BIOTECHNOLOGIES
2016 ANNUAL REPORT
LEADERSHIP & INNOVATION IN ONCOLOGY
Harnessing the power
of Tumor Infiltrating
Lymphocytes / TIL therapy.
PHOTO FROM “PHOTOS FOR LIFE,” A CHARITY PHOTO
BANK, WHERE ALL OF THE MODELS ARE CANCER
PATIENTS AND SURVIVORS.
LETTER FROM THE CEO
DEAR
LION BIOTECHNOLOGIES SHAREHOLDERS,
when i joined lion as ceo in june, i was drawn by the
potential of tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL)
technology to transform the lives of patients with
solid tumors. I immediately set forth to execute
on a clear clinical development plan which in-
cluded reaching regulatory agreements toward a
label for melanoma, expanding our management
team and employee base, optimizing the process
of TIL manufacturing, increasing our capacity
for manufacturing of TIL, broadening our own
clinical programs and providing us access to key
data through collaborations with some leading
institutions in the field. Today, Lion is in a strong
position to execute on an aggressive clinical de-
velopment plan and I believe 2017 will prove to be
a very productive year.
We made strategic additions to our Board of Di-
rectors, management team and employee base as
all these individuals are essential to advancing our
immunotherapy products through the clinical and
regulatory process. We were fortunate to expand
our talented board with the addition of two new
members, Wayne Rothbaum and Ian Dukes, D.Phil.
We also appointed Greg Schiffman as our CFO.
Furthermore, we have now tripled our headcount
from approximately 20 employees at mid-year to
nearly 60 by year-end, adding critical talent in
key company functions to prepare us for the next
phase of clinical development.
Importantly, we have initiated a number of
improvements to shorten the process of TIL
manufacturing from 5–6 weeks to approximately
3.5 weeks. Toward the end of 2016, we presented
four posters at the Society for Immunotherapy of
Cancer (SITC) 31st Annual Meeting demonstrating
progress in the successful culturing of TIL cells
from non-melanoma solid tumors, process optimi-
zation for cryopreservation and development of a
more efficient assay to assess the potency of TIL
cells. We will be evaluating the clinical safety and
efficacy of the TIL generated through this new
process as part of a new cohort for our ongoing
LN-144 melanoma study.
To support both late-stage clinical and commer-
cial demands, we have put in place agreements to
significantly increase our production capacity. As
manufacturing of cell based products is unique,
we now have multiple manufacturing service rela-
tionships in place. These include quality providers
such as WuXi AppTec, Lonza Walkersville and H.
Lee Moffitt Cancer Center. Our goal is to ensure
product availability for a broad TIL clinical devel-
opment program.
To enhance our access to clinical data, we have
initiated several new key partnerships. We now
have partnerships with Moffitt Cancer Center for
a clinical trial in melanoma, which will provide us
data on the combination of TIL plus checkpoint
inhibitor therapies, with the Karolinska University
Hospital for data on novel TIL preparations in
treating pancreatic and glioblastoma indications
and with the National Cancer Institute (NCI) for
data on the combination of TIL with an anti-PD1
inhibitor in melanoma.
To support an ongoing clinical trial that
combines TIL therapy with nivolumab for the
treatment of patients with metastatic melanoma,
in December we announced a new, three-year
Sponsored Research Agreement and a Clinical
Grant Agreement with the H. Lee Moffitt Cancer
Center and Research Institute Hospital.
We continue working with Dr. Steven A. Rosen-
berg of the NCI to develop adoptive cell therapy
utilizing TIL in the treatment of metastatic mela-
noma as a stand-alone therapy or in combination
with FDA-licensed products and commercially
available agents routinely used for adoptive
cell therapy. In August, we announced that an
amendment had been made to our Cooperative
Research and Development Agreement (CRADA),
originally established in 2011, to enable this
continued collaboration and extend the CRADA
for an additional five-year term until 2021. The
CRADA also covers other cancers including blad-
der, lung, breast and HPV-associated cancers.
To further support our development of TIL
products, in September, we entered into an
Exclusive License Agreement with PolyBioCept
AB, a Swedish corporation, for a cytokine cocktail
for use in the expansion of lymphocytes. We also
“We are very proud of this year’s
progress and our robust pipeline
of potential therapies to treat solid
tumors including metastatic melanoma,
cervical, head and neck, bladder, lung,
breast, glioblastoma, pancreatic, and
HPV-associated cancers.”
received the co-exclusive right and license to their
intellectual property to develop, manufacture
and commercialize genetically engineered TIL
produced by expansion, selection and enrichment
using the cytokine cocktail. Under a related clinical
trials agreement, Lion has agreed to fund two
Phase 1 trials in glioblastoma and pancreatic can-
cer to be conducted at the Karolinska University
Hospital in which TIL is manufactured using the
licensed combination of cytokines.
We are very proud of this year’s progress and
our robust pipeline of potential therapies to treat
solid tumors including metastatic melanoma,
cervical, head and neck, bladder, lung, breast,
glioblastoma, pancreatic and HPV-associated
cancers. Our lead candidate, LN-144, is backed
by impressive Phase 2 results from an NCI study
that showed TIL treatment was associated with
durable objective response rates in patients
including those that were refractory to check-
point inhibitors.
In 2017, we are heavily focused on continuing
to expand our manufacturing capacity using our
two TIL preparation processes. We have recently
initiated Phase 2 clinical trials for LN-145 in head
and neck and cervical cancers and we plan to
complete enrollment in our ongoing Phase 2 trial
for LN-144 in melanoma, release interim clinical
and pre-clinical data at several medical meetings
and are supporting Karolinska University Hospital
in initiating two Phase 1 clinical trials in pancreatic
cancer and glioblastoma. Our anticipated regula-
tory milestones include defining the pathway for
LN-144 in the U.S. and the initiation of regulatory
interactions with EU health authorities.
We would like to thank our employees,
stockholders and clinical investigators who have
worked hard and shown dedication to make
these achievements possible, and look forward
to reporting further success throughout the
coming year.
SINCERELY,
Dr. Maria Fardis
PRESIDENT & CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER
UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
Form 10-K
(Mark One)
ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016
or
TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from
to
Commission file number 001-36860
Lion Biotechnologies, Inc.
(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)
Nevada
(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)
999 Skyway Road, Suite 150, San Carlos, California
(Address of principal executive offices)
75-3254381
(I.R.S. Employer
Identification No.)
94070
(Zip Code)
(650) 260-7120
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
None
Title of Each Class
Common Stock, $0.000041666 Par Value Per Share
Series A Junior Participating Preferred Stock Purchase Rights
Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
The NASDAQ Capital Market
Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:
None
Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer (as defined in Securities Act Rule 405). Yes No
Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
Yes No
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
during the preceding 12 months and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate website, if any, every Interactive Data File required to
be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that
the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes No
Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best
of the Registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this
Form 10-K.
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the
definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):
Large accelerated filer
Accelerated filer
Non-accelerated filer
(Do not check if a smaller reporting company)
Smaller reporting company
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes No
The aggregate market value of the registrant’s common stock held by non-affiliates on June 30, 2016, the last business day of the registrant’s most recently
completed second fiscal quarter, was approximately $398,810,000. Shares of common stock held by directors and executive officers and any ten percent or
greater stockholders and their respective affiliates have been excluded from this calculation, because such stockholders may be deemed to be "affiliates" of the
Registrant. This is not necessarily determinative of affiliate status of other purposes. As of March 2, 2017, there were 62,310,892 shares of the registrant’s
common stock outstanding.
Documents Incorporated By Reference
Portions of registrant’s proxy statement relating to registrant’s 2017 annual meeting of stockholders to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission
pursuant to Regulation 14A, not later than 120 days after the close of the registrant’s fiscal year, are incorporated by reference in Part III of this annual report
on Form 10-K.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
PART I ...................................................................................................................................................................... 1
Item 1. Business ......................................................................................................................................... 1
Item 1A.
Risk Factors ..................................................................................................... 21
Item 1B.
Unresolved Staff Comments ............................................................................ 46
Item 2. Properties ..................................................................................................................................... 46
Item 3. Legal Proceedings ........................................................................................................................ 46
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures .............................................................................................................. 47
PART II .................................................................................................................................................................... 48
Item 5. Market for Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of
Equity Securities .......................................................................................................................... 48
Item 6. Selected Financial Data (in thousands, except per share information) ......................................... 49
Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of
Operations .................................................................................................................................... 49
Item 7A.
Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk ......................... 55
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data ............................................................................ 56
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial
Disclosure .................................................................................................................................... 56
Item 9A.
Controls and Procedures .................................................................................. 56
Item 9B.
Other Information ............................................................................................ 56
PART III ................................................................................................................................................................... 57
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers, and Corporate Governance .......................................................... 57
Item 11. Executive Compensation .............................................................................................................. 57
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related
Stockholder Matters ..................................................................................................................... 57
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence ............................. 57
Item 14. Principal Accountant’s Fees and Services ................................................................................... 57
PART IV ................................................................................................................................................................... 58
Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statements Schedules .................................................................................... 58
i
Forward-Looking Statements and Market Data
This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements that are based on management’s beliefs and
assumptions and on information currently available to management. All statements other than statements of
historical facts contained in this report are forward-looking statements. In some cases, you can identify forward-
looking statements by the following words: “may,” “will,” “could,” “would,” “should,” “expect,” “intend,” “plan,”
“anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “predict,” “project,” “aim,” “potential,” “continue,” “ongoing,” “goal,” or the
negative of these terms or other similar expressions, although not all forward-looking statements contain these
words.
These statements involve risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause actual results, levels of activity,
performance or achievements to be materially different from the information expressed or implied by these forward-
looking statements. Although we believe that we have a reasonable basis for each forward-looking statement
contained in this report, we caution you that these statements are based on a combination of facts and factors
currently known by us and our projections of the future, about which we cannot be certain. Forward-looking
statements in this Annual Report include, but are not limited to, statements about:
the success, cost and timing of our product development activities and clinical trials;
the success of competing therapies that are or may become available;
our ability to attract and retain key scientific or management personnel;
the accuracy of our estimates regarding expenses, future revenue, capital requirements and needs
for additional financing;
our ability to obtain funding for our operations, including funding necessary to complete further
development and commercialization of our product candidates;
the ability and willingness of our third-party research institution collaborators to continue research
and development activities relating to our product candidates;
the potential of our other research and development and strategic collaborations;
our expectations regarding our ability to obtain and maintain intellectual property protection for
our product candidates;
our plans to research, develop and commercialize our product candidates;
the size and growth potential of the markets for our product candidates, and our ability to serve
those markets;
our ability to contract with third-party suppliers and manufacturers and their ability to perform
adequately;
regulatory developments in the United States and foreign countries;
fluctuations in the trading price of our common stock; and
our use of cash and other resources.
We caution you that the risks, uncertainties and other factors referenced above may not contain all of the risks,
uncertainties and other factors that are important to you. In addition, we cannot guarantee future results, level of
activity, performance or achievements. Any forward-looking statement made by us in this Annual Report speaks
only as of the date of this Annual Report or as of the date on which it is made. Except as required by law, we
undertake no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information,
future events or otherwise, after the date of this Annual Report.
Unless the context requires otherwise, in this report the terms “Lion,” “Company,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer to
Lion Biotechnologies, Inc.
Item 1.
Business
Overview
PART I
We are a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on the development and commercialization of
novel cancer immunotherapy products designed to harness the power of a patient’s own immune system to eradicate
cancer cells. Our lead program is an adoptive cell therapy utilizing tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL), which are
T cells derived from patients’ tumors, for the treatment of metastatic melanoma.
A patient's immune system, particularly their TIL, plays an important role in identifying and killing cancer
cells. TIL consist of a heterogeneous population of T cells that can recognize a wide variety of cancer-specific
mutations and can overcome tumor escape mechanisms. TIL therapy involves growing a patient's TIL in special
culture conditions outside the patient's body, or ex vivo, and then infusing the T cells back into the patient followed
by infusion of six doses of interleukin-2 (IL-2). By expanding a patient’s TIL ex vivo, away from the immune-
suppressive tumor microenvironment, the T cells can rapidly proliferate. As a result, billions of TIL, when infused
back into the patient, are better able to search out and potentially eradicate the tumor.
We have an on-going Phase 2 clinical trial of our lead product candidate, LN-144, TIL for the treatment of
metastatic melanoma. This single-arm study is enrolling patients with melanoma whose disease has progressed
following treatment with at least one systemic therapy. The trial opened for enrollment during the second half of
2015 and is being conducted at eight sites. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the safety, and efficacy of our
autologous TIL infusion (LN-144). The trial’s primary objective is to characterize the safety of LN-144. Secondary
outcome measures efficacy of the LN-144 includes objective response and complete response rates. Additional
secondary or exploratory endpoints may be considered as well. Updates from this Phase 2 trial are planned to be
released in 2017.
During 2015, we received orphan drug designation for LN-144 in the United States to treat metastatic
melanoma. This designation provides seven years of market exclusivity in the United States, subject to certain
limited exceptions. However, the orphan drug designation does not convey any advantage in or shorten the duration
of the regulatory review or approval process.
We are pursuing metastatic melanoma as our first target indication because of the promising initial results
in this indication generated by Dr. Steven Rosenberg, M.D., Ph.D., Chief of the Surgery Branch of the National
Cancer Institute (NCI) and the commercial opportunity inherent in the significant unmet need of this patient
population. Melanoma is a common type of skin cancer, accounting for approximately 76,380 patients diagnosed
and 10,130 deaths each year in the United States according to the American Cancer Society’s Cancer Estimated
2016 Facts and Figures. According to the NCI’s Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) program,
about 2-5% of patients with melanoma have metastatic disease. Patients with metastatic melanoma following
treatment under the current standards of care have a particularly dire prognosis with very few curative treatment
options.
In addition to our ongoing trial in metastatic melanoma, we plan to initiate clinical trials of TIL therapy in
several additional cancer indications in 2017, including cervical, and head and neck cancer, and to initiate additional
indications by the company as well as through collaborations which may include glioblastoma and pancreatic
cancer.
2016 Developments
In 2016, we underwent significant changes, including the following:
We submitted an Investigational New Drug Application to conduct studies in cervical and head
and neck cancer. Those studies are expected to commence in 2017.
We hired new a Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, Chief Medical Officer and Chief
Scientific Officer.
We raised $100 million through the sale of equity in a private placement.
We announced a five-year extension of our Cooperative Research and Development Agreement
(the “CRADA”) with the National Cancer Institute (the “NCI”).
We entered into an exclusive license agreement with PolyBioCept AB (“PolyBioCept”) and a
related clinical trials agreement with the Karolinksa University Hospital.
We presented TIL technology data in four posters at the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer
(SITC) Annual Meeting.
We entered into a new three-year manufacturing agreement with WuXi Apptech, Inc. (“WuXi”)
We entered into a new three-year manufacturing agreement with Lonza Walkersville, Inc
(“Lonza”).
We entered into a new sponsored research agreement and clinical grant agreement with the H. Lee
Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute (“Moffitt”).
We grew from 20 employees at the beginning of 2016 to over 51 by the end of the year.
We moved our corporate headquarters from New York, New York to San Carlos, California.
Corporate Strategy
Our goal is to be a leader in the development and commercialization of cell-based immunotherapies to treat
solid tumors. We are developing a portfolio of TIL-based product candidates with the potential to meaningfully
improve survival and quality of life for cancer patients. Key elements of our strategy include:
Expedite clinical development, regulatory approval, and commercialization of our lead product
candidate
Based on results from NCI-sponsored clinical trials, we plan to advance our lead product candidate, LN-
144, for the treatment of patients with metastatic melanoma. We filed an IND with the U.S. Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) in December 2014 to initiate a company-sponsored Phase 2 single-arm, multicenter clinical
trial of LN-144 in patients with metastatic melanoma. We began enrollment of this study in the second half of 2015
which has continued throughout 2016. Interim data from this trial is expected to be announced in 2017.
If data from this company-sponsored Phase 2 trial is consistent with previous results from the NCI, we plan
to initiate discussions with the FDA in 2017 about a registration path for LN-144 and to thereafter conduct a
multicenter pivotal trial. Assuming the results from the pivotal trial are positive, we will discuss with the FDA the
filing of a Biologic License Application (BLA) for approval of LN-144 as a treatment for patients with metastatic
melanoma. The FDA may grant accelerated approval for product candidates for serious conditions that fill an unmet
medical need based on a surrogate or intermediate clinical endpoint, including an objective response rate, because
such response rate is considered reasonably likely to predict a real clinical benefit of longer life. We believe our
accelerated approval strategy may be warranted given the limited options for patients with advanced melanoma.
However, even if the FDA grants accelerated approval, confirmatory trials may still be required by the FDA.
Continue collaboration with our partners, and increase our internal research and development activities,
to improve TIL manufacturing and develop new TIL therapies
We seek to work with government and academic research institutions, as well as corporate partners, to
supplement our own efforts to improve TIL manufacturing and develop TIL therapies in new indications in clinical
trials. In August 2016, we expanded our CRADA with the NCI for another 5-year term. This collaboration with the
NCI offers us the opportunity to identify new indications for unmodified TIL therapy based on human proof-of-
concept data, which significantly reduces the risk in our product portfolio. Our CRADA with the NCI is focused on
the treatment of additional solid tumor indications, including cervical, head and neck, lung, bladder, and breast
cancer.
In addition, in December 2016, we entered into a new three-year cooperative research agreement with
Moffitt. Areas of research include an evaluation of the role of individual effector cells in the expansion of TIL from
2
primary solid tumors, the use of toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands in the expansion of TIL from solid tumors, optimal
expansion of TIL from various solid tumors, and phenotype and function analysis of patient blood and tumor
samples from clinical trials. At the same time, we also announced a new clinical grant agreement with Moffitt where
we would provide support for an ongoing clinical trial at Moffitt that combines TIL therapy with Opdivo®
(nivolumab) for the treatment of patients with metastatic melanoma.
With corporate partners, in 2015 we commenced a research and clinical collaboration with Medimmune,
Inc. to evaluate means to enhance TIL growth in vitro and to combine TIL therapy with durvalumab, an anti-PDL1
antibody, in patients with solid tumor indications. In 2016, we entered into an exclusive license agreement with
PolyBioCept to license certain rights to patent applications related to a cytokine cocktail for expansion of TIL. In
connection with this license, we entered into a clinical trial agreement with Karolinska University Hospital in
Sweden to conduct two clinical trials in patients with pancreatic cancer and glioblastoma with TIL manufactured
using the cytokine cocktail.
Establish initial manufacturing capacity for TIL products with contract manufacturing organizations
We continue to invest in improving the process and efficiency of manufacturing our product candidates.
Currently we use several contract manufacturing organizations (CMOs) to supply our TIL-based products for our
clinical trials. CMOs limit the amount of upfront capital investment; however, we may establish our own
manufacturing facilities in the future for better margins and rapid implementation of innovative changes. We intend
to carefully manage our cost structure, and reduce the long-term cost of manufacturing our products, although there
can be no assurance that we will be able to reduce our manufacturing costs to commercially attractive levels.
In 2016, we entered into a new three-year manufacturing agreement with WuXi in order to increase our
TIL manufacturing capacity in facilities with both clinical and commercial capability. In addition to our agreement
with WuXi, we have been working with Lonza since 2011 to manufacture our TIL product. Lonza has been the
manufacturer of LN-144 for our clinical trial in metastatic melanoma. We entered into a new three-year
manufacturing agreement with Lonza in 2016.
Pipeline
We are developing a portfolio of TIL-based products for the treatment of solid tumors. Our lead pipeline
candidate, LN-144, is an adoptive cell therapy using TIL to treat patients with metastatic melanoma. In addition to
LN-144, we intend to develop additional TIL-based pipeline products to treat a variety solid tumors, as well as next-
3
generation TIL therapies that are more potent and less costly to manufacture, and TIL in combination with other
immunotherapy drugs.
LN-144
We are developing LN-144 to treat metastatic melanoma. Melanoma is a common type of skin cancer,
accounting for approximately 76,380 patients diagnosed and 10,130 deaths each year in the United States according
to the American Cancer Society, Cancer Facts and Figures estimates for 2016. In our ongoing Phase 2 trial, we are
treating metastatic melanoma patients that have failed at least one previous treatment regimen.
Patients with metastatic melanoma following treatment under the current standards of care have a
particularly dire prognosis with very few curative treatment options. The National Comprehensive Cancer Network
(NCCN) has recently updated its recommendations for the treatment of patients with unresectable or metastatic
melanoma. Initial therapy can include checkpoint inhibitors either alone or in combination (ipilimumab, nivolumab,
pembrolimumab), targeted therapies for patients with BRAF mutations (dabrafenib/trametinib,
vemurafenib/cobimetinib combinations or single agents) or a clinical trial. For patients not responding or
progressing and having an adequate clinical status, agents selected from the previous list but of a different
therapeutic class can be used as well as high dose IL-2 or a clinical trial. Patients who do not respond to the current
second-line therapies have very few treatment options and typically have a very poor prognosis, with limited median
survival measured in months.
LN-145
We are developing LN-145 to treat cervical and head and neck cancers. In December 2015, we submitted
an IND application with the FDA to conduct clinical trials of LN-145 in these cancers, and in February 2016 we
announced that the IND was allowed thereby permitting us to begin clinical trials in these indications with our
product. We expect trials in these two indications to begin in 2017. According to the American Cancer Society’s
Cancer Facts and Figures estimates for 2016, it is estimated that approximately 12,990 women are diagnosed in the
United States every year with cervical cancer. If cervical cancer has spread to surrounding tissues or organs and/or
the regional lymph nodes, the five-year survival rate is 67.5%. If the cancer has spread to a distant part of the body,
the five-year survival rate is 16.8%. Head and neck cancer accounts for about 3% of all cancers in the United States.
This year, an estimated 48,330 people will develop head and neck cancer. It is estimated that 9,570 deaths occurred
in 2016.
TIL in Other Solid Tumor Indications
We are collaborating with the NCI to evaluate unmodified TIL in other solid tumor indications such as
ocular (uveal) melanoma, bladder, breast and lung cancer. We are also collaborating with Karolinska University
Hospital to conduct clinical trials of TIL manufactured using a novel cytokine cocktail for expansion in pancreatic
cancer and glioblastoma. These trials are expected to commence in 2017.
TIL in Combination with Other Immunotherapy Drugs
Checkpoint inhibitors are a new class of immunotherapy drugs which seek to overcome one of cancer’s
main defenses against an immune system attack. Checkpoint inhibitors are antibodies that block normal proteins on
cancer cells, or the proteins on T cells (such as TIL) that respond to them. The result is to remove the brakes that
prevent T cells from recognizing cells as cancerous and leading an immune system assault on them. We are
collaborating with the NCI to evaluate TIL in combination with the checkpoint inhibitor Keytruda®
(pembrolizumab) in a 170-patient clinical trial in patients with advanced melanoma. We have also previously
collaborated with Moffitt to evaluate TIL in combination with the checkpoint inhibitor Yervoy® (ipilimumab) in a
12-patient clinical trial which is now completed and have recently announced a collaboration with Moffitt to
evaluate TIL in combination with the checkpoint inhibitor Opdivo® (nivolumab) in a 12-patient clinical trial.
Immune system
The immune system recognizes danger signals and responds to threats at a cellular level. The most
significant components of the cellular aspect of the adaptive immune response are T cells (or T lymphocytes), so
4
called because they mature in the thymus and are distinguished from B cells which mature in the bone marrow. T
cells can be distinguished from other white blood cells by T cell receptors present on their cell surface. These
receptors contribute to tumor surveillance by helping T cells recognize infected cells as well as cancerous cells. T
cells are involved in both sensing and killing infected or cancerous cells, as well as coordinating the activation of
other cells in an immune response.
Although the immune system is designed to identify foreign or abnormal proteins expressed on tumor cells,
this process is often defective, or not operating optimally, in cancer patients. The defective process sometimes
occurs when the cancer cells closely resemble healthy cells and go unnoticed or if tumors lose their protein
expression. Additionally, cancer cells employ a number of mechanisms to escape immune detection to suppress the
effect of the immune response. Some tumors also encourage the production of regulatory T cells that prevent
cytotoxic T cells from attacking the cancer.
Cancer immunotherapy
Despite the progress that has been made over the past several decades, effective treatment of cancer,
especially solid tumors, continues to be challenging. Some reasons solid tumors are so difficult to treat are: (i) in
many solid tumors, multiple genes (as many as hundreds or thousands of genes) are mutated, and solid tumors are
heterogeneous, (ii) it is not always clear which particular mutations are critical, and (iii) tumors can adapt and find a
way to evade treatments that target a single mutation. In addition, the tumor can suppress the patient’s natural
immune response. When T cells with cancer-specific receptors are absent, present in low numbers, of poor quality or
rendered inactive by suppressive mechanisms employed by tumor tissue, the cancer can grow and spread to various
organs. In addition, standard of care treatments for cancer can be deleterious to T cells' ability to kill cancer.
We believe that adoptive cell therapy, with the use of human cells as therapeutic entities to reengage the
immune system, will be the next significant advancement in the treatment of cancer. These cellular therapies may
avoid the long-term side effects associated with current treatments and have the potential to be effective regardless
of the type of previous treatments patients have experienced. We believe TIL therapy in particular has the potential
to treat solid tumors by increasing the effectiveness and number of a patient's cancer-specific T cells.
Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes
Adoptive cell therapy with TIL involves (1) harvesting T cells from a patient's tumor, (2) culturing and (3)
expanding the number of TIL, and (4) infusing the functional TIL back into the patient followed by treatment with
IL-2. TIL are a heterogeneous population of T cells that can recognize and kill cancer cells. Currently, the TIL
manufacturing process that we are developing takes approximately five to six weeks from receipt of the patient's
tumor to infusion of the TIL back into the patient. We currently treat patients with a single infusion of TIL after they
receive a short chemotherapy lymphodepletion regimen, which is intended to improve the survival and proliferative
capacity of the newly infused T cells. After infusion, the TIL can proliferate inside a patient and potentially infiltrate
the tumor microenvironment to eliminate large numbers of cancer cells. TIL can overcome several mechanisms of
tumor escape to which endogenous T cells may be susceptible.
5
Clinical results with TIL in metastatic melanoma
To date, hundreds of metastatic melanoma patients have already been treated with TIL therapy at different
hospitals in the US, Europe, Canada, and Israel. At NCI, clinical responses have been relatively consistent:
approximately 50% of the melanoma patients treated with TIL have an objective response (i.e. tumor regression of
50% or more), and approximately 24% of patients have a complete response with no evidence of disease remaining
after only one administration. Many patients respond to TIL therapy despite experiencing tumor progression after
previously being treated with other therapies.
In September 2015, Dr. Rosenberg, a recognized pioneer in immuno-oncology and adoptive cell therapy
using TIL, presented updated findings from a Phase 2 clinical trial of TIL therapy in metastatic melanoma at the
American Association for Cancer Research Inaugural International Cancer Immunotherapy Conference. Data was
presented from a 101 patient, Phase 2 clinical trial conducted at the NCI. In the trial, patients with advanced
metastatic melanoma were equally divided in two groups. Both groups were treated according to a standard TIL
protocol using nonmyeloablative chemotherapy, with the second group also receiving total body irradiation. 56% of
the patients treated with TIL therapy achieved an objective response. An objective response occurs when there is a
complete remission or a partial remission of the tumor. Out of the 101 patients, 24 (24%) had experienced a
complete remission and 23 of the 24 (96%) showed ongoing durability of this response at 30 to 47 months following
treatment at the time of publication. Median follow-up time was approximately 40.9 months. Overall survival (OS)
was approximately 80% at 12 months, and median OS had not yet been achieved. Median progression-free survival
was approximately 10 months, and 35% of patients were without disease progression at 4 years. This observation
was also presented by Stephanie Goff at the 2016 ASCO meeting and published in the Journal of Clinical Oncology
in June.
6
Overall Survival of patients in TIL ± TBI study
Source: Goff, S.L. et al. Randomized, Prospective Evaluation Comparing Intensity of Lymphodepletion Before Adoptive
Transfer of Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes for Patients With Metastatic Melanoma. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 34(20), 2389-2397.
Clinical results with TIL in other solid tumor indications
Under our CRADA with the NCI, we are providing research and development and clinical funding for the
development of unmodified TIL therapy for a variety of solid tumor indications, including cervical, head and neck,
bladder, breast, and lung cancers. The NCI has completed a clinical trial involving TIL therapy to treat advanced
human papilloma virus (HPV)-positive cervical cancer. Data from this trial was published in the Journal of Clinical
Oncology in April 2015. Out of nine cervical cancer patients treated with HPV-TIL, two experienced complete
remissions reported as ongoing at 22 and 15 months. Another patient experienced a three-month partial remission.
Additionally, the NCI has ongoing trials to treat patients using TIL within lung cancer, bladder and breast cancer.
Depending on results from the research and development and clinical trials conducted at the NCI under our
CRADA, we may pursue the development and regulatory approval of TIL therapy for additional indications.
Safety
Overall, toxicities or adverse events during TIL therapy have almost entirely been associated with the either
the lymphodepletion regimen or the high-dose IL-2 therapy given after TIL infusion as assessed by Rosenberg.
Severe and life threatening toxicities due to TIL therapy occur mostly in the first week after cell infusion but
generally resolve within a few weeks. To date, some patients have experienced vitiligo and uveitis, but there has
been no other evidence of off-target effects associated with TIL therapy.
Toxicities which occur following administration of IL-2 but are thought to be related to the cells include
immune mediated events such as vitiligo, transient uveitis, hearing loss, and vestibular dysfunction. The use of the
non-myeloablative lymphodepletion regimen prior to cell administration increases the toxicity of this treatment as
myelosuppression occurs in all patients.
The standard approach to the administration of high-dose IL-2 in all studies is to continue dosing until
patients can no longer tolerate treatment, although the toxicities observed with ‘adjuvant’ IL-2 to TILs with only a
single cycle and 6 doses are limited. As noted by Goff et al., the toxicities of treatment were largely a result of the
known adverse effects of nonmyeloablative chemotherapy and administration of high-dose IL-2. These toxicities
may sometimes require intubation for protection of the patient’s airway. Although these patients require significant
supportive measures during this period, all toxicities are reversible and the overwhelming majority of patients have
suffered no long term sequelae following this treatment regimen.
7
Next generation TIL product strategies
We hold an exclusive license from the NCI to a patent family directed to select TIL for various cell surface
markers in order to treat patients with metastatic melanoma. This next-generation TIL technology supports more
potent and efficient TIL production by selecting for TIL that express various activating receptors, including 4-1BB
and PD-1. TIL that express these proteins are associated with higher tumor reactivity, so potentially fewer of the
enriched cells are needed to be therapeutically effective. Selected TIL technology has the potential to reduce the
time and cost of manufacturing.
In addition to selected TIL, we are evaluating strategies to genetically engineer TIL, and to pre-condition
tumors from which we expand TIL so that more TIL are present at the time of tumor excision.
Process development and manufacturing
Our manufacturing and processing of TIL-based product candidates is based on the NCI’s original
manufacturing and processing of TIL, which we have modified so that it can be reproduced in a Good
Manufacturing Process (cGMP) environment. We believe we have streamlined and improved the NCI’s original
process to be able to produce TIL in a cGMP facility.
The processing of LN-144 begins with the collection of the patient’s tumor, which is then sent to a central
processing facility, where the T cells are isolated. These cells are stimulated to proliferate, then propagated in cell
culture flasks until sufficient cells are available for infusion back into the patient. The TIL is then washed and put in
media suitable for infusion at the cell processing site and shipped back to the clinical center where they can be
administered to the patient. In preparation for administration of the TIL, the patient undergoes a short chemotherapy
lymphodepletion regimen, which is intended to improve the survival and proliferative capacity of the newly infused
T cells. The following diagram illustrates our current TIL manufacturing process.
We have entered into Manufacturing Services Agreements with Lonza and WuXi pursuant to which they
have agreed to manufacture, package, ship and handle quality assurance and quality control of certain clinical trials
for our TIL products. The production line for LN-144 is established at Lonza and is providing product for our Phase
2 trial in metastatic melanoma. Our production line at WuXi is available to manufacture TIL for both a clinical and
commercial setting. Cell processing activities will be conducted at both companies under current good
manufacturing processes, or cGMP, using qualified equipment and materials. We believe that all materials and
components utilized in the production of the final TIL product is readily available from qualified suppliers. We
expect to rely on Lonza and WuXi to meet anticipated clinical trial demands. In the future, we may rely on them or
other third parties, or develop our own manufacturing capabilities for the manufacturing and processing of TIL-
based product candidates for our clinical trials. To meet projected needs for commercial sale quantities, we may
8
develop our own commercial manufacturing facility to supply and process products. Developing our own
manufacturing capabilities may require more costs than we anticipate or result in significant delays. If we are unable
to develop our own manufacturing capabilities, we will rely on contract manufacturers, including both current and
alternate suppliers, to ensure sufficient capacity is available for commercial purposes.
The Manufacturing and Services Agreement that we entered into on November 23, 2016 with WuXi
governs the terms under which we may, from time to time, engage WuXi, under separate statements of work, to
provide manufacturing and other services. The agreement will also govern certain work orders placed under a prior
cell therapy development and manufacturing that we entered into with WuXi in September 25, 2015. Each statement
of work describes the services to be performed by WuXi, the consideration to be paid for such services, and other
details related thereto the requested work. To date, we have entered into two such statements of work for two cGMP
manufacturing suites to be established and operated by WuXi for us, one of which is expected to be capable of being
used for the commercial manufacture of our products. The fee payable under the first statement of work for the use
of one of the manufacturing suites during the first year of the agreement, including the fees for the necessary
personnel, was $2.5 million. Under the second statement of work, WuXi agreed to establish and operate a second,
dedicated facility for a late stage/commercial manufacturing cGMP suite to be established at WuXi’s facilities, and
we agreed to transfer our current tumor infiltrating lymphocyte manufacturing process to the dedicated cGMP cell
processing suite. The fee payable under the second statement of work for the use of one of the manufacturing suites
during the first year, including the fees for the necessary personnel, is $5.85 million. Under the two statements of
work, we agreed to pay WuXi additional fees based on the amount of testing, analysis, raw materials purchased and
manufacturing/production services provided by WuXi.
The WuXi Manufacturing and Services Agreement has a three-year term. However, we may terminate that
agreement or any statement of work by providing written notice of termination not less than 30 days in advance of
the date of termination; provided, that we shall remain liable for any fees owed under any outstanding statement of
work, including termination fees. WuXi may terminate the agreement by providing written notice of termination not
less than 180 days in advance of the date of termination; provided, that, the Manufacturing and Services Agreement
shall remain in full force and effect with respect to any statements of work outstanding at the time that such
termination becomes effective.
Orphan Drug Designation
During 2015, we received orphan drug designation for LN-144 in the United States to treat metastatic
melanoma. This designation provides seven years of market exclusivity in the United States, subject to certain
limited exceptions. However, the orphan drug designation does not convey any advantage in or shorten the duration
of the regulatory review or approval process.
Commercialization plan
We currently have no sales, marketing or commercial product distribution capabilities. As we progress our
clinical trials for our leading product candidates, we will build our own sales and commercialization capabilities in
support of commercialization of TIL.
We believe we can address physicians who treat metastatic melanoma with a direct specialty sales force. In
the U.S., there are approximately 76,380 patients diagnosed with melanoma each year. According to SEER
approximately 2-5% of patients with melanoma have metastatic disease. If LN-144 is approved, since an important
part of the TIL therapy regimen includes treatment with IL-2 after the patient receives their TIL, we expect to
commercialize the product in the U.S. with a focused specialty sales force targeting hospitals and clinics that have
experience in treating patients with IL-2.
Additionally, we are developing LN-145 to treat cervical and head and neck cancers. We also anticipate
that these patients will be treated at the same hospitals that have experience in treating patients with IL-2. It is
estimated that approximately 12,990 women are diagnosed in the U.S. every year with cervical cancer. If cervical
cancer has spread to surrounding tissues or organs and/or the regional lymph nodes, the five-year survival rate is
67.5%. If the cancer has spread to a distant part of the body, the five-year survival rate is 16.8%. Head and neck
cancer accounts for about 3% of all cancers in the U.S. This year, an estimated 48,330 people will develop head and
neck cancer in this country. It was estimated that 9,570 deaths will occur in 2016 from this disease.
9
Outside the US, we have not yet defined our commercial strategy for our TIL products. Our commercial
strategy for markets outside the US may include the use of strategic partners, distributors, a contract sales force or
the establishment of our own commercial infrastructure. We plan to further evaluate these alternatives as we
approach approval for one of our product candidates.
As additional product candidates advance through our pipeline, our commercial plans may change. Clinical
data, size of the development programs, size of the target market, size of a commercial infrastructure, intellectual
property protection and manufacturing needs may all influence our U.S., Europe and rest-of-world strategies.
Intellectual property
Intellectual property is of importance in our field and in biotechnology generally. We seek to protect and
enhance proprietary technology, inventions, and improvements that are commercially important to the development
of our business by seeking, maintaining, and defending patent rights, whether developed internally or licensed from
third parties. We plan also to rely on regulatory protection afforded through orphan drug designations, data
exclusivity, market exclusivity and patent term extensions where available. To achieve this objective, a strategic
focus for us has been to identify and license key patents that provide protection and serve as an optimal platform to
enhance our intellectual property and technology base.
We have also engaged in the development of our own patent portfolio based on internal research and
development activities in 2016. As a result, we now own a number of pending patent applications in the fields of
TIL therapy, TIL manufacturing processes, and TIL expansion methods, and we expect to further develop our patent
portfolio as a strategic focus in 2017.
Research, development and license agreements
Currently, our research and development is conducted with the NCI under the CRADA, with Moffitt under
our Collaborative Research Agreement, and at our own internal research and development laboratory in Tampa,
Florida. We also have clinical collaborations with the NCI under our CRADA, and with Moffitt and Karolinska
University Hospital under clinical trial agreements.
In addition, we have the exclusive, co-exclusive, and non-exclusive licenses to certain patent rights with the
National Institutes of Health (“NIH”), Moffitt and PolyBioCept AB described below in this Annual Report.
Cooperative Research and Development Agreement with the NCI
In August 2011, we signed a five-year CRADA with the NCI to work with Dr. Steven Rosenberg on
developing adoptive cell immunotherapies that are designed to destroy metastatic melanoma cells using a patient’s
tumor infiltrating lymphocytes.
In January 2015, we executed an amendment (the “Amendment”) to the CRADA to include four new
indications. As amended, in addition to metastatic melanoma, the CRADA included the development of TIL therapy
for the treatment of patients with bladder, lung, triple-negative breast, and HPV-associated cancers.
In August 2016, we entered into a second amendment to the CRADA. The principal changes effected by
the second amendment included (i) extending the term of the CRADA by another five years to August 2021, and (ii)
modifying the focus on the development of unmodified TIL as a stand-alone therapy or in combination with FDA-
licensed products and commercially available reagents routinely used for adoptive cell therapy. The parties agreed to
continue the development of improved methods for the generation and selection of TIL with anti-tumor reactivity in
metastatic melanoma, bladder, lung, breast, and HPV-associated cancers.
Each party to the CRADA individually owns all inventions, data and materials produced solely by its
employees in the course of performing the activities under the CRADA. The parties jointly own any inventions and
materials that are produced by employees of both parties in the course of performing activities under the CRADA.
Subject to certain conditions, this collaboration provides us with the first option to negotiate commercialization
licenses from the NIH to intellectual property relating to TIL-based product candidates conceived or first reduced to
practice in performance of the CRADA research plan. This includes the right to negotiate a license to intellectual
10
property related to TIL-based product candidates that are being tested in multiple clinical trials that we are funding
under the CRADA. We may exercise this right by providing written notice after either (1) we receive notice that a
patent application covering an invention has been filed, or (2) the date on which we file a patent application for an
invention. We then have ten months to negotiate the license with the NIH. These time periods may be extended by
the U.S. Public Health Service upon good cause. Pursuant to the terms of the CRADA, we are currently required to
make quarterly payments of $0.5 million to the NCI for support of research activities. To the extent we license
patent rights relating to a TIL-based product candidate, we will be responsible for all patent-related expenses and
fees, past and future, relating to the TIL-based product candidate. In addition, we will be required to supply certain
test articles, including TIL, grown and processed under cGMP conditions, suitable for use in clinical trials, where we
hold the IND for such clinical trial. The extended CRADA has a five-year term expiring in August 2021. Although
there can be no assurance, we anticipate that we will renew the agreement on similar terms. The CRADA may be
terminated at any time by mutual written consent. We or NCI may unilaterally terminate the CRADA for any reason
or for no reason at any time by providing written notice at least 60 days before the desired termination date.
Patent License Agreements with the National Institutes of Health
Patent License Agreement Related to the Development and Manufacture of TIL
Effective October 5, 2011, we entered into a Patent License Agreement with the National Institutes of
Health, an agency of the United States Public Health Service within the Department of Health and Human Services
(NIH), which Patent License Agreement was subsequently amended on February 9, 2015 and October 2, 2015.
Pursuant to the License Agreement as amended, the NIH granted us licenses, including exclusive, co-exclusive, and
non-exclusive licenses, to certain technologies relating to autologous tumor infiltrating lymphocyte adoptive cell
therapy products for the treatment of metastatic melanoma, lung, breast, bladder and HPV-positive cancers. The
Patent License Agreement requires us to pay royalties based on a percentage of net sales (which percentage is in the
mid-single digits), a percentage of revenues from sublicensing arrangements, and lump sum benchmark royalty
payments on the achievement of certain clinical and regulatory milestones for each of the various indications and
other direct costs incurred by the NIH pursuant to the agreement.
Exclusive Patent License Agreement Related to TIL Selection
On February 10, 2015, we entered into an Exclusive Patent License Agreement with the NIH under which
we received an exclusive license to the NIH’s rights to patent-pending technologies related to methods for
improving adoptive cell therapy through more potent and efficient production of TIL from melanoma tumors by
selecting for T-cell populations that express various inhibitory receptors. Unless terminated sooner, the license shall
remain in effect until the last licensed patent right expires.
In consideration for the exclusive rights granted under the Exclusive Patent License Agreement, we agreed
to pay the NIH a non-refundable upfront licensing fee. We also agreed to pay customary royalties based on a
percentage of net sales of a licensed product (which percentage is in the mid-single digits), a percentage of revenues
from sublicensing arrangements, and lump sum benchmark payments upon the successful completion of clinical
studies involving licensed technologies, the receipt of the first FDA approval or foreign equivalent for a licensed
product or process resulting from the licensed technologies, the first commercial sale of a licensed product or
process in the United States, and the first commercial sale of a licensed product or process in any foreign country.
We will also be responsible for all costs associated with the preparation, filing, maintenance and prosecution of the
patent applications and patents covered by the license.
Research Collaboration Agreement with Moffitt
In September 2014, we entered into a research collaboration agreement with Moffitt to jointly engage in
transitional research and development of adoptive tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte cell therapy with improved anti-
tumor properties and process.
In December 2016, we entered into a new three-year Sponsored Research Agreement with Moffitt. At the
same time, we entered into a Clinical Grant Agreement with Moffitt to support an ongoing clinical trial at Moffitt
that combines TIL therapy with Opdivo® (nivolumab) for the treatment of patients with metastatic melanoma.
11
Exclusive License Agreement with Moffitt
We entered into a license agreement with Moffitt (the “Moffitt License Agreement”), effective as of June
28, 2014, under which we received a world-wide license to Moffitt’s rights to patent-pending technologies related to
methods for improving tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes for adoptive cell therapy. Unless earlier terminated, the term
of the license extends until the earlier of the expiration of the last patent related to the licensed technology or 20
years after the effective date of the license agreement.
Pursuant to the Moffitt License Agreement, we paid an upfront licensing fee and agreed to pay a patent
issuance fee, upon the issuance of the first U.S. patent covering the subject technology. In addition, we also agreed
to pay milestone license fees upon completion of specified milestones, customary royalties based on a specified
percentage of net sales (which percentage is in the low single digits) and sublicensing payments, as applicable, and
annual minimum royalties beginning with the first sale of products based on the licensed technologies, which
minimum royalties will be credited against the percentage royalty payments otherwise payable in that year. We also
agreed to be responsible for all costs associated with the preparation, filing, maintenance and prosecution of the
patent applications and patents covered by the Moffitt License Agreement related to the treatment of any cancers in
the United States, Europe and Japan and in other countries selected that we and Moffitt agree to.
Exclusive License Agreement with PolyBioCept
In September 2016, we entered into an exclusive and co-exclusive license agreement (the “PolyBioCept
License Agreement”) with PolyBioCept AB, a corporation organized under the laws of Sweden. PolyBioCept has
filed two patent applications with claims related to a cytokine cocktail for use in expansion of lymphocytes. Under
the PolyBioCept License Agreement, we received the exclusive right and license to PolyBioCept’s intellectual
property to develop, manufacture, market and genetically engineer TIL produced by expansion, selection and
enrichment using a cytokine cocktail. The Company also received a co-exclusive license (with PolyBioCept) to
develop, manufacture and market genetically engineered TIL under the same intellectual property. The licenses are
for the use in all cancers and are worldwide in scope, with the exception that the uses in melanoma are not included
for certain countries of the former Soviet Union.
We paid PolyBioCept a total of $2.5 million as an up-front exclusive license payment and agreed to make
milestone payments to PolyBioCept under the PolyBioCept License Agreement if, and when, (i) certain product
development milestones are achieved, (ii) certain regulatory approvals have been obtained from the FDA and/or the
European Medicines Agency (EMA), and (iii) certain product sales targets are achieved. The milestone payments
will be payable both in cash (U.S. dollars) and in shares of our common stock. If all of the foregoing product
development, regulatory approval and sales milestone payments are met, we will have to pay PolyBioCept an
additional $8.7 million and will have to issue to PolyBioCept a total of 2,219,376 shares of unregistered common
stock. In addition to these potential payments, we agreed to reimburse PolyBioCept for up to $0.2 million in
expenses related to the transfer of know-how and to pay PolyBioCept $0.1 million as a clinical trials management
fee.
The PolyBioCept License Agreement has an initial term of 30 years, and may be extended for additional
five-year periods. The PolyBioCept License Agreement will automatically terminate if this company files a petition
for reorganization, bankruptcy or insolvency, is served with an involuntary petition in any insolvency proceeding,
and such petition is not dismissed within sixty (60) days after the filing thereof, becomes insolvent or discontinues
business, or makes an assignment for the benefit of creditors or any similar arrangement under any bankruptcy law.
The PolyBioCept License Agreement also may be terminated by PolyBioCept if we materially breach the
agreement, if we challenge any of the patents licensed under the agreement, or after a third material breach by us in
any consecutive six-month period. The PolyBioCept License Agreement also may be terminated by PolyBioCept if
we do not achieve certain product development milestones or regulatory approvals, except that in all cases other
than or requirement to commence a Phase I Trial, PolyBioCept’s right to terminate can be removed by paying
PolyBioCept a milestone payment in lieu of meeting the milestone or obtaining the regulatory approval.
Clinical Trials Agreement with Karolinska University Hospital
In connection with the execution of the PolyBioCept License Agreement, we also (i) entered into a clinical
trials agreement with the Karolinska University Hospital to conduct clinical trials in glioblastoma and pancreatic
12
cancer at the Karolinska University Hospital, and (ii) agreed to enter into a sponsored research agreement with the
Karolinska Institute for the research of the cytokine cocktail in additional indications. In 2016 we paid Karolinska
University Hospital $1.6 million under this agreement to conduct the clinical trials.
Competition
The biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries put significant resources in developing novel and
proprietary therapies for the treatment of cancer. We compete with many different sources in the space of
immunotherapy, including large and specialty pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, academic research
institutions and governmental agencies and public and private research institutions, as well as companies developing
novel targeted therapies for cancer. Universities and public and private research institutions in the U.S. and Europe
are also potential competitors. For example, a Phase 3 study comparing TIL to standard ipilimumab in patients with
metastatic melanoma is currently being conducted in Europe by the Netherlands Cancer Institute, the Copenhagen
County Herlev University Hospital, and the University of Manchester. While these universities and public and
private research institutions primarily have educational objectives, they may develop proprietary technologies that
lead to other FDA approved therapies or that secure patent protection. We anticipate that we will face possibly
increasing competition as new drugs and therapies enter the market and advanced technologies become available.
Due to their promising clinical therapeutic effect in clinical exploratory trials, we anticipate substantial
direct competition from other organizations developing advanced T-cell therapies. In particular, we expect to
compete with therapies with genetically engineered T cells rendered reactive against tumor-associated antigens prior
to their administration to patients. Genetically engineered T cells are being pursued by several companies, including
Adaptimmune, Celgene (in collaboration with bluebird bio), Kite Pharma, Juno Therapeutics, Novartis and others.
To date, these technologies have been applicable to hematologic malignancies, but it is conceivable that such genetic
modification may be applied further to TIL and create competition with Lion.
While other types of cancer immunotherapies may potentially be used in combination with TIL, such as
checkpoint blockers, to enhance efficacy, we also expect substantial direct competition from other types of
immunotherapies. We face competition from immunotherapy treatments offered by companies such as Amgen,
AstraZeneca, Bristol-Myers, Merck, and Roche. Immunotherapy is also being pursued by several biotechnology
companies as well as by large-cap pharmaceutical companies. We cannot predict whether other types of
immunotherapies may be enhanced and show greater efficacy and may have direct and substantial competition from
such immunotherapies in the future.
Many potential competitors, either alone or with their strategic partners, have substantially greater
financial, technical and human resources than we do. Accordingly, our competitors may be more successful than us
in obtaining approval for treatments and achieving widespread market acceptance and may render our treatments
obsolete or non-competitive. Mergers and acquisitions in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries may
result in even more resources being concentrated among a smaller number of our competitors. These competitors
also compete with us in recruiting and retaining qualified scientific and management personnel and establishing
clinical study sites and patient registration for clinical studies, as well as in acquiring technologies complementary
to, or necessary for, our programs. Smaller or early-stage companies may also prove to be significant competitors,
particularly through collaborative arrangements with large and established companies.
Our commercial success may depend in part on our ability to obtain and maintain patent and other
proprietary protection for commercially important technology, inventions and know-how related to our business;
defend and enforce our patents; preserve the confidentiality of our trade secrets; and operate without infringing the
valid enforceable patents and proprietary rights of third parties. Our ability to stop third parties from making, using,
selling, offering to sell or importing our products may depend on the extent to which we have rights under valid and
enforceable patents or trade secrets that cover these activities. With respect to both licensed and company-owned
intellectual property, we cannot be sure that patents will be granted with respect to any of our pending patent
applications or with respect to any patent applications filed by us in the future, nor can we be sure that any of our
existing patents or any patents that may be granted to us in the future will be commercially useful in protecting our
commercial products and methods of manufacturing the same. We may rely, in some circumstances, on trade secrets
to protect our technology. However, trade secrets can be difficult to protect.
13
We seek to protect our proprietary technology and processes, in part, by entering into confidentiality
agreements with our employees, consultants, scientific advisors and contractors. We also seek to preserve the
integrity and confidentiality of our data and trade secrets by maintaining physical security of our premises and
physical and electronic security of our information technology systems. While we have confidence in these
individuals, organizations and systems, agreements or security measures may be breached, and we may not have
adequate remedies for any breach. In addition, our trade secrets may otherwise become known or be independently
discovered by competitors. To the extent that our consultants, contractors or collaborators use intellectual property
owned by others in their work for us, disputes may arise as to the rights in related or resulting know-how and
inventions.
Government regulations
The FDA and other regulatory authorities at federal, state, and local levels, as well as in foreign countries,
extensively regulate, among other things, the research, development, testing, manufacture, quality control, import,
export, safety, effectiveness, labeling, packaging, storage, distribution, record keeping, approval, advertising,
promotion, marketing, post-approval monitoring, and post-approval reporting of biologics such as those we are
developing. We, along with third-party contractors, will be required to navigate the various preclinical, clinical and
commercial approval requirements of the governing regulatory agencies of the countries in which we wish to
conduct studies or seek approval or licensure of our product candidates. The process of obtaining regulatory
approvals and the subsequent compliance with appropriate federal, state, local, and foreign statutes and regulations
require the expenditure of substantial time and financial resources.
The process required by the FDA before biologic product candidates may be marketed in the United States
generally involves the following:
completion of preclinical laboratory tests and animal studies performed in accordance with the
FDA’s current Good Laboratory Practices, or GLP, regulation;
submission to the FDA of an investigational new drug application, or IND, which must become
effective before clinical trials may begin and must be updated annually or when significant
changes are made;
approval by an independent Institutional Review Board, or IRB, or ethics committee at each
clinical site before the trial is begun;
performance of adequate and well-controlled human clinical trials to establish the safety, and
efficacy of the proposed biologic product candidate for its intended purpose;
preparation of and submission to the FDA of a Biologics License Application, or BLA, after
completion of all pivotal clinical trials;
satisfactory completion of an FDA Advisory Committee review, if applicable;
a determination by the FDA within 60 days of its receipt of a BLA to file the application for
review;
satisfactory completion of an FDA pre-approval inspection of the manufacturing facility or
facilities at which the proposed product is produced to assess compliance with current Good
Manufacturing Practices, or cGMP, and to assure that the facilities, methods and controls are
adequate to preserve the biological product’s continued safety, purity and potency, and of selected
clinical investigations to assess compliance with Good Clinical Practices; and
FDA review and approval of the BLA to permit commercial marketing of the product for
particular indications for use in the United States, which must be updated annually when
significant changes are made.
The testing and approval process requires substantial time, effort and financial resources, and we cannot be
certain that any approvals for our product candidates will be granted on a timely basis, if at all. Prior to beginning
the first clinical trial with a new product candidate, we must submit an IND to the FDA. An IND is a request for
authorization from the FDA to administer an investigational new drug product to humans. The central focus of an
14
IND submission is on the general investigational plan and the protocol(s) for clinical studies. The IND also includes
results of animal and in vitro studies assessing the toxicology, pharmacokinetics, pharmacology, and
pharmacodynamic characteristics of the product; chemistry, manufacturing, and controls information; and any
available human data or literature to support the use of the investigational product. An IND must become effective
before human clinical trials may begin. The IND automatically becomes effective 30 days after receipt by the FDA,
unless the FDA, within the 30-day time period, raises safety concerns or questions about the proposed clinical trial.
In such a case, the IND may be placed on clinical hold and the IND sponsor and the FDA must resolve any
outstanding concerns or questions before the clinical trial can begin. Submission of an IND therefore may or may
not result in FDA authorization to begin a clinical trial.
Human immunotherapy products are a new category of therapeutics. Because this is a relatively new and
expanding area of novel therapeutic interventions, there can be no assurance as to the length of the trial period, the
number of patients the FDA will require to be enrolled in the trials in order to establish the safety, efficacy, purity
and potency of immunotherapy products, or that the data generated in these trials will be acceptable to the FDA to
support marketing approval.
Clinical trials involve the administration of the investigational product to human subjects under the
supervision of qualified investigators in accordance with current Good Clinical Practices, or cGCPs, which include
the requirement that all research subjects provide their informed consent for their participation in any clinical study.
Clinical trials are conducted under protocols detailing, among other things, the objectives of the study, the
parameters to be used in monitoring safety and the effectiveness criteria to be evaluated. A separate submission to
the existing IND must be made for each successive clinical trial conducted during product development and for any
subsequent protocol amendments. Furthermore, an independent Institutional Review Board, or IRB, for each site
proposing to conduct the clinical trial must review and approve the plan for any clinical trial and its informed
consent form before the clinical trial begins at that site, and must monitor the study until completed. Regulatory
authorities, the IRB or the sponsor may suspend a clinical trial at any time on various grounds, including a finding
that the subjects are being exposed to an unacceptable health risk or that the trial is unlikely to meet its stated
objectives. Some studies also include oversight by an independent group of qualified experts organized by the
clinical study sponsor, known as a data safety monitoring board, which provides authorization for whether or not a
study may move forward at designated check points based on access to certain data from the study and may halt the
clinical trial if it determines that there is an unacceptable safety risk for subjects or other grounds, such as no
demonstration of efficacy. There are also requirements governing the reporting of ongoing clinical studies and
clinical study results to public registries.
For purposes of BLA approval, human clinical trials are typically conducted in three sequential phases that
may overlap.
Phase I- The investigational product is initially introduced into healthy human subjects or patients
with the target disease or condition. These studies are designed to test the safety, dosage tolerance,
absorption, metabolism and distribution of the investigational product in humans, the side effects
associated with increasing doses, and, if possible, to gain early evidence on effectiveness.
Phase II- The investigational product is administered to a limited patient population with a
specified disease or condition to evaluate the preliminary efficacy, optimal dosages and dosing
schedule and to identify possible adverse side effects and safety risks. Multiple Phase II clinical
trials may be conducted to obtain information prior to beginning larger and more expensive Phase
III clinical trials.
Phase III- The investigational product is administered to an expanded patient population to further
evaluate dosage, to provide statistically significant evidence of clinical efficacy and to further test
for safety, generally at multiple geographically dispersed clinical trial sites. These clinical trials
are intended to establish the overall risk/benefit ratio of the investigational product and to provide
an adequate basis for product approval.
Phase IV- In some cases, the FDA may require, or companies may voluntarily pursue, additional
clinical trials after a product is approved to gain more information about the product. These so-
called Phase IV studies may be made a condition to approval of the BLA.
15
Phase I, Phase II and Phase III testing may not be completed successfully within a specified period, if at all,
and there can be no assurance that the data collected will support FDA approval or licensure of the product.
Concurrent with clinical trials, companies may complete additional animal studies and develop additional
information about the biological characteristics of the product candidate, and must finalize a process for
manufacturing the product in commercial quantities in accordance with cGMP requirements. The manufacturing
process must be capable of consistently producing quality batches of the product candidate and, among other things,
must develop methods for testing the identity, strength, quality and purity of the final product, or for biologics, the
safety, purity and potency. Additionally, appropriate packaging must be selected and tested and stability studies
must be conducted to demonstrate that the product candidate does not undergo unacceptable deterioration over its
shelf life.
BLA Submission and Review by the FDA
Assuming successful completion of all required testing in accordance with all applicable regulatory
requirements, the results of product development, nonclinical studies and clinical trials are submitted to the FDA as
part of a BLA requesting approval to market the product for one or more indications. The BLA must include all
relevant data available from pertinent preclinical and clinical studies, including negative or ambiguous results as
well as positive findings, together with detailed information relating to the product’s chemistry, manufacturing,
controls, and proposed labeling, among other things. Data can come from company-sponsored clinical studies
intended to test the safety and effectiveness of a use of the product, or from a number of alternative sources,
including studies initiated by investigators. The submission of a BLA requires payment of a substantial User Fee to
the FDA, and the sponsor of an approved BLA is also subject to annual product and establishment user fees. These
fees are typically increased annually. A waiver of user fees may be obtained under certain limited circumstances.
Once a BLA has been submitted, the FDA’s goal is to review the application within ten months after it
accepts the application for filing, or, if the application relates to an unmet medical need in a serious or life-
threatening indication, six months after the FDA accepts the application for filing. The review process is often
significantly extended if the FDA requests additional information or clarification. The FDA reviews a BLA to
determine, among other things, whether a product is safe, pure and potent and the facility in which it is
manufactured, processed, packed, or held meets standards designed to assure the product’s continued safety, purity
and potency. The FDA may convene an advisory committee to provide clinical insight on application review
questions. Before approving a BLA, the FDA will typically inspect the facility or facilities where the product is
manufactured. The FDA will not approve an application unless it determines that the manufacturing processes and
facilities are in compliance with cGMP requirements and adequate to assure consistent production of the product
within required specifications. Additionally, before approving a BLA, the FDA will typically inspect one or more
clinical sites to assure compliance with cGCP. If the FDA determines that the application, manufacturing process or
manufacturing facilities are not acceptable, it will outline the deficiencies in the submission and often will request
additional testing or information. Notwithstanding the submission of any requested additional information, the FDA
ultimately may decide that the application does not satisfy the regulatory criteria for approval.
A sponsor may seek approval of its product candidate under programs designed to accelerate the FDA’s
review and approval of new drugs and biological products that meet certain criteria. Specifically, new drugs and
biological products are eligible for fast track designation if they are intended to treat a serious or life-threatening
condition and demonstrate the potential to address unmet medical needs for the condition. For a fast track product,
the FDA may consider sections of the BLA for review on a rolling basis before the complete application is
submitted if relevant criteria are met. A fast track designated product candidate may also qualify for priority review,
under which the FDA sets the target date for FDA action on the BLA at six months after the FDA accepts the
application for filing. Priority review is granted when there is evidence that the proposed product would be a
significant improvement in the safety or effectiveness of the treatment, diagnosis, or prevention of a serious
condition. If criteria are not met for priority review, the application is subject to the standard FDA review period of
10 months after FDA accepts the application for filing. Priority review designation does not change the
scientific/medical standard for approval or the quality of evidence necessary to support approval.
Under the accelerated approval program, the FDA may approve a BLA on the basis of either a surrogate
endpoint that is reasonably likely to predict clinical benefit, or on a clinical endpoint that can be measured earlier
than irreversible morbidity or mortality, that is reasonably likely to predict an effect on irreversible morbidity or
mortality or other clinical benefit, taking into account the severity, rarity, or prevalence of the condition and the
16
availability or lack of alternative treatments. Post-marketing studies or completion of ongoing studies after
marketing approval are generally required to verify the biologic’s clinical benefit in relationship to the surrogate
endpoint or ultimate outcome in relationship to the clinical benefit.
In addition, the Food and Drug Administration Safety and Innovation Act, or FDASIA, which was enacted
and signed into law in 2012, established the new breakthrough therapy designation. A sponsor may seek FDA
designation of its product candidate as a breakthrough therapy if the product candidate is intended, alone or in
combination with one or more other drugs or biologics, to treat a serious or life-threatening disease or condition and
preliminary clinical evidence indicates that the therapy may demonstrate substantial improvement over existing
therapies on one or more clinically significant endpoints, such as substantial treatment effects observed early in
clinical development. Sponsors may request the FDA to designate a breakthrough therapy at the time of or any time
after the submission of an IND, but ideally before an end-of-phase II meeting with FDA. If the FDA designates a
breakthrough therapy, it may take actions appropriate to expedite the development and review of the application,
which may include holding meetings with the sponsor and the review team throughout the development of the
therapy; providing timely advice to, and interactive communication with, the sponsor regarding the development of
the drug to ensure that the development program to gather the nonclinical and clinical data necessary for approval is
as efficient as practicable; involving senior managers and experienced review staff, as appropriate, in a
collaborative, cross-disciplinary review; assigning a cross-disciplinary project lead for the FDA review team to
facilitate an efficient review of the development program and to serve as a scientific liaison between the review team
and the sponsor; and considering alternative clinical trial designs when scientifically appropriate, which may result
in smaller trials or more efficient trials that require less time to complete and may minimize the number of patients
exposed to a potentially less efficacious treatment. Breakthrough designation also allows the sponsor to file sections
of the BLA for review on a rolling basis.
Fast Track designation, priority review and breakthrough therapy designation do not change the standards
for approval but may expedite the development or approval process.
Orphan Drugs
In 2015, we received orphan drug status for LN-144 in the treatment of patients with metastatic melanoma.
We plan to seek orphan drug designation for some or all of our other product candidates in specific orphan
indications in which there is a medically plausible basis for the use of these products.
Under the Orphan Drug Act, the FDA may grant orphan designation to a drug or biologic intended to treat
a rare disease or condition, defined as a disease or condition with a patient population of fewer than 200,000
individuals in the United States, or a patient population greater than 200,000 individuals in the United States and
when there is no reasonable expectation that the cost of developing and making available the drug or biologic in the
United States will be recovered from sales in the United States for that drug or biologic. Orphan drug designation
must be requested before submitting a BLA. After the FDA grants orphan drug designation, the generic identify of
the therapeutic agent and its potential orphan use are disclosed publicly by the FDA.
If a product that has orphan drug designation subsequently receives the first FDA approval for a particular
active ingredient for the disease for which it has such designation, the product is entitled to orphan product
exclusivity, which means that the FDA may not approve any other applications, including a full BLA, to market the
same biologic for the same indication for seven years, except in limited circumstances, such as a showing of clinical
superiority to the product with orphan drug exclusivity or if FDA finds that the holder of the orphan drug exclusivity
has not shown that it can assure the availability of sufficient quantities of the orphan drug to meet the needs of
patients with the disease or condition for which the drug was designated. Orphan drug exclusivity does not prevent
the FDA from approving a different drug or biologic for the same disease or condition, or the same drug or biologic
for a different disease or condition. Among the other benefits of orphan drug designation are tax credits for certain
research and a waiver of the BLA application user fee. However, the orphan drug designation does not convey any
advantage in or shorten the duration of the regulatory review or approval process.
A designated orphan drug many not receive orphan drug exclusivity if it is approved for a use that is
broader than the indication for which it received orphan designation. In addition, orphan drug exclusive marketing
rights in the United States may be lost if the FDA later determines that the request for designation was materially
17
defective or if the manufacturer is unable to assure sufficient quantities of the product to meet the needs of patients
with the rare disease or condition.
Post-Approval Requirements
Any products for which we receive FDA approvals are subject to continuing regulation by the FDA,
including, among other things, record-keeping requirements, reporting of adverse experiences with the product,
providing the FDA with updated safety and efficacy information, product sampling and distribution requirements,
and complying with FDA promotion and advertising requirements, which include, among others, standards for
direct-to-consumer advertising, restrictions on promoting products for uses or in patient populations that are not
described in the product’s approved uses (known as “off-label use”), limitations on industry-sponsored scientific and
educational activities, and requirements for promotional activities involving the internet. Although physicians may
prescribe legally available products for off-label uses, if the physicians deem to be appropriate in their professional
medical judgment, manufacturers may not market or promote such off-label uses.
In addition, quality control and manufacturing procedures must continue to conform to applicable
manufacturing requirements after approval to ensure the long-term stability of the product. cGMP regulations
require among other things, quality control and quality assurance as well as the corresponding maintenance of
records and documentation and the obligation to investigate and correct any deviations from cGMP. Manufacturers
and other entities involved in the manufacture and distribution of approved products are required to register their
establishments with the FDA and certain state agencies, and are subject to periodic unannounced inspections by the
FDA and certain state agencies for compliance with cGMP and other laws. Accordingly, manufacturers must
continue to expend time, money, and effort in the area of production and quality control to maintain cGMP
compliance. Discovery of problems with a product after approval may result in restrictions on a product,
manufacturer, or holder of an approved BLA, including, among other things, recall or withdrawal of the product
from the market. In addition, changes to the manufacturing process are strictly regulated, and depending on the
significance of the change, may require prior FDA approval before being implemented. Other types of changes to
the approved product, such as adding new indications and claims, are also subject to further FDA review and
approval.
The FDA also may require post-marketing testing, known as Phase 4 testing, and surveillance to monitor
the effects of an approved product. Discovery of previously unknown problems with a product or the failure to
comply with applicable FDA requirements can have negative consequences, including adverse publicity, judicial or
administrative enforcement, warning letters from the FDA, mandated corrective advertising or communications with
doctors, and civil or criminal penalties, among others. Newly discovered or developed safety or effectiveness data
may require changes to a product’s approved labeling, including the addition of new warnings and contraindications,
and also may require the implementation of other risk management measures. Also, new government requirements,
including those resulting from new legislation, may be established, or the FDA’s policies may change, which could
delay or prevent regulatory approval of our products under development.
Other Healthcare Laws and Compliance Requirements
Our sales, promotion, medical education and other activities following product approval will be subject to
regulation by numerous regulatory and law enforcement authorities in the United States in addition to FDA,
including potentially the Federal Trade Commission, the Department of Justice, the Centers for Medicare and
Medicaid Services, other divisions of the Department of Health and Human Services and state and local
governments. Our promotional and scientific/educational programs must comply with the federal Anti-Kickback
Statute, the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, the False Claims Act, the Veterans Health Care Act, physician payment
transparency laws, privacy laws, security laws, and additional state laws similar to the foregoing.
The federal Anti-Kickback Statute prohibits, among other things, any person or entity, from knowingly and
willfully offering, paying, soliciting or receiving any remuneration, directly or indirectly, overtly or covertly, in cash
or in kind, to induce or in return for purchasing, leasing, ordering or arranging for the purchase, lease or order of any
item or service reimbursable under Medicare, Medicaid or other federal healthcare programs. The term remuneration
has been interpreted broadly to include anything of value. The federal Anti-Kickback Statute has been interpreted to
apply to arrangements between pharmaceutical manufacturers on one hand and prescribers, purchasers, and
formulary managers on the other. There are a number of statutory exceptions and regulatory safe harbors protecting
18
some common activities from prosecution. The exceptions and safe harbors are drawn narrowly and practices that
involve remuneration that may be alleged to be intended to induce prescribing, purchasing or recommending may be
subject to scrutiny if they do not qualify for an exception or safe harbor. Failure to meet all of the requirements of a
particular applicable statutory exception or regulatory safe harbor does not make the conduct per se illegal under the
Anti-Kickback Statute. Instead, the legality of the arrangement will be evaluated on a case-by-case basis based on a
cumulative review of all of its facts and circumstances. Our practices may not in all cases meet all of the criteria for
protection under a statutory exception or regulatory safe harbor.
Additionally, the intent standard under the federal Anti-Kickback Statute was amended by the Patient
Protection Affordable Care Act of 2010, as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010,
collectively, the Affordable Care Act, to a stricter standard such that a person or entity no longer needs to have
actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it in order to have committed a violation. In addition, the
Affordable Care Act codified case law that a claim including items or services resulting from a violation of the
federal Anti-Kickback Statute constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the federal civil False Claims
Act.
The civil monetary penalties statute imposes penalties against any person or entity who, among other
things, is determined to have presented or caused to be presented a claim to a federal healthcare program that the
person knows or should know is for an item or service that was not provided as claimed or is false or fraudulent.
Also, the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and similar worldwide anti-bribery laws generally prohibit
companies and their intermediaries from making improper payments to foreign officials for the purpose of obtaining
or retaining business. We cannot assure you that our internal control policies and procedures will protect us from
reckless or negligent acts committed by our employees, future distributors, partners, collaborators or agents.
Violations of these laws, or allegations of such violations, could result in fines, penalties or prosecution and have a
negative impact on our business, results of operations and reputation.
The False Claims Act, or FCA, imposes liability on persons who, among other things, present or cause to
be presented false or fraudulent claims for payment by a federal health care program. The FCA has been used to
prosecute persons submitting claims for payment that are inaccurate or fraudulent, that are for services not provided
as claimed, or for services that are not medically necessary. Actions under the FCA may be brought by the Attorney
General or as a qui tam action by a private individual in the name of the government. Violations of the FCA can
result in significant monetary penalties and treble damages. The federal government is using the FCA, and the
accompanying threat of significant liability, in its investigation and prosecution of pharmaceutical and
biotechnology companies throughout the country, for example, in connection with the promotion of products for
unapproved uses and other sales and marketing practices. The federal Health Insurance Portability and
Accountability Act of 1996, or HIPAA, also created federal criminal statutes that prohibit, among other things,
knowingly and willfully executing a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program, including private third-party
payors and knowingly and willfully falsifying, concealing or covering up a material fact or making any materially
false, fictitious or fraudulent statement in connection with the delivery of or payment for healthcare benefits, items
or services.
In addition, there has been a recent trend of increased federal and state regulation of payments made to
physicians and other healthcare providers. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the
Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act, or collectively, the Affordable Care Act, among other things,
imposed new reporting requirements on drug manufacturers for payments or other transfers of value made by them
to physicians and teaching hospitals, as well as ownership and investment interests held by physicians and their
immediate family members. Failure to submit required information may result in civil monetary penalties of up to an
aggregate of $150,000 per year (or up to an aggregate of $1 million per year for “knowing failures”), for all
payments, transfers of value or ownership or investment interests that are not timely, accurately and completely
reported in an annual submission. Certain states also mandate implementation of commercial compliance programs,
impose restrictions on drug manufacturer marketing practices and/or require the tracking and reporting of gifts,
compensation and other remuneration to physicians and other healthcare professionals.
We may also be subject to data privacy and security regulation by both the federal government and the
states in which we conduct our business. HIPAA, as amended by the Health Information Technology and Clinical
Health Act, or HITECH, and their respective implementing regulations, including the final omnibus rule published
19
on January 25, 2013, imposes specified requirements relating to the privacy, security and transmission of
individually identifiable health information. Among other things, HITECH makes HIPAA’s privacy and security
standards directly applicable to “business associates,” defined as independent contractors or agents of covered
entities that create, receive, maintain or transmit protected health information in connection with providing a service
for or on behalf of a covered entity. HITECH also increased the civil and criminal penalties that may be imposed
against covered entities, business associates and possibly other persons, and gave state attorneys general new
authority to file civil actions for damages or injunctions in federal courts to enforce the federal HIPAA laws and
seek attorney’s fees and costs associated with pursuing federal civil actions. In addition, state laws govern the
privacy and security of health information in certain circumstances, many of which differ from each other in
significant ways and may not have the same effect.
If our operations are found to be in violation of any of such laws or any other governmental regulations that
apply to us, we may be subject to penalties, including, without limitation, civil and criminal penalties, damages,
fines, the curtailment or restructuring of our operations, exclusion from participation in federal and state healthcare
programs and imprisonment, any of which could adversely affect our ability to operate our business and our
financial results.
Coverage and Reimbursement
Sales of pharmaceutical products depend significantly on the availability of third-party coverage and
reimbursement. Third-party payors include government health administrative authorities, managed care providers,
private health insurers and other organizations. Although we currently believe that third-party payors will provide
coverage and reimbursement for our product candidates, if approved, these third-party payors are increasingly
challenging the price and examining the cost-effectiveness of medical products and services. In addition, significant
uncertainty exists as to the reimbursement status of newly approved healthcare products. We may need to conduct
expensive clinical studies to demonstrate the comparative cost-effectiveness of our products. The product candidates
that we develop may not be considered cost-effective. It is time consuming and expensive for us to seek coverage
and reimbursement from third-party payors. Moreover, a payor’s decision to provide coverage for a drug product
does not imply that an adequate reimbursement rate will be approved. Reimbursement may not be available or
sufficient to allow us to sell our products on a competitive and profitable basis.
Healthcare Reform
The United States and some foreign jurisdictions are considering or have enacted a number of legislative
and regulatory proposals to change the healthcare system in ways that could affect our ability to sell our products
profitably. Among policy makers and payors in the United States and elsewhere, there is significant interest in
promoting changes in healthcare systems with the stated goals of containing healthcare costs, improving quality
and/or expanding access. In the United States, the pharmaceutical industry has been a particular focus of these
efforts and has been significantly affected by major legislative initiatives.
In addition, other legislative changes have been proposed and adopted since the Affordable Care Act was
enacted. These changes include aggregate reductions to Medicare payments to providers of up to 2% per fiscal year,
starting in 2013, which will remain in effect through 2024 unless additional Congressional action is taken. In
January 2013, the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012, which, among other things, further reduced Medicare
payments to several providers, including hospitals and cancer treatment centers, increased the statute of limitations
period for the government to recover overpayments to providers from three to five years. These new laws may result
in additional reductions in Medicare and other healthcare funding, which could have a material adverse effect on
customers for our product candidates, if approved, and, accordingly, our financial operations.
Any reduction in reimbursement from Medicare or other government-funded programs may result in a
similar reduction in payments from private payors. The implementation of cost containment measures or other
healthcare reforms may prevent us from being able to generate revenue, attain profitability or commercialize our
drugs.
20
Foreign Regulation
In addition to regulations in the United States, we will be subject to a variety of foreign regulations
governing clinical trials and commercial sales and distribution of our products to the extent we choose to develop or
sell any products outside of the United States. The approval process varies from country to country and the time may
be longer or shorter than that required to obtain FDA approval. The requirements governing the conduct of clinical
trials, product licensing, pricing and reimbursement vary greatly from country to country.
In the EU, member states require both regulatory clearances by the national competent authority and a
favorable ethics committee opinion prior to the commencement of a clinical trial. Under the EU regulatory systems,
marketing authorization applications may be submitted under either a centralized or decentralized procedure. The
centralized procedure provides for the grant of a single marketing authorization that is valid for all EU member
states. It is compulsory for medicines produced by certain biotechnological processes. Because our products are
produced in that way, we would be subject to the centralized process. Under the centralized procedure,
pharmaceutical companies submit a single marketing authorization application to the EMA. Once granted by the
European Commission, a centralized marketing authorization is valid in all EU member states, as well as the EEA
countries Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway. By law, a company can only start to market a medicine once it has
received a marketing authorization.
Employees
As of December 31, 2016, we had 51 employees, of whom the majority are full-time, 14 held Ph.D. or
M.D. degrees, 39 were engaged in research and development activities and 12 of whom were engaged in business
development, finance, or administrative support. None of our employees are subject to a collective bargaining
agreement. We consider our relationship with our employees to be good. Our future performance depends
significantly upon the continued service of our key scientific, technical and senior management personnel.
Available Information
We maintain a website at www.lbio.com and make available there, free of charge, our periodic reports filed
with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), as soon as is reasonably practicable after filing. The public
may read and copy any materials we file with the SEC at the SEC’s Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, NE,
Washington, DC 20549. The public may obtain information on the operation of the Public Reference Room by
calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. The SEC maintains a website at http:/www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy
and information statements, and other information regarding issuers such as us that file electronically with the SEC.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
The risks described below may not be the only ones relating to our company. Additional risks that we
currently believe are immaterial may also impair our business operations. Our business, financial conditions and
future prospects and the trading price of our common stock could be harmed as a result of any of these risks.
Investors should also refer to the other information contained or incorporated by reference in this Annual Report on
Form 10-K, including our financial statements and related notes, and our other filings from time to time with the
Securities and Exchange Commission.
Risks Related to Our Business
We have a history of operating losses; we expect to continue to incur losses and we may never be profitable.
We are a clinical-stage biotechnology company focused on the development and commercialization of
novel cancer immunotherapy products designed to harness the power of a patient's own immune system to eradicate
cancer cells. We do not have products approved for commercial sale and have not generated revenue from
operations. As of December 31, 2016, we had an accumulated deficit of $157.1 million. In addition, during the fiscal
year ended December 31, 2016, we incurred a net loss of $52.9 million. Since our inception we have not generated
any revenues from operations. We do not expect to generate any meaningful product sales or royalty revenues for
the foreseeable future. We expect to incur significant additional operating losses in the future as we expand our
development and clinical trial activities in support of demonstrating the effectiveness of our products.
21
Our ability to achieve long-term profitability is dependent upon obtaining regulatory approvals for our
products and successfully commercializing our products alone or with third parties. However, our operations may
not be profitable even if any of our products under development are successfully developed and produced and
thereafter commercialized.
We have limited experience in operating our current business, which makes it difficult to evaluate our business
plan and our prospects.
We have only a limited operating history in our current line of business on which a decision to invest in our
Company can be based. The future of our Company currently is dependent upon our ability to implement our
business plan, as that business plan may be modified from time to time by our management. While we believe that
we have a sound business plan and research and development strategy, we have only a limited operating history
against which we can test our plans and assumptions, and investors therefore cannot evaluate the likelihood of our
success.
We face the problems, expenses, difficulties, complications and delays normally associated with a small,
biotechnology company, many of which are beyond our control. Accordingly, our prospects should be considered in
light of the risks, expenses and difficulties frequently encountered in the establishment of a new business developing
technologies in an industry that is characterized by a number of market entrants and intense competition. Because of
our size and limited resources, we may not possess the ability to successfully overcome many of the risks and
uncertainties frequently encountered by early stage companies involved in the rapidly evolving field of
immunotherapy. If our research and development efforts are successful, we may also face the risks associated with
the shift from development to commercialization of new products based on innovative technologies. There can be no
assurance that we will be successful in developing our new business.
We have limited experience as a company conducting clinical trials.
Prior to 2015, all of the preclinical and clinical trials relating to our product candidates had been conducted
by the NCI. Although we have recruited a team that has experience with clinical trials however, we as a company
have limited experience in conducting clinical trials. In part because of this lack of experience, we cannot be certain
that planned clinical trials will begin or be completed on time, if at all. Large-scale trials would require significant
additional financial and management resources, and reliance on third-party clinical investigators, contract research
organizations, or CROs, contract manufacturing organizations or CMOs, or consultants. Relying on third-party
clinical investigators, CROs or CMOs may force us to encounter delays that are outside of our control.
We may encounter substantial delays in our clinical trials, or may not be able to conduct our trials on the
timelines we expect.
Clinical testing is expensive, time consuming, and subject to uncertainty. We cannot guarantee that any
clinical studies will be conducted as planned or completed on schedule, if at all. We initiated our first company
sponsored clinical trial in 2015 and have secured with the FDA an IND for the use of LN-145 in cervical and head
and neck cancers. Even as these trials progress, issues may arise that could suspend or terminate such clinical trials.
A failure of one or more clinical studies can occur at any stage of testing, and our future clinical studies may not be
successful. Events that may prevent successful or timely completion of clinical development include:
inability to generate sufficient preclinical data to support the initiation of clinical studies;
delays in reaching a consensus with regulatory agencies on study design;
the FDA may not allow us to use the clinical trial data from a research institution to support an
IND if we cannot demonstrate the comparability of our product candidates with the product
candidate used by the relevant research institution in its clinical studies;
delays in reaching agreement on acceptable terms with prospective contract research
organizations, or CROs, and clinical study sites, the terms of which can be subject to extensive
negotiation and may vary significantly among different CROs and clinical study sites;
22
delays in obtaining required Institutional Review Board, or IRB, approval at each clinical study
site;
imposition of a temporary or permanent clinical hold by regulatory agencies;
delays in recruiting suitable patients to participate in our clinical studies;
failure by our CROs, other third parties, or us to adhere to clinical study requirements;
failure to perform in accordance with the FDA’s current good clinical practices, or cGCPs,
requirements, or applicable regulatory guidelines in other countries;
patients dropping out of a study;
occurrence of adverse events associated with the product candidate that are viewed to outweigh its
potential benefits;
changes in regulatory requirements and guidance that require amending or submitting new clinical
protocols;
changes in the standard of care on which a clinical development plan was based, which may
require new or additional trials;
the cost of clinical studies of our product candidates being greater than we anticipate;
clinical studies of our product candidates producing negative or inconclusive results, which may
result in our deciding, or regulators requiring us, to conduct additional clinical studies or abandon
product development programs;
transfer of manufacturing processes from the NCI to our contract manufacturers or other larger-
scale facilities operated by a contract manufacturing organization, or CMO, and delays or failure
by our CMOs or us to make any necessary changes to such manufacturing process; and
delays in manufacturing, testing, releasing, validating, or importing/exporting sufficient stable
quantities of our product candidates for use in clinical studies or the inability to do any of the
foregoing, including any quality issues associated with the contract manufacturer.
We also may conduct clinical and preclinical research in collaboration with other biotechnology and
biologics entities in which we combine our technologies with those of our collaborators. Such collaborations may be
subject to additional delays as a result of the management of the trials and the necessity of obtaining additional
approvals for therapeutics used in the combination trials. These combination therapies will require additional testing
and clinical trials will require additional FDA regulatory approval and will increase our future cost of expenses.
Any inability to successfully complete preclinical and clinical development could result in additional costs
to us or impair our ability to generate revenue. In addition, if we make manufacturing or formulation changes to our
product candidates, we may be required to, or we may elect to, conduct additional studies to bridge our modified
product candidates to earlier versions. Clinical study delays could also shorten any periods during which our
products have patent protection and may allow our competitors to bring products to market before we do, which
could impair our ability to successfully commercialize our product candidates and may harm our business and
results of operations.
It may take longer and cost more to complete our clinical trials than we project, or we may not be able to
complete them at all.
For budgeting and planning purposes, we have projected the date for the commencement, continuation and
completion of our various clinical trials. However, a number of factors, including scheduling conflicts with
participating clinicians and clinical institutions, and difficulties in identifying and enrolling patients who meet trial
eligibility criteria, may cause significant delays. We may not commence or complete clinical trials involving any of
our products as projected or may not conduct them successfully.
During the second half of 2015, we opened enrollment of our Company-sponsored, Phase 2 clinical trial to
establish the feasibility of our lead product, LN-144, and to assess its overall safety in patients with metastatic
23
melanoma. However, we may experience difficulties in patient enrollment in our clinical trials for a variety of
reasons. The timely completion of clinical trials in accordance with their protocols depends, among other things, on
our ability to enroll a sufficient number of patients who remain in the study until its conclusion. In addition, our
clinical trials will compete with other clinical trials for product candidates that are in the same therapeutic areas as
our product candidates, and this competition will reduce the number and types of patients available to us, because
some patients who might have opted to enroll in our trials may instead opt to enroll in a trial being conducted by one
of our competitors. Accordingly, we cannot guarantee that the trial will progress as planned or as scheduled. Delays
in patient enrollment may result in increased costs or may affect the timing or outcome of our ongoing clinical trial
and planned clinical trials, which could prevent completion of these trials and adversely affect our ability to advance
the development of our product candidates.
We expect to rely on medical institutions, academic institutions or clinical research organizations to
conduct, supervise or monitor some or all aspects of clinical trials involving our products. We will have less control
over the timing and other aspects of these clinical trials than if we conducted them entirely on our own. If we fail to
commence or complete, or experience delays in, any of our planned clinical trials, our stock price and our ability to
conduct our business as currently planned could be harmed.
We currently anticipate that we will have to rely on our manufacturing partners to manufacture our
adoptive cell therapy products for clinical trials. If they fail to commence or complete, or experiences delays in,
manufacturing our adoptive cell therapy products, our planned clinical trials will be delayed, which will adversely
affect our stock price and our ability to conduct our business as currently planned.
Clinical trials are expensive, time-consuming and difficult to design and implement, and our clinical trial costs
may be higher than for more conventional therapeutic technologies or drug products.
Clinical trials are expensive and difficult to design and implement, in part because they are subject to
rigorous regulatory requirements. Because our product candidates are based on new technologies and manufactured
on a patient-by-patient basis, we expect that they will require extensive research and development and have
substantial manufacturing costs. In addition, costs to treat patients with relapsed/refractory cancer and to treat
potential side effects that may result from our product candidates can be significant. Some clinical trial sites may not
bill, or obtain coverage from, Medicare, Medicaid, or other third-party payors for some or all of these costs for
patients enrolled in our clinical trials, and we may be required by those trial sites to pay such costs. Accordingly, our
clinical trial costs are likely to be significantly higher per patient than those of more conventional therapeutic
technologies or drug products. In addition, our proposed personalized product candidates involve several complex
and costly manufacturing and processing steps, the costs of which will be borne by us. Depending on the number of
patients we ultimately enroll in our trials, and the number of trials we may need to conduct, our overall clinical trial
costs may be higher than for more conventional treatments.
Our clinical trials may fail to demonstrate adequately the safety and efficacy of our product candidates, which
would prevent or delay regulatory approval and commercialization.
The clinical trials of our product candidates are, and the manufacturing and marketing of our products will
be, subject to extensive and rigorous review and regulation by numerous government authorities in the United States
and in other countries where we intend to test and market our product candidates. Before obtaining regulatory
approvals for the commercial sale of any of our product candidates, we must demonstrate through lengthy, complex
and expensive preclinical testing and clinical trials that our product candidates are both safe and effective for use in
each target indication. In particular, because our product candidates are subject to regulation as biological drug
products, we will need to demonstrate that they are safe, pure, and potent for use in their target indications. Each
product candidate must demonstrate an adequate risk versus benefit profile in its intended patient population and for
its intended use. The risk/benefit profile required for product licensure will vary depending on these factors and may
include not only the ability to show tumor shrinkage, but also adequate duration of response, a delay in the
progression of the disease, and/or an improvement in survival. For example, response rates from the use of our
product candidates may not be sufficient to obtain regulatory approval unless we can also show an adequate duration
of response. Clinical testing is expensive and can take many years to complete, and its outcome is inherently
uncertain. Failure can occur at any time during the clinical trial process. The results of preclinical studies and early
clinical trials of our product candidates may not be predictive of the results of later-stage clinical trials. The results
of studies in one set of patients or line of treatment may not be predictive of those obtained in another. We expect
24
there may be greater variability in results for products processed and administered on a patient-by-patient basis, as
anticipated for our product candidates, than for “off-the-shelf” products, like many other drugs. There is typically an
extremely high rate of attrition from the failure of product candidates proceeding through clinical trials. Product
candidates in later stages of clinical trials may fail to show the desired safety and efficacy profile despite having
progressed through preclinical studies and initial clinical trials. A number of companies in the biopharmaceutical
industry have suffered significant setbacks in advanced clinical trials due to lack of efficacy or unacceptable safety
issues, notwithstanding promising results in earlier trials. Most product candidates that begin clinical trials are never
approved by regulatory authorities for commercialization.
In addition, even if such trials are successfully completed, we cannot guarantee that the FDA or foreign
regulatory authorities will interpret the results as we do, and more trials could be required before we submit our
product candidates for approval. To the extent that the results of the trials are not satisfactory to the FDA or foreign
regulatory authorities for support of a marketing application, we may be required to expend significant resources,
which may not be available to us, to conduct additional trials in support of potential approval of our product
candidates.
If we encounter difficulties enrolling patients in our clinical trials, our clinical development activities could be
delayed or otherwise adversely affected.
The timely completion of clinical trials in accordance with their protocols depends, among other things, on
our ability to enroll a sufficient number of patients who remain in the trial until its conclusion. We may experience
difficulties in patient enrollment in our clinical trials for a variety of reasons, including:
the size and nature of the patient population;
the patient eligibility criteria defined in the protocol;
the size of the study population required for analysis of the trial’s primary endpoints;
the proximity of patients to trial sites;
the design of the trial;
our ability to recruit clinical trial investigators with the appropriate competencies and experience;
competing clinical trials for similar therapies or other new therapeutics not involving cell based
immunotherapy;
clinicians’ and patients’ perceptions as to the potential advantages and side effects of the product
candidate being studied in relation to other available therapies, including any new drugs or
treatments that may be approved for the indications we are investigating;
our ability to obtain and maintain patient consents; and
the risk that patients enrolled in clinical trials will not complete a clinical trial.
In addition, our clinical trials will compete with other clinical trials for product candidates that are in the
same therapeutic areas as our product candidates, and this competition will reduce the number and types of patients
available to us, because some patients who might have opted to enroll in our trials may instead opt to enroll in a trial
being conducted by one of our competitors. Because the number of qualified clinical investigators is limited, we
expect to conduct some of our clinical trials at the same clinical trial sites that some of our competitors use, which
will reduce the number of patients who are available for our clinical trials at such clinical trial sites. Moreover,
because our product candidates represent a departure from more commonly used methods for cancer treatment,
potential patients and their doctors may be inclined to use conventional therapies, such as chemotherapy and
approved immunotherapies, rather than enroll patients in any future clinical trial. In addition, potential enrollees may
opt to participate in alternate clinical trials because of the length of time between the time that their tumor is excised
and the TIL is infused back into the patient.
Even if we are able to enroll a sufficient number of patients in our clinical trials, delays in patient
enrollment may result in increased costs or may affect the timing or outcome of the planned clinical trials, which
25
could prevent completion of these trials and adversely affect our ability to advance the development of our product
candidates.
Our product candidates may cause undesirable side effects or have other properties that could halt their clinical
development, prevent their regulatory approval, limit their commercial potential or result in significant negative
consequences.
Undesirable side effects caused by our product candidates could cause us or regulatory authorities to
interrupt, delay or halt clinical trials and could result in a more restrictive label or the delay or denial of regulatory
approval by the FDA or other comparable foreign regulatory authorities. Results of our trials could reveal a high and
unacceptable severity and prevalence of side effects or unexpected characteristics.
If unacceptable toxicities arise in the development of our product candidates, we or the FDA or comparable
foreign regulatory authorities could order us to cease clinical trials or deny approval of our product candidates for
any or all targeted indications. Treatment-related side effects could also affect patient recruitment or the ability of
enrolled subjects to complete the trial or result in potential product liability claims. In addition, these side effects
may not be appropriately recognized or managed by the treating medical staff, as toxicities resulting from
personalized cell therapy are not normally encountered in the general patient population and by medical personnel.
Any of these occurrences may harm our business, financial condition and prospects significantly.
The manufacture of our product candidates is complex and we may encounter difficulties in production,
particularly with respect to process development or scaling-out of our manufacturing capabilities. If we, or any of
our third-party manufacturers encounter such difficulties, our ability to provide supply of our product candidates
for clinical trials or our products for patients, if approved, could be delayed or stopped, or we may be unable to
maintain a commercially viable cost structure.
Our product candidates are biologics and the process of manufacturing our products is complex, highly-
regulated and subject to multiple risks. The manufacture of our product candidates involves complex processes,
including harvesting tumor fragments from patients, genetically modifying the cells ex vivo, multiplying the cells to
obtain the desired dose, and ultimately infusing the cells back into a patient. As a result of the complexities, the cost
to manufacture biologics is generally higher than traditional small molecule chemical compounds, and the
manufacturing process is less reliable and is more difficult to reproduce. Our manufacturing process will be
susceptible to product loss or failure due to logistical issues associated with the collection of tumor cells, or starting
material, from the patient, shipping such material to the manufacturing site, shipping the final product back to the
patient, and infusing the patient with the product, manufacturing issues associated with the differences in patient
starting tumors, interruptions in the manufacturing process, contamination, equipment failure, improper installation
or operation of equipment, vendor or operator error, inconsistency in cell growth, and variability in product
characteristics. Even minor deviations from normal manufacturing processes could result in reduced production
yields, product defects, and other supply disruptions. If for any reason we lose a patient’s tumor, or later-developed
product at any point in the process, the manufacturing process for that patient will need to be restarted and the
resulting delay may adversely affect that patient’s outcome. If microbial, viral, or other contaminations are
discovered in our product candidates or in the manufacturing facilities in which our product candidates are made,
such manufacturing facilities may need to be closed for an extended period of time to investigate and remedy the
contamination.
Because our product candidates are manufactured for each particular patient, we will be required to
maintain a chain of identity with respect to the patient’s tumor as it moves from the patient to the manufacturing
facility, through the manufacturing process, and back to the patient. Maintaining such a chain of identity is difficult
and complex, and failure to do so could result in adverse patient outcomes, loss of product, or regulatory action
including withdrawal of our products from the market. Further, as product candidates are developed through
preclinical to late stage clinical trials towards approval and commercialization, it is common that various aspects of
the development program, such as manufacturing methods, are altered along the way in an effort to optimize
processes and results. Such changes carry the risk that they will not achieve these intended objectives, and any of
these changes could cause our product candidates to perform differently and affect the results of planned clinical
trials or other future clinical trials.
26
Currently, our product candidates are manufactured using processes by our third-party research institution
collaborators that we may not intend to use for more advanced clinical trials or commercialization. Although we are
working to develop commercially viable processes, doing so is a difficult and an uncertain task, and there are risks
associated with scaling to the level required for advanced clinical trials or commercialization, including, among
others, cost overruns, potential problems with process scale-out, process reproducibility, stability issues, lot
consistency, and timely availability of raw materials. As a result of these challenges, we may experience delays in
our clinical development and/or commercialization plans. We may ultimately be unable to reduce the cost of goods
for our product candidates to levels that will allow for an attractive return on investment if and when those product
candidates are commercialized.
We expect our manufacturing strategy will involve the use of one or more CMOs, or establishing our own
capabilities and infrastructure, including a manufacturing facility. We would expect that development of our own
manufacturing facility would provide us with enhanced control of material supply for both clinical trials and the
commercial market, enable the more rapid implementation of process changes, and allow for better long-term
margins. However, we have no experience as a company in developing a manufacturing facility and may never be
successful in developing our own manufacturing facility or capability. We may establish multiple manufacturing
facilities as we expand our commercial footprint to multiple geographies, which may lead to regulatory delays or
prove costly. Even if we are successful, our manufacturing capabilities could be affected by cost-overruns,
unexpected delays, equipment failures, labor shortages, natural disasters, power failures, and numerous other factors
that could prevent us from realizing the intended benefits of our manufacturing strategy and have a material adverse
effect on our business.
In addition, the manufacturing process for any products that we may develop is subject to FDA and foreign
regulatory authority approval process, and we will need to contract with manufacturers who can meet all applicable
FDA and foreign regulatory authority requirements on an ongoing basis. If we or our CMOs are unable to reliably
produce products to specifications acceptable to the FDA or other regulatory authorities, we may not obtain or
maintain the approvals we need to commercialize such products. Even if we obtain regulatory approval for any of
our product candidates, there is no assurance that either we or our CMOs will be able to manufacture the approved
product to specifications acceptable to the FDA or other regulatory authorities, to produce it in sufficient quantities
to meet the requirements for the potential launch of the product, or to meet potential future demand. Any of these
challenges could delay completion of clinical trials, require bridging clinical trials or the repetition of one or more
clinical trials, increase clinical trial costs, delay approval of our product candidate, impair commercialization efforts,
increase our cost of goods, and have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and
growth prospects.
Cell-based therapies rely on the availability of reagents, specialized equipment, and other specialty materials,
which may not be available to us on acceptable terms or at all. For some of these reagents, equipment, and
materials, we rely or may rely on sole source vendors or a limited number of vendors, which could impair our
ability to manufacture and supply our products.
Manufacturing our product candidates will require many reagents, which are substances used in our
manufacturing processes to bring about chemical or biological reactions, and other specialty materials and
equipment, some of which are manufactured or supplied by small companies with limited resources and experience
to support commercial biologics production. We currently depend on a limited number of vendors for certain
materials and equipment used in the manufacture of our product candidates. Some of these suppliers may not have
the capacity to support commercial products manufactured under cGMP by biopharmaceutical firms or may
otherwise be ill-equipped to support our needs. We also do not have supply contracts with many of these suppliers
and may not be able to obtain supply contracts with them on acceptable terms or at all. Accordingly, we may
experience delays in receiving key materials and equipment to support clinical or commercial manufacturing.
For some of these reagents, equipment, and materials, we rely and may in the future rely on sole source
vendors or a limited number of vendors. An inability to continue to source product from any of these suppliers,
which could be due to regulatory actions or requirements affecting the supplier, adverse financial or other strategic
developments experienced by a supplier, labor disputes or shortages, unexpected demands, or quality issues, could
adversely affect our ability to satisfy demand for our product candidates, which could adversely and materially
affect our product sales and operating results or our ability to conduct clinical trials, either of which could
significantly harm our business.
27
As we continue to develop and scale our manufacturing process, we expect that we will need to obtain
rights to and supplies of certain materials and equipment to be used as part of that process. We may not be able to
obtain rights to such materials on commercially reasonable terms, or at all, and if we are unable to alter our process
in a commercially viable manner to avoid the use of such materials or find a suitable substitute, it would have a
material adverse effect on our business. Even if we are able to alter our process so as to use other materials or
equipment, such a change may lead to a delay in our clinical development and/or commercialization plans. If such a
change occurs for product candidate that is already in clinical testing, the change may require us to perform both ex
vivo comparability studies and to collect additional data from patients prior to undertaking more advanced clinical
trials.
The deviations in our proposed new products from existing products may require us to perform additional testing,
which will increase the cost, and extend the time for obtaining approval.
Our TIL based therapy is based on the adoptive cell therapy (ACT) technology that we licensed from the
NIH and that is presently available as a physician-sponsored investigational therapy for the treatment of Stage IV
metastatic melanoma in the U.S. at the NCI, MD Anderson Cancer Center, and Moffit. The current method of
treatment is very labor intensive and expensive, which has limited its widespread application. We are developing
new processes that we anticipate will enable more efficient manufacturing of our products. We may have difficulty
demonstrating that the products produced from our new processes are identical to the existing products. The FDA
may require additional clinical testing before permitting a larger clinical trial with the new processes, and also the
product may not be as efficacious in the new clinical trials. Cellular products are not considered as well
characterized products because there are hundreds of markers present on these cells, and even small changes in
manufacturing processes could alter the cell types. It is unclear at this time which of those markers are critical for
success of these cells to combat cancer, so our ability to predict the outcomes with newer manufacturing processes is
limited. The changes that we may make to the existing manufacturing process may require additional testing, which
may increase costs and timelines associated with these developments.
In addition to developing a TIL based therapy on existing ACT technology, we are currently evaluating the
desirability of conducting clinical trials of our products in combination with other existing drugs. These combination
therapies will require additional testing and clinical trials will require additional FDA regulatory approval and will
increase our future cost of development.
We will be unable to commercialize our products if our trials are not successful.
Our research and development programs are at an early stage. We must demonstrate our products’ safety
and efficacy in humans through extensive clinical testing. We may experience numerous unforeseen events during,
or as a result of, the testing process that could delay or prevent commercialization of our products, including but not
limited to the following:
safety and efficacy results in various human clinical trials reported in scientific and medical
literature may not be indicative of results we obtain in our clinical trials;
after reviewing test results, we or our collaborators may abandon projects that we might
previously have believed to be promising;
we, our collaborators or regulators, may suspend or terminate clinical trials if the participating
subjects or patients are being exposed to unacceptable health risks; and
the effects our potential products have may not be the desired effects or may include undesirable
side effects or other characteristics that preclude regulatory approval or limit their commercial use
if approved.
Clinical testing is very expensive, can take many years, and the outcome is uncertain. It can take as much
as 12 months or more before we learn the results from any clinical trial using our adoptive cell therapy with TIL.
The data collected from our clinical trials may not be sufficient to support approval by the FDA of our TIL-based
product candidates for the treatment of solid tumors. The clinical trials for our products under development may not
be completed on schedule and the FDA may not ultimately approve any of our product candidates for commercial
sale. If we fail to adequately demonstrate the safety and efficacy of any product candidate under development, we
28
may not receive regulatory approval for those products, which would prevent us from generating revenues or
achieving profitability.
Our research and development efforts have been to a large extent dependent upon the CRADA.
Although we opened our own research and development laboratory in 2014, it may take time to fully
develop our research and development capabilities. In addition, we conduct a portion of our research and
development under the CRADA we entered into with the NCI under the research and development CRADA, the
NCI currently engaged in research and development related to the development of improved methods of large scale
TIL generation for the ACT treatment of patients with metastatic melanoma, bladder, lung, triple-negative breast,
and HPV-associated cancers. We are obligated to make annual payments of $2.0 million under the CRADA. In
addition, although the CRADA has a five-year term, either party to the CRADA has the right to terminate the
CRADA upon 60 days’ notice to the other party. As a result, no assurance can be given that the NCI will not
terminate, or that we will renew, the CRADA that expires in August 2021 and that the CRADA will, therefore,
remain in effect until we complete our desired research thereunder.
We expect to use the results of the NCI’s research to support the filing with the FDA of investigational new
drug applications, or INDs, to conduct more advanced clinical trials of our products. However, we have limited
control over the nature or timing of the NCI’s clinical trials and limited visibility into their day-to-day activities. The
research we are funding constitutes only a small portion of the NCI’s overall research. Other research being
conducted by Dr. Rosenberg may at times receive higher priority than research on our programs. These factors could
adversely affect the timing of our IND filings and our ability to conduct future planned clinical trials.
Under the CRADA, we have an option to negotiate commercialization licenses from the NIH to intellectual
property relating to TIL-based product candidates developed in the course of the CRADA research plan. However,
we would have to negotiate with the NIH for such a license. There can be no assurance that we would be able to
successfully complete such negotiations and ultimately acquire the rights to the intellectual property surrounding the
additional product candidates that we may seek to acquire. Further, to the extent we would like to negotiate a license
to a patent filed before the CRADA was entered into, another party may object to the NIH granting us a license
during a 30-day public notification period, and the NIH may decide not to grant us the license.
We will need additional financing in order to complete the development and commercialization of our various
product candidates.
Our research and development and our operating costs have been substantial and are expected to increase.
We expect to continue to spend substantial amounts to continue the clinical development of LN-144 and LN-145
and our other product candidates. As of December 31, 2016, we had $166.5 million in cash, cash equivalents and
short-term investments. We believe that these funds will be sufficient to fund our operations for at least the next 12
months from the date of this annual report. However, changing circumstances may cause us to increase our spending
significantly faster than we currently anticipate, and we may require additional capital for the further development
and commercialization of our product candidates and may need to raise additional funds sooner if we choose to
expand more rapidly than we presently anticipate.
We cannot be certain that additional funding will be available on acceptable terms, or at all. We have no
committed source of additional capital and if we are unable to raise additional capital in sufficient amounts or on
terms acceptable to us, we may have to significantly delay, scale back or discontinue the development or
commercialization of our product candidates or other research and development initiatives. Our license and
collaboration agreements may also be terminated if we are unable to meet the payment obligations under the
agreements. We could be required to seek collaborators for our product candidates at an earlier stage than otherwise
would be desirable or on terms that are less favorable than might otherwise be available or relinquish or license on
unfavorable terms our rights to product candidates in markets where we may otherwise would seek to pursue our
own development or commercialization.
29
Raising additional capital may cause dilution to our existing stockholders, restrict our operations or require us to
relinquish rights to our technologies or product candidates.
We may seek additional capital through a combination of public and private equity offerings, debt
financings, strategic partnerships and alliances and licensing arrangements. To the extent that we raise additional
capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, your ownership interest will be diluted, and the
terms may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect your rights as a stockholder. The incurrence
of indebtedness would result in increased fixed payment obligations and could involve certain restrictive covenants,
such as limitations on our ability to incur additional debt, limitations on our ability to acquire or license intellectual
property rights and other operating restrictions that could adversely impact our ability to conduct our business. If we
raise additional funds through strategic partnerships and alliances and licensing arrangements with third parties, we
may have to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies or product candidates, or grant licenses on terms
unfavorable to us.
We are subject to extensive regulation, which can be costly, time consuming and can subject us to unanticipated
delays; even if we obtain regulatory approval for some of our products, those products may still face regulatory
difficulties.
All of our potential products, cell processing and manufacturing activities, are subject to comprehensive
regulation by the FDA in the United States and by comparable authorities in other countries. The process of
obtaining FDA and other required regulatory approvals, including foreign approvals, is expensive and often takes
many years and can vary substantially based upon the type, complexity and novelty of the products involved. In
addition, regulatory agencies may lack experience with our technologies and products, which may lengthen the
regulatory review process, increase our development costs and delay or prevent their commercialization.
No adoptive cell therapy using tumor infiltrating lymphocytes has been approved for marketing in the
FDA. Consequently, there is no precedent for the successful commercialization of products based on our
technologies. In addition, we have had only limited experience in filing and pursuing applications necessary to gain
regulatory approvals, which may impede our ability to obtain timely FDA approvals, if at all. We have not yet
sought FDA approval for any adoptive cell therapy product. We will not be able to commercialize any of our
potential products until we obtain FDA approval, and so any delay in obtaining, or inability to obtain, FDA approval
would harm our business.
If we violate regulatory requirements at any stage, whether before or after marketing approval is obtained,
we may be fined, forced to remove a product from the market and experience other adverse consequences including
delay, which could materially harm our financial results. Additionally, we may not be able to obtain the labeling
claims necessary or desirable for the promotion of our products. We may also be required to undertake post-
marketing trials. In addition, if we or others identify side effects after any of our adoptive cell therapies are on the
market, or if manufacturing problems occur, regulatory approval may be withdrawn and reformulation of our
products may be required.
We may not be able to license new TIL technology from the NIH and others.
An important element of our intellectual property portfolio is to license additional rights and technologies
from the NIH. Our inability to license the rights and technologies that we have identified, or that we may in the
future identify, could have a material adverse impact on our ability to complete the development of our products or
to develop additional products. No assurance can be given that we will be successful in licensing any additional
rights or technologies from the NIH and others. Failure to obtain additional rights and licenses may detrimentally
affect our planned development of additional product candidates and could increase the cost, and extend the
timelines associated with our development of such other products.
The market opportunities for our product candidates may be limited to those patients who are ineligible for or
have failed prior treatments and may be small.
The FDA often approves new therapies initially only for use in patients with relapsed or refractory
metastatic disease. We expect to initially seek approval of our product candidates in this setting. Subsequently, for
those products that prove to be sufficiently beneficial, if any, we would expect to seek approval in earlier lines of
30
treatment and potentially as a first line therapy, but there is no guarantee that our product candidates, even if
approved, would be approved for earlier lines of therapy, and, prior to any such approvals, we may have to conduct
additional clinical trials.
Our projections of both the number of people who have the cancers we are targeting, as well as the subset
of people with these cancers in a position to receive second or third line therapy, and who have the potential to
benefit from treatment with our product candidates, are based on our beliefs and estimates. These estimates have
been derived from a variety of sources, including scientific literature, surveys of clinics, patient foundations, or
market research by third parties, and may prove to be incorrect. Further, new studies may change the estimated
incidence or prevalence of these cancers. The number of patients may turn out to be lower than expected.
Additionally, the potentially addressable patient population for our product candidates may be limited or may not be
amenable to treatment with our product candidates, and may also be limited by the cost of our treatments and the
reimbursement of those treatment costs by third-party payors. For instance, we expect our lead product candidate,
LN-144, to initially target a small patient population that suffers from metastatic melanoma. Even if we obtain
significant market share for our product candidates, because the potential target populations are small, we may never
achieve profitability without obtaining regulatory approval for additional indications.
We are required to pay substantial royalties and lump sum benchmark payments under our license agreements
with the NIH and PolyBioCept, and we must meet certain milestones to maintain our license rights.
Under our license agreements with the NIH for our adoptive cell therapy technologies, we are currently
required to pay both substantial benchmark payments and royalties to that institution based on our revenues from
sales of our products utilizing the licensed technologies. Likewise, under our license agreement with PolyBioCept,
we are required to make lump sum payments if, and when certain product sales targets are achieved. These
payments could adversely affect the overall profitability for us of any products that we may seek to commercialize
under the NIH or PolyBioCept liceses. In order to maintain our license rights under the NIH and PolyBioCept
license agreements, we will need to meet certain specified milestones, subject to certain cure provisions, in the
development of our product candidates. There is no assurance that we will be successful in meeting all of the
milestones in the future on a timely basis or at all.
Because our current products represent, and our other potential product candidates will represent novel
approaches to the treatment of disease, there are many uncertainties regarding the development, the market
acceptance, third-party reimbursement coverage and the commercial potential of our product candidates.
There is no assurance that the approaches offered by our products will gain broad acceptance among
doctors or patients or that governmental agencies or third-party medical insurers will be willing to provide
reimbursement coverage for proposed product candidates. Moreover, we do not have verifiable internal marketing
data regarding the potential size of the commercial market for our product candidates, nor have we obtained
independent marketing surveys to verify the potential size of the commercial markets for our current product
candidates or any future product candidates. Since our current product candidates and any future product candidates
will represent new approaches to treating various conditions, it may be difficult, in any event, to accurately estimate
the potential revenues from these product candidates. Accordingly, we may spend large amounts of money trying to
obtain approval for product candidates that have an uncertain commercial market. The market for any products that
we successfully develop will also depend on the cost of the product. We do not yet have sufficient information to
reliably estimate what it will cost to commercially manufacture our current product candidates, and the actual cost to
manufacture these products could materially and adversely affect the commercial viability of these products. Our
goal is to reduce the cost of manufacturing and providing our therapies. However, unless we are able to reduce those
costs to an acceptable amount, we may never be able to develop a commercially viable product. If we do not
successfully develop and commercialize products based upon our approach, or find suitable and economical sources
for materials used in the production of our products, we will not become profitable, which would materially and
adversely affect the value of our common stock.
Our TIL therapy may be provided to patients in combination with other agents provided by third parties.
The cost of such combination therapy may increase the overall cost of TIL therapy and may result in issues
regarding the allocation of reimbursements between our therapy and the other agents, all of which may affect our
ability to obtain reimbursement coverage for the combination therapy from third party medical insurers.
31
No assurance can be given that we will be able to develop a new, FDA-compliant, more efficient, lower cost
manufacturing process upon which our business plan to commercialize TIL-based products is dependent.
Pursuant to the CRADA, and in cooperation with our contract manufacturers and potentially other
manufacturers, we are developing improved methods for the generating and selecting autologous TILs, and to
develop methods for large-scale production of autologous TILs that are in accord with current cGMP procedures.
Developing a new, scaled-up, pharmaceutical manufacturing process that can more efficiently and cost effectively,
and in a more automated manner measure, produce and control the physical and/or chemical attributes of our
products in a cGMP facility is subject to many uncertainties and difficulties. We have never manufactured our
adoptive cell therapy product candidate on a commercial scale, nor have our partners. As a result, we cannot give
any assurance that we will be able to establish a manufacturing process that can produce our products at a cost or in
quantities necessary to make them commercially viable. Moreover, our third-party manufacturers will have to
continually adhere to current cGMP regulations enforced by the FDA through its facilities inspection program. If the
facilities of these manufacturers cannot pass a pre-approval plant inspection, the FDA premarket approval of our
products will not be granted. In complying with cGMP and foreign regulatory requirements, we and any of our
third-party manufacturers will be obligated to expend time, money and effort in production, record-keeping and
quality control to assure that our products meet applicable specifications and other requirements. If we or any of our
third-party manufacturers fail to comply with these requirements, we may be subject to regulatory action. No
assurance can be given that we will be able to develop such a manufacturing process, or that our partners will
thereafter be able to establish and operate such a production facility.
If product liability lawsuits are brought against us, we may incur substantial liabilities and may be required to
limit commercialization of our product candidates.
We face an inherent risk of product liability as a result of the clinical testing of our product candidates and
will face an even greater risk if we commercialize any products. For example, we may be sued if our product
candidates cause or are perceived to cause injury or are found to be otherwise unsuitable during clinical testing,
manufacturing, marketing or sale. Any such product liability claims may include allegations of defects in
manufacturing, defects in design, a failure to warn of dangers inherent in the product, negligence, strict liability or a
breach of warranties. Claims could also be asserted under state consumer protection acts. If we cannot successfully
defend ourselves against product liability claims, we may incur substantial liabilities or be required to limit
commercialization of our product candidates. Even successful defense would require significant financial and
management resources. Regardless of the merits or eventual outcome, liability claims may result in:
decreased demand for our product candidates;
injury to our reputation;
withdrawal of clinical trial participants;
initiation of investigations by regulators;
costs to defend the related litigation;
a diversion of management’s time and our resources;
substantial monetary awards to trial participants or patients;
product recalls, withdrawals or labeling, marketing or promotional restrictions;
loss of revenue;
exhaustion of any available insurance and our capital resources;
the inability to commercialize any product candidate; and
a decline in our share price.
Our inability to obtain sufficient product liability insurance at an acceptable cost to protect against potential
product liability claims could prevent or inhibit the commercialization of products we develop, alone or with
corporate collaborators. Our insurance policies may also have various exclusions, and we may be subject to a
32
product liability claim for which we have no coverage. While we have obtained clinical trial insurance for our Phase
2 clinical trial of LN-144, we may have to pay amounts awarded by a court or negotiated in a settlement that exceed
our coverage limitations or that are not covered by our insurance, and we may not have, or be able to obtain,
sufficient capital to pay such amounts. Even if our agreements with any future corporate collaborators entitle us to
indemnification against losses, such indemnification may not be available or adequate should any claim arise.
We face significant competition from other biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies and from non-profit
institutions.
Competition in the field of cancer therapy is intense and is accentuated by the rapid pace of technological
development. Research and discoveries by others may result in breakthroughs which may render our products
obsolete even before they generate any revenue. There are products currently under development by others that
could compete with the products that we are developing. Many of our potential competitors have substantially
greater research and development capabilities and manufacturing, marketing, financial and managerial resources
than we do. Our competitors may:
develop safer or more effective immunotherapies and other therapeutic products;
reach the market more rapidly, reducing the potential sales of our products; or
establish superior proprietary positions.
Potential competitors in the market for treating metastatic melanoma are companies such as Bristol-Myers
Squibb, Roche/Genentech, Merck, Amgen, Pfizer, and GlaxoSmithKline, which already have products on the
market or in development. Other companies, such as Novartis, Celgene, Kite Pharmaceuticals, Juno Therapeutics,
and Adaptimmune, which are focused on genetically engineered T-cell technologies to treat cancer, may also be
competitors. All of these companies, and most of our other current and potential competitors have substantially
greater research and development capabilities and financial, scientific, regulatory, manufacturing, marketing, sales,
human resources, and experience than we do. Many of our competitors have several therapeutic products that have
already been developed, approved and successfully commercialized, or are in the process of obtaining regulatory
approval for their therapeutic products in the United States and internationally.
Universities and public and private research institutions in the U.S. and Europe are also potential
competitors. For example, a Phase 3 study comparing TIL to standard ipilimumab in patients with metastatic
melanoma is currently being conducted in Europe by the Netherlands Cancer Institute, the Copenhagen County
Herlev University Hospital, and the University of Manchester. While these universities and public and private
research institutions primarily have educational objectives, they may develop proprietary technologies that lead to
other FDA approved therapies or that secure patent protection that we may need for the development of our
technologies and products.
Our lead product candidate, LN-144, is a therapy for the treatment of refractory metastatic melanoma.
Currently, there are numerous companies that are developing various alternate treatments for melanoma.
Accordingly, LN-144 faces significant competition in the melanoma treatment space from multiple companies. Even
if we obtain regulatory approval of LN-144, the availability and price of our competitors’ products could limit the
demand and the price we are able to charge for our melanoma therapy. We may not be able to implement our
business plan if the acceptance of our products is inhibited by price competition or the reluctance of physicians to
switch from other methods of treatment to our product, or if physicians switch to other new therapies, drugs or
biologic products or choose to reserve our product for use in limited circumstances.
We are dependent on third parties to support our research, development and manufacturing activities and,
therefore, subject to the efforts of these parties and our ability to successfully collaborate with these third parties.
As a result of our current strategy to outsource most of our manufacturing, we rely very heavily on third
parties to perform for us the manufacturing of our products for our clinical trials. We also license a significant
portion of our technology from others and, at this time, do not own any intellectual properties or technologies. We
intend to rely upon our contract manufacturers to produce large quantities of materials needed for clinical trials and
potentially product commercialization. Third party manufacturers may not be able to meet our needs with respect to
timing, quantity or quality. If we are unable to contract for a sufficient supply of needed materials on acceptable
33
terms, or if we should encounter delays or difficulties in our relationships with manufacturers, our clinical testing
may be delayed, thereby delaying the submission of products for regulatory approval or the market introduction and
subsequent sales of our products. Any such delay may lower our revenues and potential profitability.
If any third party collaborator breaches or terminates its agreement with us, or fails to conduct its activities
in a timely manner, the commercialization of our products under development could be slowed down or blocked
completely. It is possible that our collaborators will change their strategic focus, pursue alternative technologies or
develop alternative products, either on their own or in collaboration with others, as a means for developing
treatments for the diseases targeted by our collaborative programs. The effectiveness of our collaborators in
marketing our products will also affect our revenues and earnings.
We intend to continue to enter into additional third party collaborative agreements in the future. However,
we may not be able to successfully negotiate any additional collaborative arrangements. If established, these
relationships may not be scientifically or commercially successful. In order to supplement our own efforts to
improve TIL manufacturing and develop TIL therapies in new indications in clinical trials, we currently work with
government and academic research institutions, medical institutions and corporate partners such as the NCI, Moffitt,
Medimmune, PolyBioCept and the Karolinska University Hospital. The success of these and future collaborations
and joint development arrangements may be subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, including the inability or
unwillingness of our partners to perform in the manner, or to the extent anticipated, and may also be subject to
disagreements regarding the rights, interests, and performance of the counterparties under our licenses and
development agreements. No assurance can be given that we will be able to successfully collaborate with our
partners as anticipated and that our current and future collaborations and clinical trials will be completed as
contemplated.
Our internal computer systems, or those used by our contract research organizations or other contractors or
consultants, may fail or suffer security breaches.
Despite the implementation of security measures, our internal computer systems and those of our contract
research organizations and other contractors and consultants are vulnerable to damage from computer viruses,
unauthorized access, natural disasters, terrorism, war and telecommunication and electrical failures. While we have
not experienced any such system failure, accident or security breach to date, if such an event were to occur and
cause interruptions in our operations, it could result in a disruption of our drug development programs. For example,
the loss of clinical study data from completed or ongoing clinical studies for a product candidate could result in
delays in our regulatory approval efforts and significantly increase our costs to recover or reproduce the data. To the
extent that any disruption or security breach were to result in a loss of or damage to our data or applications, or
inappropriate disclosure of confidential or proprietary information, we could incur liability and the further
development of any product candidates could be delayed.
We will need to grow the size and capabilities of our organization, and we may experience difficulties in
managing this growth.
Our operations are dependent upon the services of our executives and our employees who are engaged in
research and development. The loss of the services of our executive officers or senior research personnel could delay
our product development programs and our research and development efforts. In order to develop our business in
accordance with our business plan, we will have to hire additional qualified personnel, including in the areas of
research, manufacturing, clinical trials management and regulatory affairs. We are continuing our efforts to recruit
and hire the necessary employees to support our planned operations in the near term. However, competition for
qualified employees among companies in the biotechnology and biopharmaceutical industry is intense, and no
assurance can be given that we will be able attract, hire, retain and motivate the highly skilled employees that we
need. Future growth will impose significant added responsibilities on members of management, including:
identifying, recruiting, integrating, maintaining, and motivating additional employees;
managing our internal development efforts effectively, including the clinical and FDA review
process for our product candidates, while complying with our contractual obligations to
contractors and other third parties; and
improving our operational, financial and management controls, reporting systems, and procedures.
34
Our future financial performance and our ability to commercialize our product candidates will depend, in
part, on our ability to effectively manage any future growth, and our management may also have to divert a
disproportionate amount of its attention away from day-to-day activities in order to devote a substantial amount of
time to managing these growth activities. Our efforts to manage our growth are complicated by the fact that nearly
all of our executive officers have joined us since February 2016. This lack of long-term experience working together
may adversely impact our senior management team’s ability to effectively manage our business and growth.
We currently rely, and for the foreseeable future will continue to rely, in substantial part on certain
independent organizations, advisors and consultants to provide certain services. There can be no assurance that the
services of these independent organizations, advisors and consultants will continue to be available to us on a timely
basis when needed, or that we can find qualified replacements. In addition, if we are unable to effectively manage
our outsourced activities or if the quality or accuracy of the services provided by consultants is compromised for any
reason, our clinical trials may be extended, delayed, or terminated, and we may not be able to obtain regulatory
approval of our product candidates or otherwise advance our business. There can be no assurance that we will be
able to manage our existing consultants or find other competent outside contractors and consultants on economically
reasonable terms, if at all.
If we are not able to effectively expand our organization by hiring new employees and expanding our
groups of consultants and contractors, we may not be able to successfully implement the tasks necessary to further
develop and commercialize our product candidates and, accordingly, may not achieve our research, development,
and commercialization goals on a timely basis, or at all.
If we engage in future acquisitions or strategic partnerships, this may increase our capital requirements, dilute
our stockholders, cause us to incur debt or assume contingent liabilities, and subject us to other risks.
We may evaluate various acquisitions and strategic partnerships, including licensing or acquiring
complementary products, intellectual property rights, technologies, or businesses. Any potential acquisition or
strategic partnership may entail numerous risks, including:
increased operating expenses and cash requirements;
the assumption of additional indebtedness or contingent liabilities;
the issuance of our equity securities;
assimilation of operations, intellectual property and products of an acquired company, including
difficulties associated with integrating new personnel;
the diversion of our management’s attention from our existing product programs and initiatives in
pursuing such a strategic merger or acquisition;
retention of key employees, the loss of key personnel, and uncertainties in our ability to maintain
key business relationships;
risks and uncertainties associated with the other party to such a transaction, including the
prospects of that party and their existing products or product candidates and regulatory approvals;
and
our inability to generate revenue from acquired technology and/or products sufficient to meet our
objectives in undertaking the acquisition or even to offset the associated acquisition and
maintenance costs.
Depending on the size and nature of future strategic acquisitions, we may acquire assets or businesses that
require us to raise additional capital or to operate or manage businesses in which we have limited experience.
Making larger acquisitions that require us to raise additional capital to fund the acquisition will expose us to the
risks associated with capital raising activities. Acquiring and thereafter operating larger new businesses will also
increase our management, operating and reporting costs and burdens. In addition, if we undertake acquisitions, we
may issue dilutive securities, assume or incur debt obligations, incur large one-time expenses and acquire intangible
assets that could result in significant future amortization expense. Moreover, we may not be able to locate suitable
35
acquisition opportunities and this inability could impair our ability to grow or obtain access to technology or
products that may be important to the development of our business.
We are a party to an SEC investigation now known as “In the Matter of Certain Stock Promotions,” the
consequences of which are still uncertain but which are expected to result in a cease and desist order .
As disclosed in Item 3. Litigation, below, on April 23, 2014, we received a subpoena from the SEC that
stated that the staff of the SEC was conducting an investigation then designated as “In the Matter of Galena
Biopharma, Inc.” File No. HO 12346 (now known as “In the Matter of Certain Stock Promotions”) and that the
subpoena was issued as part of the foregoing investigation. The Company has been informed by the Staff of the SEC
that the SEC’s investigation, in part, involves the conduct of our former Chief Executive Officer, Manish Singh,
during the period between September 2013 and April 2014. We understand that, as it pertains to our former Chief
Executive Officer, the investigation has focused on the failure by authors of certain articles about the Company to
disclose that they were compensated by one of our former investor relations firms. We understand that it is the
position of the SEC Staff that the conduct of the former Chief Executive Officer with respect to these articles will be
imputed to us and, as a result, that we are partially liable for the former Chief Executive Officer’s actions.
A number of articles have been written about us that may be available on the internet and elsewhere.
Investors considering an investment in our securities should review this Annual Report and the other documents that
we file with the SEC rather than relying on internet blogs or other similar articles and publications.
In order to resolve this matter, in December 2016, we submitted an offer of settlement to the SEC under
which we offered to (i) consent to the entry of an order requiring the Company to cease and desist from any future
violations of Sections 5(b), 17(a), and 17(b) of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 10(b) of the Securities
Exchange Act of 1934 and Rule 10b-5 thereunder, without admitting or denying any allegations, and (ii) pay
$100,000 as a financial penalty. The proposed settlement is contingent upon reaching a final agreement with the
SEC and obtaining the approval of the Commissioners of the SEC, neither of which can be assured. If the offer of
settlement is accepted, a cease and desist order will be issued against us, which may impact some of our future
activities, including our ability to conduct certain types of securities private placements and to use a free writing
prospectus in future public offerings. Based upon our offer of settlement, we have only accrued $100,000 as a
liability, and do not currently expect to accrue additional liabilities related to this matter. If the SEC does not
approve the settlement, we may need to enter into further discussions with the SEC to resolve the investigated
matters on different terms and conditions or possibly litigate the matter. Any further negotiations or on-going legal
proceedings could result in significant legal expenses, the diversion of management’s attention from our business,
damage to our business and reputation, and could subject us to a wide range of remedies, including an SEC
enforcement action and greater financial penalties.
Risks Related to Government Regulation
The FDA regulatory approval process is lengthy and time-consuming, and we may experience significant delays
in the clinical development and regulatory approval of our product candidates.
We have not previously submitted a BLA to the FDA, or similar approval filings to comparable foreign
authorities. A BLA must include extensive preclinical and clinical data and supporting information to establish the
product candidate’s safety and effectiveness for each desired indication. The BLA must also include significant
information regarding the chemistry, manufacturing and controls for the product. We expect the novel nature of our
product candidates to create further challenges in obtaining regulatory approval. For example, the FDA has limited
experience with commercial development of cell therapies for cancer. Accordingly, the regulatory approval pathway
for our product candidates may be uncertain, complex, expensive and lengthy, and approval may not be obtained.
We may also experience delays in completing planned clinical trials for a variety of reasons, including
delays related to:
the availability of financial resources to commence and complete the planned trials;
36
reaching agreement on acceptable terms with prospective CROs and clinical trial sites, the terms
of which can be subject to extensive negotiation and may vary significantly among different CROs
and trial sites;
obtaining approval at each clinical trial site by an independent institutional review board, or IRB;
recruiting suitable patients to participate in a trial;
having patients complete a trial or return for post-treatment follow-up;
clinical trial sites deviating from trial protocol or dropping out of a trial;
adding new clinical trial sites; or
manufacturing sufficient quantities of qualified materials under cGMPs and applying them on a
subject by subject basis for use in clinical trials.
We could also encounter delays if physicians encounter unresolved ethical issues associated with enrolling
patients in clinical trials of our product candidates in lieu of prescribing existing treatments that have established
safety and efficacy profiles. Further, a clinical trial may be suspended or terminated by us, the IRBs for the
institutions in which such trials are being conducted, the Data Monitoring Committee for such trial, or by the FDA
or other regulatory authorities due to a number of factors, including failure to conduct the clinical trial in accordance
with regulatory requirements or our clinical protocols, inspection of the clinical trial operations or trial site by the
FDA or other regulatory authorities resulting in the imposition of a clinical hold, unforeseen safety issues or adverse
side effects, failure to demonstrate a benefit from using a product candidate, changes in governmental regulations or
administrative actions or lack of adequate funding to continue the clinical trial. If we experience termination of, or
delays in the completion of, any clinical trial of our product candidates, the commercial prospects for our product
candidates will be harmed, and our ability to generate product revenue will be delayed. In addition, any delays in
completing our clinical trials will increase our costs, slow down our product development and approval process and
jeopardize our ability to commence product sales and generate revenue.
Obtaining and maintaining regulatory approval of our product candidates in one jurisdiction does not mean that
we will be successful in obtaining regulatory approval of our product candidates in other jurisdictions.
Obtaining and maintaining regulatory approval of our product candidates in one jurisdiction does not
guarantee that we will be able to obtain or maintain regulatory approval in any other jurisdiction, while a failure or
delay in obtaining regulatory approval in one jurisdiction may have a negative effect on the regulatory approval
process in others. For example, even if the FDA grants marketing approval of a product candidate, comparable
regulatory authorities in foreign jurisdictions must also approve the manufacturing, marketing and promotion of the
product candidate in those countries. Approval procedures vary among jurisdictions and can involve requirements
and administrative review periods different from, and greater than, those in the United States, including additional
preclinical studies or clinical trials as clinical studies conducted in one jurisdiction may not be accepted by
regulatory authorities in other jurisdictions. In many jurisdictions outside the United States, a product candidate
must be approved for reimbursement before it can be approved for sale in that jurisdiction. In some cases, the price
that we intend to charge for our products is also subject to approval.
We may also submit marketing applications in other countries. Regulatory authorities in jurisdictions
outside of the United States have requirements for approval of product candidates with which we must comply prior
to marketing in those jurisdictions. Obtaining foreign regulatory approvals and compliance with foreign regulatory
requirements could result in significant delays, difficulties and costs for us and could delay or prevent the
introduction of our products in certain countries. If we fail to comply with the regulatory requirements in
international markets and/or receive applicable marketing approvals, our target market will be reduced and our
ability to realize the full market potential of our product candidates will be harmed.
37
Even if we receive regulatory approval of our product candidates, we will be subject to ongoing regulatory
obligations and continued regulatory review, which may result in significant additional expense and we may be
subject to penalties if we fail to comply with regulatory requirements or experience unanticipated problems with
our product candidates.
Any regulatory approvals that we receive for our product candidates will require surveillance to monitor the
safety and efficacy of the product candidate. The FDA may also require a risk evaluation and mitigation strategy in
order to approve our product candidates, which could entail requirements for a medication guide, physician
communication plans or additional elements to ensure safe use, such as restricted distribution methods, patient
registries and other risk minimization tools. In addition, if the FDA or a comparable foreign regulatory authority
approves our product candidates, the manufacturing processes, labeling, packaging, distribution, adverse event
reporting, storage, advertising, promotion, import, export and recordkeeping for our product candidates will be
subject to extensive and ongoing regulatory requirements. These requirements include submissions of safety and
other post-marketing information and reports, registration, as well as continued compliance with cGMPs and cGCPs
for any clinical trials that we conduct post-approval. Later discovery of previously unknown problems with our
product candidates, including adverse events of unanticipated severity or frequency, or with our third-party
manufacturers or manufacturing processes, or failure to comply with regulatory requirements, may result in, among
other things:
restrictions on the marketing or manufacturing of our product candidates, withdrawal of the
product from the market, or voluntary or mandatory product recalls;
fines, warning letters or holds on clinical trials;
refusal by the FDA to approve pending applications or supplements to approved applications filed
by us or suspension or revocation of license approvals;
product seizure or detention, or refusal to permit the import or export of our product candidates;
and
injunctions or the imposition of civil or criminal penalties.
The FDA’s and other regulatory authorities’ policies may change and additional government regulations
may be enacted that could prevent, limit or delay regulatory approval of our product candidates. We cannot predict
the likelihood, nature or extent of government regulation that may arise from future legislation or administrative
action, either in the United States or abroad. If we are slow or unable to adapt to changes in existing requirements or
the adoption of new requirements or policies, or if we are not able to maintain regulatory compliance, we may lose
any marketing approval that we may have obtained and we may not achieve or sustain profitability.
Coverage and reimbursement may be limited or unavailable in certain market segments for our product
candidates, which could make it difficult for us to sell our product candidates profitably.
Successful sales of our product candidates, if approved, depend on the availability of coverage and
adequate reimbursement from third-party payors. In addition, because our product candidates represent new
approaches to the treatment of cancer, we cannot accurately estimate the potential revenue from our product
candidates.
Patients who are provided medical treatment for their conditions generally rely on third-party payors to
reimburse all or part of the costs associated with their treatment. Obtaining coverage and adequate reimbursement
from governmental healthcare programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, and commercial payors is critical to new
product acceptance.
Government authorities and third-party payors, such as private health insurers and health maintenance
organizations, decide which drugs and treatments they will cover and the amount of reimbursement. Reimbursement
by a third-party payor may depend upon a number of factors, including, but not limited to, the third-party payor’s
determination that use of a product is:
a covered benefit under its health plan;
38
safe, effective and medically necessary;
appropriate for the specific patient;
cost-effective; and
neither experimental nor investigational.
Obtaining coverage and reimbursement approval of a product from a government or other third-party payor
is a time-consuming and costly process that could require us to provide to the payor supporting scientific, clinical
and cost-effectiveness data for the use of our products. Even if we obtain coverage for a given product, the resulting
reimbursement payment rates might not be adequate for us to achieve or sustain profitability or may require co-
payments that patients find unacceptably high. Patients are unlikely to use our product candidates unless coverage is
provided and reimbursement is adequate to cover a significant portion of the cost of our product candidates.
In the United States, no uniform policy of coverage and reimbursement for products exists among third-
party payors. Therefore, coverage and reimbursement for products can differ significantly from payor to payor. As a
result, the coverage determination process is often a time-consuming and costly process that will require us to
provide scientific and clinical support for the use of our product candidates to each payor separately, with no
assurance that coverage and adequate reimbursement will be obtained.
Third-party payors, whether domestic or foreign, or governmental or commercial, are developing
increasingly sophisticated methods of controlling healthcare costs. In both the United States and certain foreign
jurisdictions, there have been a number of legislative and regulatory changes to the health care system that could
impact our ability to sell our products profitably. In particular, in 2010, the Healthcare Reform Act was enacted. The
Healthcare Reform Act and its implementing regulations, among other things, revised the methodology by which
rebates owed by manufacturers to the state and federal government for covered outpatient drugs and certain
biologics, including our product candidates, under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program are calculated, increased the
minimum Medicaid rebates owed by most manufacturers under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program, extended the
Medicaid Drug Rebate program to utilization of prescriptions of individuals enrolled in Medicaid managed care
organizations, subjected manufacturers to new annual fees and taxes for certain branded prescription drugs, and
provided incentives to programs that increase the federal government’s comparative effectiveness research.
Other legislative changes have been proposed and adopted in the United States since the Healthcare Reform
Act was enacted. In August 2011, the Budget Control Act of 2011, among other things, created measures for
spending reductions by Congress. A Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction, tasked with recommending a
targeted deficit reduction of at least $1.2 trillion for the years 2013 through 2021, was unable to reach required
goals, thereby triggering the legislation’s automatic reduction to several government programs. This includes
aggregate reductions of Medicare payments to providers up to 2% per fiscal year, which went into effect on April 1,
2013 and will remain in effect until 2024, unless additional congressional action is taken. In January 2013, President
Obama signed into law the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012, or the ATRA, which, among other things,
reduced Medicare payments to several providers, including hospitals, imaging centers and cancer treatment centers,
and increased the statute of limitations period for the government to recover overpayments to providers from three to
five years.
There have been, and likely will continue to be, legislative and regulatory proposals at the federal and state
levels directed at broadening the availability of healthcare and containing or lowering the cost of healthcare. We
cannot predict the initiatives that may be adopted in the future. The continuing efforts of the government, insurance
companies, managed care organizations and other payors of healthcare services to contain or reduce costs of
healthcare and/or impose price controls may adversely affect:
the demand for our product candidates, if we obtain regulatory approval;
our ability to set a price that we believe is fair for our products;
our ability to generate revenue and achieve or maintain profitability;
the level of taxes that we are required to pay; and
the availability of capital.
39
Any reduction in reimbursement from Medicare or other government programs may result in a similar
reduction in payments from private payors, which may adversely affect our future profitability.
Our employees, independent contractors, consultants, commercial partners and vendors may engage in
misconduct or other improper activities, including noncompliance with regulatory standards and requirements.
We are exposed to the risk of employee fraud or other illegal activity by our employees, independent
contractors, consultants, commercial partners and vendors. Misconduct by these parties could include intentional,
reckless and/or negligent conduct that fails to: comply with the laws of the FDA and other similar foreign regulatory
bodies, provide true, complete and accurate information to the FDA and other similar foreign regulatory bodies,
comply with manufacturing standards we have established, comply with healthcare fraud and abuse laws in the
United States and similar foreign fraudulent misconduct laws, or report financial information or data accurately or to
disclose unauthorized activities to us. If we obtain FDA approval of any of our product candidates and begin
commercializing those products in the United States, our potential exposure under such laws will increase
significantly, and our costs associated with compliance with such laws are also likely to increase. These laws may
impact, among other things, our current activities with principal investigators and research patients, as well as
proposed and future sales, marketing and education programs. In particular, the promotion, sales and marketing of
healthcare items and services, as well as certain business arrangements in the healthcare industry, are subject to
extensive laws designed to prevent fraud, kickbacks, self-dealing and other abusive practices. These laws and
regulations may restrict or prohibit a wide range of pricing, discounting, marketing and promotion, structuring and
commission(s), certain customer incentive programs and other business arrangements generally. Activities subject to
these laws also involve the improper use of information obtained in the course of patient recruitment for clinical
trials.
We have adopted a code of business conduct and ethics, but it is not always possible to identify and deter
employee misconduct, and the precautions we take to detect and prevent inappropriate conduct may not be effective
in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses or in protecting us from governmental investigations or other
actions or lawsuits stemming from a failure to be in compliance with such laws or regulations. Efforts to ensure that
our business arrangements will comply with applicable healthcare laws may involve substantial costs. It is possible
that governmental and enforcement authorities will conclude that our business practices may not comply with
current or future statutes, regulations or case law interpreting applicable fraud and abuse or other healthcare laws
and regulations. If any such actions are instituted against us, and we are not successful in defending ourselves or
asserting our rights, those actions could have a significant impact on our business, including the imposition of civil,
criminal and administrative penalties, damages, disgorgement, monetary fines, possible exclusion from participation
in Medicare, Medicaid and other federal healthcare programs, contractual damages, reputational harm, diminished
profits and future earnings, and curtailment of our operations, any of which could adversely affect our ability to
operate our business and our results of operations. In addition, the approval and commercialization of any of our
product candidates outside the United States will also likely subject us to foreign equivalents of the healthcare laws
mentioned above, among other foreign laws.
Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property
We may be involved in lawsuits to protect or enforce our patents or the patents of our licensors, or lawsuits
accusing our products of patent infringement, which could be expensive, time-consuming and unsuccessful.
Competitors may infringe the patents of our licensors. To counter infringement or unauthorized use, we
may be required to file infringement claims, which can be expensive and time-consuming. In addition, in an
infringement proceeding, a court may decide that one or more of our patents is not valid or is unenforceable, or may
refuse to stop the other party from using the technology at issue on the grounds that our patents do not cover the
technology in question. An adverse result in any litigation or defense proceedings could put one or more of our
patents at risk of being invalidated, held unenforceable, or interpreted narrowly and could put our patent applications
at risk of not issuing. Defense of these claims, regardless of their merit, would involve substantial litigation expense
and would be a substantial diversion of employee resources from our business. In the event of a successful claim of
infringement against us, we may be enjoined from manufacturing, use, and marketing our products, or may have to
pay substantial damages, including treble damages and attorneys’ fees for willful infringement, obtain one or more
licenses from third parties, pay royalties or redesign our infringing products, which may be impossible or require
substantial time and monetary expenditure.
40
Periodic maintenance fees on any issued patent are due to be paid to the USPTO and foreign patent
agencies in several stages over the lifetime of the patent. The USPTO and various foreign governmental patent
agencies require compliance with a number of procedural, documentary, fee payment and other similar provisions
during the patent application process. While an inadvertent lapse can in many cases be cured by payment of a late
fee or by other means in accordance with the applicable rules, there are situations in which noncompliance can result
in abandonment or lapse of the patent or patent application, resulting in partial or complete loss of patent rights in
the relevant jurisdiction. Noncompliance events that could result in abandonment or lapse of a patent or patent
application include, but are not limited to, failure to respond to official actions within prescribed time limits, non-
payment of fees and failure to properly legalize and submit formal documents. In such an event, our competitors
might be able to enter the market, which would have a material adverse effect on our business.
We may incur substantial costs as a result of litigation or other proceedings relating to patent and other
intellectual property rights.
The cost to us of any litigation or other proceeding relating to intellectual property rights, even if resolved
in our favor, could be substantial. Some of our competitors may be better able to sustain the costs of complex patent
litigation because they have substantially greater resources. If there is litigation against us, we may not be able to
continue our operations.
Should third parties file patent applications, or be issued patents claiming technology also used or claimed
by us, we may be required to participate in interference proceedings in the United States Patent and Trademark
Office (USPTO) to determine priority of invention. We may be required to participate in interference proceedings
involving our issued patents and pending applications. We may be required to cease using the technology or to
license rights from prevailing third parties as a result of an unfavorable outcome in an interference proceeding. A
prevailing party in that case may not offer us a license on commercially acceptable terms.
Issued patents covering our product candidates could be found invalid or unenforceable if challenged in court or
the USPTO.
If we or one of our licensing partners initiate legal proceedings against a third party to enforce a patent
covering one of our product candidates, the defendant could counterclaim that the patent covering our product
candidate, as applicable, is invalid and/or unenforceable. In patent litigation in the United States, defendant
counterclaims alleging invalidity and/or unenforceability are commonplace, and there are numerous grounds upon
which a third party can assert invalidity or unenforceability of a patent. Third parties may also raise similar claims
before administrative bodies in the United States or abroad, even outside the context of litigation. Such mechanisms
include re-examination, post grant review, and equivalent proceedings in foreign jurisdictions (e.g., opposition
proceedings). Such proceedings could result in revocation or amendment to our patents in such a way that they no
longer cover our product candidates. The outcome following legal assertions of invalidity and unenforceability is
unpredictable. With respect to the validity question, for example, we cannot be certain that there is no invalidating
prior art, of which we, our patent counsel and the patent examiner were unaware during prosecution. If a defendant
were to prevail on a legal assertion of invalidity and/or unenforceability, we would lose at least part, and perhaps all,
of the patent protection on our product candidates. Such a loss of patent protection could have a material adverse
impact on our business.
If we are unable to protect our proprietary rights, we may not be able to compete effectively or operate profitably.
Our success is dependent in part on maintaining and enforcing the patents and other proprietary rights that
we have licensed and may develop, and on our ability to avoid infringing the proprietary rights of others. All of our
intellectual property rights are licensed from another entity, and as such the preparation and prosecution of these
patents and patent applications was not performed by us or under our control. Furthermore, patent law relating to the
scope of claims in the biotechnology field in which we operate is still evolving and, consequently, patent positions
in our industry may not be as strong as in other more well-established fields. The patent positions of biotechnology
companies can be highly uncertain and involve complex legal and factual questions for which important legal
principles remain unresolved. No consistent policy regarding the breadth of claims allowed in biotechnology patents
has emerged to date.
41
The issuance of a patent is not conclusive as to its validity or enforceability and it is uncertain how much
protection, if any, will be given to the patents we have licensed from the NIH or from Moffitt if either the NIH,
Moffitt or we attempt to enforce the patents and/or if they are challenged in court or in other proceedings, such as
oppositions, which may be brought in foreign jurisdictions to challenge the validity of a patent. A third party may
challenge the validity or enforceability of a patent after its issuance by the Patent Office. It is possible that a
competitor may successfully challenge our patents or that a challenge will result in limiting their coverage.
Moreover, the cost of litigation to uphold the validity of patents and to prevent infringement can be substantial. If
the outcome of litigation is adverse to us, third parties may be able to use our patented invention without payment to
us. Moreover, it is possible that competitors may infringe our patents or successfully avoid them through design
innovation. To stop these activities, we may need to file a lawsuit. These lawsuits are expensive and would consume
time and other resources, even if we were successful in stopping the violation of our patent rights. In addition, there
is a risk that a court would decide that our patents are not valid and that we do not have the right to stop the other
party from using the inventions. There is also the risk that, even if the validity of our patents were upheld, a court
would refuse to stop the other party on the ground that its activities are not covered by, that is, do not infringe, our
patents.
Should third parties file patent applications, or be issued patents claiming technology also used or claimed
by our licensor(s) or by us in any future patent application, we may be required to participate in interference
proceedings in the USPTO to determine priority of invention for those patents or patent applications that are subject
to the first-to-invent law in the United States, or may be required to participate in derivation proceedings in the
USPTO for those patents or patent applications that are subject to the first-inventor-to-file law in the United States.
We may be required to participate in such interference or derivation proceedings involving our issued patents and
pending applications. We may be required to cease using the technology or to license rights from prevailing third
parties as a result of an unfavorable outcome in an interference proceeding or derivation proceeding. A prevailing
party in that case may not offer us a license on commercially acceptable terms.
We cannot prevent other companies from licensing most of the same intellectual properties that we have licensed
or from otherwise duplicating our business model and operations.
The intellectual properties that we are using to develop TIL-based cancer therapy products were licensed to
us by the NIH. The issued or pending patents that the NIH licensed to us are exclusive, and specific with respect to
melanoma, breast, HPV-associated, bladder and lung cancers. No assurance can be given that the NIH has not
previously licensed, or that the NIH hereafter will not license to other biotechnology companies some or all of the
non-exclusive technologies available to us under the NIH License Agreement. In addition, one pending U.S. patent
application in the NIH License Agreement is not owned solely by the NIH. No assurance can be given that NIH’s
co-owner of the certain pending U.S. patent application in the License Agreement has not previously licensed, or
that the co-owner thereafter will not license, to other biotechnology companies some or all of the technologies
available to us. Co-ownership of these intellectual properties will create issues with respect to our ability to enforce
the intellectual property rights in courts, and will create issues with respect to the accountability of one entity with
respect to the other.
Since the NCI, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Moffit and others already use the ACT technology in therapy
for the treatment of Stage IV metastatic melanoma, their methods and data are also available to third parties, who
may want to enter into our line of business and compete against us. We currently do not own any exclusive rights on
our entire product portfolio that could be used to prevent third parties from duplicating our business plan or from
otherwise directly competing against us. While additional technologies that may be developed under our CRADA
may be licensed to us on an exclusive basis, no assurance can be given that our existing exclusive rights and will be
sufficient to prevent others from competing with us and developing substantially similar products.
The use of our technologies could potentially conflict with the rights of others.
Our potential competitors or others may have or acquire patent rights that they could enforce against us. If
they do so, then we may be required to alter our products, pay licensing fees or cease activities. If our products
conflict with patent rights of others, third parties could bring legal actions against us or our collaborators, licensees,
suppliers or customers, claiming damages and seeking to enjoin manufacturing, use and marketing of the affected
products. If these legal actions are successful, in addition to any potential liability for damages (including treble
damages and attorneys’ fees for willful infringement), we could be required to obtain a license in order to continue
42
to manufacturing, promoting the use or marketing the affected products. We may not prevail in any legal action and
a required license under the patent may not be available on acceptable terms or at all.
We previously reported that we conducted an extensive freedom-to-operate (FTO) analysis of the then
current patent landscape with respect to our lead product candidate, and based on that analysis, that we believe that
we have FTO for our lead TIL product candidate. Because patent applications do not publish for 18 months, and
because the claims of patent families can change over time, no FTO analysis can be considered exhaustive. We are
undertaking additional FTO analyses of our manufacturing processes, our lead TIL products, and contemplated
future processes and products. However, the area of patent and other intellectual property rights in biotechnology
remains an evolving area with many risks and uncertainties. As such, we expect our FTO analyses will be ongoing.
Changes in U.S. patent law could diminish the value of patents in general, thereby impairing our ability to
protect our products.
As is the case with other biopharmaceutical companies, our success is dependent on intellectual property,
particularly patents. Obtaining and enforcing patents in the biopharmaceutical industry involve both technological
and legal complexity, and is therefore costly, time-consuming and inherently uncertain. In addition, the United
States has recently enacted and is currently implementing wide-ranging patent reform legislation. Recent U.S.
Supreme Court rulings have narrowed the scope of patent protection available in certain circumstances and
weakened the rights of patent owners in certain situations. In addition to increasing uncertainty with regard to our
ability to obtain patents in the future, this combination of events has created uncertainty with respect to the value of
patents, once obtained. Depending on decisions by the U.S. Congress, the federal courts, and the USPTO, the laws
and regulations governing patents could change in unpredictable ways that would weaken our ability to obtain new
patents or to enforce our existing patents and patents that we might obtain in the future. While we do not believe that
any of the patents owned or licensed by us will be found invalid based on this decision, we cannot predict how
future decisions by the courts, the U.S. Congress or the USPTO may impact the value of our patents.
We have limited foreign intellectual property rights and may not be able to protect our intellectual property rights
throughout the world.
We have limited intellectual property rights outside the United States. Filing, prosecuting and defending
patents on product candidates in all countries throughout the world would be prohibitively expensive, and our
intellectual property rights in some countries outside the United States can be less extensive than those in the United
States. In addition, the laws of some foreign countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as
federal and state laws in the United States. Consequently, we may not be able to prevent third parties from practicing
our inventions in all countries outside the United States, or from selling or importing products made using our
inventions in and into the United States or other jurisdictions. Competitors may use our technologies in jurisdictions
where we have not obtained patent protection to develop their own products and further, may export otherwise
infringing products to territories where we have patent protection, but enforcement is not as strong as that in the
United States. These products may compete with our products and our patents or other intellectual property rights
may not be effective or sufficient to prevent them from competing.
Many companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and defending intellectual property
rights in foreign jurisdictions. The legal systems of certain countries, particularly certain developing countries, do
not favor the enforcement of patents, trade secrets and other intellectual property protection, particularly those
relating to biopharmaceutical products, which could make it difficult for us to stop the infringement of our patents or
marketing of competing products in violation of our proprietary rights generally. Proceedings to enforce our patent
rights in foreign jurisdictions could result in substantial costs and divert our efforts and attention from other aspects
of our business, could put our patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly and our patent applications
at risk of not issuing and could provoke third parties to assert claims against us. We may not prevail in any lawsuits
that we initiate and the damages or other remedies awarded, if any, may not be commercially meaningful.
Accordingly, our efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights around the world may be inadequate to obtain a
significant commercial advantage from the intellectual property that we develop or license.
43
We may be subject to claims that our employees, consultants or independent contractors have wrongfully used or
disclosed confidential information of third parties.
We have received confidential and proprietary information from third parties. In addition, we employ
individuals who were previously employed at other biotechnology or pharmaceutical companies. We may be subject
to claims that we or our employees, consultants or independent contractors have inadvertently or otherwise used or
disclosed confidential information of these third parties or our employees’ former employers. Litigation may be
necessary to defend against these claims. Even if we are successful in defending against these claims, litigation
could result in substantial cost and be a distraction to our management and employees.
Risks Related to Our Securities
Our existing directors and executive officers hold a substantial amount of our common stock and may be able to
influence significant corporate decisions.
As of December 31, 2016, our officers and directors beneficially owned approximately 11% of our
outstanding common stock. These stockholders, if they act together, may be able to materially affect the outcome of
matters presented to our stockholders, including the election of our directors and other corporate actions such as:
A merger with or into another company;
A sale of substantially all of our assets; and
Amendments to our articles of incorporation.
Additionally, the decisions of these stockholders may conflict with our interests or those of our other
stockholders and the market price of our stock may be adversely affected by market volatility.
Our stock price may be volatile, and our stockholders' investment in our stock could decline in value.
The market price of our common stock is likely to be volatile and could fluctuate widely in response to
many factors, including but not limited to:
announcements of the results of clinical trials by us or our competitors;
developments with respect to patents or proprietary rights;
announcements of technological innovations by us or our competitors;
announcements of new products or new contracts by us or our competitors;
actual or anticipated variations in our operating results due to the level of development expenses
and other factors;
changes in financial estimates by securities analysts and whether our earnings meet or exceed such
estimates;
conditions and trends in the pharmaceutical, biotechnology and other industries;
receipt, or lack of receipt, of funding in support of conducing our business;
regulatory developments within, and outside of, the United States;
litigation or arbitration;
general volatility in the financial markets;
general economic, political and market conditions and other factors; and
the occurrence of any of the risks described in this Annual Report.
44
You may experience future dilution as a result of future equity offerings or other equity issuances.
We will have to raise additional capital in the future. To raise additional capital, we may in the future offer
additional shares of our common stock or other securities convertible into or exchangeable for our common stock.
Future sales of our common stock in the public market could cause our stock price to fall.
Our stock price could decline as a result of sales of a large number of shares of our common stock or the
perception that these sales could occur. These sales, or the possibility that these sales may occur, also might make it
more difficult for us to sell equity securities in the future at a time and at a price that we deem appropriate.
As of December 31, 2016, we had over 62 million shares of common stock outstanding, in addition we had
over 22 million, stock options to purchase common stock based on vesting requirements, warrants to purchase
common stock and the conversion of preferred stock, that would increase the number of common stock outstanding
if these instruments were exercised or converted.
In addition, in the future, we may issue additional shares of common stock or other equity or debt securities
convertible into common stock in connection with a financing, acquisition, litigation settlement, employee
arrangements or otherwise. Any such issuance could result in substantial dilution to our existing stockholders and
could cause our stock price to decline.
If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about our company, or if they issue adverse or
misleading opinions regarding us or our stock, our stock price and trading volume could decline.
Although we have research coverage by securities and industry analysts, if coverage is not maintained, the
market price for our stock may be adversely affected. Our stock price also may decline if any analyst who covers us
issues an adverse or erroneous opinion regarding us, our business model, our intellectual property or our stock
performance, or if our clinical trials and operating results fail to meet analysts’ expectations. If one or more analysts
cease coverage of us or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets,
which could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline and possibly adversely affect our ability to engage in
future financings
If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting, we may not be able to
accurately report our financial results. As a result, we could become subject to sanctions or investigations by
regulatory authorities and/or stockholder litigation, which could harm our business and have an adverse effect
on our stock price.
As a public reporting company, we are subject to various regulatory requirements, including the Sarbanes-
Oxley Act of 2002, which requires our management to assess and report on our internal controls over financial
reporting. Nevertheless, in future years, our testing, or the subsequent testing by our independent registered public
accounting firm, may reveal deficiencies in our internal controls that we would be required to remediate in a timely
manner so as to be able to comply with the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act each year. If we
are not able to comply with the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act each year, we could be
subject to sanctions or investigations by the SEC, NASDAQ or other regulatory authorities which would require
additional financial and management resources and could adversely affect the market price of our common stock. In
addition, material weaknesses in our internal controls could result in a loss of investor confidence in our financial
reports.
Our board could issue one or more additional series of preferred stock without stockholder approval with the
effect of diluting existing stockholders and impairing their voting and other rights.
Our articles of incorporation authorize the issuance of up to 50,000,000 shares of “blank check” preferred
stock (of which only 17,000 have been designated as the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock and 11,500,000
designated as Series B Convertible Preferred Stock) with designations, rights and preferences as may be determined
from time to time by our board of directors. Our board is empowered, without stockholder approval, to issue one or
more series of preferred stock with dividend, liquidation, conversion, voting or other rights which could dilute the
interest of, or impair the voting power of, our common stockholders. The issuance of a series of preferred stock
45
could be used as a method of discouraging, delaying or preventing a change in control. For example, it would be
possible for our board of directors to issue preferred stock with voting or other rights or preferences that could
impede the success of any attempt to effect a change in control of our company.
We do not anticipate paying cash dividends for the foreseeable future, and therefore investors should not buy our
stock if they wish to receive cash dividends.
We have never declared or paid any cash dividends or distributions on our common stock. We currently
intend to retain our future earnings to support operations and to finance expansion and, therefore, we do not
anticipate paying any cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future.
We may be subject to claims for rescission or damages in connection with certain sales of shares of our common
stock in the open market.
In January 2014, the SEC declared effective a registration statement that we filed to cover the resale of
shares issued and sold (or to be issued and sold) by certain selling stockholders. On March 11, 2016, that registration
statement (and the prospectus contained therein) became ineligible for future use, and selling stockholders could no
longer sell any shares of our common stock in open market transactions by means of that prospectus. We believe
that certain stockholders did sell up to 128,500 shares of our common stock in open market transactions in May
2016 by means of the ineffective registration statement/prospectus. Accordingly, those sales were not made in
accordance with Sections 5 and 10(a)(3) of the Securities Act, and the purchasers of those shares may have
rescission rights (if they still own the shares) or claims for damages (if they no longer own the shares). In addition,
we also may have indemnification obligations to the selling stockholders. The amount of any such liability is
uncertain.
Item 1B.
Unresolved Staff Comments
None.
Item 2.
Properties
As of October 2016, our corporate headquarters consist of 8,733 square feet of space that we lease in San
Carlos, California. The lease is for a term of 54 months.
We also currently lease offices in New York under a lease that expires in July 2017.
Our research and development facilities consist of an 8,673 square foot facility located at the University of
South Florida Research Park in Tampa, Florida. The lease expires in 2019.
We believe that our existing facilities are adequate to meet our current needs, and that suitable additional
alternative spaces will be available in the future on commercially reasonable terms.
Item 3.
Legal Proceedings.
SEC Settlement
On April 23, 2014, we received a subpoena from the SEC that stated that the staff of the SEC was
conducting an investigation then designated as “In the Matter of Galena Biopharma, Inc.” File No. HO 12346 (now
known as “In the Matter of Certain Stock Promotions”) and that the subpoena was issued as part of the foregoing
investigation. We have been informed by the staff of the SEC that the SEC’s investigation, in part, involves the
conduct of our former Chief Executive Officer, Manish Singh, during the period between September 2013 and April
2014. We understand that, as it pertains to our former Chief Executive Officer, the investigation has focused on the
failure by authors of certain articles about the Company to disclose that they were compensated by one of our former
investor relations firms. We understand that it is the position of the SEC Staff that the conduct of the former Chief
Executive Officer with respect to these articles will be imputed to us and, as a result, that we are partially liable for
the former Chief Executive Officer’s actions.
46
In order to resolve this matter, in December 2016, we submitted an offer of settlement to the SEC under
which we offered to (i) consent to the entry of an order requiring the Company to cease and desist from any future
violations of Sections 5(b), 17(a), and 17(b) of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 10(b) of the Securities
Exchange Act of 1934 and Rule 10b-5 thereunder, without admitting or denying any allegations, and (ii) pay
$100,000 as a financial penalty. The proposed settlement is contingent upon reaching a final agreement with the
SEC and obtaining the approval of the Commissioners of the SEC, neither of which can be assured.
Solomon Capital, LLC.
On April 8, 2016, a lawsuit titled Solomon Capital, LLC, Solomon Capital 401(K) Trust, Solomon Sharbat
and Shelhav Raff against Lion Biotechnologies, Inc. was filed by Solomon Capital, LLC, Solomon Capital 401(k)
Trust, Solomon Sharbat and Shelhav Raff against the Company in the Supreme Court of the State of New York
County of New York (index no. 651881/2016). The plaintiffs allege that, between June and November 2012 they
provided to the Company $0.1 million and that they advanced and paid on our behalf an additional $0.2 million. The
complaint further alleges that the Company agreed to (i) provide them with promissory notes totaling $0.2 million,
plus interest, (ii) issue a total of 111,425 shares to the plaintiffs (before the 1-for-100 reverse split of our common
stock effected in September 2013), and (iii) allow the plaintiffs to convert the foregoing funds into our securities in
the next transaction. The plaintiffs allege that they should have been able to convert their advances and payments
into shares of the Company’s common stock in the Restructuring that it effected in May 2013. Based on the
foregoing, the plaintiffs allege causes for breach of contract and unjust enrichment and demand judgment against the
Company in an unspecified amount exceeding $1.5 million, plus interest and attorneys’ fees.
On June 3, 2016, the Company filed an answer and counterclaims in the lawsuit. In its counterclaims, the
Company alleges that the plaintiffs misrepresented their qualifications to assist it in fundraising and that they failed
to disclose that they were under investigation for securities laws violations. The Company is seeking damages in an
amount exceeding $0.5 million and an order rescinding any and all agreements that the plaintiffs contend entitled
them to obtain stock in the Company. The Company’s investigation of the allegations made by the plaintiffs is
ongoing and it intends to vigorously defend the complaint and pursue its counterclaims.
Other
In addition to the items noted above, we may be involved, from time to time, in legal proceedings and
claims arising in the ordinary course of our business. Such matters are subject to many uncertainties and outcomes
are not predictable with assurance. We accrue amounts, to the extent they can be reasonably estimated, that we
believe are adequate to address any liabilities related to legal proceedings and other loss contingencies that we
believe will result in a probable loss. While there can be no assurances as to the ultimate outcome of any legal
proceeding or other loss contingency involving us, management does not believe any pending matter will be
resolved in a manner that would have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations or
cash flows. Regardless of outcome, litigation can have an adverse impact on us because of defense and settlement
costs, diversion of management resources and other factors.
Item 4.
Mine Safety Disclosures.
Not Applicable.
47
PART II
Item 5.
Market for Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity
Securities.
Since February 26, 2015, our common stock has been listed for trading on the Nasdaq Global Market under
the symbol “LBIO”. Prior thereto, our common stock was quoted on the OTC QB market of the OTC Markets.
Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2016
First quarter
Second quarter
Third quarter
Fourth quarter
Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2015
First quarter
Second quarter
Third quarter
Fourth quarter
Stockholders
High
$ 7.54
8.65
9.29
8.07
High
$ 15.03
13.89
10.29
8.45
Low
$ 4.54
4.90
7.78
5.80
Low
$ 7.60
8.02
5.42
5.27
As of December 31, 2016, there were approximately 86 holders of record of our common stock. In
addition, we had two holders of record who owned shares of our Series A Convertible Preferred Stock and 13
holders of record who owned our Series B Convertible Preferred Stock.
Dividends
We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our common stock or any other securities. We
anticipate that we will retain all available funds and any future earnings, if any, for use in the operation of our
business and do not anticipate paying cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Payment of future cash dividends, if
any, will be at the discretion of the board of directors after taking into account various factors, including our
financial condition, operating results, current and anticipated cash needs.
Under the terms of the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock, we may not declare, pay or set aside any
dividends on shares of any class or series of capital stock (other than dividends on shares of common stock payable
in shares of common stock) unless the holders of the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock first receive, or
simultaneously receive, an equal dividend on each outstanding share of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock.
Under the terms of the Series B Convertible Preferred Stock, holders shall be entitled to receive dividends
on shares equal (on an as-if-converted-to-Common-Stock basis) to and in the same form as dividends (other than
dividends in the form of common stock) actually paid on shares of the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock,
common stock or other junior securities when, as and if such dividends (other than dividends in the form of common
stock) are paid on shares of the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock, common stock or other junior securities. No
other dividends shall be paid on shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock, and we may not pay dividends
(other than dividends in the form of common stock) on shares of the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock, common
stock or other junior securities unless it simultaneously complies with the previous sentence.
Equity Compensation Plan Information
Information regarding our equity compensation plans is incorporated by reference from the information in
our Proxy Statement for our 2017 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which we will file with the SEC within 120 days
after the end of the fiscal year to which this Annual Report relates.
48
Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities
During the fiscal quarter ended December 31, 2016, warrants to purchase 242,000 shares of common stock
were exercised at an exercise price of $2.50 per share, 211,074 shares of common stock were issued, with 30,926
warrants cancelled in connection with cashless exercises which took place. These shares were issued pursuant to an
exemption available under Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. No commissions were paid
with respect to this warrant exercises.
Stock Repurchases during the three months ended December 31, 2016
Not applicable.
Item 6.
Selected Financial Data (in thousands, except per share information)
The statements of operations data for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 and the balance
sheet data as of December 31, 2016 and 2015 have been derived from our audited financial statements included
elsewhere in this annual report on Form 10-K. The statements of operations data for the years ended December 31,
2013 and 2012 and the balance sheet data as of December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012 have been derived from our
audited financial statements not included in this annual report on Form 10-K. The following selected financial data
should be read in conjunction with our “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results
of Operations” and financial statements and related notes to those statements included elsewhere in this annual
report on Form 10-K.
2016
Years Ended December 31,
2014
2015
2013
2012
Net revenue
$
--
$
--
$
--
$
--
$
--
Operating expenses:
Research and development
General and administrative
Cost of Lion transaction - related
party
Other income (loss)
Net loss
Net loss Per Common Share
28,037
25,602
--
745
(52,894)
(1.85)
15,470
12,390
--
200
(27,660)
(0.62)
3,849
8,192
--
6
(12,035)
(0.48)
2,154
3,831
16,656
(2,741)
(25,382)
(3.47)
Total assets
Total liabilities
Total stockholders’ equity
2016
$171,886
$ 4,968
$166,918
2015
105,653
1,630
104,023
As of December 31,
2014
46,507
1,662
44,845
2013
19,877
2,270
17,604
1,656
6,476
--
4,825
(3,308)
(0.04)
2012
29
11,349
(11,319)
See "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" below, and the
financial statements and accompanying notes and previously filed Annual Reports on Form 10-K for further
information regarding our results and financial position for periods reported herein and for known factors that will
impact comparability of future results.
Item 7.
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The following discussion and analysis of our results of operations and financial condition should be read in
conjunction with our financial statements and the notes to those financial statements that are included elsewhere in
this report. Our discussion includes forward-looking statements based upon current expectations that involve risks
and uncertainties, such as our plans, objectives, expectations and intentions. Actual results and the timing of events
could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of a number of factors,
including those set forth under the “Business” section and elsewhere in this report. We use words such as
49
“anticipate,” “estimate,” “plan,” “project,” “continuing,” “ongoing,” “expect,” “believe,” “intend,” “may,”
“will,” “should,” “could,” and similar expressions to identify forward-looking statements. All forward-looking
statements included in this report are based on information available to us on the date hereof and, except as
required by law, we assume no obligation to update any such forward-looking statements.
Overview
We are a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on the development and commercialization of
novel cancer immunotherapy products designed to harness the power of a patient’s own immune system to eradicate
cancer cells. Our lead program is an adoptive cell therapy utilizing tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL), which are
T cells derived from patients’ tumors, for the treatment of metastatic melanoma.
We have an on-going Phase 2 clinical trial of our lead product candidate, LN-144, TIL for the treatment of
metastatic melanoma. This single-arm study is enrolling patients with melanoma whose disease has progressed
following treatment with at least one systemic therapy. The trial opened for enrollment during the second half of
2015 and is being conducted at eight sites. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the safety, and efficacy of our
autologous TIL infusion (LN-144). The trial’s primary endpoints are characterized by the safety of LN-144.
Secondary outcome measures efficacy of LN-144 which include objective response and complete response rates.
Additional secondary or exploratory endpoints may be considered as well. Updates from this Phase 2 trial is planned
to be released in 2017.
During 2015, we received orphan drug designation for LN-144 in the United States to treat metastatic
melanoma. This designation provides seven years of market exclusivity in the United States, subject to certain
limited exceptions.
In September 2016, we entered into an exclusive and co-exclusive license agreement PolyBioCept AB for
the exclusive right and license to PolyBioCept’s intellectual property to develop, manufacture, market and
genetically engineer TIL produced by expansion, selection and enrichment using a cytokine cocktail. We paid
PolyBioCept a total of $2.5 million as an up-front exclusive license payment and agreed to make milestone
payments to PolyBioCept under the PolyBioCept license agreement if, and when, (i) certain product development
milestones are achieved, (ii) certain regulatory approvals have been obtained from the FDA and/or the European
Medicines Agency (EMA), and (iii) certain product sales targets are achieved. The milestone payments will be
payable both in cash (U.S. dollars) and in shares of our common stock. If all of the foregoing product development,
regulatory approval and sales milestone payments are met, we will have to pay PolyBioCept an additional $8.7
million and will have to issue to PolyBioCept a total 2,219,376 shares of unregistered common stock. In addition to
these potential payments, we agreed to reimburse PolyBioCept for up to $0.2 million in expenses related to the
transfer of know-how and to pay PolyBioCept $0.1 million as a clinical trials management fee.
On November 23, 2016 we entered into that a three-year manufacturing and services agreement with WuXi
pursuant to which WuXi agreed to provide manufacturing and other services. Under the agreement, we entered into
two statements of work for two cGMP manufacturing suites to be established and operated by WuXi for us, one of
which is expected to be capable of being used for the commercial manufacture of our products. The fee payable
under the first statement of work for the use of one of the manufacturing suites during the first year of the
agreement, including the fees for the necessary personnel, is $2.5 million. The second statement of work, under
which WuXi agreed to establish and operate a second, dedicated facility for a late stage/commercial manufacturing
cGMP suite requires us to pay approximately $5.85 million during the first year of the agreement.
Results of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2016 and 2015
Revenues
As a development stage company that is currently engaged in the development of novel cancer
immunotherapy products, we have not yet generated any revenues from our biotechnology business or otherwise
since our formation. We currently do not anticipate that we will generate any revenues during 2017 from the sale or
licensing of our products. Our ability to generate revenues in the future will depend on our ability to complete the
development of our product candidates and to obtain regulatory approval for them.
50
Costs and expenses
Research and Development Expense (in thousands)
Research and development
Stock-based compensation
expense included in research and
development expense
Years Ended December 31,
2016
2015
Increase (Decrease)
%
$
$
28,037 $
15,470
12,567
3,267
2,248
1,019
81 %
45 %
Research and Development expense for the year ended December 31, 2016 increased by $12.6 million, or
81%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2015, inclusive of stock-based compensation. The increase was
primarily attributable to a $2.3 million increase in payroll and related expenses primarily due to an increase in
headcount, a $3.2 million increase in drug manufacturing costs, a $0.9 million increase in costs related to our
clinical trials, $1.0 million increase in stock-based compensation expense and expenses incurred under the
PolyBioCept agreement in the amount of $2.7 million.
Research and development activities are central to our business model. Product candidates in later stages of
clinical development generally have higher development costs than those in earlier stages of clinical development,
primarily due to the increased size and duration of later-stage clinical trials. We expect our research and
development expenses to increase over the next several years as we continue to conduct our clinical trial for our
products and as we increase our research and development efforts in other cancer indications. However, it is difficult
to determine with certainty the duration and completion costs of our current or future preclinical programs and
clinical trials of our product candidates.
The duration, costs and timing of our clinical trials and development of our product candidates will depend
on a number of factors that include, but are not limited to, the number of patients that enroll in the trial, per patient
trial costs, number of sites included in the trial, discontinuation rates of patients, duration of patient follow-up,
efficacy and safety profile of the product candidate, and the length of time required to enroll eligible patients.
Additionally, the probability of success for our product candidate will depend on a number of factors, including
competition, manufacturing capability and cost efficiency, and commercial viability.
General and Administrative Expense (in thousands)
Years Ended December 31,
2016
2015
Increase (Decrease)
%
$
General and administrative
Stock-based compensation expense included
in general and administrative
$
25,602 $
12,390
13,212
15,637
6,275
9,362
107 %
149 %
General and Administrative expense for the year ended December 31, 2016 increased by $13.2 million, or
107%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2015, inclusive of stock-based compensation. The increase was
primarily attributable to a $9.3 million increase in stock-based compensation expense primarily due to the
accelerated vesting of equity awards upon the termination of employment of our former Chief Executive Officer and
our former Chief Financial Officer, and the increase in the number of our employees. A $1.5 million increase in
payroll and related expenses primarily due to the increase in headcount, a $0.9 million increase due to severance
payments to our former Chief Executive Officer and our former Chief Financial Officer and a $1.3 million increase
in consulting and legal related expenses.
General and administrative expenses include personnel costs for our employees engaged in general and
administrative activities, legal fees, audit and tax fees, consultants and professional services, and general corporate
expenses.
51
Interest Income (in thousands)
Years Ended December 31,
2016
2015
Increase (Decrease)
%
$
Interest Income
$
745 $
200
545
273 %
Interest income results from our interest-bearing cash and investment balances. Interest income for the year
ended December 31, 2016 increased due to the higher cash balances in 2016 as a result of the proceeds received
from our equity financings in 2015 and June 2016.
Results of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2015 and 2014
Revenues
As a development stage company that is currently engaged in the development of novel cancer
immunotherapy products, we have not yet generated any revenues from our biotechnology business or otherwise
since our formation.
Costs and expenses
Research and Development Expense (in thousands)
Research and development
Stock-based compensation expense
included in research and development
expense
Years Ended December 31,
2015
2014
Increase (Decrease)
%
$
$
15,470 $
3,849
11,621
302 %
2,248
1,144
1,104
97 %
During the year ended December 31, 2015, our research and development costs increased by $11.6 million
when compared to the same period in 2014, inclusive of stock-based compensation. The increase is mainly
attributable to the expansion of our CRADA in 2015, the general expansion of our research and development efforts,
the establishment of our Tampa, Florida, research facility in the fourth quarter of 2014 and the initiation of our
Phase II clinical trial in September 2015.
General and Administrative Expense (in thousands)
General and administrative
Stock-based compensation expense
included in general and
administrative
Years Ended December 31,
2015
2014
Increase (Decrease)
%
$
$
12,390 $
8,192
4,198
51 %
6,275
2,670
3,605
135 %
For the year ended December 31, 2015 our general and administrative expenses increased by $4.2 million,
or 51%, and for the year ended December 31, 2014 compared to the prior year comparable period, inclusive of
stock-based compensation. The increase in our general and administrative expenses during the year ended December
31, 2015 is primarily due to stock-based compensation, and increases in our overall corporate activities, including
business development and increases in employment related expenses, insurance costs and legal fees. For the years
ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, we incurred $6.3 million and $2.7 million, respectively, of non-cash stock-
based compensation costs. Share based compensation includes stock and options granted to our executive officers,
our employees, our directors, and our consultants and advisors.
52
Interest Income (in thousands)
Years Ended December 31,
2015
2014
Increase (Decrease)
%
$
Interest Income
$
200 $
6
194
3233 %
Interest income results from our interest-bearing cash and investment balances. Interest income for the year
ended December 31, 2015 increased over 2014 due to the higher cash balances in 2015 as a result of the proceeds
received from our equity financings in late 2014 and early 2015.
Net Loss
We had a net loss of $52.9 million, $27.7 million, and $12.0 million for the years ended December 31,
2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The increase in our net loss during 2016 is due to the continued expansion of our
research and development activities, increased clinical trials and manufacturing activities, and the overall growth of
our corporate infrastructure. Our general and administrative expenses increased due to the increase in headcount and
due to stock-based equity awards accelerated in 2016 related to the termination of certain executives. The increase
in our net loss during 2015 is due to an increase in general and administrative expenses, along with the expansion of
our research and development activities. We anticipate that we will continue to incur net losses in the future as we
further invest in our research and development activities, including our clinical development. We do not expect to
generate any revenues in the near term.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Corporate Capitalization . As of December 31, 2016, we had outstanding 62,248,074 shares of our
$0.000041666 par value common stock, 1,694 shares of our $0.0001 par value Series A Convertible Preferred Stock,
and 7,946,673 shares of our $0.0001 par value Series B Convertible Preferred Stock. The outstanding shares of
Series A Convertible Preferred Stock are currently convertible into 847,000 shares of our common stock, and the
outstanding shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock are currently convertible into 7,946,673 shares of our
common stock. The shares of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock and Series B Convertible Preferred Stock do not
have voting rights or accrue dividends.
Our major sources of funding have been proceeds from various public and private offerings of our common
stock, option and warrant exercises, and interest income.
We are currently engaged in the development of therapeutics to fight cancer. We do not have any
commercial products and have not yet generated any revenues from our biopharmaceutical business. We currently
do not anticipate that we will generate any revenues during 2017 from the sale or licensing of any products. As
shown in the accompanying financial statements, we have incurred a net loss of $52.9 million for the year ended
December 31, 2016 and used $32.7 million of cash in our operating activities during the year ended December 31,
2016. As of December 31, 2016, we had $166.5 million of cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments on
hand, stockholders’ equity of $166.9 million and had working capital of $164.5 million.
We expect to further increase our research and development activities, which will increase the amount of
cash we will use during 2017. Specifically, we expect increased spending on clinical trials, research and
development activities, higher payroll expenses as we increase our professional and scientific staff and continued
and expansion of manufacturing activities. However, based on the funds we have available; we believe that we have
sufficient capital to fund our anticipated operating expenses for at least 12 months from the date of filing this annual
report.
53
Cash Flows from Operating, Investing and Financing Activities (in thousands):
Years Ended December 31,
2015
2016
2014
Net cash (used in) provided by :
Operating activities
Investing activities
Financing activities
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash
equivalents
$
(32,668 ) $
8,894
96,904
(18,381 ) $
(71,208 )
78,267
(8,633 )
(1,592 )
35,462
$
73,130 $
(11,322 ) $
25,237
Net cash used in operating activities of $32.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 resulted
primarily from our net loss of $52.9 million, adjusted by $18.9 million for stock-based compensation expense, a
$2.8 million an increase prepaids due to timing of certain upfront payments associated with our research agreements,
and a $3.4 million increase in accrued liabilities primarily due to increases in activities by the Company.
Net cash used in operating activities of $18.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 resulted
primarily from our net loss of $27.7 million, adjusted by $8.5 million for stock-based compensation expense.
Net cash used in operating activities of $8.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 resulted
primarily from our net loss of $12.0 million, adjusted by $3.8 million for stock-based compensation expense.
Net cash provided by investing activities of $8.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 consisted
primarily of $1.5 million used for the purchase of property and equipment, and $110.2 million used for purchases of
short-term investments, offset by $120.7 million of proceeds from the maturities of short-term investments.
Net cash used in investing activities of $71.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 consisted
primarily of $1.1 million used for the purchase of property and equipment, and $140.7 million used for purchases of
short-term investments, offset by $70.6 million of proceeds from the maturities of short-term investments.
Net cash used in investing activities of $1.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 was solely used
for the purchase of property and equipment.
Net cash provided by financing activities of $96.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 consisted
primarily of net proceeds of $95.7 million from the issuance of shares in a private offering at $4.75 per share after
deducting expenses of the offering, $1.2 million of proceeds exercise of warrants, $0.6 million from the exercise of
options offset by $0.6 million in connection with tax payments made by the Company in connection with vested
restricted stock awards.
Net cash provided by financing activities of $78.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 consisted
primarily of net proceeds of $68.3 million from the issuance of shares in a private offering at $8.00 per share after
deducting expenses of the offering, $9.7 million of proceeds exercise of warrants and $0.3 million from the exercise
of options.
Net cash provided by financing activities of $35.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 consisted
primarily of net proceeds of $32.2 million from the issuance of shares in a private offering at $5.75 per share after
deducting expenses of the offering, and $3.2 million of proceeds exercise of warrants.
Significant Accounting Policies and Recent Accounting Standards
See Note 2 of the financial statements for a discussion of our significant accounting policies, including the
discussion of recent accounting standards.
Contractual Obligations
We acquire assets still in development and enter into research and development arrangements with third
parties that often require milestone and royalty payments to the third party contingent upon the occurrence of certain
54
future events linked to the success of the asset in development. Milestone payments may be required, contingent
upon the successful achievement of an important point in the development life-cycle of the pharmaceutical product
(e.g., approval of the product for marketing by a regulatory agency). If required by the arrangement, we may have to
make royalty payments based upon a percentage of the sales of the pharmaceutical product in the event that
regulatory approval for marketing is obtained. Because of the contingent nature of these milestone payments, they
are not included in the table of contractual obligations.
These arrangements may be material individually, and in the event that milestones for multiple products
covered by these arrangements were reached in the same period, the aggregate charge to expense could be material
to the results of operations in any one period. In addition, these arrangements often give us the discretion to
unilaterally terminate development of the product, which would allow us to avoid making the contingent payments.
Our current contractual obligations as of December 31, 2016 that will require future cash payments are as
follows (in thousands):
Contractual Obligations
Total
2017
Payments due by period
2019
2018
2020
2021
Therafter
Operating lease obligations $
Purchase commitments
Moffitt obligations
CRADA minimum
obligations
2,860 $
9,820
873
797 $
9,820
873
500
500
699 $
-
-
-
700 $
-
-
-
495 $
-
-
-
169 $
-
-
-
Total
$
14,053 $
11,990 $
699 $
700 $
495 $
169 $
-
-
-
-
-
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
At December 31, 2016, we had no obligations that would require disclosure as off-balance sheet
arrangements.
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
Interest Rate Risk
Our exposure to interest rate risk relates primarily to our investment portfolio. The fair market value of
fixed rate securities may be adversely impacted due to fluctuations in interest rates, while floating rate securities
may produce less income than expected if interest rates fall. Due in part to these factors, our future investment
income may fall short of expectations due to changes in interest rates or we may suffer losses in principal if forced
to sell securities which have declined in market value due to changes in interest rates. The primary objective of our
investment activities is to preserve principal while at the same time improving yields without significantly
increasing risk. To achieve this objective, our cash and cash equivalents are primarily held in cash deposits and
money market funds. As of December 31, 2016, our short-term investments consist of commercial paper, corporate
debt securities and U.S. government agency securities, which generally had maturities of one year or less and we
believe we do not have any material exposure to changes in the fair value of our investment portfolio as a result of
changes in interest rates. Assuming a hypothetical change in interest rates of one percentage point, change in the fair
value of our total investment portfolio as of December 31, 2016 would not have had a material effect on our results
of operations or cash flows for that period.
Inflation Risk
Inflation has not had a material effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations during
the years ended
December 31, 2016, 2015 or 2014.
55
Item 8.
Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
Financial Statements are referred to in Item 15, listed in the Index to Financial Statements as a part of this
Annual Report on Form 10-K, and are incorporated herein by this reference.
Item 9.
Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
Not applicable.
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures
(a)
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures:
We maintain disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be
disclosed in our Exchange Act reports is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods
specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms and that such information is accumulated
and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as
appropriate, to allow for timely decisions regarding required disclosure. In designing and evaluating the disclosure
controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and
operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives, and in reaching a
reasonable level of assurance, management is required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit
relationship of possible controls and procedures.
As of the end of the period covered by this Form 10-K, we carried out an evaluation, under the supervision
and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial
Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures. Based on the
foregoing, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and
procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level.
(b)
Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting:
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial
reporting, as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f). Under the supervision and with
the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we
conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016
based on the framework in Internal Control—Integrated Framework 2013 issued by the Committee of Sponsoring
Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Based on that evaluation, our management concluded that our
internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2016.
The independent registered public accounting firm, Marcum LLP, has issued an attestation report on our
internal control over financial reporting. The report on the audit of internal control over financial reporting is
included in this Form 10-K.
(c)
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting:
There has been no change in our internal control over financial reporting during our most recent fiscal
quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial
reporting.
Item 9B. Other Information
None.
56
PART III
Certain information required by Part III is omitted from this Annual Report because we will file a definitive
Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders pursuant to Regulation 14A of the Securities Exchange
Act of 1934 (the “Proxy Statement”), not later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Annual
Report, and the applicable information included in the Proxy Statement is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 10.
Directors, Executive Officers, and Corporate Governance
Information required by this Item 10 will be presented in the Proxy Statement "Election of Directors,"
"Management Executive Officers," "Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance" and "Board of
Directors and Corporate Governance," and is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 11.
Executive Compensation
The information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to the sections entitled
“Executive Compensation,” "Executive Compensation—Compensation Committee Report." and “Directors’
Compensation” in the Proxy Statement.
Item 12.
Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder
Matters
The information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to the sections entitled “Security
Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management” and “Equity Compensation Plan Information” in the
Proxy Statement.
Item 13.
Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence
The information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to the section entitled “Certain
Relationships and Related Transactions” in the Proxy Statement.
Item 14.
Principal Accountant’s Fees and Services
Information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to the section of the Proxy Statement
entitled “Principal Accountant Fees and Services.”
57
Item 15.
Exhibits, Financial Statements Schedules
PART IV
The Company’s financial statements and related notes thereto are listed and included in this Annual Report
beginning on page F-1. The following exhibits are filed with, or are incorporated by reference into, this Annual
Report.
EXHIBIT INDEX
Exhibit
2.1
2.2
Description
Agreement and Plan of Merger between Freight Management Corp. (renamed Genesis Biopharma,
Inc.) and Genesis Biopharma, Inc. dated March 15, 2010 (incorporated herein by reference to the
Registrant’s Form 8-K filed with the Commission on March 19, 2010).
Asset Purchase Agreement among Freight Management Corp. (renamed Genesis Biopharma, Inc.),
Genesis Biopharma, Inc., Hamilton Atlantic and the other signatories thereto dated March 15, 2010
(incorporated herein by reference to the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed with the Commission on March
19, 2010).
3.1
Articles of Incorporation filed with the Nevada Secretary of State on September 7, 2007 (incorporated
herein by reference to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form SB-2 filed with the
Commission on January 29, 2008).
3.2
3.3
Articles of Merger filed with the Nevada Secretary of State on March 15, 2010 (incorporated herein
by reference to the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed with the Commission on March 19, 2010).
Certificate of Change to Articles of Incorporation filed with the Nevada Secretary of State on March
15, 2010 (incorporated herein by reference to the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed with the Commission on
March 19, 2010).
3.4
Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated July 24, 2013, by and among Genesis Biopharma, Inc., Lion
Biotechnologies, Inc., Genesis Biopharma Sub, Inc., Manish Singh and Sanford J. Hillsberg
(incorporated herein by reference to the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed with the Commission on July 25,
2013).
Bylaws (incorporated herein by reference to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form SB-2
filed with the Commission on January 29, 2008).
Amendment to Bylaws (incorporated herein by reference to the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed with the
Commission on May 29, 2013).
Form of Warrant (incorporated herein by reference to Registrant’s Form 8-K filed with the
Commission on October 31, 2013)
3.5
3.6
4.1
10.1
Genesis Biopharma, Inc. 2010 Equity Compensation Plan (incorporated herein by reference to the
Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Commission on March 31, 2010).
10.2
Form of Stock Option Agreement for grants under the Genesis Biopharma Inc. 2010 Equity Incentive
Plan (incorporated herein by reference to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the
Commission on March 31, 2010).
10.3
Genesis Biopharma, Inc. 2011 Equity Compensation Plan (incorporated herein by reference to
Registrant’s Form 8-K filed with the Commission on October 20, 2011)
10.4
Form of ISO Stock Option Agreement for grants under the Genesis Biopharma Inc. 2011 Equity
Incentive Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.4 of the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed
with the Commission on October 20, 2011).
10.5
Form of NQSO Stock Option Agreement for grants under the Genesis Biopharma Inc. 2011 Equity
Incentive Plan (incorporated herein by reference to the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed with the
Commission on October 20, 2011).
10.6
Patent License Agreement between the Company and the National Institutes of Health effective
October 5, 2011 (incorporated herein by reference to the Registrant’s Form 8-K/A filed with the
Commission on December 13, 2011).*
58
Exhibit
10.7
Description
Cooperative Research and Development Agreement for Intramural-PHS Clinical Research, dated
August 5, 2011, between the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, as represented by the
National Cancer Institute and the Company. (incorporated herein by reference to the Registrant’s
Form 8-K/A (No.2) filed with the Commission on November 29, 2011).
10.8
Employment Agreement dated as of May 1, 2011 between the Company and Michael Handelman
(incorporated herein by reference to the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed with the Commission on October
20, 2011).#
10.9
Lonza Walkersville Inc. Letter of Intent with Genesis Biopharma Inc. effective November 4, 2011
(incorporated by reference to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the
Commission on November 21, 2011).
10.10
Manufacturing Service Agreement, dated December __, 2011, by and between Lonza Walkersville
and Genesis Biopharma, Inc. (incorporated herein by reference to the Registrant’s Form 10-K filed
with the Commission on March 30, 2012).
10.11
Form of Director Stock Award Agreement (incorporated herein by reference to the Registrant’s Form
8-K filed with the Commission on July 25, 2013).
10.12
Executive Employment Agreement, dated July 24, 2013, between the Company and Manish Singh
(incorporated herein by reference to the Registrant's Form 10-K filed with the Commission on March
28, 2014).#
10.13
Form of Registration Rights Agreement to be entered into by and among Lion Biotechnologies, Inc.
and the Investors under the Securities Purchase Agreement (incorporated herein by reference to the
Registrant’s Form 8-K filed with the Commission on October 31, 2013).
10.14
Securities Purchase Agreement, dated October 30, 2013, by and among Lion Biotechnologies, Inc.
and the Investors thereunder (incorporated herein by reference to the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed with
the Commission on October 31, 2013).
10.15
1.016
Executive Employment Agreement, dated January 6, 2014, between the Company and James Bender
(incorporated herein by reference to Amendment No. 2 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on
Form S-1 filed with the Commission on January 21, 2014).#
Executive Employment Agreement, dated August 21, 2014, by and among Lion Biotechnologies, Inc.
and Dr. Elma Hawkins (incorporated herein by reference to the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed with the
Commission on August 25, 2014).#
10.17
Cooperative Research and Development Agreement for the Development and Evaluation of the NCI
Proprietary Adoptive Cell Transfer Immunotherapy Using Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Patients
with Metastatic Melanoma, Bladder, Lung, Triple-negative Breast, and HPV-associated Cancers,
Utilizing Lion Biotechnologies, Inc.’s Business Development Expertise in Adoptive Cell Transfer
Immunotherapy, executed by Lion Biotechnologies, Inc. on January 22, 2015 (incorporated herein by
reference to the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed with the Commission on January 26, 2015).*
10.18
10.19
10.20
10.21
Patent License Agreement, dated February 9, 2015, by and between the Company and the National
Institutes of Health. (incorporated herein by reference to the Registrant’s Form 10-K filed with the
Commission on March 16, 2015)*
Patent License Agreement, dated February 10, 2015, by and between the Company and the National
Institutes of Health. (incorporated herein by reference to the Registrant’s Form 10-K filed with the
Commission on March 16, 2015)*
Underwriting agreement, dated as of February 26, 2015, between Lion Biotechnologies, Inc. and
Jefferies LLC, Cowen and Company, LLC and Piper Jaffray & Co., as the representatives of the
underwriters (incorporated herein by reference to the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed with the
Commission on March 3, 2015)
Amendment No. 1, dated April 14, 2015, to Executive Employment Agreement by and among Lion
Biotechnologies, Inc. and Dr. Elma Hawkins (incorporated herein by reference to the Registrant’s
Form 8-K filed with the Commission on April 14, 2015)#.
59
Exhibit
10.22
Description
Employment Agreement, dated June 8, 2015, between Lion Biotechnologies, Inc. and Molly
Henderson (incorporated herein by reference to the Registrant’s Form 10-Q filed with the Commission
on August 10, 2015)#
10.23
First Amendment to Patent License Agreement-Exclusive, effective October 2, 2015, between the
Company and the National Institutes of Health (incorporated herein by reference to the Registrant’s
Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on November 6, 2015)*
10.24
Form of Securities Purchase Agreement, dated June 2, 2016, among Lion Biotechnologies, Inc. and
the Investors thereunder (incorporated herein by reference to the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed with the
Commission on June 3, 2016)
10.25
Form of Registration Rights Agreement, dated June 2, 2016, by and among Lion Biotechnologies,
Inc. and the Investors thereunder.(incorporated herein by reference to the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed
with the Commission on June 3, 2016)
10.26
Severance Agreement and General Release, dated June 1, 2016, between Lion Biotechnologies, Inc.
and Dr. Elma Hawkins (incorporated herein by reference to the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed with the
Commission on June 3, 2016)#
10.27
Board Adviser Agreement, dated June 1, 2016, between Lion Biotechnologies, Inc. and Dr. Elma
Hawkins(incorporated herein by reference to the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed with the Commission on
June 3, 2016)#
10.28
Form of Retention Bonus Agreement (incorporated herein by reference to the Registrant’s Form 8-K
filed with the Commission on June 3, 2016)#
10.29
10.30
Office Lease between Lion Biotechnologies, Inc. and Hudson Skyway Landing, LLC (incorporated
herein by reference to the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed with the Commission on August 8, 2016)
Amendment #2 Cooperative Research and Development Agreement # 02734, dated August 18, 2016,
between the National Cancer Institute, and Registrant (incorporated herein by reference to the
Registrant’s Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on November 4, 2016)
10.31
Exclusive and Co-Exclusive License Agreement, dated September 14, 2016, between Lion
Biotechnologies, Inc. and PolyBioCept AB (incorporated herein by reference to the Registrant’s
Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on November 4, 2016)*
10.32
Executive Employment Agreement, dated January 27, 2017, by and among Lion Biotechnologies, Inc.
and Michael T. Lotze (incorporated herein by reference to the Registrant’s Form 10-Q filed with the
Commission on May 9, 2016)#
10.33
Amended and Restated Executive Employment Agreement, dated January 27, 2017, by and among
Lion Biotechnologies, Inc. and Michael T. Lotze.#
10.34
10.35
Executive Employment Agreement, dated February 4, 2016, by and among Lion Biotechnologies, Inc.
and Steven A. Fischkoff (incorporated herein by reference to the Registrant’s Form 10-Q filed with
the Commission on May 9, 2016)#
Executive Employment Agreement, dated September 28, 2016, by and among Lion Biotechnologies,
Inc. and Gregory T. Schiffman (incorporated herein by reference to the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed
with the Commission on October 3, 2016)#
10.36
Manufacturing Services Agreement, dated November 23, 2015, between WuXi AppTec, Inc. and
10.37
21.1
23.1
23.2
31.1
31.2
32.1
32.2
Lion Biotechnologies, Inc.*
2017 Corporate Goals-Cash Bonus Plan
Subsidiaries of the Company
Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification of Chief Executive Officer
Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification of Chief Financial Officer
Section 1350 Certification of Chief Executive Officer
Section 1350 Certification of Chief Financial Officer
60
Exhibit
101
Description
The following financial information from the Annual Report on Form 10-K of Lion Biotechnologies,
Inc. for the year ended December 31, 2016, formatted in XBRL (eXtensible Business Reporting
Language): (1) Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2016 and 2015; (2) Statements of Income for the
years ended December 31, 2016, and 2015; (3) Statements of Shareholders’ Equity for the years
ended December 31, 2016, and 2015; (4) Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31,
2016, and 2015; and (5) Notes to Financial Statements
___________________
* Certain portions of the Exhibit have been omitted based upon a request for confidential treatment filed by us
with the Commission. The omitted portions of the Exhibit have been separately filed by us with the
Commission.
Indicates a management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.
#
61
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant
has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
SIGNATURES
Date: March 8, 2017
LION BIOTECHNOLOGIES, INC.
By: /s/ Maria Fardis
Name: Maria Fardis
Title:
Chief Executive Officer
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by
the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
Signature
Title
/s/ Maria Fardis
Maria Fardis
Chief Executive Officer (Principal
Executive Officer) and Director
/s/ Greg Schiffman
Greg Schiffman
Chief Financial Officer
(Principal Financial Officer)
/s/ Franco Valle
Franco Valle
Controller
(Principal Accounting Officer)
/s/ Merrill A. McPeak
Merrill A. McPeak
/s/ Jay Venkatesan
Jay Venkatesan
/s/ Sanford J. Hillsberg
Sanford J. Hillsberg
/s/ Ryan D. Maynard
Ryan D. Maynard
/s/ Iain Dukes
Iain Dukes
/s/ Wayne Rothbaum
Wayne Rothbaum
Director
Director
Director
Director
Director
Director
Date
March 8, 2017
March 8, 2017
March 8, 2017
March 8, 2017
March 8, 2017
March 8, 2017
March 8, 2017
March 8, 2017
March 8, 2017
LION BIOTECHNOLOGIES, INC.
Index to Financial Statements
Contents
Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firms
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Financial Statements
Balance Sheets
Statements of Operations
Statements of Comprehensive Loss
Statements of Stockholders’ Equity
Statements of Cash Flows
Notes to Financial Statements
Page
F-1
F-3
F-4
F-5
F-6
F-7
F-8
F-9
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Audit Committee of the
Board of Directors and Shareholders of
Lion Biotechnologies, Inc.
We have audited the accompanying balance sheet of Lion Biotechnologies, Inc. (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2016, and the
related statements of operations, comprehensive loss, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for the year then ended. These financial
statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial
statements based on our audit.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those
standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of
material misstatement. An audit also includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the
financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating
the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Lion
Biotechnologies, Inc. as of December 31, 2016, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the year ended December 31,
2016 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), Lion
Biotechnologies, Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016, based on the criteria established in Internal
Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013) and our
report dated March 8, 2017 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial
reporting.
/s/ Marcum LLP
Marcum LLP
New York, NY
March 8, 2017
F - 1
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of
Lion Biotechnologies, Inc.
We have audited the accompanying balance sheet of Lion Biotechnologies, Inc. as of December 31, 2015, and the related statements
of operations, comprehensive loss, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014. These
financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial
statements based on our audits.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those
standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of
material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial
statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as
evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Lion
Biotechnologies, Inc. as of December 31, 2015, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the years ended December 31,
2015 and 2014, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
/s/ Weinberg & Company, P.A.
Los Angeles, California
March 11, 2016
F - 2
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM ON
INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING
To the Audit Committee of the
Board of Directors and Shareholders of
Lion Biotechnologies, Inc.
We have audited Lion Biotechnologies, Inc.'s (the “Company”) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016,
based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the
Treadway Commission (2013). The Company's management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial
reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying
“Management Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting”. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the
Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audit.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those
standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over
financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an
understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating
the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other
procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of
financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting
principles. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the
maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the
company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in
accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in
accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding
prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect
on the financial statements.
Because of the inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections
of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in
conditions, or that degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
In our opinion, Lion Biotechnologies, Inc. maintained, in all material aspects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of
December 31, 2016, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring
Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013).
We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the
balance sheet as of December 31, 2016 and the related statements of operations, comprehensive loss, shareholders’ equity, and cash
flows for the year then ended of the Company and our report dated March 8, 2017 expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial
statements.
/s/ Marcum LLP
Marcum LLP
New York, NY
March 8, 2017
F - 3
LION BIOTECHNOLOGIES, INC.
Balance Sheets
(In thousands, except share and per share information)
December 31, December 31,
2016
2015
ASSETS
Current Assets
Cash and cash equivalents
Short-term investments
Prepaid expenses and other current assets
Total Current Assets
Property and equipment, net
Total Assets
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Current Liabilities
Accounts payable
Accrued expenses
Total Current Liabilities
Commitments and contingencies (see note 11)
Stockholders’ Equity
Series A Convertible Preferred stock, $0.001 par value; 17,000 shares authorized, 1,694
shares issued and outstanding, respectively (aggregate liquidation value of $1,694)
Series B Convertible Preferred stock, $0.001 par value; 11,500,000 shares authorized,
7,946,673 and 0 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2016 and 2015,
respectively (aggregate liquidation value of $37,747)
Common stock, $0.000041666 par value; 150,000,000 shares authorized, 62,248,074 and
48,547,720 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively
Additional paid-in capital
Accumulated other comprehensive income
Accumulated deficit
Total Stockholders’ Equity
Total Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
$
$
$
106,717 $
59,753
3,042
169,512
2,374
171,886 $
33,587
70,113
277
103,977
1,676
105,653
863 $
4,105
4,968
958
672
1,630
-
8
3
-
-
2
323,994
29
(157,116 )
166,918
171,886 $
208,195
48
(104,222 )
104,023
105,653
$
See accompanying notes.
F - 4
LION BIOTECHNOLOGIES, INC.
Statements of Operations
(In thousands, except per share information)
Revenues
Costs and expenses
Research and development
General and administrative
Total costs and expenses
Loss from operations
Other income
Interest income
Net Loss
Deemed dividend related to beneficial conversion feature of
convertible preferred stock
Net loss Attributable to Common Stockholders
Net Loss Per Common Share, Basic and Diluted
Weighted-Average Common Shares Outstanding,
Basic and Diluted
Years Ended December 31,
2015
2016
2014
$
- $
- $
-
28,037
25,602
53,639
15,470
12,390
27,860
3,849
8,192
12,041
(53,639 )
(27,860 )
(12,041 )
745
(52,894 )
200
(27,660 )
$
$
(49,454 )
(102,348 ) $
-
(27,660 ) $
(1.85 ) $
(0.62 ) $
6
(12,035 )
-
(12,035 )
(0.48 )
55,268
44,410
24,986
See accompanying notes.
F - 5
LION BIOTECHNOLOGIES, INC.
Statements of Comprehensive Loss
(in thousands)
Years Ended December 31,
2016
2015
2014
Net Loss
Other comprehensive income:
Unrealized (loss) gain on short-term investments
Comprehensive Loss
$
(52,894 ) $
(27,660 ) $
(12,035 )
$
(19 )
(52,913 ) $
48
(27,612 ) $
-
(12,035 )
See accompanying notes.
F - 6
LION BIOTECHNOLOGIES, INC.
Statements of Stockholders' Equity
(In thousands, except share information)
Series A
Convertible
Preferred Stock
Shares Amount
-
Series B Convertible
Preferred Stock
Shares
Common Stock
Shares
- 20,023,958 $
Additional
Paid-In Comprehensive Accumulated Stockholders
Amount Capital
1 $
(64,527 ) $
Income
Equity
Deficit
- $
Total
Amount
- $
Accumulated
other
82,129 $
2,559
17,603
2,559
Balance - January 1, 2014 17,000 $
Stock-based
compensation expense
Common stock issued
upon exercise of
warrants
Conversion of convertible
preferred stock into
common stock
(11,306 )
Common stock issued for
services
Common stock sold in
private placement, net
of offering costs
Net loss
1,288,730
-
3,222
5,653,000
784,500
1,255
6,000,000
1
32,240
Balance - December 31,
2014
Stock-based
compensation expense
5,694
-
-
- 33,750,188
2 $
Common stock issued
upon exercise of
warrants
Common stock issued
upon exercise of stock
options
Conversion of convertible
preferred stock into
common stock
Common stock issued for
services
Common stock sold in
public offering, net of
offering costs
Cancellation of restricted
shares
Unrealized gain on short-
term investments
Net loss
(4,000 )
3,880,210
42,387
2,000,000
15,000
9,200,000
(340,065 )
-
1,694
-
-
- 48,547,720
2 $
121,405
6,752
9,705
255
1,771
68,307
208,195
18,904
(642 )
592,132
-
1,235
100,480
626
9,684,000
1
44,008
11,368,633
11
(3,421,960 )
(3 )
3,421,960
(98,218 )
-
51,665
3
F - 7
Balance - December 31,
2015
Stock-based
compensation expense
Tax payments related to
shares witheld for
vested restricted stock
awards
Common stock issued
upon exercise of
warrants
Common stock issued
upon exercise of stock
options
Common stock sold in
private placement, net
of offering costs
Preferred stock sold in
private placement, net
of offering costs
Conversion of convertible
preferred stock into
common stock
Cancellation of restricted
shares, net
(12,035 )
-
(76,562 ) $
48
(27,660 )
48
(104,222 ) $
3,222
-
1,255
32,241
(12,035 )
44,845
6,752
9,705
255
-
1,771
68,307
-
48
(27,660 )
104,023
18,904
(642 )
1,235
626
44,009
51,676
-
-
Series A
Convertible
Series B Convertible
Preferred Stock
Shares Amount
Preferred Stock
Shares
Amount
Common Stock
Shares
Additional
Paid-In Comprehensive Accumulated Stockholders
Amount Capital
Income
Equity
Deficit
Total
Accumulated
other
Beneficial conversion
feature of preferred
stock
Deemed dividend on
beneficial conversion
feature of preferred
stock
Unrealized loss on short-
term investments
Net loss
Balance - December 31,
2016
49,454
49,454
(49,454 )
(19 )
(52,894 )
(49,454 )
(19 )
(52,894 )
1,694 $
-
7,946,673 $
8 62,248,074 $
3 $
323,994 $
29 $
(157,116 ) $
166,918
See accompanying notes.
F - 8
LION BIOTECHNOLOGIES, INC.
Statements of Cash Flows
(In thousands)
Years Ended December 31,
2015
2016
2014
$
(52,894 ) $
(27,660 ) $
(12,035 )
978
(74 )
18,904
(2,765 )
(250 )
3,433
(32,668 )
999
-
8,523
(211 )
(290 )
258
(18,381 )
(110,249 )
120,664
(1,521 )
8,894
(140,665 )
70,600
(1,143 )
(71,208 )
(642 )
1,235
626
95,685
96,904
73,130
33,587
106,717 $
-
9,705
255
68,307
78,267
(11,322 )
44,909
33,587 $
- $
-
(19 ) $
49,454
3
155
- $
-
48 $
-
-
-
88
-
3,814
108
(608 )
(8,633 )
-
-
(1,592 )
(1,592 )
-
3,222
-
32,240
35,462
25,237
19,672
44,909
-
-
-
-
-
-
Cash Flows From Operating Activities
Net loss
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization
Amortization of premium on investments
Stock-based compensation expense
Changes in assets and liabilities:
Prepaid expenses and other current assets
Accounts payable
Accrued expenses
Net cash used in operating activities
Cash Flows From Investing Activities
Purchase of short- term investments
Maturities of short- term investments
Purchase of property and equipment
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities
Cash Flows From Financing Activities
Tax payments related to shares witheld for vested restricted stock awards
Proceeds from the issuance of common stock upon exercise of warrants
Proceeds from the issuance of common stock upon exercise of options
Proceeds from the issuance of preferred stock and common stock, net
Net cash provided by financing activities
Net increase(decrease) in cash and cash equivalents
Cash and Cash Equivalents, Beginning of Period
Cash and Cash Equivalents, End of Period
Supplemental Disclosures of Cash Flow Information:
Cash paid for income taxes
Interest paid
Supplemental disclosure of non-cash investing and financing activities:
Unrealized (loss)gain on short-term investments
Deemed dividend related to a beneficial conversion feature
Conversion of convertible preferred stock to common stock
Acquisitions of property, plant and equipment under accounts payable
$
$
$
See accompanying notes.
F - 9
LION BIOTECHNOLOGIES, INC.
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 1. GENERAL ORGANIZATION, BUSINESS AND LIQUIDITY
General Organization and Business
Lion Biotechnologies, Inc. (the “Company,” “we,” “us” or “our”) is a biotechnology company focused on developing and
commercializing adoptive cell therapy (ACT) using autologous tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) for the treatment of metastatic
melanoma and other solid cancers. ACT utilizes T-cells harvested from a patient to treat cancer in that patient. TIL, a kind of anti-
tumor T-cells that are naturally present in a patient’s tumors, are collected from individual patient tumor samples. The TIL are then
activated and expanded ex vivo and then infused back into the patient to fight their tumor cells. The Company was originally
incorporated under the laws of the state of Nevada on September 17, 2007. Until March 2010, we were an inactive company known as
Freight Management Corp. On March 15, 2010, we changed our name to Genesis Biopharma, Inc., and in 2011 we commenced our
current business. On September 26, 2013, we changed our name to Lion Biotechnologies, Inc.
Liquidity
The Company is currently engaged in the development of therapeutics to fight cancer. We do not have any commercial products and
have not yet generated any revenues from our biopharmaceutical business. We currently do not anticipate that we will generate any
revenues during 2017 from the sale or licensing of any products. As shown in the accompanying financial statements, we have
incurred a net loss of $52.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 and used $32.7 million of cash in our operating activities
during the year ended December 31, 2016. As of December 31, 2016, we had $166.5 million of cash and cash equivalents and short-
term investments on hand.
The Company expects to further increase its research and development activities, which will increase the amount of cash we will use
during 2017. Specifically, we expect increased spending on clinical trials, research and development activities, higher payroll
expenses as we increase our professional and scientific staff and continued and expansion of manufacturing activities. Based on the
funds we have available; we believe that we have sufficient capital to fund our anticipated operating expenses for at least 12 months
from the date of filing this annual report.
NOTE 2.
SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING PRACTICES
Cash and Cash Equivalents
All highly liquid investments purchased with an original maturity date of three months or less that are readily convertible into cash
and have an insignificant interest rate risk are considered to be cash equivalents.
Short-term Investments
The Company's short-term investments are classified as “available-for-sale”. The Company includes these investments in current
assets and carries them at fair value. Unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities are included in accumulated other
comprehensive income (loss). The amortized cost of debt securities is adjusted for the amortization of premiums and accretion of
discounts to maturity. Such amortization is included in interest income. Gains and losses on securities sold are recorded based on the
specific identification method and are included in interest income in the statement of operations. We have not incurred any realized
gains or losses from sales of securities to date.
Management assesses whether declines in the fair value of short-term investments are other than temporary. If the decline is judged to
be other than temporary, the cost basis of the individual security is written down to fair value and the amount of the write down is
included in the statement of operations within other expense, net. In determining whether a decline is other than temporary,
management considers various factors including the length of time and the extent to which the market value has been less than cost,
the financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuer and the Company's intent and ability to retain its investment in the issuer
for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery in market value. To date, the Company has not recorded any
impairment charges on short-term investments related to other-than-temporary declines in market value.
At December 31, 2016, the Company’s short-term investments were invested in short-term fixed income debt securities and notes of
domestic and foreign high credit issuers and in money market funds. The Company’s investment policy limits investments to certain
F - 10
types of instruments such as certificates of deposit, money market instruments, obligations issued by the U.S. government and U.S.
government agencies as well as corporate debt securities, and places restrictions on maturities and concentration by type and issuer.
Property and Equipment, net
Property and equipment is stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation and amortization. The cost of property and equipment is
depreciated or amortized on the straight-line method over the following estimated useful lives:
Computer equipment
Office furniture and equipment
Lab equipment
Leasehold improvements
2 years
5 years
2-5 years
Lesser of the remaining life of the asset or the lease-term
Expenditures for maintenance and repairs are charged to operations as incurred while renewals and betterments are capitalized. Gains
and losses on disposals are included within operating expenses in the statements of operations.
Management assesses the carrying value of property and equipment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the
carrying value may not be recoverable. If there is indication of impairment, management prepares an estimate of future cash flows
expected to result from the use of the asset and its eventual disposition. If these cash flows are less than the carrying amount of the
asset, an impairment loss is recognized to write down the asset to its estimated fair value. For the years ended December 31, 2016,
2015 and 2014, the Company did not recognize any impairments for its property and equipment.
Fair value of financial instruments
Cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments are carried at fair value. As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, the Company had
no liabilities measured at fair value.
Loss per Share
Basic net loss per share is computed using the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net
loss per share is computed using the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period increased to
include the number of additional shares of common stock that would have been outstanding if the potentially dilutive securities had
been issued.
At December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, the following outstanding common stock equivalents have been excluded from the calculation
of net loss per share because their impact would be anti-dilutive.
Stock options
Warrants
Series A Convertible Preferred*
Series B Convertible Preferred*
Restricted stock awards
Restricted stock units
* on an as-converted basis
Fair Value Measurements
2016
6,233,150
6,566,216
847,000
7,946,673
7,084
550,000
22,150,123
As of December 31,
2015
2,693,237
7,202,216
847,000
-
321,252
-
11,063,705
2014
1,857,877
11,084,426
2,847,000
-
782,500
-
16,571,803
Under Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 820, Fair Value Measurements and
Disclosures, fair value is defined as the price at which an asset could be exchanged or a liability transferred in a transaction between
knowledgeable, willing parties in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability. Where available, fair value is
based on observable market prices or parameters or derived from such prices or parameters. Where observable prices or parameters
are not available, valuation models are applied.
F - 11
Assets and liabilities recorded at fair value in our financial statements are categorized based upon the level of judgment associated
with the inputs used to measure their fair value. Hierarchical levels directly related to the amount of subjectivity associated with the
inputs to fair valuation of these assets and liabilities, are as follows:
Level 1—
Inputs are unadjusted, quoted prices in active markets for identical assets at the reporting date.
Active markets are those in which transactions for the asset or liability occur in sufficient
frequency and volume to provide pricing information on an ongoing basis.
Level 2— Are inputs, other than quoted prices included in Level 1, that are either directly or indirectly
observable for the asset or liability through correlation with market data at the reporting date and
for the duration of the instrument’s anticipated life.
The fair valued assets we hold that are generally assessed under Level 2 are corporate bonds and commercial paper. We utilize third
party pricing services in developing fair value measurements where fair value is based on valuation methodologies such as models
using observable market inputs, including benchmark yields, reported trades, broker/dealer quotes, bids, offers and other reference
data. We use quotes from external pricing service providers and other on-line quotation systems to verify the fair value of investments
provided by our third party pricing service providers. We review independent auditor’s reports from our third party pricing service
providers particularly regarding the controls over pricing and valuation of financial instruments and ensure that our internal controls
address certain control deficiencies, if any, and complementary user entity controls are in place.
Level 3— Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the
fair value of the assets or liabilities and which reflect management’s best estimate of what market
participants would use in pricing the asset or liability at the reporting date. Consideration is given
to the risk inherent in the valuation technique and the risk inherent in the inputs to the model.
We do not have fair valued assets classified under Level 3.
Financial assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis are categorized in the tables below based upon the lowest level of
significant input to the valuations (in thousands):
Assets at Fair Value as of December 31, 2016
Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
Total
Commercial paper
Corporate debt securities
US Government agency
securities
Total
$
$
- $
-
-
- $
29,178 $
26,578
3,997
59,753 $
- $
-
-
- $
29,178
26,578
3,997
59,753
Assets at Fair Value as of December 31, 2015
Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
Total
Corporate debt securities
Total
$
$
- $
- $
70,113 $
70,113 $
- $
- $
70,113
70,113
Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America
(GAAP) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and
disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses
during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Significant estimates include valuation of short-term
investments, accounting for potential liabilities, the valuation allowance associated with the Company’s deferred tax assets, and the
assumptions made in valuing stock instruments issued for services.
F - 12
Stock-Based Compensation
The Company periodically grants stock options and warrants to employees and non-employees in non-capital raising transactions as
compensation for services rendered. The Company accounts for stock option grants to employees based on the authoritative guidance
provided by the FASB where the value of the award is measured on the date of grant and recognized over the vesting period. The
Company accounts for stock option grants to non-employees in accordance with the authoritative guidance of the FASB where the
value of the stock compensation is determined based upon the measurement date at either a) the date at which a performance
commitment is reached, or b) at the date at which the necessary performance to earn the equity instruments is complete. Non-
employee stock-based compensation charges generally are amortized over the vesting period on a straight-line basis. In certain
circumstances where there are no future performance requirements by the non-employee, option grants are immediately vested and the
total stock-based compensation charge is recorded in the period of the measurement date.
The fair value of the Company's common stock option grants is estimated using a Black-Scholes option pricing model, which uses
certain assumptions related to risk-free interest rates, expected volatility, expected life of the common stock options, and future
dividends. Compensation expense is recorded based upon the value derived from the Black-Scholes option pricing model, and based
on actual experience. The assumptions used in the Black-Scholes option pricing model could materially affect compensation expense
recorded in future periods.
The Company has in the past issued restricted shares of its common stock for share-based compensation programs. The Company
measures the compensation cost with respect to restricted shares issued to employees based upon the estimated fair value of the equity
instruments at the date of the grant, and is recognized as expense over the period which an employee is required to provide services in
exchange for the award.
The fair value of restricted stock units is based on the closing price of the Company’s common stock on the grant date.
Total stock-based compensation expense related to all of our stock-based awards was recorded on the statements of operations as
follows (in thousands):
Research and development
General and administrative
Total stock-based compensation expense
Years Ended December 31,
2015
2016
2014
$
$
3,267 $
15,637
18,904 $
2,248 $
6,275
8,523 $
1,144
2,670
3,814
Total stock-based compensation broken down based on each individual instrument was as follows (in thousands):
Stock option expense
Restricted stock award expense
Restricted stock unit expense
Total stock-based compensation expense
Research and Development Expenses
Years Ended December 31,
2015
2016
2014
$
$
16,453 $
989
1,462
18,904 $
6,752 $
1,771
-
8,523 $
2,559
1,255
-
3,814
Research and Development expenses include personnel and facility-related expenses, outside contracted services including clinical
trial costs, manufacturing and process development costs, research costs and other consulting services. Research and Development
costs are expensed as incurred. Nonrefundable advance payments for goods or services that will be used or rendered for future
Research and Development activities are deferred and amortized over the period that the goods are delivered or the related services are
performed, subject to an assessment of recoverability.
Clinical development costs are a significant component of Research and Development expenses. We have a history of contracting with
third parties that perform various clinical trial activities on our behalf in the ongoing development of our product candidates. The
financial terms of these contracts are subject to negotiations and may vary from contract to contract and may result in uneven payment
flow. We accrue and expense costs for clinical trial activities performed by third parties based upon estimates of the percentage of
F - 13
work completed over the life of the individual study in accordance with agreements established with contract research organizations
and clinical trial sites. We determine our estimates through discussions with internal clinical personnel and outside service providers
as to the progress or stage of completion of trials or services and the agreed upon fee to be paid for such services.
General and Administrative Expenses
General and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries and other related costs, including stock-based compensation, for
personnel in executive, finance, accounting, legal, investor relations, facilities, business development and human resources functions.
Other significant costs include facility costs not otherwise included in research and development expenses, sublicense royalty
expenses, legal fees relating to corporate matters, insurance, public company expenses relating to maintaining compliance with
NASDAQ listing rules and SEC requirements, insurance and investor relations costs, and fees for accounting and consulting services.
General and administrative costs are expensed as incurred, and the Company accrues for services provided by third parties related to
the above expenses by monitoring the status of services provided and receiving estimates from its service providers, and adjusting its
accruals as actual costs become known.
Income taxes
The Company accounts for income taxes using the asset and liability method whereby deferred tax assets are recognized for
deductible temporary differences, and deferred tax liabilities are recognized for taxable temporary differences. Temporary differences
are the differences between the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and their tax bases. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a
valuation allowance when, in the opinion of management, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets
will be realized. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are adjusted for the effects of changes in tax laws and rates on the date of
enactment.
ASC Topic 740-10-30 clarifies the accounting for uncertainty in income taxes recognized in an enterprise’s financial statements and
prescribes a recognition threshold and measurement attribute for the financial statement recognition and measurement of a tax position
taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. ASC Topic 740-10-40 provides guidance on de-recognition, classification, interest and
penalties, accounting in interim periods, disclosure, and transition. The Company will classify as income tax expense any interest and
penalties. The Company has no material uncertain tax positions for any of the reporting periods presented.
Concentrations
Financial instruments, which potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk, consist principally of cash.
The Company maintains cash balances at two financial institutions. At times, the amounts on deposit exceed the federally insured
limits. Management believes that the financial institutions which hold the Company’s cash is financially sound and, accordingly,
minimal credit risk exists. As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, the Company’s cash balances were in excess of insured limits
maintained at the financial institutions.
Preferred Stock
The Company applies the accounting standards for distinguishing liabilities from equity when determining the classification and
measurement of its preferred stock. Preferred shares subject to mandatory redemption are classified as liability instruments and are
measured at fair value. Conditionally redeemable preferred shares (including preferred shares that feature redemption rights that are
either within the control of the holder or subject to redemption upon the occurrence of uncertain events not solely within the
Company’s control) are classified as temporary equity. At all other times, preferred shares are classified as stockholders’ equity.
Convertible Instruments
The Company applies the accounting standards for derivatives and hedging and for distinguishing liabilities from equity when
accounting for hybrid contracts that feature conversion options. The accounting standards require companies to bifurcate conversion
options from their host instruments and account for them as free standing derivative financial instruments according to certain criteria.
The criteria includes circumstances in which (i) the economic characteristics and risks of the embedded derivative instrument are not
clearly and closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of the host contract, (ii) the hybrid instrument that embodies both
the embedded derivative instrument and the host contract is not re-measured at fair value under otherwise applicable generally
accepted accounting principles with changes in fair value reported in earnings as they occur and (iii) a separate instrument with the
F - 14
same terms as the embedded derivative instrument would be considered a derivative instrument. The derivative is subsequently
marked to market at each reporting date based on current fair value, with the changes in fair value reported in results of operations.
Conversion options that contain variable settlement features such as provisions to adjust the conversion price upon subsequent
issuances of equity or equity linked securities at exercise prices more favorable than that featured in the hybrid contract generally
result in their bifurcation from the host instrument.
The Company also records, when necessary, deemed dividends for the intrinsic value of the conversion options embedded in
preferred stock based upon the difference between the fair value of the underlying common stock at the commitment date of the
transaction and the effective conversion price embedded in the preferred stock.
Recent Accounting Standards
In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-15, “Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230), a consensus of the FASB’s Emerging Issues
Task Force.” The new guidance is intended to reduce diversity in practice in how certain transactions are classified in the statement of
cash flows. The ASU is effective for public companies for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within
those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted, including interim periods within those fiscal years. An entity that elects early adoption
must adopt all of the amendments in the same period. The guidance requires application using a retrospective transition method. The
Company is currently evaluating the effects, if any, that the adoption of this guidance will have on the Company’s statements of cash
flows.
In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-09, Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Employee
Share-Based Payment Accounting. This ASU identifies areas for simplification involving several aspects of accounting for share-
based payment transactions, including the income tax consequences, classification of awards as either equity or liabilities, an option to
recognize gross stock compensation expense with actual forfeitures recognized as they occur, as well as certain classifications on the
statement of cash flows. This ASU will be effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2016, and interim periods within
those annual periods. The Company is currently evaluating the impact that the adoption of this standard will have on its financial
statements. Early adoption is permitted.
In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02-Leases with fundamental changes to how entities account for leases. Lessees will
need to recognize a right-of-use asset and a lease liability for virtually all of their leases (other than leases that meet the definition of a
short-term lease). The liability will be equal to the present value of lease payments. The asset will be based on the liability, subject to
adjustment, such as for initial direct costs. Additional disclosures for leases will also be required. The standard is effective for fiscal
years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2018. Early adoption is permitted. The new
standard must be adopted using a modified retrospective transition, and provides for certain practical expedients. The Company is
currently assessing the potential impact of this standard on its financial statements.
In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-01 Financial Instruments-Overall, which address certain aspects of recognition,
measurement, presentation, and disclosure of financial instruments. The amendments in this update are effective for fiscal years
beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Earlier application is permitted under specific
circumstances. The Company is currently assessing the potential impact of this standard on its financial statements.
In November 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-17, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes
(“ASU No. 2015-17”). The guidance eliminates the requirement to present deferred tax assets and liabilities as current and noncurrent
amounts in a classified balance sheet. The new standard requires deferred tax assets and liabilities to be classified as noncurrent. The
amendments in this update are effective for financial statements issued for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016, and
interim periods within those annual periods. Earlier application is permitted for all entities as of the beginning of an interim or annual
reporting period and may be applied either prospectively or retrospectively to all periods presented. The Company is currently
evaluating the effects, if any, that the adoption of this guidance will have on its financial statements.
In August 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-15, “Disclosure of Uncertainties about an Entity’s Ability to Continue as a Going
Concern” that requires management to evaluate whether there are conditions and events that raise substantial doubt about the
Company’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the financial statements are issued on both an interim and
annual basis. Management is required to provide certain footnote disclosures if it concludes that substantial doubt exists or when its
plans alleviate substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. ASU 2014-15 becomes effective for
annual periods ending after December 15, 2016 and for interim reporting periods thereafter. The Company adopted this ASU and it
did not have a material impact on the Company’s disclosures in the footnotes to its financial statements.
F - 15
In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers,” which supersedes the revenue recognition
requirements in Topic 605, “Revenue Recognition” and requires entities to recognize revenue in a way that depicts the transfer of
promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in
exchange for those goods or services. In August 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-14, which defers by one year the effective date of
ASU 2014-09. Accordingly, this guidance is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017 with early
adoption permitted for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016. In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-08
“Principal versus Agent Considerations (Reporting Revenue Gross versus Net),” which finalizes its amendments to the guidance in the
new revenue standard on assessing whether an entity is a principal or an agent in a revenue transaction. This conclusion impacts
whether an entity reports revenue on a gross or net basis. In April 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-10 “Identifying Performance
Obligations and Licensing” which finalizes its amendments to the guidance in the new revenue standard regarding the identification of
performance obligations and accounting for the license of intellectual property. In May 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-12
“Narrow-Scope Improvements and Practical Expedients” which finalizes its amendments to the guidance in the new revenue standard
on collectability, noncash consideration, presentation of sales tax, and transition. In December 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-20,
"Technical Corrections and Improvements to Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers," which continues the FASB's
ongoing project to issue technical corrections and improvements to clarify the codification or correct unintended applications of
guidance. The amendments are intended to make the guidance more operable and lead to more consistent application. The
amendments have the same effective date and transition requirements as the new revenue recognition standard. The Company is
currently evaluating the effects, if any, that the adoption of this guidance will have on the Company’s financial position, results of
operations, and cash flows.
Segment reporting
The Company operates in one segment, focused on developing and commercializing ACT using autologous TIL for the treatment of
metastatic melanoma and other solid cancers.
Subsequent Events
Management evaluates events that have occurred after the balance sheet date but before the financial statements are issued. Based
upon the review, management did not identify any recognized or non-recognized subsequent events which would have required an
adjustment or disclosure in the financial statements, except as described in Note 15.
Reclassifications
Certain amounts within the balance sheets and statements of operations and stockholders’ equity for the prior periods have been
reclassified to conform with the current period presentation. These reclassifications had no impact on the Company's previously
reported financial position or cash flows for any of the periods presented.
NOTE 3. CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS, AND SHORT-TERM INVESTMENTS
Cash and cash equivalents, and short-term investments consist of the following (in thousands):
Cash - Demand deposits
Cash equivalents - money market funds
Cash and cash equivalents total
Commercial paper
Corporate debt securities
US Government agency securities
Short-term investments total
As of December 31,
2016
2015
$
$
76,071 $
30,646
106,717 $
13,642
19,945
33,587
As of December 31,
2016
2015
$
$
29,178 $
26,578
3,997
59,753 $
-
70,113
-
70,113
F - 16
Money market funds and short-term investments include the following securities with gross unrealized gains and losses (in
thousands):
Unrealized
Unrealized
Gross
Gains
Gross
Losses
Cost
$
As of December 31, 2016
Money market funds
Commercial paper
Corporate debt
securities
US Government agency
securities
Total
$
30,646 $
29,118
26,606
4,000
90,370 $
- $
60
1
-
61 $
Fair Value
- $
-
30,646
29,178
(29 )
(3 )
(32 ) $
26,578
3,997
90,399
Unrealized gains and losses are included in Accumulated other comprehensive income.
As of December 31, 2015
Money market funds
$
Corporate debt securities
$
Total
Unrealized
Gross
Gains
Cost
19,945 $
70,065
90,010 $
- $
48
48 $
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
Fair Value
- $
-
- $
19,945
70,113
90,058
As of December 31, 2016, the contractual maturities of our short-term investments were (in thousands):
Less than one year
Amortized Cost Estimated Fair Value
$
59,724 $
59,753
NOTE 4. BALANCE SHEET COMPONENTS
Property and equipment, net consists of the following (in thousands):
Lab equipment
Leasehold improvements
Computer equipment
Office furniture and equipment
Construction in progress
Total Property and equipment, cost
Less: Accumulated depreciation and amortization
Property and equipment, net
As of December 31,
2016
2015
$
$
2,405 $
1,381
245
148
276
4,455
(2,081 )
2,374 $
1,703
853
85
138
-
2,779
(1,103 )
1,676
Depreciation expense for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 was $1.0 million, $1.0 million and $0.1 million,
respectively.
F - 17
Accrued liabilities consist of the following (in thousands):
Accrued payroll and employee related expenses
Legal and related services
Clinical related
Manufacturing related
Deferred rent
Accrued other
NOTE 5.
STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Preferred stock
As of December 31,
2016
2015
$
$
1,581
927
614
437
422
124
4,105
$
$
31
91
89
290
24
147
672
The Company’s articles of incorporation authorize the issuance of up to 50,000,000 shares of “blank check” preferred stock. At
December 31, 2016 17,000 have been designated as the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock and 11,500,000 designated as Series B
Convertible Preferred Stock.
Series A Convertible Preferred Stock
A total of 17,000 shares of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock (“Series A Preferred Stock”) have been authorized for issuance under
the Certificate of Designation of Preferences and Rights of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock. The shares of Series A Preferred
Stock have a stated value of $1,000 per share and are initially convertible into shares of common stock at a price of $2.00 per share,
subject to adjustment.
The Series A Preferred Stock may, at the option of each investor, be converted into fully paid and non-assessable shares of common
stock. The holders of shares of Series A Preferred Stock do not have the right to vote on matters that come before stockholders. In the
event of any dissolution or winding up of the Company, proceeds shall be paid pari passu among the holders of the shares of common
stock and preferred stock, pro rata based on the number of shares held by each holder. The Company may not declare, pay or set aside
any dividends on shares of capital stock of the Company (other than dividends on shares of common stock payable in shares of
common stock) unless the holders of the Series A Preferred Stock shall first receive an equal dividend on each outstanding share of
Series A Preferred Stock.
During the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, zero shares, 4,000 and 11,306 shares, respectively, of Series A Preferred
Stock were converted into zero, 2,000,000 and 5,653,000 shares of common stock, respectively. The common shares issued were
determined on a formula basis of 500 common shares for each share of Series A Preferred Stock converted.
Series B Preferred Stock
In June 2016, the Company created a new class of Preferred Stock designated as Series B Convertible Preferred Stock (the “Series B
Preferred”). The rights of the Series B Preferred are set forth in the Certificate of Designation of Rights, Preferences and Privileges of
Series B Preferred Stock (the “Series B Certificate of Designation”). A total of 11,500,000 shares of Series B Preferred are authorized
for issuance under the Series B Certificate of Designation. The shares of Series B Preferred have a stated value of $4.75 per share and
are convertible into shares of common stock at an initial conversion price of $4.75 per share.
Holders of the Series B Preferred are entitled to dividends on an as-if-converted basis in the same form as any dividends actually paid
on shares of the Company’s Series A Preferred Stock or the Company’s common stock. So long as any Series B Preferred remains
outstanding, the Company may not redeem, purchase or otherwise acquire any material amount of our Series A Preferred Stock or any
junior securities.
During the year ended December 31, 2016 3,421,960 shares of Series B Preferred Stock were converted into 3,421,960 shares of
common stock, and 7,946,673 shares of Series B Preferred Stock remained outstanding at December 31, 2016.
F - 18
2016 Private Placement
On June 2, 2016, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with various institutional and individual accredited
investors to raise gross proceeds of $100 million in a private placement (the “2016 Private Placement”). On June 7, 2016, the
Company completed the 2016 Private Placement. In the 2016 Private Placement, the Company issued (i) 9,684,000 shares of its
common stock and (ii) 11,368,633 shares of its new Series B Preferred. The shares of common stock and Series B Preferred were sold
for $4.75 per share. The shares of Series B Preferred initially were not convertible into common stock and, except as required by law,
are non-voting. On July 7, 2016 the Company filed a proxy statement with the SEC with respect to a stockholders meeting that was
held on August 16, 2016 at which the stockholders were asked to vote on a proposal to permit the Series B Preferred to become
convertible into shares of the Company’s common stock and to permit the issuance of shares of common stock upon such conversion.
The requisite stockholder approval was obtained and, as a result, on August 16, 2016 the Series B Preferred became convertible into
shares of common stock at an initial conversion price of $4.75 per share.
The Company has also evaluated its convertible preferred stock in accordance with the provisions of ASC 815, Derivatives and
Hedging, including consideration of embedded derivatives requiring bifurcation. The issuance of the convertible preferred stock could
generate a beneficial conversion feature (“BCF”), which arises when a debt or equity security is issued with an embedded conversion
option that is beneficial to the investor or in the money at inception because the conversion option has an effective strike price that is
less than the market price of the underlying stock at the commitment date. The Company recognized the BCF by allocating the
intrinsic value of the conversion option, which is the number of shares of common stock available upon conversion multiplied by the
difference between the effective conversion price per share and the fair value of common stock per share on the commitment date, to
additional paid-in capital, resulting in a discount on the convertible preferred stock. As the convertible preferred stock may be
converted immediately, the Company recognized a BCF of $49.5 million as a deemed dividend in the statements of operations. This
one-time, non-cash charge impacted net loss attributable to common stockholder and loss per share for the year ended December 31,
2016.
The Company received net proceeds of approximately $95.7 million from the 2016 Private Placement, after paying placement agent
fees and estimated offering expenses.
Warrants
A summary of the status of stock warrants at December 31, 2016, and the changes during the three years then ended, is presented in
the following table:
Shares
Under
Warrants
Weighted
Average
Exercise
Price
Weighted
Average
Remaining
Contractual
Life
Aggregate
Intrinsic
Value
(in thousands)
Outstanding at January 1, 2014
Issued
Exercised
Expired/Cancelled
Outstanding at December 31,
2014
Issued
Exercised
Expired/Cancelled
Outstanding at December 31,
2015
Issued
Exercised
Expired/Cancelled
Outstanding at December 31,
2016
12,373,156 $
-
(1,288,730 )
-
11,084,426 $
-
(3,882,210 )
-
7,202,216 $
-
(592,132 )
(43,868 )
6,566,216 $
2.51
-
2.50
-
2.51
-
2.50
-
2.51
-
2.50
2.50
2.51
F - 19
1.8 years $
29,220
NOTE 6.
STOCK BASED COMPENSATION
Stock Plans
On September 19, 2014, the Company’s Board of Directors adopted the Lion Biotechnologies, Inc. 2014 Equity Incentive Plan (the
“2014 Plan”). The 2014 Plan was approved by our stockholders at the annual meeting of stockholders held in November 2014. The
2014 Plan as approved by the stockholders authorized the issuance up to an aggregate of 2,350,000 shares of common stock. On April
10, 2015 the Board amended the 2014 Plan to increase the total number of shares that can be issued under the 2014 Plan by 1,650,000
from 2,350,000 shares to 4,000,000 shares. The increase in shares available for issuance under the 2014 Plan was approved by
stockholders on June 12, 2015.
On August 16, 2016 the stockholders approved the increase the total number of shares that can be issued under the 2014 Plan by
5,000,000 from 4,000,000 shares to 9,000,000 shares. At December 31, 2016 3,287,743 shares were available for grant under the
Company’s 2014 plan.
Restricted Stock Units
On June 1, 2016, the Company entered into a restricted stock unit agreement with the Company’s new Chief Executive Officer (Maria
Fardis, Ph.D.) pursuant to which the Company granted Dr. Fardis 550,000 non-transferrable restricted stock units at fair market value
of $5.87 per share as an inducement of employment pursuant to the exception to The NASDAQ Global Market rules that generally
require stockholder approval of equity incentive plans. The 550,000 restricted stock units will vest in installments as follows: (i)
137,500 restricted stock units will vest upon the first anniversary of the effective date of Dr. Fardis’ employment agreement; (ii)
275,000 restricted stock units will vest upon the satisfaction of certain clinical trial milestones; and (iii) 137,500 restricted stock units
will vest in equal monthly installments over the 36-month period following the first anniversary of the effective date of Dr. Fardis’
employment, provided that Dr. Fardis has been continuously employed with the Company as of such vesting dates.
Stock-based compensation expense for RSUs is measured based on the closing fair market value of the Company's common stock on
the date of grant. As of December 31, 2016, $1.7 million of total unrecognized compensation costs related to non-vested employee
options are scheduled to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.8 years.
During the year ended December 31, 2016 the Company recognized $1.5 million.
F - 20
Stock Options
A summary of the status of stock options at December 31, 2016, and the changes during the three years then ended, is presented in the
following table:
Weighted
Average
Exercise
Price
Weighted
Average
Remaining
Contractual
Life
Aggregate
Intrinsic
Value
(in thousands)
Number
of
Options
Outstanding at January 1, 2014
Granted
Exercised
Expired/Forfeited
Outstanding at December 31, 2014
Granted
Exercised
Expired/Forfeited
Outstanding at December 31, 2015
Granted
Exercised
Expired/Forfeited
Outstanding at December 31, 2016
Vested and expected to vest at
December 31, 2016
Exercisable at December 31, 2016
Exercisable at December 31, 2015
278,750 $
1,604,127
-
(25,000 )
1,857,877 $
1,171,984
(42,387 )
(294,237 )
2,693,237 $
4,407,983
(100,480 )
(767,590 )
6,233,150 $
6,122,663 $
2,496,695 $
1,099,043 $
23.10
6.58
-
125.00
7.31
8.12
-
2.88
8.12
6.86
6.23
8.12
7.24
7.28
7.35
8.38
7.3 years $
3,719
4.1 years $
6.9 years $
1,839
1,487
The total pre-tax intrinsic value of stock options exercised during the year ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014 was $0.2
million, $0.0 million, and $0.0 million, respectively.
The weighted average grant date fair value for employee options granted under the Company's stock option plans during the year
ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014 was $6.78, $8.77, and $6.66, per option respectively.
As of December 31, 2016, $22.5 million of total unrecognized compensation costs related to non-vested employee options are
scheduled to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.9 years.
The following table summarizes the assumptions relating to options granted pursuant to our equity incentive plans for the years ended
December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014:
Expected dividend yield
Risk-free interest rate
Expected term (in years)
Expected volatility
2016
0%
2.16 % - 1.18%
6.50 - 5.07
213.60% -
189.40%
Years Ended December 31,
2015
0%
1.56%
6.00
218.00% -
207.00%
2014
0%
3.00% - 2.00%
7.0 - 5.0
236.00% -
218.00%
Expected Dividend Yield —The Company has never paid dividends and does not expect to pay dividends in the foreseeable future.
Risk-Free Interest Rate —The risk-free interest rate was based on the market yield currently available on United States Treasury
securities with maturities approximately equal to the option’s expected term.
F - 21
Expected Term —The expected term of the stock option grants was calculated using the “simplified” method in accordance with the
SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin 107. The “simplified” method was used since the Company believes its historical data does not provide
a reasonable basis upon which to estimate expected term and the Company does not have enough option exercise data from its grants
issued to support its own estimate as a result of vesting terms and changes in the stock price. The “simplified” method, as permitted by
the SEC, is calculated as the average of the time-to-vesting and the contractual life of the options.
Expected Volatility —The expected volatility is based on the historical volatility for the Company's stock over a period equal to the
expected terms of the options.
Forfeiture Rate —The Company estimates its forfeiture rate based on an analysis of its actual forfeitures and will continue to evaluate
the adequacy of the forfeiture rate based on actual forfeiture experience, analysis of employee turnover behavior, and other factors.
The impact from a forfeiture rate adjustment will be recognized in full in the period of adjustment, and if the actual number of future
forfeitures differs from that estimated by the Company, the Company may be required to record adjustments to stock-based
compensation expense in future periods.
Each of the inputs discussed above is subjective and generally requires significant management judgment.
During the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014, the Company recorded compensation costs of $16.5 million, $6.8
million, and $2.6 million, respectively, relating to the vesting of stock options.
A summary of outstanding, exercisable and vested stock options as of December 31, 2016 is as follows (in thousands, except per share
amounts):
Options Outstanding
Exercisable
Range of Exercise
Prices
$3.13 - $4.94
$5.05 - $5.87
$6.10 - $6.70
$7.00 - $7.61
$8.02 - $11.05
$85.61 - $117
Number of
Shares
246,500
1,875,945
660,009
2,016,946
1,424,750
9,000
6,233,150
Weighted Average
Remaining Contractual
Life
Weighted Average
Exercise
Price Per Share
Aggregate
Intrinsic
Value
Number of
Shares
Weighted Average
Remaining Contractual
Life
Weighted Average
Exercise
Price Per Share
Aggregate
Intrinsic
Value
8.53 $
6.11
4.01
8.96
8.03
4.72
7.34 $
4.49 $
5.52
6.3
7.51
9.46
99.12
7.24 $
21,500
903,445
622,007
353,307
587,436
9,000
2,496,695
3,719
1.14 $
2.67
3.73
5.2
6.03
4.72
4.08 $
3.97
5.43
6.3
7.34
10.12
99.12
7.35 $
1,839
Restricted Common Stock Awards
The following table summarizes restricted common stock awards activity:
Non-vested shares, January 1, 2014
Granted
Vested
Forfeited
Non-vested shares, December 31, 2014
Granted
Vested
Forfeited
Non-vested shares, December 31, 2015
Granted
Vested
Forfeited
Non-vested shares, December 31, 2016
Number
of Shares
Weighted Average
Grant Date
Fair Value
- $
782,500
-
-
782,500 $
15,000
(284,748 )
(191,500 )
321,252 $
-
(274,167 )
(40,001 )
7,084 $
-
7.04
-
-
7.04
8.44
4.31
6.81
6.96
-
6.90
7.02
6.48
F - 22
During the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014, the Company recorded compensation costs of $1.0 million, $1.8 million
and $1.3 million, respectively, in connection with these awards and is recognized as expense in the accompanying statements of
operations. As of December 31, 2016, the amount of unvested compensation related to the unvested outstanding shares of restricted
common stock was $0.0 million which will be recorded as expense in over a weighted average life of 0.61 years as the shares vest.
NOTE 7. EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLAN
The Company maintains a defined contribution plan covering substantially all U.S. employees under Section 401(k) of the Internal
Revenue Code. The Company's matching contribution to the plan was $0.1 million, $0.0 million, and $0.0 million for the year ended
December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively.
NOTE 8.
SEPARATION AGREEMENTS
In June 2016, we entered into a separation agreement with Dr. Elma Hawkins, our former Chief Executive Officer. Under the terms of
the agreement, Dr. Hawkins vesting was accelerated on certain outstanding options and she was entitled to receive a severance
payment of approximately $0.5 million. We recorded approximately $5.0 million in additional share-based compensation expense
related to this acceleration of the equity awards during the year ended December 31, 2016.
In July 2016, Molly Henderson, the former Chief Financial Officer provided the Company’s Board of Directors with written notice
under her Employment Agreement, dated June 5, 2015, that she would terminate her employment with the Company for “good
reason” effective August 16, 2016. In connection with this event all unvested options were accelerated she received a severance
payment of approximately $0.4 million, representing one year’s salary. We recorded approximately $4.5 million in additional share-
based compensation expense related to the acceleration of the equity awards during the year ended December 31, 2016.
NOTE 9.
INCOME TAXES
Net deferred tax assets (liabilities) are summarized as follows (in thousands):
Deferred income tax asset:
Net operating loss carry forward
Stock-based compensation
Tax credit carryforwards
Reserves and accruals
Deferred tax asssets before valuation allowance
Less: valuation allowance
Net deferred income tax assets
Deferred tax liabilities:
Depreciation and amortization
Net Deferred tax assets (liabilities)
As of December 31,
2016
2015
$
$
23,912 $
9,562
8,167
139
41,780
(41,402 )
378
(378 )
- $
11,649
4,064
3,736
146
19,595
(19,346 )
249
(249 )
-
F - 23
Reconciliation of the effective income tax rate to the U.S. statutory rate is as follows:
Federal Statutory tax rate
Orphan Drug & Research credits
Permanent and Other differences
State tax, net of federal benefit
Valuation allowance
Effective tax rate
Years ended December 31,
2015
2016
2014
(34 )%
(8 )
4
(4 )
(42 )%
42 %
- %
(34 )%
(12 )
10
(5 )
(41 )%
41 %
- %
(34 )%
(3 )
6
(5 )
(36 )%
36 %
- %
The components of income tax expense (benefit) are as follows (in thousands):
Federal:
Current
Deferred
State and Local
Current
Deferred
Change in Valuation Allowance
Total income tax expense (benefit)
Years ended December 31,
2015
2016
2014
$
- $
(19,050 )
-
(3,007 )
22,057
- $
$
- $
(9,724 )
-
(1,887 )
11,611
- $
-
(3,153 )
-
(1,158 )
4,311
-
The Company has U.S. federal net operating loss carryovers (NOLs) of approximately $62.0 million, $30.0 million and $12.0 million
at December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively, available to offset taxable income which expire beginning in 2027 through 2036.
At December 31, 2016, the Company had a gross deferred tax asset of $2.8 million related to state NOLs. The state NOLs will expire
if unused in years 2030 through 2036.
The Company’s utilization of net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforwards is subject to an annual limitation due to ownership changes
that have occurred previously or that could occur in the future as provided in Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code, as well as
similar state provisions. Section 382 limits the utilization of NOLs when there is a greater than 50% change of ownership as
determined under the regulations. Since its formation, the Company has raised capital through the issuance of capital stock and
various convertible instruments which, combined with the purchasing shareholders’ subsequent disposition of these shares, has
resulted in an ownership change as defined by Section 382, and also could result in an ownership change in the future upon
subsequent disposition.
In assessing the realization of deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of
the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon future generation for
taxable income during the periods in which temporary differences representing net future deductible amounts become deductible.
Management considers the scheduled reversal of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income and tax planning strategies in
making this assessment. After consideration of all the information available, management believes that significant uncertainty exists
with respect to future realization of the deferred tax assets and has therefore established a full valuation allowance. For the years ended
December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, the change in the valuation allowance was approximately $22.1 million, $11.6 million and $4.3
million, respectively.
The Company evaluated the provisions of ASC 740 related to the accounting for uncertainty in income taxes recognized in an
enterprise’s financial statements. ASC 740 prescribes a comprehensive model for how a company should recognize, present, and
disclose uncertain positions that the company has taken or expects to take in its tax return. For those benefits to be recognized, a tax
position must be more-likely-than-not to be sustained upon examination by taxing authorities. Differences between tax positions taken
F - 24
or expected to be taken in a tax return and the net benefit recognized and measured pursuant to the interpretation are referred to as
“unrecognized benefits.” A liability is recognized (or amount of net operating loss carry forward or amount of tax refundable is
reduced) for unrecognized tax benefit because it represents an enterprise’s potential future obligation to the taxing authority for a tax
position that was not recognized as a result of applying the provisions of ASC 740.
If applicable, interest costs related to the unrecognized tax benefits are required to be calculated and would be classified as “Other
Income (Expense)” in the statement of operations. Penalties would be recognized as a component of “General and Administrative
Expenses” in the statement of operations.
No interest or penalties on unpaid tax were recorded during the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. As of
December 31, 2016 and 2015, no liability for unrecognized tax benefits was required to be reported. The Company does not expect
any significant changes in its unrecognized tax benefits in the next year.
The Company files tax returns in the U.S. federal and state jurisdictions and is subject to examination by tax authorities beginning
with the year ended December 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, respectively.
NOTE 10. LICENSES AND AGREEMENTS
National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the National Cancer Institute (NCI)
Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRADA)
In August 2011, the Company signed a five-year CRADA with the NCI to work with Dr. Steven Rosenberg on developing adoptive
cell immunotherapies that are designed to destroy metastatic melanoma cells using a patient’s tumor infiltrating lymphocytes.
In January 2015, the Company executed an amendment (the “Amendment”) to the CRADA to include four new indications. As
amended, in addition to metastatic melanoma, the CRADA included the development of TIL therapy for the treatment of patients with
bladder, lung, triple-negative breast, and HPV-associated cancers.
In August 2016, the NCI and the Company entered into a second amendment to the CRADA. The principal changes effected by the
second amendment included (i) extending the term of the CRADA by another five years to August 2021, and (ii) modifying the focus
on the development of unmodified TIL as a stand-alone therapy or in combination with FDA-licensed products and commercially
available reagents routinely used for adoptive cell therapy. The parties will continue the development of improved methods for the
generation and selection of TIL with anti-tumor reactivity in metastatic melanoma, bladder, lung, breast, and HPV-associated cancers.
Pursuant to the terms of the CRADA, we are currently required to make quarterly payments of $0.5 million to the NCI for support of
research activities. To the extent we license patent rights relating to a TIL-based product candidate, we will be responsible for all
patent-related expenses and fees, past and future, relating to the TIL-based product candidate. In addition, we will be required to
supply certain test articles, including TIL, grown and processed under cGMP conditions, suitable for use in clinical trials, where we
hold the IND for such clinical trial. The extended CRADA has a five-year term expiring in August 2021. The Company or the NCI
may unilaterally terminate the CRADA for any reason or for no reason at any time by providing written notice at least 60 days before
the desired termination date. During the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014, the Company recorded costs associated with
the CRADA of $1.8 million, $2.0 million, and $1.0 million, respectively, as research and development expenses.
Patent License Agreement Related to the Development and Manufacture of TIL
Effective October 5, 2011, the Company entered into a Patent License Agreement with the National Institutes of Health, an agency of
the United States Public Health Service within the Department of Health and Human Services (NIH), which Patent License
Agreement was subsequently amended on February 9, 2015 and October 2, 2015. Pursuant to the License Agreement as amended, the
NIH granted the Company licenses, including exclusive, co-exclusive, and non-exclusive licenses, to certain technologies relating to
autologous tumor infiltrating lymphocyte adoptive cell therapy products for the treatment of metastatic melanoma, lung, breast,
bladder and HPV-positive cancers. The Patent License Agreement requires the Company to pay royalties based on a percentage of net
sales (which percentage is in the mid-single digits), a percentage of revenues from sublicensing arrangements, and lump sum
benchmark royalty payments on the achievement of certain clinical and regulatory milestones for each of the various indications and
other direct costs incurred by the NIH pursuant to the agreement.
F - 25
Exclusive Patent License Agreement Related to TIL Selection
On February 10, 2015, the Company entered into an Exclusive Patent License Agreement with the NIH under which the Company
received an exclusive license to the NIH’s rights to patent-pending technologies related to methods for improving adoptive cell
therapy through more potent and efficient production of TIL from melanoma tumors by selecting for T-cell populations that express
various inhibitory receptors. Unless terminated sooner, the license shall remain in effect until the last licensed patent right expires.
In consideration for the exclusive rights granted under the Exclusive Patent License Agreement, the Company agreed to pay the NIH a
non-refundable upfront licensing fee in the amount of $0.8 million. The Company also agreed to pay customary royalties based on a
percentage of net sales of a licensed product (which percentage is in the mid-single digits), a percentage of revenues from sublicensing
arrangements, and lump sum benchmark payments upon the successful completion of clinical studies involving licensed technologies,
the receipt of the first FDA approval or foreign equivalent for a licensed product or process resulting from the licensed technologies,
the first commercial sale of a licensed product or process in the United States, and the first commercial sale of a licensed product or
process in any foreign country. The Company will also be responsible for all costs associated with the preparation, filing, maintenance
and prosecution of the patent applications and patents covered by the License. During the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015,
the Company recorded costs associated with the Exclusive Patent License Agreement of $0.4 million, and $0.4 million as research and
development expenses.
H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center
Research Collaboration Agreement with Moffitt
In September 2014, we entered into a research collaboration agreement with Moffitt to jointly engage in transitional research and
development of adoptive tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte cell therapy with improved anti-tumor properties and process.
In December 2016, we entered into a new three-year Sponsored Research Agreement with Moffitt. At the same time, we entered into a
Clinical Grant Agreement with Moffitt to support an ongoing clinical trial at Moffitt that combines TIL therapy with Opdivo®
(nivolumab) for the treatment of patients with metastatic melanoma.
Exclusive License Agreement with Moffitt
The Company entered into a license agreement with Moffitt (the “Moffitt License Agreement”), effective as of June 28, 2014, under
which the Company received a world-wide license to Moffitt’s rights to patent-pending technologies related to methods for improving
tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes for adoptive cell therapy. Unless earlier terminated, the term of the license extends until the earlier of
the expiration of the last patent related to the licensed technology or 20 years after the effective date of the license agreement.
Pursuant to the Moffitt License Agreement, the Company paid an upfront licensing fee in the amount of $0.1 million. A patent
issuance fee will also be payable under the Moffitt License Agreement, upon the issuance of the first U.S. patent covering the subject
technology. In addition, the Company agreed to pay milestone license fees upon completion of specified milestones, customary
royalties based on a specified percentage of net sales (which percentage is in the low single digits) and sublicensing payments, as
applicable, and annual minimum royalties beginning with the first sale of products based on the licensed technologies, which
minimum royalties will be credited against the percentage royalty payments otherwise payable in that year. The Company will also be
responsible for all costs associated with the preparation, filing, maintenance and prosecution of the patent applications and patents
covered by the Moffitt License Agreement related to the treatment of any cancers in the United States, Europe and Japan and in other
countries selected that the Company and Moffitt agreed to. During the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014, the Company
recorded costs associated with agreements with Moffitt of $0.7 million, $0.7 million, and $0.4 million, respectively, as research and
development expenses.
PolyBioCept, AB and Karolinska University Hospital
PolyBioCept, AB - Exclusive and Co-Exclusive License Agreement
On September 14, 2016, the Company entered into an Exclusive and Co-Exclusive License Agreement (the “PolyBioCept
Agreement”) with PolyBioCept AB, a corporation organized under the laws of Sweden (“PolyBioCept”). PolyBioCept has filed two
patent applications with claims related to a cytokine cocktail for use in expansion of lymphocytes. Under the PolyBioCept Agreement,
the Company received the exclusive right and license to PolyBioCept’s intellectual property to develop, manufacture, market and
genetically engineer tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) produced by expansion, selection and enrichment using a cytokine cocktail.
F - 26
The Company also received a co-exclusive license (with PolyBioCept) to develop, manufacture and market genetically engineered
TIL under the same intellectual property. The licenses are for the use in all cancers and are worldwide in scope, with the exception
that the uses in melanoma are not included for certain countries of the former Soviet Union.
The Company paid PolyBioCept a total of $2.5 million as an up-front exclusive license payment. The Company will also have to
make additional milestone payments to PolyBioCept under the PolyBioCept Agreement if, and when, (i) certain product development
milestones are achieved, (ii) certain regulatory approvals have been obtained from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
and/or the European Medicines Agency (EMA), and (iii) certain product sales targets are achieved. The milestone payments will be
payable both in cash (U.S. dollars) and in shares of the Company’s common stock. If all of the foregoing product development,
regulatory approval and sales milestone payments are met, the Company will have to pay PolyBioCept an additional $8.7 million and
will have to issue to PolyBioCept a total 2,219,376 shares of unregistered common stock. In addition to these potential payments, the
Company will reimburse PolyBioCept up to $0.2 million in expenses related to the transfer of know-how and will pay PolyBioCept
$0.1 million as a clinical trials management fee. The Company also separately engaged PolyBioCept as a consultant to provide certain
product development and research related services in a one-year agreement for up to $0.2 million, subject to the consent of the
Karolinska Institute to the services to be performed by its employees thereunder. The PolyBioCept Agreement has an initial term of 30
years, and may be extended for additional five-year periods. The Company recognized $2.7 million in connection with this agreement
in the year ended December 31, 2016 as a research and development expense. The $2.5 million up-front payment is included in the
$2.7 million expensed during 2016.
Karolinska University Hospital - Clinical Trials Agreement
In connection with the execution of the PolyBioCept Agreement, the Company also (i) entered into a clinical trials agreement with the
Karolinska University Hospital to conduct clinical trials in glioblastoma and pancreatic cancer at the Karolinska University Hospital,
and (ii) agreed to enter into a sponsored research agreement with the Karolinska Institute for the research of the cytokine cocktail in
additional indications. The Company agreed to enter into the sponsored research agreement within 90 days after the date of the
PolyBioCept Agreement. Failure to do so will give PolyBioCept the right to terminate the PolyBioCept Agreement (and to return $2.2
million of the payments it received). The Company will pay the Karolinska an additional $2.6 million in connection with these other
related agreements. In 2016 the Company paid Karolinska University Hospital $1.6 million under this agreement to conduct the
clinical trials, the $1.6 million payment has been capitalized and will be expensed in accordance with the Company’s Research and
Development Expense significant accounting practices. The Company recognized $0.1 million in connection with this agreement as a
research and development expense in the year ended December 31, 2016.
Medimmune
In December 2015, the Company entered into a collaboration to conduct clinical and preclinical research in immuno-oncology with
MedImmune, the global biologics research and development arm of AstraZeneca. Under the terms of the agreement, the Company
will fund and conduct two Phase 2a clinical trials combining MedImmune's investigational PD-L1 inhibitor durvalumab with TIL for
the treatment of patients with metastatic melanoma, and head and neck cancer. MedImmune will supply durvalumab for the clinical
trials. The purpose of the studies is to establish a dosing regimen for this combination therapy and assess its safety and efficacy.
Preclinical research under the agreement will focus on identifying and evaluating therapeutically effective combinations of
MedImmune's checkpoint antibodies, using TIL as an in vitro model of the tumor microenvironment. The research will be funded by
MedImmune and conducted by Lion.
WuXi Apptech, Inc. (“WuXi”)
In November 2016, the Company entered into that a three-year manufacturing and services agreement with WuXi pursuant to which
WuXi agreed to provide manufacturing and other services. Under the agreement, the Company entered into two statements of work
for two cGMP manufacturing suites to be established and operated by WuXi for Lion, one of which is expected to be capable of being
used for the commercial manufacture of our products. The fee payable under the first statement of work for the use of one of the
manufacturing suites during the first year of the agreement, including the fees for the necessary personnel, is $2.5 million. The second
statement of work, under which WuXi agreed to establish and operate a second, dedicated facility for a late stage/commercial
manufacturing cGMP suite requires Lion to pay approximately $5.85 million during the first year of the agreement. During the years
ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, the Company recorded costs associated with agreements with Wuxi of $2.4 million and $0.0
million, respectively, as research and development expenses.
F - 27
NOTE 11. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
Facilities Leases
Tampa Lease
In December 2014, the Company commenced a five-year non-cancellable operating lease with the University of South Florida
Research Foundation for a 5,115 square foot facility located in Tampa, Florida. The facility is part of the University of South Florida
research park and is used as the Company’s research and development facilities. The Company has the option to extend the lease term
of this facility for an additional five-year period on the same terms and conditions, except that the base rent for the renewal term will
be increased in accordance with the applicable consumer price index.
In April 2015, the Company amended the original lease agreement to increase the rentable space to 6,043 square feet. In September
2016, the Company further increased the rentable space to 8,673 square feet. The per square foot cost and term of the lease were
unchanged.
San Carlos Lease
On August 4, 2016, the Company entered into an agreement to lease 8,733 square feet in San Carlos, California. The term of the lease
is 54 months subsequent to the commencement date, and total expected rental payments under the lease are expected to be $2.1
million.
New York Lease
The Company leases office space in New York for a monthly rental of approximately $18,000 a month through July 2017.
The Company recognizes rental expense on the facilities on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Differences between the straight
line rent expense and rent payments are classified as deferred rent liability on the balance sheet. As of December 31, 2016, the
Company's future minimum lease payments under non-cancelable operating leases are as follows (in thousands):
The minimum lease payments are as follows (in thousands):
Year
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
Amount
$
779
699
700
495
169
2,842
$
Rent expense for the year ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014 was $0.7 million, $0.3 million, and $0.1 million, respectively.
Purchase Commitments
The Company had non-cancelable purchase obligations for approximately $9.8 million related to our contract manufacturers, and $0.0
million as of December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively.
NOTE 12. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
SEC Settlement. On April 23, 2014, the Company received a subpoena from the SEC that stated that the staff of the SEC was
conducting an investigation then designated as “In the Matter of Galena Biopharma, Inc.” File No. HO 12346 (now known as “In the
Matter of Certain Stock Promotions”) and that the subpoena was issued as part of the foregoing investigation. The Company has been
informed by the staff of the SEC that the SEC’s investigation, in part, involves the conduct of the Company’s former Chief Executive
Officer, Manish Singh, during the period between September 2013 and April 2014. The Company understands that, as it pertains to
our former Chief Executive Officer, the investigation has focused on the failure by authors of certain articles about the Company to
disclose that they were compensated by one of our former investor relations firms. The Company understands that it is the position of
F - 28
the SEC staff that the conduct of the former Chief Executive Officer with respect to these articles will be imputed to the Company
and, as a result, that the Company is partially liable for the former Chief Executive Officer’s actions.
In order to resolve this matter, in December 2016, the Company submitted an offer of settlement to the SEC under which the
Company offered to (i) consent to the entry of an order requiring the Company to cease and desist from any future violations of
Sections 5(b), 17(a), and 17(b) of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and Rule 10b-5
thereunder, without admitting or denying any allegations, and (ii) pay $100,000 as a financial penalty. The proposed settlement is
contingent upon reaching a final agreement with the SEC and obtaining the approval of the Commissioners of the SEC, neither of
which can be assured.
Solomon Capital, LLC. On April 8, 2016, a lawsuit titled Solomon Capital, LLC, Solomon Capital 401(K) Trust, Solomon Sharbat
and Shelhav Raff against Lion Biotechnologies, Inc. was filed by Solomon Capital, LLC, Solomon Capital 401(k) Trust, Solomon
Sharbat and Shelhav Raff against the Company in the Supreme Court of the State of New York County of New York (index no.
651881/2016). The plaintiffs allege that, between June and November 2012 they provided to the Company $0.1 million and that they
advanced and paid on our behalf an additional $0.2 million. The complaint further alleges that the Company agreed to (i) provide them
with promissory notes totaling $0.2 million, plus interest, (ii) issue a total of 111,425 shares to the plaintiffs (before the 1-for-100
reverse split of our common stock effected in September 2013), and (iii) allow the plaintiffs to convert the foregoing funds into our
securities in the next transaction. The plaintiffs allege that they should have been able to convert their advances and payments into
shares of the Company’s common stock in the Restructuring that it effected in May 2013. Based on the foregoing, the plaintiffs allege
causes for breach of contract and unjust enrichment and demand judgment against the Company in an unspecified amount exceeding
$1.5 million, plus interest and attorneys’ fees.
On June 3, 2016, the Company filed an answer and counterclaims in the lawsuit. In its counterclaims, the Company alleges that the
plaintiffs misrepresented their qualifications to assist it in fundraising and that they failed to disclose that they were under
investigation for securities laws violations. The Company is seeking damages in an amount exceeding $0.5 million and an order
rescinding any and all agreements that the plaintiffs contend entitled them to obtain stock in the Company. The Company’s
investigation of the allegations made by the plaintiffs is ongoing and it intends to vigorously defend the complaint and pursue its
counterclaims.
Other Matters. During the second quarter of 2016, warrants representing 128,500 shares were exercised. The 128,500 shares of
common stock had previously been registered for re-sale. However, we believe that these 128,500 warrant shares were sold by the
holders in open market transactions in May 2016 at a time when the registration statement was ineffective. Accordingly, those sales
were not made in accordance with Sections 5 and 10(a)(3) of the Securities Act, and the purchasers of those shares may have
rescission rights (if they still own the shares) or claims for damages (if they no longer own the shares). The amount of any such
liability is uncertain and as such, an accrual for any potential loss has not been made. The Company believes that any claims brought
against it would not result in a material impact to the Company’s financial position or results of operations. The Company has not
accrued a loss for a potential claim associated with this matter as it is unable to estimate any at this time.
The Company may be involved, from time to time, in legal proceedings and claims arising in the ordinary course of its business. Such
matters are subject to many uncertainties and outcomes are not predictable with assurance. The Company accrues amounts, to the
extent they can be reasonably estimated, that it believes are adequate to address any liabilities related to legal proceedings and other
loss contingencies that the Company believes will result in a probable loss. While there can be no assurances as to the ultimate
outcome of any legal proceeding or other loss contingency involving the Company, management does not believe any pending matter
will be resolved in a manner that would have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial position, results of operations or
cash flows.
NOTE 13. QUARTERLY UNAUDITED RESULTS
$
Revenue
Net loss attributable to common
stockholders
$
Net loss per share, basic and diluted $
Weighted average shares used in
computing net loss per share, basic
and diluted
2016
Q1
Q2
- $
- $
(in thousands, except per share information)
Q3
Q4
Q1
- $
- $
- $
2015
Q2
- $
Q3
- $
Q4
-
(6,884 ) $
(0.14 ) $
(11,563 ) $
(0.23 ) $
(68,212 ) $
(1.15 ) $
(15,689 ) $
(0.25 ) $
(5,298 ) $
(0.14 ) $
(6,367 ) $
(0.14 ) $
(7,635 ) $
(0.16 ) $
(8,360 )
(0.17 )
48,548
51,082
59,113
62,130
37,679
45,082
47,272
47,912
F - 29
NOTE 14. RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
Sanford J. Hillsberg, one of the Company’s directors, is an attorney at TroyGould PC. TroyGould PC rendered and continues to render
legal services to the Company. The Company paid TroyGould PC $0.8 million, $0.7 million and $0.3 million during the years ended
December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Mr. Hillsberg did not directly provide any legal services to the Company during the
periods noted. As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, the Company had $0.1 million and $0.0 in liabilities owing to TroyGould PC
related to legal services.
NOTE 15. SUBSEQUENT EVENT
In January 2017 the Company formed Lion Biotechnologies GmbH, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lion Biotechnologies, Inc., a
Company domiciled in Switzerland and governed by the laws and regulations of Switzerland.
F - 30
STOCK PRICE PERFORMANCE GRAPH
The graph and table below compare the annual
percentage change in our cumulative total
stockholder return on our common stock for the
period from December 31, 2011 through December
31, 2016 with the total cumulative return of the
Nasdaq Biotechnology Index and the Russell
3000 Index during such period. We have not
paid any dividends on our common stock, and
no dividends are included in the representation
of our performance. The stock price performance
on the graph below is not necessarily indicative
of future price performance. This graph is not
“soliciting material,” is not deemed filed with
the Commission, and is not to be incorporated
by reference in any of our filings under the
Securities Act of 1933 or the Securities Exchange
Act of 1934, whether made before or after the
date hereof and irrespective of any general
incorporation language in any such filing.
TOTAL RETURN ANNUAL COMPARISON
CUMULATIVE TOTAL RETURN SUMMARY
CHART: COMPARISON OF 5 YEAR CUMULATIVE TOTAL RETURN,
ASSUMES INITIAL INVESTMENT OF $100 ON DECEMBER 31, 2011
$350
$300
$250
$200
$150
$100
$50
$0
NASDAQ
BIOTECHNOLOGY
INDEX
RUSSELL 3000
LION
BIOTECHNOLOGIES, INC
LION BIOTECHNOLOGIES, INC
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
RETURN %
-78.11
-52.03
-25.05
CUM $
100.00
21.89
10.50
7.87
-1.91
7.72
-9.97
6.95
RUSSELL 3000
RETURN %
16.42
33.55
12.56
0.48
12.74
CUM $
100.00
116.42
155.47
175.00
175.84
198.23
NASDAQ BIOTECHNOLOGY INDEX
RETURN %
32.74
66.02
34.40
11.77
-21.35
CUM $
100.00
132.74
220.37
296.19
331.05
260.37
BOARD OF DIRECTORS
OFFICERS
Iain Dukes, D.Phil.
Maria Fardis, Ph.D.
VENTURE PARTNER, ORBIMED ADVISORS LLC
PRESIDENT AND CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER,
LION BIOTECHNOLOGIES, INC.
Gregory T. Schiffman
CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER
Michael T. Lotze, M.D.
CHIEF SCIENTIFIC OFFICER
Maria Fardis, Ph.D.
PRESIDENT AND CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER
Sanford J. Hillsberg
ATTORNEY, TROYGOULD PC
Ryan Maynard
EXECUTIVE VICE PRESIDENT AND CHIEF FINANCIAL
OFFICER, RIGEL PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
General Merrill A. McPeak
CHIEF OF STAFF, U.S. AIR FORCE (RET.)
Wayne Rothbaum
PRESIDENT, QUOGUE CAPITAL, LLC
Jay Venkatesan, M.D.
MANAGING PARTNER, ALPINE BIOVENTURES
2016 AUDITORS
Marcum LLP
SECURITIES COUNSEL
TroyGould PC
NEW YORK, NEW YORK
LOS ANGELES,
CALIFORNIA
SECURITIES LISTING
The Nasdaq
Global Market
COMMON STOCK: LBIO
REGISTRAR &
TRANSFER AGENT
Continental
Stock Transfer
CORPORATE
HEADQUARTERS
999 SKYWAY ROAD
SUITE 150
17 BATTERY PLACE
SAN CARLOS, CA 94070
NEW YORK, NY 10004
TEL: (650) 260–7120
TEL: (212) 845–3215
INFO@LIONBIO.COM
WEBSITE
WWW.LIONBIO.COM
CORPORATE
HEADQUARTERS
999 SKYWAY ROAD
SUITE 150
SAN CARLOS, CA 94070
TEL: (650) 260–7120
INFO@LIONBIO.COM
WEBSITE
WWW.LIONBIO.COM