  respects  all  covenants, agreements and obligations required to be performed by Parent under this Agreement prior to the Closing. (c)        Delivery  of  Closing  Certificate.  The  Company  shall  have  received  a  certificate  dated  as  of  the  Closing  Date signed  by  the  Chief  Executive  Officer,  the  Chief  Financial  Officer  or  the  General  Counsel  of  Parent  and  the  certifying  that  the conditions precedent set forth in Section 6.1(a) and Section 6.1(b) have been met. (d)    Governmental Consents. All filings with and consents of any Governmental Authority required to be made or obtained  to  consummate  the  Transactions  shall  have  been  made  or  obtained  and  shall  be  in  full  force  and  effect  and  any  waiting period under any applicable antitrust or competition law, regulation or other Law shall have expired or been terminated. (e)        No  Injunctions  or  Restraints.  No  Order  shall  be  in  effect  (i)  enjoining,  restraining,  preventing  or  prohibiting consummation of the Transactions, (ii) causing any of the Transactions to be rescinded following the Closing Date, (iii) imposing limitations on the ability of Parent to effectively conduct its business following  the Closing Date or (iv) compelling Parent or the Company to dispose of any portion of the Company’s business or assets. (f)    Registration Rights Agreement. The Registration Rights Agreement shall have been executed and delivered by Parent to each Consenting Holder that is an Accredited Investor which is a party thereto. 75   (a)    No Material Adverse Effect.  Since the Agreement Date, no Parent Material Adverse Effect shall have occurred. ARTICLE VII TERMINATION 7.1    Termination. This Agreement may be terminated and the Transactions abandoned at any time prior to the Closing: (a)    By the mutual written consent of the Company and Parent; (b)    By either the Company or Parent, upon written notice to the other Party, if the Transactions shall not have been consummated on or before the date which is thirty (30) days after the Agreement Date, which date may be extended from time to time  by mutual  written  consent  of  Parent  and the Company  (such  date,  as it may  be so extended  from  time  to time,  the “Outside Date”);  provided,  however,  that  the  right  to  terminate  this  Agreement  under  this  Section  7.1(b) shall  not  be  available  to  a  Party whose failure to perform any of its obligations under this Agreement has been a principal cause of or directly resulted in the failure of the Transactions to occur on or before the Outside Date; (c)        By  the  Company  or  Parent,  if  any  final  and  non-appealable  Order  or  any  Law  has  the  effect  of  enjoining, restraining, preventing, prohibiting or making illegal the consummation of the Transactions; (d)    By Parent, if any of the representations or warranties of the Company set forth in ARTICLE III shall not be true and  correct  or  if  the  Company  has  failed  to  perform  any  covenant  or  agreement  on  the  part  of  the  Company  set  forth  in  this Agreement (including an obligation to consummate the Closing) such that the condition to Closing set forth in either Section 6.1(a) or Section 6.1(b) would  not  be  satisfied and  the  breach  or  breaches causing  such  representations or  warranties  not  to  be  true  and correct, or the failures to perform any covenant or agreement, as applicable, are not cured on or prior to the earlier of (i) twenty (20) Business Days after written notice thereof is delivered to the Company and (ii) the Outside Date; provided that this provision shall not be available to Parent if Parent is then in breach of this Agreement; (e)    By the Company, if any of the representations or warranties of Parent set forth in ARTICLE IV shall not be true and correct or if Parent has failed to perform any covenant or agreement on the part of Parent set forth in this Agreement (including an  obligation  to  consummate  the  Closing)  such  that  the  conditions  to  Closing  set  forth  in  either  Section  6.2(a) or  Section  6.2(b) would not be satisfied and the breach or breaches causing such representations or warranties not to be true and correct, or the failures to perform any covenant or agreement, as applicable, are not cured on or prior to the earlier of (i) twenty (20) Business Days after written  notice  thereof  is  delivered  to  Parent  and  (ii)  the  Outside  Date;  provided that  this  provision  shall  not  be  available  to  the Company if the Company is then in breach of this Agreement; 76   (f)    By Parent, upon written notice to the Company, if since the Agreement Date a Company Material Adverse Effect has occurred; and (g)    By the Company, upon written notice to Parent, if since the Agreement Date a Parent Material Adverse Effect has occurred. 7.2    Effect of Termination. In the event this Agreement is terminated pursuant to Section 7.1, this Agreement shall become null and void (other than the provisions of this ARTICLE VII, Section 5.4 (Public Announcement),  Section 5.6 (Confidentiality), Section  8.5(e) (Indemnification;  Holders’  Representative  Losses),  Section  9.14 (Governing  Law)  and  Section  9.15 (Exclusive Jurisdiction; Venue; Service of Process) and any provision hereof that forms the basis for a claim of willful breach of this Agreement prior  to  the  termination  of  this  Agreement,  all  of  which  shall  survive  termination  of  this  Agreement  and  remain  in  full  force  and effect,  without  further  liability  on  the  part  of  the  Parties  or  any  of  their  respective  directors,  officers  or  Affiliates  other  than  with respect to circumstances giving rise to the termination of this Agreement as result of a Party’s willful breach of any provision of this Agreement prior to the termination of this Agreement. ARTICLE VIII  SURVIVAL AND INDEMNIFICATION 8.1        Survival.  All  representations  and  warranties  of  the  Parties  contained  in  this  Agreement  or  any  other  Transaction Agreement or in any certificate or schedule delivered hereunder or thereunder shall survive the Closing until the date that is twelve (12) months after the Closing Date (the “General Survival Date”); provided, however, that, (i) the Fundamental Representations and claims  for  Intentional  Fraud  shall  survive  until  the  expiration  of  the  applicable  statute  of  limitations  and  (ii)  all  of  the  covenants, agreements and obligations of the Parties contained in this Agreement [*] or any other document, certificate, schedule or instrument delivered or executed in connection herewith that are intended to survive the Closing shall survive the Closing and continue in full force and effect until fully performed (the General Survival Date or the last day of any of the periods specified in clauses (i) and (ii) of this Section 8.1, each alternatively referred to herein as the “Survival Date”). Notwithstanding the foregoing, if a claim or notice with  respect  to  recovery  under  the  indemnification  provisions  hereof  is  given  in  accordance  with  the  terms  hereof  prior  to  the applicable Survival Date, the claim and any representations and warranties or covenants underlying such claim shall continue until such claim is finally resolved pursuant to the terms of this ARTICLE VIII. It is the express intent of the parties that, if an applicable survival  period  as  contemplated  by  this  Section 8.1 is  shorter  than  the  statute  of  limitations  that  would  otherwise  apply,  then,  by contract,  the  applicable  statute  of  limitations  shall  be  reduced  to  the  survival  period  contemplated  hereby.  The  parties  further acknowledge  that  the  time  periods  set  forth  in  this  Section 8.1 for  the  assertion  of  claims  under  this  Agreement  are  the  result  of arms’-length negotiation among the parties and that they intend for the time period to be enforced as agreed by the parties. 8.2    Indemnification. (a)    Indemnification by Holders and Parent. 77   (i)    Subject to the terms, conditions and limitations of this ARTICLE VIII, (x) from and after the Agreement Date  until  the  Closing,  the  Company,  and  (y)  following  the  Closing,  each  Consenting  Holder,  and  with  respect  to  any  recoveries against the Indemnity Hold-Back Amount or the Expense Fund Amount, each Company Optionholder and each other Holder (who shall  be  deemed  bound  by  references  in  this  ARTICLE  VIII to  “Consenting  Holders”  in  such  regard  as  the  context  requires), severally (in accordance with its Pro Rata Portion which, with respect to any recoveries against the Indemnity Hold-Back Amount or the Expense Fund Amount, shall be calculated with reference to all Holders and Company Optionholders rather than just Consenting Holders) and not jointly, shall indemnify and hold harmless each Parent Indemnified Person from and against any Loss which such Parent Indemnified Person suffers, sustains or becomes subject to, as a result of or based upon or arising out of (and whether or not involving a Third Party Claim): (A)        any  breach  of,  or  misrepresentation  or  inaccuracy  in,  any  of  the  representations  or  warranties (other  than  the  Company  Fundamental  Representations)  made  by  the  Company  in  this  Agreement  or  in  any  other  Transaction Agreement to which it is a party, including in any certificate delivered by or on behalf of the Company pursuant hereto; Representations; (B)        any  breach  of,  or  misrepresentation  or  inaccuracy  in,  any  of  the  Company  Fundamental this Agreement or any other Transaction Agreement with respect to covenants required to be performed prior to the Closing. (C)    any breach of or failure to perform any covenant or agreement of the Company provided for in (D)    any errors or omission in the calculations delivered to Parent pursuant to Section 2.10; (E)    any inaccuracy in the Allocation Schedule; officer or Employee of the Company, under this Agreement or any other Transaction Agreement; (F)    any Intentional Fraud or willful misconduct committed by the Company, including any director, with such Holder) that seeks to challenge the adequacy of the consideration received by such Holder pursuant to this Agreement; (G)    any Action brought by a Holder (or any other Person claiming rights by, through or associated (H)    [*]; and (I)    (x) any nonpayment by the Closing Date’s end of any Pre-Closing Taxes of the Company (taking into account estimated payments of, and any other amounts creditable against, such Taxes), but only to the extent such Taxes were not included in the computation of the Closing Net Working Capital or otherwise in the calculation of the Final Purchase Price as finally  determined  and  do  not  result  from  any  action  of  Parent  on  the  Closing  Date  following  the  Closing;  (y)  all  Taxes  of  any member of an affiliated, consolidated, combined or unitary group of which the Company (or any predecessor of the Company) is or was a member on or prior to the 78   Closing Date, including pursuant to Treasury Regulations Section 1.1502-6 or any analogous or similar state, local, or non-U.S. Law or regulation; and (z) any and all Taxes of any Person imposed on the Company as a transferee or successor, by contract or pursuant to any applicable Law, which Taxes relate to an event or transaction occurring before the Closing. (ii)    Subject to the terms, conditions and limitations of this ARTICLE VIII, Parent shall indemnify and hold harmless each Holder Indemnified Person from and against any Loss which such Holder Indemnified Person may suffer, sustain or become subject to, as a result of or based upon or arising out of (and whether or not involving a Third Party Claim): made by Parent in this Agreement or in any other Transaction Agreement to which it is a party; and (A)        any  breach  of,  or  misrepresentation  or  inaccuracy  in  any  of  the  representations  or  warranties (B)        any  breach  of  or  failure  to  perform  any  covenant  or  agreement  of  Parent  provided  for  in  this Agreement or any other Transaction Agreement. (b)    Limitations on Claims. Notwithstanding the foregoing: respect to any claims arising from any Intentional Fraud): (i)    With respect to any claim seeking recovery of any Loss under Section 8.2(a)(i)(A) above (other than with (A)    no Holder will have any liability for any such Loss until the aggregate amount of all such Losses exceeds an amount equal to $350,000 (the “Basket”) (in which case the Parent Indemnified Persons shall be entitled thereafter to be indemnified for Losses only to the extent such Losses exceed, on an aggregate basis, the Basket amount); and (B)    the Holders will not have any Liability for any such Loss to the extent that the aggregate amount of  all such  Losses  for  which  Holders  have  liability  exceeds  the  remedies  available  to the  Parent  Indemnified  Persons  through  the Offset Right (i.e., recourse to the Indemnification Hold-Back Cash Amount and the Indemnification Hold-Back Shares). (ii)    No Parent Indemnified Person shall be entitled to recover any Losses under this ARTICLE VIII to the extent the amount of such Losses has actually been recovered by such Parent Indemnified Person from a Person other than another Party to this Agreement, and each Parent Indemnified Person shall, to the extent applicable, use commercially reasonable efforts to seek indemnification or other redress pursuant to the terms of any Contract to which the Company or Parent is a party and by which such Person has the right to seek indemnification from any third party. (iii)    The Parent Indemnified Persons shall not be entitled to indemnification with respect to any Losses as a result  of  or  based  upon  or  arising  from  any  claim  or  Liability  to  the  extent  such  claim  or  Liability  is  taken  into  account  in determining the amount of any adjustment to the Upfront Purchase Price in accordance with Section 2.18. 79   (iv)        If  any  Indemnifying  Party  makes  any  indemnification  payment  pursuant  to  this  ARTICLE  VIII or otherwise  by  reason  of  the  transactions  contemplated  hereby  under  any  theory  of  recovery,  such  Indemnifying  Party  shall  be subrogated,  to  the  extent  of  such  payment  and  to  the  extent  permitted  by  applicable  Law,  to  any  rights  and  remedies  of  the Indemnified Party to recoup such amounts from third parties with respect to the matters giving rise to indemnification hereunder. Notwithstanding anything in this Agreement to the contrary, however, except with respect to claims to the extent actually covered by the D&O Tail Policy, no Holder shall be subrogated to any rights or remedies, or otherwise make any claim against the Company or any other Parent Indemnified Person (regardless of the facts or the kind of Loss at issue), and each Consenting Holder, by virtue of adopting this Agreement and approving the Transactions (including the Mergers) and the execution of a Written Consent and Joinder Agreement,  expressly  waives  any  right  of  subrogation,  contribution,  advancement,  indemnification  or  other  claim  against  the Company or any other Parent Indemnified Person with respect to any indemnification obligation or any other liability to which such Consenting Holder may become subject under or in connection with this Agreement. (v)    Subject to the other limitations set forth in this Agreement, the aggregate amount of all Losses for which a Consenting Holder shall be liable pursuant to this Agreement shall be the amount of the Final Purchase Price actually received by such Consenting Holder (with Stock Consideration Shares deemed, for this purpose, to have a per share value equal to the Merger Consideration Share Price). (c)    Mitigation; Reduction of Losses. The Parties shall cooperate and use commercially reasonable efforts to mitigate any Losses for which an Indemnified Person is entitled to indemnification (including against available insurance policies and third parties  to  the  extent  available);  provided,  however,  that  no  Party  shall  be  required  to  take  any  action  to  mitigate  Losses  prior  to seeking indemnification hereunder. All insurance proceeds and amounts from third parties received by any Indemnified Person or any of its Affiliates in respect of any Losses shall reduce the Indemnifying Party’s obligations hereunder by the amounts received (net  of  (i)  costs  and  expenses  incurred  by  the  Indemnified  Party  in  recovering  such  amounts  and  (ii)  any  increase  in  insurance premiums payable by the Indemnified Party as a result of recovering such amounts). In the event that any Indemnified Person or any of its Affiliates receives any insurance proceeds with respect to any Losses subsequent to the receipt by such Indemnified Person of any indemnification payment hereunder in respect of such Losses, appropriate refunds shall be made promptly by the Indemnified Person of all or the relevant portion of such indemnification payment (net of any related deductibles). (d)    Calculation of Losses. Solely for the purposes of calculating the amount of Losses pursuant to this ARTICLE VIII (and not for determining the existence of a breach of any representation or warranty), the representations and warranties of the Company in this Agreement that are qualified by “materiality,” “Company Material Adverse Effect” or a similar qualification shall be deemed to be made without such materiality, Company Material Adverse Effect or similar qualifiers; provided, however, that this Section 8.2(d) shall not apply to the term “Material Contract.” 8.3    Offset Right. 80   (a)    Offset Right. Without limiting any other remedies of the Parent Indemnified Persons, from and after the Closing Date, and subject to the limitations set forth in this ARTICLE VIII, the Parent Indemnified Persons shall be entitled to recover (the “Offset Right”) against the Indemnification Hold-Back Cash Amount and the Indemnification Hold-Back Shares (to the extent any Indemnification Hold-Back Cash Amount and Indemnification Hold-Back Shares remain at the time the Parent Indemnified Persons seek to exercise the Offset Right), the amount of any Losses as to which the Holders are obligated to indemnify and hold the Parent Indemnified Persons harmless from under Section 8.2(a); provided, however, the Parent Indemnified Persons shall pursue claims for Losses  (other  than  with  respect  to  Intentional  Fraud  or  willful  misconduct)  only  against  the  Indemnification  Hold-Back  Cash Amount  and  Indemnification  Hold-Back  Shares  until  such  time  as  the  claims  hereunder  for  Losses  equal  or  exceed  the  available Indemnification Hold-Back Cash Amount and the value of the Indemnification Hold-Back Shares or the Indemnification Hold-Back Cash Amount and the Indemnification Hold-Back Shares have been released. (b)        Exercise  of  Offset  Right. To  exercise  the  Offset  Right,  Parent  shall  (on  behalf  of  Parent  or  any  other  Parent Indemnified Persons at issue), prior to the Second Indemnification Hold-Back Payment Date, deliver to Holders’ Representative at the  notice  address  set  forth  in  Section 9.2 (as  the  same  may  be  amended  from  time  to  time  as  provided  therein  and  including  all Persons to be copied on any notice to Holders’ Representative), a certificate signed by Parent (an “Offset Certificate”): (i) stating in good faith that one or more of the Parent Indemnified Persons has suffered, sustained or become subject to Losses which are entitled to be recovered pursuant to the Offset Right (the “Stated Damages”); and (ii) specifying to the extent practicable in reasonable detail the individual items of Stated Damages and the nature of the breach or other circumstance to which each such item is related. Upon the  timely  delivery  of  an  Offset  Certificate  stating  a  bona  fide  claim  for  Stated  Damages,  any  distribution  of  the  Indemnification Hold-Back Cash Amount and Indemnification Hold-Back Shares and, as applicable, any payment of cash pursuant to Sections 2.6(c) (ii)(D), 2.6(c)(iii)(C), 2.6(c)(iv)(C) and  2.7(a)(C), as applicable, shall be stayed to the extent of the Stated Damages (subject to the limitations set forth in this ARTICLE VIII). (c)    Perfection of Offset Right. After the expiration of a period of thirty (30) days following the time of delivery of an Offset Certificate to Holders’ Representative, the Offset Right shall be deemed perfected as to the applicable Stated Damages and the Indemnification Hold-Back Shares issuable pursuant to Section 2.6(c)(ii)(D) and the Indemnification Hold-Back Cash Amount payable pursuant to Sections 2.6(c)(iii)(C), 2.6(c)(iv)(C) and  2.7(a)(C), as applicable, shall be reduced by an equal amount unless, prior to the expiration of such thirty (30) day period, Holders’ Representative objects in a written statement delivered to Parent to claims made in the Offset Certificate, setting forth in reasonable detail the objections to the claim for Stated Damages. (d)    Objection to Offset Right. If Holders’ Representative shall timely object in writing to an exercise of the Offset Right by Parent, Holders’ Representative and Parent shall attempt in good faith to agree upon the rights of the respective Parties with respect to each of such claims within thirty (30) days after such objection. If Holders’ Representative and Parent should so agree on a claim, a memorandum setting forth such agreement shall be prepared and signed by such Parties, which shall include a statement of  the  amount  of  resulting  reduction  in  the  Indemnification  Hold-Back  Shares  issuable  pursuant  to  Section  2.6(c)(ii)(D) and  the Indemnification Hold-Back 81   Cash Amount payable pursuant to Sections 2.6(c)(iii)(C), 2.6(c)(iv)(C) and 2.7(a)(C), as applicable, as applicable. (e)        Settlement  of  Offset  Right.  If  no  agreement  can  be  reached  after  good  faith  negotiation  between  Holders’ Representative and Parent pursuant to Section 8.3(d), either Parent or Holders’ Representative may initiate an Action in accordance with Sections 9.14 and  9.15 to resolve such dispute. The decision of any such court as to the validity and amount of any claim in such Offset Certificate shall be binding and conclusive upon the Parties. (f)        Application  of  Offset  Right.    Any  reduction  in  the  Indemnification  Hold-Back  Shares  issuable  pursuant  to Section 2.6(c)(ii)(D) and the Indemnification Hold-Back Cash Amount payable pursuant to Sections 2.6(c)(iii)(C), 2.6(c)(iv)(C) and 2.7(a)(C), as applicable, pursuant to the Offset Right in this Section 8.3 shall be made with equal priority among the Holders and in accordance  with each Holder’s Pro Rata Portion (but taking into account any non pro rata claims made in respect of any specific Holder pursuant to Section 8.2(a)), including if applicable as agreed by the Holders’ Representative and Parent in accordance with Section 8.3(d) or as finally determined as a result of the Action brought under Section 8.3(e). 8.4    Claims for Indemnification; Resolution of Conflicts. (a)    Third Party Claims. (i)    In the event that any Action is instituted, or that any Third Party Claim is asserted, the Indemnified Person seeking  indemnification  for  any  related  Loss  (including  a  Parent  Indemnified  Person  seeking  indemnification  for  any  related  loss through  an  Offset  Right)  shall  notify  the  Indemnifying  Party  of  any  such  Action  or  claim  promptly  after  receiving  notice  thereof (each,  a  “Third  Party  Indemnification  Claim  Notice”);  provided,  that,  as  applicable,  a  Parent  Indemnified  Person  shall  promptly notify the Indemnifying Party and the Holders’ Representative of any such Action or claim; provided further, however, that no delay on  the  part  of  the  Indemnified  Person  in  giving  any  such  notice  shall  relieve  an  Indemnifying  Party  of  any  indemnification obligations unless, and only to the extent that, such Indemnifying Party is actually and materially prejudiced by such delay and then only to the extent of such prejudice. Subject to the provisions of this Section 8.4(a)(i), and assuming the Indemnified Person does not have the right to elect or does not choose to elect in its Third Party Indemnification Claim Notice to assume the defense of the Third Party Claim in accordance with Section 8.4(a)(v), the Indemnifying Party shall be entitled at its own expense to conduct and control the defense of such Third Party Claim on behalf of the Indemnified Person through counsel chosen by the Indemnifying Party and reasonably acceptable to the Indemnified Person if the Indemnifying Party notifies the Indemnified Person in writing within thirty (30)  days  of  its  intent  to  do  so  and  confirms  that  the  Indemnifying  Party  shall  be  obligated  to  indemnify  the  Indemnified  Person against all resulting Losses in accordance with (and subject to the limitations of) this Agreement. If the Indemnifying Party does not elect  within  thirty  (30)  days  to  defend  any  Third  Party  Claim,  the  Indemnified  Person  may  defend  such  Third  Party  Claim  as described below in Section 8.4(a)(v). For the avoidance of doubt, Parent acknowledges that if a Third Party Claim is asserted against Parent  and  such  claim  alleges  both  (y)  facts  or  circumstances  giving  rise  to  indemnifiable  Losses  under  this  Agreement  and  (z) wrongful conduct 82   by Parent, then in such case any Parent Indemnified Person shall only be entitled to recover Losses arising under subclause (y). (ii)    If the Indemnifying Party elects to defend any Third Party Claim: (A)    the Indemnifying Party shall use its commercially reasonable efforts to defend such Third Party Claim; (B)    the Indemnified Person, prior to the period in which the Indemnifying Party assumes the defense of  such  matter,  may  take  such  reasonable  actions  to  preserve  any  and  all  rights  with  respect  to  such  matter,  without  such  actions being  construed  as  a  waiver  of  the  Indemnified  Person’s  rights  to  defense  and  indemnification  pursuant  to  this  Agreement  and without such actions being determinative of the amount of any indemnifiable Losses, except to the extent the Indemnifying Party’s ability to defend such action is actually and materially prejudiced by such actions; and (C)    the Indemnified Person may participate in the defense of such Third Party Claim with separate counsel  at  its  own  expense  or,  if  so  requested  by  the  Indemnifying  Party  or,  if  in  the  reasonable  opinion  of  counsel  to  the Indemnified  Person,  a conflict  or potential  conflict  exists between the Indemnified  Person  and the Indemnifying  Party that would make such separate representation advisable, at the reasonable expense of the Indemnifying Party. (iii)    In connection with this Section 8.4(a)(iii), the Parties agree to: Third Party Claim; (A)    cooperate with each other in connection with the defense, negotiation or settlement of any such (B)        make  available  witnesses  in  a  timely  manner  to  provide  testimony  through  declarations, affidavits,  depositions,  or  at  hearing  or  trial  and  to  work  with  each  other  in  preparation  for  such  events  consistent  with  deadlines dictated by the particular Third Party Claim; particular Third Party Claims; and (C)        preserve  all  documents  and  things  required  by  litigation  hold  orders  pending  with  respect  to particular matter, as required by legal procedure or court order, or if reasonably requested by another Party hereto; (D)        provide  such  documents  and  things  to  each  other,  consistent  with  deadlines  dictated  by  a provided that  such  cooperation  referenced  in  clauses  (A)  through  (D)  shall  not  be  required  if  it  would  reasonably  be  expected  to result in a waiver of any attorney-client, work product or other privilege, and provided further that the Parties shall use commercially reasonable efforts to avoid production of confidential information (consistent with Law), and to cause all communications among Employees, counsel and others representing any party to a Third Party Claim to be made so as to preserve any applicable attorney- client or work-product privileges. 83   (iv)        Except  as  permitted  in  this  Section  8.4(a)(iv),  the  Indemnifying  Party  shall  not,  without  the  written consent of the Indemnified Person(s) (such consent not to be unreasonably conditioned, withheld or delayed), settle or compromise any  Third  Party  Claim  or  permit  a  default  or consent  to  entry  of  any  judgment  (each  a  “Settlement”); provided, however, that an Indemnified  Person’s  written  consent  shall  not  be  required  if  (x)  the  claimant  provides  such  Indemnified  Person  an  unqualified release  from  all  liability  in  respect  of  the  Third  Party  Claim,  (y)  such  Settlement  does  not  impose  any  additional  liabilities  or obligations on the Indemnified Person and (z) with respect to any non-monetary provision of such Settlement, such provisions could not have, or be reasonably expected to have, any adverse effect on the business, assets, financial condition or results of operations of the Indemnified Person and its Subsidiaries, if any. Any Settlement or compromise that does not comply with the preceding sentence shall not be determinative of the amount of Losses with respect to any related claims for indemnification pursuant to this ARTICLE VIII.  The  costs  incurred  by  Holders’  Representative  pursuant  to  participating  in  the  defense  of  any  Third  Party  Claims  shall constitute Holders’ Representative Losses. (v)    Notwithstanding anything in this Agreement to the contrary, if (w) a Third Party Claim seeks relief other than  the  payment  of  monetary  damages,  (x)  the  subject  matter  of  a  Third  Party  Claim  relates  to  the  ongoing  business  of  the Indemnified  Person  or  its  Affiliate,  which  Third  Party  Claim,  if  decided  against  the  Indemnified  Person,  is  reasonably  likely  to materially and adversely affect the ongoing business of the Indemnified Person, (y) the claim for indemnification relates to or arises in  connection  with  any  criminal  proceeding,  action  or  indictment,  or  (z)  the  Indemnified  Person  reasonably  concludes  that  the amount of the Third Party Claim and associated defense costs shall exceed the limits on the Indemnifying Party’s obligations under Section 8.2(b) or the Indemnifying Party’s financial resources available to defend against the Third Party Claim, then, in each such case, the Indemnified Person alone shall be entitled to defend such Third Party Claim. If the Indemnified Person elects to exercise such right to defend such Third Party Claim, then the Indemnified Person shall notify the Indemnifying Party of such election within thirty (30) days of the later of (A) receiving the applicable Third Party Indemnification Claim Notice or (B) the occurrence of the event giving rise to the Indemnified Person’s right to make such election pursuant to clause (w), (x), (y) or (z) of this Section 8.4(a) (v). In such event, the Indemnified Person shall instead have the right to be represented by counsel of its choice (of which it shall notify  the  Indemnifying  Party)  at  the  Indemnifying  Party’s  reasonable  expense  and  to  defend  such  Third  Party  Claim.  If  the Indemnified  Person  elects  to  defend  any  such  Third  Party  Claim,  then  (1)  the  Indemnified  Person  shall  use  its  commercially reasonable efforts to defend such Third Party Claim, conduct such defense in a good faith and reasonably diligent manner, keep the Indemnifying Party reasonably informed of the status of such defense, and use commercially reasonable efforts to cooperate with the Indemnifying Party with respect to such defense during the course of such defense, (2) the Indemnifying Party may participate, at its own expense, in the defense of such Third Party Claim and shall be entitled to receive copies of complaints, pleadings, notices and material  communications  with  respect  to  such  Third  Party  Claim  and  (3)  the  Indemnified  Person  shall  not,  without  the  written consent of the Indemnifying Person (such consent not to be unreasonably withheld, conditioned or delay), enter into any Settlement of such Third Party Claim. If the Indemnified Person does not elect to defend such Third Party Claim, then the Indemnifying Party shall then have the right to defend such Third Party Claim as described above in Section 8.4(a)(i). 84   (vi)    Notwithstanding the foregoing, any Third Party Claims in respect of Taxes shall be governed by Section 5.8(c) rather than this Section 8.4(a). To the extent that the provisions of this Section 8.4(a) conflict with the provisions of  Section 5.8(c) or Section 5.8(i), Section 5.8(c) or Section 5.8(i) shall control, as applicable. (b)        Notification  of  Other  Indemnification  Claims.  In  order  for  a  Parent  Indemnified  Person  to  be  entitled  to  any indemnification for claims other than as contemplated or covered by the Offset Right (although, for the avoidance of doubt, a claim tendered pursuant to the Offset Right shall suffice for all purposes even if not covered, or fully covered, by the Offset Right), such Parent Indemnified Person shall, promptly upon the discovery of the matter giving rise to any Losses, notify Holders’ Representative in writing of such Losses specifying in reasonable detail the nature of such Losses and the amounts of liability estimated to accrue therefrom (a “Non-Offset Notice”). The failure to so notify Holders’ Representative shall not relieve any Consenting Holder from any liability  that such Consenting Holder  may have  to  Parent,  except  to  the extent  that  any  such Consenting Holder is materially prejudiced as a result of such failure. Thereafter, Parent shall keep Holders’ Representative reasonably updated with respect to the status of the Losses at issue and the defense thereof. Holders’ Representative may object to a claim for indemnification set forth in a Non-Offset Notice by  delivering a  notice to  the Parent  Indemnified  Person seeking  indemnification within  thirty (30)  days of  the delivery  of  the  Non-Offset  Notice,  setting  forth  in  reasonable  detail  the  objections  to  the  claim.  If  Holders’  Representative  either notifies  the  applicable  Indemnified  Person  that  it  does  not  object  or  does  not  object  in  writing  by  the  end  of  such  thirty  (30)-day period, such failure to so object shall be an irrevocable acknowledgment that the Parent Indemnified Person is entitled to the full amount  of  the  claims  set  forth  in  such  Non-Offset  Notice,  and  Holders’  Representative  (as  well  as  the  Holders)  shall  take  all necessary actions under this Agreement to effect payment in respect thereof. If Holders’ Representative shall timely object in writing to  a  Non-Offset  Notice,  Holders’  Representative  and  Parent  shall  attempt  in  good  faith  to  agree  upon  the  rights  of  the  respective Parties with respect to such claim within thirty (30) days after such objection. If Holders’ Representative and Parent should so agree on a claim, a memorandum setting forth such agreement shall be prepared and signed by Holders’ Representative and Parent. If no agreement  can  be  reached  after  good  faith  negotiation  between  Holders’  Representative  and  Parent,  either  Parent  (or  any  Parent Indemnified Person) or Holders’ Representative may initiate an Action in accordance with Sections 9.14 and  9.15 to resolve such dispute. The decision of any such court as to the validity and amount of any claim in such Non-Offset Notice shall be binding and conclusive upon the Parties. (c)        Claims  Unaffected  by  Investigation.  The  right  of  an  Indemnified  Person  to  indemnification  or  to  assert  or recover on any claim hereunder shall not be affected by any investigation conducted with respect to, or any knowledge acquired or capable  of  being  acquired,  at  any  time,  whether  before  or  after  the  execution  and  delivery  of  this  Agreement  or  the  Closing, including  with  respect  to  the  accuracy  of  or  compliance  with  any  of  the  representations,  warranties,  covenants,  or  agreements  set forth in this Agreement. The waiver of any condition based on the accuracy of any representation or warranty, or on the performance of  or  compliance  with  any  covenant  or  agreement,  shall  not  affect  the  right  to  indemnification  or  other  remedy  based  on  such representation, warranty, covenant or agreement. 85   (d)        Surviving  Company.  The  Parties  acknowledge  and  agree  that  if  the  Surviving  Company  suffers,  incurs  or otherwise becomes subject to any Losses as a result of or in connection with any misrepresentation or inaccuracy in or breach of any representation,  warranty,  covenant  or  agreement,  then  (without  limiting  any  of  the  rights  of  the  Surviving  Company  as  an Indemnified Person) Parent shall also be deemed, by virtue of its ownership of the stock of the Surviving Company, to have incurred Losses as a result of and in connection with such misrepresentation, inaccuracy or breach. (e)    Exclusive Remedy. Subject to Section 9.9 and Section 5.8, without limiting the provisions of Section 2.18, the Parties acknowledge and agree that the remedies provided for in this ARTICLE VIII shall be the Parties’ (other than the Holders’ Representative’s)  sole  and  exclusive  remedy  with  respect  to  any  and  all  claims  for  any  breach,  inaccuracy,  misrepresentation  or nonperformance,  as  applicable,  of  any  representation,  warranty,  covenant,  agreement  or  obligation  set  forth  herein  or  otherwise relating to the subject matter of this Agreement, whether based in contract, tort, strict liability, statute, common law or otherwise. (f)        Indemnification  Adjusts  Purchase  Price  for  Tax  Purposes.  Each  Party  shall,  including  retroactively,  treat indemnification payments under this Agreement as well as exercises of the Offset Right as adjustments to the consideration paid in the Transactions for Tax purposes to the extent permitted under applicable Law. (g)        No  Subrogation.  By  virtue  of  approving  the  Mergers  and  the  execution  of  a  Written  Consent  and  Joinder Agreement, each Consenting Holder (on behalf of itself and each Person affiliated with such Consenting Holder who has served as an  officer,  director,  employee  or  consultant  of  the  Company)  shall  agree  not  to  make  any  claim  for  indemnification  against  any Parent Indemnified Person based on the fact that such Consenting Holder (or any Person affiliated with such Consenting Holder who has served as an officer, director, employee or consultant of the Company) was a controlling person, director, Employee or agent of the  Company  (whether  such  claim  is  for  Losses  of  any  kind  or  otherwise  and  whether  such  claim  is  pursuant  to  Law,  a  Charter Document,  a  Contract  or  otherwise)  with  respect  to  any  claim  brought  by  a  Parent  Indemnified  Person  against  any  Consenting Holder (or any Person affiliated with such Consenting Holder who has served as an officer, director, employee or consultant of the Company) under or relating to this Agreement or any other Transaction Agreement or the Transactions. With respect to any claim brought by a Parent Indemnified Person against any Consenting Holder (or any Person affiliated with such Consenting Holder who has  served  as  an  officer,  director,  employee  or  consultant  of  the  Company)  under  or  relating  to  this  Agreement,  any  Transaction Agreement  or  the  Transactions,  except  with  respect  to  claims  to  the  extent  actually  covered  by  the  D&O  Tail  Policy,  each Consenting Holder (on behalf of itself and each Person affiliated with such Consenting Holder who has served as an officer, director, employee  or  consultant  of  the  Company)  shall  further  expressly  waive  any  right  of  subrogation,  contribution,  advancement, indemnification or other claim against the Company and all other Parent Indemnified Persons with respect to any indemnification obligation or any other liability to which such Consenting Holder (or any Person affiliated with such Consenting Holder who has served  as  an  officer,  director,  employee  or  consultant  of  the  Company)  may  become  subject  under  or  in  connection  with  this Agreement. 86   (h)    Specific Element of Consideration. The indemnification obligations of the Holders in this ARTICLE VIII are, without  limitation,  (i)  a  specific  element  of  the  consideration  that  induced  Parent  to  enter  into  this  Agreement  and  to  perform  its obligations as contemplated hereby and (ii) intended to be fully enforceable on the terms provided in this ARTICLE VIII. 8.5    Holders’ Representative. (a)    Appointment. By voting in favor of the adoption of this Agreement, the approval of the principal terms of the Mergers, and the consummation of the Mergers or participating in the Mergers and receiving the benefits thereof, including the right to receive the consideration payable in connection with the Mergers, each Holder shall irrevocably nominate, constitute and appoint Shareholder Representative Services LLC as the “Holders’ Representative” for all purposes in connection with this Agreement and the agreements ancillary hereto with full power of substitution, to act in the name, place and stead of the Holders for purposes of executing any documents and taking any actions that Holders’ Representative may, in its sole discretion, determine to be necessary, desirable  or  appropriate,  including,  without  limitation,  in  connection  with  any  claim  for  indemnification,  compensation  or reimbursement  under  this  ARTICLE  VIII.  Shareholder  Representative  Services  LLC  hereby  accepts  its  appointment  as  Holders’ Representative. (b)    Authority. The Holders grant to Holders’ Representative full authority to execute, deliver, acknowledge, certify and file on behalf of each such Holder (in the name of any or all of the Holders or otherwise) any and all documents that Holders’ Representative  may, in  its sole  discretion, determine  to be  necessary, desirable or  appropriate, in  such forms  and containing  such provisions  as  Holders’  Representative  may,  in  its  sole  discretion,  determine  to  be  appropriate,  in  performing  its  duties  as contemplated by this Section 8.5(b). Notwithstanding anything in any Transaction Agreement to the contrary: (i) each Indemnified Person  shall  be  entitled  to  deal  exclusively  with  Holders’  Representative  on  all  matters  relating  to  any  claim  for  indemnification, compensation,  reimbursement  or set off (including  Offset Rights) pursuant to  ARTICLE VIII; and (ii) after Closing,  Parent, each Parent Indemnified Person, and each Holder shall be entitled to rely conclusively (without further evidence of any kind whatsoever) on any document executed or purported to be executed on behalf of any Holder by Holders’ Representative and on any other action taken or purported to be taken on behalf of any Holder by Holders’ Representative as fully binding upon such Holder. A decision, act, consent or instruction of Holders’ Representative after Closing, including an amendment, extension or waiver of this Agreement (or any provision hereof) pursuant to Section 9.4 or Section 9.5 shall constitute a decision of the Holders and shall be final, binding and conclusive upon the Holders. The Exchange Agent, Parent, Merger Sub A, Merger Sub B, and the Surviving Company may rely upon any such decision, act, consent or instruction of Holders’ Representative after Closing as being the decision, act, consent or instruction  of  the  Holders.  The  Exchange  Agent,  Parent,  Merger  Sub  A,  Merger  Sub  B,  and  the  Surviving  Company  are  hereby relieved from any liability to any Person for any acts done by them in accordance with such decision, act, consent or instruction of Holders’ Representative. (c)    Power of Attorney. The powers, immunities and rights to indemnification granted to the Holders’ Representative hereunder: (a) are coupled with an interest and are irrevocable; (b) may be delegated by Holders’ Representative; (c) shall survive the death, incompetence, 87   bankruptcy, dissolution or incapacity, as applicable, of each of the Holders and shall be binding on any successor thereto; and (d) shall  survive  the  delivery  of  an  assignment  by  any  Holder  of  the  whole  or  any  fraction  of  his,  her  or  its  interest  in  the Indemnification Holdback Amount. (d)        Replacement.  The  Holders’  Representative  may  resign  at  any  time.  If  Holders’  Representative  is  dissolved, resigns or is otherwise unable to fulfill its responsibilities hereunder, the Holders shall (by consent of those Persons entitled, or who were entitled, to at least a majority of the Indemnification Hold-Back Shares), within ten (10) days after such dissolution, resignation or  inability,  appoint  a  successor  to  Holders’  Representative  reasonably  satisfactory  to  Parent.  Any  such  successor  shall  succeed Holders’ Representative as Holders’ Representative hereunder. If for any reason there is no Holders’ Representative at any time, all references herein to Holders’ Representative shall be deemed to refer to the Holders who may take action by the written consent of Persons entitled to at least a majority of any further distributions hereunder. (e)    Indemnification; Holders’ Representative Losses. The Holders’ Representative will incur no liability of any kind with  respect  to  any  action  or  omission  by  the  Holders’  Representative  in  connection  with  the  Holders’  Representative’s  services pursuant to this Agreement and any agreements ancillary hereto, except in the event of liability directly resulting from the Holders’ Representative’s gross negligence or willful misconduct. The Holders’ Representative shall not be liable for any action or omission pursuant  to  the  advice  of  counsel.  The  Holders  will  indemnify,  defend  and  hold  harmless  the  Holders’  Representative  from  and against Holders’ Representative Losses, in each case as such Holders’ Representative Loss is suffered or incurred; provided, that in the event that any such Holders’ Representative Loss is finally adjudicated to have been directly caused by the gross negligence or willful  misconduct  of  the  Holders’  Representative,  the  Holders’  Representative  will  reimburse  the  Holders  the  amount  of  such indemnified  Holders’  Representative  Loss  to  the  extent  attributable  to  such  gross  negligence  or  willful  misconduct.  If  not  paid directly to the Holders’ Representative by the Holders, any such Holders’ Representative Losses may be recovered by the Holders’ Representative from (i) the funds in the Expense Fund and (ii) the Indemnification Hold-Back Cash Amount and the Indemnification Hold-Back Shares at such time as remaining amounts or shares would otherwise be distributable to the Holders; provided, that while this  section  allows  the  Holders’  Representative  to  be  paid  from  the  aforementioned  sources  of  funds,  this  does  not  relieve  the Holders  from  their  obligation  to  promptly  pay  such  Holders’  Representative  Losses  as  they  are  suffered  or  incurred,  nor  does  it prevent  the  Holders’  Representative  from  seeking  any  remedies  available  to  it  at  law  or  otherwise.  In  no  event  will  the  Holders’ Representative  be  required  to  advance  its  own  funds  on  behalf  of  the  Holders  or  otherwise.  Notwithstanding  anything  in  this Agreement  to  the  contrary,  any  restrictions  or  limitations  on  liability  or  indemnification  obligations  of,  or  provisions  limiting  the recourse  against  non-parties  otherwise  applicable  to,  the  Holders  set  forth  elsewhere  in  this  Agreement  are  not  intended  to  be applicable to the indemnities provided to the Holders’ Representative under this section. The foregoing indemnities will survive the Closing, the resignation or removal of the Holders’ Representative or the termination of this Agreement. (f)    Expense Fund. Upon the Closing, Parent shall wire the Expense Fund Amount to the Holders’ Representative. The  Expense  Fund  Amount  shall  be  held  by  the  Holders’  Representative  in  a  segregated  client  account  and  shall  be  used  for  the purposes of paying directly 88   or  reimbursing  the  Holders’  Representative  for  any  third  party expenses  incurred  pursuant  to  this  Agreement  and  the  agreements ancillary hereto (the “Expense Fund”). The Holders’ Representative is not providing any investment supervision, recommendations or advice and shall have no responsibility or liability for any loss of principal of the Expense Fund other than as a result of its gross negligence or willful misconduct. The parties agree that the Holders’ Representative is not acting as a withholding agent or in any similar capacity in connection with the Expense Fund, and has no tax reporting or income distribution obligations. The Holders will not  receive  any  interest  or  earnings  on  the  Expense  Fund  and  irrevocably  transfer  and  assign  to  the  Holders’  Representative  any ownership right that they may otherwise have had in any such interest or earnings. The Holders’ Representative will hold these funds separate from its corporate funds, will not use these funds for its operating expenses or any other corporate purposes and will not voluntarily make these funds available to its creditors in the event of bankruptcy. As soon as practicable following the completion of the Holders’ Representative’s responsibilities, the Holders’ Representative shall distribute the remaining Expense Fund (if any) to the  Holders  based  on  such  Holder’s  Pro  Rata  Portion,  which  shall  be  calculated  with  reference  to  all  Holders  and  Company Optionholders  rather  than  just  Consenting  Holders,  except  in  the  case  of  payments  to  employees  or  former  employees  of  the Company  for  which  employment  tax  withholding  is  required,  which  such  amounts  shall  be  delivered  to  Parent  or  the  Surviving Company  and  paid  through  Parent’s  or  surviving  corporation’s  payroll  processing  service  or  system,  as  directed  by  the  Holders’ Representative advisory committee. For tax purposes, the Expense Fund will be treated as having been received and voluntarily set aside by the Consenting Holders at the time of Closing. ARTICLE IX GENERAL PROVISIONS 9.1    Interpretation. The following rules shall apply to the interpretation and construction of the terms and provisions of this Agreement and the other Transaction Agreements: (a)    Provisions. (i)    When a reference is made in this Agreement or another Transaction Agreement to an “Article,” “Section,” “Exhibit”  or  “Schedule,”  such  reference  shall  be  to  an  Article  or  Section  of,  or  an  Exhibit  or  Schedule  to,  this  Agreement  unless otherwise indicated. not affect in any way the meaning or interpretation of this Agreement. (ii)    The table of contents and headings contained in this Agreement are for reference purposes only and shall Transaction Agreement, such words shall be deemed to be followed by the words “without limitation.” (iii)        Whenever  the  words  “include,”  “includes,”  or  “including”  are  used  in  this  Agreement  or  any  other 89   (iv)        The  words  “hereof,”  “herein,”  and  “hereunder”  and  words  of  similar  import  when  used  in  this Agreement  refer  to  this  Agreement  as  a  whole  and  not  to  any  particular  provision  of  this  Agreement  unless  otherwise  expressly indicated in the accompanying text. (v)    The use of “or” is not intended to be exclusive unless otherwise expressly indicated in the accompanying text. (vi)        The  defined  terms  contained  in  this  Agreement  or  any  of  the  other  Transaction  Agreements  are applicable to the singular as well as the plural forms of such terms. Reference to the masculine gender shall be deemed to also refer to the feminine gender and vice versa. (vii)    A reference to documents, instruments or agreements also refers to all addenda, exhibits or schedules thereto. (viii)    Any reference to a provision or part of a Law shall include a reference to that provision or part as it may be renumbered or amended from time to time and any successor provision or part or any renumbering or amendment thereof unless otherwise indicated herein. (ix)        References  to  “deliver,”  “furnish,”  “provided”  or  “made  available”  means  that  such  documents  or information  referenced  are  contained,  as  of  a  date  which  is  at  least  two  (2)  Business  Days  prior  to  the  Agreement  Date,  in  the Company’s “Clear documents” electronic data room hosted by Box Inc. (x)    When calculating the period of time before which, within which or following which, any act is to be done or step taken pursuant to this Agreement, the date that is the reference date in calculating such period shall be excluded. If the last day of such period is a non-Business Day, the period in question shall end on the next succeeding Business Day. (b)    No Presumption. The Parties have participated jointly in the negotiation and drafting of this Agreement and, in the  event  any  ambiguity  or  question  of  intent  or  interpretation  arises,  this  Agreement  shall  be  construed  as  jointly  drafted  by  the Parties  and  no  presumption  or  burden  of  proof  shall  be  used  to  favor  or  disfavor  any  Party  by  virtue  of  the  authorship  of  any provision of this Agreement. 9.2    Notices. All notices, waivers, consents and other communications to any Party hereunder shall be in writing and shall be deemed given (i) when personally delivered, (ii) when receipt is electronically confirmed, if sent by email of a .pdf document, (iii) one (1) Business Day after deposit with a nationally recognized overnight courier, specifying next day delivery, with proof of receipt or (iv) three (3) Business Days after being sent by registered or certified mail, return receipt requested and postage prepaid, in each case to the Parties at the address, or if applicable, email address following such Party’s name below or such other address or email address as such Party may subsequently designate to the other Parties by notice in accordance with this Section 9.2: If to Parent, Merger Sub A or Merger Sub B, to: 90   Invitae Corporation 1400 16th Street San Francisco, CA 94103 Attention: Tom Brida, General Counsel Email: with copies (which shall not constitute notice) to: Pillsbury Winthrop Shaw Pittman LLP 12255 El Camino Real, Suite 300 San Diego, CA 92130 Attention: Mike Hird Email: mike.hird@pillsburylaw.com If to the Company (prior to the Closing), to: Clear Genetics, Inc. 2 Harrison St. San Francisco, CA 94105 Attention: Moran Snir Email: with a copy (which shall not constitute notice) to: Zysman, Aharoni, Gayer and Sullivan & Worcester LLP 1633 Broadway New York, NY 10019 Attention: Scott Kaufman Email: skaufman@sullivanlaw.com and LglBiz by Adv. Eliav Azulay Oz 10 Hamenofim St., 3rd Fl., Suite 322 Herzeliya, 46725 Israel Attention: Eliav Azulay Oz Email: If to Holders’ Representative or the Holders (following the Closing), to: Shareholder Representative Services LLC 950 17th Street, Suite 1400 Denver, CO 80202 Attention: Managing Director Telephone: (303) 648-4085 91   Facsimile: (303) 623-0294 Email: deals@srsacquiom.com 9.3    Assignment and Succession. Neither this Agreement nor any of the rights, interests or obligations hereunder may be assigned  or  delegated  by  any  of  the  Parties  without  the  written  consent  of  the  other  Parties,  except  that  Parent,  Merger  Sub  A  or Merger Sub B may, without the prior consent of any other Party, collaterally assign this Agreement to any lender; provided that no such assignment shall relieve the assigning Party of any of its obligations hereunder. Any assignment of this Agreement or any of the rights, interests or obligations hereunder not permitted under this Section 9.3 shall be null and void ab initio. Subject to the foregoing terms of this Section 9.3, this Agreement shall be binding upon, inure to the benefit of and be enforceable by the Parties and their respective successors and permitted assigns. 9.4       Amendment or Supplement. Subject to the requirements  of applicable  Law, this Agreement  may be amended at any time  by  execution  of  an  instrument  in  writing  identifying  itself  as  an  amendment  signed,  when  amended  prior  to  the  Closing,  by Parent,  Merger  Sub  A,  Merger  Sub  B  and  the  Company  and,  when  amended  on  or  after  the  Closing,  by  Parent  and  Holders’ Representative. For purposes of this Section 9.4, the Consenting Holders have agreed pursuant to the Written Consent and Joinders that any amendment of this Agreement consented to by Holders’ Representative shall be binding on and enforceable against them, whether or not they have signed this Agreement or such amendment. 9.5    Waivers. No waiver of any provision of this Agreement shall be valid and binding unless it is in writing and signed by the Party against whom the waiver is to be effective. No failure on the part of any Party in exercising any right, privilege or remedy hereunder and no delay on the part of any Party in executing any right, privilege or remedy under this Agreement, shall operate as a waiver thereof, nor shall any single or partial exercise of any such right preclude any other or further exercise thereof or the exercise of any other right hereunder. No notice to or demand on a Party made hereunder shall operate as a waiver of any right of the Party giving such notice or making such demand to take further action without notice or demand as permitted hereunder. 9.6    Entire Agreement. This Agreement, including the Schedules and Exhibits hereto and the other documents referred to herein  which  form  a  part  hereof,  and  the  Transaction  Agreements  and  the  Shareholder  Representative  Services  LLC  engagement letter contain the entire understanding of the Parties with respect to the subject matter contained herein and therein. This Agreement supersedes  all  prior  and  contemporaneous,  agreements,  arrangements,  contracts,  discussions,  negotiations,  undertakings  and understandings  (whether  written  or  oral)  between  the  Parties  with  respect  to  such  subject  matter  (other  than  the  Transaction Agreements). 9.7    No Third-Party Beneficiaries. Nothing in this Agreement, express or implied, is intended to or shall confer upon any Person (other than the Parties) any right, benefit or remedy of any nature whatsoever under this Agreement, except (a) as otherwise provided in Section 5.16 and (b) that after the Closing, Parent Indemnified Persons shall be third party beneficiaries for purposes of enforcing the rights granted to such Parent Indemnified Persons. For the avoidance of doubt, no consent of any Indemnified Person shall be necessary to amend any provision of this Agreement. 92   9.8    Remedies Cumulative. Except as otherwise provided in this Agreement, all rights and remedies of each of the Parties shall  be  cumulative  and  the  exercise  of  any  one  or  more  rights  or  remedies  shall  not  preclude  the  exercise  of  any  other  right  or remedy available hereunder or under applicable Law. 9.9    Specific Performance. The Parties agree that each of the Parties would be irreparably harmed if any of the provisions of this Agreement are not performed in accordance with their specific terms and that any breach of this Agreement by the other Parties could  not  be  compensated  adequately  by  monetary  damages  alone.  Accordingly,  the  Parties  agree  that,  in  addition  to  any  other remedy  to  which  such  Party  may be  entitled  to  at  Law  or  in  equity,  each  Party  shall  be  entitled  to  temporary,  preliminary  and/or permanent injunctive relief or injunctions to prevent breaches or threatened breaches of this Agreement and to enforce specifically the  terms  and  provisions  of  this  Agreement  (including  the  right  to  compel  the  other  Parties  to  cause  the  Transactions  to  be consummated on the terms and subject to conditions set forth in this Agreement) without having to prove irreparable harm or that monetary damages would be inadequate. The Parties expressly waive any requirement under any Law that the other Parties obtain any bond or give any other undertaking in connection with any action seeking injunctive relief or specific performance of any of the provisions of this Agreement. Each of the Parties further agrees that in the event of any action for specific performance relating to this  Agreement  or  the  Transactions,  such  Party  shall  not  assert  and  hereby  waives  the  defense  that  a  remedy  at  Law  would  be adequate or that specific performance is not an appropriate remedy for any reason in Law or equity. 9.10    Severability. If a court of competent jurisdiction finds that any term or provision of the Agreement is invalid, illegal or unenforceable under any Law or public policy, the remaining provisions of the Agreement shall remain in full force and effect if the economic and legal substance of this Agreement and the Transactions shall not be affected in any manner materially adverse to any Party. Any such term or provision found to be illegal, invalid or unenforceable only in part or in degree shall remain in full force and effect  to  the  extent  not  invalid,  illegal  or  unenforceable.  Upon  the  determination  that  any  term  or  provision  is  invalid,  illegal  or unenforceable, the Parties intend that such provision shall be construed by modifying or limiting it so as to be valid and enforceable to  the  maximum  extent  possible  under  applicable  Law  and  compatible  with  the  consummation  of  the  Transactions  as  originally intended. 9.11       Costs and Expenses.  Except  as  otherwise  specified  herein,  whether  or  not  the  Transactions  are  consummated,  each Party shall pay all costs and expenses it has incurred in connection with this Agreement and the Transactions. 9.12    Time of Essence. The Parties acknowledge that the Outside Date specified in Section 7.1(b) is essential and therefore agree that no Party wishing to terminate this Agreement in accordance with Section 7.1(b) shall be required to extend the Outside Date to allow any other Party to satisfy any condition or perform any obligation under this Agreement. 9.13       Counterparts. This  Agreement  may  be executed  in several  counterparts,  each  of which  shall  be deemed  an original copy  of  this  Agreement  and  all  of  which,  when  taken  together,  shall  constitute  one  instrument.  The  exchange  of  copies  of  this Agreement  and  manually  executed  signature  pages  by  transmission  by  email  of  a  .pdf  of  a  handwritten  original  signature  or signatures 93   to  the  other  Parties  shall  constitute  effective  execution  and  delivery  of  this  Agreement  and  may  be  used  in  lieu  of  the  original Agreement for all purposes. The signature of a Party transmitted by electronic means shall be deemed to be an original signature for any purpose. 9.14    Governing Law. This Agreement and all claims or causes of action (whether sounding in contract or tort) arising under or related  to this Agreement,  shall be governed  by and construed  in accordance  with,  the Laws of the State of Delaware,  without regard to any rule or principle that might refer the governance or construction of this Agreement to the Laws of another jurisdiction. 9.15    Exclusive Jurisdiction; Venue; Service of Process. In any action or proceeding between any of the Parties arising under or related to this Agreement, the other Transaction Agreements or the Transactions, each of the Parties (i) knowingly, voluntarily, irrevocably and unconditionally consents and submits to the exclusive jurisdiction and venue of the state or federal courts located in the City and County of San Francisco, California, and each of the Parties hereby irrevocably submits to the exclusive jurisdiction of the aforesaid courts, (ii) agrees that all claims in respect of any such action or proceeding shall be heard and determined exclusively in accordance with clause (i) of this Section 9.15, (iii) waives any objection to the laying of venue of any such action or proceeding in such  courts,  including  any  objection  that  any such  action  or proceeding  has  been  brought  in  an inconvenient  forum  or  that  the court  does  not  have  jurisdiction  over  any  Party  and  (iv)  agrees  that  service  of  process  upon  such  Party  in  any  such  action  or proceeding shall be effective if such process is given as a notice in accordance with Section 9.2, except in the case of the Holders. The Parties agree that any Party may commence a proceeding in a court other than the above-named courts solely for the purpose of enforcing an order or judgment issued by one of the above-named courts. 9.16    Consent to Representation; Privileged Communications. If the Holders’ Representative so desires, acting on behalf of the Holders and without the need for any consent or waiver by Parent, the Surviving Company or their Affiliates, Zysman, Aharoni, Gayer  and  Sullivan  &  Worcester  LLP  and/or  Sullivan  &  Worcester  LLP  (“Sullivan”)  and/or  LglBiz  by  Adv.  Eliav  Azulay  Oz ("LgLBiz") shall be permitted to represent the Holders’ Representative and/or any Holders and their Affiliates after the Closing in connection  with  any  matter,  including  anything  related  to  the  Transactions,  any  other  agreements  referenced  herein  or  any disagreement  or  dispute  relating  thereto.  Without  limiting  the  generality  of  the  foregoing,  after  the  Closing,  Sullivan  and  LgLBiz shall be permitted to represent the Holders’ Representative, the Holders, any of their agents and Affiliates, or any one or more of them, in connection with any negotiation, transaction, or dispute (including any litigation, arbitration, or other adversary proceeding) with Parent, the Surviving Company or any of their agents or Affiliates under or relating to this Agreement, any of the Transactions, and any related matter, such as claims or disputes arising under other agreements entered into in connection with this Agreement, including with respect to any indemnification claims. Parent and the Company further agree that, as to all communications among Sullivan  or  LgLBiz  and  the  Company  (prior  to  the  Closing),  the  Holders’  Representative  and  the  Holders  and  their  respective Affiliates (individually and collectively, the “Holder Group”) to the extent relating to the Transactions, the attorney-client privilege and the expectation of client confidence belongs solely to the Holder Group and may be controlled only by the Holder Group and shall not pass to or be 94   claimed by Parent or the Surviving Company, because the interests of Parent and its Affiliates were directly adverse to the Company, the Holders and the Holders’ Representative at the time such communications were made. This right to the attorney-client privilege shall  exist  even  if  such  communications  may  exist  on  the  Company’s  computer  system  or  in  documents  in  the  Company’s possession. Notwithstanding the foregoing, in the event that a dispute arises between the Parent and the Surviving Company, on the one hand, and a Person other than a Party to this Agreement, on the other hand, after the Closing, the Surviving Company may assert the attorney-client privilege to prevent disclosure to such third-party of confidential communications by Sullivan or LgLBiz to the Company; provided, however, that the Surviving Company may not waive such privilege without the prior written consent of the Holders’ Representative. * * * [Signature page follows] IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the Parties have caused this Agreement and Plan of Merger to be duly executed and delivered as of the date first above written. PARENT: INVITAE CORPORATION By: /s/ Sean E. George, Ph.D._____________ Name: Sean E. George, Ph.D. Title: President and Chief Executive Officer MERGER SUB A: CATALINA MERGER SUB A INC. By: /s/ Leigh Rubinstein ________________ Name: Leigh Rubinstein Title: Chief Executive Officer MERGER SUB B: CATALINA MERGER SUB B LLC By: /s/ Leigh Rubinstein ________________ Name: Leigh Rubinstein Title: President 95   COMPANY: CLEAR GENETICS, INC. By: /s/ Moran Shochat Snir______________ Name: Moran Shochat Snir Title: Chief Executive Officer HOLDERS’ REPRESENTATIVE:SHAREHOLDER REPRESENTATIVE SERVICES LLC, solely in its capacity as the Holders’ Representative By: /s/ Sam Riffe_____________________ Name: Sam Riffe Title: Managing Director 96   INVITAE CORPORATION DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES REGISTERED PURSUANT TO SECTION 12 OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 Exhibit 4.2 Invitae Corporation, a Delaware corporation (“we”, “us” or “our”), has one class of securities registered pursuant to Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934: our common stock, $0.0001 par value per share. The general terms and provisions of our common stock are summarized below. This summary does not purport to be complete and is qualified in its entirety by reference to our restated certificate of incorporation and our amended and restated bylaws, each of which has been filed as an exhibit to our most recent Annual Report on Form 10- K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), as may be amended by a document filed with one of our periodic reports filed with the SEC subsequent to the date of that Annual Report. Common Stock We are authorized to issue 400,000,000 shares of common stock. Our common stock is junior to any preferred stock we may issue, including our outstanding Series A convertible preferred stock (“Series A Preferred Stock”). Each holder of common stock is entitled to one vote for each share of common stock held on all matters submitted to a vote of stockholders. The Series A Preferred Stock has no voting rights except as required by law, as modified by our restated certificate of incorporation. We have not provided for cumulative voting for the election of directors in our restated certificate of incorporation. This means that the holders of a majority of the outstanding shares of our common stock voted can elect all of the directors then standing for election. Subject to preferences that may apply to shares of preferred stock outstanding at the time, including our outstanding Series A Preferred Stock, holders of outstanding shares of our common stock are entitled to receive dividends out of assets legally available at the times and in the amounts that our board of directors may determine from time to time. Our Series A Preferred Stock has the right to receive dividends first or simultaneously with payment of dividends on our common stock, in an amount equal to the product of (i) the dividend payable on each share of common stock and (ii) the number of shares of common stock issuable upon conversion of a share of Series A Preferred Stock. Upon our liquidation, dissolution or winding-up, holders of common stock are entitled to share ratably in all assets remaining after payment of all liabilities and the liquidation preferences of any outstanding preferred stock. In the event of our liquidation or dissolution, holders of our Series A Preferred Stock are entitled to receive $0.001 per share prior to the payment of any amount to any holders of our capital stock ranking junior to the Series A Preferred Stock and thereafter shall participate pari passu with holders of our common stock (on an as-if-converted-to-common-stock basis). Holders of common stock have no preemptive or conversion rights or other subscription rights. There are no redemption or sinking fund provisions applicable to the common stock. All outstanding shares of common stock are fully paid and nonassessable. Anti-Takeover Effects of Delaware Law and Our Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws Certain provisions of Delaware law, our restated certificate of incorporation and our amended and restated bylaws could have the effect of delaying, deferring or discouraging another party from acquiring control of us. Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws.    Our restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws include provisions that: •   divide our board of directors into three classes, each serving staggered, three-year terms;     • • • • • • • authorize the board of directors to issue, without stockholder approval, up to 20,000,000 shares of preferred stock, with such designations, powers, preferences and other rights and qualifications, limitations or restrictions as our board of directors may authorize, which preferred stock could decrease the amount of earnings and assets available for distribution to holders of our common stock or adversely affect the rights and powers, including voting rights, of holders of our common stock, and of which 16,541,177 shares of preferred stock remain undesignated as of December 31, 2019; require that any action to be taken by our stockholders be effected at a duly called annual or special meeting and not by written consent; specify that special meetings of our stockholders can be called only by the board of directors, the chairman of the board, or the chief executive officer; establish an advance notice procedure for stockholder approvals to be brought before an annual meeting of our stockholders, including proposed nominations of persons for election to the board of directors;   provide that directors may be removed only for cause; establish the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware as the sole and exclusive forum for certain derivative actions or proceedings brought on our behalf, any action asserting a claim of breach of fiduciary duty, any action asserting a claim against us arising pursuant to the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware (the “DGCL”), or any action asserting a claim governed by the internal affairs doctrine; and require the affirmative vote of holders of at least 66 2/3% of the total votes eligible to be cast in the election of directors to amend, alter, change or repeal our bylaws; and provide that vacancies on our board of directors may be filled only by a majority of directors then in office, even though less than a quorum. Delaware anti-takeover statute.    We are subject to the provisions of Section 203 of the DGCL regulating corporate takeovers. In general, Section 203 prohibits a publicly-held Delaware corporation from engaging, under certain circumstances, in a business combination with an interested stockholder for a period of three years following the date the person became an interested stockholder unless: • prior to the date of the transaction, the board of directors of the corporation approved either the business combination or the transaction which resulted in the stockholder becoming an interested stockholder; or 2                                                 • upon completion of the transaction that resulted in the stockholder becoming an interested stockholder, the interested stockholder owned at least 85% of the voting stock of the corporation outstanding at the time the transaction commenced, excluding for purposes of determining the voting stock outstanding, but not the outstanding voting stock owned by the interested stockholder, (1) shares owned by persons who are directors and also officers and (2) shares owned by employee stock plans in which employee participants do not have the right to determine confidentially whether shares held subject to the plan will be tendered in a tender or exchange offer; or at or subsequent to the date of the transaction, the business combination is approved by the board of directors of the corporation and authorized at an annual or special meeting of stockholders, and not by written consent, by the affirmative vote of at least 66 2/3% of the outstanding voting stock which is not owned by the interested stockholder. Generally, a “business combination” includes a merger, asset or stock sale, or other transaction resulting in a financial benefit to the “interested stockholder” and an “interested stockholder” is a person who, together with affiliates and associates, owns or, within three years prior to the determination of interested stockholder status, did own 15% or more of a corporation’s outstanding voting stock. Transfer Agent and Registrar The transfer agent and registrar for our common stock is American Stock Transfer & Trust Company, LLC. Listing Our common stock is listed on The New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “NVTA.” 3     REGISTRATION RIGHTS AGREEMENT This Registration Rights Agreement (this “Agreement”) is made and entered into as of November 12, 2019 (the “Effective Date”) by and among Invitae Corporation, a Delaware corporation (the “Company”), and certain securityholders of Clear Genetics, Inc.,  a  Delaware  corporation  (“Clear Genetics”)  listed  on  Exhibit  A hereto  (each  such  securityholder,  as  well  as  any  permitted transferee  of  Registrable  Securities  (as  defined  below)  hereunder,  in  each  case  to  the  extent  holding  Registrable  Securities,  a “Holder” and collectively, the “Holders”). RECITALS WHEREAS,  the  Company,  Clear  Genetics,  Catalina  Merger  Sub  A  Inc.,  a  Delaware  corporation  and  wholly  owned subsidiary  of  the  Company  (“Merger Sub A”),  Catalina  Merger  Sub  B  LLC,  a  Delaware  limited  liability  company  and  wholly owned  subsidiary  of  the  Company  (“Merger Sub B”),  and  Shareholder  Representative  Services  LLC,  a  Colorado  limited  liability company, as Holders’ Representative (as defined therein), have entered into that certain Agreement and Plan of Merger dated as of November 8, 2019 (the “Merger Agreement”), pursuant to which (i) Merger Sub A will be merged with and into Clear Genetics, and Clear Genetics shall continue as the surviving entity and wholly owned subsidiary of the Company (the “Reverse Merger”) and (ii) promptly thereafter as part of the same overall transaction, Clear Genetics will be merged with and into Merger Sub B, and Merger Sub B shall continue as the surviving entity and wholly owned subsidiary of the Company (the “Forward Merger” and, together with the Reverse Merger, the “Mergers”); WHEREAS, in connection with the Mergers and pursuant to the Merger Agreement, the Company issued to the Holders at the Closing (as defined in the Merger Agreement) shares of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, identified on Exhibit A hereto as Stock Consideration Shares (the “Shares”) pursuant to the Merger Agreement; and WHEREAS, in connection with the consummation of the transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement, the Company agreed to grant certain registration rights to the Holders as set forth in this Agreement. NOW,  THEREFORE,  in  consideration  of  the  mutual  covenants  and  agreements  contained  herein,  the  parties  agree  as follows: ARTICLE I DEFINITIONS Section 1.1 Definitions.    For purposes of this Agreement, the following terms and variations thereof have the meanings set forth below: “Affiliate” means, with respect to any person, any other person that, directly or indirectly, controls, or is controlled by,  or  is  under  common  control  with,  such  person.  For  this  purpose:  (a)  “control”  (including,  with  its  correlative  meanings, “controlled by” and “under common control with”) means the possession, directly or indirectly, of the power to direct or cause the direction  of  management  or  policies  of  a  Person,  whether  through  the  ownership  of  securities  or  partnership  or  other  ownership interests, by contract or otherwise; and (b) “person” means any natural person, corporation, limited liability company, partnership, association, trust or other entity. “Agreement” has the meaning set forth in the preamble. “Business Day” means any day, other than a Saturday, Sunday or one on which banks are authorized by law to be closed in New York, New York. “Company Indemnitee” has the meaning set forth in Section 4.1(b). “Effective Date” has the meaning set forth in the preamble. “Effectiveness Period” has the meaning set forth in Section 3.1(b). “Exchange Act” means the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. “Grace Period” has the meaning set forth in Section 3.2(h). “Holder Indemnitee” has the meaning set forth in Section 4.1(a). “Indemnified Party” has the meaning set forth in Section 4.1(c). “Indemnifying Party” has the meaning set forth in Section 4.1(c). “Merger Agreement” has the meaning set forth in the recitals. “Registrable Securities”  means  the  Shares  issued  to  the  Holders  pursuant  to  the  Merger  Agreement  and  any securities issued or issuable upon any stock split, dividend or other distribution, recapitalization or similar event with respect to such securities; provided, however, that Registrable Securities shall cease to be Registrable Securities with respect to a particular Holder when  (i)  such  securities  have  been  disposed  of  in  accordance  with  the  Registration  Statement  or  pursuant  to  Rule  144;  (ii)  such securities may be sold pursuant to Rule 144 without any limitation as to manner-of-sale restrictions or volume limitations; or (iii) such securities cease to be outstanding. “Registration Expenses” means all expenses incurred by the Company in effecting the registration pursuant to this Agreement, including all registration and filing fees, printing expenses, fees and disbursements of counsel for the Company, “blue sky”  fees  and  expenses,  and  expenses  of  the  Company’s  independent  registered  public  accounting  firm  in  connection  with  any regular or special reviews or audits incident to or required by any such registration, but shall not include Selling Expenses. “Registration Statement” has the meaning set forth in Section 3.1. 2 “Rule 144”  means  Rule  144  under  the  Securities  Act  or  any  successor  or  other  similar  rule,  regulation  or interpretation of the SEC that may at any time permit the sale of Registrable Securities to the public without registration. “Rule 405” means Rule 405 under the Securities Act or any successor or other similar rule. “Rule 415”  means  Rule  415  under  the  Securities  Act  or  any  successor  or  other  similar  rule  providing  for  offering securities on a continuous or delayed basis. “Rule 424” means Rule 424 under the Securities Act or any successor or other similar rule. “Shares” has the meaning set forth in the recitals. “SEC” means the Securities and Exchange Commission. “Securities Act” means the Securities Act of 1933. “Selling Expenses”  means  all  discounts,  selling  commissions,  fees  of  selling  brokers,  dealer  managers  and  similar securities industry professionals and stock transfer taxes applicable to the sale of Registrable Securities and fees and disbursements of counsel for any Holder (other than the fees and disbursements of counsel for the Company included in Registration Expenses). “Transfer” means, directly or indirectly, to sell, transfer, assign, pledge, encumber, hypothecate or similarly dispose of  (by  merger,  testamentary  disposition,  operation  of  law  or  otherwise),  either  voluntarily  or  involuntarily,  or  to  enter  into  any contract,  option  or  other  arrangement  or  understanding  with  respect  to  the  sale,  transfer,  assignment,  pledge,  encumbrance, hypothecation or similar disposition of (by merger, testamentary disposition, operation of law or otherwise) any Shares. “Violation” has the meaning set forth in Section 4.1(a). ARTICLE II TRANSFER RESTRICTIONS Section 2.1 General Transfer Restrictions. The right of any Holder to Transfer any Shares held by it is subject to the restrictions set forth below. (a)    Each Holder acknowledges that the Shares have not been registered under the Securities Act and may not be Transferred  except  pursuant  to  an  effective  registration  statement  under  the  Securities  Act  or  pursuant  to  an  exemption  from registration  under  the  Securities  Act.  Each  Holder  covenants  that  the  Shares  will  only  be  disposed  of  pursuant  to  an  effective registration statement under, and in compliance with the requirements of, the Securities Act or pursuant to an 3 available exemption from the registration requirements of the Securities Act, and in compliance with any applicable state and foreign securities laws. In connection with any Transfer of the Shares other than a Transfer (i) pursuant to an effective registration statement, (ii) to the Company or (iii) pursuant to Rule 144, the Company may require the Holder to provide to the Company an opinion of counsel  selected  by  the  Holder  and  reasonably  acceptable  to  the  Company,  the  form  and  substance  of  which  opinion  shall  be reasonably satisfactory to the Company, to the effect that such Transfer does not require registration under the Securities Act. (b)    Each Holder agrees to the affixing, so long as is required by this Section 2.1, of the following legend on any certificate or book-entry position evidencing any of the Shares: THESE SECURITIES HAVE NOT BEEN REGISTERED UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933, AS AMENDED (THE “ACT”), OR ANY STATE SECURITIES LAWS AND MAY NOT BE TRANSFERRED IN THE ABSENCE OF SUCH REGISTRATION OR AN EXEMPTION THEREFROM UNDER THE ACT AND THE RULES AND REGULATIONS THEREUNDER AND APPLICABLE STATE SECURITIES LAWS. Certificates  or  book-entry  positions  evidencing  the  Shares  shall  not  be  required  to  contain  such  legend  or  any  other  legend  (i) following any sale of such Shares pursuant to an effective registration statement (including the Registration Statement described in Section  3.1)  covering  the  resale  of  the  Shares,  (ii)  following  any  sale  of  such  Shares  pursuant  to  Rule  144  or  if  the  Shares  are transferrable by a person who is not an Affiliate of the Company or the applicable Holder pursuant to Rule 144 without any volume or manner of sale restrictions thereunder, (iii) if Holder is not an Affiliate of the Company, six (6) months following the Closing, provided, however, that in the case of (i), (ii) and (iii), above, the Holder provides the Company with customary legal representation letters reasonably acceptable to the Company or (iv) if the Holder provides the Company with a legal opinion reasonably acceptable to  the  Company  to  the  effect  that  the  legend  is  not  required  under  applicable  requirements  of  the  Securities  Act.  Whenever  such restrictions shall cease and terminate as to any Shares, the Holder of such securities shall be entitled to receive from the Company upon a written request in writing, without expense, new securities of like tenor not bearing the legend set forth herein, and such new securities shall be issued promptly, but in no event less than five (5) Business Days after a written request to remove such legends. (c)    Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, following registration of the Shares, each Holder agrees not to sell any Shares issued to such Holder if the sales of such shares would, when combined with the sale of any other Shares by such Holder in any one (1) day period, exceed five percent (5%) of the average daily trading volume of the Company’s common stock on the New York Stock Exchange over the five (5) trading days immediately preceding such date of sale; provided, however, that if the aggregate number of Shares represents less than fifty percent (50%) of the average daily trading volume of the Company’s common stock  on  the  New  York  Stock  Exchange  over  the  five  (5)  trading  days  preceding  the  Closing  Date  (as  defined  in  the  Merger Agreement) (the “Average Volume”), such resale volume limitations shall not apply. If the aggregate number of Shares issued to a Holder represents more than the Average Volume, the Company may place such legends or stock transfer restrictions on the Shares as shall be appropriate for enforcing the provisions of this Section 2(c). 4 ARTICLE III REGISTRATION AND PROCEDURES Section 3.1 S-3 Registration. (a)    In compliance with the terms of this Agreement, the Company shall prepare and file with the SEC a registration statement  on  Form  S-3ASR  (or  such  other  form  that  the  Company  is  then  eligible  to  use  if  not  eligible  to  use  Form  S-3ASR) covering the resale as a secondary offering to be made on a continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 of all Registrable Securities. The registration statement (or new registration statement) required to be filed pursuant to this Section 3.1, amendments and supplements to such registration statement, including post-effective amendments, all exhibits and all materials incorporated by reference in such registration statement other than a registration statement on Form S-4 or S-8, is referred to herein as the “Registration Statement.” (b)    The Company shall exercise commercially reasonable efforts to prepare and file the Registration Statement with the SEC no later than five (5) Business Days after the Closing Date; provided, however, that no filing of such Registration Statement shall be required during any period in which the Company’s insider trading policy would prohibit executive officers of the Company from trading in the Company’s securities. Subject to the terms of this Agreement, the Company shall use commercially reasonable efforts to have the Registration Statement declared effective as soon as practicable after such filing if not otherwise effective upon filing and to keep the Registration Statement continuously effective as promptly as practical and in compliance with the Securities Act  and  usable  for  resale  of  Registrable  Securities  covered  thereby  from  the  date  of  its  initial  effectiveness  until  one  (1)  year following  the  Closing  Date  (such  period,  the  “Effectiveness Period”);  provided,  however,  that  nothing  in  this  Agreement  shall require the Company to maintain any Registration Statement once the Shares cease to be Registrable Securities. (c)    It shall be a condition precedent to the obligations of the Company to take any action pursuant to Section 3.1 or Section  3.2  with  respect  to  Registrable  Securities  of  a  Holder  that  the  Holder  shall  furnish  to  the  Company  such  information regarding such Holder as required under Section 3.4(a). Section 3.2 Registration Procedures; Company Obligations. The Company shall use commercially reasonable efforts to effect  the  registration  of  the  Registrable  Securities  in  accordance  with  Section  3.1,  and  in  connection  therewith  shall  have  the following obligations: (a)    No later than the first Business Day after the Registration Statement becomes effective, the Company shall file with  the  SEC  the  final  prospectus  included  therein  pursuant  to  Rule  424.  The  Registration  Statement,  including  any  preliminary prospectus  or  final  prospectus  contained  therein  or  any  amendments  or  supplements  thereto,  shall  comply  as  to  form  and  content with the applicable requirements of the Securities Act and shall not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact required to be stated therein, or necessary to make the statements therein, in light of the circumstances in which they were made (in the case of any prospectus), not misleading. 5 (b)    Subject to Section 3.2(h), the Company shall prepare and file with the SEC such amendments and supplements to the Registration Statement and the prospectus used in connection with the Registration Statement as may be necessary to keep the Registration  Statement  effective  and  usable  for  resale  of  the  Registrable  Securities  covered  thereby  at  all  times  during  the Effectiveness  Period.  The  Company  shall  use  commercially  reasonable  efforts  to  cause  any  post-effective  amendment  to  the Registration Statement that is not effective upon filing to become effective as soon as practicable after such filing. No later than the first Business Day after a post-effective amendment to the Registration Statement becomes effective, the Company shall file with the SEC the final prospectus or prospectus supplement included therein pursuant to Rule 424. (c)    The Company shall as promptly as practicable notify the Holders of the time when the Registration Statement becomes effective or an amendment or supplement to any prospectus forming a part of such Registration Statement has been filed. The Company shall furnish to the Holders, without charge, such documents, including copies of any preliminary prospectus or final prospectus  contained  in  the  Registration  Statement  or  any  amendments  or  supplements  thereto,  as  such  Holder  may  reasonably request from time to time in order to facilitate the disposition of the Registrable Securities covered by the Registration Statement. (d)    The Company shall use commercially reasonable efforts to register or qualify, and cooperate with the Holders of Registrable Securities covered by the Registration Statement in connection with the registration or qualification of such Registrable Securities for offer and sale under the securities or “blue sky” laws of each state and other jurisdiction of the United States as any such  Holder  reasonably  requests  in  writing,  and  do  any  and  all  other  things  reasonably  necessary  or  advisable  to  keep  such registration or qualification in effect; provided, however, that the Company shall not be required to qualify generally to do business in any jurisdiction where it is not then so qualified or take any action which would subject it to taxation or general service of process in any such jurisdiction where it is not then so subject. (e)    The Company shall promptly notify (which notice shall be accompanied by an instruction to suspend the use of the prospectus) the Holders when a prospectus relating thereto is required to be delivered under the Securities Act of the happening of any event as a result of which any prospectus included in, or relating to, the Registration Statement, as then in effect, includes an untrue statement of a material fact or omits to state a material fact required to be stated therein, or necessary to make the statements therein, in light of the circumstances in which they were made, not misleading (provided that in no event shall such notice contain any material, non-public information), and, subject to Section 3.2(h), promptly prepare and file with the SEC a supplement to the related prospectus or amendment to such Registration Statement or any other required document so that, as thereafter delivered to the Holders, the prospectus will not contain an untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state any material fact required to be stated  therein,  or  necessary  to  make  the  statements  therein,  in  light  of  the  circumstances  under  which  they  were  made,  not misleading. (f)        The  Company  shall  use  commercially  reasonable  efforts  to  prevent  the  issuance  of  any  stop  order  or  other suspension of effectiveness of the Registration Statement, or the 6 suspension of the qualification of any of the Registrable Securities for sale in any jurisdiction and, if such an order or suspension is issued,  to  obtain  the  withdrawal  of  such  order  or  suspension  as  soon  as  reasonably  practicable  and  to  notify  the  Holders  of  the issuance of such order and the resolution thereof or its receipt of actual notice of the initiation or threat of any proceeding for such purpose. (g)        The  Company  shall  use  commercially  reasonable  efforts  to  cause  the  Registrable  Securities  covered  by  the Registration  Statement  to  be  (1)  listed  on  the  New  York  Stock  Exchange  and  (2)  reflected  in  the  stock  ledger  maintained  by  the Company’s transfer agent. (h)        Notwithstanding  anything  in  this  Agreement  to  the  contrary,  at  any  time  after  the  Registration  Statement becomes effective the Company may delay the disclosure of material, non-public information concerning the Company or any of its subsidiaries if the Board of Directors of the Company has a valid business reason for determining that disclosure of such information is not in the best interests of the Company and such disclosure is not otherwise required (a “Grace Period”); provided, however, that the Company shall promptly (i) provide written notice to the Holders of the Grace Period (provided that in no event shall such notice contain any material, non-public information) and the date on which the Grace Period will begin, (ii) use commercially reasonable efforts to terminate a Grace Period as promptly as possible, and (iii) provide written notice to the Holders of the date on which the Grace  Period  ends;  provided, further,  that  no  Grace  Period  shall  exceed  thirty  (30)  consecutive  days  and  during  any  twelve  (12) month period such Grace Periods shall not exceed an aggregate of sixty (60) days; provided, further, the Company shall not register any securities for its own account or that of any other existing or prospective stockholder during such Grace Period. The provisions of Section 3.2(e) shall not be applicable during any Grace Period. Upon expiration of a Grace Period, the Company shall again be bound  by  the  provisions  of  Section  3.2(e)  with  respect  to  the  information  giving  rise  thereto  unless  such  material,  non-public information is no longer applicable. Section 3.3 Current Public Information.  During  the  Effectiveness  Period,  the  Company  shall  use  commercially reasonable efforts to (i) make and keep public information available, as those terms are defined in Rule 144, until all the Registrable Securities cease to be Registrable Securities, and so long as a Holder owns any Registrable Securities, furnish to such Holder upon request a written statement by the Company as to its satisfaction of the current public information requirements of Rule 144 and (ii) file with the SEC in a timely manner all reports and other documents required to be filed by the Company under the Securities Act and the Exchange Act. Section 3.4 Obligations of the Holders. (a)    Each Holder shall furnish in writing to the Company such information regarding such Holder, the Registrable Securities held by such Holder and the intended method of disposition of the Registrable Securities held by such Holder as shall be reasonably  required  to  effect  the  registration  of  such  Registrable  Securities  and  shall  execute,  or  shall  cause  to  be  executed,  such customary documents in connection with such registration as the Company may reasonably request. In connection therewith, upon the execution of this Agreement, each Holder shall complete, 7 execute and deliver to the Company a selling securityholder notice and questionnaire in the form attached hereto as Exhibit B. At least  five (5) Business  Days prior  to the first anticipated  filing  date of the Registration  Statement,  the Company  shall notify  each Holder of any additional information the Company requires from such Holder, and such Holder shall provide such information to the Company at least three (3) Business Days prior to the first anticipated filing date of the Registration Statement. (b)    Each Holder agrees to cooperate with the Company as reasonably requested by the Company in connection with the preparation and filing of the Registration Statement. (c)    Upon receipt of written notice from the Company of any event of the kind described in Section 3.2(e) or Section 3.2(f) or written notice of any Grace Period, each Holder shall forthwith discontinue disposition of Registrable Securities until such Holder has received copies of a supplemented or amended prospectus or until such Holder is advised in writing by the Company that the use of the prospectus may be resumed or that the Grace Period has ended. If so directed by the Company, such Holder shall use its commercially reasonable efforts to return to the Company (at the Company's expense) all copies of the prospectus covering such Registrable Securities current at the time of receipt of such notice other than permanent file copies then in such Holder’s possession. (d)        No  Holder  shall  use  any  free  writing  prospectus  (as  defined  in  Rule  405)  in  connection  with  the  sale  of Registrable Securities without the prior written consent of the Company. (e)    Each Holder covenants and agrees that it will comply with the prospectus delivery requirements of the Securities Act  as  applicable  to  it  or  an  exemption  therefrom  in  connection  with  sales  of  Registrable  Securities  pursuant  to  any  Registration Statement. Section 3.5 Expenses of Registration.  All  Registration  Expenses  incurred  in  connection  with  any  registration, qualification  or  compliance  hereunder  shall  be  borne  by  the  Company.  All  Selling  Expenses  in  connection  with  the  sale  of  any Registrable Securities shall be borne by the Holder(s) selling such Registrable Securities. Section 3.6 Transfer of Registration Rights. The rights contained in Section 3.1 hereof to cause the Company to register the Registrable Securities, and the other rights set forth in this Article III, may be assigned or otherwise conveyed by any Holder to any transferee of the Registrable Securities if the Transfer was permitted under Article II and the transferee agrees with the Company in writing to be bound by this Agreement. ARTICLE IV INDEMNIFICATION AND CONTRIBUTION Section 4.1 Indemnification. In the event any Registrable Securities are included in the Registration Statement: (a)        The  Company  shall  indemnify  and  hold  harmless  each  Holder  of  Registrable  Securities  and  such  Holder’s officers, directors, employees, partners, members, agents (including 8 brokers), representatives and Affiliates and each person, if any, who controls such Holder within the meaning of the Securities Act or the Exchange Act (each, a “Holder Indemnitee”), against any losses, claims, damages, liabilities or expenses to which they may become subject under the Securities Act, the Exchange Act or other federal or state law, insofar as such losses, claims, damages, or liabilities  (or  actions  in  respect  thereof)  arise  out  of  or  are  based  upon  any  of  the  following  statements,  omissions  or  violations (collectively,  a  “Violation”):  (i)  an  untrue  statement  or  alleged  untrue  statement  of  a  material  fact  contained  in  the  Registration Statement, including any preliminary prospectus or final prospectus contained therein or any amendments or supplements thereto or any documents incorporated therein by reference, (ii) an omission or alleged omission to state therein a material fact required to be stated therein, or necessary to make the statements therein, in light of the circumstances in which they were made (in the case of any prospectus),  not  misleading,  and  (iii)  a  violation  or  alleged  violation  by  the  Company  or  its  agents  of  any  rule  or  regulation promulgated under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act applicable to the Company or its agents and relating to action or inaction required of the Company in connection with the Registration Statement, and the Company will pay to each such Holder Indemnitee, as accrued, any legal or other expenses reasonably incurred by he, she or it in connection with investigating or defending any such loss, claim, damage, liability, action or expense; provided, however, that the indemnification contained in this Section 4.1(a) shall not apply to amounts paid in settlement of any such loss, claim, damage, liability, action or expense if such settlement is effected without  the  consent  of  the  Company  (which  consent  shall  not  be  unreasonably  withheld,  conditioned  or  delayed),  nor  shall  the Company be liable for any such loss, claim, damage, liability, action or expense to the extent that it arises out of or is based upon a Violation which occurs (A) in reliance upon and in conformity with written information furnished by a Holder to the Company, (B) in connection with any failure of such person to deliver or cause to be delivered a prospectus made available by the Company in a timely manner, (C) in connection with any offers or sales effected by or on behalf of any Holder Indemnitee in violation of Section 3.4(c) of this Agreement, or (D) as a result of offers or sales effected by or on behalf of any Holder Indemnitee by means of a free writing prospectus (as defined in Rule 405) that was not authorized in writing by the Company. Such indemnity shall remain in full force and effect regardless of any investigation made by or on behalf of any such Holder Indemnitee, and shall survive the transfer of such securities by such Holder, and any termination of this Agreement. (b)    Each Holder, severally and not jointly, shall indemnify and hold harmless the Company and each of its officers, directors, employees, agents, representatives and Affiliates and persons, if any, who control the Company within the meaning of the Securities Act or the Exchange Act (each, a “Company Indemnitee”), against any losses, claims, damages, liabilities or expenses to which any of the Company Indemnitees may become subject under the Securities  Act, the Exchange Act or other federal or state law, insofar as such losses, claims, damages, or liabilities (or actions in respect thereof) arise out of or are based upon any (i) untrue statement  or  alleged  untrue  statement  of  a  material  fact  regarding  such  Holder  and  provided  in  writing  by  such  Holder  which  is contained  in  the  Registration  Statement,  including  any  preliminary  prospectus  or  final  prospectus  contained  therein  or  any amendments or supplements thereto, (ii) the omission or alleged omission to state therein a material fact required to be stated therein, or necessary to make the statements therein, in light of the circumstances in which they were made (in the case of any prospectus), not misleading, in each case to the extent (and only to the extent) that such untrue 9 statement or alleged untrue statement or omission or alleged omission was made in the Registration Statement, preliminary or final prospectus, amendment or supplement thereto, in reliance upon and in conformity with written information furnished by such Holder to the Company, (iii) a violation or alleged violation by a Holder of any rule or regulation promulgated under the Securities Act or the  Exchange  Act  applicable  to  such  Holder  and  relating  to  action  or  inaction  required  of  such  Holder  in  connection  with  the registration  of  such  Holder’s  Registrable  Securities  or  (iv)  in  connection  with  any  offer  or  sales  effected  by  or  on  behalf  of  such Holder in violation of Section 3.4(c) of this Agreement, and each Holder will pay, as accrued, any legal or other expenses reasonably incurred by any Company Indemnitee pursuant to this Section 4.1(b), in connection with investigating or defending any such loss, claim, damage, liability, action or expense as a result of a Holder’s untrue statement or omission or violation; provided, however, that  the  indemnification  contained  in  this  Section  4.1(b)  shall  not  apply  to  amounts  paid  in  settlement  of  any  such  loss,  claim, damage,  liability,  action  or expense  if such settlement  is effected  without  the consent  of such  Holder  (which  consent  shall not be unreasonably  withheld,  conditioned  or  delayed).  Notwithstanding  the  foregoing,  the  amount  any  Holder  will  be  obligated  to  pay pursuant to this Section 4.1(b) and Section 4.2 will be limited to an amount equal to the gross proceeds actually received by such Holder  for  the  sale  of  the  Registrable  Securities  pursuant  to  the  Registration  Statement  which  gives  rise  to  such  obligation  to indemnify and/or contribute (less the aggregate amount of any damages which such Holder has otherwise been required to pay in respect of such loss, liability, claim, damage, or expense or any substantially similar loss, liability, claim, damage, or expense arising from  the  sale  of  such  Registrable  Securities).  Such  indemnity  shall  remain  in  full  force  and  effect  regardless  of  any  investigation made by or on behalf of any such Company Indemnitee, and shall survive the transfer of such securities by such Holder, and any termination of this Agreement. (c)    Promptly after receipt by a party to this Agreement entitled to indemnity hereunder (an “Indemnified Party”) under this Section 4.1 of notice of the commencement of any action (including any governmental action), such Indemnified Party will, if a claim in respect thereof is to be made against any party to this Agreement from whom indemnification may be sought under this Section 4.1 (an “Indemnifying Party”), deliver to the Indemnifying Party a written notice of the commencement thereof and the Indemnifying Party shall have the right to participate in, and, to the extent the Indemnifying Party so desires, jointly with any other Indemnifying Party similarly noticed, to assume the defense thereof with counsel reasonably satisfactory to the Indemnifying Party; provided, however, that an Indemnified Party (together with all other Indemnified Parties which may be represented without conflict by one counsel) shall have the right to retain one separate counsel, with the reasonable fees and expenses of such counsel to be paid by the Indemnifying Party, if (i) the Indemnifying Party shall have failed to assume the defense of such claim within seven (7) days after receipt of notice of the claim and to employ counsel reasonably satisfactory to such Indemnified Party, as the case may be; or (ii) in the reasonable opinion of counsel retained by the Indemnified Party, representation of such Indemnified Party by such counsel would be inappropriate due to actual or potential differing interests (including the availability of differing legal defenses) between such Indemnified Party and any other party represented by such counsel in such proceeding. It is understood that the Indemnifying Party shall not, in connection with any proceeding in the same jurisdiction, be liable for fees or expenses of more than one separate counsel  at  any  time  for  all  such  Indemnified  Parties.  The  Indemnified  Party  shall  cooperate  fully  with  the  Indemnifying  Party  in connection with any negotiation or defense of any such action or claim by 10 the  Indemnifying  Party  and  shall  furnish  to  the  Indemnifying  Party  all  information  reasonably  available  to  the  Indemnified  Party which relates to such action or claim. The Indemnifying Party shall keep the Indemnified Party reasonably apprised of the status of the  defense  or  any  settlement  negotiations  with  respect  thereto.  No  Indemnifying  Party  will,  except  with  the  consent  of  the Indemnified  Party,  consent  to  entry  of  any  judgment  or  enter  into  any  settlement  that  does  not  include  as  an  unconditional  term thereof the giving by the claimant or plaintiff to such Indemnified Party of a release from all liability in respect of such action or claim. No Indemnifying Party shall be liable for any settlement of any action, claim or proceeding effected without its prior written consent; provided, however, that the Indemnifying Party shall not unreasonably withhold, delay or condition its consent. The failure to  deliver  written  notice  to  the  Indemnifying  Party  within  a  reasonable  time  of  the  commencement  of  any  such  action  shall  not relieve such Indemnifying Party of any liability to the Indemnified Party under this Section 4.1, except to the extent such failure to give notice has a material adverse effect on the ability of the Indemnifying Party to defend such action. Section 4.2 Contribution.     If the indemnification provided for in Section 4.1 is held by a court of competent jurisdiction  to  be  unavailable  to  an  Indemnified  Party  with  respect  to  any  loss,  liability,  claim,  damage,  or  expense  referred  to therein, then the Indemnifying Party, in lieu of indemnifying such Indemnified Party hereunder, shall contribute to the amount paid or  payable  by  such  Indemnified  Party  as  a  result  of  such  loss,  liability,  claim,  damage,  or  expense  in  such  proportion  as  is appropriate  to  reflect  the  relative  fault  of  the  Indemnifying  Party  on  the  one  hand  and  of  the  Indemnified  Party  on  the  other  in connection  with  the  statements  or  omissions  that  resulted  in  such  loss,  liability,  claim,  damage,  or  expense  as  well  as  any  other relevant equitable considerations. The relative fault of the Indemnifying Party and of the Indemnified Party shall be determined by reference to, among other things, whether the untrue or alleged untrue statement of a material fact or the omission to state a material fact  relates  to  information  supplied  by  the  Indemnifying  Party  or  by  the  Indemnified  Party  and  the  parties’  relative  intent, knowledge, access to information, and opportunity to correct or prevent such statement or omission. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the amount any Holder will be obligated to severally and not jointly contribute pursuant to this Section 4.2, together with Holder’s liability  under  Section  4.1(b),  will  be  limited  to  an  amount  equal  to  the  gross  proceeds  received  by  a  Holder  for  the  sale  of  the Registrable Securities pursuant to the Registration Statement which gives rise to such obligation to contribute and/or indemnify (less the aggregate amount of any damages which such Holder has otherwise been required to pay in respect of such loss, liability, claim, damage, or expense or any substantially similar loss, liability, claim, damage, or expense arising from the sale of such Registrable Securities).  No  person  guilty  of  fraudulent  misrepresentation  (within  the  meaning  of  Section  11(f)  of  the  Securities  Act)  will  be entitled to contribution hereunder from any person who was not guilty of such fraudulent misrepresentation. ARTICLE V GENERAL PROVISIONS Section 5.1 Entire Agreement.  This  Agreement  (including  Exhibit  A hereto)  constitutes  the  entire  understanding  and agreement between the parties as to the matters covered herein and supersedes and replaces any prior understanding, agreement or statement of intent, in each case, written or oral, of any and every nature with respect thereto. 11 Section 5.2 Notices.  Any  notice  or  other  communication  required  or  permitted  to  be  delivered  to  any  party  under  this Agreement shall be in writing and shall be deemed properly delivered, given and received (a) upon receipt when delivered by hand, (b) upon transmission, if sent by facsimile or electronic transmission (in each case with receipt verified by electronic confirmation), or  (c)  one  (1)  Business  Day  after  being  sent  by  courier  or  express  delivery  service.  The  addresses,  email  addresses  and  facsimile numbers for such notices and communications are those set forth on the signature pages hereof, or such other address, email address or facsimile numbers as may be designated in writing hereafter, in the same manner, by any such person. Section 5.3 Counterparts. This Agreement may be executed in one or more counterparts, all of which shall be considered one and the same agreement and shall become effective when one or more counterparts have been signed by each of the parties and delivered to the other parties, it being understood that all parties need not sign the same counterpart and such counterparts may be delivered by the parties hereto via facsimile or electronic transmission. Section 5.4 Amendment; Waiver.  This  Agreement  may  be  amended  or  modified,  and  any  provision  hereof  may  be waived,  in  whole  or  in  part,  at  any  time  pursuant  to  an  agreement  in  writing  executed  by  the  Company  and  Holders  holding  a majority  of  the  Registrable  Securities  at  such  time.  Any  failure  by  any  party  at  any  time  to  enforce  any  of  the  provisions  of  this Agreement shall not be construed a waiver of such provision or any other provisions hereof. Section 5.5 Severability.  In  the  event  that  any  provision  of  this  Agreement  or  the  application  thereof  becomes  or  is declared by a court of competent jurisdiction to be illegal, void or unenforceable, the remainder of this Agreement will continue in full force and effect and the application of such provision to other persons or circumstances will be interpreted so as reasonably to effect the intent of the parties hereto. Section 5.6.    Governing Law; Venue. This Agreement and all claims or causes of action (whether sounding in contract or tort) arising  under or related  to this Agreement,  shall be governed  by and construed  in accordance  with,  the Laws  of the State of Delaware, without regard to any rule or principle that might refer the governance or construction of this Agreement to the Laws of another jurisdiction. In any action or proceeding between any of the parties arising under or related to this Agreement, each of the parties (a) knowingly, voluntarily, irrevocably and unconditionally consents and submits to the exclusive jurisdiction and venue of the state or federal courts located in the City and County of San Francisco, California, and each of the Parties hereby irrevocably submits to the exclusive jurisdiction  of the aforesaid courts, (b) agrees that all claims in respect of any such action or proceeding shall be heard and determined exclusively in accordance with clause (a) of this Section 5.6, (c) waives any objection to the laying of venue of any such action or proceeding in such courts, including any objection that any such action or proceeding has been brought in an inconvenient forum or that the court does not have jurisdiction over any party, and (d) agrees that service of process upon such party  in any such action  or  proceeding  shall  be effective  if such process  is given  as a notice  in accordance  with  Section  5.2.  The parties  agree  that  any  party  may  commence  a  proceeding  in  a  court  other  than  the  above-named  courts  solely  for  the  purpose  of enforcing an order or judgment issued by one of the above-named courts. 12 Section 5.7    Specific Performance. Each party acknowledges and agrees that the other parties hereto would be irreparably harmed  and  would  not  have  any  adequate  remedy  at  law  in  the  event  that  any  of  the  provisions  of  this  Agreement  were  not performed by such first party in accordance with their specific terms or were otherwise breached by such first party. Accordingly, each party agrees that the other parties hereto shall be entitled to an injunction or injunctions to prevent breaches of this Agreement and  to  enforce  specifically  the  terms  and  provisions  of  this  Agreement,  this  being  in  addition  to  any  other  remedy  to  which  such parties are entitled at law or in equity. (Next Page is Signature Page) 13 IN WITNESS WHEREOF, each of the parties has executed this Agreement as of the date first written above. COMPANY: INVITAE CORPORATION By:                          Name:                       Title:                      Address for Notice: 1400 16th Street San Francisco, California 94103 Attn: General Counsel Facsimile No.: [Signature Page to Registration Rights Agreement]            IN WITNESS WHEREOF, each of the undersigned has executed this Agreement as of the date first written above.   HOLDER:   Name:   By:   _________________   _________________   Name:   Title: Address for Notice:   Telephone No.:   Facsimile No.:   Email Address:   _________________   _________________   _________________ [Signature Page to Registration Rights Agreement]                                                                   LIST OF SUBSIDIARIES OF INVITAE CORPORATION Exhibit 21.1 Subsidiary Clear Genetics, Inc. CombiMatrix Corporation CombiMatrix Molecular Diagnostics, Inc. Good Start Genetics, Inc. Jungla, LLC Invitae Australia PTY LTD Invitae Canada Inc. Invitae Israel, Inc. Invitae Netherlands, BV Ommdom Inc. PatientCrossroads, Inc. Singular Bio, Inc. Jurisdiction   Delaware Delaware   California Delaware   Delaware   Australia British Colombia, Canada   Israel   Netherlands Delaware California Delaware Exhibit 23.1 We consent to the incorporation by reference in the following Registration Statements: CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM - - - - - - Registration Statements on Form S-3 (Nos. 333-220053, 333-220054 and 333-226756) of Invitae Corporation and the related prospectuses Registration Statements on Form S-3ASR (Nos. 333-230053, 333-233109, 333-233110 and 333-234768) of Invitae Corporation and the related prospectuses Registration Statement on Form S-4 (No. 333-220447) of Invitae Corporation, including any post-effective amendments thereto on Form S-3 or Form S-8 Registration Statement on Form S-8 (No. 333-202066) pertaining to the 2015 Stock Incentive Plan, the Employee Stock Purchase Plan, and the 2010 Stock Incentive Plan of Invitae Corporation Registration Statements on Form S-8 (Nos. 333-216761, 333-223455 and 333-229972) pertaining to the 2015 Stock Incentive Plan and the Employee Stock Purchase Plan of Invitae Corporation Registration Statement on Form S-8 (No. 333-232208) pertaining to the 2015 Stock Incentive Plan of Invitae Corporation of our reports dated February 28, 2020, with respect to the consolidated financial statements of Invitae Corporation and the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting of Invitae Corporation included in this Annual Report (Form 10-K) of Invitae Corporation for the year ended December 31, 2019. /s/ Ernst & Young LLP Redwood City, California February 28, 2020 Exhibit 31.1 PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE OFFICER’S CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES‑‑OXLEY ACT OF 2002 I, Sean E. George, certify that: 1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10‑K of Invitae Corporation; 2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; 3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a‑15(e) and 15d‑15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. Date: February 28, 2020 /s/ Sean E. George, Ph.D. Sean E. George, Ph.D. Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) and Director PRINCIPAL FINANCIAL AND ACCOUNTING OFFICER’S CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES‑‑OXLEY ACT OF 2002 Exhibit 31.2 I, Shelly D. Guyer, certify that: 1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10‑K of Invitae Corporation; 2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; 3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a‑15(e) and 15d‑15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. Date: February 28, 2020 /s/ Shelly D. Guyer Shelly D. Guyer Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES‑‑OXLEY ACT OF 2002 Exhibit 32.1 In connection with the annual report of Invitae Corporation (the “Company”) on Form 10‑K for the year ended December 31, 2019, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), the undersigned officer of the Company certifies, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes‑Oxley Act of 2002, that, to such officer’s knowledge: (1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and (2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. Date: February 28, 2020 /s/ Sean E. George, Ph.D. Sean E. George, Ph.D. Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) and Director CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES‑‑OXLEY ACT OF 2002 Exhibit 32.2 In connection with the annual report of Invitae Corporation (the “Company”) on Form 10‑K for the year ended December 31, 2019, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), the undersigned officer of the Company certifies, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes‑Oxley Act of 2002, that, to such officer’s knowledge: (1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and (2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. Date: February 28, 2020 /s/ Shelly D. Guyer Shelly D. Guyer Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)   

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