J2 Global
Annual Report 2016

Plain-text annual report

UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016 OR TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the transition period from to Commission File Number: 0-25965 j2 GLOBAL, INC. (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) Delaware (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) 47-1053457 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) 6922 Hollywood Boulevard, Suite 500, Los Angeles, California 90028, (323) 860-9200 (Address and telephone number of principal executive offices) Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: None Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: Common Stock, $0.01 par value (Title of class) Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes No Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes No Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes No Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes No Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§ 229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant's knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer” and “small reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one): Large accelerated filer Accelerated filer Non-accelerated filer Smaller reporting company Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes No As of the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, the approximate aggregate market value of the common stock held by non-affiliates, based upon the closing price of the common stock as quoted by the NASDAQ Global Select Market was $2,103,068,021. Shares of common stock held by executive officers, directors and holders of more than 5% of the outstanding common stock have been excluded. This determination of affiliate status is not necessarily a conclusive determination for other purposes. As of February 24, 2017, the registrant had 48,165,943 shares of common stock outstanding. DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE: Portions of the definitive Proxy Statement to be delivered to stockholders in connection with the Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held May 4, 2017 are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Form 10-K. This Annual Report on Form 10-K includes 139 pages with the Index to Exhibits located on page 136. TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I. Item 1. Business Item 1A. Risk Factors Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments Item 2. Properties Item 3. Legal Proceedings Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures PART II. Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Item 6. Selected Financial Data Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Item 9. Changes In and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure Item 9A. Controls and Procedures Item 9B. Other Information PART III. Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance Item 11. Executive Compensation Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services PART IV. Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules Item 16. Form 10-K Summary Page 3 10 31 31 31 33 34 38 39 57 58 133 133 135 135 135 135 135 135 135 137 -2- Item 1. Business Overview PART I j2 Global, Inc., together with its subsidiaries (“j2 Global”, “our”, “us” or “we”), is a leading provider of Internet services. Through our Business Cloud Services Division, we provide cloud services to businesses of all sizes, from individuals to enterprises, and license our intellectual property (“IP”) to third parties. In addition, the Business Cloud Services Division includes our j2 Cloud Connect business, which is primarily focused on our voice and fax products. Our Digital Media Division specializes in the technology, gaming, lifestyle and healthcare markets, reaching in-market buyers and influencers in both the consumer and business- to-business space. Our Business Cloud Services Division generates revenues primarily from customer subscription and usage fees and from IP licensing fees. Our Digital Media Division generates revenues from advertising and sponsorships, subscription and usage fees, performance marketing and licensing fees. In addition to growing our business organically, on a regular basis we acquire businesses to grow our customer bases, expand and diversify our service offerings, enhance our technologies, acquire skilled personnel and enter into other jurisdictions. On December 5, 2016, we acquired Everyday Health, Inc. (“Everyday Health”). Everyday Health operates a leading digital marketing and communications platform for healthcare marketers that want to engage with consumers and healthcare professionals. The platform combines premier content from leading brands, a large and engaged audience and extensive data and analytics expertise to provide (i) a highly personalized content experience for users and (ii) an efficient marketing channel for customers. Our consolidated revenues are currently generated from three basic business models, each with different financial profiles and variability. Our Business Cloud Services Division is driven primarily by subscription revenues that are relatively higher margin, stable and predictable from quarter to quarter with some seasonal weakness in the fourth quarter. The Business Cloud Services Division also includes the results of our IP licensing business, which can vary dramatically in both revenues and profitability from period to period. Our Digital Media Division is driven primarily by advertising revenues, has relatively higher sales and marketing expense and has seasonal strength in the fourth quarter. We continue to pursue additional acquisitions, which may include companies operating under business models that differ from those we operate under today. Such acquisitions could impact our consolidated profit margins and the variability of our revenues. We were incorporated in 2014 as a Delaware corporation through the creation of a new holding company structure, and our Business Cloud Services segment, operated by our wholly owned subsidiary, j2 Cloud Services, LLC (formerly j2 Cloud Services, Inc.), and its subsidiaries, was founded in 1995. We manage our operations through two business segments: Business Cloud Services and Digital Media. Information regarding revenue and operating income attributable to each of our reportable segments and certain geographic information is included within Note 15 - Segment Information of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, which is incorporated herein by reference. Business Cloud Services We believe that businesses of all sizes are increasingly purchasing cloud services to meet their communication, messaging, security, data backup, hosting, customer relationship management and other needs. Cloud-based services represent a model for delivering and consuming, independent of location, real time business technology services, resources and solutions over the Internet. Their goal is to reduce or eliminate costs, increase sales and enhance productivity, mobility, business continuity and security. Our eFax® and MyFax® online fax services enable users to receive faxes into their email inboxes and to send faxes via the Internet. eVoice® and Onebox® provide our customers a virtual phone system with various available enhancements. KeepItSafe®, LiveVault®, and Livedrive® enable our customers to securely back up their data and dispose of tape or other physical systems. Our FuseMail® service provides our customers email, encryption, archival and perimeter protection solutions, while Campaigner® provides our customers enhanced email marketing solutions. CampaignerCRM® provides customer relationship management solutions designed to increase our customers’ sales and increase efficiency. All of these services represent software-as-a-service solutions except online backup which represents an infrastructure-as-a-service solution. We believe these services represent more efficient and less expensive solutions than many existing alternatives, and provide increased security, privacy, flexibility and mobility. We generate substantially all of our Business Cloud Services revenues from “fixed” subscription revenues for basic customer subscriptions and, to a lesser extent, “variable” usage revenues generated from actual usage by our subscribers. Our online fax, virtual phone, email, customer relationship management and online backup products have both a fixed and variable subscription component with the substantial majority of revenues derived from the fixed portion. In addition, the cost structures of all our Business Cloud Services are very similar in terms of fixed and variable components and include capital expenditures -3- that are in proportion to revenue for each product offering. We also generate Business Cloud Services revenues from patent licensing. We categorize our Business Cloud Services and solutions into two basic groups: number-based, which are services provided in whole or in part through a telephone number, and non-number-based, which are our other cloud services for business. We market our Business Cloud Services offerings to a broad spectrum of prospective business customers including sole proprietors, small to medium-sized businesses, enterprises and government organizations. Our marketing efforts include enhancing brand awareness; utilizing online advertising, search engines and affiliate programs; selling through both a telesales and direct sales force; and cross-selling. We continuously seek to extend the number of distribution channels through which we acquire paying customers and improve the cost and volume of customers obtained through our current channels. We offer the following cloud services and solutions: Fax eFax® is the leading brand in the global online fax market. Various tiers of service provide increasing levels of features and functionality to sole proprietors, small and medium-sized businesses, and enterprises around the world. Our most popular services allow individuals to receive and send faxes as email attachments. In addition to eFax®, we offer online fax services under a variety of alternative brands including MyFax®, eFax Plus®, eFax Pro™, eFax Secure™, eFax Corporate™ and eFax Developer™. Voice and Unified Communications eVoice® is a virtual phone system that provides small and medium-sized businesses on-demand voice communications services, featuring a toll-free or local company number, auto-attendant and menu tree. With these services, a subscriber can assign departmental and individual extensions that can connect to multiple U.S. or Canadian numbers, including land-line and mobile phones and IP networks, and can enhance reachability through “find me/follow me” capabilities. These services also include advanced integrated voicemail for each extension, effectively unifying mobile, office and other separate voicemail services and improving efficiency by delivering voicemails in both native audio format and as transcribed text. Onebox® is a full-featured unified communications suite. It combines the features of many of our other branded services, plus added functionality, to provide a full virtual office. Onebox® includes a virtual phone system, hosted email, online fax, audio conferencing and web conferencing. Online Backup KeepItSafe® provides fully managed and monitored online backup and disaster recovery solutions for businesses, using its ISO-certified platform. By securing critical digital assets via the Internet to highly secure data vaults, customers enjoy peace of mind knowing they have reliable and cost effective backups, and equally importantly rapid restores of the data that keeps their businesses operating. Furthermore, our solution for business continuity, backup and recovery will fully protect the customer’s physical, virtual and cloud resources. The software installs simply and provides full-server imaging and proven off-site data recovery capabilities without costly investments. Company data is protected from human error, file corruption, ransomware and other harmful factors. LiveDrive®, which was acquired in February 2014, provides online backup and sync storage features for professionals and individuals. The customers can access their files from anywhere at any time so long as they have access to the Internet. LiveVault®, which was acquired in September 2015, provides cloud backup and recovery services. LiveVault® services include, among other items, offsite protection of data combined with local backup, web based access to protected data and a mirrored data center to ensure recoverability. SugarSync®, which was acquired in March 2015, provides online file backup, synchronization and sharing of all of a customer’s documents, photos, music and movies across all of the customer’s computers and mobile devices. The product is not dependent on any specific operating system or device platforms. -4- Email and Customer Relationship Management FuseMail® offers email security, email encryption, email filtering, email archiving and hosted email to businesses of all sizes around the world. These solutions are hosted offsite and seamlessly integrated into a customer’s existing email system. Campaigner® is an email marketing service that enables businesses to easily create and send highly personalized one- to-one email communications to subscribers and customers to build better relationships. Campaigner also helps businesses increase the size of their mailing lists, comply with email regulations like CAN-SPAM and get more emails to more inboxes. CampaignerCRM® is an easy-to-use, cloud-based CRM solution specifically designed to help small/medium-sized businesses close more deals, reduce the sales cycle and sell larger deals. IP Licensing We hold a number of issued U.S. and foreign patents and other intellectual property rights. We seek to license some of these intellectual property rights to third parties in exchange for fees. We include the results of these activities within the Business Cloud Services segment, exclusive of brand licensing by the Digital Media segment. Global Network and Operations Our Business Cloud Services business operates multiple physical Points of Presence (“POPs”) worldwide, a central data center in Los Angeles and several remote disaster recovery facilities. We connect our POPs to our central data centers via redundant, and often times diverse, Virtual Private Networks (“VPNs”) using the Internet. Our network is designed to deliver value-added user applications, customer support and billing services for our customers anywhere in the world and a local presence for customers from thousands of cities in 50 countries on six continents. We offer our services in all all major metropolitan areas in the United States (“U.S.”), the United Kingdom (“U.K.”), Canada and such major cities as Berlin, Hong Kong, Madrid, Manila, Mexico City, Milan, Paris, Rome, Singapore, Sydney, Taipei, Tokyo and Zurich. Our customers are located throughout the world. Customer Support Services Our Business Cloud Services customer service organization supports our cloud services customers through a combination of online self-help, email communications, interactive chat sessions and telephone calls. Our Internet-based online self-help tools enable customers to resolve simple issues on their own, eliminating the need to speak or write to our customer service representatives. We use internal personnel and contracted third parties (on a dedicated personnel basis) to answer our customer emails and telephone calls and to participate in interactive chat sessions. Our Business Cloud Services customer service organization provides email support seven days per week, 24 hours per day, to all subscribers. Paying subscribers have access to live-operator telephone support seven days per week, 24 hours per day. Dedicated telephone support is provided for corporate customers 24 hours per day, seven days per week. Live sales and customer support services are available in various languages, including English, Spanish, Dutch, German, French and Cantonese. Competition Our Business Cloud Services segment faces competition from, among others, online fax-providers, traditional fax machine or multi-function printer companies, unified messaging/communications providers, telephone companies, voicemail providers, companies offering PBX systems and outsourced PBX solutions, email providers, various data backup and hosting providers and customer relationship management solutions. Historically, our most popular solutions have related to online faxing, including the ability of our customers to access faxes via email and our outbound desktop faxing capabilities. These solutions compete primarily against traditional fax machine manufacturers, which are generally large and well-established companies, as well as publicly traded and privately-held providers of fax servers and related software and outsourced fax services. Some of these companies may have greater financial and other resources than we do. We believe that the primary competitive factors determining our success in the market for our Business Cloud Services include financial strength and stability; pricing; reputation for reliability and security of service; intellectual property ownership; effectiveness of customer support; sign-up, service and software ease-of-use; service scalability; customer messaging and branding; geographic coverage; scope of services; currency and payment method acceptance; and local language sales, messaging and support. For more information regarding the competition that we face, please refer to the section entitled Risk Factors contained in Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. -5- Digital Media Our Digital Media business segment consists of the web properties and business operations of Ziff Davis and its subsidiaries, including Everyday Health. The Ziff Davis portfolio of web properties includes PCMag.com, IGN.com, Speedtest.net, AskMen.com, TechBargains.com, Offers.com and Everydayhealth.com, among many others features, and trusted reviews of technology, gaming and lifestyle products and services; news and commentary related to these vertical markets; professional networking tools, targeted emails and white papers for IT professionals; speed testing for Internet and mobile network connections; and online deals and discounts for consumers. Everyday Health through its network of sites, interactive tools and mobile applications, enables consumers to manage a broad array of health and wellness needs on a daily basis, including medical conditions, pregnancy, diet and fitness. In addition, Everyday Health assists healthcare professionals in making better decisions for their patients by providing them with the news, tools and information needed to stay abreast of industry, legislative and regulatory developments in major medical specialties. We generate Digital Media revenues from the sale of display and video advertising on our owned-and-operated properties as well as third-party sites, from the sale of customer clicks to online merchants, from business-to-business leads to IT vendors and through the licensing of technology, data and other intellectual material to clients. Everyday Health derives its revenues from the sale of digital advertising and marketing services that engage consumers and healthcare professionals, from software subscriptions to hospital systems and from advertising agency services to pharmaceutical companies. During 2016, our Digital Media web properties attracted approximately 5.0 billion visits and 18.1 billion page views. We believe competitive factors relating to attracting and retaining users include the ability to provide premium and exclusive content and the reach, effectiveness, and efficiency of our marketing services to attract consumers, advertisers, healthcare professionals and publishers. We continue to seek opportunities to acquire additional web properties, both within and outside of the technology, gaming, lifestyle and healthcare verticals, with the goal of monetizing their audiences and content though application of our proprietary technologies and insight. Web Properties Our Digital Media properties and services include the following: PCMag is a trusted online resource for laboratory-based product reviews, technology news and buying guides. We operate the largest and oldest independent testing facility for consumer technology products. Founded in 1984, our lab produces more than 2,200 unbiased technology product and service reviews annually. PCMag’s “Editor’s Choice” award is recognized globally as the trust-mark for buyers and sellers of technology products and services. IGN.com is a leading online media and services company focused on gaming and entertainment. Our premium gaming and entertainment content attracts one of the largest online concentrations of men within the 18-34-year old age category. Speedtest.net is a global market leader in allowing consumers and businesses to test broadband connection speed and mobile network speed. Our desktop solutions test connections to the Internet as well as on internal networks. Our mobile apps test cellular connections and Wi-Fi speeds. AskMen.com is a leading online source of information and advice focused on men’s lifestyles. AskMen.com features the latest in fashion, grooming, health, sports, fine living and finance. TechBargains.com is a destination for the best deals and discounts on the web. Our site curates up-to-the-minute deals and coupons from top brands for electronics, hardware, software and more. Offers.com is a leading digital savings destination, connecting consumers with retailers and brands, online and in-store, through a balance of technology and human diligence. Ziff Davis B2B is a leading provider of digital content for buyers of information technology (IT) products and services, allowing IT vendors to identify, reach and influence corporate IT decision makers who are actively researching specific IT purchases. The Everyday Health properties include a collection of premier content and tools for the consumer and healthcare professional. -6- Consumer Properties Consumer-focused properties include online content, interactive tools and applications designed to allow consumers to manage a broad array of health and wellness needs on a daily basis. Everyday Health, our flagship brand, is a broad-based health information portal that provides consumers with trusted and actionable health information intended to empower users to better manage their health and wellness. We operate the digital properties for the What to Expect brand, the leading pregnancy and parenting media resource. Based on the best-selling pregnancy book, What to Expect When You’re Expecting, by author Heidi Murkoff, the What to Expect website and mobile applications contain content written by Ms. Murkoff on conception planning and pregnancy, as well as information on newborns and toddlers. We also operate the Mayo Clinic Diet digital program, a subscription-based plan for weight loss, and ultimately better health, developed by the weight loss experts at Mayo Clinic. Based on the bestselling book by the same name, the Mayo Clinic Diet digital program provides a step-by-step program to jump-start quick weight loss, achieve a goal weight and maintain it for life. Professional Properties For healthcare professionals, we provide premier digital content that enables healthcare professionals to stay abreast of clinical, industry, legislative and regulatory developments across all major medical specialties. Our flagship professional property, MedPage Today, includes a dedicated team of 30 journalists, including editors, reporters and videographers, and provides relevant clinical news based on research findings published in peer-reviewed medical journals as well as research reported at numerous medical conferences around the world. MedPage Today delivers breaking medical news in 34 medical specialties and major public policy developments at the state and federal levels seven days a week. MedPage Today coordinates with approximately 4,000 leading researchers and clinicians, as well as more than 300 academic medical centers, to aid in gathering in-depth information for articles. MedPage Today’s excellence has been recognized with awards from the American Society of Healthcare Business Editors, the National Institute for Healthcare Management, the eHealthcare Leadership Awards, the Medical Marketing and Media Awards and the Web Health Awards. Additionally, MedPage Today was named as a finalist for the Jesse M. Neal Awards and the Gerald M. Loeb Award. Display and Video Advertising We sell online display and video advertising on our owned-and-operated web properties and on third party sites as well as targeted advertising across the Internet through various unaffiliated third party digital advertising networks. We have contractual arrangements with advertisers either directly or through agencies. The terms of these contracts specify the price of the advertising to be sold and the volume of advertisements that will be served over the course of a campaign. In addition to the contracts with advertisers and agencies, we have contractual arrangements with certain third party websites not owned by us and third party advertising networks to deliver online display and video advertising to their websites or to third-party sites. Our technology allows for both online display and video advertising to be targeted by subject matter, keyword, ad size and placement as well as by past browsing behavior, geography and other factors (such advertising is commonly referred to as interest-based advertising), subject to applicable laws. We use Internet cookies and other end-user tracking technologies to learn about user activity, including: what pages were visited; which links were clicked; and other actions taken by users on our owned and operated websites and certain third party sites. This practice allows us to provide visitors to our owned and operated websites and certain third party websites with more useful and relevant advertisements. Performance Marketing We generate business-to-business leads for IT vendors through the marketing of content, including white papers and webinars, and offer additional lead qualification and nurturing services. On the consumer side, we generate clicks to online merchants by promoting deals and discounts on our web properties. -7- Licensing We license our proprietary technology, data and intellectual property to third parties for various purposes. For instance, we will license our Speedtest technology to businesses to allow them to test their internal networks, or we will license the right to use PCMag’s “Editors’ Choice” logo and other copyrighted editorial content to businesses whose products have earned such distinction. Competition Competition in the digital media space is fierce and continues to intensify. Our digital media business competes with online publishers including CNET, PCWorld, TechTarget, AOL Tech, GameSpot and others as well as with portals, advertising networks, social media sites and other platforms, including Yahoo, Facebook, Twitch and others. We believe that the primary competitive factors determining our success in the market for our digital media include the reputation of Ziff Davis as a trusted source of objective information and our ability to attract Internet users and advertisers to our web properties. Our Everyday Health properties face competition for consumers, healthcare professionals and customers from a variety of online and offline companies, government agencies and other organizations that provide content, tools and applications to consumers and healthcare professionals interested in health-related information. Specifically, we face competition from the following: • Websites, mobile applications and other products and services that provide online consumer health and wellness information, such as www.webmd.com, or information directed at healthcare professionals such as www.medscape.com (owned by WebMD); • General interest consumer websites or search engines that offer specialized health sub-channels or functions, such as www.yahoo.com and www.google.com, and other high-traffic websites that include both health-related and non-health- related content and services, including social media websites, such as www.facebook.com; • Non-profit and governmental websites that provide consumer health information, such as www.fda.gov, www.cdc.gov and www.health.nih.gov; • Advertising agencies that market digital products and services directly to customers; • Software solutions for hospital systems to engage with consumers and/or healthcare professionals, such as Advisory Board Company and eVariant; and • Advertising technology companies that aggregate traffic from multiple online websites or directly target health-related consumers. We also face competition from a number of companies that provide consumer and professional health-oriented content through traditional offline media. These competitors include magazine and book publishers, medical content publishers and distributors of television and video programming. For more information regarding the competition that we face, please refer to the section entitled Risk Factors contained in Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Patents and Proprietary Rights We regard the protection of our intellectual property rights as important to our success. We aggressively protect these rights by relying on a combination of patents, trademarks, copyrights, trade dress and trade secrets. We also enter into confidentiality and intellectual property assignment agreements with employees and contractors, and nondisclosure agreements with parties with whom we conduct business in order to limit access to and disclosure of our proprietary information. Through a combination of internal technology development and acquisitions, we have built a portfolio of numerous U.S. and foreign patents. We generate licensing revenues from some of these patents. We are currently engaged in litigation to enforce several of our patents. For a more detailed description of the lawsuits in which we are involved, see Item 3. Legal Proceedings. -8- We intend to continue to invest in patents, to aggressively protect our patent assets from unauthorized use and to generate patent licensing revenues from authorized users. Several of our U.S. patents have been reaffirmed through reexamination proceedings before the United States Patent and Trademark Office (“USPTO”). We have generated royalties from licensing certain of our patents and have enforced certain patents against companies using our patented technology without our permission. We seek patents for inventions that may contribute to our business or technology sector. In addition, we have multiple pending U.S. and foreign patent applications, covering components of our technology and in some cases technologies beyond those that we currently offer. Unless and until patents are issued on the pending applications, no patent rights can be enforced. We have obtained patent licenses for certain technologies where such licenses are necessary or advantageous. We own and use a number of trademarks in connection with our services, including word and logo trademarks for eFax, MyFax, eFax Corporate, eVoice, KeepItSafe, Fusemail, Onebox, PCMag, IGN, Everyday Health and AskMen, among others. Many of these trademarks are registered worldwide, and numerous trademark applications are pending around the world. We hold numerous Internet domain names, including “efax.com”, “efaxcorporate.com”, “myfax.com”, “fax.com”, “evoice.com”, “keepitsafe.com”, “fusemail.com”, “campaigner.com”, “onebox.com”, “pcmag.com”, “techbargains.com”, “ign.com”, “askmen.com”, “speedtest.net” and “offers.com” among others. We have filed to protect our rights to our brands in certain alternative top-level domains such as “.org”, “.net”, “.biz”, “.info” and “.us”, among others. Like other technology-based businesses, we face the risk that we will be unable to protect our intellectual property and other proprietary rights, and the risk that we will be found to have infringed the proprietary rights of others. For more information regarding these risks, please refer to the section entitled Risk Factors contained in Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Government Regulation We are subject to a number of foreign and domestic laws and regulations that affect companies conducting business over the Internet and, in some cases, using services of third-party telecommunications and Internet service providers. These include, among others, laws and regulations addressing privacy, data storage, retention and security, freedom of expression, content, taxation, numbers, advertising and intellectual property. We are not a regulated telecommunications provider in the U.S. For information about the risks we face with respect to governmental regulation, please see Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K entitled Risk Factors. Seasonality Our Business Cloud Services revenues are impacted by the number of effective business days in a given period. We traditionally experience lower than average Business Cloud Services usage and customer sign-ups in the fourth quarter. Revenues associated with our Digital Media operations are subject to seasonal fluctuations, becoming most active during the fourth quarter holiday period due to increased retail activity. Research and Development The markets for our services are evolving rapidly, requiring ongoing expenditures for research and development and timely introduction of new services and service enhancements. Our future success will depend, in part, on our ability to enhance our current services, to respond effectively to technological changes, attract and retain engineering talent, sell additional services to our existing customer base and introduce new services and technologies that address the increasingly sophisticated needs of our customers. We devote significant resources to develop new services and service enhancements. Our research, development and engineering expenditures were $38.0 million, $34.3 million and $30.7 million for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. For more information regarding the technological risks that we face, please refer to the section entitled Risk Factors contained in Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Employees As of December 31, 2016, we had approximately 2,426 employees, the majority of whom are in the U.S. -9- Our future success will depend, in part, on our ability to continue to attract, retain and motivate highly qualified technical, marketing and management personnel. Our employees are not represented by any collective bargaining unit or agreement. We have never experienced a work stoppage. We believe our relationship with our employees is good. Web Availability of Reports The Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to reports filed pursuant to Sections 13(a) and 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), are filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). The Company is subject to the informational requirements of the Exchange Act and files or furnishes reports, proxy statements and other information with the SEC. Such reports and other information filed by the Company with the SEC are available free of charge on the Company’s website at www.j2.com as soon as reasonably practicable after we file such reports with, or furnish them to, the SEC’s website. The information on our website is not part of this report. The SEC maintains an Internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding our filings we file electronically with the SEC at www.sec.gov. Item 1A. Risk Factors Before deciding to invest in j2 Global or to maintain or increase your investment, you should carefully consider the risks described below in addition to the other cautionary statements and risks described elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10- K and our other filings with the SEC, including our subsequent reports on Forms 10-Q and 8-K. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial also may affect our business. If any of these known or unknown risks or uncertainties actually occurs, our business, prospects, financial condition, operating results and cash flows could be materially adversely affected. In that event, the market price of our common stock will likely decline and you may lose part or all of your investment. Our fax services constitute a significant percentage of our revenue. Risks Related To Our Business Currently, fax-to-email revenue constitutes 35% of our consolidated revenues. The success of our business is therefore dependent upon the continued use of fax as a messaging medium and/or our ability to diversify our service offerings and derive more revenue from other services, such as voice, online backup, email, unified messaging solutions and services related to our Digital Media segment. If the demand for online fax-to-email as a messaging medium decreases, and we are unable to replace lost revenues from decreased usage or cancellation of our fax services with a proportional increase in our customer base or with revenues from our other services, our business, financial condition, operating results and cash flows could be materially and adversely affected. We believe that one of the attractive features of our eFax® and similar products is that fax signatures are a generally accepted method of executing contracts. There are ongoing efforts by governmental and non-governmental entities to create a universally accepted method for electronically signing documents. Widespread adoption of so-called “digital signatures” could reduce demand for our fax services and, as a result, could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition, operating results and cash flows. -10- We have made and expect to continue to make acquisitions that could disrupt our operations and harm our operating results. We intend to continue to develop new services, enhance existing services and expand our geographic presence through acquisitions of other companies, service lines, technologies and personnel. Acquisitions involve numerous risks, including the following: • Difficulties in integrating the operations, systems, technologies, products and personnel of the acquired businesses; • Difficulties in entering markets in which we have no or limited direct prior experience and where competitors in such markets may have stronger market positions; • Diversion of management’s attention from normal daily operations of the business and the challenges of managing larger and more widespread operations resulting from acquisitions; and • The potential loss of key employees, customers, distributors, vendors and other business partners of the businesses we acquire. Acquisitions may also cause us to: • Use a substantial portion of our cash resources or incur debt; • Significantly increase our interest expense, leverage and debt service requirements if we incur additional debt to pay for an acquisition; • Assume liabilities; • • Record goodwill and intangible assets that are subject to impairment testing on a regular basis and potential periodic Issue common stock that would dilute our current stockholders’ percentage ownership; impairment charges; Incur amortization expenses related to certain intangible assets; and Become subject to intellectual property or other litigation. • • Mergers and acquisitions are inherently risky and subject to many factors outside of our control. We cannot give assurance that our previous or future acquisitions will be successful and will not materially adversely affect our business, operating results or financial condition. Failure to manage and successfully integrate acquisitions could materially harm our business and operating results. In addition, our effective tax rate for future periods is uncertain and could be impacted by mergers and acquisitions. The majority of our revenue within the Digital Media segment is derived from short-term advertising arrangements and a reduction in spending by or loss of current or potential advertisers would cause our revenue and operating results to decline. In most cases, our agreements with advertisers have a term of one year or less and may be terminated at any time by the advertiser or by us without penalty. Advertising agreements often provide that we receive payment based on “served” impressions but the online ad industry has started to shift so that payment will be made based on “viewable” impressions, and that change in basis could have a negative effect on available impressions thereby reducing our revenue potential. Accordingly, it is difficult to forecast display revenue accurately. In addition, our expense levels are based in part on expectations of future revenue. Moreover, we believe that advertising on the Internet, as in traditional media, fluctuates significantly as a result of a variety of factors, many of which are outside of our control. Some of these factors include budget constraints of our advertisers, cancellations or delays of projects by our advertisers, the cyclical and discretionary nature of advertising spending, general economic, Internet-related and media industry conditions, as well as extraordinary events. The state of the global economy and availability of capital has impacted and could further impact the advertising spending patterns of existing and potential advertisers. Any reduction in spending by, or loss of, existing or potential advertisers would negatively impact our revenue and operating results. Further, we may be unable to adjust our expenses and capital expenditures quickly enough to compensate for any unexpected revenue shortfall. If we are unable to develop, commission or acquire compelling content in our Digital Media segment at acceptable prices, our expenses may increase, the number of visitors to our online properties may not grow as anticipated, or may decline, and/or visitors’ level of engagement with our websites may decline, any of which could harm our operating results. Our future success depends in part on the ability of our Digital Media segment to aggregate compelling content and deliver that content through our online properties. We believe that users will increasingly demand high-quality content and services including more video and mobile-specific content. Such content and services may require us to make substantial payments to third parties if we are unable to develop content of our own. Our ability to maintain and build relationships with such third-party providers -11- is critical to our success. In addition, as new methods for accessing the Internet become available, including through alternative devices, we may need to enter into amended agreements with existing third-party providers to cover the new devices. We may be unable to monetize the activity on these alternative devices including mobile devices which may supplant current traffic that we monetize. We may be unable to enter into new, or preserve existing, relationships with the third-parties whose content or services we seek to obtain. In addition, as competition for compelling content increases both domestically and internationally, our third- party providers may increase the prices at which they offer their content and services to us and potential providers may not offer their content or services to us at all, or may offer them on terms that are not agreeable to us. An increase in the prices charged to us by third-party providers could harm our operating results and financial condition. Further, many of our content and services licenses with third parties are non-exclusive. Accordingly, other media providers may be able to offer similar or identical content. This increases the importance of our ability to deliver compelling content and personalization of this content for users in order to differentiate our properties from other businesses. If we are unable to develop compelling content of our own, we may be required to engage freelance services or obtain licensed content which may not be at reasonable prices which could harm our operating results. Acquisitions and investments in our business have historically played a significant role in our growth and we anticipate that they will continue to do so. We must acquire additional or invest in new or current businesses, products, services and technologies that complement or augment our service offerings and customer base in order to sustain our rate of growth. We may not successfully identify suitable acquisition candidates or investment strategies, manage disparate technologies, lines of business, personnel and corporate cultures, realize our business strategy or the expected return on our investment or manage a geographically dispersed company. If we are unable to identify and execute on acquisitions or execute on our investment strategies, our revenues, business, prospects, financial condition, operating results and cash flows could suffer. Political instability and volatility in the economy may adversely affect segments of our customers, which may result in decreased usage and advertising levels, customer acquisition and customer retention rates and, in turn, could lead to a decrease in our revenues or rate of revenue growth. Certain segments of our customers may be adversely affected by political instability and volatility in the general economy and a slow pace of recovery. To the extent these customers’ businesses are adversely affected by political instability or volatility, their usage of our services and/or our customer retention rates could decline. This may result in decreased cloud services subscription and/or usage revenues and decreased advertising, e-commerce or other revenues, which may adversely impact our revenues and profitability. Users are increasingly using mobile devices to access our content within our Digital Media business segment and if we are unsuccessful in attracting new users to our mobile offerings, and expanding the capabilities of our content and other offerings with respect to our mobile platforms, our net revenues could decline. Web usage and the consumption of digital content are increasingly shifting to mobile platforms such as smartphones and other connected devices. Visits to our mobile websites and applications have increased but if the percentage of visits to our mobile websites does not continue to grow or we are unable to effectively monetize our mobile content, net revenue will be impacted. In addition, we are less effective at monetizing digital content on our mobile websites and applications compared to our desktop websites. The growth of our business depends in part on our ability to continue to adapt to the mobile environment and to deliver compelling solutions to consumers and retailers through these new mobile marketing channels. In addition, our success on mobile platforms will be dependent on our interoperability with popular mobile operating systems that we do not control, and any changes in such systems that degrade our functionality or give preferential treatment to competitive services could adversely affect usage of our services through mobile devices. -12- In our Digital Media business, if we are unable to prove that our advertising and sponsorship solutions provide an attractive return on investment for our customers, our financial results could be harmed. Our ability to grow revenue from our Digital Media business, including our recent acquisition of Everyday Health, will be dependent on our ability to demonstrate to marketers that their marketing campaigns with us provide a meaningful return on investment (“ROI”) relative to offline and other online opportunities. Certain of the marketing campaigns with respect to our Digital Media business are designed such that the revenues received are based entirely upon the ROI delivered for customers. Our Digital Media business has invested significant resources in developing its research, analytics and campaign effectiveness capabilities and expects to continue to do so in the future. Our ability, however, to demonstrate the value of advertising and sponsorship on Digital Media business properties will depend, in part, on the sophistication of the analytics and measurement capabilities, the actions taken by our competitors to enhance their offerings, whether we meet the ROI expectations of our customers and a number of other factors. If we are unable to maintain sophisticated marketing and communications solutions that provide value to our customers or demonstrate our ability to provide value to our customers, our financial results will be harmed. We could be subject to changes in our tax rates, the adoption of new U.S. or international tax legislation or exposure to additional tax liabilities which may adversely impact our financial results. We are a U.S. based multinational company subject to taxes in the U.S. and numerous foreign jurisdictions, including Ireland, where a number of our subsidiaries are organized. Our provision for income taxes is based on a jurisdictional mix of earnings, statutory tax rates and enacted tax rules, including transfer pricing. Due to economic and political conditions, tax rates in various jurisdictions may be subject to significant change. As a result, our future effective tax rates could be affected by changes in the mix of earnings in countries with differing statutory tax rates, changes in the valuation of deferred tax assets and liabilities, or changes in tax laws or their interpretation, including in the U.S. and Ireland. For example, the Irish tax authorities announced changes to the treatment of non-resident Irish entities, commonly used in a “double Irish” structure. The changes will impact newly created Irish entities immediately but are not expected to impact existing non-resident Irish entities, such as ours, until after December 31, 2020. These changes may adversely impact our effective tax rate and harm our financial position and results of operations. The Trump Administration and key members of Congress have expressed a desire to reform U.S. corporate tax policy. It is possible that our effective tax rate in future periods could be favorably or unfavorably impacted by such changes, which could be material. Additionally, potential tax law changes could materially impact our assertions regarding permanent reinvestment of our undistributed foreign earnings. We cannot currently predict the impact, if any, on our financial position and results of operations of any such changes. Additionally, the tax project initiated by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (“OECD”) on Base Erosion and Profit Sharing (“BEPS”) and other similar initiatives could adversely affect our worldwide effective tax rate. With the finalization of specific actions contained within the OECD’s BEPS study, many OECD countries have acknowledged their intent to implement the actions and update their local tax laws. The extent (if any) to which countries in which we operate adopt and implement these actions could have a material adverse impact on our effective tax rate, income tax expense, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. We are subject to examination of our income tax returns by the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) and other domestic and foreign tax authorities. We are currently under audit by the IRS for tax years 2012 through 2014 and the California Franchise Tax Board (“FTB”) for tax years 2012 and 2013. The FTB, however, has agreed to suspend its audit for 2012 and 2013 pending the outcome of the IRS audit for such tax years. We are also under audit or review by other state and foreign taxing authorities for various periods. Our future income tax returns are likely to become the subject of audits by these or other taxing authorities. We regularly assess the likelihood of adverse outcomes resulting from these examinations to determine the adequacy of our income tax reserves and expense. If our reserves are not sufficient to cover these contingencies, such inadequacy could materially adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition, operating results and cash flows. Our business, customers and users may be subject to telecommunications and sales taxes. As a provider of cloud services for business, we do not provide telecommunications services. Thus, we believe that our business and our users (by using our services) are not subject to various telecommunications and utility taxes. However, several state taxing authorities have challenged this belief and have and may continue to audit and assess our business and operations with respect to telecommunications and sales taxes. -13- In addition, the application of other indirect taxes (such as sales and use tax, business tax and gross receipt tax) to e- commerce businesses such as j2 Global and our users is a complex and evolving issue. With the passage of the Trade Facilitation and Trade Enforcement Act of 2015, the U.S. federal government created a permanent moratorium on states and other local authorities imposing access or discriminatory taxes on the Internet. This moratorium does not prohibit federal, state or local authorities from collecting taxes on our income or from collecting taxes that are due under existing tax rules. The application of existing, new or future laws could have adverse effects on our business, prospects and operating results. There have been, and will continue to be, substantial ongoing costs associated with complying with the various indirect tax requirements in the numerous markets in which we conduct or will conduct business. We are currently under audit for indirect taxes in several states and municipalities. We currently have no financial reserves established with respect to indirect taxes, as we have determined that the liability is not probable and estimable. As a result, if a material indirect tax liability associated with prior periods were to be recorded, it could materially affect our financial results for the period in which it is recorded. Much of our Digital Media e-commerce revenue comes from arrangements in which we are paid by retailers to promote their digital product and service offers on our sites. Certain states have implemented regulations that require retailers to collect and remit sales taxes on sales made to residents of such states if a publisher, such as us, that facilitated that sale is a resident of such state. Paid retailers in our marketplace that do not currently have sales tax nexus in any state that subsequently passes similar regulations and in which we have operations, employees or contractors now or in the future, may significantly alter the manner in which they pay us, cease paying us for sales we facilitate for that retailer in such state, or cease using our marketplace, each of which could adversely impact our business, financial condition and operating results. A system failure, security breach or other technological risk could delay or interrupt service to our customers, harm our reputation or subject us to significant liability. Our operations are dependent on our network being free from interruption by damage from fire, earthquake, power loss, telecommunications failure, unauthorized entry, computer viruses, cyber-attacks or any other events beyond our control. There can be no assurance that our existing and planned precautions of backup systems, regular data backups, security protocols and other procedures will be adequate to prevent significant damage, system failure or data loss. Also, many of our services are web- based, and the amount of data we store for our users on our servers has been increasing. Despite the implementation of security measures, our infrastructure may be vulnerable to computer viruses, hackers or similar disruptive problems caused by our subscribers, employees or other Internet users who attempt to invade public and private data networks. As seen in the industries in which we operate and others, these activities have been, and will continue to be, subject to continually evolving cybersecurity and technological risks. Further, in some cases we do not have in place disaster recovery facilities for certain ancillary services. Moreover, a significant portion of our operations relies heavily on the secure processing, storage and transmission of confidential and other sensitive data. For example, a significant number of our cloud services customers authorize us to bill their credit or debit card accounts directly for all transaction fees charged by us. We rely on encryption and authentication technology to effect secure transmission of confidential information, including customer credit and debit card numbers. Advances in computer capabilities, new discoveries in the field of cryptography or other developments may result in a compromise or breach of the technology used by us to protect transaction and other confidential data. Any system failure or security breach that causes interruptions or data loss in our operations or in the computer systems of our customers or leads to the misappropriation of our or our customers’ confidential information could result in a significant liability to us (including in the form of judicial decisions and/or settlements, regulatory findings and/or forfeitures, and other means), cause considerable harm to us and our reputation (including requiring notification to customers, regulators, and/or the media) and deter current and potential customers from using our services. Any of these events could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition, operating results and cash flows. Increased numbers of credit and debit card declines in our cloud business could lead to a decrease in our cloud business revenues or rate of revenue growth. A significant number of our paid cloud services subscribers pay for their services through credit and debit cards. Weakness in certain segments of the credit markets and in the U.S. and global economies could result in increased numbers of rejected credit and debit card payments. We believe this could result in increased cloud services customer cancellations and decreased customer signups. Rejected credit or debit card payments, cloud services customer cancellations and decreased customer sign up may adversely impact our revenues and profitability. -14- If our Business Cloud Services segment experiences excessive fraudulent activity or cannot meet evolving credit card company merchant standards, we could incur substantial costs and lose the right to accept credit cards for payment and our subscriber base could decrease significantly. A significant number of our paid cloud services subscribers authorize us to bill their credit card accounts directly for all service fees charged by us. If people pay for these services with stolen credit cards, we could incur substantial unreimbursed third- party vendor costs. We also incur losses from claims that the customer did not authorize the credit card transaction to purchase our service. If the numbers of unauthorized credit card transactions become excessive, we could be assessed substantial fines for excess chargebacks and could lose the right to accept credit cards for payment. In addition, we are subject to Payment Card Industry (“PCI”) data security standards, which require periodic audits by independent third parties to assess our compliance. PCI standards are a comprehensive set of requirements for enhancing payment account data security. Failure to comply with the security requirements or rectify a security issue may result in fines or a restriction on accepting payment cards. Credit card companies may change the standards required to utilize their services from time to time. If we are unable to meet these new standards, we could be unable to accept credit cards. Further, the law relating to the liability of providers of online payment services is currently unsettled and states may enact their own rule with which we may not comply. Substantial losses due to fraud or our inability to accept credit card payments, which could cause our paid cloud services subscriber base to significantly decrease, could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition, operating results and cash flows. The markets in which we operate are highly competitive and our competitors may have greater resources to commit to growth, superior technologies, cheaper pricing or more effective marketing strategies. Also, we face significant competition for users, advertisers, publishers, developers and distributors. For information regarding our competition, and the risks arising out of the competitive environment in which we operate, see the section entitled Competition contained in Item 1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. In addition, some of our competitors include major companies with much greater resources and significantly larger subscriber bases than we have. Some of these competitors offer their services at lower prices than we do. These companies may be able to develop and expand their network infrastructures and capabilities more quickly, adapt more swiftly to new or emerging technologies and changes in customer requirements, take advantage of acquisition and other opportunities more readily and devote greater resources to the marketing and sale of their products and services than we can. There can be no assurance that additional competitors will not enter markets that we are currently serving and plan to serve or that we will be able to compete effectively. Competitive pressures may reduce our revenue, operating profits or both. Our Digital Media segment faces significant competition from online media companies as well as from social networking sites, mobile application, traditional print and broadcast media, general purpose and search engines and various e-commerce sites. Several of our competitors offer an integrated variety of Internet products, advertising services, technologies, online services and content. We compete against these and other companies to attract and retain users, advertisers and developers. We also compete with social media and networking sites which are attracting a substantial and increasing share of users and users’ online time, and may continue to attract an increasing share of online advertising dollars. In addition, several competitors offer products and services that directly compete for users with our Digital Media segment offerings. Similarly, the advertising networks operated by our competitors or by other participants in the display marketplace offer services that directly compete with our offerings for advertisers, including advertising exchanges, ad networks, demand side platforms, ad serving technologies and sponsored search offerings. We also compete with traditional print and broadcast media companies to attract advertising spending. Some of our existing competitors and possible entrants may have greater brand recognition for certain products and services, more expertise in a particular segment of the market, and greater operational, strategic, technological, financial, personnel, or other resources than we do. Many of our competitors have access to considerable financial and technical resources with which to compete aggressively, including by funding future growth and expansion and investing in acquisitions, technologies, and research and development. Further, emerging start-ups may be able to innovate and provide new products and services faster than we can. In addition, competitors may consolidate with each other or collaborate, and new competitors may enter the market. Some of the competitors for our Business Cloud Services segment in international markets have a substantial competitive advantage over us because they have dominant market share in their territories, are owned by local telecommunications providers, have greater brand recognition, are focused on a single market, are more familiar with local tastes and preferences, or have greater regulatory and operational flexibility due to the fact that we may be subject to both U.S. and foreign regulatory requirements. If our competitors are more successful than we are in developing and deploying compelling products or in attracting and retaining users, advertisers, publishers, developers, or distributors, our revenue and growth rates could decline. -15- Our growth will depend on our ability to develop, strengthen, and protect our brands, and these efforts may be costly and have varying degrees of success. Our brand recognition has significantly contributed to the success of our business. Strengthening our current brands and launching competitive new brands will be critical to achieving widespread commercial acceptance of our products and services. This will require our continued focus on active marketing, the costs of which have been increasing and may continue to increase. In addition, substantial initial investments may be required to launch new brands and expand existing brands to cover new geographic territories and technology fields. Accordingly, we may need to spend increasing amounts of money on, and devote greater resources to, advertising, marketing and other efforts to cultivate brand recognition and customer loyalty. In addition, we are supporting an increasing number of brands, each of which requires its own investment of resources. Brand promotion activities may not yield increased revenues and, even if they do, increased revenues may not offset the expenses incurred. If we fail to launch, promote, and maintain our brands, or if we incur substantial expenses in doing so, our business could be harmed. Our brand recognition depends, in part, on our ability to protect our trademark portfolio and establish trademark rights covering new brands and territories. Some regulators and competitors have taken the view that certain of our brands, such as eFax and eVoice, are descriptive or generic when applied to the products and services offered by our Business Cloud Services segment. Nevertheless, we have obtained U.S. and foreign trademark registrations for our brand names, logos, and other brand identifiers, including, eFax and eVoice. If we are unable to obtain, maintain or protect trademark rights covering our brands across the territories in which they are or may be offered, the value of these brands may be diminished, competitors may be able to dilute, harm, or freeload off our brand recognition and reputation, and our ability to attract subscribers may be adversely affected. We hold domain names relating to our brands, in the U.S. and internationally. The acquisition and maintenance of domain names are generally regulated by governmental agencies and their designees. The regulation of domain names may change. Governing bodies may establish additional top-level domains, appoint additional domain name registrars or modify the requirements for holding domain names. As a result, we may be unable to acquire or maintain all relevant domain names that relate to our brands. Furthermore, international rules governing the acquisition and maintenance of domain names in foreign jurisdictions are sometimes different from U.S. rules, and we may not be able to obtain all of our domains internationally. As a result of these factors, we may be unable to prevent third parties from acquiring domain names that are similar to, infringe upon or otherwise decrease the value of our brands, trademarks or other proprietary rights. In addition, failure to secure or maintain domain names relevant to our brands could adversely affect our reputation and make it more difficult for users to find our websites and services. As a creator and a distributor of content over the Internet, we face potential liability for legal claims based on the nature and content of the materials that we create or distribute. Users access health-related content through our newly-acquired Everyday Health properties, including information regarding particular medical conditions, diagnosis and treatment and possible adverse reactions or side effects from medications. If our content, or content we obtain from third parties, contains inaccuracies, it is possible that consumers who rely on that content or others may make claims against us with various causes of action. Although our properties contain terms and conditions, including disclaimers of liability, that are intended to reduce or eliminate our liability, third parties may claim that these online agreements are unenforceable. Our editorial and other quality control procedures may not be sufficient to ensure that there are no errors or omissions in our content offerings or to prevent such errors and omissions in content that is controlled by our partners. Even if potential claims do not result in liability to us, investigating and defending against these claims could be expensive and time consuming and could divert management’s attention away from our operations. Failure to provide online CME as part of our newly-acquired MedPage Today offering could adversely affect our professional business. Physicians utilize www.MedPageToday.com to fulfill their continuing medical education (“CME”) obligations. Our CME activities, which are conducted as part of our MedPage Today offering, are planned and implemented in accordance with the current Essential Areas and Elements and the Policies of the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education (“ACCME”), which oversees providers of CME credit, and other applicable accreditation standards. We currently rely on Projects In Knowledge as the ACCME-accredited provider for our CME offering. ACCME’s standards for commercial support of CME are intended to assure, among other things, that CME activities of ACCME-accredited providers, such as Projects In Knowledge, are independent of “commercial interests,” which are defined as entities that produce, market, re-sell or distribute healthcare goods and services, excluding certain organizations. “Commercial interests,” and entities owned or controlled by “commercial interests,” are ineligible for accreditation by the ACCME. -16- CME activities may be subject to government oversight or regulation by Congress, the Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”), the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and state regulatory agencies. Educational activities, including CME, directed at physicians have been subject to increased governmental scrutiny to ensure that sponsors do not influence or control the content of the activities. In the event that these regulatory challenges inhibit our ability to provide CME, or if Projects In Knowledge, our ACCME-accredited partner, elects to terminate its relationship with us and we are unable to identify a suitable replacement partner, our ability to continue to attract physicians to www.MedPageToday.com may suffer. Inadequate intellectual property protections could prevent us from defending our proprietary technology and intellectual property. Our success depends, in part, upon our proprietary technology and intellectual property. We rely on a combination of patents, trademarks, trade secrets, copyrights, contractual restrictions, and other confidentiality safeguards to protect our proprietary technology. However, these measures may provide only limited protection and it may be costly and time-consuming to enforce compliance with our intellectual property rights. In some circumstances, we may not have adequate, economically feasible or realistic options for enforcing our intellectual property and we may be unable to detect unauthorized use. While we have a robust worldwide portfolio of issued patents and pending patent applications, there can be no assurance that any of these patents will not be challenged, invalidated or circumvented, that we will be able to successfully police infringement, or that any rights granted under these patents will in fact provide a competitive advantage to us. In addition, our ability to register or protect our patents, copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets and other intellectual property may be limited in some foreign countries. As a result, we may not be able to effectively prevent competitors in these regions from utilizing our intellectual property, which could reduce our competitive advantage and ability to compete in those regions and negatively impact our business. We also strive to protect our intellectual property rights by relying on federal, state and common law rights, as well as contractual restrictions. We typically enter into confidentiality and invention assignment agreements with our employees and contractors, and confidentiality agreements with parties with whom we conduct business in order to limit access to, and disclosure and use of, our proprietary information. However, we may not be successful in executing these agreements with every party who has access to our confidential information or contributes to the development of our technology or intellectual property rights. Those agreements that we do execute may be breached, and we may not have adequate remedies for any such breach. These contractual arrangements and the other steps we have taken to protect our intellectual property rights may not prevent the misappropriation or disclosure of our proprietary information nor deter independent development of similar technology or intellectual property by others. Monitoring unauthorized use of the content on our websites and mobile applications, and our other intellectual property and technology, is difficult and costly. Our efforts to protect our proprietary rights and intellectual property may not have been and may not be adequate to prevent their misappropriation or misuse. Third parties from time to time copy content or other intellectual property or technology from our solutions without authorization and seek to use it for their own benefit. We generally seek to address such unauthorized copying or use, but we have not always been successful in stopping all unauthorized use of our content or other intellectual property or technology, and may not be successful in doing so in the future. Further, we may not have been and may not be able to detect unauthorized use of our technology or intellectual property, or to take appropriate steps to enforce our intellectual property rights. Companies that operate in the same industry as our Business Cloud Services and Digital Media segments have experienced substantial litigation regarding intellectual property. Currently, we have pending patent infringement lawsuits, both offensive and defensive, against several companies in this industry. Furthermore, we may find it necessary or appropriate to initiate claims or litigation to enforce our intellectual property rights or determine the validity and scope of intellectual property rights claimed by others. This or any other litigation to enforce or defend our intellectual property rights may be expensive and time-consuming, could divert management resources and may not be adequate to protect our business. -17- We may be found to have infringed the intellectual property rights of others, which could expose us to substantial damages or restrict our operations. We have been and expect to continue to be subject to legal claims that we have infringed the intellectual property rights of others. The ready availability of damages and royalties and the potential for injunctive relief have increased the costs associated with litigating and settling patent infringement claims. In addition, we may be required to indemnify our resellers and users for similar claims made against them. Any claims, whether or not meritorious, could require us to spend significant time, money, and other resources in litigation, pay damages and royalties, develop new intellectual property, modify, design around, or discontinue existing products, services, or features, or acquire licenses to the intellectual property that is the subject of the infringement claims. These licenses, if required, may not be available at all or have acceptable terms. As a result, intellectual property claims against us could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition, operating results and cash flows. We may be subject to risks from international operations. As we continue to expand our business operations in countries outside the U.S., our future results could be materially adversely affected by a variety of uncontrollable and changing factors including, among others, foreign currency exchange rates; political or social unrest or economic instability in a specific country or region; trade protection measures and other regulatory requirements which may affect our ability to provide our services; difficulties in staffing and managing international operations; and adverse tax consequences, including imposition of withholding or other taxes on payments by subsidiaries and affiliates. Any or all of these factors could have a material adverse impact on our future business, prospects, financial condition, operating results and cash flows. We have only limited experience in marketing and operating our services in certain international markets. Moreover, we have in some cases experienced and expect to continue to experience in some cases higher costs as a percentage of revenues in connection with establishing and providing services in international markets versus the U.S. In addition, certain international markets may be slower than the U.S. in adopting the Internet and/or outsourced messaging and communications solutions and so our operations in international markets may not develop at a rate that supports our level of investments. As we continue to grow our international operations, adverse currency fluctuations and foreign exchange controls could have a material adverse effect on our balance sheet and results of operations. As we expand our international operations, we could be exposed to significant risks of currency fluctuations. In some countries outside the U.S., we offer our services in the applicable local currency, including but not limited to the Australian Dollar, the Canadian Dollar, the Euro, the Hong Kong Dollar, the Japanese Yen, the New Zealand Dollar, the Norwegian Kroner and the British Pound Sterling, among others. As a result, fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates affect the results of our operations, which in turn may materially adversely affect reported earnings and the comparability of period to period results of operations. Changes in currency exchange rates may also affect the relative prices at which we and foreign competitors sell our services in the same market. In addition, changes in the value of the relevant currencies may affect the cost of certain items required in our operations. Furthermore, we may become subject to exchange control regulations, which might restrict or prohibit our conversion of other currencies into U.S. Dollars. We cannot assure you that future exchange rate movements will not have a material adverse effect on our future business, prospects, financial condition, operating results and cash flows. To date, we have not entered into foreign currency hedging transactions to control or minimize these risks. We may be engaged in legal proceedings that could cause us to incur unforeseen expenses and could divert significant operational resources and our management’s time and attention. From time to time, we are subject to litigation or claims or be involved in other legal disputes or regulatory inquiries, including in the areas of patent infringement and anti-trust, that could negatively affect our business operations and financial condition. Such disputes could cause us to incur unforeseen expenses, divert operational resources, occupy a significant amount of our management’s time and attention and negatively affect our business operations and financial condition. The outcomes of such matters are subject to inherent uncertainties, carrying the potential for unfavorable rulings that could include monetary damages and injunctive relief. We do not always have insurance coverage for defense costs, judgments, and settlements. We may also be subject to indemnification requirements with business partners, vendors, current and former officers and directors, and other third parties. Payments under such indemnification provisions may be material. For a more detailed description of certain lawsuits in which we are involved, see Item 3. Legal Proceedings. -18- The successful operation of our business depends upon the supply of critical business elements and marketing relationships from other companies. We depend upon third parties for critical elements of our business, including technology, infrastructure, customer service and sales and marketing components. We rely on private third-party providers for our Internet, telecommunications, website traffic and other connections and for co-location of a significant portion of our servers. Any disruption in the services provided by any of these suppliers, any adverse change in their terms and conditions of use or services, or any failure by them to handle current or higher volumes of activity could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition, operating results and cash flows. To obtain new cloud services customers, we have marketing agreements with operators of leading search engines and websites and employ the use of resellers to sell our products. These arrangements typically are not exclusive and do not extend over a significant period of time. Failure to continue these relationships on terms that are acceptable to us or to continue to create additional relationships could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition, operating results and cash flows. Our business is highly dependent on our billing systems. A significant part of our revenues depends on prompt and accurate billing processes. Customer billing is a highly complex process, and our billing systems must efficiently interface with third-party systems, such as those of credit card processing companies. Our ability to accurately and efficiently bill our customers is dependent on the successful operation of our billing systems and the third-party systems upon which we rely, such as our credit card processor, and our ability to provide these third parties the information required to process transactions. In addition, our ability to offer new services or alternative-billing plans is dependent on our ability to customize our billing systems. Any failures or errors in our billing systems or procedures could impair our ability to properly bill our current customers or attract and service new customers, and thereby could materially and adversely affect our business and financial results. Our success depends on our retention of our executive officers, senior management and our ability to hire and retain key personnel. Our success depends on the skills, experience and performance of executive officers, senior management and other key personnel. The loss of the services of one or more of our executive officers, senior managers or other key employees could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition, operating results and cash flows. Our future success also depends on our continuing ability to attract, integrate and retain highly qualified technical, sales and managerial personnel. Competition for these people is intense, and there can be no assurance that we can retain our key employees or that we can attract, assimilate or retain other highly qualified technical, sales and managerial personnel in the future. We are exposed to risk if we cannot maintain or adhere to our internal controls and procedures. We have established and continue to maintain, assess and update our internal controls and procedures regarding our business operations and financial reporting. Our internal controls and procedures are designed to provide reasonable assurances regarding our business operations and financial reporting. However, because of the inherent limitations in this process, internal controls and procedures may not prevent or detect all errors or misstatements. To the extent our internal controls are inadequate or not adhered to by our employees, our business, financial condition and operating results could be materially adversely affected. If we are not able to maintain internal controls and procedures in a timely manner, or without adequate compliance, we may be unable to accurately report our financial results or prevent fraud and may be subject to sanctions or investigations by regulatory authorities such as the SEC or NASDAQ. Any such action or restatement of prior-period financial results as a result could harm our business or investors’ confidence in j2 Global, and could cause our stock price to fall. A substantial portion of our cash and investments is invested outside of the U.S. We may be subject to incremental taxes upon repatriation of such funds to the U.S. A significant portion of our worldwide cash reserves are generated by, and therefore held in, foreign jurisdictions. To the extent we have excess cash in foreign locations that could be used in, or is needed by, our U.S. operations, we may incur significant taxes to repatriate these funds. -19- Our level of indebtedness could adversely affect our financial flexibility and our competitive position. Our level of indebtedness could have significant effects on our business. For example, it could: • make it more difficult for us to satisfy our obligations, including our current indebtedness and any other indebtedness we • • • • • • • may incur in the future; increase our vulnerability to adverse changes in general economic, industry and competitive conditions; require us to dedicate a substantial portion of our cash flow from operations to make payments on our indebtedness, thereby reducing the availability of our cash flow to fund working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions and other elements of our business strategy and other general corporate purposes, including share repurchases and payment of dividends; limit our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and the industries in which we operate; require us to repatriate cash for debt service from our foreign subsidiaries resulting in tax costs or require us to adopt other disadvantageous tax structures to accommodate debt service payments; restrict us from exploiting business opportunities; place us at a competitive disadvantage compared to our competitors that have less indebtedness; and limit our ability to borrow additional funds for working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions, debt service requirements, execution of our business strategy or other general corporate purposes. In addition, the indenture governing the 8.0% Senior Notes due 2020 (the “Senior Notes”) of our subsidiary, j2 Cloud Services, LLC (“j2 Cloud Services”), our Credit Agreement, dated as of December 5, 2016 (the “Credit Agreement”), with MUFG Union Bank, N.A., as administrative agent and certain other lenders from time to time party thereto (collectively, the “Lenders”), and the agreements evidencing or governing other future indebtedness may contain restrictive covenants that will limit our ability to engage in activities that may be in our long-term best interests. Our failure to comply with those covenants could result in an event of default which, if not cured or waived, could result in the acceleration of all of our indebtedness. To service our debt and fund our other capital requirements, we will require a significant amount of cash, and our ability to generate cash will depend on many factors beyond our control. Our ability to meet our debt service obligations and to fund working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions and other elements of our business strategy and other general corporate purposes, including share repurchases and payment of dividends, will depend upon our future performance, which will be subject to financial, business and other factors affecting our operations. To some extent, this is subject to general and regional economic, financial, competitive, legislative, regulatory and other factors that are beyond our control. We cannot ensure that we will generate cash flow from operations, or that future borrowings will be available, in an amount sufficient to enable us to pay our debt or to fund our other liquidity needs. If our cash flows and capital resources are insufficient to fund our debt service obligations, we could face substantial liquidity problems and could be forced to reduce or delay investments and capital expenditures or to dispose of material assets or operations, seek additional indebtedness or equity capital or restructure or refinance our indebtedness. We may not be able to effect any such alternative measures on commercially reasonable terms or at all and, even if successful, those alternative actions may not allow us to meet our scheduled debt service obligations. The Credit Agreement and the indenture governing the Senior Notes restrict our ability to dispose of assets and may also restrict our ability to raise indebtedness or equity capital to be used to repay other indebtedness when it becomes due. We may not be able to consummate those dispositions or to obtain proceeds in an amount sufficient to meet any debt service obligations then due. Our inability to generate sufficient cash flows to satisfy our debt obligations, or to refinance our indebtedness on commercially reasonable terms, or at all, would materially and adversely affect our financial position and results of operations. The terms of the Credit Agreement and the indenture governing the Senior Notes restrict our current and future operations and, in the case of the indenture, those of j2 Cloud Services, particularly the ability of us and our subsidiaries to respond to changes or to take certain actions. The Credit Agreement and indenture governing the Senior Notes contain a number of restrictive covenants that impose significant operating and financial restrictions and may limit our ability to plan for or react to market conditions, meet capital needs or make acquisitions, or otherwise restrict our activities or business plans. These include restrictions on our ability to: -20- incur additional indebtedness; create liens; engage in sale-leaseback transactions; pay dividends or make distributions in respect of capital stock; purchase or redeem capital stock; • • • • • • make investments or certain other restricted payments; • • • sell assets; enter into transactions with affiliates; or effect a consolidation or merger. A breach of the covenants under the Credit Agreement or the indenture governing the Senior Notes could result in an event of default. Such a default may allow the creditors to accelerate the related indebtedness and may result in the acceleration of any other indebtedness to which a cross-acceleration or cross-default provision applies. In the event our lenders or the holders of our Senior Notes accelerate the repayment of our borrowings, we and our subsidiaries may not have sufficient assets to repay that indebtedness or our other indebtedness. We may not have the ability to raise the funds necessary to settle conversions of the Convertible Notes or to repurchase the Convertible Notes upon a fundamental change or on a repurchase date or the Senior Notes upon a change in control, and our future debt may contain limitations on our ability to pay cash upon conversion or repurchase of the Convertible Notes or the Senior Notes. Holders of the 3.25% convertible senior notes due June 15, 2029 (the “Convertible Notes”) will have the right to require us to repurchase their Convertible Notes on each of June 15, 2021 and June 15, 2024 and upon the occurrence of a fundamental change (as defined in the indenture governing the Convertible Notes), in each case, at a repurchase price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the Convertible Notes to be repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any. Holders of the Senior Notes also have the right to require our subsidiary, j2 Cloud Services, to repurchase the Senior Notes upon the occurrence of a change in control (as defined in the indenture governing the Senior Notes) at a repurchase price equal to 101% of the principal amount of the Senior Notes to be repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any. In addition, upon conversion of the Convertible Notes, unless we elect to deliver solely shares of our common stock to settle such conversion (other than paying cash in lieu of delivering any fractional share), we will be required to make cash payments in respect of the Convertible Notes being converted. It is our intention to satisfy our conversion obligation by paying and delivering a combination of cash and shares of our common stock, where cash will be used to settle each $1,000 of principal and the remainder, if any, will be settled via shares of our common stock. However, we may not have enough available cash or be able to obtain financing at the time we are required to make repurchases of Convertible Notes or Senior Notes surrendered therefor or Convertible Notes being converted. In addition, our ability to repurchase the Convertible Notes or Senior Notes or to pay cash upon conversions of the Convertible Notes may be limited by law, by regulatory authority or by agreements governing our future indebtedness. Our failure to repurchase Convertible Notes or Senior Notes at a time when the repurchase is required by the applicable indenture or to pay any cash payable on future conversions of the Convertible Notes as required by the Convertible Notes indenture would constitute a default under the Convertible Notes indenture. A default under either indenture or the fundamental change or change of control itself could also lead to a default under agreements governing our future indebtedness. If the repayment of the related indebtedness were to be accelerated after any applicable notice or grace periods, we may not have sufficient funds to repay the indebtedness and repurchase the Convertible Notes or the Senior Notes or make cash payments upon conversions of the Convertible Notes. The conditional conversion feature of the Convertible Notes, if triggered, may adversely affect our financial condition and operating results. In the event the conditional conversion feature of the Convertible Notes is triggered, holders of Convertible Notes will be entitled to convert the Convertible Notes at any time during specified periods at their option. If one or more holders elect to convert their Convertible Notes, unless we elect to satisfy our conversion obligation by delivering solely shares of our common stock (other than paying cash in lieu of delivering any fractional share), we would be required to settle a portion or all of our conversion obligation through the payment of cash, which could adversely affect our liquidity. In addition, even if holders do not elect to convert their Convertible Notes, we could be required under applicable accounting rules to reclassify all or a portion of the outstanding principal of the notes as a current rather than long-term liability, which would result in a material reduction of our net working capital. -21- Our interest deductions attributable to the Convertible Notes may be deferred, limited or eliminated under certain conditions. We believe that the Convertible Notes are subject to the IRS contingent payment debt instrument regulations. This conclusion is subject to complex factual and legal uncertainty and is not binding on the IRS or the courts. If the IRS takes a contrary position and a court sustains the IRS’ position, our tax deductions would be severely diminished with a resulting adverse effect on our cash flow and ability to service the Convertible Notes. Risks Related To Our Industries Our services may become subject to burdensome regulation, which could increase our costs or restrict our service offerings. We believe that our cloud services are “information services” under the Telecommunications Act of 1996 and related precedent, or, if not “information services,” that we are entitled to other exemptions, meaning that we are not currently subject to U.S. telecommunications services regulation at both the federal and state levels. In connection with our cloud services business, we utilize data transmissions over public telephone lines and other facilities provided by third-party carriers. These transmissions are subject to foreign and domestic laws and regulation by the Federal Communications Commission (the “FCC”), state public utility commissions and foreign governmental authorities. These regulations affect the availability of numbers, the prices we pay for transmission services, the administrative costs associated with providing our services, the competition we face from telecommunications service providers and other aspects of our market. However, as messaging and communications services converge and as the services we offer expand, we may become subject to FCC or other regulatory agency regulation. It is also possible that a federal or state regulatory agency could take the position that our offerings, or a subset of our offerings, are properly classified as telecommunications services or otherwise not entitled to certain exemptions upon which we currently rely. Such a finding could potentially subject us to fines, penalties or enforcement actions as well as liabilities for past regulatory fees and charges, retroactive contributions to various telecommunications-related funds, telecommunications-related taxes, penalties and interest. It is also possible that such a finding could subject us to additional regulatory obligations that could potentially require us either to modify our offerings in a costly manner, diminish our ability to retain customers, or discontinue certain offerings, in order to comply with certain regulations. Changes in the regulatory environment could decrease our revenues, increase our costs and restrict our service offerings. In many of our international locations, we are subject to regulation by the applicable governmental authority. In the U.S., Congress, the FCC, and a number of states require regulated telecommunications carriers to contribute to federal and/or state Universal Service Funds (“USF”). Generally, USF is used to subsidize the cost of providing service to low- income customers and those living in high cost or rural areas. Congress, the FCC and a number of states are reviewing the manner in which a provider’s contribution obligation is calculated, as well as the types of entities subject to USF contribution obligations. If any of these reforms are adopted, they could cause us to alter or eliminate our non-paid services and to raise the price of our paid services, which could cause us to lose customers. Any of these results could lead to a decrease in our revenues and net income and could materially adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition, operating results and cash flows. The Telephone Consumer Protection Act (the “TCPA”) and FCC rules implementing the TCPA, as amended by the Junk Fax Act, prohibit sending unsolicited facsimile advertisements to telephone fax machines. The FCC, the Federal Trade Commission (“FTC”), or both may initiate enforcement action against companies that send “junk faxes” and individuals also may have a private cause of action. Although entities that merely transmit facsimile messages on behalf of others are not liable for compliance with the prohibition on faxing unsolicited advertisements, the exemption from liability does not apply to fax transmitters that have a high degree of involvement or actual notice of an illegal use and have failed to take steps to prevent such transmissions. We take significant steps to ensure that our services are not used to send unsolicited faxes on a large scale, and we do not believe that we have a high degree of involvement or notice of the use of our service to broadcast junk faxes. However, because fax transmitters do not enjoy an absolute exemption from liability under the TCPA and related FCC and FTC rules, we could face inquiries from the FCC and FTC or enforcement actions by these agencies, or private causes of action, if someone uses our service for such impermissible purposes. If this were to occur and we were to be held liable for someone’s use of our service for transmitting unsolicited faxes, the financial penalties could cause a material adverse effect on our operations. Also, in the U.S., the Communications Assistance to Law Enforcement Act (“CALEA”) requires telecommunications carriers to be capable of performing wiretaps and recording other call identifying information. In September 2005, the FCC released an order defining telecommunications carriers that are subject to CALEA obligations as facilities-based broadband Internet access providers and Voice-over-Internet-Protocol (“VoIP”) providers that interconnect with the public switched telephone network. As a result of this definition, we do not believe that j2 Global is subject to CALEA. However, if the category of service providers to which CALEA applies broadens to also include information services, that change may impact our operations. -22- The FCC has adopted rules requiring certain providers, like us, to enable text-to-911 messages from our platform. We are in the process of implementing this solution. Emergency call centers will have the ability to request that we activate this functionality when such centers are capable of receiving these communications. We may be subject to fines, penalties or enforcement actions, at both the federal and state levels, if our service is found to be out of compliance or we may decide to discontinue the service offering. Additionally, providing such functionality may increase our costs of providing our text messaging service which may reduce our profits, or make our offering less competitive in the marketplace if we increase the price to subscribers and lead to less revenue if we lose subscribers due to price increases. We cannot predict the impact of these text-to-911 rules on our text messaging offering at this time. We are subject to a variety of new and existing laws and regulations which could subject us to claims, judgments, monetary liabilities and other remedies, and to limitations on our business practices. The application of existing domestic and international laws and regulations to us relating to issues such as user privacy and data protection, security, defamation, pricing, advertising, taxation, promotions, billing, consumer protection, accessibility, content regulation, and intellectual property ownership and infringement in many instances is unclear or unsettled. In addition, we will also be subject to any new laws and regulations directly applicable to our domestic and international activities. Further, the application of existing laws to us or our subsidiaries regulating or requiring licenses for certain businesses of our advertisers including, for example, distribution of pharmaceuticals, alcohol, adult content, tobacco, or firearms, as well as insurance and securities brokerage, and legal services, can be unclear. Internationally, we may also be subject to laws regulating our activities in foreign countries and to foreign laws and regulations that are inconsistent from country to country. Our Digital Media segment utilizes contractors, freelancers and staff from third party outsourcers to provide content and other services. However, in the future, arrangements with such individuals may not be deemed appropriate by the relevant government authority, which could result in additional costs and expenses. We may incur substantial liabilities for expenses necessary to defend such litigation or to comply with these laws and regulations, as well as potential substantial penalties for any failure to comply. Compliance with these laws and regulations may also cause us to change or limit our business practices in a manner adverse to our business. The use of consumer data by online service providers and advertising networks is a topic of active interest among federal, state, and international regulatory bodies, and the regulatory environment is unsettled and evolving. Federal, state, and international laws and regulations govern the collection, use, retention, disclosure, sharing and security of data that we receive from and about our users. Our privacy policies and practices concerning the collection, use, and disclosure of user data are posted on our websites. A number of U.S. federal laws, including those referenced below, impact our business. The Digital Millennium Copyright Act (“DMCA”) is intended, in part, to limit the liability of eligible online service providers for listing or linking to third-party websites that include materials that infringe copyrights or other rights of others. Portions of the Communications Decency Act (“CDA”) are intended to provide statutory protections to online service providers who distribute third-party content. We rely on the protections provided by both the DMCA and the CDA in conducting our business. If these or other laws or judicial interpretations are changed to narrow their protections, or if international jurisdictions refuse to apply similar provisions in foreign lawsuits, we will be subject to greater risk of liability, our costs of compliance with these regulations or to defend litigation may increase, or our ability to operate certain lines of business may be limited. The Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act is intended to impose restrictions on the ability of online services to collect some types of information from children under the age of 13. In addition, Providing Resources, Officers, and Technology to Eradicate Cyber Threats to Our Children Act of 2008 (“PROTECT Act”) requires online service providers to report evidence of violations of federal child pornography laws under certain circumstances. Other federal, state or international laws and legislative efforts designed to protect children on the Internet may impose additional requirements on us. U.S. export control laws and regulations impose requirements and restrictions on exports to certain nations and persons and on our business. In certain instances, we may be subject to enhanced privacy obligations based on the type of information we store and process. While we believe we are in compliance with the relevant laws and regulations, we could be subject to enforcement actions, fines, forfeitures and other adverse actions. The Controlling the Assault of Non-Solicited Pornography and Marketing Act of 2003 (the “CAN-SPAM Act”), which allows for penalties that run into the millions of dollars, requires commercial emails to include identifying information from the sender and a mechanism for the receiver to opt out of receiving future emails. Several states have enacted additional, more restrictive and punitive laws regulating commercial email. Foreign legislation exists as well, including Canada’s Anti-Spam Legislation (“CASL”) and the European laws that have been enacted pursuant to European Union Directive 2002/58/EC and its amendments. We use email as a significant means of communicating with our existing and potential users. We believe that our email practices comply with the requirements of the CAN-SPAM Act, state laws, and applicable foreign legislation. If we were ever found to be in violation of these laws and regulations, or any other laws or regulations, our business, financial condition, operating results and cash flows could be materially adversely affected. -23- Many third parties are examining whether the Americans with Disabilities Act (“ADA”) concept of public accommodations also extends to the Internet as well. The Company is assessing the requirements of the ADA to determine what impact this could have on our websites. If the Internet is found to be a place of public accommodation and the ADA is found to apply, then any adjustments or requirements to implement any changes prescribed by the ADA could result in increased costs to our business. Native advertising is an increasing part of our Digital Media segment’s online advertising revenue. On December 22, 2015 the FTC issued Guidelines and an Enforcement Policy Statement on native advertising, described by the FTC as, in part, ads which often “resemble the design, style, and functionality of the media in which they are disseminated”. The Company, as well as trade groups and our consultants, are assessing the requirements of these guidelines on our current practices and industry practices and what, if any, effect this could have on our native advertising business. In addition, the timing and extent of any enforcement by the FTC with regard to the native advertising practices by the Company, or others, could reduce the revenue we generate from this line of business. For certain data transfers between the European Union (“EU”) and the U.S., j2 Global, like many other companies, had relied on what is referred to as the “EU-U.S. Safe Harbor,” in order to comply with privacy obligations imposed by EU countries. Recently, the European Court of Justice invalidated the EU-U.S. Safe Harbor. Subsequently, a group comprised of the majority of EU data protection regulators issued a statement that it would further consider the decision issued by the European Court of Justice and coordinate any potential enforcement actions after January 31, 2016. But some individual data protection regulators located in EU countries have threatened to begin enforcement actions independently of this larger representative group of such entities. Although U.S. and EU policymakers approved a new framework known as “Privacy Shield” that would allow companies like us to continue to rely on some form of a safe harbor for the transfer of certain data from the EU to the U.S., it remains to be seen if this new safe harbor meets the standards of the European laws on data privacy. It is also unclear whether the UK will offer a similar program to Privacy Shield when the UK leaves the EU. Additionally, other countries that relied on the EU-U.S. Safe Harbor that were not part of the EU have also found that data transfers to the U.S. are no longer valid based on the European Court of Justice ruling. We cannot predict how or if this issue will be resolved nor can we evaluate any potential liability at this time. The Company is working to put into place various alternative grounds on which to rely in order to be in compliance with relevant law for the transfer of data from overseas locations to the U.S. which have not been invalidated by the European Court of Justice. Some independent data regulators have adopted the position that other forms of compliance are also invalid though the legal grounds for these findings remain unclear at this time. We cannot predict at this time whether the alternative grounds that j2 Global continues to implement will be found to be consistent with relevant laws nor what any potential liability may be at this time. Further, failure or perceived failure by us to comply with our policies, applicable requirements, or industry self-regulatory principles related to the collection, use, sharing or security of personal information, or other privacy, data-retention or data- protection matters could result in a loss of user confidence in us, damage to our brands, and ultimately in a loss of users and advertising partners, which could adversely affect our business. Changes in these or any other laws and regulations or the interpretation of them could increase our future compliance costs, make our products and services less attractive to our users, or cause us to change or limit our business practices. Further, any failure on our part to comply with any relevant laws or regulations may subject us to significant civil or criminal liabilities. Government and private actions or self-regulatory developments regarding Internet privacy matters could adversely affect our ability to conduct our business. Our Digital Media business collects and sells data about its users’ online behavior and the revenue associated with this activity could be impacted by government regulation and enforcement, industry trends, self-regulation, technology changes, consumer behavior and attitude, and private action. We also use such information to work with our advertisers to more effectively target ads to relevant users and consumers, which ads command a higher rate. Many of our users voluntarily provide us with demographic and other information when they register for one of our service or properties. In order for our Everyday Health brand to deliver marketing and communications solutions to pharmaceutical companies, health insurers and hospital systems, we rely on data provided by our customers. We also purchase data from third- party sources to augment our user profiles and marketing databases so we are better able to personalize content, enhance our analytical capabilities and better target our marketing programs. If changes in user sentiment regarding the sharing of information results in a significant number of visitors to our websites and applications refusing to provide us with demographic information or information about their specific health interests, our ability to personalize content for our users and provide targeted marketing solutions would be impaired. If our users choose to opt-out of having their data used for behavioral targeting, it would be more difficult for us to offer targeted marketing programs to our customers. -24- We append data from third-party sources to augment our user profiles. If we are unable to acquire data from third-party sources for whatever reason, or if there is a marked increase in the cost of obtaining such data, our ability to personalize content and provide marketing solutions could be negatively impacted. The use of such consumer data by online service providers and advertising networks is a topic of active interest among federal, state, and international regulatory bodies, and the regulatory environment is unsettled. Federal, state, and international laws and regulations govern the collection, use, retention, disclosure, sharing and security of data that we receive from and about our users. Our privacy policies and practices concerning the collection, use, and disclosure of user data are posted on our websites. New and expanding “Do Not Track” regulations have recently been enacted or proposed that protect users’ right to choose whether or not to be tracked online. These regulations seek, among other things, to allow consumers to have greater control over the use of private information collected online, to forbid the collection or use of online information, to demand a business to comply with their choice to opt out of such collection or use, and to place limits upon the disclosure of information to third party websites. These laws and regulations could have a significant impact on the operation of our advertising and data businesses. U.S. regulatory agencies have also placed an increased focus on online privacy matters and, in particular, on online advertising activities that utilizes cookies or other tracking tools. Consumer and industry groups have expressed concerns about online data collection and use by companies, which has resulted in the release of various industry self-regulatory codes of conduct and best practice guidelines that are binding for member companies and that govern, among other things, the ways in which companies can collect, use and disclose user information, how companies must give notice of these practices and what choices companies must provide to consumers regarding these practices. We may be required or otherwise choose to adopt Do Not Track mechanisms or self-regulation principles, in which case our ability to use our existing tracking technologies, to collect and sell user behavioral data, and permit their use by other third parties could be impaired. This could cause our net revenues to decline and adversely affect our operating results. U.S. and foreign governments have enacted or considered or are considering legislation or regulations that could significantly restrict our ability to collect, augment, analyze, use and share anonymous data, which could increase our costs and reduce our revenue. The EU has traditionally imposed more strict obligations under data privacy laws and regulations. Individual EU member countries have had discretion with respect to their interpretation and implementation of EU data privacy laws, resulting in variation of privacy standards from country to country. However, the 1995 Data Protection Directive will be replaced when the General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”) that was adopted in April 2016 comes into effect in May 2018. The GDPR harmonizes EU data privacy laws and contains significant obligations and requirements that may result in a greater compliance burden with respect to our operations and data use in Europe, which could increase our costs. Additionally, government authorities will have more power to enforce compliance. We face potential liability related to the privacy and security of health-related information we collect from, or on behalf of, our consumers and customers. The privacy and security of information about the physical or mental health or condition of an individual is an area of significant focus in the U.S. because of heightened privacy concerns and the potential for significant consumer harm from the misuse of such sensitive data. We have procedures and technology in place intended to safeguard the information we receive from customers and users of our services from unauthorized access or use. The Privacy Standards and Security Standards under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (“HIPAA”) establish a set of basic national privacy and security standards for the protection of individually identifiable health information by health plans, healthcare clearinghouses and certain healthcare providers, referred to as “covered entities”, and the business associates with whom such covered entities contract for services. Notably, whereas HIPAA previously directly regulated only these covered entities, the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act of 2009 (“HITECH”) makes certain of HIPAA’s Privacy and Security Standards directly applicable to covered entities’ business associates. As a result, business associates are now subject to significant civil and criminal penalties for failure to comply with applicable Privacy and Security Standards. Additionally, certain states have adopted comparable privacy and security laws and regulations, some of which may be more stringent than HIPAA. HIPAA directly applies to covered entities such as the hospital clients of our newly-acquired subsidiary, Tea Leaves Health, LLC (“Tea Leaves”). Since these clients disclose protected health information to Tea Leaves that it uses to provide certain services to them, Tea Leaves is a business associate of those clients. In addition, we may sign business associate agreements in -25- connection with the provision of the products and services developed for other third parties or in connection with certain of our other services that may transmit or store protected health information. Failure to comply with the requirements of HIPAA or HITECH or any of the applicable federal and state laws regarding patient privacy, identity theft prevention and detection, breach notification and data security may subject us to penalties, including civil monetary penalties and, in some circumstances, criminal penalties or contractual liability under agreements with our customers and clients. Any failure or perception of failure of our products or services to meet HIPAA, HITECH and related regulatory requirements could expose us to risks of investigation, notification, litigation, penalty or enforcement, adversely affect demand for our products and services and force us to expend significant capital and other resources to modify our products or services to address the privacy and security requirements of our clients and HIPAA and HITECH. Developments in the healthcare industry could adversely affect our business. A significant portion of Everyday Health’s advertising and sponsorship revenues is derived from the healthcare industry, including pharmaceutical, over-the-counter and consumer-packaged-goods companies, and could be affected by changes affecting healthcare spending. Industry changes affecting healthcare spending could impact the market for these offerings. General reductions in expenditures by healthcare industry participants could result from, among other things: • • • • government regulation or private initiatives that affect the manner in which healthcare industry participants interact with consumers and the general public; consolidation of healthcare industry participants; reductions in governmental funding for healthcare; and adverse changes in business or economic conditions affecting pharmaceutical companies or other healthcare industry participants. Even if general expenditures by industry participants remain the same or increase, developments in the healthcare industry may result in reduced spending in some or all of the specific market segments that we serve now or in the future. For example, use of our content offerings and the sale of our products and services could be affected by: • • • changes in the design and provision of health insurance plans; a decrease in the number of new drugs or pharmaceutical products coming to market; and decreases in marketing expenditures by pharmaceutical companies as a result of governmental regulation or private initiatives that discourage or prohibit advertising or sponsorship activities by pharmaceutical companies. The healthcare industry has changed significantly in recent years, and we expect that significant changes to the healthcare industry will continue to occur. However, the timing and impact of developments in the healthcare industry are difficult to predict. We cannot assure you that the demand for our offerings will continue to exist at current levels or that we will have adequate technical, financial and marketing resources to react to changes in the healthcare industry. Government regulation of healthcare creates risks and challenges with respect to our compliance efforts and our business strategies with our Everyday Health brand. The healthcare industry is highly regulated and subject to changing political, legislative, regulatory and other influences. Existing and future laws and regulations affecting the healthcare industry could create unexpected liabilities for us, cause us to incur additional costs and restrict our operations. Many healthcare laws are complex, and their application may not be clear. Our failure to accurately anticipate the application of these laws and regulations, or other failure to comply with such laws and regulations, could create liability for us. Even in areas where we are not subject to healthcare regulation directly, we may become involved in governmental actions or investigations through our relationships with customers that are regulated, and participation in such actions or investigations, even if we are not a party and not the subject of an investigation, may cause us to incur significant expenses. For example, there are federal and state laws that govern patient referrals, physician financial relationships and inducements to healthcare providers and patients. The federal healthcare programs’ anti-kickback provisions prohibit any person or entity from willingly offering, paying, soliciting or receiving anything of value, directly or indirectly, to induce or reward, or in return for either the referral of patients covered by Medicare, Medicaid and other federal healthcare programs or the leasing, purchasing, ordering or arranging for or recommending the lease, purchase or order of any item, good, facility or service covered by these programs. Many states also have similar anti-kickback laws that are not necessarily limited to items or services for which payment is made by a federal healthcare program. Our sale of advertising and sponsorships to healthcare providers implicates these laws. However, we review our practices to ensure that we comply with all applicable laws. The laws in this area are broad and we cannot -26- determine precisely how they will be applied to our business practices. Any determination by a state or federal regulatory agency that any of our practices violate any of these laws could subject us to liability and require us to change or terminate some portions of our business. Further, we derive revenues from the sale of advertising and promotion of prescription and over-the-counter drugs. If the FDA or the FTC finds that any of the information provided on our properties violates FDA or FTC regulations, they may take regulatory or judicial action against us and/or the advertiser of that information. State attorneys general may also take similar action based on their state’s consumer protection statutes. Any increase or change in regulation of advertising and promotion in the healthcare industry could make it more difficult for us to generate and grow our advertising and sponsorship revenues. In addition, the practice of most healthcare professions requires licensing under applicable state law and state laws may further prohibit business entities from practicing medicine, which is referred to as the prohibition against the corporate practice of medicine. Similar state prohibitions may exist with respect to other licensed professions. We believe that we do not engage in the practice of medicine or any other licensed healthcare profession, or provide, through our properties, professional medical advice, diagnosis, treatment or other advice that is tailored in such a way as to implicate state licensing or professional practice laws. However, a state may determine that some portion of our business violates these laws and may seek to have us discontinue those portions or subject us to penalties or licensure requirements. Any determination that we are a healthcare provider and acted improperly as a healthcare provider may result in liability to us. Our business could suffer if providers of broadband Internet access services block, impair or degrade our services. Our business is dependent on the ability of our cloud services customers and visitors to our digital media properties to access our services and applications over broadband Internet connections. In March 2015, the FCC reclassified broadband Internet connections as Title II common carriers services and imposed network neutrality rules that would prevent network operators from discriminating against legal traffic that traverse their networks. Certain parties have appealed the FCC’s rules but most of the FCC rules are currently effective. While we have not encountered any material difficulties with regard to such access, increased network congestion in the future may result in broadband Internet access providers engaging in actions that would either reduce the quality of the services we provide today, or impede our ability to offer new services that use more bandwidth. The FCC’s network neutrality rules would ensure that cloud service providers, like us, would not be disparately impacted by network operators. We cannot predict the outcome of the pending appeal of the FCC’s network neutrality rules. Congress could enact laws that are not as strong as the FCC’s and limit the FCC’s jurisdiction with respect to broadband service providers. To the extent network operators attempt to extract fees from us to deliver our traffic or otherwise engage in discriminatory practices, our business could be adversely impacted. We cannot forecast congressional action. As we continue to expand internationally, government regulation concerning the Internet, and in particular, network neutrality, may be nascent or non-existent. Within such a regulatory environment, coupled with potentially significant political and economic power of local network operators, we could experience discriminatory or anti-competitive practices that could impede our growth, cause us to incur additional expense or otherwise negatively affect our business. Our cloud services business is dependent on a small number of telecommunications carriers in each region and our inability to maintain agreements at attractive rates with such carriers may negatively impact our business. Our cloud services business substantially depends on the capacity, affordability, reliability and security of our network and services provided to us by our telecommunications suppliers. Only a small number of carriers in each region, and in some cases only one carrier, offer the number and network services we require. We purchase certain telecommunications services pursuant to short-term agreements that the providers can terminate or elect not to renew. As a result, any or all of our current carriers could discontinue providing us with service at rates acceptable to us, or at all, and we may not be able to obtain adequate replacements, which could materially and adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition, operating results and cash flows. -27- Our business could suffer if we cannot obtain or retain numbers, are prohibited from obtaining local numbers or are limited to distributing local numbers to only certain customers. The future success of our number-based cloud services business depends on our ability to procure large quantities of local numbers in the U.S. and foreign countries in desirable locations at a reasonable cost and offer our services to our prospective customers without restrictions. Our ability to procure and distribute numbers depends on factors such as applicable regulations, the practices of telecommunications carriers that provide numbers, the cost of these numbers and the level of demand for new numbers. For example, several years ago the FCC conditionally granted petitions by Connecticut and California to adopt specialized “unified messaging” area codes, but neither state has adopted such a code. Adoption of a specialized area code within a state or nation could harm our ability to compete in that state or nation if it materially affects our ability to acquire numbers for our operations or makes our services less attractive due to the unavailability of numbers with a local geographic area. In addition, although we are the customer of record for all of our U.S. numbers, from time to time, certain U.S. telephone carriers inhibit our ability to port numbers or port our numbers away from us to other carriers. If a federal or regulatory agency determines that our customers should have the ability to port numbers without our consent, we may lose customers at a faster rate than what we have experienced historically, potentially resulting in lower revenues. Also, in some foreign jurisdictions, under certain circumstances, our customers are permitted to port their numbers to another carrier. These factors could lead to increased cancellations by our cloud services customers and loss of our number inventory. These factors may have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition, operating results, cash flows and growth in or entry into foreign or domestic markets. In addition, future growth in our number-based cloud services subscriber base, together with growth in the subscriber bases of other providers of number-based services, has increased and may continue to increase the demand for large quantities of numbers, which could lead to insufficient capacity and our inability to acquire sufficient numbers to accommodate our future growth. We may be subject to increased rates for the telecommunications services we purchase from regulated carriers which could require us to either raise the retail prices of our offerings and lose customers or reduce our profit margins. The FCC adopted wide-ranging reforms to the system under which regulated providers of telecommunications services compensate each other for the exchange of various kinds of traffic. While we are not a provider of regulated telecommunications services, we rely on such providers to offer our cloud services to our customers. As a result of the FCC’s reforms, regulated providers of telecommunications services are determining how the rates they charge customers like us will change in order to comply with the new rules. It is possible that some or all of our underlying carriers will increase the rates we pay for certain telecommunications services. Should this occur, the costs we incur to provide number-based cloud services may increase which may require us to increase the retail price of our services. Increased prices could, in turn, cause us to lose customers, or, if we do not pass on such higher costs to our subscribers, our profit margins may decrease. New technologies have been developed that are able to block certain of our advertisements or impair our ability to serve interest-based advertising which could harm our operating results. Technologies have been developed and are likely to continue to be developed that can block Internet or mobile display advertising. Most of our Digital Media segment revenues are derived from fees paid by advertisers in connection with the display of advertisements or clicks on advertisements on web pages or mobile devices. As a result, such technologies and tools are reducing the number of display advertisements that we are able to deliver or our ability to serve our interest-based advertising and this, in turn, could reduce our advertising revenue and operating results. Adoption of these types of technologies by more of our users could have a material impact on our revenues. We have implemented third party products to combat these ad-blocking technologies and are developing other strategies to address advertisement blocking. However, our efforts may not be successful to offset the potential increasing impact of these advertising blocking products. If we or our third-party service providers fail to prevent click fraud or choose to manage traffic quality in a way that advertisers find unsatisfactory, our profitability may decline. A portion of our display revenue comes from advertisers that pay for advertising on a price-per-click basis, meaning that the advertisers pay a fee every time a user clicks on their advertising. This pricing model can be vulnerable to so-called “click fraud,” which occurs when clicks are submitted on ads by a user who is motivated by reasons other than genuine interest in the subject of the ad. We or our third-party service providers may be exposed to the risk of click fraud or other clicks or conversions that advertisers may perceive as undesirable. If fraudulent or other malicious activity is perpetrated by others and we or our third- -28- party service providers are unable to detect and prevent it, or choose to manage traffic quality in a way that advertisers find unsatisfactory, the affected advertisers may experience or perceive a reduced return on their investment in our advertising programs which could lead the advertisers to become dissatisfied with our advertising programs and they might refuse to pay, demand refunds, or withdraw future business. Undetected click fraud could damage our brands and lead to a loss of advertisers and revenue. If we are unable to continue to attract visitors to our websites from search engines, then consumer traffic to our websites could decrease, which could negatively impact the sales of our products and services, our advertising revenue and the number of purchases generated for our retailers through our Digital Media marketplace. We generate consumer traffic to our websites using various methods, including search engine marketing, or SEM, search engine optimization, or SEO, email campaigns and social media referrals. Our net revenues and profitability levels are dependent upon our continued ability to use a combination of these methods to generate consumer traffic to our websites in a cost-efficient manner. We have experienced and continue to experience fluctuations in search result rankings for a number of our websites. There can be no assurances that we will be able to grow or maintain current levels of consumer traffic. Our SEM and SEO techniques have been developed to work with existing search algorithms utilized by the major search engines. Major search engines frequently modify their search algorithms. Changes in these algorithms could cause our websites to receive less favorable placements, which could reduce the number of users who visit our websites. In addition, we use keyword advertising to improve our search ranking and to attract users to our sites. If we fail to follow legal requirements regarding the use of keywords or search engine guidelines and policies properly, search engines may rank our content lower in search results or could remove our content altogether from their indices. Any decline in consumer traffic to our websites could adversely impact the amount of ads that are displayed and the number of purchases we generate for our retailers, which could adversely affect our net revenues. An attempt to replace this traffic through other channels may require us to increase our sales and marketing expenditures, which would adversely affect our operating results and which may not be offset by additional net revenues. The industries in which we operate are undergoing rapid technological changes and we may not be able to keep up. The industries in which we operate are subject to rapid and significant technological change. We cannot predict the effect of technological changes on our business. We expect that new services and technologies will emerge in the markets in which we compete. These new services and technologies may be superior to the services and technologies that we use or these new services may render our services and technologies obsolete. Our future success will depend, in part, on our ability to anticipate and adapt to technological changes and evolving industry standards. We may be unable to obtain access to new technologies on acceptable terms or at all, and may therefore be unable to offer services in a competitive manner. Any of the foregoing risks could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition, operating results and cash flows. Increased cost of email transmissions could have a material adverse effect on our business. We rely on email for the delivery of certain cloud services. We also offer email security, encryption and archival services. If regulations or other changes in the industry lead to a charge associated with the sending or receiving of email messages, the cost of providing our services could increase and, if significant, could materially adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition, operating results and cash flows. Risks Related To Our Stock The fundamental change purchase feature of the Convertible Notes and the change of control features of the Senior Notes and the Credit Agreement may delay or prevent an otherwise beneficial attempt to take over our company. The terms of the Convertible Notes require us to offer to purchase the Convertible Notes for cash in the event of a fundamental change (as defined in the indenture governing the Convertible Notes), and the terms of the Senior Notes require our subsidiary, j2 Cloud Services, to offer to repurchase the Senior Notes for cash in the event of a change of control (as defined in the indenture governing the Senior Notes). In addition, a change in control constitutes an event of default under the Credit Agreement. These features may have the effect of delaying or preventing a takeover of our company that would otherwise be beneficial to investors. -29- Conversions of the Convertible Notes will dilute the ownership interest of our existing stockholders, including holders who had previously converted their Convertible Notes. The conversion of some or all of the Convertible Notes will dilute the ownership interests of our existing stockholders. Any sales in the public market of our common stock issuable upon such conversion could adversely affect prevailing market prices of our common stock. In addition, the existence of the Convertible Notes may encourage short selling by market participants because the conversion of the Convertible Notes could depress the price of our common stock. We are a holding company and our operations are conducted through, and substantially all of our consolidated assets are held by, our subsidiaries, which are subject to certain restrictions on their ability to pay dividends to us to fund dividends on our stock, pay interest on the Convertible Notes and fund other holding company expenses. We are a holding company. We conduct substantially all of our operations through our subsidiaries. A substantial portion of our consolidated assets is held by our subsidiaries. Accordingly, our ability to pay dividends on our stock, service our debt, including the Convertible Notes and the debt under the Credit Agreement, and fund other holding company expenses depends on the results of operations of our subsidiaries and upon the ability of such subsidiaries to provide us with cash, whether in the form of dividends, loans or otherwise. In addition, dividends, loans or other distributions to us from such subsidiaries are subject to contractual and other restrictions and are subject to other business considerations. j2 Cloud Services, which currently conducts all of our operations, is subject to restrictions on dividends in its existing indenture with respect to the Senior Notes. The Senior Notes indenture generally prohibits dividends except out of a basket of 50% of cumulative net income (as defined in the indenture) and proceeds from equity offerings, although it permits any dividends if j2 Cloud Services’ pro forma leverage ratio (as calculated as required by the indenture) is less than 1.75 to 1. While j2 Cloud Services is currently in compliance with such covenants, its ability to comply with such covenants is subject to conditions outside its control. If we cannot obtain cash from our subsidiaries, we may not be able to pay dividends on our stock, pay interest on the Convertible Notes or under the Credit Agreement and fund other operating company expenses without additional sources of cash. Quarterly dividends may not continue, may not continue to grow or could decrease. We may not continue to issue quarterly dividends or we could decrease the amount of any future dividends or cease to increase the amount of any future dividends. We paid our first quarterly dividend of $0.20 per share of common stock on September 19, 2011. We have declared increasing dividends in each subsequent quarter. Future dividends are subject to Board approval. We cannot assure that the Company will continue to pay a dividend in the future or the amount of any future dividends. Future sales of our common stock may negatively affect our stock price. As of February 24, 2017, substantially all of our outstanding shares of common stock were available for resale, subject to volume and manner of sale limitations applicable to affiliates under SEC Rule 144. Sales of a substantial number of shares of common stock in the public market or the perception of such sales could cause the market price of our common stock to decline. These sales also might make it more difficult for us to sell equity securities in the future at a price that we think is appropriate, or at all. Anti-takeover provisions could negatively impact our stockholders. Provisions of Delaware law and of our certificate of incorporation and bylaws could make it more difficult for a third- party to acquire control of us. For example, we are subject to Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which would make it more difficult for another party to acquire us without the approval of our Board of Directors. Additionally, our certificate of incorporation authorizes our Board of Directors to issue preferred stock without requiring any stockholder approval, and preferred stock could be issued as a defensive measure in response to a takeover proposal. These provisions could make it more difficult for a third-party to acquire us even if an acquisition might be in the best interest of our stockholders. -30- Our stock price may be volatile or may decline. Our stock price and trading volumes have been volatile and we expect that this volatility will continue in the future due to factors, such as: • Assessments of the size of our subscriber base and our average revenue per subscriber, and comparisons of our results in these and other areas versus prior performance and that of our competitors; • Variations between our actual results and investor expectations; • Regulatory or competitive developments affecting our markets; • Investor perceptions of us and comparable public companies; • Conditions and trends in the communications, messaging and Internet-related industries; • Announcements of technological innovations and acquisitions; • Introduction of new services by us or our competitors; • Developments with respect to intellectual property rights; • Conditions and trends in the Internet and other technology industries; • Rumors, gossip or speculation published on public chat or bulletin boards; • General market conditions; and • Geopolitical events such as war, threat of war or terrorist actions. In addition, the stock market has from time to time experienced significant price and volume fluctuations that have affected the market prices for the common stocks of technology and other companies, particularly communications and Internet companies. These broad market fluctuations have previously resulted in a material decline in the market price of our common stock. In the past, following periods of volatility in the market price of a particular company’s securities, securities class action litigation has often been brought against that company. We may become involved in this type of litigation in the future. Litigation is often expensive and diverts management’s attention and resources, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition, operating results and cash flows. Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments None. Item 2. Properties As of December 31, 2016, we are leasing approximately 40,000 square feet of office space for our global headquarters in Los Angeles, California under a lease that expires on January 31, 2020. The Digital Media business is headquartered in New York City, where it leases approximately 43,000 square feet of office space pursuant to a lease that extends through May 2019 and 87,000 square feet of office space pursuant to a lease acquired in connection with the EveryDay Health transaction that extends through October 2023. Additionally, we have smaller leased offices throughout Asia, North America, Europe and Australia. All of our network equipment is housed either at our leased properties or at one of our multiple co-location facilities around the world. We believe our current facilities are generally in good operating condition and are sufficient to meet our needs for the foreseeable future. Item 3. Legal Proceedings From time to time, j2 Global and its affiliates are involved in litigation and other legal disputes or regulatory inquiries that arise in the ordinary course of business. Any claims or regulatory actions against j2 Global and its affiliates, whether meritorious or not, could be time consuming and costly, and could divert significant operational resources. The outcomes of such matters are subject to inherent uncertainties, carrying the potential for unfavorable rulings that could include monetary damages and injunctive relief. On February 17, 2011, Emmanuel Pantelakis (“Pantelakis”) filed suit against a j2 Global affiliate in the Ontario Superior Court of Justice (No. 11-50673), alleging that the j2 Global affiliate breached a contract relating to Pantelakis’s use of the Campaigner® service. The j2 Global affiliate filed a responsive pleading on March 23, 2011 and responses to undertakings on July 16, 2012. On November 6, 2012, Pantelakis filed a second amended statement of claim, reframing his lawsuit as a negligence action. The j2 Global affiliate filed an amended statement of defense on April 8, 2013. Discovery is ongoing. On January 17, 2013, the Commissioner of the Massachusetts Department of Revenue (“Commissioner”) issued a notice of assessment to a j2 Global affiliate for sales and use tax for the period of July 1, 2003 through December 31, 2011. On July 22, -31- 2014, the Commissioner denied the j2 Global affiliate’s application for abatement. On September 18, 2014, the j2 Global affiliate petitioned the Massachusetts Appellate Tax Board for abatement of the tax asserted in the notice of assessment (No. C325426). A trial was held on December 16, 2015. The Massachusetts Appellate Tax Board has not yet rendered its decision. On January 18, 2013, Paldo Sign and Display Co. filed an amended complaint adding two j2 Global affiliates and a former employee as additional defendants in an existing putative class action pending in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois (the “Northern District of Illinois”) (No. 1:13-cv-01896). The amended complaint alleged violations of the TCPA, the Illinois Consumer Fraud and Deceptive Business Practices Act (“ICFA”), and common law conversion, arising from an indirect customer’s alleged use of a j2 Global affiliate’s systems to send unsolicited facsimile transmissions. The j2 Global affiliates filed a motion to dismiss the ICFA and conversion claims, which was granted. The Northern District of Illinois also dismissed the former employee for lack of personal jurisdiction. On August 23, 2013, a second plaintiff, Sabon, Inc. was added. On March 7, 2016, the j2 Global affiliates moved for summary judgment on all remaining claims. The summary judgment motions are pending. The Northern District of Illinois has not yet addressed class certification. On August 28, 2013, Phyllis A. Huster (“Huster”) filed suit in the Northern District of Illinois (No. 1:13-cv-06143) against two j2 Global affiliates and three other parties for correction of inventorship for nine j2 Global patents. Huster seeks, among other things, a declaration that she was an inventor of the patents-in-suit, an order directing the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office to substitute or add her as an inventor, and payment of at least half of defendants’ earnings from licensing the patents-in-suit. On September 19, 2014, the Northern District of Illinois granted the defendants’ motion to dismiss for improper venue and transferred the case to the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Georgia (the “Northern District of Georgia”) (No. 1:14-cv-03304). Huster filed an amended complaint on February 11, 2015, which she corrected on February 12, 2015. The corrected amended complaint added various common law claims. On November 12, 2015, the Northern District of Georgia dismissed all claims against the j2 Global affiliates. On January 28, 2016, all remaining claims were dismissed on summary judgment. Huster filed a notice of appeal to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit (the “Federal Circuit”) on February 26, 2016 (No. 16-1639). The appeal is pending. On October 16, 2013, a j2 Global affiliate entered an appearance as a plaintiff in a multi-district litigation pending in the Northern District of Illinois (No. 1:12-cv-06286). In this litigation, Unified Messaging Solutions, LLC (“UMS”), a company with rights to assert certain patents owned by the j2 Global affiliate, has asserted five j2 Global patents against a number of defendants. While claims against some defendants have been settled, other defendants have filed counterclaims for, among other things, non- infringement, unenforceability, and invalidity of the patents-in-suit. On December 20, 2013, the Northern District of Illinois issued a claim construction opinion and, on June 13, 2014, entered a final judgment of non-infringement for the remaining defendants based on that claim construction. UMS and the j2 Global affiliate filed a notice of appeal to the Federal Circuit on June 27, 2014 (No. 14-1611). The appeal is pending. On June 23, 2014, Andre Free-Vychine (“Free-Vychine”) filed a putative class action against two j2 Global affiliates in the Superior Court for the State of California, County of Los Angeles (“Los Angeles Superior Court”) (No. BC549422). The complaint alleged two California statutory violations relating to late fees levied in certain eVoice® accounts. Free-Vychine sought, among other things, damages and injunctive relief on behalf of himself and a purported nationwide class of similarly situated persons. On August 26, 2014, Law Enforcement Officers, Inc. (“LEO”) and IV Pit Stop, Inc. (“IV Pit Stop”) filed a separate putative class action against the same j2 Global affiliates in Los Angeles Superior Court (No. BC555721). The complaint alleged three California statutory violations, negligence, breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, and various other common law claims relating to late fees levied on any of the j2 Global affiliates’ customers, including those with eVoice® and Onebox® accounts. LEO and IV Pit Stop sought, among other things, damages and injunctive relief on behalf of themselves and a purported nationwide class of similarly situated persons. On September 29, 2014, the Los Angeles Superior Court related and consolidated both cases for discovery purposes. On March 13, 2015, a third amended complaint was filed in the case brought by LEO, which no longer included IV Pit Stop as a plaintiff but added Christopher Dancel (“Dancel”) as a plaintiff. On June 26, 2015, the case filed by Free-Vychine was dismissed pursuant to a settlement agreement. On October 7, 2015, the parties in the case brought by LEO and Dancel reached a tentative class-based settlement. On September 12, 2016, the Los Angeles Superior Court certified the class for settlement purposes only and provided its preliminary approval of the settlement. The court will consider final approval of the settlement in early 2017. On January 21, 2016, Davis Neurology, P.A. filed a putative class action against two j2 Global affiliates in the Circuit Court for the County of Pope, State of Arkansas (58-cv-2016-40), alleging violations of the TCPA. The case was ultimately removed to the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Arkansas (No. 4:16-cv-00682). On June 6, 2016, the j2 Global affiliates filed a motion for judgment on the pleadings. That motion is fully briefed and pending before the court. -32- j2 Global does not believe, based on current knowledge, that the foregoing legal proceedings or claims, after giving effect to existing reserves, are likely to have a material adverse effect on the Company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash flows. However, depending on the amount and timing, an unfavorable resolution of some or all of these matters could have a material effect on j2 Global’s consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash flows in a particular period. The Company has not accrued for any material loss contingencies relating to these legal proceedings because unfavorable outcomes are not considered probable by management. It is the Company’s policy to expense as incurred legal fees related to various litigations. Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures Not applicable. -33- PART II Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Market Information Our common stock is traded on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbol “JCOM”. The following table sets forth the high and low closing sale prices for our common stock for the periods indicated, as reported by the NASDAQ Global Select Market. Year ended December 31, 2016 First Quarter Second Quarter Third Quarter Fourth Quarter Year ended December 31, 2015 First Quarter Second Quarter Third Quarter Fourth Quarter Holders High 80.51 68.30 69.99 83.47 70.23 71.10 75.13 83.67 Low 56.90 60.01 61.89 62.69 57.44 66.03 65.54 69.67 We had 272 registered stockholders as of February 24, 2017. That number excludes the beneficial owners of shares held in “street” name or held through participants in depositories. Dividends We initiated a quarterly cash dividend program in August 2011 with a payment of $0.20 per share of common stock on September 19, 2011. We have paid an increasing quarterly cash dividend in each subsequent calendar quarter. The following is a summary of each dividend declared during fiscal year 2016 and 2015: Declaration Date February 10, 2015 May 6, 2015 August 3, 2015 November 3, 2015 February 10, 2016 May 5, 2016 August 2, 2016 November 1, 2016 Dividend per Common Share $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 0.2925 0.3000 0.3075 0.3150 0.3250 0.3350 0.3450 0.3550 Record Date Payment Date February 23, 2015 May 19, 2015 March 9, 2015 June 3, 2015 August 17, 2015 September 1, 2015 November 17, 2015 December 3, 2015 February 23, 2016 March 10, 2016 May 18, 2016 June 2, 2016 August 17, 2016 September 1, 2016 November 18, 2016 December 5, 2016 On February 9, 2017, our Board of Directors declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.3650 per share of common stock payable on March 9, 2017 to all stockholders of record as of the close of business on February 22, 2017 (see Note 21 - Subsequent Events). Future dividends are subject to Board approval. Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities Not applicable. -34- Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Effective February 15, 2012, the Company’s Board of Directors approved a program authorizing the repurchase of up to five million shares of our common stock through February 20, 2013 (the “2012 Program”). On February 9, 2017, the Board of Directors extended the 2012 Program through February 19, 2018 (see Note 21- Subsequent Events). Cumulatively at December 31, 2016, we repurchased 2.1 million shares under the 2012 Program at an aggregated cost of $58.6 million (including an immaterial amount of commission fees). In July 2016, the Company acquired and subsequently retired 935,231 shares of j2 Global common stock in connection with the acquisition of Integrated Global Concepts, Inc. (see Note 3 - Business Acquisitions). As a result of the purchase of j2 Global common stock, the Company’s Board of Directors approved a reduction in the number of shares available for purchase under the 2012 Program by the same amount leaving 1,938,689 shares of j2 Global common stock available for purchase under this program. The following table details the repurchases that were made under and outside the 2012 Program during the three months ended December 31, 2016: Period October 1, 2016 - October 31, 2016 November 1, 2016 - November 30, 2016 December 1, 2016 - December 31, 2016 Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs Maximum Number of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs — — — 1,938,689 1,938,689 1,938,689 Total Number of Shares Purchased (1) 11,581 $ — $ 1,341 $ Average Price Paid Per Share 67.96 — 74.97 Total (1) Includes shares surrendered to the Company to pay the exercise price and/or to satisfy tax withholding obligations in connection 1,938,689 12,922 — with employee stock options and/or the vesting of restricted stock issued to employees. Equity Compensation Plan Information The following table provides information as of December 31, 2016 regarding shares outstanding and available for issuance under j2 Global’s existing equity compensation plans: Number of Securities to Be Issued Upon Exercise of Outstanding Options, Warrants and Rights (a) Weighted- Average Exercise Price of Outstanding Options, Warrants and Rights (b) 413,858 — 413,858 $ $ 31.09 — 31.09 Number of Securities Remaining Available for Future Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans (Excluding Securities Reflected in Column (a)) (c) 5,365,180 — 5,365,180 Plan Category Equity compensation plans approved by security holders Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders Total The number of securities remaining available for future issuance includes 3,738,654 and 1,626,526 under our 2015 Stock Option Plan and 2001 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, respectively. Please refer to Note 12 to the accompanying consolidated -35- financial statements for a description of these Plans as well as our Second Amended and Restated 1997 Stock Option Plan, which terminated in 2007, and our 2007 Stock Option Plan, which terminated on February 14, 2017. Performance Graph This performance graph shall not be deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act of 1934, or otherwise subject to the liabilities under that Section and shall not be deemed to be incorporated by reference into any filing of j2 Global under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Exchange Act. The following graph compares the cumulative total stockholder return for j2 Global, the NASDAQ Computer Index and an index of companies that j2 Global has selected as its peer group in the cloud service for business space. j2 Global’s peer group index consists of Athenahealth, Inc., WebMD Health Corp., LivePerson, Inc., LogMeIn, Inc., Bankrate Inc., Salesforce.com, Inc., Open Text Corp. and The Ultimate Software Group, Inc. Measurement points are December 31, 2011 and the last trading day in each of j2 Global’s fiscal quarters through the end of fiscal 2016. The graph assumes that $100 was invested on December 31, 2011 in j2 Global’s common stock and in each of the indices, and assumes reinvestment of any dividends. The stock price performance on the following graph is not necessarily indicative of future stock price performance. Measurement Date Dec-11 Mar-12 Jun-12 Sep-12 Dec-12 Mar-13 Jun-13 Sep-13 Dec-13 Mar-14 Jun-14 Sep-14 Dec-14 Mar-15 Jun-15 Sep-15 Dec-15 Mar-16 Jun-16 Sep-16 Dec-16 j2 Global 100.00 101.92 93.89 117.41 110.32 141.75 154.33 180.12 182.76 183.84 187.68 183.34 229.27 243.38 252.48 263.92 305.80 233.25 240.09 253.54 308.78 NASDAQ Computer Index 100.00 123.57 114.61 121.53 112.48 115.00 117.17 130.10 148.41 150.72 162.95 171.04 177.91 180.20 180.57 171.49 189.02 190.64 183.11 209.79 212.21 Peer Group Index 100.00 133.31 121.20 129.73 132.60 144.60 133.78 173.51 190.42 197.48 196.22 196.80 204.91 217.97 218.33 222.82 251.17 238.49 255.57 239.59 228.30 -36- [REMAINDER OF THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK] -37- Item 6. Selected Financial Data The following selected consolidated financial data should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements, the related Notes contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and the information contained herein in Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. Historical results are not necessarily indicative of future results. 2016 Years Ended December 31, 2014 (In thousands, except for share and per share amounts) 2015 2013 2012 Statement of Income Data: Revenues Cost of revenues Gross profit Operating expenses: Sales and marketing Research, development and engineering General and administrative Total operating expenses Income from operations Interest expense, net Other expense (income), net Income before income taxes Income tax expense Net income Less net income attributable to noncontrolling interest Less extinguishment of Series A preferred stock Net income attributable to j2 Global, Inc. common shareholders Net income per common share: Basic Diluted Weighted average shares outstanding: Basic Diluted Cash dividends declared per common share Balance Sheet Data: Cash and cash equivalents Working capital Total assets Other long-term liabilities Total stockholders’ equity $ $ 874,255 147,100 727,155 $ 720,815 122,958 597,857 599,030 105,989 493,041 $ $ 520,801 86,893 433,908 371,396 67,013 304,383 206,871 38,046 239,672 484,589 242,566 41,370 (10,243) 211,439 59,000 152,439 — — $ 159,009 34,329 205,137 398,475 199,382 42,458 5 156,919 23,283 133,636 — — $ 141,967 30,680 134,188 306,835 186,206 31,204 (165) 155,167 29,840 125,327 — (991) $ 131,317 25,485 101,683 258,485 175,423 21,254 11,472 142,697 35,175 107,522 — — $ 62,825 18,624 60,772 142,221 162,162 7,650 (410) 154,922 33,259 121,663 83 — $ $ 152,439 $ 133,636 $ 124,336 $ 107,522 $ 121,580 $ $ 3.15 3.13 $ $ 2.76 2.73 $ $ 2.60 2.58 $ $ 2.31 2.28 $ $ 2.63 2.61 47,668,357 47,963,226 1.36 $ 47,627,853 48,087,760 1.22 $ 46,778,015 47,106,538 1.10 $ 45,548,767 46,140,019 0.98 $ 45,459,712 45,781,658 0.87 $ 2016 2015 2014 (In thousands) 2013 2012 $ $ 123,950 (106,090) 2,062,328 3,475 914,536 $ $ 255,530 286,151 1,783,719 18,228 890,208 $ $ 433,663 486,816 1,705,202 22,416 820,235 $ $ 207,801 274,133 1,153,789 1,458 706,418 $ $ 218,680 298,572 995,170 1,557 594,595 -38- Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations In addition to historical information, the following Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations contains forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. The actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of many factors, including but not limited to those discussed in Part I, Item 1A - “Risk Factors” in this Annual Report on Form 10- K. Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which reflect management’s opinions only as of the date hereof. We undertake no obligation to revise or publicly release the results of any revision to these forward- looking statements, except as required by law. Readers should carefully review the Risk Factors and the risk factors set forth in other documents we file from time to time with the SEC. Overview j2 Global, Inc., together with its subsidiaries (“j2 Global”, “the Company”, “our”, “us” or “we”), is a leading provider of Internet services. Through our Business Cloud Services Division, we provide cloud services to businesses of all sizes, from individuals to enterprises, and license our intellectual property (“IP”) to third parties. In addition, the Business Cloud Services Division includes our j2 Cloud Connect business which primarily focused on our voice and fax products. Our Digital Media Division specializes in the technology, gaming, lifestyle and healthcare markets, reaching in-market buyers and influencers in both the consumer and business-to-business space. Our Business Cloud Services Division generates revenues primarily from customer subscription and usage fees and from IP licensing fees. Our Digital Media Division generates revenues primarily from advertising and sponsorship, subscription and usage fees, performance marketing and licensing fees. In addition to growing our business organically, on a regular basis, we acquire businesses to grow our customer bases, expand and diversify our service offerings, enhance our technology, acquire skilled personnel and enter into other jurisdictions. On December 5, 2016, we acquired Everyday Health. Everyday Health operates a leading digital marketing and communications platform for healthcare marketers that want to engage with consumers and healthcare professionals. The platform combines premier content from leading brands, a large and engaged audience, and extensive data and analytics expertise to provide (i) a highly personalized content experience for users and (ii) an efficient marketing channel for customers. Our consolidated revenues are currently generated from three basic business models, each with different financial profiles and variability. Our Business Cloud Services Division is driven primarily by subscription revenues that are relatively higher margin and stable and predictable from quarter to quarter with some seasonal weakness in the fourth quarter. The Business Cloud Services Division also includes the results of our IP licensing business, which can vary dramatically in both revenues and profitability from period to period. Our Digital Media Division is driven primarily by advertising revenues, has relatively higher sales and marketing expense and has seasonal strength in the fourth quarter. We continue to pursue additional acquisitions, which may include companies operating under business models that differ from those we operate under today. Such acquisitions could impact our consolidated profit margins and the variability of our revenues. j2 Global was incorporated in 2014 as a Delaware corporation through the creation of a new holding company structure, and our Business Cloud Services segment, operated by our wholly owned subsidiary, j2 Cloud Services, LLC (formerly j2 Cloud Services, Inc.), and its subsidiaries, was founded in 1995. We manage our operations through two business segments: Business Cloud Services and Digital Media. Information regarding revenue and operating income attributable to each of our reportable segments and certain geographic information is included within Note 15 - Segment Information of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, which is incorporated herein by reference. -39- Business Cloud Services Segment Performance Metrics The following table sets forth certain key operating metrics for our Business Cloud Services segment for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 (in thousands, except for percentages): Subscriber revenues: Fixed Variable Total subscriber revenues Other license revenues Total revenues Percentage of total subscriber revenues: Fixed Variable Total revenues: Number-based Non-number-based Total revenues Average monthly revenue per Cloud Business Customer (ARPU) (1)(2) Cancel rate (3) Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2016 $ 468,395 $ 414,919 $ 348,340 93,950 562,345 4,593 83,804 498,723 5,915 76,392 424,732 6,743 $ 566,938 $ 504,638 $ 431,475 83.3% 16.7% 83.2% 16.8% 82.0% 18.0% $ $ $ 367,741 199,197 566,938 15.21 $ $ $ 352,656 151,982 504,638 $ $ 347,754 83,721 431,475 14.79 2.1% 2.1% (1) Quarterly ARPU is calculated using our standard convention of applying the average of the quarter’s beginning and ending base to the total revenue for the quarter. We believe ARPU provides investors an understanding of the average monthly revenues we recognize associated with each Cloud Business Customer. As ARPU varies based on fixed subscription fee and variable usage components, we believe it can serve as a measure by which investors can evaluate trends in the types of services, levels of services and the usage levels of those services across our Cloud Business Customer base. (2) Cloud Business Customers are defined as paying direct inward dialing numbers for fax and voice services, and direct and resellers’ accounts for other services. (3) Cancel Rate is defined as cancels of small and medium businesses and individual Cloud Business Customers with greater than four months of continuous service (continuous service includes Cloud Business Customers administratively canceled and reactivated within the same calendar month), and enterprise Cloud Business Customers beginning with their first day of service. Calculated monthly and expressed as an average over the three months of the quarter. Digital Media Segment Performance Metrics The following table sets forth certain key operating metrics for our Digital Media segment for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 (in millions): Visits Page views Sources: Google Analytics and Partner Platforms Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2016 4,992 18,063 4,001 10,276 2,563 8,002 -40- Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates We prepare our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) and our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and operating results require us to make judgments, assumptions and estimates that affect the amounts reported in our consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. See Note 2, “Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K which describes the significant accounting policies and methods used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities. Actual results may differ significantly from those estimates under different assumptions and conditions and may be material. We believe that our most critical accounting policies are those related to revenue recognition, valuation and impairment of marketable securities, share-based compensation expense, long-lived and intangible asset impairment, contingent consideration, income taxes and contingencies and allowance for doubtful accounts. We consider these policies critical because they are those that are most important to the portrayal of our financial condition and results and require management’s most difficult, subjective and complex judgments, often as a result of the need to make estimates about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain. Senior management has reviewed these critical accounting policies and related disclosures with the Audit Committee of the Company’s Board of Directors. Revenue Recognition Business Cloud Services The Company’s Business Cloud Services revenues substantially consist of monthly fixed subscription and variable usage- based fees, which are primarily paid in advance by credit card. In accordance with GAAP, the Company recognizes revenue when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, services have been provided, the sales price is fixed and determinable and collection is probable. The Company defers the portions of monthly, quarterly, semi-annually and annually recurring subscription and usage- based fees collected in advance and recognizes them in the period earned. Additionally, the Company defers and recognizes subscriber activation fees and related direct incremental costs over a subscriber’s estimated useful life. Along with our numerous proprietary Business Cloud Services solutions, the Company also generates revenues by reselling various third party solutions, primarily through our email security and online backup lines of business. These third party solutions, along with our proprietary products, allow the Company to offer customers a variety of solutions to better meet their needs. The Company determines whether reseller revenue should be reported on a gross or net basis by assessing whether the Company is acting as the principal or an agent in the transaction. If the Company is acting as the principal in a transaction, the Company reports revenue on a gross basis. If the Company is acting as an agent in a transaction, the Company reports revenue on a net basis. In determining whether the Company acts as the principal or an agent, the Company follows the accounting guidance for principal- agent considerations and the Company places the most weight on three factors: whether or not the Company (i) is the primary obligor in the arrangement, (ii) has latitude in determining pricing and (iii) bears credit risk. The Company records revenue on a gross basis with respect to reseller revenue as the Company is the primary obligator in the arrangement, has latitude in determining pricing and bears all credit risk associated with our reseller program partners. j2 Global’s Business Cloud Services also include patent license revenues generated under license agreements that provide for the payment of contractually determined fully paid-up or royalty-bearing license fees to j2 Global in exchange for the grant of non-exclusive, retroactive and future licenses to our intellectual property, including patented technology. Patent revenues may also consist of revenues generated from the sale of patents. Patent license revenues are recognized when earned over the term of the license agreements. With regard to fully paid-up license arrangements, the Company recognizes as revenue in the period the license agreement is executed the portion of the payment attributable to past use of the intellectual property and amortizes the remaining portion of such payments on a straight-line basis, or pro-rata revenue basis, as appropriate over the life of the licensed patent(s). With regard to royalty-bearing license arrangements, the Company recognizes revenues of license fees earned during the applicable period. With regard to patent sales, the Company recognizes as revenue in the period of the sale the amount of the purchase price over the carrying value of the patent(s) sold. -41- The Business Cloud Services business also generates revenues by licensing certain technology to third parties. These licensing revenues are recognized when earned in accordance with the terms of the underlying agreement. Generally, revenue is recognized as the third party uses the licensed technology over the period. Digital Media The Company’s Digital Media revenues primarily consist of revenues generated from the sale of advertising campaigns that are targeted to the Company’s proprietary websites and to those websites operated by third parties that are part of the Digital Media business’s advertising network. Revenues for these advertising campaigns are recognized as earned either when an ad is placed for viewing by a visitor to the appropriate web page or when the visitor “clicks through” on the ad, depending upon the terms with the individual advertiser. Revenues for Digital Media business-to-business operations consist of lead-generation campaigns for IT vendors and are recognized as earned when the Company delivers the qualified leads to the customer. j2 Global also generates Digital Media revenues through the license of certain assets to clients, for the clients’ use in their own promotional materials or otherwise. Such assets may include logos, editorial reviews, or other copyrighted material. Revenues under such license agreements are recognized when the assets are delivered to the client. Also, Digital Media revenues are generated through the license of certain speed testing technology which is recognized when delivered to the client and through providing data services primarily to Internet Service Providers (“ISPs”) and wireless carriers which is recognized as earned over the term of the access period. The Digital Media business also generates other types of revenues, including business listing fees, subscriptions to online publications, and from other sources. Such other revenues are recognized as earned. The Company determines whether Digital Media revenue should be reported on a gross or net basis by assessing whether the Company is acting as the principal or an agent in the transaction. If the Company is acting as the principal in a transaction, the Company reports revenue on a gross basis. If the Company is acting as an agent in a transaction, the Company reports revenue on a net basis. In determining whether the Company acts as the principal or an agent, the Company follows the accounting guidance for principal-agent considerations and the Company places the most weight on three factors: whether or not the Company (i) is the primary obligor in the arrangement, (ii) has latitude in determining pricing and (iii) bears credit risk. The Company records revenue on a gross basis with respect to revenue generated (i) by the Company serving online display and video advertising across its owned-and-operated web properties, on third party sites or on unaffiliated advertising networks, (ii) through the Company’s lead-generation business and (iii) through the Company’s Digital Media licensing program. The Company records revenue on a net basis with respect to revenue paid to the Company by certain third-party advertising networks who serve online display and video advertising across the Company’s owned-and-operated web properties and certain third party sites. Valuation and Impairment of Marketable Securities We account for our investments in debt and equity securities in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) ASC Topic No. 320, Investments - Debt and Equity Securities (“ASC 320”). ASC 320 requires that certain debt and equity securities be classified into one of three categories: trading, available-for-sale or held-to-maturity securities. Our investments are comprised primarily of readily marketable corporate and governmental debt securities, money-market accounts and time deposits. We determine the appropriate classification of our investments at the time of acquisition and reevaluate such determination at each balance sheet date. Held-to-maturity securities are those investments that we have the ability and intent to hold until maturity. Held-to-maturity securities are recorded at amortized cost. Available-for-sale securities are recorded at fair value, with unrealized gains or losses recorded as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in stockholders’ equity until realized. Trading securities are carried at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses included in interest and other income on our consolidated statement of income. All securities are accounted for on a specific identification basis. We assess whether an other- than-temporary impairment loss on an investment has occurred due to declines in fair value or other market conditions (see Note 4 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K). -42- Share-Based Compensation Expense We comply with the provisions of FASB ASC Topic No. 718, Compensation - Stock Compensation (“ASC 718”). Accordingly, we measure share-based compensation expense at the grant date, based on the fair value of the award, and recognize the expense over the employee’s requisite service period using the straight-line method. The measurement of share-based compensation expense is based on several criteria including, but not limited to, the valuation model used and associated input factors, such as expected term of the award, stock price volatility, risk free interest rate, dividend rate and award cancellation rate. These inputs are subjective and are determined using management’s judgment. If differences arise between the assumptions used in determining share-based compensation expense and the actual factors, which become known over time, we may change the input factors used in determining future share-based compensation expense. Any such changes could materially impact our results of operations in the period in which the changes are made and in periods thereafter. We elected to adopt the alternative transition method for calculating the tax effects of share-based compensation. Long-lived and Intangible Assets We account for long-lived assets in accordance with the provisions of FASB ASC Topic No. 360, Property, Plant, and Equipment (“ASC 360”), which addresses financial accounting and reporting for the impairment or disposal of long-lived assets. We assess the impairment of identifiable definite-lived intangibles and long-lived assets whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. Factors we consider important which could individually or in combination trigger an impairment review include the following: . . . . Significant underperformance relative to expected historical or projected future operating results; Significant changes in the manner of our use of the acquired assets or the strategy for our overall business; Significant negative industry or economic trends; Significant decline in our stock price for a sustained period; and . Our market capitalization relative to net book value. If we determined that the carrying value of definite-lived intangibles and long-lived assets may not be recoverable based upon the existence of one or more of the above indicators of impairment, we would record an impairment equal to the excess of the carrying amount of the asset over its estimated fair value. We have assessed whether events or changes in circumstances have occurred that potentially indicate the carrying value of definite-lived intangibles and long-lived assets may not be recoverable and noted no indicators of potential impairment for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014. Goodwill and Purchased Intangible Assets We evaluate our goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment pursuant to FASB ASC Topic No. 350, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (“ASC 350”), which provides that goodwill and other intangible assets with indefinite lives are not amortized but tested for impairment annually or more frequently if circumstances indicate potential impairment. In connection with the annual impairment test for goodwill, we have the option to perform a qualitative assessment in determining whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If we determine that it was more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, then we perform the impairment test upon goodwill. The impairment test is comprised of two steps: (1) a reporting unit’s fair value is compared to its carrying value; if the fair value is less than its carrying value, impairment is indicated; and (2) if impairment is indicated in the first step, it is measured by comparing the implied fair value of goodwill and intangible assets to their carrying value at the reporting unit level. In connection with the annual impairment test for intangible assets, we have the option to perform a qualitative assessment in determining whether it is more likely than not that the fair value is less than its carrying amount, then we perform the impairment test upon intangible assets. We completed the required impairment review for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014 and noted no impairment. Consequently, no impairment charges were recorded. -43- Contingent Consideration Certain of our acquisition agreements include contingent earn-out arrangements, which are generally based on the achievement of future income thresholds. The contingent earn-out arrangements are based upon our valuations of the acquired companies and reduce the risk of overpaying for acquisitions if the projected financial results are not achieved. The fair values of these earn-out arrangements are included as part of the purchase price of the acquired companies on their respective acquisition dates. For each transaction, we estimate the fair value of contingent earn-out payments as part of the initial purchase price and record the estimated fair value of contingent consideration as a liability on the consolidated balance sheets. We consider several factors when determining that contingent earn-out liabilities are part of the purchase price, including the following: (1) the valuation of our acquisitions is not supported solely by the initial consideration paid, and the contingent earn-out formula is a critical and material component of the valuation approach to determining the purchase price; and (2) the former shareholders of acquired companies that remain as key employees receive compensation other than contingent earn-out payments at a reasonable level compared with the compensation of our other key employees. The contingent earn-out payments are not affected by employment termination. We measure our contingent earn-out liabilities at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy (see Note 5 - Fair Value Measurements of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, which is incorporated herein by reference). We may use various valuation techniques depending on the terms and conditions of the contingent consideration including a Monte-Carlo simulation. This simulation uses probability distribution for each significant input to produce hundreds or thousands of possible outcomes and the results are analyzed to determine probabilities of different outcomes occurring. Significant increases or decreases to these inputs in isolation would result in a significantly higher or lower liability with a higher liability capped by the contractual maximum of the contingent earn-out obligation. Ultimately, the liability will be equivalent to the amount paid, and the difference between the fair value estimate and amount paid will be recorded in earnings. The amount paid that is less than or equal to the liability on the acquisition date is reflected as cash used in financing activities in our consolidated statements of cash flows. Any amount paid in excess of the liability on the acquisition date is reflected as cash used in operating activities. We review and re-assess the estimated fair value of contingent consideration on a quarterly basis, and the updated fair value could differ materially from the initial estimates. Changes in the estimated fair value of our contingent earn-out liabilities related to the time component of the present value calculation are reported in interest expense. Adjustments to the estimated fair value related to changes in all other unobservable inputs are reported in operating income. Income Taxes We account for income taxes in accordance with FASB ASC Topic No. 740, Income Taxes (“ASC 740”), which requires that deferred tax assets and liabilities be recognized using enacted tax rates for the effect of temporary differences between the book and tax basis of recorded assets and liabilities. ASC 740 also requires that deferred tax assets be reduced by a valuation allowance if it is more likely than not that some or all of the net deferred tax assets will not be realized. Our valuation allowance is reviewed quarterly based upon the facts and circumstances known at the time. In assessing this valuation allowance, we review historical and future expected operating results and other factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that deferred tax assets are realizable. Income Tax Contingencies We calculate current and deferred tax provisions based on estimates and assumptions that could differ from the actual results reflected in income tax returns filed during the following year. Adjustments based on filed returns are recorded when identified in the subsequent year. ASC 740 provides guidance on the minimum threshold that an uncertain income tax position is required to meet before it can be recognized in the financial statements and applies to all tax positions taken by a company. ASC 740 contains a two-step approach to recognizing and measuring uncertain income tax positions. The first step is to evaluate the income tax position for recognition by determining if the weight of available evidence indicates that it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained on audit, including resolution of related appeals or litigation processes, if any. The second step is to measure the tax benefit as the largest amount that is more than 50% likely of being realized upon settlement. If it is not more likely than not that the benefit will be sustained on its technical merits, no benefit will be recorded. Uncertain income tax positions that relate only to timing of when an item is included on a tax return are considered to have met the recognition threshold. We recognize accrued -44- interest and penalties related to uncertain income tax positions in income tax expense on our consolidated statement of income. On a quarterly basis, we evaluate uncertain income tax positions and establish or release reserves as appropriate under GAAP. As a multinational corporation, we are subject to taxation in many jurisdictions, and the calculation of our tax liabilities involves dealing with uncertainties in the application of complex tax laws and regulations in various taxing jurisdictions. Our estimate of the potential outcome of any uncertain tax issue is subject to management’s assessment of relevant risks, facts and circumstances existing at that time. Therefore, the actual liability for U.S. or foreign taxes may be materially different from our estimates, which could result in the need to record additional tax liabilities or potentially to reverse previously recorded tax liabilities. In addition, we may be subject to examination of our tax returns by the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) and other domestic and foreign tax authorities. It is possible that one or more of these audits may conclude in the next 12 months and that the unrecognized tax benefits we have recorded in relation to these tax years may change compared to the liabilities recorded for the periods. However, it is not possible to estimate the amount, if any, of such change. We establish reserves for these tax contingencies when we believe that certain tax positions might be challenged despite our belief that our tax positions are fully supportable. We adjust these reserves when changing events and circumstances arise. Non-Income Tax Contingencies We are currently under audit by various state, local and foreign taxing authorities for direct and indirect non-income related taxes, including Canadian sales tax. In accordance with the provisions of FASB ASC Topic No. 450, Contingencies (“ASC 450”) we make judgments regarding the future outcome of contingent events and record loss contingency amounts that are probable and reasonably estimable based upon available information. As a provider of cloud services for business, we do not provide telecommunications services. Thus, we believe that our business and our users (by using our services) are generally not subject to various telecommunication taxes. Moreover, we generally do not believe that our business and our users (by using our services) are subject to other indirect taxes, such as sales and use tax, business tax and gross receipts tax. However, several state and municipal taxing authorities have challenged these beliefs and have and may continue to audit and assess our business and operations with respect to telecommunications and other indirect taxes. On February 24, 2016, President Obama signed into law H.R. 644, the “Trade Facilitation and Trade Enforcement Act of 2015” which included a provision to permanently ban state and local authorities from imposing access or discriminatory taxes on the Internet. The new law allows “grandfathered” states and local authorities to continue their existing taxes on internet access through June 2020. On February 27, 2013, the Office of Finance for the City of Los Angeles (the “Los Angeles Office of Finance”) issued us assessments for business and communications taxes for the period of January 1, 2009 through December 31, 2012. On September 11, 2014, the Los Angeles Office of Finance issued us revised assessments increasing our liability to the City of Los Angeles. On April 30, 2015, the Los Angeles Office of Finance Board of Review denied our request to abate the assessments. We paid the assessments and requested the abatement of associated penalties. On November 2, 2016, we reached an agreement with the City of Los Angeles to obtain a refund of a portion of the assessments paid. The refund was received on December 1, 2016. In addition, on August 24, 2016, the Los Angeles Office of Finance notified us that they will commence an audit of business and communications taxes for the period of January 1, 2013 through December 31, 2016. For other jurisdictions, we currently have no reserves established for these matters, as we have determined that the liability is not probable and estimable. However, it is reasonably possible that such a liability could be incurred, which would result in additional expense, which could materially impact our financial results. Allowances for Doubtful Accounts We reserve for receivables we may not be able to collect. These reserves are typically driven by the volume of credit card declines and past due invoices and are based on historical experience as well as an evaluation of current market conditions. On an ongoing basis, management evaluates the adequacy of these reserves. Recent Accounting Pronouncements See Note 2 - Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - to our accompanying consolidated financial statements for a description of recent accounting pronouncements and our expectations of their impact on our consolidated financial position and results of operations. -45- Results of Operations Years Ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 Business Cloud Services Segment Assuming a stable or improving economic environment, and, subject to our risk factors, we expect the revenue and profits as included in the results of operations below in our Business Cloud Services segment to be stable for the foreseeable future (excluding the impact of acquisitions). The main focus of our Business Cloud Services offerings is to reduce or eliminate costs, increase sales and enhance productivity, mobility, business continuity and security of our customers as the technologies and devices they use evolve over time. As a result, we expect to continue to take steps to enhance our existing offerings and offer new services to continue to satisfy the evolving needs of our customers. Through our IP licensing operations, which are included in the Business Cloud Services segment, we seek to make our IP available for license to third parties, and we expect to continue to attempt to obtain additional IP through a combination of acquisitions and internal development in an effort to increase available licensing opportunities and related revenues. We expect acquisitions to remain an important component of our strategy and use of capital in this segment; however, we cannot predict whether our current pace of acquisitions will remain the same within this segment. In a given period, we may close greater or fewer acquisitions than in prior periods or acquisitions of greater or lesser significance than in prior periods. Moreover, future acquisitions of businesses within this segment but with different business models may impact the segment’s overall profit margins. Also, as IP licensing often involves litigation, the timing of licensing transactions is unpredictable and can and does vary significantly from period to period. This variability can cause the overall segment’s financial results to materially vary from period to period. Digital Media Segment Assuming a stable or improving economic environment, and, subject to our risk factors, we expect the revenue and profits in our Digital Media segment to improve over the next several quarters as we integrate our recent acquisitions and over the longer term as advertising transactions continue to shift from offline to online. However, we expect overall lower margins in our Digital Media segment as the recent acquisition of Everyday Health currently operates at a lower level than our historical results. We expect that margins will trend back towards historical levels once the acquisition of Everyday Health is integrated into our existing cost structure and amortization expense is substantially realized. The main focus of our advertising programs is to provide relevant and useful advertising to visitors to our websites and those included within our advertising networks, reflecting our commitment to constantly improve their overall web experience. As a result, we expect to continue to take steps to improve the relevance of the ads displayed on our websites and those included within our advertising networks. The operating margin we realize on revenues generated from ads placed on our websites is significantly higher than the operating margin we realize from revenues generated from those placed on third-party websites. Growth in advertising revenues from our websites has generally exceeded that from third-party websites. This trend has had a positive impact on our operating margins, and we expect that this will continue for the foreseeable future. However, the trend in advertising spend is shifting to mobile devices and other newer advertising formats which generally experience lower margins than those from desktop computers and tablets. We expect this trend to continue to put pressure on our margins. We expect acquisitions to remain an important component of our strategy and use of capital in this segment; however, we cannot predict whether our current pace of acquisitions will remain the same within this segment. In a given period, we may close greater or fewer acquisitions than in prior periods or acquisitions of greater or lesser significance than in prior periods. Moreover, future acquisitions of businesses within this segment but with different business models may impact the segment’s overall profit margins. -46- j2 Global Consolidated We anticipate that the stable revenue trend in our Business Cloud Services segment combined with the improving revenue and profits in our Digital Media segment will result in overall improved revenue and profits for j2 Global on a consolidated basis, excluding the impact of any future acquisitions and revenues associated with licensing our IP which can vary dramatically from period to period. We expect operating profit as a percentage of revenues to generally decrease in the future primarily due to the fact that revenue with respect to our Digital Media segment (i) is increasing as a percentage of our revenue on a consolidated basis and (ii) has historically operated at a lower operating margin. Moreover, we expect lower overall margins as the recent acquisition of Everyday Health currently operates at a lower level as compared to our historical results. We expect that margins will trend back towards historical levels once the acquisition of Everyday Health is integrated into our existing cost structure and amortization expense is substantially realized. The following table sets forth, for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, information derived from our statements of income as a percentage of revenues. This information should be read in conjunction with the accompanying financial statements and the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Revenues Cost of revenues Gross profit Operating expenses: Sales and marketing Research, development and engineering General and administrative Total operating expenses Income from operations Interest expense, net Other expense (income), net Income before income taxes Income tax expense Net income Revenues Years Ended December 31, 2015 100% 17 83 2014 100% 18 82 2016 100% 17 83 24 4 27 55 28 5 (1) 24 7 17% 22 5 28 55 28 6 — 22 3 19% 24 5 22 51 31 5 — 26 5 21% (in thousands, except percentages) Revenues 2016 2015 2014 $ 874,255 $ 720,815 $ 599,030 Percentage Change 2016 versus 2015 21% Percentage Change 2015 versus 2014 20% Our revenues consist of revenues from our Business Cloud Services segment and from our Digital Media segment. Business Cloud Services revenues primarily consist of revenues from “fixed” customer subscription revenues and “variable” revenues generated from actual usage of our services. We also generate Business Cloud Services revenues from IP licensing. Digital Media revenues primarily consist of advertising revenues, fees paid for generating business leads, and licensing and sale of editorial content and trademarks. Our revenues have increased over the past three years primarily due to the following factors: • Acquisitions within our Digital Media properties, plus organic growth in that segment; • Acquisitions within our Business Cloud Services segment, plus organic growth in that segment. -47- Cost of Revenues (in thousands, except percentages) Cost of revenue As a percent of revenue 2016 2015 2014 $ 147,100 $ 122,958 $ 105,989 17% 17% 18% Percentage Change 2016 versus 2015 20% Percentage Change 2015 versus 2014 16% Cost of revenues is primarily comprised of costs associated with data and voice transmission, numbers, network operations, customer service, editorial and production costs, online processing fees and equipment depreciation. The increase in cost of revenues for the year ended December 31, 2016 was primarily due to an increase in costs associated with businesses acquired in and subsequent to fiscal 2015 that resulted in additional network operations, editorial and production costs, customer service and depreciation. The increase in cost of revenues for the year ended December 31, 2015 was primarily due to an increase in costs associated with businesses acquired in and subsequent to fiscal 2014 that resulted in additional license costs, network operations, customer service, editorial and production costs and depreciation. Operating Expenses Sales and Marketing. (in thousands, except percentages) Sales and Marketing As a percent of revenue 2016 2015 2014 $ 206,871 $ 159,009 $ 141,967 24% 22% 24% Percentage Change 2016 versus 2015 30% Percentage Change 2015 versus 2014 12% Our sales and marketing costs consist primarily of Internet-based advertising, sales and marketing, personnel costs and other business development-related expenses. Our Internet-based advertising relationships consist primarily of fixed cost and performance-based (cost-per-impression, cost-per-click and cost-per-acquisition) advertising relationships with an array of online service providers. Advertising cost for the year ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 was $96.8 million (primarily consisting of $64.8 million of third-party advertising costs and $26.3 million of personnel costs), $63.5 million (primarily consisting of $41.2 million of third-party advertising costs and $21.9 million of personnel costs) and $60.5 million (primarily consisting of $40.1 million of third-party advertising costs and $20.4 million of personnel costs), respectively. The increase in sales and marketing expenses from 2015 to 2016 and from 2014 to 2015 was primarily due to increased advertising associated with businesses acquired within the Digital Media and Business Cloud Services segments and additional personnel costs. Research, Development and Engineering. (in thousands, except percentages) Research, Development and Engineering As a percent of revenue 2016 2015 2014 $ 38,046 $ 34,329 $ 30,680 4% 5% 5% Percentage Change 2016 versus 2015 11% Percentage Change 2015 versus 2014 12% Our research, development and engineering costs consist primarily of personnel-related expenses. The increase in research, development and engineering costs from 2015 to 2016 and 2014 to 2015 was primarily due to an increase in personnel costs associated with acquisitions within the Business Cloud Service and Digital Media segments and additional expenses for professional services. -48- General and Administrative. (in thousands, except percentages) General and Administrative As a percent of revenue 2016 2015 2014 $ 239,672 $ 205,137 $ 134,188 27% 28% 22% Percentage Change 2016 versus 2015 17% Percentage Change 2015 versus 2014 53% Our general and administrative costs consist primarily of personnel-related expenses, depreciation and amortization, changes in the fair value associated with contingent consideration, share-based compensation expense, bad debt expense, professional fees, severance and insurance costs. The increase in general and administrative expense from 2015 to 2016 was primarily due to an increase in amortization of intangible assets, an increase in the fair value associated with contingent consideration issued in certain acquisitions within the Digital Media segment, personnel costs relating to acquisitions closed during 2015 and 2016 and bad debt expense. The increase in general and administrative expense from 2014 to 2015 was primarily due to an increase in amortization of intangible assets, an increase in the fair value associated with contingent consideration issued in certain acquisitions within the Digital Media segment, personnel costs relating to acquisitions closed during 2014 and 2015 and bad debt expense. Share-Based Compensation The following table represents share-based compensation expense included in cost of revenues and operating expenses in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of income for the year ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 (in thousands): Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2016 Cost of revenues Operating expenses: Sales and marketing Research, development and engineering General and administrative Total Non-Operating Income and Expenses $ $ 436 $ 373 $ 345 1,782 904 10,528 13,650 $ 2,435 863 8,122 11,793 $ 1,944 721 5,898 8,908 Interest expense, net. Our interest expense, net is generated primarily from interest expense due to outstanding debt, partially offset by interest income earned on cash, cash equivalents and short and long-term investments. Interest expense, net was $41.4 million, $42.5 million, and $31.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The decrease from 2015 to 2016 was due to additional interest income and the increase between 2014 to 2015 was primarily due to additional interest expense following the June 2014 issuance of the Convertible Notes. Other expense (income), net. Our other expense (income), net is generated primarily from miscellaneous items, gain or losses on currency exchange and the sale of investments. Other expense (income), net was $(10.2) million, $0.0 million, and $(0.2) million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The change from 2015 to 2016 was attributable to the sale of our strategic investment in Carbonite resulting in a gain on sale of $7.6 million and a breakup fee of $2.5 million associated with the competitive bid for certain assets of Gawker Media Group in the third quarter of 2016. The decrease from 2014 to 2015 is primarily due to lower miscellaneous income. Income Taxes Our effective tax rate is based on pre-tax income, statutory tax rates, tax regulations (including those related to transfer pricing) and different tax rates in the various jurisdictions in which we operate. The tax bases of our assets and liabilities reflect our best estimate of the tax benefits and costs we expect to realize. When necessary, we establish valuation allowances to reduce our deferred tax assets to an amount that will more likely than not be realized. -49- As of December 31, 2016, we had federal net operating loss carryforwards (“NOLs”) of $144.0 million after considering substantial restrictions on the utilization of these NOLs due to “ownership changes”, as defined in the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended. We estimate that all of the above-mentioned federal NOLs will be available for use before their expiration. These NOLs expire through the year 2036. The $144.0 million NOL carryforward amount includes $130.6 million acquired pursuant to the Everyday Health transaction. As of December 31, 2016, the Company had credits for Alternative Minimum Tax (“AMT”) of $0.9 million which were acquired pursuant to the Everyday Health transaction. The AMT credits have an indefinite life; however, these credits are subject to utilization restrictions similar to the restrictions placed on NOL utilization. As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, the Company has foreign tax credits of $11.9 million and $14.0 million, respectively. The Company has provided a valuation allowance on the foreign tax credits of $11.9 million and $14.0 million as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively, as the weight of available evidence does not support full utilization of these credits. The foreign tax credits expire through the year 2025. In addition, as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, we had available unrecognized state research and development tax credits of $3.5 million and $3.7 million, respectively, which last indefinitely. As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, we also had state enterprise zone tax credits of zero and $0.6 million, respectively. Income tax expense amounted to $59.0 million, $23.3 million and $29.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Our effective tax rates for 2016, 2015 and 2014 were 27.9%, 14.8% and 19.2%, respectively. The increase in our annual effective income tax rate from 2015 to 2016 was primarily attributable to the following: 1. the reversal of uncertain income tax positions during 2015; 2. an increase during 2016 in the amount of deemed distribution income (Subpart F) from our foreign subsidiaries; partially offset by: 3. a decrease during 2016 in the valuation allowance for foreign tax credit carryforwards. The decrease in our annual effective income tax rate from 2014 to 2015 was primarily attributable to the following: 1. the reversal of uncertain income tax positions during 2015; 2. an increase during 2015 in the portion of our income being taxed in foreign jurisdictions and subject to lower tax rates than in the U.S.; partially offset by: 3. an increase during 2015 in the valuation allowance for foreign tax credit carryforwards. In order to provide additional understanding in connection with our foreign taxes, the following represents the statutory and effective tax rate by significant foreign country: Ireland United Kingdom Statutory tax rate Effective tax rate (1) (1) Effective tax rate excludes certain discrete items. 13.95% 12.50% 20.00% 20.06% Canada 26.50% 26.54% The statutory tax rate is the rate imposed on taxable income for corporations by the local government in that jurisdiction. The effective tax rate measures the taxes paid as a percentage of pretax profit. The effective tax rate can differ from the statutory tax rate when a company can exempt some income from tax, claim tax credits, or due to the effect of book-tax differences that do not reverse and discrete items. Significant judgment is required in determining our provision for income taxes and in evaluating our tax positions on a worldwide basis. We believe our tax positions, including intercompany transfer pricing policies, are consistent with the tax laws in the jurisdictions in which we conduct our business. Certain of these tax positions have in the past been, and are currently being, challenged, and this may have a significant impact on our effective tax rate if our tax reserves are insufficient. -50- Segment Results Our business segments are based on the organization structure used by management for making operating and investment decisions and for assessing performance. Our reportable business segments are: (i) Business Cloud Services; and (ii) Digital Media. We evaluate the performance of our operating segments based on segment revenues, including both external and intersegment net sales, and segment operating income. We account for intersegment sales and transfers based primarily on standard costs with reasonable mark-ups established between the segments. Identifiable assets by segment are those assets used in the respective reportable segment’s operations. Corporate assets consist of cash and cash equivalents, deferred income taxes and certain other assets. All significant intersegment amounts are eliminated to arrive at our consolidated financial results. Revenues The following table presents our revenues by source as a percentage of total revenues for fiscal years 2016, 2015 and 2014: Business Cloud Services revenues: Fax and Voice Other Total Business Cloud Services revenues: Digital Media revenues: Media Total revenues Business Cloud Services 2016 2015 2014 42.2% 22.6% 64.8% 35.2% 100.0% 49.1% 20.9% 70.0% 30.0% 100.0% 58.3% 13.7% 72.0% 28.0% 100.0% The following segment results are presented for fiscal year 2016, 2015 and 2014 (in thousands): 2016 2015 2014 External net sales $ 566,938 100.0% $ 504,638 100.0% $ 431,475 100.0% Inter-segment net sales Segment net sales Cost of revenues Gross profit Operating expenses — 566,938 120,562 446,376 235,497 — 100.0 21.3 78.7 41.5 — 504,638 101,209 403,429 193,227 — 100.0 20.1 79.9 38.3 — 431,475 86,962 344,513 154,630 — 100.0 20.2 79.8 35.8 Segment operating income $ 210,879 37.2% $ 210,202 41.7% $ 189,883 44.0% Segment net sales of $566.9 million in 2016 increased $62.3 million, or 12.3%, from the prior comparable period primarily due to business acquisitions. Segment net sales of $504.6 million in 2015 increased $73.2 million, or 17.0%, from the prior comparable period primarily due to business acquisitions. Segment gross profit of $446.4 million in 2016 increased $42.9 million from 2015 and segment gross profit of $403.4 million in 2015 increased $58.9 million from 2014 primarily due to an increase in net sales between the periods. The gross profit as a percentage of revenues for 2016 was lower in comparison to the previous comparable period primarily due to increased transition-related costs within network operations. The gross profit as a percentage of revenues for 2015 was comparable to the previous comparable period. In addition, acquisitions historically have lower initial profitability than our existing business until synergies with respect to those acquisitions are realized in future periods. Segment operating expenses of $235.5 million in 2016 increased $42.3 million from 2015 primarily due to (a) additional depreciation and amortization and an increase in personnel costs associated with businesses acquired in and subsequent to 2015; and (b) sales and marketing costs primarily due to additional advertising. Segment operating expenses of $193.2 million in 2015 increased $38.6 million from 2014 primarily due to (a) additional depreciation and amortization and an increase in sales and -51- marketing costs primarily due to additional advertising and personnel costs associated with businesses acquired in and subsequent to 2014; and (b) additional bad debts. As a result of these factors, segment operating earnings of $210.9 million in 2016 increased $0.7 million, or 0.3%, from 2015, and segment operating earnings of $210.2 million in 2015 increased $20.3 million, or 10.7%, from 2014. Our Business Cloud Services segment consists of several services which have similar economic characteristics, including the nature of the services and their production processes, the type of customers, as well as the methods used to distribute these services. We group these services into three main categories based on the similarities of these services: Cloud Connect, Other Cloud Services and Intellectual Property. Cloud Connect consists of our Fax and Voice services and Other Cloud Services consist of Backup, Email Security, Email Marketing and Web Hosting. 2016 Revenue Depreciation and Amortization Operating Income (1) 2015 Revenue Depreciation and Amortization Operating Income (1) 2014 Revenue Depreciation and Amortization Operating Income (1) Cloud Connect (Fax/Voice) Cloud Services Intellectual Property Total Business Cloud Services $ 368,683 $ 193,710 $ 4,545 $ 25,543 172,199 47,872 42,887 6,118 (4,207) $ 353,893 $ 144,980 $ 5,765 $ 22,667 183,332 32,457 30,390 7,261 (3,520) $ 349,538 $ 76,398 $ 5,539 $ 16,929 179,100 14,821 15,196 7,949 (4,413) 566,938 79,533 210,879 504,638 62,385 210,202 431,475 39,699 189,883 (1) During 2016, the Company determined certain personnel and third-party costs were directly attributable to a particular segment. As a result, these costs were no longer classified as Global operating costs in 2016. If such costs in 2015 and 2014 were classified consistent with the 2016 presentation, the operating income for Cloud Connect and Other Cloud Services would have been $168.6 million and $24.1 million, respectively and $167.8 million and $11.5 million, respectively. Digital Media The following segment results are presented for fiscal year 2016, 2015 and 2014 (in thousands): 2016 2015 2014 External net sales $ 307,317 100.0% $ 216,177 99.9% $ 167,555 Inter-segment net sales Segment net sales Cost of revenues Gross profit Operating expenses Segment operating income $ 146 307,463 26,538 280,925 230,225 50,700 — 100.0 8.6 91.4 74.9 16.5% $ 197 216,374 21,749 194,625 164,188 30,437 0.1 100.0 10.1 89.9 75.9 14.1% $ 259 167,814 19,028 148,786 118,293 30,493 99.8% 0.2 100.0 11.3 88.7 70.5 18.2% Segment net sales of $307.5 million in 2016 increased $91.1 million, or 42.1%, and segment net sales of $216.4 million increased $48.6 million, or 28.9%, from the prior comparable period primarily due to business acquisitions subsequent to the prior comparable period. -52- Segment gross profit of $280.9 million in 2016 increased $86.3 million and segment gross profit of $194.6 million in 2015 increased $45.8 million from the prior comparable period primarily due to an increase in net sales between the periods. Gross profit as a percentage of revenues in 2016 and 2015 was consistent with the prior comparable periods. Segment operating expenses of $230.2 million in 2016 increased $66.0 million from the prior comparable period primarily due to (a) increased sales and marketing costs primarily due to additional advertising and personnel costs associated with businesses acquired in and subsequent to 2015; (b) amortization of intangible assets associated with business acquisitions subsequent to the prior comparable period; and (c) an increase in the fair value associated with contingent consideration issued in certain acquisitions. Segment operating expenses of $164.2 million in 2015 increased $45.9 million from the prior comparable period primarily due to increased amortization of intangible assets associated with business acquisitions subsequent to the prior comparable period and an increase in the fair value associated with contingent consideration issued in certain acquisitions. As a result of these factors, segment operating income of $50.7 million in 2016 increased $20.3 million, or 66.6%, from 2015, and segment operating income of $30.4 million in 2015 decreased $(0.1) million, or (0.2)%, from 2014. -53- Liquidity and Capital Resources Cash and Cash Equivalents and Investments At December 31, 2016, we had cash and investments of $124.0 million compared to $413.7 million at December 31, 2015. The decrease in cash and investments resulted primarily from business acquisitions, dividends and repurchase of stock, partially offset by cash provided by operations, maturity of available-for-sale investments, proceeds from a line of credit and the exercise of stock options. At December 31, 2016, cash and investments consisted of cash and cash equivalents of $124.0 million and short-term investments of $0.1 million. Our investments are comprised primarily of readily marketable corporate and governmental debt securities, money-market accounts, equity securities and time deposits. For financial statement presentation, we classify our investments primarily as available-for-sale; thus, they are reported as short- and long-term based upon their maturity dates. Short-term investments mature within one year of the date of the financial statements and long-term investments mature one year or more from the date of the financial statements. Short-term investments include restricted balances which the Company may not liquidate until maturity, generally within 12 months. Restricted balances included in short-term investments were $0.1 million at December 31, 2016. We retain a substantial portion of our cash and investments in foreign jurisdictions for future reinvestment. As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, cash and investments held within foreign and domestic jurisdictions were $48.1 million and $75.9 million and $165.7 million and $248.0 million, respectively. If we were to repatriate funds held within foreign jurisdictions, we would incur U.S. income tax on the repatriated amount at the federal statutory rate of 35% and the state statutory rate where applicable, net of a credit for foreign taxes paid on such amounts. The Company’s Board of Directors approved four quarterly cash dividends during the year ended December 31, 2016, totaling $1.3600 per share of common stock. On February 9, 2017, the Company declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.3650 per share of common stock payable on March 9, 2017 to all stockholders of record as of the close of business on February 22, 2017. Future dividends are subject to Board approval. On December 5, 2016, j2 Global, Inc. completed the acquisition of Everyday Health pursuant to the Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated October 21, 2016, by and among j2, Ziff Davis, LLC (“Ziff Davis”), Project Echo Acquisition Corp, a wholly owned subsidiary of Ziff Davis, and Everyday Health. In connection with the completion of the acquisition, j2 entered into the Credit Agreement. Pursuant to the Credit Agreement, the Lenders have provided j2 with a credit facility of $225.0 million (the “Credit Facility”), $180.0 million of which was drawn at the closing of the Everyday Health acquisition and used to finance a portion of the cash consideration in the acquisition (see Note 3 - Business Acquisitions). The Company must repay $30.0 million six months subsequent to the Closing Date. In order to timely complete the Everyday Health acquisition, the Company also temporarily borrowed $126.8 million from its non-US subsidiaries. The temporary borrowing of foreign funds did not result in incremental U.S. tax expense for the year ended December 31, 2016 due to the availability of foreign tax credits. The Company has the ability, in the short term, to repay its non-U.S. subsidiaries from additional domestic financing or cash from its domestic operations. At December 31, 2016, the Company does not expect the borrowing from its non-U.S. subsidiaries to result in incremental U.S. tax expense in future periods due to the availability of foreign tax credits. Additionally, j2 is in the process of negotiating and expects to secure commitments for domestic-based financing that would provide further U.S. liquidity; however, there are no assurances that it will consummate such financing. The Company’s practice and intent is to continue to indefinitely reinvest earnings from its non-U.S. subsidiaries to support growth outside of the U.S. through funding of acquisitions, operating expenses, research and development expenses, capital expenditures and other cash needs of its non-U.S. subsidiaries. Should the Company’s domestic cash from operations and refinancing not result in liquidity sufficient to repay the loans from its foreign subsidiaries as anticipated, the Company could have a higher effective tax rate in future periods. It is not practical to estimate potential incremental U.S. taxes if U.S. liquidity does not meet the Company’s expectations. We currently anticipate that our existing cash and cash equivalents and short-term investment balances and cash generated from operations will be sufficient to meet our anticipated needs for working capital, capital expenditure, investment requirements, stock repurchases and cash dividends for at least the next 12 months. -54- Cash Flows Our primary sources of liquidity are cash flows generated from operations, together with cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments. Net cash provided by operating activities was $282.4 million, $229.1 million and $177.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Our operating cash flows resulted primarily from cash received from our customers offset by cash payments we made to third parties for their services, employee compensation and interest payments associated with our debt. The increase in our net cash provided by operating activities in 2016 compared to 2015 was primarily attributable to an increase in depreciation and amortization, income tax payable, liability for uncertain tax positions and deferred income tax balances, additional amortization of financing costs and discounts and share-based compensation, partially offset by an increase in accounts receivable and decrease in other long term liabilities. The increase in our net cash provided by operating activities in 2015 compared to 2014 was primarily attributable to an increase in depreciation and amortization, additional amortization of financing costs and discounts, share-based compensation and an increase in accounts payable, accrued expense balances and long-term liabilities, partially offset by a decrease in the income tax payable and deferred income tax balances. Our prepaid tax payments were zero and $11.6 million at December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Our cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments were $124.0 million, $335.2 million and $529.9 million at December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Net cash used in investing activities was $(448.9) million, $(335.7) million and $(275.5) million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Net cash used in investing activities in 2016 was primarily attributable to business acquisitions, purchase of available-for-sale investments, purchases of property and equipment and investments in intangible assets, partially offset by the sale of available-for-sale investments. Net cash used in investing activities in 2015 was primarily attributable to business acquisitions, purchase of available-for-sale investments, purchases of property and equipment and investments in intangible assets, partially offset by the sale of available-for-sale investments and maturity of certificates of deposit. Net cash used in investing activities in 2014 was primarily attributable to business acquisitions, purchase of available-for-sale investments, purchases of property and equipment and investments in intangible assets, partially offset by the sale of available-for-sale investments and maturity of certificates of deposit. Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities was $41.2 million, $(67.4) million and $327.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Net cash provided by financing activities in 2016 was primarily attributable to proceeds from a line of credit, exercise of stock options and excess tax benefit from share-based compensation, partially offset by dividends paid, deferred payments for acquisitions and the repurchase of stock. Net cash used in by financing activities in 2015 was primarily attributable to dividends paid, deferred payments for acquisitions and the repurchase of stock, partially offset by the exercise of stock options and excess tax benefit from share-based compensation. Net cash provided by financing activities in 2014 was primarily attributable to the proceeds from the sale of the Convertible Notes, proceeds from the exercise of stock options and excess tax benefit from share-based compensation, partially offset by dividends paid, deferred payments for acquisitions and the repurchase of stock. Stock Repurchase Program Effective February 15, 2012, our Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to five million shares of our common stock through February 20, 2013 (see Note 21 - Subsequent Events for discussion regarding the extension of the share repurchase program to February 19, 2018). In July 2016, the Company acquired and subsequently retired 935,231 shares of j2 Global common stock in connection with the acquisition of Integrated Global Concepts, Inc. (see Note 3 - Business Acquisitions). As a result of the purchase of j2 Global common stock, the Company’s Board of Directors approved a reduction in the number of shares available for purchase under the 2012 Program by the same amount leaving 1,938,689 shares of j2 Global common stock available for purchase under this program. -55- Contractual Obligations and Commitments The following table summarizes our contractual obligations and commitments as of December 31, 2016: Contractual Obligations Long-term debt - principal (a) Long-term debt - interest (b) Line of Credit - principal (c) Operating leases (d) Capital leases (e) Telecom services and co-location facilities (f) Holdback payment (g) Contingent consideration (h) Other (i) Total ________________________ Payment Due by Period (in thousands) More than 5 Years 2-3 Years Total 1 Year $ — $ 33,081 180,000 14,799 53 5,182 15,540 20,000 718 269,373 $ $ 4-5 Years 652,500 39,344 — 16,728 — 43 — — — 708,615 $ — $ 66,163 — 25,848 11 2,813 — — — 94,835 $ $ — $ — — 16,845 — — — — — 16,845 652,500 138,588 180,000 74,220 64 8,038 15,540 20,000 718 $ 1,089,668 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) These amounts represent principal on long-term debt. These amounts represent interest on long-term debt. These amounts represent principal on the line of credit (see Note 9 - Commitments and Contingencies). The associated interest is not included in the schedule above due its variable nature. These amounts represent undiscounted future minimum rental commitments under noncancellable operating leases. These amounts represent undiscounted future minimum rental commitments under noncancellable capital leases. These amounts represent service commitments to various telecommunication providers. These amounts represent the holdback amounts in connection with certain business acquisitions. These amounts represent the contingent earn-out liabilities in connection with certain business acquisitions. These amounts primarily represent certain consulting and Board of Director fee arrangements. As of December 31, 2016, our liability for uncertain tax positions was $46.5 million. The future payments related to uncertain tax positions have not been presented in the table above due to the uncertainty of the amounts and timing of cash settlement with the taxing authorities. We have not presented contingent consideration (other than $20 million in contingent consideration associated with the acquisition of Ookla) in the table above due to the uncertainty of the amounts and the timing of cash settlements. Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements We are not party to any material off-balance sheet arrangements. -56- Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk The following discussion of the market risks we face contains forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties. Actual results could differ materially from those discussed in the forward-looking statements. Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which reflect management’s opinions only as of the date hereof. j2 Global undertakes no obligation to revise or publicly release the results of any revision to these forward- looking statements, except as required by law. Readers should carefully review the risk factors described in this document as well as in other documents we file from time to time with the SEC, including the Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and any Current Reports on Form 8-K filed or to be filed by us in 2017. Interest Rate Risk Our exposure to market risk for changes in interest rates relates primarily to our investment portfolio. The primary objectives of our investment activities are to preserve our principal while at the same time maximizing yields without significantly increasing risk. To achieve these objectives, we maintain our portfolio of cash equivalents and investments in a mix of instruments that meet high credit quality standards, as specified in our investment policy. Our cash and cash equivalents are not subject to significant interest rate risk due to the short maturities of these instruments. As of December 31, 2016, the carrying value of our cash and cash equivalents approximated fair value. Our return on these investments is subject to interest rate fluctuations. As of December 31, 2016, we had no investments in debt securities with effective maturities greater than one year. As of December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, we had cash and cash equivalent investments in time deposits and money market funds with maturities of three months or less of $124.0 million and $255.5 million, respectively. We cannot ensure that future interest rate movements will not have a material adverse effect on our future business, prospects, financial condition, operating results and cash flows. To date, we have not entered into interest rate hedging transactions to control or minimize certain of these risks. Foreign Currency Risk We conduct business in certain foreign markets, primarily in Canada, Australia and the European Union. Our principal exposure to foreign currency risk relates to investment and inter-company debt in foreign subsidiaries that transact business in functional currencies other than the U.S. Dollar, primarily the Australian Dollar, the Canadian Dollar, the Euro, the Hong Kong Dollar, the Japanese Yen, the New Zealand Dollar, the Norwegian Kroner and the British Pound Sterling. If we are unable to settle our short-term intercompany debts in a timely manner, we remain exposed to foreign currency fluctuations. As we expand our international presence, we become further exposed to foreign currency risk by entering new markets with additional foreign currencies. The economic impact of currency exchange rate movements is often linked to variability in real growth, inflation, interest rates, governmental actions and other factors. These changes, if material, could cause us to adjust our financing and operating strategies. As currency exchange rates change, translation of the income statements of the international businesses into U.S. Dollars affects year-over-year comparability of operating results, the impact of which is immaterial to the comparisons set forth in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Historically, we have not hedged translation risks because cash flows from international operations were generally reinvested locally; however, we may do so in the future. Our objective in managing foreign exchange risk is to minimize the potential exposure to changes that exchange rates might have on earnings, cash flows and financial position. Foreign exchange losses were not material to our earnings in 2016, 2015 or 2014. For the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, foreign currency transaction losses amounted to $(0.7) million, $(0.1) million and $(0.1) million, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, cumulative translation adjustments included in other comprehensive income amounted to $(23.1) million and $(15.1) million, respectively. We currently do not have derivative financial instruments for hedging, speculative or trading purposes and therefore are not subject to such hedging risk. However, we may in the future engage in hedging transactions to manage our exposure to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. -57- Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM Board of Directors and Stockholders j2 Global, Inc. Los Angeles, California We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of j2 Global, Inc. (“Company”) as of December 31, 2016 and 2015 and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2016. In connection with our audits of the financial statements, we have also audited the financial statement schedule listed in the accompanying index. These financial statements and schedule are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements and schedule based on our audits. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements and schedule. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of j2 Global, Inc. at December 31, 2016 and 2015, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2016, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also, in our opinion, the financial statement schedule, when considered in relation to the basic consolidated financial statements taken as a whole, presents fairly, in all material respects, the information set forth therein. As discussed in Note 2 (w) to the consolidated financial statements, the Company changed the classification of deferred taxes in the consolidated balance sheet in 2016 due to the adoption of Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2015-17, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes. This change was applied prospectively. Also, as discussed in Note 2 (w) to the consolidated financial statements, the Company changed its method of presentation of debt issuance costs in 2016 due to the adoption of ASU 2015-03, Interest-Imputation of Interest (Subtopic 835-30), Simplifying the Presentation of Debt Issuance Costs. This change was applied retrospectively to all periods presented. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), j2 Global, Inc.'s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) and our report dated March 1, 2017 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. /s/ BDO USA, LLP Los Angeles, California March 1, 2017 -58- j2 GLOBAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS December 31, 2016 and 2015 (In thousands, except share amounts) ASSETS Cash and cash equivalents Short-term investments Accounts receivable, net of allowances of $7,988 and $4,261, respectively Prepaid expenses and other current assets Deferred income taxes, current Total current assets Long-term investments Property and equipment, net Trade names, net Patent and patent licenses, net Customer relationships, net Goodwill Other purchased intangibles, net Deferred income taxes, non-current Other assets Total assets LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY Accounts payable and accrued expenses Income taxes payable Deferred revenue, current Line of credit Capital lease, current Deferred income taxes, current Total current liabilities Long-term debt Deferred revenue, non-current Capital lease, non-current Liability for uncertain tax positions Deferred income taxes, non-current Other long-term liabilities Total liabilities Commitments and contingencies Preferred stock - Series A, $0.01 par value. Authorized 6,000 at December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively; total issued and outstanding is zero and zero at December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Preferred stock - Series B, $0.01 par value. Authorized 20,000 at December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively; total issued and outstanding is zero and zero at December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Common stock, $0.01 par value. Authorized 95,000,000 at December 31, 2016 and 2015; total issued and outstanding 47,443,716 and 47,950,677 shares at December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Additional paid-in capital Retained earnings Accumulated other comprehensive loss Total stockholders’ equity Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements -59- $ $ $ 2016 2015 $ $ $ 123,950 60 199,871 24,118 — 347,999 — 68,094 115,853 13,928 208,155 1,122,810 173,755 5,289 6,445 2,062,328 178,071 16,753 80,384 178,817 64 — 454,089 601,746 1,588 — 46,537 40,357 3,475 1,147,792 — — — 255,530 79,655 114,680 25,722 7,218 482,805 78,563 57,442 118,965 18,841 197,319 807,661 17,516 — 4,607 1,783,719 114,384 5,589 76,104 — 214 363 196,654 592,037 6,538 148 35,917 43,989 18,228 893,511 — — — 474 479 308,329 660,382 (54,649) 914,536 292,064 626,789 (29,124) 890,208 $ 2,062,328 $ 1,783,719 j2 GLOBAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME Years Ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 (In thousands, except share and per share data) Total revenues Cost of revenues (1) Gross profit Operating expenses: Sales and marketing (1) Research, development and engineering (1) General and administrative (1) Total operating expenses Income from operations Interest expense, net Other expense (income), net Income before income taxes Income tax expense Net income Less extinguishment of Series A preferred stock Net income per common share: Basic Diluted Weighted average shares outstanding: Basic Diluted Cash dividends paid per common share (1) Includes share-based compensation expense as follows: Cost of revenues Sales and marketing Research, development and engineering General and administrative Total 2016 2015 2014 $ 874,255 $ 720,815 $ 599,030 147,100 727,155 206,871 38,046 239,672 484,589 242,566 41,370 (10,243) 211,439 59,000 152,439 — 122,958 597,857 159,009 34,329 205,137 398,475 199,382 42,458 5 156,919 23,283 133,636 — 105,989 493,041 141,967 30,680 134,188 306,835 186,206 31,204 (165) 155,167 29,840 125,327 (991) 124,336 3.15 3.13 $ $ 2.76 2.73 $ $ 2.60 2.58 47,668,357 47,627,853 46,778,015 47,963,226 48,087,760 47,106,538 1.36 $ 1.22 $ 1.10 436 $ 373 $ 1,782 904 10,528 2,435 863 8,122 $ 13,650 $ 11,793 $ 345 1,944 721 5,898 8,908 $ $ $ $ Net income attributable to j2 Global, Inc. common shareholders $ 152,439 $ 133,636 $ See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements -60- j2 GLOBAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME Years Ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 (In thousands) 2016 2015 2014 Net Income $ 152,439 $ 133,636 $ 125,327 Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax: Foreign currency translation adjustment Change in fair value on available-for-sale investments, net of tax expense (benefit) of $1,495, ($4,556) and $2,757 for the year ended 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. (23,076) (2,449) (15,058) (6,939) (14,694) 3,332 Other comprehensive loss, net of tax Comprehensive Income (25,525) 126,914 $ (21,997) 111,639 (11,362) $ 113,965 $ See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements -61- j2 GLOBAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS Years Ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 (In thousands) Cash flows from operating activities: Net income 2016 2015 2014 $ 152,439 $ 133,636 $ 125,327 Adjustments to reconcile net earnings to net cash provided by operating activities: Depreciation and amortization Accretion and amortization of discount and premium of investments Amortization of financing costs and discounts Share-based compensation Excess tax benefits from share-based compensation Provision for doubtful accounts Deferred income taxes, net Gain on available-for-sale investments Changes in assets and liabilities, net of effects of business combinations: Decrease (increase) in: Accounts receivable Prepaid expenses and other current assets Other assets Increase (decrease) in: Accounts payable and accrued expenses Income taxes payable Deferred revenue Liability for uncertain tax positions Other long-term liabilities Net cash provided by operating activities Cash flows from investing activities: Maturity of certificates of deposit Purchase of certificates of deposit Maturity of available-for-sale investments Purchase of available-for-sale investments Purchases of property and equipment Proceeds from sale of assets Acquisition of businesses, net of cash received Purchases of intangible assets Net cash used in investing activities Cash flows from financing activities: Issuance of long-term debt Debt issuance costs Proceeds from line of credit, net Repurchases of common and restricted stock Issuance of common stock under employee stock purchase plan Exercise of stock options Dividends paid Excess tax benefits from share-based compensation Deferred payments for acquisitions Other Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents Net change in cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period Cash and cash equivalents at end of period $ 122,091 1,031 9,818 13,650 (2,271) 13,169 (13,779) (7,716) (30,687) (957) 743 6,363 25,409 (4,213) 10,620 (13,323) 282,387 — — 241,817 (80,918) (24,746) — (580,691) (4,321) (448,859) — — 178,710 (56,496) 254 3,570 (65,835) 2,271 (20,832) (492) 41,150 (6,258) (131,580) 255,530 123,950 $ 93,213 1,207 9,105 11,793 (4,486) 6,872 (17,083) (549) (18,508) 1,461 (602) 8,757 3,578 (3,480) (5,718) 9,865 229,061 65 (62) 121,687 (135,832) (17,297) — (302,809) (1,455) (335,703) — — — (3,674) 260 4,958 (58,826) 4,486 (14,271) (296) (67,363) (4,128) (178,133) 433,663 255,530 $ 62,953 1,334 5,045 8,908 (5,512) 4,702 (10,033) (90) (11,078) (3,212) (42) (5,447) 10,797 (711) (6,313) 603 177,231 14,520 (65) 110,363 (138,452) (11,829) 608 (245,278) (5,336) (275,469) 402,500 (11,991) — (5,663) 265 6,621 (52,269) 5,512 (16,512) (933) 327,530 (3,430) 225,862 207,801 433,663 See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements -62- j2 GLOBAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY Years Ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 (in thousands, except share amounts) Common stock Preferred Series A Preferred A Additional paid- Preferred B Additional Accumulated Total Preferred Series B Additional paid- paid-in Retained other comprehensive Stockholders’ Shares Amount Shares Amount in capital Shares Amount in capital capital earnings income/(loss) equity 5,064 $ — $ 4,774 4,155 $ — $ 6,575 $ 216,872 $ 484,850 $ 4,235 $ (113,256) (1) Balance, January 1, 2014 46,105,076 $ Net income Other comprehensive income, net of tax benefit $2,757 Dividends — — — Exercise of stock options 433,008 Issuance of shares under Employee Stock Purchase Plan Equity portion of convertible debt Vested restricted stock Repurchase and retirement of common stock Extinguishment of Series A preferred stock Exchange of Series B preferred stock Share based compensation Excess tax benefit on share based compensation 5,735 — 565,713 235,665 177,573 — — Balance, December 31, 2014 47,409,514 $ Net income Other comprehensive income, net of tax benefit ($4,556) Dividends — — — Exercise of stock options 221,221 Issuance of shares under Employee Stock Purchase Plan Vested restricted stock Repurchase and retirement of common stock Exchange of Series B preferred stock Share based compensation Excess tax benefit on share based compensation 4,020 278,092 (53,904) 91,734 — — Balance, December 31, 2015 47,950,677 $ 461 — — — 4 — — 6 2 2 — — 474 — — — 2 — 3 (1) 1 — — 479 — — — — — — — — (5,064) — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — $ — $ — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — $ — $ — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 125,327 — — (11,362) — — — — — — — — (4,774) — — — — — — — — — — (4,155) — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 6,617 265 36,478 (6) (52,269) — — — — (2,245) (3,417) 989 (991) (6,575) — — (2) 8,824 5,512 — 84 — — $ — $ — $ 273,304 $ 553,584 $ (7,127) $ — 133,636 — — (21,997) — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 4,956 260 (3) (58,826) — — — (1,955) (1,718) (1) 11,017 4,486 — 113 — — $ — $ — $ 292,064 $ 626,789 $ (29,124) $ 890,208 -63- 706,418 125,327 (11,362) (52,269) 6,621 265 36,478 — (5,663) — — 8,908 5,512 820,235 133,636 (21,997) (58,826) 4,958 260 — (3,674) — 11,130 4,486 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — Net income Other comprehensive income, net of tax expense $1,495 Dividends — — — Exercise of stock options 142,870 Issuance of shares under Employee Stock Purchase Plan Vested restricted stock 3,918 270,098 — — — 1 — 3 Repurchase and retirement of common stock (1,015,584) (10) Exchange of Series B preferred stock Share based compensation Excess tax benefit on share based compensation 91,737 — — Balance, December 31, 2016 47,443,716 $ 1 — — 474 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — $ — $ — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 152,439 — 152,439 — (25,525) — — 3,569 254 (3) (65,835) — — — (3,344) (53,142) (1) 13,519 2,271 — 131 — (25,525) (65,835) 3,570 254 — (56,496) — 13,650 2,271 — — — — — — — — — $ — $ — $ 308,329 $ 660,382 $ (54,649) $ 914,536 See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements -64- j2 GLOBAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS DECEMBER 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 1. The Company j2 Global, Inc., together with its subsidiaries (“j2 Global” or the “Company”), is a leading provider of Internet services. Through its Business Cloud Services Division, the Company provides cloud services to businesses of all sizes, from individuals to enterprises, and licenses its intellectual property (“IP”) to third parties. In addition, the Business Cloud Services Division includes j2 Cloud Connect, which is primarily focused on our voice and fax products. The Digital Media Division specializes in the technology, gaming, lifestyle and healthcare markets, reaching in-market buyers and influencers in both the consumer and business- to-business space. 2. Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (a) Principles of Consolidation The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of j2 Global and its direct and indirect wholly- owned subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Reorganization On June 10, 2014, j2 Global, Inc., a Delaware corporation, completed a corporate reorganization (the “Holding Company Reorganization”) pursuant to which j2 Global, Inc. (the “Predecessor”), merged with j2 Merger Sub, Inc., a Delaware corporation and an indirect, wholly owned subsidiary of the Predecessor, and changed its name to “j2 Cloud Services, Inc.” The Predecessor surviving the merger became a direct, wholly owned subsidiary of a new public holding company, j2 Global Holdings, Inc. (the “Holding Company”), which in connection with the merger changed its name to j2 Global, Inc. At the effective time of the merger and in connection with the Holding Company Reorganization, all outstanding shares of common stock and preferred stock of the Predecessor were automatically converted into identical shares of common stock or preferred stock, as applicable, of the Holding Company on a one-for-one basis, and the Predecessor’s existing stockholders and other equity holders became stockholders and equity holders, as applicable, of the Holding Company in the same amounts and percentages as they were in the Predecessor prior to the Holding Company Reorganization. On August 10, 2016, j2 Cloud Services, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company and a Delaware corporation, converted into a Delaware limited liability company which continues as j2 Cloud Services, LLC. On August 12, 2016, all of the equity interests in Ziff Davis, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, and all of the equity interests in Advanced Messaging Technologies, Inc., a Delaware corporation, held by j2 Cloud Services, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, were distributed to j2 Global, the parent company of j2 Cloud Services, LLC. (b) Use of Estimates The preparation of consolidated financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, including judgments about investment classifications, and the reported amounts of net revenue and expenses during the reporting period. We believe that our most significant estimates are those related to valuation and impairment of marketable securities, valuation of assets acquired and liabilities assumed in connection with business combinations, long-lived and intangible asset impairment, contingent consideration, income taxes and contingencies and allowance for doubtful accounts. On an ongoing basis, management evaluates its estimates based on historical experience and on various other factors that the Company believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results could materially differ from those estimates. -65- (c) Allowances for Doubtful Accounts j2 Global reserves for receivables it may not be able to collect. These reserves for the Company’s Business Cloud Services segment are typically driven by the volume of credit card declines and past due invoices and are based on historical experience as well as an evaluation of current market conditions. These reserves for the Company’s Digital Media segment are typically driven by past due invoices based on historical experience. On an ongoing basis, management evaluates the adequacy of these reserves. (d) Revenue Recognition Business Cloud Services The Company’s Business Cloud Services revenues substantially consist of monthly recurring subscription and usage- based fees, which are primarily paid in advance by credit card. In accordance with GAAP, the Company recognizes revenue when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, services have been provided, the sales price is fixed and determinable and collection is probable. The Company defers the portions of monthly, quarterly, semi-annually and annually recurring subscription and usage- based fees collected in advance and recognizes them in the period earned. Additionally, the Company defers and recognizes subscriber activation fees and related direct incremental costs over a subscriber’s estimated useful life. Along with our numerous proprietary Business Cloud Services solutions, the Company also generates revenues by reselling various third party solutions, primarily through our email security and online backup lines of business. These third party solutions, along with our proprietary products, allow the Company to offer customers a variety of solutions to better meet their needs. The Company determines whether reseller revenue should be reported on a gross or net basis by assessing whether the Company is acting as the principal or an agent in the transaction. If the Company is acting as the principal in a transaction, the Company reports revenue on a gross basis. If the Company is acting as an agent in a transaction, the Company reports revenue on a net basis. In determining whether the Company acts as the principal or an agent, the Company follows the accounting guidance for principal- agent considerations and the Company places the most weight on three factors: whether or not the Company (i) is the primary obligor in the arrangement, (ii) has latitude in determining pricing and (iii) bears credit risk. The Company records revenue on a gross basis with respect to reseller revenue as the Company is the primary obligator in the arrangement, has latitude in determining pricing and bears all credit risk associated with our reseller program partners. j2 Global’s Business Cloud Services also include patent license revenues generated under license agreements that provide for the payment of contractually determined fully paid-up or royalty-bearing license fees to j2 Global in exchange for the grant of non-exclusive, retroactive and future licenses to our intellectual property, including patented technology. Patent revenues may also consist of revenues generated from the sale of patents. Patent license revenues are recognized when earned over the term of the license agreements. With regard to fully paid-up license arrangements, the Company recognizes as revenue in the period the license agreement is executed the portion of the payment attributable to past use of the intellectual property and amortizes the remaining portion of such payments on a straight-line basis, or pro-rata revenue basis, as appropriate over the life of the licensed patent(s). With regard to royalty-bearing license arrangements, the Company recognizes revenues of license fees earned during the applicable period. With regard to patent sales, the Company recognizes as revenue in the period of the sale the amount of the purchase price over the carrying value of the patent(s) sold. The Business Cloud Services business also generates revenues by licensing certain technology to third parties. These licensing revenues are recognized when earned in accordance with the terms of the underlying agreement. Generally, revenue is recognized as the third party uses the licensed technology over the period. Digital Media The Company’s Digital Media revenues primarily consist of revenues generated from the sale of advertising campaigns that are targeted to the Company’s proprietary websites and to those websites operated by third parties that are part of the Digital Media business’s advertising network. Revenues for these advertising campaigns are recognized as earned, either when an ad is placed for viewing by a visitor to the appropriate web page or when the visitor “clicks through” on the ad, depending upon the terms with the individual advertiser. Revenues for Digital Media business-to-business operations consist of lead-generation campaigns for IT vendors and are recognized as earned when the Company delivers the qualified leads to the customer. j2 Global also generates Digital Media revenues through the license of certain assets to clients, for the clients’ use in their own promotional materials or otherwise. Such assets may include logos, editorial reviews, or other copyrighted material. Revenues -66- under such license agreements are recognized when the assets are delivered to the client. Also, Digital Media revenues are generated through the license of certain speed testing technology which is recognized when delivered to the client through providing data services primarily to Internet Service Providers (“ISPs”) and wireless carriers which is recognized as earned over the term of the access period. The Digital Media business also generates other types of revenues, including business listing fees, subscriptions to online publications, and from other sources. Such other revenues are recognized as earned. The Company determines whether Digital Media revenue should be reported on a gross or net basis by assessing whether the Company is acting as the principal or an agent in the transaction. If the Company is acting as the principal in a transaction, the Company reports revenue on a gross basis. If the Company is acting as an agent in a transaction, the Company reports revenue on a net basis. In determining whether the Company acts as the principal or an agent, the Company follows the accounting guidance for principal-agent considerations and the Company places the most weight on three factors: whether or not the Company (i) is the primary obligor in the arrangement, (ii) has latitude in determining pricing and (iii) bears credit risk. The Company records revenue on a gross basis with respect to revenue generated (i) by the Company serving online display and video advertising across its owned-and-operated web properties, on third party sites or on unaffiliated advertising networks, (ii) through the Company’s lead-generation business and (iii) through the Company’s Digital Media licensing program. The Company records revenue on a net basis with respect to revenue paid to the Company by certain third-party advertising networks who serve online display and video advertising across the Company’s owned-and-operated web properties and certain third party sites. (e) Fair Value Measurements j2 Global complies with the provisions of Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standard Codification (“ASC”) Topic No. 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures (“ASC 820”), in measuring fair value and in disclosing fair value measurements. ASC 820 provides a framework for measuring fair value and expands the disclosures required for fair value measurements of financial and non-financial assets and liabilities. As of December 31, 2016, the carrying value of cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments, accounts receivable, interest receivable, accounts payable, accrued expenses, interest payable, customer deposits and long-term debt are reflected in the financial statements at cost. With the exception of long-term debt, cost approximates fair value due to the short-term nature of such instruments. The fair value of the Company’s outstanding debt was determined using the quoted market prices of debt instruments with similar terms and maturities, if available. As of the same dates, the carrying value of other long-term liabilities approximated fair value as the related interest rates approximate rates currently available to j2 Global. (f) Cash and Cash Equivalents j2 Global considers cash equivalents to be only those investments that are highly liquid, readily convertible to cash and with maturities of three months or less at the purchase date. (g) Investments j2 Global accounts for its investments in debt and equity securities in accordance with FASB ASC Topic No. 320, Investments - Debt and Equity Securities (“ASC 320”). Debt investments are typically comprised of corporate and governmental debt securities. Equity securities recorded as available-for-sale represent strategic equity investments. j2 Global determines the appropriate classification of its investments at the time of acquisition and evaluates such determination at each balance sheet date. Held-to-maturity securities are those investments which the Company has the ability and intent to hold until maturity and are recorded at amortized cost. Available-for-sale securities are those investments j2 Global does not intend to hold to maturity and can be sold. Available-for-sale securities are carried at fair value with unrealized gains and losses included in other comprehensive income. Trading securities are carried at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses included in investment income. Securities are accounted for on a specific identification basis, average cost method or other method, as appropriate. (h) Debt Issuance Costs and Debt Discount j2 Global capitalizes costs incurred with borrowing and issuance of debt securities and records debt issuance costs and discounts as a reduction to the debt amount. These costs and discounts are amortized and included in interest expense over the life of the borrowing or term of the credit facility using the effective interest method. -67- (i) Derivative Instruments j2 Global currently holds an embedded derivative instrument related to contingent interest in connection with its 3.25% Convertible Notes issued on June 10, 2014. This embedded derivative instrument is carried at fair value with changes recorded to interest expense (see Note 5 - Fair Value Measurements). (j) Concentration of Credit Risk All of the Company’s cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities are invested at major financial institutions primarily within the United States, United Kingdom and Ireland. These institutions are required to invest the Company’s cash in accordance with the Company’s investment policy with the principal objectives being preservation of capital, fulfillment of liquidity needs and above market returns commensurate with preservation of capital. The Company’s investment policy also requires that investments in marketable securities be in only highly rated instruments, with limitations on investing in securities of any single issuer. However, these investments are not insured against the possibility of a total or near complete loss of earnings or principal and are inherently subject to the credit risk related to the continued credit worthiness of the underlying issuer and general credit market risks. At December 31, 2016, the Company’s cash and cash equivalents were maintained in accounts that are insured up to the limit determined by the applicable governmental agency. The Company’s deposits held in qualifying financial institutions in Ireland are fully insured through March 28, 2018 to the extent on deposit prior to March 28, 2013. With respect to the Company’s deposits with financial institutions in other jurisdictions, the insured amount held in other institutions is immaterial in comparison to the total amount of the Company’s cash and cash equivalents held by these institutions which is not insured. These institutions are primarily in the United States and United Kingdom, however, the Company has accounts within several other countries including Australia, Austria, China, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, New Zealand and the Netherlands. (k) Foreign Currency Some of j2 Global’s foreign subsidiaries use the local currency of their respective countries as their functional currency. Assets and liabilities are translated at exchange rates prevailing at the balance sheet dates. Revenues, costs and expenses are translated into U.S. Dollars at average exchange rates for the period. Gains and losses resulting from translation are recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). Net translation gain/(loss) was $(23.1) million, $(15.1) million and $(14.7) million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Realized gains and losses from foreign currency transactions are recognized within other expense (income), net. Net transaction gain/(loss) was $(0.7) million, $(0.1) million and $(0.1) million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. (l) Property and Equipment Property and equipment are stated at cost. Equipment under capital leases is stated at the present value of the minimum lease payments. Depreciation is calculated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. The estimated useful lives of property and equipment range from 1 to 10 years. Fixtures, which are comprised primarily of leasehold improvements and equipment under capital leases, are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives or for leasehold improvements, the related lease term, if less. The Company has capitalized certain internal use software and website development costs which are included in property and equipment. The estimated useful life of costs capitalized is evaluated for each specific project and ranges from 1 to 5 years. (m) Long-Lived Assets j2 Global accounts for long-lived assets, which include property and equipment and identifiable intangible assets with finite useful lives (subject to amortization), in accordance with the provisions of FASB ASC Topic No. 360, Property, Plant, and Equipment (“ASC 360”), which requires that long-lived assets be reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability is measured by comparing the carrying amount of an asset to the expected undiscounted future net cash flows generated by the asset. If it is determined that the asset may not be recoverable, and if the carrying amount of an asset exceeds its estimated fair value, an impairment charge is recognized to the extent of the difference. j2 Global assessed whether events or changes in circumstances have occurred that potentially indicate the carrying amount of long-lived assets may not be recoverable. No impairment was recorded in fiscal year 2016, 2015 or 2014. -68- (n) Goodwill and Intangible Assets Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired in a business combination. Intangible assets resulting from the acquisitions of entities accounted for using the purchase method of accounting are recorded at the estimated fair value of the assets acquired. Identifiable intangible assets are comprised of purchased customer relationships, trademarks and trade names, developed technologies and other intangible assets. Intangible assets subject to amortization are amortized over the period of estimated economic benefit ranging from 1 to 20 years. In accordance with FASB ASC Topic No. 350, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (“ASC 350”), goodwill and other intangible assets with indefinite lives are not amortized but tested annually for impairment or more frequently if j2 Global believes indicators of impairment exist. In connection with the annual impairment test for goodwill, the Company has the option to perform a qualitative assessment in determining whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If the Company determines that it was more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, then it performs the impairment test upon goodwill. The impairment test involves a two-step process. The first step involves comparing the fair values of the applicable reporting units with their aggregate carrying values, including goodwill. The Company generally determines the fair value of its reporting units using the income approach methodology of valuation. If the carrying value of a reporting unit exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value, j2 Global performs the second step of the test to determine the amount of impairment loss. The second step involves measuring the impairment by comparing the implied fair values of the affected reporting unit’s goodwill and intangible assets with the respective carrying values. In connection with the annual impairment test for indefinite-lived intangible assets, we have the option to perform a qualitative assessment in determining whether it is more likely than not that the fair value is less than its carrying amount, then we perform the impairment test upon indefinite-lived intangible assets. The impairment testing for indefinite-lived intangible assets consists of comparing the carrying values to the fair values and an impairment loss is recorded if the carrying value exceeds the fair value. j2 Global completed the required impairment review at the end of 2016, 2015 and 2014 and concluded that there were no impairments. Consequently, no impairment charges were recorded. (o) Contingent Consideration j2 Global measures the contingent earn-out liabilities in connection with acquisitions at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy (see Note 5 - Fair Value Measurements). The Company may use various valuation techniques depending on the terms and conditions of the contingent consideration including a Monte-Carlo simulation. This simulation uses a probability distribution for each significant input to produce hundreds or thousands of possible outcomes and the results are analyzed to determine probabilities of different outcomes occurring. Significant increases or decreases to these inputs in isolation would result in a significantly higher or lower liability with a higher liability capped by the contractual maximum of the contingent earn-out obligation. Ultimately, the liability will be equivalent to the amount paid, and the difference between the fair value estimate and amount paid will be recorded in earnings. The amount paid that is less than or equal to the liability on the acquisition date is reflected as cash used in financing activities in our consolidated statements of cash flows. Any amount paid in excess of the liability on the acquisition date is reflected as cash used in operating activities. j2 Global reviews and re-assess the estimated fair value of contingent consideration on a quarterly basis, and the updated fair value could differ materially from the initial estimates. Changes in the estimated fair value of our contingent earn-out liabilities related to the time component of the present value calculation are reported in interest expense. Adjustments to the estimated fair value related to changes in all other unobservable inputs are reported in operating income. (p) Income Taxes j2 Global’s income is subject to taxation in both the U.S. and numerous foreign jurisdictions. Significant judgment is required in evaluating the Company’s tax positions and determining its provision for income taxes. During the ordinary course of business, there are many transactions and calculations for which the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. j2 Global establishes reserves for tax-related uncertainties based on estimates of whether, and the extent to which, additional taxes will be due. These reserves for tax contingencies are established when the Company believes that certain positions might be challenged despite the Company’s belief that its tax return positions are fully supportable. j2 Global adjusts these reserves in light of changing facts and circumstances, such as the outcome of a tax audit or lapse of a statute of limitations. The provision for income taxes includes the impact of reserve provisions and changes to reserves that are considered appropriate. j2 Global accounts for income taxes in accordance with FASB ASC Topic No. 740, Income Taxes (“ASC 740”), which requires that deferred tax assets and liabilities be recognized using enacted tax rates for the effect of temporary differences between the book and tax basis of recorded assets and liabilities. ASC 740 also requires that deferred tax assets be reduced by a valuation allowance if it is more likely than not that some or all of the net deferred tax assets will not be realized. The valuation allowance -69- is reviewed quarterly based upon the facts and circumstances known at the time. In assessing this valuation allowance, j2 Global reviews historical and future expected operating results and other factors, including its recent cumulative earnings experience, expectations of future taxable income by taxing jurisdiction and the carryforward periods available for tax reporting purposes, to determine whether it is more likely than not that deferred tax assets are realizable. ASC 740 provides guidance on the minimum threshold that an uncertain income tax benefit is required to meet before it can be recognized in the financial statements and applies to all income tax positions taken by a company. ASC 740 contains a two- step approach to recognizing and measuring uncertain income tax positions. The first step is to evaluate the tax position for recognition by determining if the weight of available evidence indicates that it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained on audit, including resolution of related appeals or litigation processes, if any. The second step is to measure the tax benefit as the largest amount that is more than 50% likely of being realized upon settlement. If it is not more likely than not that the benefit will be sustained on its technical merits, no benefit will be recorded. Uncertain income tax positions that relate only to timing of when an item is included on a tax return are considered to have met the recognition threshold. j2 Global recognized accrued interest and penalties related to uncertain income tax positions in income tax expense on its consolidated statement of income. (q) Share-Based Compensation j2 Global accounts for share-based awards in accordance with the provisions of FASB ASC Topic No. 718, Compensation - Stock Compensation (“ASC 718”). Accordingly, j2 Global measures share-based compensation expense at the grant date, based on the fair value of the award, and recognizes the expense over the employee’s requisite service period using the straight-line method. The measurement of share-based compensation expense is based on several criteria, including but not limited to the valuation model used and associated input factors, such as expected term of the award, stock price volatility, risk free interest rate, dividend rate and award cancellation rate. These inputs are subjective and are determined using management’s judgment. If differences arise between the assumptions used in determining share-based compensation expense and the actual factors, which become known over time, j2 Global may change the input factors used in determining future share-based compensation expense. Any such changes could materially impact the Company’s results of operations in the period in which the changes are made and in periods thereafter. The Company estimates the expected term based upon the historical exercise behavior of our employees. j2 Global accounts for option grants to non-employees in accordance with FASB ASC Topic No. 505, Equity, whereby the fair value of such options is determined using the Black-Scholes option pricing model at the earlier of the date at which the non-employee’s performance is complete or a performance commitment is reached. (r) Earnings Per Common Share EPS is calculated pursuant to the two-class method as defined in ASC Topic No. 260, Earnings per Share (“ASC 260”), which specifies that all outstanding unvested share-based payment awards that contain rights to nonforfeitable dividends or dividend equivalents are considered participating securities and should be included in the computation of EPS pursuant to the two-class method. Basic EPS is calculated by dividing net distributed and undistributed earnings allocated to common shareholders, excluding participating securities, by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding. The Company’s participating securities consist of its unvested share-based payment awards that contain rights to nonforfeitable dividends or dividend equivalents. Diluted EPS includes the determinants of basic EPS and, in addition, reflects the impact of other potentially dilutive shares outstanding during the period. The dilutive effect of participating securities is calculated under the more dilutive of either the treasury method or the two-class method. (s) Research, Development and Engineering Research, development and engineering costs are expensed as incurred. Costs for software development incurred subsequent to establishing technological feasibility, in the form of a working model, are capitalized and amortized over their estimated useful lives. (t) Segment Reporting FASB ASC Topic No. 280, Segment Reporting (“ASC 280”), establishes standards for the way that public business enterprises report information about operating segments in their annual consolidated financial statements and requires that those enterprises report selected information about operating segments in interim financial reports. ASC 280 also establishes standards -70- for related disclosures about products and services, geographic areas and major customers. The Company operates as two segments: (1) Business Cloud Services and (2) Digital Media. (u) Advertising Costs Advertising costs are expensed as incurred. Advertising costs for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 was $96.8 million, $63.5 million and $60.5 million, respectively. (v) Sales Taxes The Company may collect sales taxes from certain customers which are remitted to governmental authorities as required and are excluded from revenues. (w) Recent Accounting Pronouncements In May 2014, the FASB Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standard Update (“ASU”) No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, as a new Topic, (ASC) Topic 606. The new revenue recognition standard provides a five-step analysis of transactions to determine when and how revenue is recognized. The core principle is that a company should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. In August 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-14, Revenue from Contracts with Customers: Deferral of the Effective Date, which deferred the effective date of the new revenue standard for periods beginning after December 15, 2016 to December 15, 2017, with early adoption permitted but not earlier than the original effective date. This ASU must be applied retrospectively to each period presented or as a cumulative- effect adjustment as of the date of adoption. The Company is considering the alternatives of adoption of this ASU, has substantially completed a review of the likely impact to the existing portfolio of customer contracts entered into prior to adoption and will continue to evaluate the effect of adopting this guidance upon the Company’s results of operations, cash flows and financial position. Currently, the Company does not expect the adoption of this ASU to have a material impact on our financial statements except that there are significant additional reporting requirements under the new standard. In November 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-16, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Determining Whether the Host Contract in a Hybrid Financial Instrument Issued in the Form of a Share is More Akin to Debt or to Equity, which clarifies how current guidance should be interpreted in evaluating the economic characteristics and risks of a host contract in a hybrid financial instrument that is issued in the form of a share. Specifically, the amendments clarify that an entity should consider all relevant terms and features, including the embedded derivative feature being evaluated for bifurcation, in evaluating the nature of the host contract. The assessment of the substance of the relevant terms and features should incorporate a consideration of: (1) the characteristics of the terms and features themselves; (2) the circumstances under which the hybrid financial instrument was issued or acquired; and (3) the potential outcomes of the hybrid financial instrument, as well as the likelihood of those potential outcomes. The amendments in this ASU apply to all entities that are issuers of, or investors in, hybrid financial instruments that are issued in the form of a share. The amendments in this ASU are effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2015, including interim periods within that reporting period. The Company has adopted this guidance in the first quarter 2016 and has determined that there is no impact on our financial statements and related disclosures. In April 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-03, Interest - Imputation Interest (Subtopic 835-30): Simplifying the Presentation of Debt Issuance Costs. The amendments in this ASU provide guidance that requires that debt issuance costs related to a recognized debt liability be presented in the balance sheet as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of that debt liability, consistent with debt discounts. The amendments in this ASU are effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2015, and interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company adopted this guidance during the first quarter 2016 on a retrospective basis which resulted in a reclassification of 2015 debt issuance costs of $9.1 million from Other assets to Long-term debt in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. The adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on our financial statements and related disclosures. In November 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-17, Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes. This ASU requires that deferred tax liabilities and assets be classified as noncurrent in a classified statement of financial position. The Company adopted this ASU during the first quarter 2016 on a prospective basis. Adoption has resulted in a reclassification of our current deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities to the non-current deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. No prior periods were retrospectively adjusted. -71- In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-01, Financial Instruments - Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities. The amendments in this ASU modify how entities measure equity investments and present changes in the fair value of financial liabilities. Under the new guidance, entities will have to measure equity investments that do not result in consolidation and are not accounted under the equity method at fair value and recognize any changes in fair value in net income unless the investments qualify for the new practicality exception. A practicality exception will apply to those equity investments that do not have a readily determinable fair value and do not qualify for the practical expedient to estimate fair value under ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements, and as such these investments may be measured at cost. This ASU is effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this ASU on our financial statements. In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases. This ASU establishes a right-of-use (ROU) model that requires a lessee to record a ROU asset and a lease liability on the balance sheet for all leases with terms longer than 12 months. Leases will be classified as either finance or operating, with classification affecting the pattern of expense recognition in the income statement. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. A modified retrospective transition approach is required for lessees for capital and operating leases existing at, or entered into after, the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented in the financial statements, with certain practical expedients available. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the pending adoption of this new standard on our financial statements and has yet to determine the overall impact this ASU is expected to have. The Company currently has both capital and operating leases both domestically and internationally with varying expiration dates through 2025 in the amount of $74.2 million for the period ended December 31, 2016. In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-06, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815). This ASU is related to the embedded derivative analysis for debt instruments with contingent call or put options. This ASU clarifies that an exercise contingency does not need to be evaluated to determine whether it relates only to interest rates or credit risk. Instead, the contingent put or call option should be evaluated for possible bifurcation as a derivative in accordance with the four-step decision sequence detailed in FASB ASC 815-15, without regard to the nature of the exercise contingency. This ASU is effective for fiscal years, and for interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2016. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this ASU on our financial statements. In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-08, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606). This ASU is related to reporting revenue gross versus net, or principal versus agent considerations. This ASU is meant to clarify the guidance in ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, as it pertains to principal versus agent considerations. Specifically, the guidance addresses how entities should identify goods and services being provided to a customer, the unit of account for a principal versus agent assessment, how to evaluate whether a good or service is controlled before being transferred to a customer, and how to assess whether an entity controls services performed by another party. This ASU has the same effective date as the new revenue standard, which is effective for fiscal years, and for interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2017. The Company is evaluating the effect and methodology of adopting this new accounting guidance upon the Company’s results of operations, cash flows and financial position. The Company is considering the alternatives of adoption of this ASU, has substantially completed a review of the likely impact to the existing portfolio of customer contracts entered into prior to adoption and will continue to evaluate the effect of adopting this guidance upon the Company’s results of operations, cash flows and financial position. Currently, the Company does not expect the adoption of this ASU to have a material impact on our financial statements except that there are significant additional reporting requirements under the new standard. In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-09, Compensation-Stock Compensation (Topic 718). This ASU is related to simplifications of employee share-based payment accounting. This pronouncement eliminates the APIC pool concept and requires that excess tax benefits and tax deficiencies be recorded in the income statement when awards are settled. The pronouncement also addresses simplifications related to statement of cash flows classification, accounting for forfeitures and minimum statutory tax withholding requirements. This ASU is effective for fiscal years, and for interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2016. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this ASU on our financial statements. In April 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-10, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Identifying Performance Obligations and Licensing. This ASU is meant to clarify the guidance in FASB ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. Specifically, the guidance addresses an entity’s identification of its performance obligations in a contract, as well as an entity’s evaluation of the nature of its promise to grant a license of intellectual property and whether or not that revenue is recognized over time or at a point in time. This ASU has the same effective date as the new revenue standard, which is effective for fiscal years, and for interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2017. The Company is considering the alternatives of adoption of this ASU, has substantially completed a review of the likely impact to the existing portfolio of customer contracts entered into prior to adoption and will continue to evaluate the effect of adopting this guidance upon the -72- Company’s results of operations, cash flows and financial position. Currently, the Company does not expect the adoption of this ASU to have a material impact on our financial statements except that there are significant additional reporting requirements under the new standard. In May 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-11, Revenue Recognition (Topic 605) and Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Rescission of SEC Guidance Because of Accounting Standards Updates 2014-09 and 2014-16 Pursuant to Staff Announcements at the March 3, 2016 EITF Meeting. This ASU rescinds SEC paragraphs pursuant to two SEC Staff Announcements at the March 3, 2016 Emerging Issues Task Force (EITF) meeting. Specifically, registrants should not rely on the following SEC Staff Observer comments upon adoption of Topic 606: (1) Revenue and Expense Recognition for Freight Services in Process, which is codified in paragraph 605-20-S99-2; (2) Accounting for Shipping and Handling Fees and Costs, which is codified in paragraph 605-45-S99-1; (3) Accounting for Consideration Given by a Vendor to a Customer (including Reseller of the Vendor’s Products), which is codified in paragraph 605-50-S99-1; and (4) Accounting for Gas-Balancing Arrangements (i.e., use of the “entitlements method”), which is codified in paragraph 932-10-S99-5. This ASU becomes effective upon adoption of ASU 2014-09, which is effective for fiscal years, and for interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2017. The Company is considering the alternatives of adoption of this ASU, has substantially completed a review of the likely impact to the existing portfolio of customer contracts entered into prior to adoption and will continue to evaluate the effect of adopting this guidance upon the Company’s results of operations, cash flows and financial position. Currently, the Company does not expect the adoption of this ASU to have a material impact on our financial statements. In May 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-12, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Narrow-Scope Improvements and Practical Expedients. This ASU does not change the core principle of the guidance in Topic 606. Instead, the amendments provide clarifying guidance in a few narrow areas and add some practical expedients to the guidance. This ASU has the same effective date as the new revenue standard, which is effective for fiscal years, and for interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2017. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the pending adoption of this new standard on our financial statements. The Company is considering the alternatives of adoption of this ASU, has substantially completed a review of the likely impact to the existing portfolio of customer contracts entered into prior to adoption and will continue to evaluate the effect of adopting this guidance upon the Company’s results of operations, cash flows and financial position. Currently, the Company does not expect the adoption of this ASU to have a material impact on our financial statements except that there are significant additional reporting requirements under the new standard. In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. The amendments in this ASU replace the incurred loss impairment methodology in current GAAP with a methodology that reflects expected credit losses and requires consideration of a broader range of reasonable and supportable information to inform credit loss estimates. This ASU is effective for fiscal years, and for interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019. The Company has not adopted this ASU and currently has determined there to be no impact of this ASU on our financial statements and related disclosures. In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments. The new guidance is intended to reduce diversity in practice in how transactions are classified in the statement of cash flows. This ASU is effective for fiscal years, and for interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2017. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this ASU on our financial statements. In October 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-16, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Intra-Entity Transfers of Assets Other than Inventory. The amendments in this ASU reduce the complexity in the accounting standards by allowing the recognition of current and deferred income taxes for an intra-entity asset transfer, other than inventory, when the transfer occurs. Historically, the income tax consequence was not recognized until the asset was sold to an outside party. This ASU is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2017. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this ASU on our financial statements. In November 2016, the FASB issued 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash - a consensus of the FASB Emerging Issues Task Force. The amendments in this ASU require restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents to be classified in the Statement of Cash Flows as cash and cash equivalents. The guidance will be applied on a retrospective basis beginning with the earliest period presented. The amendments in this ASU are effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2017. Early adoption is permitted. The adoption of this standard is not expected to have a material impact on our financial statements. -73- In December 2016, the FASB issued 2016-19, Technical Corrections and Improvements. The amendments in this ASU represent changes to clarify, correct errors, or make minor improvements to the Codification. The Update includes simplification and minor improvements to topics on insurance and troubled debt restructuring that result in numerous editorial changes to the Codification. Most of the amendments in the Update do not require transition guidance and are effective upon issuance of the ASU. The remaining six amendments in this ASU have various adoption dates. The Company adopted this ASU during the fourth quarter 2016 on a prospective basis. Since this update is intended to clarify the Codification, correct unintended application of guidance, or make minor improvements to the Codification that are not expected to have a significant effect on current accounting practice, the adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on our financial statements. In December 2016, the FASB issued 2016-20, Technical Corrections and Improvements to Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. The amendments in this ASU represent changes to clarify the Codification or to correct unintended application of guidance. Areas for correction or improvement include: Loan Guarantee Fees, Contract Costs - Impairment Testing, Contract Costs - Interaction of Impairment Testing with Guidance in Other Topics, Provisions for Losses on Construction-Type and Production Type Contracts, Scope of Topic 606, Disclosure of Remaining Performance Obligations, Disclosure of Prior-Period Performance Obligations, Contract Modification Example, Contract Asset versus Receivable, Refund Liability, Advertising Costs, Fixed-Odd Wagering Contracts in the Casino Industry and Cost Capitalization for Advisors to Private Funds and Public Funds. This ASU has the same effective date as the new revenue standard, which is effective for fiscal years, and for interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2017. The adoption of this standard is not expected to have a material impact on our financial statements except that there are significant additional reporting requirements under the new standard. In January 2017, the FASB issued 2017-01, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Clarifying the Definition of a Business. The amendments in this ASU provide a robust framework to use in determining when a set of assets and activities is a business. This ASU is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2017. Early adoption is permitted and the standard should be applied prospectively. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this ASU on our financial statements and related disclosures. In January 2017, the FASB issued 2017-03, Accounting Changes and Error Corrections (Topic 250) and Investments - Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323): Amendments to SEC Paragraphs Pursuant to Staff Announcements at the September 22, 2016 and November 17, 2016 EITF Meetings. The amendments in this ASU add language to the SEC Staff Guidance in relation to ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), and ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326). This ASU provides the SEC Staff view that a registrant should consider additional quantitative and qualitative disclosures related to the previously mentioned ASUs in connection with the status and impact of their adoption. The Company adopted this ASU during the current quarter 2016. Since this update intended to add disclosures related to certain ASUs, the adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on our financial statements. In January 2017, the FASB issued 2017-04, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment. The amendments in this ASU simplify the subsequent measurement of goodwill by eliminating Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test and eliminating the requirement for a reporting unit with a zero or negative carrying amount to perform a qualitative assessment. Instead, under this pronouncement, an entity would perform its annual, or interim, goodwill impairment test by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount and would recognize an impairment change for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value; however, the loss recognized is not to exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. In addition, income tax effects will be considered, if applicable. This ASU is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this ASU on our financial statements and related disclosures. Certain prior year reported amounts have been reclassified to conform with the 2016 presentation. 3. Business Acquisitions The Company uses acquisitions as a strategy to grow its customer base by increasing its presence in new and existing markets, expand and diversify its service offerings, enhance its technology, acquire skilled personnel and enter into other jurisdictions. The Company completed the following acquisitions during the year ended December 31, 2016, paying the purchase price in cash for each transaction: (a) an asset purchase of VaultLogix, acquired on February 17, 2016, a Massachusetts-based provider of cloud data backup and storage for business clients; (b) a share purchase of the entire issued capital of Callstream Group Limited, acquired on March 3, 2016, a provider of cloud-based call management solutions to markets in the United Kingdom; (c) an asset -74- purchase of Publicaster, acquired on April 1, 2016, a Maryland-based provider of email marketing services; (d) an asset purchase of SMTP, acquired on June 27, 2016, a Florida-based provider of cloud email services offering solutions ranging from sophisticated transactional email solutions to cost-effective Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (“SMTP”) relay services; (e) a share purchase of the entire issued capital of Integrated Global Concepts, Inc. (“IGC”), acquired on July 12, 2016, a Chicago-based provider of fax and voicemail services; (f) a share purchase of the entire issued capital of Front-safe A/S, acquired on July 15, 2016, a Denmark-based provider of cloud backup solutions; (g) an asset purchase of Fonebox Australia., acquired on October 18, 2016, an Australia-based provider of voice, call routing and virtual receptionist business; (h) a share purchase of all the outstanding shares of common stock of Everyday Health Inc. (“Everyday Health”), acquired on December 5, 2016, a New York-based provider of digital health and wellness solutions; and (i) other immaterial acquisitions of online data backup, email marketing, email security and digital media businesses. The consolidated statement of income since the date of each acquisition and balance sheet, as of December 31, 2016, reflect the results of operations of all 2016 acquisitions. For the year ended December 31, 2016, these acquisitions contributed $52.9 million to the Company’s revenues. Net income contributed by these acquisitions was not separately identifiable due to j2 Global’s integration activities and is impracticable to provide. Total consideration for these transactions was $596.1 million, net of cash acquired and assumed liabilities and subject to certain post-closing adjustments which may increase or decrease the final consideration paid. The following table summarizes the allocation of the purchase consideration for all 2016 acquisitions (in thousands): Assets and Liabilities (1) Valuation Accounts receivable Other assets Property and equipment Trade names Trademarks Customer relationships Other intangibles Goodwill Accounts payables and accrued expenses Deferred revenue Deferred tax liability Capital lease $ 70,922 11,730 11,109 5,866 70,300 85,482 91,264 333,190 (62,188) (6,904) (14,503) (194) 596,074 $ Total (1) In connection with the purchase of IGC, the majority of the value was associated with the 935,231 shares of j2 Global common stock held by IGC. The value associated with these shares was recorded as a separate transaction from the fax business and has been excluded from the schedule above. During 2016, the purchase price accounting has been finalized for the following acquisitions: (i) LiveVault, (ii) Salesify, (iii) VaultLogix (iv) Callstream Group Limited, (v) Publicaster (vi) SMTP (vii) Integrated Global Concepts, Inc. (viii) Front-safe A/S and (ix) other immaterial fax, online data backup and digital media businesses. The initial accounting for all other 2016 acquisitions is incomplete and subject to change, which may be significant. j2 Global has recorded provisional amounts which may be based upon past acquisitions with similar attributes for certain intangible assets (including trade names, software and customer relationships), preliminary acquisition date working capital and related tax items. During the year ended December 31, 2016, the Company recorded adjustments to prior period acquisitions primarily due to the finalization of the purchase accounting in the Business Cloud Services segment which resulted in a net increase in goodwill in the amount of $0.8 million. In addition, the Company recorded adjustments to the initial working capital related to prior period acquisitions and updated the purchase accounting of Offers.com in the Digital Media segment, which resulted in a net decrease in goodwill in the amount of $(5.0) million with a corresponding increase in trade names, net and other purchased intangibles, net (see Note 7 - Goodwill and Intangible Assets). Such adjustments had an immaterial impact to amortization expense within the Consolidated Statement of Income for the year ended December 31, 2016. -75- Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired and represents intangible assets that do not qualify for separate recognition. Goodwill recognized associated with these acquisitions during the year ended December 31, 2016 is $333.2 million, of which $102.4 million is expected to be deductible for income tax purposes. IGC The Company acquired the entire issued capital of IGC on July 12, 2016 for a cash purchase price of approximately $6.3 million (excluding amounts allocated to the Company’s purchase of its common stock described below), net of cash acquired and assumed liabilities and is subject to certain post-closing adjustments which may increase or decrease the final consideration paid. At the date of acquisition, IGC held 935,231 of the Company’s common stock which the Company determined should be treated as a separate transaction from the acquired fax and voicemail businesses. In order to determine the amount of purchase consideration allocable to the fax and voicemail business and the Company’s common stock, the Company used a relative fair value approach and concluded that the amounts of consideration allocable to the fax and voicemail business and the Company’s common stock were $6.3 million and $51.5 million, respectively. See Note 11 - Stockholders’ Equity for further discussion regarding the Company’s common stock acquired in connection with the IGC business combination. Everyday Health On December 5, 2016, the Company acquired all the outstanding shares of common stock of Everyday Health, $0.01 par value per share, at a purchase consideration $493.7 million (net of cash acquired and assumed liabilities) or $10.50 per share in cash, and subject to certain post-closing adjustments which may increase or decrease the final consideration paid. Everyday Health is a leading provider of digital health and marketing and communication solutions. Everyday Health attracts a large and engaged audience of consumers and healthcare professionals to its premier health and wellness properties and utilizes its data and analytics expertise to deliver highly personalized content experiences and efficient and effective marketing and engagement solutions. Everyday Health enables consumers to manage their daily health and wellness needs, healthcare professionals to stay informed and make better decisions for their patients, and marketers, health payers and providers to communicate and engage with consumers and healthcare professionals to drive better health outcomes. Everyday Health’s content and solutions are delivered through multiple channels, including desktop, mobile web, mobile phone and tablet applications, as well as video and social media. The Company acquired Everyday Health to bring together two leading digital media companies with complimentary visions and platforms to engage and monetize audiences. The combined company will be well positioned to deliver compelling benefits to customers with content that connects, informs and empowers audiences. The Company’s Digital Media segment maintains leading positions in the technology, gaming and men's lifestyle verticals with strong and well-established brands. Everyday Health adds a new vertical and set of market-leading trusted health properties to the portfolio while diversifying the company’s audience mix. The consolidated statement of income, since the date of acquisition, and balance sheet, as of December 31, 2016, reflect the results of operations Everyday Health. For the year ended December 31, 2016, Everyday Health contributed $23.2 million to the Company’s revenues. Net income contributed by Everyday Health was not separately identifiable due to j2 Global’s integration activities and is impracticable to provide. -76- The following table summarizes the allocation of the purchase consideration for the Everyday Health acquisition (in thousands): Assets and Liabilities Cash Accounts receivable Other assets Property and equipment Trademarks Customer relationships Other intangibles Goodwill Accounts payables and accrued expenses Deferred revenue Deferred tax liability Total Valuation 15,918 67,968 11,168 6,494 70,300 45,500 88,267 263,988 (59,091) (5,297) (11,500) 493,715 $ $ The initial accounting for the Everyday Health acquisition is substantially complete but is subject to change, which may be significant. Actual amounts recorded upon the finalization of these items may differ materially from the information presented in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired and represents intangible assets that do not qualify for separate recognition. Goodwill recognized associated with the Everyday Health acquisition during the year ended December 31, 2016 is $264.0 million, of which $65.4 million is expected to be deductible for income tax purposes. Pro Forma Financial Information for Everyday Health Acquisition The following unaudited pro forma supplemental information is based on estimates and assumptions, which j2 Global believes are reasonable. However, this information is not necessarily indicative of the Company’s consolidated financial position or results of income in future periods or the results that actually would have been realized had j2 Global and Everyday Health been combined companies during the periods presented. These pro forma results exclude any savings or synergies that would have resulted from the Everyday Health business acquisition had it occurred on January 1, 2015 and do not take into consideration the exiting of any acquired lines of business. This unaudited pro forma supplemental information includes incremental intangible asset amortization and other charges as a result of the Everyday Health acquisition, net of the related tax effects. The supplemental information on an unaudited pro forma financial basis presents the combined results of j2 Global and Everyday Health as if the acquisition had occurred on January 1, 2015 (in thousands, except per share amounts): Revenues Net income EPS - Basic EPS - Diluted Year ended December 31, 2016 (unaudited) December 31, 2015 (unaudited) $ $ $ $ 1,082,813 $ 103,541 $ 2.14 $ 2.13 $ 952,806 115,059 2.38 2.35 -77- Pro Forma Financial Information for All 2016 Acquisitions The following unaudited pro forma supplemental information is based on estimates and assumptions, that j2 Global believes are reasonable. However, this information is not necessarily indicative of the Company’s consolidated financial position or results of income in future periods or the results that actually would have been realized had j2 Global and the acquired businesses been combined companies during the periods presented. These pro forma results exclude any savings or synergies that would have resulted from these business acquisitions had they occurred on January 1, 2015 and do not take into consideration the exiting of any acquired lines of business. This unaudited pro forma supplemental information includes incremental intangible asset amortization and other charges as a result of the acquisitions, net of the related tax effects. The supplemental information on an unaudited pro forma financial basis presents the combined results of j2 Global and its 2016 acquisitions as if each acquisition had occurred on January 1, 2015 (in thousands, except per share amounts): Year ended December 31, 2016 (unaudited) December 31, 2015 (unaudited) $ $ $ $ 1,102,510 $ 108,822 $ 2.25 $ 2.24 $ 1,009,169 11,817 2.31 2.29 Revenues Net income EPS - Basic EPS - Diluted 2015 The Company completed the following acquisitions during the year ended December 31, 2015, paying the purchase price in cash for each transaction: (a) a share purchase of the entire issued share capital of Firstway, acquired on February 11, 2015, an Ireland-based distributor of FaxBOX® digital fax services; (b) an asset purchase of Nuvotera (formerly known as Spam Soap), acquired on February 13, 2015, a California-based supplier of email security; (c) an asset purchase of EmailDirect, acquired on February 19, 2015, a California-based provider of email marketing services; (d) an asset purchase of SugarSync®, Inc., acquired on March 23, 2015, a California-based provider of online file backup, synchronization and sharing assets; (e) an asset purchase of Popfax, acquired on September 23, 2015, a France-based global provider of internet fax services; (f) a stock purchase of the entire capital stock of Salesify, acquired on September 17, 2015, a California-based based provider of lead generation solutions; (g) an asset purchase of LiveVault®, acquired on September 30, 2015, a California-based global provider of data backup and recovery services; (h) a membership interest purchase of the entire units of Offers.com, acquired on December 31, 2015, a Texas-based and is an online marketplace connecting millions of consumers with discounts from thousands of leading merchants; and (i) certain other immaterial acquisitions of fax, online data backup and email businesses. The consolidated statement of income since the date of each acquisition and balance sheet, as of December 31, 2015, reflect the results of operations of all 2015 acquisitions. For the year ended December 31, 2015, these acquisitions contributed $52.4 million to the Company’s revenues. Net income contributed by these acquisitions was not separately identifiable due to j2 Global’s integration activities. Total consideration for these transactions was $314.0 million, net of cash acquired and assumed liabilities and subject to certain post-closing adjustments. -78- The following table summarizes the allocation of the purchase consideration as follows (in thousands): Assets and Liabilities Valuation Accounts receivable Other assets Property and equipment Software Trade names Customer relationships Other intangibles Goodwill Accounts payables and accrued expenses Deferred revenue Deferred tax liability Capital lease Total $ $ 14,935 1,415 5,769 18,764 22,602 98,027 1,873 172,593 (9,684) (10,764) (1,316) (195) 314,019 Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired and represents intangible assets that do not qualify for separate recognition. Goodwill recognized associated with these acquisitions during the year ended December 31, 2015 is $172.6 million, of which $143.3 million is expected to be deductible for income tax purposes. Pro Forma Financial Information for 2015 Acquisitions The following unaudited pro forma supplemental information is based on estimates and assumptions that j2 Global believes are reasonable. However, this information is not necessarily indicative of the Company’s consolidated financial position or results of income in future periods or the results that actually would have been realized had j2 Global and the acquired businesses been combined companies during the period presented. These pro forma results exclude any savings or synergies that would have resulted from these business acquisitions had they occurred on January 1, 2014 and do not take into consideration the exiting of any acquired lines of business. This unaudited pro forma supplemental information includes incremental intangible asset amortization and other charges as a result of the acquisitions, net of the related tax effects. The supplemental information on an unaudited pro forma financial basis presents the combined results of j2 Global and its 2015 acquisitions as if each acquisition had occurred on January 1, 2014 (in thousands, except per share amounts): Revenues Net income EPS - Basic EPS - Diluted Year ended December 31, 2015 (unaudited) December 31, 2014 (unaudited) $ $ $ $ 823,904 $ 159,408 $ 3.29 $ 3.26 $ 744,388 126,196 2.64 2.62 -79- 2014 The Company completed the following acquisitions during year ended December 31, 2014, paying the purchase price in cash for each transaction: (a) all of the shares of City Numbers, acquired on January 14, 2014, a Birmingham, UK-based worldwide provider of inbound local, national and international toll free phone numbers in over 80 countries; (b) all of the shares and certain assets of Securstore, acquired on January 23, 2014, an Iceland-based provider of cloud backup and recovery services for corporate and enterprise networks; (c) all of the shares of Livedrive®, acquired on February 6, 2014, a UK-based provider of online backup with added file sync features for professionals and individuals; (d) certain assets of Faxmate, acquired on February 7, 2014, a Brisbane-based provider of Internet fax; (e) all of the shares of Critical Software Ltd., acquired on March 31, 2014, a UK-based Email Security and Management company operating under the brand name iCriticalTM; (f) all of the shares of The Online Backup Company, acquired on May 6, 2014, a Scandinavia-based provider of cloud backup, disaster recovery and file sharing solutions for corporate and enterprise networks; (g) all of the shares and certain assets of eMedia Communications LLC, acquired on June 3, 2014, a provider of research to IT buyers and leads to IT vendors; (h) asset purchase of Contactology, Inc., acquired on July 17, 2014, a North Carolina-based provider of email marketing services; (i) certain assets of Back Up My Info!, acquired on July 30, 2014, a New York-based company focusing primarily on backup supporting small to mid-sized businesses in a variety of industries around the world; (j) certain assets of Web24, acquired on September 10, 2014, a Melbourne-based company which offers domain name, web hosting, dedicated or shared servers and related services primarily to small and mid-sized businesses in Australia and elsewhere; (k) all of the units of Excel Micro, acquired on September 30, 2014, a Philadelphia-based cloud email security and archiving solutions; (l) all of the units of Scene LLC (“Ookla”), acquired on December 1, 2014, a Washington-based leading provider of broadband and mobile speed testing; (m) all of the shares of NCSG Holding AB (“Stay Secure”), acquired on December 17, 2014, a Swedish-based provider of e-mail and web security services; (n) all of the shares of Comendo A/S, acquired on December 22, 2014, a Danish-based provider of e-mail security; (o) certain assets of TestudoData LLC, acquired on December 31, 2014, a Nevada-based provider of e-mail security; and (p) certain other immaterial acquisitions of fax, online data backup and application businesses. The consolidated statement of income since the date of the each acquisitions and balance sheet as of December 31, 2014 reflect the results of operations of all 2014 acquisitions. For the year ended December 31, 2014, these acquisitions contributed $51.9 million to the Company’s revenues. Net income contributed by these acquisitions was not separately identifiable due to j2 Global’s integration activities. Total consideration for these transactions was $300.2 million, net of cash acquired and assumed liabilities and subject to certain post-closing adjustments. The following table summarizes the allocation of the purchase consideration as follows (in thousands): Assets and Liabilities Valuation Accounts receivable Other assets Property and equipment Deferred tax asset Software Trade names Customer relationships Other intangibles Goodwill Accounts payables and accrued expenses Deferred revenue Deferred tax liability Capital lease Total $ $ 18,024 5,500 10,022 419 9,836 28,192 98,498 2,121 184,837 (14,338) (29,182) (12,328) (1,361) 300,240 Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired and represents intangible assets that do not qualify for separate recognition. Goodwill recognized associated with these acquisitions during the year ended December 31, 2014 is $184.8 million, of which $89.4 million is expected to be deductible for income tax purposes. -80- Pro Forma Financial Information for 2014 Acquisitions The following unaudited pro forma supplemental information is based on estimates and assumptions, which j2 Global believes are reasonable. However, this information is not necessarily indicative of the Company’s consolidated financial position or results of income in future periods or the results that actually would have been realized had j2 Global and the acquired businesses been combined companies during the period presented. These pro forma results exclude any savings or synergies that would have resulted from these business acquisitions had they occurred on January 1, 2013 and do not take into consideration the exiting of any acquired lines of business. This unaudited pro forma supplemental information includes incremental intangible asset amortization and other charges as a result of the acquisitions, net of the related tax effects. The supplemental information on an unaudited pro forma financial basis presents the combined results of j2 Global and its 2014 acquisitions as if each acquisition had occurred on January 1, 2013 (in thousands, except per share amounts): Year ended December 31, 2014 (unaudited) December 31, 2013 (unaudited) $ $ $ $ 672,701 119,773 2.51 2.49 $ $ $ $ 626,906 132,480 2.85 2.81 Revenues Net income EPS - Basic EPS - Diluted 4. Investments Short-term investments consist generally of corporate and governmental debt securities and certificates of deposits which are stated at fair market value. Realized gains and losses of short- and long-term investments are recorded using the specific identification method, average cost method or other method, as appropriate. The following table summarizes j2 Global’s debt securities designated as available-for-sale, classified by the contractual maturity date of the security (in thousands): Due within 1 year Due within more than 1 year but less than 5 years Due within more than 5 years but less than 10 years Due 10 years or after Total December 31, 2016 December 31, 2015 $ $ — $ — — — — $ 56,940 78,248 — 315 135,503 The following table summarizes the Company’s investments (in thousands): Available-for-sale Certificates of deposit Total December 31, 2016 December 31, 2015 $ $ — $ 60 60 $ 158,158 60 158,218 During the third quarter of 2016, the Company sold its strategic investment in Carbonite resulting in recognized gains before tax of $7.6 million ($2.9 million of income tax), which is reflected in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income. In connection with the acquisition of Everyday Health (see Note 3 - Business Acquisitions), j2 Global liquidated all of its remaining available-for-sale investments to facilitate this transaction. -81- The following table summarizes the gross unrealized gains and losses and fair values for investments classified as available for sale as of December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015 aggregated by major security type (in thousands): December 31, 2016 Corporate debt securities Debt securities issued by the U.S. Treasury and other U.S. government corporations and agencies Debt securities issued by states of the United States and political subdivisions of the states Equity securities Total December 31, 2015 Corporate debt securities Debt securities issued by the U.S. Treasury and other U.S. government corporations and agencies Debt securities issued by states of the United States and political subdivisions of the states $ $ $ Equity securities Total Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value — $ — $ — $ — — — — — — — — — — $ — $ — $ — — — — — 88,852 $ 110 $ (213) $ 88,749 40,715 6,111 18,536 — 2 4,118 (63) (10) — $ 154,214 $ 4,230 $ (286) $ 40,652 6,103 22,654 158,158 For the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, the Company recorded realized gains from the sale of investments of approximately $7.7 million, $0.5 million and $0.1 million, respectively. Recognition and Measurement of Other-Than-Temporary Impairment j2 Global regularly reviews and evaluates each investment that has an unrealized loss. An unrealized loss exists when the current fair value of an individual security is less than its amortized cost basis. Unrealized losses that are determined to be temporary in nature are recorded, net of tax, in accumulated other comprehensive income for available-for-sale securities. Regardless of the classification of the securities as available-for-sale or held-to-maturity, the Company has assessed each position for impairment. Factors considered in determining whether a loss is temporary include: • • • • • the length of time and the extent to which fair value has been below cost; the severity of the impairment; the cause of the impairment and the financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuer; activity in the market of the issuer which may indicate adverse credit conditions; and the Company’s ability and intent to hold the investment for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery. j2 Global’s review for impairment generally entails: • • identification and evaluation of investments that have indications of possible impairment; analysis of individual investments that have fair values less than amortized cost, including consideration of the length of time the investment has been in an unrealized loss position and the expected recovery period; -82- • • • discussion of evidential matter, including an evaluation of factors or triggers that could cause individual investments to qualify as having an other-than-temporary impairment and those that would not support an other-than-temporary impairment; documentation of the results of these analyses, as required under business policies; and information provided by third-party valuation experts. For these securities, a critical component of the evaluation for other-than-temporary impairments is the identification of credit impairment, where management does not expect to receive cash flows sufficient to recover the entire amortized cost basis of the security. Credit impairment is assessed using a combination of a discounted cash flow model that estimates the cash flows on the underlying securities and a market comparables method, where the security is valued based upon indications from the secondary market of what discounts buyers demand when purchasing similar securities. The cash flow model incorporates actual cash flows from the securities through the current period and then projects the remaining cash flows using relevant interest rate curves over the remaining term. These cash flows are discounted using a number of assumptions, some of which include prevailing implied credit risk premiums, incremental credit spreads and illiquidity risk premiums, among others. Securities that have been identified as other-than-temporarily impaired are written down to their current fair value. For debt securities that are intended to be sold or that management believes it more-likely-than-not that will be required to sell prior to recovery, the full impairment is recognized immediately in earnings. For available-for-sale and held-to-maturity securities that management has no intent to sell and believes that it more- likely-than-not that it will not be required to sell prior to recovery, only the credit loss component of the impairment is recognized in earnings, while the rest of the fair value impairment is recognized in other comprehensive income. The credit loss component recognized in earnings is identified as the amount of principal cash flows not expected to be received over the remaining term of the security. -83- The following tables present gross unrealized losses and fair values for those investments that were in an unrealized loss position as of December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, aggregated by investment category and the length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous loss position (in thousands): Less than 12 Months Fair Value Unrealized Loss As of December 31, 2016 12 Months or Greater Unrealized Loss Fair Value Total Fair Value Unrealized Loss Corporate debt securities $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Debt securities issued by the U.S. Treasury and other U.S. government corporations and agencies Debt securities issued by states of the United States and political subdivisions of the states — — — — — — — — — — Total $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — — — Less than 12 Months Fair Value Unrealized Loss As of December 31, 2015 12 Months or Greater Unrealized Loss Fair Value Total Fair Value Unrealized Loss Corporate debt securities $ 74,807 $ (212) $ 1,000 $ (1) $ 75,807 $ (213) Debt securities issued by the U.S. Treasury and other U.S. government corporations and agencies Debt securities issued by states of the United States and political subdivisions of the states 38,004 (62) 649 (1) 38,653 (63) Total $ 117,000 $ (284) $ 1,649 $ (2) $ 118,649 $ 4,189 (10) — — 4,189 (10) (286) During the years ended December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, we did not recognize any other-than-temporary impairment losses. 5. Fair Value Measurements j2 Global complies with the provisions of ASC 820, which defines fair value, provides a framework for measuring fair value and expands the disclosures required for fair value measurements of financial and non-financial assets and liabilities. ASC 820 clarifies that fair value is an exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that is determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or a liability. As a basis for considering such assumptions, ASC 820 establishes a three-tier value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in the valuation methodologies in measuring fair value: § § § Level 1 – Observable inputs that reflect quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets. Level 2 – Observable inputs other than quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in inactive markets, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities. Level 3 – Unobservable inputs which are supported by little or no market activity. The fair value hierarchy also requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. -84- The Company’s money market funds and its marketable equity securities are classified within Level 1. The Company values these Level 1 investments using quoted market prices. The Company’s debt investments, time deposits, and commercial paper, all of which have counterparties with high credit ratings, are classified within Level 2. The Company values these Level 2 investments based on quoted market prices or model-driven valuations using significant inputs derived from or corroborated by observable market data. The fair value of the Convertible Notes (see Note 8 - Long-Term Debt) is determined using recent quoted market prices or dealer quotes for such securities, which are Level 1 inputs. The fair value of the Senior Notes (see Note 8 - Long-Term Debt) is determined using quoted market prices or dealer quotes for instruments with similar maturities and other terms and credit ratings, which are Level 2 inputs. The fair value of long-term debt was $792.2 million and $790.5 million, at December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively. In addition, the Convertible Notes contain terms that may require the Company to pay contingent interest on the Convertible Notes which is accounted for as a derivative with fair value adjustments being recorded to interest expense. This derivative is fair valued using a binomial lattice convertible bond pricing model using historical and implied market information, which are Level 2 inputs. The Company classifies its contingent consideration liability in connection with the acquisitions of Ookla and Salesify within Level 3 because factors used to develop the estimated fair value are unobservable inputs, such as volatility and market risks, and are not supported by market activity. The fair value of the contingent consideration liability was determined using option based approaches. This methodology was utilized because the distribution of payments is not symmetric and amounts are only payable upon certain earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortization (“EBITDA”) thresholds being reached. Such valuation approach included a Monte-Carlo simulation for the contingency since the financial metric driving the payments is path dependent. Significant increases or decreases in either of the inputs noted above in isolation would result in a significantly lower or higher fair value measurement. -85- The following tables present the fair values of the Company’s financial assets or liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis (in thousands): December 31, 2016 Assets: Cash equivalents: Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Fair Value Money market and other funds $ 7,737 $ — $ — $ 7,737 Time deposits Certificates of Deposit Equity securities Debt securities issued by the U.S. Treasury and other U.S. government corporations and agencies Debt securities issued by states of the United States and political subdivisions of the states Debt securities issued by foreign governments Corporate debt securities Total assets measured at fair value Liabilities: Contingent consideration Contingent interest derivative Total liabilities measured at fair value December 31, 2015 Assets: Cash equivalents: $ $ $ — — — — — — — 7,737 $ — 60 — — — — — 60 — — — — — — — — 60 — — — — — $ — $ 7,797 — $ — — $ — $ 17,450 958 958 — $ 17,450 $ $ 17,450 958 18,408 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Fair Value Money market and other funds $ 46,867 $ — $ — $ Time deposits Certificates of Deposit Equity securities Debt securities issued by the U.S. Treasury and other U.S. government corporations and agencies Debt securities issued by states of the United States and political subdivisions of the states Corporate debt securities Total assets measured at fair value Liabilities: Contingent consideration Contingent interest derivative Total liabilities measured at fair value $ $ $ — — 22,654 — — — 69,521 $ 3,004 60 — 40,652 6,103 88,749 138,568 — — — — — $ — — $ 46,867 3,004 60 22,654 40,652 6,103 88,749 208,089 — $ — — $ — $ 30,600 1,450 — 1,450 $ 30,600 $ $ 30,600 1,450 32,050 At the end of each reporting period, management reviews the inputs to measure the fair value measurements of financial and non-financial assets and liabilities to determine when transfers between levels are deemed to have occurred. For the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, there were no transfers that have occurred between levels. -86- The following tables presents a reconciliation of the Company’s Level 3 financial assets or liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis (in thousands): Level 3 Affected line item in the Statement of Income Balance as of January 1, 2015 Contingent consideration Total fair value adjustments reported in earnings Balance as of December 31, 2015 Contingent consideration Total fair value adjustments reported in earnings Contingent consideration payments Balance as of December 31, 2016 $ $ $ $ 15,000 (600) Not Applicable 16,200 30,600 — 4,850 General and administrative (18,000) Not Applicable 17,450 In connection with the acquisition of Ookla, on December 1, 2014, contingent consideration of up to an aggregate of $40.0 million may be payable upon achieving certain future income thresholds and had a fair value of $17.0 million and $25.0 million at December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Due to the Company achieving certain earnings targets for the year ended December 31, 2016, $20.0 million ($17.0 million of contingent consideration and $3.0 million of compensation) has been reclassified to current liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet and is payable in the first quarter 2017. In connection with the acquisition of Salesify, on September 17, 2015, contingent consideration of up to an aggregate of $17.0 million may be payable upon achieving certain future income thresholds and had a fair value of $0.6 million and $5.6 million at December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively, which was recorded as an other long-term liability on the consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2016. During the year ended December 31, 2016, the Company recorded a net increase in the fair value of the contingent consideration of $4.9 million and reported such increase in general and administrative expenses. The following table presents a reconciliation of the Company’s derivative instruments (in thousands): Amount Affected line item in the Statement of Income Derivative Liabilities: Level 2: Balance as of January 1, 2015 Total fair value adjustments reported in earnings Balance as of December 31, 2015 Total fair value adjustments reported in earnings Balance as of December 31, 2016 $ $ $ 742 708 1,450 (492) 958 Interest expense, net Interest expense, net Losses associated with other-than-temporary impairments are recorded as a component of other income (expenses). Gains and losses not associated with other-than-temporary impairments are recorded as a component of other comprehensive income. 6. Property and Equipment Property and equipment, stated at cost, at December 31, 2016 and 2015 consisted of the following (in thousands): Computers and related equipment Furniture and equipment Leasehold improvements Less: Accumulated depreciation and amortization Total property and equipment, net 2016 2015 $ $ 173,103 1,928 12,929 187,960 (119,866) 68,094 $ $ 135,360 1,710 10,603 147,673 (90,231) 57,442 -87- Depreciation and amortization expense was $26.8 million, $19.2 million and $15.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Total disposals of long-lived assets for the year ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 was zero, zero and $0.6 million, respectively. 7. Goodwill and Intangible Assets Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired in a business combination. Intangible assets resulting from the acquisitions of entities accounted for using the purchase method of accounting are recorded at the estimated fair value of the assets acquired. Identifiable intangible assets are comprised of purchased customer relationships, trademarks and trade names, developed technologies and other intangible assets. The fair values of these identified intangible assets are based upon expected future cash flows or income, which take into consideration certain assumptions such as customer turnover, trade names and patent lives. These determinations are primarily based upon the Company’s historical experience and expected benefit of each intangible asset. If it is determined that such assumptions are not accurate, then the resulting change will impact the fair value of the intangible asset. Identifiable intangible assets are amortized over the period of estimated economic benefit, which ranges from one to 20 years. The changes in carrying amounts of goodwill for the year ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 are as follows (in thousands): Balance as of January 1, 2015 Goodwill acquired Purchase Accounting Adjustments Foreign exchange translation Balance as of December 31, 2015 Goodwill acquired Purchase accounting adjustments Foreign exchange translation Balance as of December 31, 2016 Business Cloud Services Digital Media Consolidated $ $ $ 390,063 $ 245,612 $ 108,913 10,900 (7,158) 502,718 69,202 816 (13,584) 559,152 $ $ 63,680 (4,289) (60) 304,943 263,988 (4,957) (316) 563,658 $ $ 635,675 172,593 6,611 (7,218) 807,661 333,190 (4,141) (13,900) 1,122,810 Purchase accounting adjustments relate to adjustments to goodwill in connection with prior years business acquisitions. See Note 3 - Business Acquisitions - for a discussion related to purchase accounting adjustments. Intangible assets are summarized as of December 31, 2016 and 2015 as follows (in thousands): Intangible Assets with Indefinite Lives: Trade names Other Total 2016 2015 $ $ 27,379 5,432 32,811 $ $ 27,379 5,432 32,811 In accordance with ASC 350, the Company performed the annual impairment test for goodwill for fiscal year 2016 using a qualitative assessment primarily taking into consideration macroeconomic, industry and market conditions, overall financial performance and any other relevant company-specific events. The Company performed the annual impairment test for intangible assets with indefinite lives for fiscal 2016 using a qualitative assessment primarily taking into consideration macroeconomic, industry and market conditions, overall financial performance and any other relevant company-specific events. j2 Global concluded that there were no impairments in 2016, 2015 and 2014. -88- Intangible Assets Subject to Amortization: As of December 31, 2016, intangible assets subject to amortization relate primarily to the following (in thousands): Trade names Patent and patent licenses Customer relationships (1) Other purchased intangibles Total Weighted-Average Amortization Period Historical Cost Accumulated Amortization 11.5 years $ 127,342 $ 38,868 $ 6.6 years 9.6 years 6.0 years 65,605 390,930 195,913 51,677 182,775 27,590 $ 779,790 $ 300,910 $ Net 88,474 13,928 208,155 168,323 478,880 (1) Historically, the Company has amortized its customer relationship assets in a pattern that best reflects the pace in which the assets’ benefits are consumed. This pattern results in a substantial majority of the amortization expense being recognized in the first 4 to 5 years, despite the overall life of the asset. During the year ended December 31, 2016, the Company acquired Everyday Health (see Note 3 - Business Acquisitions). The identified intangible assets recognized as part of the acquisition and their respective estimated weighted average amortizations were as follows (in thousands): Trademarks Customer relationships Other purchased intangibles Total December 31, 2016 Weighted-Average Amortization Period 5.2 years 10.1 years 1.7 years Fair Value 70,300 45,500 88,267 $ 204,067 During the year ended December 31, 2016, the Company completed 21 other acquisitions which were individually immaterial. The identified intangible assets recognized as part of these acquisition and their respective estimated weighted average amortizations were as follows (in thousands): Trade names Customer relationships Other purchased intangibles Total December 31, 2016 Weighted-Average Amortization Period 6.3 years 7.5 years 3.3 years Fair Value $ 5,866 39,982 2,997 $ 48,845 -89- During the year ended December 31, 2015, the Company completed 24 acquisitions which were individually immaterial. The identified intangible assets recognized as part of these acquisition and their respective estimated weighted average amortizations were as follows (in thousands): Trade names Customer relationships Other purchased intangibles Total December 31, 2015 Weighted-Average Amortization Period 4.6 years 7.4 years 3.7 years Fair Value $ 22,602 98,027 1,873 $ 122,502 As of December 31, 2015, intangible assets subject to amortization relate primarily to the following (in thousands): Trade names Patent and patent licenses Customer relationships (1) Other purchased intangibles Total Weighted-Average Amortization Period Historical Cost Accumulated Amortization 12.0 years $ 117,753 $ 26,167 $ 8.3 years 9.4 years 4.2 years 64,258 313,909 33,088 45,417 116,590 21,004 Net 91,586 18,841 197,319 12,084 $ 529,008 $ 209,178 $ 319,830 (1) Historically, the Company has amortized its customer relationship assets in a pattern that best reflects the pace in which the assets’ benefits are consumed. This pattern results in a substantial majority of the amortization expense being recognized in the first 4 to 5 years, despite the overall life of the asset. Expected amortization expenses for intangible assets subject to amortization at December 31, 2016 are as follows (in thousands): Fiscal Year: 2017 2018 2019 2020 2121 Thereafter Total expected amortization expense $ $ 117,544 96,423 75,542 34,991 28,082 126,298 478,880 Amortization expense was $95.3 million, $74.0 million and $47.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. -90- 8. Long-Term Debt 8.0% Senior Notes On July 26, 2012, the Company’s subsidiaries, issued in a private offering exempt from the registration requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, $250 million aggregate principal amount of 8.0% senior unsecured notes (the “Senior Notes”) due August 1, 2020. j2 Cloud Services received proceeds of $245 million in cash, net of initial purchaser’s discounts and commissions of $5 million. The net proceeds were available for general corporate purposes, including acquisitions. Interest is payable semi-annually on February 1 and August 1 of each year. j2 Cloud Services has the option to call the Senior Notes in whole or in part after August 1, 2016, subject to certain premiums as defined in the indenture governing the Senior Notes plus accrued and unpaid interest. Upon a change in control, the holders may put the Senior Notes at 101% of the principal amount of the Senior Notes plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to the repurchase date. In connection with the issuance of Convertible Notes (defined below), j2 Global, Inc. unconditionally guaranteed, on an unsecured basis, the obligations of j2 Cloud Services under the Senior Notes. The indenture governing the Senior Notes contains certain restrictive and other covenants applicable to j2 Cloud Services and subsidiaries designated as restricted subsidiaries including, but not limited to, limitations on debt and disqualified or preferred stock, restricted payments, liens, sale and leaseback transactions, dividends and other payment restrictions, asset sales and transactions with affiliates. Restricted payments are applicable only if j2 Cloud Services and subsidiaries designated as restricted subsidiaries have a pro forma leverage ratio of greater than 1.75 to 1.0. In addition, if such leverage ratio is in excess of 1.75 to 1.0, restricted payments are permitted up to $50 million. As of December 31, 2016, j2 Cloud Services was in compliance with all such covenants. Violation of these covenants could result in a default which could result in the acceleration of outstanding amounts if such default is not cured or waived within the time periods outlined in the indenture. As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, the estimated fair value of the Senior Notes was approximately $275.4 million and $262.2 million, respectively, and was based on the quoted market prices of debt instruments with similar terms, credit rating and maturities of the Senior Notes as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. 3.25% Convertible Notes On June 10, 2014, j2 Global issued $402.5 million aggregate principal amount of 3.25% convertible senior notes due June 15, 2029 (the “Convertible Notes”). j2 Global received proceeds of $391.4 million in cash, net of underwriters’ discounts and commissions. The net proceeds were available for general corporate purposes. The Convertible Notes bear interest at a rate of 3.25% per annum, payable semiannually in arrears on June 15 and December 15 of each year. Beginning with the six-month interest period commencing on June 15, 2021, the Company must pay contingent interest on the Convertible Notes during any six-month interest period if the trading price per $1,000 principal amount of the Convertible Notes for each of the five trading days immediately preceding the first day of such interest period equals or exceeds $1,300. Any contingent interest payable on the Convertible Notes will be in addition to the regular interest payable on the Convertible Notes. Holders may surrender their Convertible Notes for conversion at any time prior to the close of business on the business day immediately preceding the maturity date only if one or more of the following conditions is satisfied: (i) during any calendar quarter commencing after the calendar quarter ending on September 30, 2014 (and only during such calendar quarter), if the closing sale price of j2 Global common stock for at least 20 trading days in the period of 30 consecutive trading days ending on the last trading day of the calendar quarter immediately preceding the calendar quarter in which the conversion occurs is more than 130% of the applicable conversion price of the Convertible Notes on each such trading day; (ii) during the five consecutive business day period following any ten consecutive trading day period in which the trading price for the Convertible Notes for each such trading day was less than 98% of the product of (a) the closing sale price of j2 Global common stock on each such trading day and (b) the applicable conversion rate on each such trading day; (iii) if j2 Global calls any or all of the Convertible Notes for redemption, at any time prior to the close of business on the business day prior to the redemption date; (iv) upon the occurrence of specified corporate events; or (v) during either the period beginning on, and including, March 15, 2021 and ending on, but excluding, June 20, 2021 or the period beginning on, and including, March 15, 2029 and ending on, but excluding, the maturity date. j2 Global will settle conversions of Convertible Notes by paying or delivering, as the case may be, cash, shares of j2 Global common stock or a combination thereof at j2 Global’s election. The Company currently intends to satisfy its conversion obligation by paying and delivering a combination of cash and shares of the Company’s common stock, where cash will be used to settle each $1,000 of principal and the remainder, if any, will be settled via shares of the Company’s common stock. -91- As of December 31, 2016, the conversion rate is 14.5078 shares of j2 Global common stock for each $1,000 principal amount of Convertible Notes, which represents a conversion price of approximately $68.93 per share of j2 Global common stock. The conversion rate is subject to adjustment for certain events as set forth in the indenture governing the Convertible Notes, but will not be adjusted for accrued interest. In addition, following certain corporate events that occur on or prior to June 20, 2021, j2 Global will increase the conversion rate for a holder that elects to convert its Convertible Notes in connection with such a corporate event. j2 Global may not redeem the Convertible Notes prior to June 20, 2021. On or after June 20, 2021, j2 Global may redeem for cash all or part of the Convertible Notes at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the Convertible Notes to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the redemption date. No sinking fund is provided for the Convertible Notes. Holders have the right to require j2 Global to repurchase for cash all or part of their Convertible Notes on each of June 15, 2021 and June 15, 2024 at a repurchase price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the Convertible Notes to be repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the relevant repurchase date. In addition, if a fundamental change, as defined in the indenture governing the Convertible Notes, occurs prior to the maturity date, holders may require j2 Global to repurchase for cash all or part of their Convertible Notes at a repurchase price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the Convertible Notes to be repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the fundamental change repurchase date. The Convertible Notes are the Company’s general senior unsecured obligations and rank: (i) senior in right of payment to any of the Company’s future indebtedness that is expressly subordinated in right of payment to the Convertible Notes; (ii) equal in right of payment to the Company’s existing and future unsecured indebtedness that is not so subordinated, including in respect of j2 Global’s guarantee of the obligations of our subsidiary, j2 Cloud Services, with respect to its outstanding Senior Notes; (iii) effectively junior in right of payment to any of the Company’s secured indebtedness to the extent of the value of the assets securing such indebtedness; and (iv) structurally junior to all existing and future indebtedness (including trade payables) incurred by the Company’s subsidiaries. Accounting for the Convertible Notes In accordance with ASC 470-20, Debt with Conversion and Other Options, convertible debt that can be settled for cash is required to be separated into the liability and equity component at issuance, with each component assigned a value. The value assigned to the liability component is the estimated fair value, as of the issuance date, of similar debt without the conversion feature. The difference between the cash proceeds and estimated fair value of the liability component, representing the value of the conversion premium assigned to the equity component, is recorded as a debt discount on the issuance date. This debt discount is amortized to interest expense using the effective interest method over the period from the issuance date through the first stated repurchase date on June 15, 2021. j2 Global estimated the borrowing rates of similar debt without the conversion feature at origination to be 5.79% for the Convertible Notes and determined the debt discount to be $59.0 million. As a result, a conversion premium after tax of $37.7 million was recorded in additional paid-in capital. The aggregate debt discount is amortized as interest expense over the period from the issuance date through the first stated repurchase date on June 15, 2021 which management believes is the expected life of the Convertible Notes using an interest rate of 5.81%. As of December 31, 2016, the remaining period over which the unamortized debt discount will be amortized is 4.5 years. The Convertible Notes are carried at face value less any unamortized debt discount. The fair value of the Convertible Notes at each balance sheet date is determined based on recent quoted market prices or dealer quotes for the Convertible Notes, which are Level 1 inputs (see Note 5 - Fair Value Measurements). If such information is not available, the fair value is determined using cash-flow models of the scheduled payments discounted at market interest rates for comparable debt without the conversion feature. As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, the estimated fair value of the Convertible Notes was approximately $516.8 million and $528.3 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, the if-converted value of our Convertible Notes exceeded the principal amount of $402.5 million by $75.2 million and $76.2 million, respectively. -92- The following table provides additional information related to our Convertible Notes (in thousands): Additional paid-in capital Principal amount of Convertible Notes Unamortized discount of the liability component Carrying amount of debt issuance costs Net carrying amount of Convertible Notes 2016 2015 $ $ $ 37,700 402,500 $ $ 40,356 7,002 355,142 $ 37,700 402,500 48,064 8,219 346,217 The following table provides the components of interest expense related to our Convertible Notes (in thousands): Cash interest expense (coupon interest expense) Non-cash amortization of discount on Convertible Notes Amortization of debt issuance costs Total interest expense related to Convertible Notes $ $ $ 13,081 7,707 1,217 $ 13,081 7,274 1,109 22,005 $ 21,464 $ 6,980 3,712 551 11,243 2016 2015 2014 Long-term debt as of December 31, 2016 and 2015 consists of the following (in thousands): Senior Notes Convertible Notes Less: Deferred issuance costs(1) Total long-term debt Less: Current portion Total long-term debt, less current portion 2016 2015 $ $ $ 247,359 362,144 (7,757) 601,746 — 601,746 $ $ $ 246,750 354,436 (9,149) 592,037 — 592,037 (1) The Company adopted ASU 2015-03 Interest - Imputation Interest (Subtopic 835-30): Simplifying the Presentation of Debt Issuance Costs during the first quarter of 2016 on a retrospective basis. At December 31, 2015, $9.1 million of deferred issuance costs were classified as a reduction of Long-term debt on our consolidated balance sheets. At December 31, 2016, future principal payments for debt were as follows (in thousands): Years Ended December 31, 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Thereafter $ — — — 250,000 402,500 — $ 652,500 Interest expense was $42.7 million, $43.6 million and $32.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. 9. Commitments and Contingencies Litigation From time to time, j2 Global and its affiliates are involved in litigation and other legal disputes or regulatory inquiries that arise in the ordinary course of business. Any claims or regulatory actions against j2 Global and its affiliates, whether meritorious or not, could be time consuming and costly, and could divert significant operational resources. The outcomes of such matters are -93- subject to inherent uncertainties, carrying the potential for unfavorable rulings that could include monetary damages and injunctive relief. On February 17, 2011, Emmanuel Pantelakis (“Pantelakis”) filed suit against a j2 Global affiliate in the Ontario Superior Court of Justice (No. 11-50673), alleging that the j2 Global affiliate breached a contract relating to Pantelakis’s use of the Campaigner® service. The j2 Global affiliate filed a responsive pleading on March 23, 2011 and responses to undertakings on July 16, 2012. On November 6, 2012, Pantelakis filed a second amended statement of claim, reframing his lawsuit as a negligence action. The j2 Global affiliate filed an amended statement of defense on April 8, 2013. Discovery is ongoing. On January 17, 2013, the Commissioner of the Massachusetts Department of Revenue (“Commissioner”) issued a notice of assessment to a j2 Global affiliate for sales and use tax for the period of July 1, 2003 through December 31, 2011. On July 22, 2014, the Commissioner denied the j2 Global affiliate’s application for abatement. On September 18, 2014, the j2 Global affiliate petitioned the Massachusetts Appellate Tax Board for abatement of the tax asserted in the notice of assessment (No. C325426). A trial was held on December 16, 2015. The Massachusetts Appellate Tax Board has not yet rendered its decision. On January 18, 2013, Paldo Sign and Display Co. filed an amended complaint adding two j2 Global affiliates and a former employee as additional defendants in an existing putative class action pending in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois (the “Northern District of Illinois”) (No. 1:13-cv-01896). The amended complaint alleged violations of the Telephone Consumer Protection Act (“TCPA”), the Illinois Consumer Fraud and Deceptive Business Practices Act (“ICFA”), and common law conversion, arising from an indirect customer’s alleged use of a j2 Global affiliate’s systems to send unsolicited facsimile transmissions. The j2 Global affiliates filed a motion to dismiss the ICFA and conversion claims, which was granted. The Northern District of Illinois also dismissed the former employee for lack of personal jurisdiction. On August 23, 2013, a second plaintiff, Sabon, Inc., was added. On March 7, 2016, the j2 Global affiliates moved for summary judgment on all remaining claims. The summary judgment motions are pending. The Northern District of Illinois has not yet addressed class certification. On August 28, 2013, Phyllis A. Huster (“Huster”) filed suit in the Northern District of Illinois (No. 1:13-cv-06143) against two j2 Global affiliates and three other parties for correction of inventorship for nine j2 Global patents. Huster seeks, among other things, a declaration that she was an inventor of the patents-in-suit, an order directing the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office to substitute or add her as an inventor, and payment of at least half of defendants’ earnings from licensing the patents-in-suit. On September 19, 2014, the Northern District of Illinois granted the defendants’ motion to dismiss for improper venue and transferred the case to the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Georgia (the “Northern District of Georgia”) (No. 1:14-cv-03304). Huster filed an amended complaint on February 11, 2015, which she corrected on February 12, 2015. The corrected amended complaint added various common law claims. On November 12, 2015, the Northern District of Georgia dismissed all claims against the j2 Global affiliates. On January 28, 2016, all remaining claims were dismissed on summary judgment. Huster filed a notice of appeal to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit (the “Federal Circuit”) on February 26, 2016 (No. 16-1639). The appeal is pending. On October 16, 2013, a j2 Global affiliate entered an appearance as a plaintiff in a multi-district litigation pending in the Northern District of Illinois (No. 1:12-cv-06286). In this litigation, Unified Messaging Solutions, LLC (“UMS”), a company with rights to assert certain patents owned by the j2 Global affiliate, has asserted five j2 Global patents against a number of defendants. While claims against some defendants have been settled, other defendants have filed counterclaims for, among other things, non- infringement, unenforceability, and invalidity of the patents-in-suit. On December 20, 2013, the Northern District of Illinois issued a claim construction opinion and, on June 13, 2014, entered a final judgment of non-infringement for the remaining defendants based on that claim construction. UMS and the j2 Global affiliate filed a notice of appeal to the Federal Circuit on June 27, 2014 (No. 14-1611). The appeal is pending. On June 23, 2014, Andre Free-Vychine (“Free-Vychine”) filed a putative class action against two j2 Global affiliates in the Superior Court for the State of California, County of Los Angeles (“Los Angeles Superior Court”) (No. BC549422). The complaint alleged two California statutory violations relating to late fees levied in certain eVoice® accounts. Free-Vychine sought, among other things, damages and injunctive relief on behalf of himself and a purported nationwide class of similarly situated persons. On August 26, 2014, Law Enforcement Officers, Inc. (“LEO”) and IV Pit Stop, Inc. (“IV Pit Stop”) filed a separate putative class action against the same j2 Global affiliates in Los Angeles Superior Court (No. BC555721). The complaint alleged three California statutory violations, negligence, breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, and various other common law claims relating to late fees levied on any of the j2 Global affiliates’ customers, including those with eVoice® and Onebox® accounts. LEO and IV Pit Stop sought, among other things, damages and injunctive relief on behalf of themselves and a purported nationwide class of similarly situated persons. On September 29, 2014, the Los Angeles Superior Court related and consolidated both cases for discovery purposes. On March 13, 2015, a third amended complaint was filed in the case brought by LEO, which no longer included IV Pit Stop as a plaintiff but added Christopher Dancel (“Dancel”) as a plaintiff. On June 26, 2015, -94- the case filed by Free-Vychine was dismissed pursuant to a settlement agreement. On October 7, 2015, the parties in the case brought by LEO and Dancel reached a tentative class-based settlement. On September 12, 2016, the Los Angeles Superior Court certified the class for settlement purposes only and provided its preliminary approved the settlement. The court will consider final approval of the settlement in early 2017. On January 21, 2016, Davis Neurology, P.A. filed a putative class action against two j2 Global affiliates in the Circuit Court for the County of Pope, State of Arkansas (58-cv-2016-40), alleging violations of the TCPA. The case was ultimately removed to the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Arkansas (No. 4:16-cv-00682). On June 6, 2016, the j2 Global affiliates filed a motion for judgment on the pleadings. That motion is fully briefed and pending before the court. j2 Global does not believe, based on current knowledge, that the foregoing legal proceedings or claims, after giving effect to existing reserves, are likely to have a material adverse effect on the Company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash flows. However, depending on the amount and timing, an unfavorable resolution of some or all of these matters could have a material effect on j2 Global’s consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash flows in a particular period. The Company has not accrued for any material loss contingencies relating to these legal proceedings because unfavorable outcomes are not considered probable by management. It is the Company’s policy to expense as incurred legal fees related to various litigations. Credit Agreement On December 5, 2016, j2 Global, Inc. entered into a Credit Agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) with MUFG Union Bank, N.A., as administrative agent, and certain other lenders from time to time party thereto (collectively, the “Lenders”). Pursuant to the Credit Agreement, the Lenders have provided j2 with a credit facility of $225.0 million (the “Credit Facility”). $180.0 million of which was drawn at closing of the Everyday Health acquisition and used to finance a portion of the cash consideration in the acquisition (see Note 3 - Business Acquisitions) reducing the amount available to the Company to borrow to $45.0 million. The Company must repay $30.0 million six months subsequent to the Closing Date. At the Company’s option, amounts borrowed under the Credit Agreement will bear interest at either (i) the London interbank offered rate multiplied by the Statutory Reserve Rate (as defined in the Credit Agreement) (the “Eurocurrency Rate”) or (ii) a base rate (the “Base Rate”) equal to the highest of (x) the federal funds rate, plus 0.50%, (y) the Reference Rate (as defined in the Credit Agreement) then in effect and (z) the Eurocurrency Rate for an interest period of one month, plus 1.0%, in each case, plus an applicable margin. Until the date that is six months after the Closing Date, the applicable margin relating to any Eurocurrency Rate loan is 1.75% and the applicable margin relating to any Base Rate loan is 0.75%. From and after the date that is six months after the Closing Date, the applicable margin relating to any Eurocurrency Rate loan is 2.25% and the applicable margin relating to any Base Rate loan is 1.25%. The final maturity of the Credit Facility will occur on December 4, 2017 (the “Maturity Date”). j2 Global is permitted to make voluntary prepayments of the Credit Facility at any time without payment of a premium or penalty. Amounts repaid cannot be re-borrowed. The Company is required to make mandatory prepayments of loans under the Credit Facility with (i) net cash proceeds from issuances of debt (other than certain permitted debt), (ii) net cash proceeds from certain non-ordinary course asset sales (subject to reinvestment rights and other exceptions) and (iii) casualty proceeds and condemnation awards (subject to reinvestment rights and other exceptions). The Company is also required to make prepayments of loans under the Credit Facility in the amount equal to the then-outstanding loans under the Credit Facility minus $150.0 million, if on the date that is six months after the Closing Date, the aggregate principal amount of the loans under the Credit Facility is greater than $150.0 million. The obligations under the Credit Facility and certain cash management and hedging obligations are and will be fully and unconditionally guaranteed by certain of j2 Global’s existing and subsequently acquired or organized direct and indirect subsidiaries (including Ziff Davis, LLC and Everyday Health) pursuant to a guarantee agreement and secured by a lien on the equity interests of certain of j2 Global’s subsidiaries, subject to customary exceptions. The Credit Agreement contains financial maintenance covenants, including maintenance of (i) a maximum total leverage ratio as of the last date of any fiscal quarter not to exceed 3.25:1.00; and (ii) a minimum Consolidated EBITDA (as defined in the Credit Agreement) of not less than $75.0 million for any fiscal quarter. The Credit Agreement also contains restrictive covenants that limit, among other things, the Company’s and its restricted subsidiaries’ ability to incur additional indebtedness, create, incur or assume liens, consolidate, merge, liquidate or dissolve, pay dividends or make other distributions or other restricted payments, make or hold any investments, enter into certain transactions with affiliates, sell assets other than on terms specified by the Credit Agreement, amend the terms of certain other indebtedness and organizational documents and change their lines of business and -95- fiscal years, in each case, subject to customary exceptions. j2 Global was in compliance with all such covenants. The Credit Agreement also sets forth customary events of default, including, among other things, the failure to make timely payments under the Credit Facility, the failure to satisfy certain covenants, cross-default and cross-acceleration to other material debt for borrowed money, the occurrence of a change of control and specified events of bankruptcy and insolvency. The Company has capitalized the total of $1.3 million in debt issuance costs, which are being amortized to interest expense over the life of the Credit Facility. As of December 31, 2016, these debt issuance costs, net of amortization, were $1.2 million. The related interest expense was $0.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. Operating Leases j2 Global leases certain facilities and equipment under non-cancelable operating leases which expire at various dates through 2025. Office and equipment leases are typically for terms of three to five years and generally provide renewal options for terms up to an additional five years. In most cases, the Company expects leases that expire will be renewed or replaced by other leases with similar terms. Future minimum lease payments at December 31, 2016 under non-cancelable operating leases (with initial or remaining lease terms in excess of one year) are as follows (in thousands): Fiscal Year: 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Thereafter Total minimum lease payments Lease Payments $ $ 14,799 13,823 12,025 8,799 7,929 16,845 74,220 Rental expense for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 was $10.6 million, $9.0 million and $9.7 million, respectively. Sublease Total sublease income for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 was $0.6 million and $0.5 million and $0.1 million, respectively. Total estimated aggregate sublease income to be received in the future is $1.3 million. Capital Leases As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, assets held under capital leases are as follows (in thousands): Capital leases Less: Accumulated depreciation Total capital leases, net 2016 2015 $ $ 1,967 (1,915) 52 $ $ 870 (617) 253 -96- Future minimum payments at December 31, 2016 under all capital leases (with initial or remaining lease terms in excess of one year) are as follows (in thousands): Fiscal Year: 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Thereafter Total minimum lease payments Future Payments $ $ 53 11 — — — — 64 Depreciation expense under capital leases for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 was $0.3 million, $0.2 million and $0.4 million, respectively. Non-Income Related Taxes As a provider of cloud services for business, the Company does not provide telecommunications services. Thus, it believes that its business and its users (by using our services) are generally not subject to various telecommunication taxes. Moreover, the Company generally does not believe that its business and its users (by using our services) are subject to other indirect taxes, such as sales and use tax, business tax and gross receipt tax. However, several state and municipal taxing authorities have challenged these beliefs and have and may continue to audit and assess our business and operations with respect to telecommunications and other indirect taxes. On February 24, 2016, President Obama signed into law H.R. 644, the “Trade Facilitation and Trade Enforcement Act of 2015” which included a provision to permanently ban state and local authorities from imposing access or discriminatory taxes on the Internet. The new law allows “grandfathered” states and local authorities to continue their existing taxes on internet access through June 2020. The Company is currently under audit for indirect taxes in several states and municipalities. On February 27, 2013, the Office of Finance for the City of Los Angeles (the “Los Angeles Office of Finance”) issued assessments to a j2 Global affiliate for business and communications taxes for the period of January 1, 2009 through December 31, 2012. On September 11, 2014, the Los Angeles Office of Finance issued revised assessments to a j2 Global affiliate increasing such affiliate’s liability to the City of Los Angeles. On April 30, 2015, the Los Angeles Office of Finance Board of Review denied the j2 Global affiliate’s request to abate the assessments. The j2 Global affiliate paid the assessments and requested the abatement of penalties. On November 2, 2016, the j2 Global affiliate reached an agreement with the City of Los Angeles to obtain a refund of a portion of the assessments paid. The refund was received December 1, 2016. In addition, on August 24, 2016, the Los Angeles Office of Finance notified the j2 Global affiliate that it will commence an audit of business and communications taxes for the period January 1, 2013 through December 31, 2016. For other jurisdictions, we currently have no reserves established for these matters, as we have determined that the liability is not probable and estimable. However, it is reasonably possible that such a liability could be incurred, which would result in additional expense, which could materially impact our financial results. -97- 10. Income Taxes The provision for income tax consisted of the following (in thousands): Current: Federal State Foreign Total current Deferred: Federal State Foreign Total deferred Total provision Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2016 $ 46,293 $ 3,874 22,612 21,745 $ 1,805 16,816 72,779 40,366 (6,822) (330) (6,627) (8,581) (3,462) (5,040) 22,074 3,822 13,977 39,873 (958) (5,019) (4,056) (13,779) (17,083) (10,033) $ 59,000 $ 23,283 $ 29,840 A reconciliation of the statutory federal income tax rate with j2 Global’s effective income tax rate is as follows: Statutory tax rate State income taxes, net Foreign rate differential Foreign income inclusion Foreign tax credit Reserve for uncertain tax positions Valuation allowance IRC Section 199 deductions Other Effective tax rates Years Ended December 31, 2016 2015 2014 35% 1.1 (14.6) 9.4 (5.5) 4.7 (1.0) (1.1) (0.1) 27.9% 35% 0.3 (15.8) 5.4 (6.1) (3.3) 1.8 (1.2) (1.3) 14.8% 35% 0.6 (13.8) 5.8 (6.4) (2.2) 2.6 (0.5) (1.9) 19.2% The Company’s effective rate for each year is normally lower than the 35% U.S. federal statutory plus applicable state income tax rates primarily due to earnings of j2 Global’s subsidiaries outside of the U.S. in jurisdictions where the effective tax rate is lower than in the U.S. -98- Deferred tax assets and liabilities result from differences between the financial statement carrying amounts and the tax bases of existing assets and liabilities. Temporary differences and carryforwards which give rise to deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows (in thousands): Deferred tax assets: Net operating loss carryforwards Tax credit carryforwards Accrued expenses Allowance for bad debt Share-based compensation expense Basis difference in fixed assets Impairment of investments Deferred revenue State taxes Other Less: valuation allowance Total deferred tax assets Deferred tax liabilities: Basis difference in fixed assets Basis difference in intangible assets Prepaid insurance Convertible debt Other Total deferred tax liabilities Net deferred tax liabilities Years Ended December 31, 2016 2015 $ $ $ $ 59,806 $ 16,281 14,759 2,624 5,631 2,195 74 2,361 1,758 9,227 114,716 (12,028) 102,688 $ — $ (98,830) (246) (36,592) (2,088) (137,756) (35,068) $ 11,559 18,341 12,156 1,169 4,308 — 74 3,232 522 7,458 58,819 (14,242) 44,577 (5,457) (41,351) (482) (31,091) (3,330) (81,711) (37,134) The Company had approximately $102.7 million and $44.6 million in deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively, related primarily to net operating loss carryforwards, tax credit carryforwards and accrued expenses treated differently between its financial statements and its tax returns. Based on the weight of available evidence, the Company assesses whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of a deferred tax asset will not be realized. If necessary, j2 Global records a valuation allowance sufficient to reduce the deferred tax asset to the amount that is more likely that not to be realized. The deferred tax assets should be realized through future operating results and the reversal of temporary differences. As of December 31, 2016, the Company had federal net operating loss carryforwards (“NOLs”) of $144.0 million, after considering substantial restrictions on the utilization of these NOLs due to “ownership changes”, as defined in the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Internal Revenue Code”). j2 Global currently estimates that all of the above-mentioned federal NOLs will be available for use before their expiration. These NOLs expire through the year 2036. The $144.0 million NOL carryforward amount includes $130.6 million acquired pursuant to the Everyday Health transaction (see Note 3 - Business Acquisitions). As of December 31, 2016, the Company had credits for Alternative Minimum Tax (“AMT”) of $0.9 million which was acquired pursuant to the Everyday Health transaction. The AMT credits have an indefinite life; however, these credits are subject to utilization restrictions similar to the restrictions placed on NOL utilization. As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, the Company has foreign tax credits of $11.9 million and $14.0 million, respectively. The Company has provided a valuation allowance on the foreign tax credits of $11.9 million and $14.0 million, respectively, as the weight of available evidence does not support full utilization of these credits. The foreign tax credits expire through the year 2025. In addition, as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, the Company had state research and development tax credits of $3.5 million and $3.7 million, respectively, which last indefinitely. As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, the Company had state enterprise zone tax credits of zero and $0.6 million, respectively. -99- Certain tax payments are prepaid during the year and included within prepaid expenses and other current assets on the consolidated balance sheet. The Company’s prepaid tax payments were zero and $11.6 million at December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Uncertain Income Tax Positions Tax positions are evaluated in a two-step process. The Company first determines whether it is more likely than not that a tax position will be sustained upon examination. If a tax position meets the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold, it is then measured to determine the amount of benefit to recognize in the financial statements. The tax position is measured as the largest amount of benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement. The Company classifies gross interest and penalties and unrecognized tax benefits that are not expected to result in payment or receipt of cash within one year as non- current liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. As of December 31, 2016, the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits was $41.2 million, of which $37.0 million, if recognized, would affect the Company’s effective tax rate. As of December 31, 2015, the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits was $32.5 million, of which $29.8 million, if recognized, would affect the Company’s effective tax rate. As of December 31, 2014, the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits was $34.6 million, of which $32.7 million, if recognized would affect the Company’s effective tax rate. The aggregate changes in the balance of unrecognized tax benefits, which excludes interest and penalties, for 2016, 2015 and 2014, is as follows (in thousands): Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2016 Beginning balance $ 32,536 $ 34,635 $ Increases related to tax positions during a prior year Decreases related to tax positions taken during a prior year Increases related to tax positions taken in the current year Settlements Decreases related to expiration of statute of limitations Ending balance $ 2,082 — 6,703 — (103) 41,218 10,361 (17,107) 8,841 (4,194) — $ 32,536 $ 40,888 919 (8,284) 3,765 (1,524) (1,129) 34,635 The Company includes interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits within the provision for income taxes. As of December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, the total amount of interest and penalties accrued was $5.3 million, $3.4 million and $2.9 million, respectively, which is classified as non-current liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. In connection with tax matters, the Company recognized interest and penalty (benefit) expense in 2016, 2015 and 2014 of $1.9 million, $(1.4) million and $(0.1) million, respectively. Uncertain income tax positions are reasonably possible to significantly change during the next 12 months as a result of completion of income tax audits and expiration of statutes of limitations. At this point it is not possible to provide an estimate of the amount, if any, of significant changes in reserves for uncertain income tax positions as a result of the completion of income tax audits that are reasonably possible to occur in the next 12 months. In addition, the Company cannot currently estimate the amount of, if any, uncertain income tax positions which will be released in the next 12 months as a result of expiration of statutes of limitations due to ongoing audits. As a result of ongoing federal, state and foreign income tax audits (discussed below), it is reasonably possible that our entire reserve for uncertain income tax positions for the periods under audit will be released. It is also reasonably possible that the Company’s reserves will be inadequate to cover the entire amount of any such income tax liability. The Company has not provided U.S. income taxes and foreign withholding taxes on the undistributed earnings of foreign subsidiaries as of December 31, 2016 because it intends to permanently reinvest such earnings outside the U.S. If these foreign earnings were to be repatriated in the future, the related U.S. tax liability may be reduced by any foreign income taxes previously paid on these earnings and would generate foreign tax credits that would reduce the federal tax liability. As of December 31, 2016, the cumulative amount of earnings upon which U.S. income taxes have not been provided is approximately $540.0 million. Determination of the amount of unrecognized deferred tax liability related to these earnings is not practicable. Income before income taxes included income from domestic operations of $84.8 million, $61.0 million and $79.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively, and income from foreign operations of $126.6 million, $95.9 million and $75.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. -100- Income Tax Audits: In November 2015, the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) began an income tax audit of the Company’s 2012 and 2013 tax years. In March 2016, the IRS expanded its income tax audit to include the Company’s 2014 tax year. j2 Global is under income tax audit by the California Franchise Tax Board (the “FTB”) for its tax years 2012 and 2013. The FTB, however, has agreed to suspend its audit for 2012 and 2013 pending the outcome of the IRS audit for such tax years. The Company is under income tax audit by the New York State Department of Taxation and Finance for tax years 2011 through 2013. j2 Global was under income tax audit by the New York City Department of Finance (“NYC”) for its tax years 2009 through 2011. In February 2016, j2 Global settled its NYC audit for approximately $26,000. It is reasonably possible that these audits may conclude in the next 12 months and that the uncertain tax positions the Company has recorded in relation to these tax years may change compared to the liabilities recorded for these periods. If the recorded uncertain tax positions are inadequate to cover the associated tax liabilities, the Company would be required to record additional tax expense in the relevant period, which could be material. If the recorded uncertain tax positions are adequate to cover the associated tax liabilities, the Company would be required to record any excess as reduction in tax expense in the relevant period, which could be material. However, it is not currently possible to estimate the amount, if any, of such change. 11. Stockholders’ Equity j2 Preferred Stock In connection with the December 31, 2013 reorganization of Ziff Davis, Inc. (“ZD Inc.”) into Ziff Davis, LLC (“ZD LLC”) and the Company’s acquisition of all of the minority holders’ equity interests in ZD Inc., the Company issued j2 Series A Preferred Stock (“j2 Series A Stock”) and j2 Series B Preferred Stock (“j2 Series B Stock”). j2 Series A Stock Each share of j2 Series A Stock has a stated value of $1,000. The j2 Series A Stock is not convertible into any other securities. In the event ZD LLC pays any dividends or distributions to the Company in respect of the Company’s membership interests in ZD LLC (subject to certain exceptions in respect of senior interests), holders of the j2 Series A Stock will be entitled to receive a dividend in the aggregate with respect to all j2 Series A Stock equal to 2.4449% of such ZD LLC dividend (but only to the extent such dividend and all other dividends paid in respect of the series A preferred stock does not exceed a compounded annual rate of 15% on the stated value of the j2 Series A Stock). The j2 Series A Stock has a liquidation preference over the j2 Series B Stock and a liquidation preference over j2 common stock in an amount up to, with respect to all shares of j2 Series A Stock, 2.4449% of the assets of ZD LLC and its subsidiaries legally available for distribution to the Company, after reduction in respect of certain senior interests (the “series A minority portion”), but in no event in an amount that exceeds the stated value of the j2 Series A Stock increased at a compounded annual rate of 15% (the “series A cap”) and in no event in an amount that exceeds the lesser of the Company’s assets available for distribution and 2.4449% of the assets of ZD LLC and its subsidiaries legally available for distribution to the Company. On or after January 2, 2019, the j2 Series A Stock will be mandatorily redeemable by the Company upon the occurrence of certain contingent liquidity events such as a sale, initial public offering or spin-off transactions involving ZD, LLC. Any or all of the j2 Series A Stock is subject to redemption by the Company at its option at any time. If the redemption occurs in connection with certain sale, initial public offering or spin-off transactions involving ZD LLC, the redemption price will be equal to an allocable portion of the enterprise value of ZD, LLC implied by such transaction with respect to the series A minority portion and based on certain factors to be determined by the Company’s Board of Directors in its sole good faith judgment, but in no event in an amount that would exceed the series A cap. If not in connection with such a transaction, the redemption price will be the series A cap. j2 Series B Stock The j2 Series B Stock is not convertible into any other securities. In the event ZD LLC pays any dividends or distributions to the Company in respect of the Company’s membership interests in ZD LLC (subject to certain exceptions in respect of senior interests and the j2 Series A Stock), holders of the j2 series B preferred stock will be entitled to receive a dividend in the aggregate with respect to all j2 Series B Stock equal to 9.5579% of such ZD LLC dividend. -101- The j2 Series B Stock will have a liquidation preference junior to the liquidation preference of the j2 Series A Stock and a liquidation preference over the j2 common stock in an amount up to, with respect to all shares of j2 Series B Stock, 9.5579% of the assets of ZD LLC and its subsidiaries legally available for distribution to the Company, after reduction in respect of the j2 Series A Stock and certain other senior interests (the “series B minority portion”), but in no event in an amount that exceeds the lesser of the Company’s assets available for distribution and 9.5579% of the assets of ZD LLC and its subsidiaries legally available for distribution to the Company. On or after January 2, 2019, the j2 Series B Stock will be mandatorily redeemable by the Company upon the occurrence of certain contingent liquidity events such as a sale, initial public offering or spin-off transactions involving ZD LLC. Any or all of the j2 Series B Stock is subject to redemption by the Company at its option at any time. If the redemption occurs in connection with certain sale, initial public offering or spin-off transactions involving ZD LLC, the redemption price will be equal to an allocable portion of the enterprise value of ZD LLC implied by such transaction with respect to the series B minority portion and based on certain factors to be determined by the Board of Directors of the Company in its sole good faith judgment. Otherwise, the redemption price will be equal to the fair market value of such share as determined by the Company’s Board of Directors in its sole good faith judgment. Preferred Stock Exchange In November 2014, the Company provided holders of j2 Series A Stock and j2 Series B Stock an exchange right in which shares may be exchanged for j2 common stock. The exchange right associated with the shares of j2 Series A Stock were immediately exercisable at an exchange ratio of 20.4319 shares of j2 common stock per share of j2 Series A Stock (the “Series A Exchange Ratio”). Both holders of the j2 Series A Stock exercised this exchange right which resulted in the issuance of 235,665 shares of j2 common stock. The exchange right associated with the vested shares of the j2 Series B Stock is exercisable during specified exchange periods at an exchange ratio of 31.8094 shares of j2 common stock per share of j2 Series B Stock (the “Series B Exchange Ratio”). Holders of vested j2 Series B Stock exercised this exchange right which resulted in the issuance of 91,737 and 91,734 shares of j2 common stock during fiscal years 2016 and 2015, respectively. In connection with the exercise of the exchange right and the resulting extinguishment of the Series A, the Company recorded the difference between the carrying value of the Series A and the fair value of the j2 common stock exchanged within retained earnings as a preferred stock dividend. In connection with the exercise of the exchange right associated with Series B, the Company recognized incremental fair value in the amount of $6.3 million and recorded additional share-based compensation in the amount of $1.3 million and $1.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The remaining amount of unrecognized incremental fair value will be recognized over the remaining service period. The Series B Exchange Ratio is adjusted in the event of a subdivision of the outstanding j2 common stock or j2 Series B Stock, a declaration of a dividend payable in shares of j2 common stock or j2 Series B Stock, a declaration of a dividend payable in a form other than shares in an amount that has a material effect on the value of shares of j2 common stock or j2 Series B Stock, a combination or consolidation of the outstanding j2 common stock or j2 Series B Stock into a lesser number of shares of j2 common stock or j2 Series B Stock, respectively, specified changes in control, a recapitalization, a reclassification, or a similar occurrence, the Company shall adjust the Series B Exchange Ratio as it deems appropriate in its sole discretion. Common Stock Repurchase Program In February 2012, the Company’s Board of Directors approved a program authorizing the repurchase of up to five million shares of j2 Global common stock through February 20, 2013 (the “2012 Program”) which was subsequently extended through February 19, 2018. On February 15, 2012, the Company entered into a Rule 10b5-1 trading plan with a broker to facilitate the repurchase program. No shares were repurchased under the share repurchase program for the year ended December 31, 2016 and 2015. Cumulatively at December 31, 2016, 2.1 million shares were repurchased at an aggregate cost of $58.6 million (including an immaterial amount of commission fees). In July 2016, the Company acquired and subsequently retired 935,231 shares of j2 Global common stock in connection with the acquisition of Integrated Global Concepts, Inc. (see Note 3 - Business Acquisitions). As a result of the purchase of j2 Global common stock, the Company’s Board of Directors approved a reduction in the number of shares available for purchase under the 2012 Program by the same amount leaving 1,938,689 shares of j2 Global common stock available for purchase under this program. -102- Periodically, participants in j2 Global’s stock plans surrender to the Company shares of j2 Global stock to pay the exercise price or to satisfy tax withholding obligations arising upon the exercise of stock options or the vesting of restricted stock. During the year ended December 31, 2016, the Company purchased 80,353 shares from plan participants for this purpose. Dividends The following is a summary of each dividend declared during fiscal year 2016 and 2015: Dividend per Common Share Declaration Date February 10, 2015 May 6, 2015 August 3, 2015 November 3, 2015 February 10, 2016 May 5, 2016 August 2, 2016 November 1, 2016 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ Record Date Payment Date February 23, 2015 March 9, 2015 May 19, 2015 June 3, 2015 August 17, 2015 September 1, 2015 0.2925 0.3000 0.3075 0.3150 November 17, 2015 December 3, 2015 0.3250 0.3350 0.3450 February 23, 2016 March 10, 2016 May 18, 2016 June 2, 2016 August 17, 2016 September 1, 2016 0.3550 November 18, 2016 December 5, 2016 On February 9, 2017, the Company’s Board of Directors declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.3650 per share of common stock payable on March 9, 2017 to all stockholders of record as of the close of business on February 22, 2017 (see Note 21 - Subsequent Events). Future dividends will be subject to Board approval. 12. Stock Options and Employee Stock Purchase Plan j2 Global’s share-based compensation plans include the Second Amended and Restated 1997 Stock Option Plan, the 2007 Stock Plan, the 2015 Stock Plan and the 2001 Employee Stock Purchase Plan. Each plan is described below. (a) Second Amended and Restated 1997 Stock Option Plan, the 2007 Stock Option Plan and the 2015 Stock Option Plan In November 1997, j2 Global’s Board of Directors adopted the j2 Global Communications, Inc. 1997 Stock Option Plan, which was twice amended and restated (the “1997 Plan”). The 1997 Plan terminated in 2007, although stock options and restricted stock issued under the 1997 Plan continue to be governed by it. A total of 12,000,000 shares of common stock were authorized to be used for 1997 Plan purposes. An additional 840,000 shares were authorized for issuance upon exercise of options granted outside the 1997 Plan. In October 2007, j2 Global’s Board of Directors adopted the j2 Global, Inc. 2007 Stock Option Plan (the “2007 Plan”). The 2007 Plan provides for the granting of incentive stock options, nonqualified stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units and other share-based awards. The number of authorized shares of common stock that may be used for 2007 Plan purposes is 4,500,000. Options under the 2007 Plan may be granted at exercise prices determined by the Board of Directors, provided that the exercise prices shall not be less than the fair market value of j2 Global’s common stock on the date of grant for incentive stock options and not less than 85% of the fair market value of j2 Global’s common stock on the date of grant for non-statutory stock options. In May 2015, j2 Global’s Board of Directors adopted the j2 Global, Inc. 2015 Stock Option Plan (the “2015 Plan”). The 2015 Plan provides for the grant of incentive stock options, nonqualified stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units, performance shares, performance share units and other share-based awards and is intended as a successor plan to the 2007 Stock Plan since no further grants will be made under the 2007 Stock Plan. 4,200,000 shares of common stock are authorized to be used for 2015 Plan purposes. Options under the 2015 Plan may be granted at exercise prices determined by the Board of Directors, provided that the exercise prices shall not be less than the higher of the par value or 100% of the fair market value of j2 Global’s common stock subject to the option on the date the option is granted. At December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, options to purchase 353,258, 457,792 and 618,437 shares of common stock were exercisable under and outside of the 2015 Plan, the 2007 Plan and the 1997 Plan combined, at weighted average exercise prices of $26.10, $24.78 and $23.77, respectively. Stock options generally expire after 10 years and vest over a 5-year period. -103- All stock option grants are approved by “outside directors” within the meaning of Internal Revenue Code Section 162 (m). Stock Options Stock option activity for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 is summarized as follows: Weighted- Average Exercise Price Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Life (In Years) Aggregate Intrinsic Value Number of Shares Options outstanding at January 1, 2014 Granted Exercised Canceled Options outstanding at December 31, 2014 Granted Exercised Canceled Options outstanding at December 31, 2015 Granted Exercised Canceled Options outstanding at December 31, 2016 Exercisable at December 31, 2016 Vested and expected to vest at December 31, 2016 1,175,657 — (433,008) (17,000) 725,649 62,000 (221,221) — 566,428 — (142,870) (9,700) 413,858 353,258 402,809 $ $ $ $ $ $ 21.08 — 15.70 29.85 24.29 67.35 22.41 — 29.74 — 26.04 26.92 31.09 26.10 30.14 3.8 3.1 3.7 $20,988,138 $19,676,668 $20,809,814 For the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, j2 Global granted zero, 62,000 and zero options, respectively, to purchase shares of common stock pursuant to the 2015 Plan. These stock options vest 20% per year and expire 10 years from the date of grant. The per share weighted-average grant-date fair values of stock options granted during the period ended December 31, 2015 was $15.22. There were no stock options granted during the years 2016 and 2014. The total intrinsic values of options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 was $5.6 million, $10.5 million and $14.6 million, respectively. The total fair value of options vested during the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 was $0.6 million, $0.7 million and $2.3 million, respectively. Cash received from options exercised under all share-based payment arrangements for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 was $3.6 million, $5.0 million and $6.6 million, respectively. The actual tax benefit realized for the tax deductions from option exercises under the share-based payment arrangements totaled $1.9 million, $3.7 million and $5.2 million, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014. -104- The following table summarizes information concerning outstanding and exercisable options as of December 31, 2016: Options Outstanding Exercisable Options Number Outstanding December 31, 2016 24,000 45,558 53,376 347 84,092 29,200 75,585 21,700 18,000 62,000 413,858 Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life 2.18 years 1.34 years 2.35 years 0.95 years 3.35 years 3.18 years 4.36 years 5.05 years 0.59 years 8.35 years 3.82 years Weighted Average Exercise Price Number Exercisable December 31, 2016 Weighted Average Exercise Price $ $ 17.19 20.91 21.67 21.88 22.92 26.67 29.34 30.06 32.45 67.35 31.09 24,000 45,558 53,376 347 84,092 23,200 75,585 16,700 18,000 12,400 353,258 $ $ 17.19 20.91 21.67 21.88 22.92 26.79 29.34 30.22 32.45 67.35 26.10 Range of Exercise Prices $17.19 20.91 21.67 21.88 22.92 24.61 - 28.52 29.34 29.53 - 31.07 32.45 67.35 $17.19 - $67.35 As discussed in Note 11 - Stockholders’ Equity, the Company provided holders of j2 Series B Stock an exchange right in which j2 Series B Stock may be exchanged for j2 common stock during specified exchange periods. The Company determined that such exchange right represents a grant under the 2007 Plan for the year ended December 31, 2014, and accordingly, reduced the awards available under the 2007 Plan. At December 31, 2016, there were 3,738,654 additional shares underlying options, shares of restricted stock and other share-based awards available for grant under the 2015 Plan, and no additional shares are available for grant under or outside of the 2007 and 1997 Plans. The Company recognized $0.4 million, $0.7 million and $1.2 million of compensation expense related to stock options for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. As of December 31, 2016, there was $0.7 million of total unrecognized compensation expense related to nonvested share-based compensation options granted under the 2015 Plan, 2007 Plan and the 1997 Plan. That expense is expected to be recognized ratably over a weighted average period of 2.80 years (i.e., the remaining requisite service period). Fair Value Disclosure j2 Global uses the Black-Scholes option pricing model to calculate the fair value of each option grant. The expected volatility is based on historical volatility of the Company’s common stock. The Company estimates the expected term based upon the historical exercise behavior of our employees. The risk-free interest rate is based on U.S. Treasury zero-coupon issues with a term equal to the expected term of the option assumed at the date of grant. The Company uses an annualized dividend yield based upon the per share dividends declared by its Board of Directors. Estimated forfeiture rates were 12.7%, 14.1% and 12.3% as of December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The weighted-average fair values of stock options granted have been estimated utilizing the following assumptions: Risk-free interest rate Expected term (in years) Dividend yield Expected volatility Weighted average volatility Years Ended December 31, 2016 —% 0.0 —% —% —% 2015 1.61% 5.2 1.8% 28.12% 28.12% 2014 —% 0.0 —% —% —% -105- Restricted Stock and Restricted Stock Units j2 Global has awarded restricted stock and restricted stock units to its Board of Directors and senior staff pursuant to the 1997 Plan, the 2007 Plan, and the 2015 Plan. Compensation expense resulting from restricted stock and restricted unit grants is measured at fair value on the date of grant and is recognized as share-based compensation expense over the applicable vesting period. Beginning in fiscal year 2012 vesting periods are approximately one year for awards to members of the Company’s Board of Directors and five years for senior staff. The Company granted 317,914, 252,940 and 265,601 shares of restricted stock and restricted units during the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively, and recognized $13.2 million, $11.0 million and $7.7 million, respectively of related compensation expense. As of December 31, 2016, the Company had unrecognized share-based compensation cost of $37.9 million associated with these awards. This cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 3.3 years for awards and 3.2 years for units. The total fair value of restricted stock and restricted stock units vested during the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 was $8.0 million, $6.4 million and $8.5 million, respectively. The actual tax benefit realized for the tax deductions from the vesting of restricted stock awards and units totaled $3.5 million, $3.8 million and $5.0 million, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014. In accordance with ASC 718, share-based compensation is recognized on dividends paid related to nonvested restricted stock not expected to vest, which amounted to approximately $0.1 million, $0.1 million and $0.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Restricted Stock - Awards with Market Conditions In May 2016, certain key employees were granted market-based restricted stock awards. The market-based awards have vesting conditions that are based on specified stock price targets of the Company’s common stock. Market conditions were factored into the grant date fair value using a Monte Carlo valuation model, which utilized multiple input variables to determine the probability of the Company achieving the specified stock price targets with a 20-day lookback (trading days). Stock-based compensation expense related to an award with a market condition will be recognized over the requisite service period using the graded-vesting method regardless of whether the market condition is satisfied, provided that the requisite service period has been completed. During the year ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, the Company awarded 106,780 and zero market-based restricted stock awards, respectively. The per share weighted average grant-date fair values of the market-based restricted stock awards granted during the year ended December 31, 2016 were $44.67. The weighted-average fair values of market-based restricted stock awards granted have been estimated utilizing the following assumptions: Underlying stock price at valuation date $ Expected volatility Risk-free interest rate December 31, 2016 63.73 29.8% 1.51% -106-  Restricted stock award activity for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 is set forth below: Nonvested at January 1, 2014 Granted Vested Canceled Nonvested at December 31, 2014 Granted Vested Canceled Nonvested at December 31, 2015 Granted Vested Canceled Nonvested at December 31, 2016 Weighted-Average Grant-Date Fair Value Shares 1,178,371 $ 226,864 (546,115) (45,070) 814,050 234,540 (254,871) (88,915) 704,804 296,414 (255,503) (40,700) 705,015 $ $ $ 17.86 45.66 15.63 35.55 26.57 68.11 25.16 40.97 39.08 41.27 31.27 63.95 41.40 Restricted stock unit activity for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 is set forth below: Number of Shares Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Life (in Years) Aggregate Intrinsic Value Outstanding at January 1, 2014 Granted Vested Canceled Outstanding at December 31, 2014 Granted Vested Canceled Outstanding at December 31, 2015 Granted Vested Canceled Outstanding at December 31, 2016 Vested and expected to vest at December 31, 2016 Employee Stock Purchase Plan 109,725 38,737 (19,598) (25,940) 102,924 18,400 (23,221) (41,858) 56,245 21,500 (14,595) (11,200) 51,950 41,163 1.8 1.6 $ $ 4,249,510 3,367,103 In May of 2001, j2 Global established the j2 Global, Inc. 2001 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, as amended (the “Purchase Plan”), which provides for the issuance of a maximum of 2,000,000 shares of common stock. Under the Purchase Plan, eligible employees can have up to 15% of their earnings withheld, up to certain maximums, to be used to purchase shares of j2 Global’s common stock at certain plan-defined dates. The price of the common stock purchased under the Purchase Plan for the offering periods is equal to 95% of the fair market value of the common stock at the end of the offering period. During 2016, 2015 and 2014, 3,918, 4,020 and 5,735 shares, respectively were purchased under the Purchase Plan at price ranging from $68.88 to $60.34 per share during 2016. As of December 31, 2016, 1,626,526 shares were available under the Purchase Plan for future issuance. -107- 13. Defined Contribution 401(k) Savings Plan j2 Global has two significant 401(k) Savings Plans covering the employees of j2 Global, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiary Ziff Davis, Inc. Eligible employees may contribute through payroll deductions. The Company may make annual contributions to the j2 Global 401(k) Savings Plan at the discretion of j2 Global’s Board of Directors and employees within the Ziff Davis, Inc. 401(k) Savings Plan receive 50% of the first 4% of eligible compensation with a maximum of 2% of salary. For the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, the Company accrued $0.2 million and $0.2 million, respectively, for contributions to the 401(k) Savings Plans. 14. Earnings Per Share The components of basic and diluted earnings per share are as follows (in thousands, except share and per share data): Numerator for basic and diluted net income per common share: Net income attributable to j2 Global, Inc. common shareholders Net income available to participating securities (a) Net income available to j2 Global, Inc. common shareholders Denominator: Years Ended December 31, 2016 2015 2014 $ $ 152,439 (2,242) $ 133,636 (2,159) 124,336 (2,590) 150,197 131,477 121,746 Weighted-average outstanding shares of common stock 47,668,357 47,627,853 46,778,015 Dilutive effect of: Equity incentive plans Convertible debt (b) 201,660 93,209 293,911 165,996 328,523 — Common stock and common stock equivalents 47,963,226 48,087,760 47,106,538 Net income per share: Basic Diluted $ $ 3.15 3.13 $ $ 2.76 2.73 $ $ 2.60 2.58 (a) Represents unvested share-based payment awards that contain certain non-forfeitable rights to dividends or dividend equivalents (whether paid or unpaid). (b) Represents the incremental shares issuable upon conversion of the Convertible Notes due June 15, 2029 by applying the treasury stock method when the average stock price exceeds the conversion price of the Convertible Notes (see Note 8 - Long Term Debt) For the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, there were zero options outstanding, respectively, which were excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per share because the exercise prices were greater than the average market price of the common shares. 15. Segment Information The Company’s business segments are based on the organization structure used by management for making operating and investment decisions and for assessing performance. j2 Global’s reportable business segments are: (i) Business Cloud Services; and (ii) Digital Media. Segment accounting policies are the same as described in Note 2 - Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Policies. -108- Information on reportable segments and reconciliation to consolidated income from operations is as follows (in thousands): Revenue by segment: Business Cloud Services Digital Media Elimination of inter-segment revenues Total revenue Direct costs by segment (1): Business Cloud Services Digital Media Direct costs by segment (1): Business Cloud Services operating income(2) Digital Media operating income Segment operating income Global operating costs (2)(3) Income from operations Years Ended December 31, 2016 2015 2014 $ 566,938 $ 504,638 $ 431,475 307,463 (146) 874,255 216,374 (197) 720,815 167,814 (259) 599,030 356,059 256,763 612,822 210,879 50,700 261,579 294,436 185,937 480,373 210,202 30,437 240,639 241,592 137,321 378,913 189,883 30,493 220,376 19,013 41,257 34,170 $ 242,566 $ 199,382 $ 186,206 (1) Direct costs for each segment include cost of revenues and other operating expenses that are directly attributable to the segment, such as employee compensation expense, local sales and marketing expenses, engineering and network operations expenses, depreciation and amortization and other administrative expenses. (2) During 2016, the Company determined certain personnel and third-party costs were directly attributable to a particular segment. As a result, these costs were no longer classified as Global operating costs in 2016. If such costs in 2015 and 2014 were classified consistent with the 2016 presentation, the operating income for Business Cloud Services segment would have been $189.1 million and $174.8 million, respectively and Global operating costs would have been $20.2 million and $19.1 million, respectively. (3) Global operating costs include general and administrative and other corporate expenses that are managed on a global basis and that are not directly attributable to any particular segment. -109- Assets: Business Cloud Services Digital Media Total assets from reportable segments Corporate Total assets Capital expenditures: Business Cloud Services Digital Media Total from reportable segments Corporate Total capital expenditures Depreciation and amortization: Business Cloud Services Digital Media Total from reportable segments Corporate Total depreciation and amortization 2016 2015 $ 911,327 1,124,535 2,035,862 26,466 $2,062,328 $1,017,676 427,647 1,445,323 338,396 $1,783,719 2016 2015 2014 $ $ $ 6,113 18,633 24,746 — 24,746 $ 79,533 42,558 122,091 — $ 122,091 $ $ $ $ $ 7,546 9,389 16,935 362 17,297 62,385 30,008 92,393 820 93,213 $ $ $ $ $ 6,639 4,920 11,559 270 11,829 39,699 22,483 62,182 771 62,953 The Company’s Business Cloud Services segment consists of several services which have similar economic characteristics, including the nature of the services and their production processes, the type of customers, as well as the methods used to distribute these services. j2 Global groups its Business Cloud services into three main categories based on the similarities of these services: Cloud Connect, Cloud Services and Intellectual Property. Cloud Connect consists of our Fax and Voice services. Cloud Services consist of Backup, Email Security, Email Marketing and Web Hosting. -110- 2016 Revenue Depreciation and Amortization Operating Income (1) 2015 Revenue Depreciation and Amortization Operating Income (1) 2014 Revenue Depreciation and Amortization Operating Income (1) Cloud Connect (Fax/Voice) Cloud Services Intellectual Property Total Business Cloud Services $ 368,683 $ 193,710 $ 4,545 $ 25,543 172,199 47,872 42,887 6,118 (4,207) $ 353,893 $ 144,980 $ 5,765 $ 22,667 183,332 32,457 30,390 7,261 (3,520) $ 349,538 $ 76,398 $ 5,539 $ 16,929 179,100 14,821 15,196 7,949 (4,413) 566,938 79,533 210,879 504,638 62,385 210,202 431,475 39,699 189,883 (1) During 2016, the Company determined certain personnel and third-party costs were directly attributable to a particular segment. As a result, these costs were no longer classified as Global operating costs in 2016. If such costs in 2015 and 2014 were classified consistent with the 2016 presentation, the operating income for Cloud Connect and Other Cloud Services would have been $168.6 million and $24.1 million, respectively and $167.8 million and $11.5 million, respectively. j2 Global maintains operations in the U.S., Canada, Ireland, Japan and other countries. Geographic information about the U.S. and all other countries for the reporting periods is presented below. Such information attributes revenues based on jurisdictions where revenues are reported (in thousands). Revenues: United States Canada Ireland All other countries Total Long-lived assets: United States All other countries Total Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2016 $ $ $ 607,285 76,775 71,340 118,855 $ 492,682 74,864 43,717 109,552 403,279 70,434 42,979 82,338 874,255 $ 720,815 $ 599,030 December 31, 2016 December 31, 2015 $ $ 453,053 93,430 546,483 $ $ 271,796 105,477 377,273 16. Consolidating Financial Statements In connection with the June 2014 Convertible Note issuance, j2 Global, Inc. entered into a supplemental indenture related to the Senior Notes, pursuant to which it fully and unconditionally guaranteed, on an unsecured basis, the full and punctual payment of the Senior Notes issued by its wholly owned subsidiary, j2 Cloud Services. j2 Cloud Services is subject to restrictions on dividends in its existing indenture with respect to the Senior Notes. While substantially all of the Company’s assets (other than the net cash proceeds from the issuance of the Convertible Notes) are owned directly or indirectly by j2 Cloud Services, those contractual provisions did not, as of June 30, 2014, meaningfully restrict the ability of j2 Cloud Services to pay dividends to j2 Global, Inc. -111- The following condensed consolidating financial statements present, in separate columns, financial information for (i) j2 Global, Inc. (the “Parent”) on a parent-only basis, (ii) j2 Cloud Services, LLC, (iii) the non-guarantor subsidiaries on a combined basis, (iv) the eliminations and reclassifications necessary to arrive at the information for the Company on a consolidated basis, and (v) the Company on a consolidated basis. The condensed consolidating financial statements are presented in accordance with the equity method. Under this method, the investments in subsidiaries are recorded at cost and adjusted for the Company’s share of subsidiaries’ cumulative results of operations, capital contributions, distributions and other equity changes. Intercompany charges (income) between the Parent and subsidiaries are recognized in the condensed consolidating financial statements during the period incurred and the settlement of intercompany balances is reflected in the condensed consolidating statement of cash flows based on the nature of the underlying transactions. Consolidating adjustments include consolidating and eliminating entries for investments in subsidiaries, intercompany activity and balances. -112- j2 GLOBAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATING BALANCE SHEET December 31, 2016 (In thousands except share and per share data) BALANCE SHEET ASSETS j2 Global, Inc. j2 Cloud Services Non-guarantor Subsidiaries Consolidating Adjustments j2 Global Consolidated Cash and cash equivalents $ 23,935 $ Short-term investments Accounts receivable, net Prepaid expenses and other current assets Intercompany receivable Total current assets Property and equipment, net Trade names, net Patent and patent licenses, net Customer relationships, net Goodwill Other purchased intangibles, net Investment in subsidiaries Deferred income taxes, non-current Other assets Total assets LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY — — 25,922 635,740 685,597 — — — — — — 1,091,412 1,346 — 22,949 $ — 11,464 2,266 281,078 317,757 6,318 10,097 601 2,519 58,310 4,804 730,153 26,667 443 77,066 $ 60 188,498 21,246 166,210 453,080 61,776 105,756 13,327 205,636 1,064,500 168,951 (1,071) 2,171 6,002 — $ — (91) (25,316) (1,083,028) (1,108,435) — — — — — — (1,820,494) (24,895) — 123,950 60 199,871 24,118 — 347,999 68,094 115,853 13,928 208,155 1,122,810 173,755 — 5,289 6,445 $ 1,778,355 $ 1,157,669 $ 2,080,128 $ (2,953,824) $ 2,062,328 Accounts payable and accrued expenses $ 4,545 $ 28,179 $ 170,754 $ Income taxes payable Deferred revenue, current Line of Credit Capital lease, current Intercompany payable Total current liabilities Long-term debt — — 178,817 — 296,658 480,020 355,143 82,795 19,277 — — 11 130,262 246,604 -113- — 61,107 — 64 720,317 952,242 (1) (25,407) $ (66,042) — — — (1,016,986) (1,108,435) — 178,071 16,753 80,384 178,817 64 — 454,089 601,746 Deferred revenue, non-current Liability for uncertain tax positions Deferred income taxes, non-current Other long-term liabilities Total liabilities Commitments and contingencies Preferred stock - Series A, $0.01 par value Preferred stock - Series B, $0.01 par value Common stock, $0.01 par value Additional paid-in capital Retained earnings Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) Total stockholders' equity — — 28,687 1,040 864,890 — — — 474 464,220 448,771 — 913,465 1,588 41,259 — 505 420,218 — — — — 89,066 648,233 152 737,451 — 5,278 36,565 1,930 996,014 — — — — 424,399 714,516 (54,801) 1,084,114 Total liabilities and stockholders' equity $ 1,778,355 $ 1,157,669 $ 2,080,128 $ — — (24,895) — (1,133,330) — — — — (669,356) (1,151,138) — (1,820,494) (2,953,824) $ 1,588 46,537 40,357 3,475 1,147,792 — — — 474 308,329 660,382 (54,649) 914,536 2,062,328 -114- j2 GLOBAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATING BALANCE SHEET December 31, 2015 (In thousands except share and per share data) BALANCE SHEET ASSETS j2 Global, Inc. j2 Cloud Services Non-guarantor Subsidiaries Consolidating Adjustments j2 Global Consolidated Cash and cash equivalents $ 55,516 $ 9,975 $ 190,039 $ Short-term investments Accounts receivable, net Prepaid expenses and other current assets Deferred income taxes, current Intercompany receivable Total current assets Long-term investments Property and equipment, net Trade names, net Patent and patent licenses, net Customer relationships, net Goodwill Other purchased intangibles, net Investment in subsidiaries Deferred income taxes, non-current Other assets Total assets 79,595 — 6,887 — 117,000 258,998 78,563 — — — — — — 1,051,927 — 8,219 — 10,679 8,500 3,316 174,127 206,597 — 6,557 10,118 743 1,193 56,296 4,218 1,095,155 14,978 1,167 60 104,131 14,319 4,413 — 312,962 — 50,885 108,847 18,098 196,126 751,365 13,298 — (14,978) 4,370 — $ — (130) (3,984) (511) (291,127) (295,752) — — — — — — — (2,147,082) — (9,149) $ 1,397,707 $ 1,397,022 $ 1,440,973 $ (2,451,983) $ LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY Accounts payable and accrued expenses $ 4,573 $ Income taxes payable Deferred revenue, current Capital lease, current Deferred income taxes, current Intercompany payable — — — 511 121,263 27,976 $ 9,573 19,530 — — — -115- 81,965 $ (130) $ — 56,574 214 363 169,864 (3,984) — — (511) (291,127) 255,530 79,655 114,680 25,722 7,218 — 482,805 78,563 57,442 118,965 18,841 197,319 807,661 17,516 — — 4,607 1,783,719 114,384 5,589 76,104 214 363 — Total current liabilities Long-term debt Deferred revenue, non-current Capital lease, non-current Liability for uncertain tax positions Deferred income taxes, non-current Other long-term liabilities Total liabilities Commitments and contingencies Preferred stock - Series A, $0.01 par value Preferred stock - Series B, $0.01 par value Common stock, $0.01 par value Additional paid-in capital Retained earnings Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) Total stockholders' equity 126,347 354,437 — — — 24,936 1,779 507,499 — — — 479 292,064 595,216 2,449 890,208 Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity $ 1,397,707 $ 57,079 246,749 4,667 — 35,917 — 683 345,095 — — — — 238,631 813,058 238 308,980 — 1,871 148 — 19,053 15,766 345,818 — — — — 524,031 602,935 (31,811) (295,752) (9,149) — — — — — (304,901) — — — — (762,662) (1,384,420) — 1,051,927 1,397,022 $ 1,095,155 1,440,973 $ (2,147,082) (2,451,983) $ 196,654 592,037 6,538 148 35,917 43,989 18,228 893,511 — — — 479 292,064 626,789 (29,124) 890,208 1,783,719 -116- Revenues: Total revenues Cost of revenues Gross profit Operating expenses: Sales and marketing Research, development and engineering General and administrative Total operating expenses Income (loss) from operations Equity earnings in Subsidiaries Interest expense, net Other expense (income), net Income before income taxes Income tax expense (benefit) Net income $ j2 GLOBAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATING STATEMENT OF INCOME Year Ended December 31, 2016 (In thousands, except share and per share data) j2 Global, Inc. j2 Cloud Services Non-guarantor Subsidiaries Consolidating Adjustments j2 Global Consolidated $ — $ 246,525 $ 692,974 $ (65,244) $ 874,255 — — — — 19,014 19,014 (19,014) 160,544 4,579 (7,717) 144,668 (7,771) 152,439 71,115 175,410 40,583 12,657 19,048 72,288 103,122 97,202 20,655 (872) 180,541 35,447 141,082 551,892 166,435 25,389 201,610 393,434 158,458 — 16,136 (1,654) 143,976 31,324 (65,097) (147) (147) — — (147) — (257,746) — — (257,746) — $ 145,094 $ 112,652 $ (257,746) $ 147,100 727,155 206,871 38,046 239,672 484,589 242,566 — 41,370 (10,243) 211,439 59,000 152,439 -117- Revenues: Total revenues Cost of revenues Gross profit Operating expenses: Sales and marketing Research, development and engineering General and administrative Total operating expenses Income (loss) from operations Equity earnings in Subsidiaries Interest expense, net Other expense (income), net Income before income taxes Income tax expense (benefit) Net income $ j2 GLOBAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATING STATEMENT OF INCOME Year Ended December 31, 2015 (In thousands, except share and per share data) j2 Global, Inc. j2 Cloud Services Non-guarantor Subsidiaries Consolidating Adjustments j2 Global Consolidated $ — $ 232,768 $ 554,560 $ (66,513) $ 720,815 — — — — 15,849 15,849 (15,849) 151,894 12,227 (271) 124,089 (9,547) 133,636 77,798 154,970 39,240 14,844 26,842 80,926 74,044 116,142 21,276 395 168,515 16,621 111,476 443,084 119,966 19,485 162,446 301,897 141,187 — 8,955 (119) 132,351 16,209 (66,316) (197) (197) — — (197) — (268,036) — — (268,036) — $ 151,894 $ 116,142 $ (268,036) $ 122,958 597,857 159,009 34,329 205,137 398,475 199,382 — 42,458 5 156,919 23,283 133,636 -118- Revenues: Total revenues Cost of revenues Gross profit Operating expenses: Sales and marketing Research, development and engineering General and administrative Total operating expenses Income (loss) from operations Equity earnings in Subsidiaries Interest expense, net Other expense (income), net Income before income taxes Income tax expense (benefit) Net income Less extinguishment of Series A preferred stock Net income attributable to j2 Global, Inc. common shareholders $ $ j2 GLOBAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATING STATEMENT OF INCOME Year Ended December 31, 2014 (In thousands, except share and per share data) j2 Global, Inc. j2 Cloud Services Non-guarantor Subsidiaries Consolidating Adjustments j2 Global Consolidated $ — $ 227,860 $ 412,217 $ (41,047) $ 599,030 — — — — 6,401 6,401 (6,401) 135,838 10,442 (23) 119,018 (6,309) 125,327 (991) $ 51,391 176,469 36,414 14,055 30,300 80,769 95,700 77,051 20,478 141 152,132 16,294 135,838 — $ 95,386 316,831 105,812 16,625 97,487 219,924 96,907 — 284 (283) 96,906 19,855 77,051 — (40,788) (259) (259) — — (259) — (212,889) — — (212,889) — $ (212,889) $ — 105,989 493,041 141,967 30,680 134,188 306,835 186,206 — 31,204 (165) 155,167 29,840 125,327 (991) 124,336 $ 135,838 $ 77,051 $ (212,889) $ 124,336 -119- j2 GLOBAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATING STATEMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME Year Ended December 31, 2016 (In thousands) j2 Global, Inc. j2 Cloud Services Non-guarantor Subsidiaries Consolidating Adjustments j2 Global Consolidated 152,439 $ 145,094 $ 112,652 $ (257,746) $ 152,439 — (2,449) (2,449) — — — (23,076) — (23,076) — — — 149,990 $ 145,094 $ 89,576 $ (257,746) $ (23,076) (2,449) (25,525) 126,914 Net income Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax: Foreign currency translation adjustment Change in fair value on available-for- sale investments, net of tax benefit Other comprehensive loss, net of tax Comprehensive income $ $ -120- j2 GLOBAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATING STATEMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME Year Ended December 31, 2015 (In thousands) Net income Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax: Foreign currency translation adjustment Change in fair value on available-for- sale investments, net of tax benefit Other comprehensive loss, net of tax Comprehensive income $ $ j2 Global, Inc. j2 Cloud Services Non-guarantor Subsidiaries Consolidating Adjustments j2 Global Consolidated 133,636 $ 151,894 $ 116,142 $ (268,036) $ 133,636 — (6,939) (6,939) 126,697 $ — — — 151,894 $ (15,058) — (15,058) 101,084 $ — — — (268,036) $ (15,058) (6,939) (21,997) 111,639 -121- j2 GLOBAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATING STATEMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME Year Ended December 31, 2014 (In thousands) j2 Global, Inc. j2 Cloud Services Non-guarantor Subsidiaries Consolidating Adjustments j2 Global Consolidated Net income $ 125,327 $ 135,838 $ 77,051 $ (212,889) $ 125,327 Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax: Foreign currency translation adjustment Change in fair value on available-for- sale investments, net of tax expense Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax — 15 15 (478) 3,307 2,829 (14,216) 10 (14,206) — — — (14,694) 3,332 (11,362) Comprehensive income $ 125,342 $ 138,667 $ 62,845 $ (212,889) $ 113,965 -122- Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities $ Cash flows from investing activities: Maturity of available-for-sale investments Purchase of available-for-sale investments Purchases of property and equipment Acquisition of businesses, net of cash received Purchases of intangible assets Intercompany Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities Cash flows from financing activities: Proceeds from line of credit, net Repurchases of common and restricted stock Issuance of common stock under employee stock purchase plan Exercise of stock options Dividends paid Excess tax benefits from share-based compensation Deferred payments for acquisitions Other Intercompany Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities j2 GLOBAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATING STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS Year Ended December 31, 2016 (In thousands) j2 Global, Inc. j2 Cloud Services Non-guarantor Subsidiaries Consolidating Adjustments j2 Global Consolidated (60,383) $ 65,429 $ 277,341 $ — $ 282,387 241,817 (80,918) — — — — 160,899 178,710 (56,495) 254 3,570 (65,835) 2,271 — — (194,358) (131,883) — — (2,513) (7,609) (106) — (10,228) — — — — — — (1,547) — (40,596) (42,143) -123- — — (22,233) (573,082) (4,215) — (599,530) — (1) — — — — (19,285) (492) 234,954 215,176 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 241,817 (80,918) (24,746) (580,691) (4,321) — (448,859) 178,710 (56,496) 254 3,570 (65,835) 2,271 (20,832) (492) — 41,150 Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents Net change in cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period Cash and cash equivalents at end of period (214) (31,581) 55,516 (84) 12,974 9,975 (5,960) (112,973) 190,039 — — — (6,258) (131,580) 255,530 $ 23,935 $ 22,949 $ 77,066 $ — $ 123,950 -124- Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities Cash flows from investing activities: Maturity of certificates of deposit Purchase of certificates of deposit Maturity of available-for-sale investments Purchase of available-for-sale investments Purchases of property and equipment Acquisition of businesses, net of cash received Purchases of intangible assets Investment in subsidiaries Intercompany Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities Cash flows from financing activities: Repurchases of common and restricted stock Issuance of common stock under employee stock purchase plan Exercise of stock options Dividends paid Excess tax benefits from share-based compensation Deferred payments for acquisitions Other Intercompany Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents j2 GLOBAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATING STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS Year Ended December 31, 2015 (In thousands) j2 Global, Inc. j2 Cloud Services Non-guarantor Subsidiaries Consolidating Adjustments j2 Global Consolidated $ (29,406) $ 70,905 $ 187,562 $ — $ 229,061 65 (62) 121,687 (135,832) — — — — (53,317) (67,459) (3,674) 260 4,958 (58,826) 4,486 — — (29,835) (82,631) 8,222 — — — — (1,645) — 57 — 53,317 51,729 — — — — — (2,000) — (144,516) (146,516) (2,953) -125- — — — — (15,652) (302,809) (1,512) — — (319,973) — — — — — (12,271) (296) 174,351 161,784 (9,397) — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 65 (62) 121,687 (135,832) (17,297) (302,809) (1,455) — — (335,703) (3,674) 260 4,958 (58,826) 4,486 (14,271) (296) — (67,363) (4,128) Net change in cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period Cash and cash equivalents at end of period (171,274) 226,790 (26,835) 36,810 19,976 170,063 — — (178,133) 433,663 $ 55,516 $ 9,975 $ 190,039 $ — $ 255,530 -126- Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities $ Cash flows from investing activities: Maturity of certificates of deposit Purchase of certificates of deposit Maturity of available-for-sale investments Purchase of available-for-sale investments Purchases of property and equipment Proceeds from sale of assets Acquisition of businesses, net of cash received Purchases of intangible assets Investment in subsidiaries Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities Cash flows from financing activities: Issuance of long-term debt Debt issuance costs Repurchases of common stock and restricted stock Issuance of common stock under employee stock purchase plan Exercise of stock options Dividends paid Excess tax benefits from share-based compensation Deferred payments for acquisitions Other j2 GLOBAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATING STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS Year Ended December 31, 2014 (In thousands) j2 Global, Inc. j2 Cloud Services Non-guarantor Subsidiaries Consolidating Adjustments j2 Global Consolidated (65) $ 59,544 $ 117,752 $ — $ 177,231 — — 40,211 (81,061) — — — — — (40,850) 402,500 (11,991) (930) 142 1,374 (26,967) 86 — — 8,210 — 53,563 (57,391) (2,866) 608 (2,083) (2,949) (23,821) (26,729) — — (4,733) 123 5,193 (25,302) 4,803 — — -127- 6,310 (65) 16,589 — (8,963) — (243,195) (2,387) — (231,711) — — — — 54 — 623 (16,512) (933) — — — — — — — — 23,821 23,821 — — — — — — — — — 14,520 (65) 110,363 (138,452) (11,829) 608 (245,278) (5,336) — (275,469) 402,500 (11,991) (5,663) 265 6,621 (52,269) 5,512 (16,512) (933) Intercompany Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents Net change in cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period Cash and cash equivalents at end of period (96,509) 267,705 — 226,790 — (10,495) (30,411) — 2,404 34,406 130,825 114,057 (3,430) (3,332) 173,395 (23,821) (23,821) — — — $ 226,790 $ 36,810 $ 170,063 $ — $ — 327,530 (3,430) 225,862 207,801 433,663 -128- 17. Supplemental Cash Flows Information Cash paid for interest during the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 was $33.1 million, $33.1 million and $26.6 million, respectively, substantially all of which related to interest on outstanding debt, foreign taxes and interest on settled acquisition holdbacks. Cash paid for income taxes net of refunds received was $37.4 million, $42.0 million and $49.5 million during the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The Company acquired property and equipment for $0.4 million, $0.6 million and $0.6 million during the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively, which had not been yet paid at the end of each such year. During the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, j2 Global recorded the tax benefit from the exercise of stock options and restricted stock as a reduction of its income tax liability of $5.4 million, $7.5 million and $10.2 million, respectively. 18. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income The following table summarizes the changes in accumulated balances of other comprehensive income, net of tax, for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 (in thousands): Balance as of January 1, 2015 Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income Net current period other comprehensive loss Balance as of December 31, 2015 Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income Net current period other comprehensive loss Balance as of December 31, 2016 Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Investments 9,388 $ Foreign Currency Translation Total $ (16,515) $ (7,127) (6,769) (15,058) (21,827) (170) (6,939) 2,449 $ — (15,058) (31,573) $ (170) (21,997) (29,124) 744 (23,076) (22,332) (3,193) (2,449) — $ — (23,076) (54,649) $ (3,193) (25,525) (54,649) $ $ The following table provides details about reclassifications out of accumulated other comprehensive income for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 (in thousands): Details about Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income Components Amount Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income Affected Line Item in the Statement of Income Year Ended December 31, 2016 Year Ended December 31, 2015 Unrealized gain on available- for-sale investments Total reclassifications for the period $ $ (5,149) $ (5,149) 1,956 (3,193) (274) Other expense (income), net (274) Income before income taxes 104 Income tax expense (170) Net income (3,193) $ (170) Net income -129- 19. Quarterly Results (unaudited) The following tables contain selected unaudited statement of income information for each quarter of 2016 and 2015 (in thousands, except share and per share data). j2 Global believes that the following information reflects all normal recurring adjustments necessary for a fair presentation of the information for the periods presented. The operating results for any quarter are not necessarily indicative of results for any future period. Revenues Gross profit Net income Net income attributable to j2 Global, Inc. common shareholders Net income per common share: Basic Diluted Weighted average shares outstanding Basic Diluted Revenues Gross profit Net income Net income attributable to j2 Global, Inc. common shareholders Net income per common share: Basic Diluted Weighted average shares outstanding Basic Diluted Year Ended December 31, 2016 Fourth Quarter Third Quarter Second Quarter First Quarter $ $ $ $ $ $ 251,837 $ 211,608 43,157 210,116 $ 173,124 45,569 211,800 $ 176,209 33,770 200,502 166,214 29,943 43,157 45,569 33,770 29,943 0.90 $ 0.89 $ 0.95 $ 0.94 $ 0.69 $ 0.69 $ 0.62 0.61 47,348,372 47,862,218 47,310,011 47,494,744 48,055,783 48,265,298 47,966,718 48,238,098 Year Ended December 31, 2015 Fourth Quarter Third Quarter Second Quarter First Quarter 204,823 $ 170,214 35,467 178,701 $ 148,032 37,375 176,038 $ 146,544 38,916 161,253 133,067 21,878 35,467 37,375 38,916 21,878 0.73 $ 0.72 $ 0.77 $ 0.77 $ 0.81 $ 0.80 $ 0.45 0.45 47,849,748 48,772,061 47,696,224 47,953,871 47,537,597 47,853,574 47,422,396 47,766,088 20. Unrestricted Subsidiaries (unaudited) Until the reorganization described in Note 2 of these Consolidated Financial Statements, the Company’s Board of Directors had designated the following entities as “Unrestricted Subsidiaries” under the indenture governing j2 Cloud Services’ Senior Notes: Ziff Davis, LLC and subsidiaries. Advanced Messaging Technologies, Inc. and subsidiaries The financial position and results of operations of these Unrestricted Subsidiaries are included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements. -130- As required by the indenture governing j2 Cloud Services’ Senior Notes, information sufficient to ascertain the financial condition and results of operations excluding the Unrestricted Subsidiaries must be presented for any period in which j2 Cloud Services had Unrestricted Subsidiaries. Accordingly, the Company is presenting the following tables. The consolidated financial position of the Unrestricted Subsidiaries as of December 31, 2016 and 2015 is as follows (in thousands): ASSETS Cash and cash equivalents Accounts receivable Prepaid expenses and other current assets Deferred income taxes, current Total current assets Property and equipment, net Trade names, net Patent and patent licenses, net Customer relationships, net Goodwill Other purchased intangibles, net Deferred income taxes, non-current Other assets Total assets LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY Accounts payable and accrued expenses Income taxes payable Deferred revenue, current Total current liabilities Long-term debt Deferred income taxes, non-current Other long-term liabilities Total liabilities Additional paid-in capital Retained earnings Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) Total stockholders’ equity Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity December 31, 2016 December 31, 2015 $ 17,931 $ 158,730 13,494 — 190,155 38,752 69,093 13,303 95,855 563,658 163,023 482 5,541 1,139,862 163,130 4,353 13,773 181,256 602,662 11,816 1,454 797,188 318,160 27,004 (2,490) 342,674 $ $ $ $ $ 1,139,862 $ 16,482 79,283 5,437 3,382 104,584 25,353 73,034 18,071 68,317 304,943 7,810 2,373 — 604,485 88,580 — 6,554 95,134 155,000 11,270 13,546 274,950 319,728 11,552 (1,745) 329,535 604,485 -131- The consolidated results of operations of the Unrestricted Subsidiaries for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 are as follows (in thousands): Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2016 Revenues Cost of revenues Gross profit Operating expenses: Sales and marketing Research, development and engineering General and administrative Total operating expenses Income from operations Other income (expenses): Interest expense, net Other expense (income), net Income before income taxes Income tax expense Net income 21. Subsequent Events $ 307,511 $ 217,778 $ 169,065 26,561 280,950 125,202 12,927 100,845 238,974 41,976 19,837 (1,502) 23,641 8,190 21,749 196,029 78,176 8,134 87,161 173,471 22,558 11,179 290 11,089 5,588 $ 15,451 $ 5,501 $ 19,028 150,037 68,057 5,485 52,768 126,310 23,727 821 347 22,559 4,883 17,676 On February 9, 2017, the Company declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.3650 per share of common stock payable on March 9, 2017 to all stockholders of record as of the close of business on February 22, 2017. In addition, the Company’s Board of Directors extended the Company’s share repurchase program set to expire February 20, 2017 to February 19, 2018. On February 27, 2017, the Company borrowed the remaining available amount on the MUFG Union Bank line of credit which resulted in total borrowings of $225.0 million. -132- Item 9. Changes In And Disagreements With Accountants On Accounting And Financial Disclosure None. Item 9A. Controls and Procedures (a) Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures The Company maintains disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Exchange Act) that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the Company’s reports under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management, including the principal executive officer and the principal financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. As of the end of the period covered by this report, j2 Global’s management, with the participation of Nehemia Zucker, our principal executive officer, and R. Scott Turicchi, our principal financial officer, carried out an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures. Based upon that evaluation, Mr. Zucker and Mr. Turicchi concluded that these disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. (b) Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting j2 Global’s management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) for j2 Global. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, as required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, management has conducted an assessment, including testing, using the criteria in Internal Control – Integrated Framework, issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) using the 2013 framework. Our system of internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Based on its assessment, management has concluded that j2 Global’s internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2016. Management did not assess the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting of all the 2016 acquisitions (see Note 3 - Business Acquisitions) because of the timing of these acquisitions. These acquisitions combined constituted approximately 30% of total assets as of December 31, 2016 and approximately 6% of revenues for the year then ended. Our internal controls over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016 have been audited by BDO USA, LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in the attestation report which is included herein. (c) Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) which occurred during the fourth quarter of our fiscal year ended December 31, 2016 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. -133- (d) Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM Board of Directors and Stockholders j2 Global, Inc. Los Angeles, California We have audited j2 Global, Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (the COSO criteria). j2 Global, Inc.’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Item 9A, Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. As indicated in the accompanying Item 9A, Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting, management’s assessment of and conclusion on the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting did not include the internal controls of the 2016 acquisitions, which are included in the consolidated balance sheet of j2 Global, Inc. as of December 31, 2016, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for the year then ended. These acquisitions combined constituted approximately 30% of total assets as of December 31, 2016, and approximately 6% of revenues for the year then ended. Management did not assess the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting of 2016 acquisitions because of the timing of these acquisitions. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting of j2 Global, Inc. also did not include an evaluation of the internal control over financial reporting of the 2016 acquisitions. In our opinion, j2 Global, Inc. maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016, based on the COSO criteria. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the consolidated balance sheets of j2 Global, Inc. as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2016 and our report dated March 1, 2017 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. /s/ BDO USA, LLP Los Angeles, California March 1, 2017 -134- Item 9B. Other Information None. Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance PART III The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the information to be set forth in our proxy statement (“2016 Proxy Statement”) for the 2016 annual meeting of stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of our fiscal year ended December 31, 2016. Item 11. Executive Compensation The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the information to be set forth in our 2016 Proxy Statement. Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the information to be set forth in our 2016 Proxy Statement. Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the information to be set forth in our 2016 Proxy Statement. Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the information to be set forth in our 2016 Proxy Statement. PART IV Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules (a) 1. Financial Statements. The following financial statements are filed as a part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K: Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Consolidated Balance Sheets Consolidated Statements of Income Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 2. Financial Statement Schedule The following financial statement schedule is filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K: Schedule II-Valuation and Qualifying Accounts All other schedules are omitted because they are not required or the required information is shown in the financial statements or notes thereto. -135- 3. Exhibits The following exhibits are filed with this Annual Report on Form 10-K or are incorporated herein by reference as indicated below (numbered in accordance with Item 601 of Regulation S-K). We shall furnish copies of exhibits for a reasonable fee (covering the expense of furnishing copies) upon request. Exhibit No. Exhibit Title 2.1 Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of October 21, 2016, by and among Everyday Health, Inc., Ziff Davis, LLC, Project Echo Acquisition Corp. and j2 Global, Inc. (15) Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of j2 Global, Inc., dated as of June 10, 2014 (10) 3.1 3.2 Second Amended and Restated By-Laws (14) 4.1 Specimen of Common Stock Certificate (8) 4.2.1 Indenture, dated as of July 26, 2012 (9) 4.2.2 4.2.3 4.2.4 4.3 First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of June 10, 2014 (10) Indenture, dated as of June 10, 2014 (11) First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of June 17, 2014 (12) Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of July 26, 2012, by and between j2 Global, Inc. and Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated (9) j2 Global, Inc. Second Amended and Restated 1997 Stock Option Plan (3) 10.1 10.1.1 Amendment No. 1 to j2 Global, Inc. Second Amended and Restated 1997 Stock Option Plan (6) 10.2 j2 Global, Inc. 2007 Stock Option Plan (7) j2 Global, Inc. 2015 Stock Option Plan (13) 10.3 10.4 Form of Restricted Stock Agreement Pursuant to j2 Global, Inc. 2015 Stock Option Plan 10.5 Amended and Restated j2 Global, Inc. 2001 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (5) 10.6 Letter Agreement, dated as of April 1, 2001, between j2 Global, Inc. and Orchard Capital Corporation (2) 10.6.1 Amendment to Letter Agreement, dated as of December 31, 2001, between j2 Global, Inc. and Orchard Capital Corporation (4) 10.7 Employment Agreement, dated as of March 21, 1997, between j2 Global Inc. and Nehemia Zucker (1) 10.8 Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of June 30, 1998, by and among JFAX Communications, Inc., the Delaware State Employees’ Retirement Fund, the Declaration of Trust for Defined Benefit Plan of ICI American Holdings Inc., the Declaration of Trust for Defined Benefit Plan of Zeneca Holdings Inc., the J.W. McConnell Family Foundation, DCJ Fund Investment Partners II, L.P., DLJ Capital Corporation, GMT Partners, LLC, Orchard/JFAX Investors, L.L.C. and DLJ Private Equity Employees Fund, L.P. (1) Credit Agreement, dated as of December 5, 2016, among j2 Global Inc., MUFG Union Bank, N.A., as Administrative Agent, and the lenders party thereto (16) List of subsidiaries of j2 Global, Inc. Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm – BDO USA, LLP Certification by Principal Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Certification by Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Certification of Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 XBRL Instance Document 10.9 21.1 23.1 31.1 31.2 32.1 101.INS 101.SCH XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document 101.CAL XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document 101.DEF XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document 101.LAB XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document 101.PRE XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document _______________________ (1) Incorporated by reference to j2 Global’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the Commission on April 16, 1999, Registration No. 333-76477. (2) Incorporated by reference to j2 Global’s Annual Report on Form 10-K/A filed with the Commission on April 30, 2001. (3) Incorporated by reference to j2 Global’s Amended Registration Statement on Form S-8 filed with the Commission on July 17, 2001, Registration No. 333-55402. (4) Incorporated by reference to j2 Global’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Commission on April 1, 2002. (5) Incorporated by reference to j2 Global’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on May 3, 2006. (6) Incorporated by reference to j2 Global’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on March 12, 2007. (7) Incorporated by reference to Exhibit A to j2 Global’s Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A filed with the Commission -136- on September 18, 2007. (8) Incorporated by reference to j2 Global’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on December 7, 2011. (9) Incorporated by reference to j2 Global’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on July 27, 2012. (10) Incorporated by reference to j2 Global’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on June 10, 2014. (11) Incorporated by reference to j2 Global’s Registration Statement on Form S-3ASR filed with the Commission on June 10, 2014, Registration No. 333-196640. (12) Incorporated by reference to j2 Global’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on June 17, 2014. (13) Incorporated by reference to Annex A to j2 Global’s Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A filed with the Commission on March 26, 2015. (14) Incorporated by reference to j2 Global’s Current Registration Statement on Form S-8 filed with the Commission on May 6, 2015. (15) Incorporated by reference to j2 Global’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on October 27, 2016. (16) Incorporated by reference to j2 Global’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on December 5, 2016. Item 16. Form 10-K Summary None. -137- SIGNATURE Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, on March 1, 2017. j2 Global, Inc. By: /s/ NEHEMIA ZUCKER Nehemia Zucker Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated, in each case on March 1, 2017. Signature Title /s/ NEHEMIA ZUCKER Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) Nehemia Zucker /s/ R. SCOTT TURICCHI R. Scott Turicchi Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) /s/ STEVE P. DUNN Steve P. Dunn Chief Accounting Officer /s/ RICHARD S. RESSLER Richard S. Ressler /s/ DOUGLAS Y. BECH Douglas Y. Bech /s/ ROBERT J. CRESCI Robert J. Cresci /s/ WILLIAM B. KRETZMER William B. Kretzmer Chairman of the Board and a Director Director Director Director /s/ STEPHEN ROSS Director Stephen Ross /s/ JON MILLER Jon Miller Director -138- SCHEDULE II - VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS (In thousands) Description Year Ended December 31, 2016: Allowance for doubtful accounts Deferred tax asset valuation allowance Year Ended December 31, 2015: Allowance for doubtful accounts Deferred tax asset valuation allowance Year Ended December 31, 2014: Allowance for doubtful accounts Deferred tax asset valuation allowance ______________________ Balance at Beginning of Period Additions: Charged to Costs and Expenses Deductions: Write-offs (1) and recoveries Balance at End of Period $ $ $ $ $ $ 4,261 14,242 3,685 11,358 4,105 8,493 $ $ $ $ $ $ 13,168 339 6,873 6,959 4,702 4,381 $ $ $ $ $ $ (9,441) $ (2,553) $ (6,297) $ (4,075) $ (5,122) $ (1,516) $ 7,988 12,028 4,261 14,242 3,685 11,358 (1) Represents specific amounts written off that were considered to be uncollectible. -139- 

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