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Phoenix New Media LimitedYY INC. FORM 20-F (Annual and Transition Report (foreign private issuer)) Filed 04/28/16 for the Period Ending 12/31/15 Telephone 862029162000 CIK 0001530238 Symbol YY SIC Code 7374 - Computer Processing and Data Preparation and Processing Services Industry Computer Services Sector Technology http://www.edgar-online.com © Copyright 2016, EDGAR Online, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Distribution and use of this document restricted under EDGAR Online, Inc. Terms of Use. UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSIONWashington, D.C. 20549 FORM 20-F (Mark One)¨REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(B) OR 12(G) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934ORxANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(D) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015.OR¨TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(D) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934OR¨SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(D) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 Date of event requiring this shell company report For the transition period from to Commission file number: 001-35729 YY INC.(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter) N/A (Translation of Registrant's name into English) Cayman Islands (Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) Building B-1, North Block of Wanda Plaza No. 79 Wanbo Er Road Nancun Town, Panyu District Guangzhou 511442 The People's Republic of China (Address of principal executive offices) Eric He Chief Financial Officer Tel: +86 (20) 8212-0088 E-mail: eric@yy.com Fax: +86 (20) 8212-0887 Building B-1, North Block of Wanda Plaza No. 79 Wanbo Er Road Nancun Town, Panyu District Guangzhou 511442 The People's Republic of China (Name, Telephone, E-mail and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person) Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:Title of Each Class Name of Exchange on Which RegisteredClass A common shares, par value US$0.00001 per share The NASDAQ Stock Market** Not for trading, but only in connection with the listing on The NASDAQ Stock Market of the American depositary shares ("ADSs"). Currently, one ADSrepresents 20 Class A common shares. Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None(Title of Class) Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act: None (Title of Class) Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the Issuer's classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annualreport. 728,227,848 Class A common shares, par value US$0.00001 per share, and 369,557,976 Class B common shares, par value US$0.00001 per share,were outstanding as of December 31, 2015. Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes x No ¨ If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of theSecurities Exchange Act of 1934. Yes ¨ No x Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirementsfor the past 90 days. Yes x No ¨ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data Filerequired to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter periodthat the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes x No ¨ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, or a non-accelerated filer. See definition of "accelerated filerand large accelerated filer" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one): Large accelerated filer xAccelerated filer ¨Non-accelerated filer ¨ Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing: U.S. GAAP xInternational Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board ¨Other ¨ If "Other" has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected tofollow. Item 17 ¨ Item 18 ¨ If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ¨ No x (APPLICABLE ONLY TO ISSUERS INVOLVED IN BANKRUPTCY PROCEEDINGS DURING THE PAST FIVE YEARS) Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed all documents and reports required to be filed by Sections 12, 13 or 15(d) of the SecuritiesExchange Act of 1934 subsequent to the distribution of securities under a plan confirmed by a court. Yes ¨ No x TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION1 FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS1 PART I 3 ITEM 1.IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISORS3ITEM 2.OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE3ITEM 3.KEY INFORMATION3ITEM 4.INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY49ITEM 4A.UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS78ITEM 5.OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS78ITEM 6.DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES104ITEM 7.MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS115ITEM 8.FINANCIAL INFORMATION121ITEM 9.THE OFFER AND LISTING122ITEM 10.ADDITIONAL INFORMATION123ITEM 11.QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK134ITEM 12.DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES134 PART II 137 ITEM 13.DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES137ITEM 14.MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS137ITEM 15.CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES137ITEM 16.RESERVED138ITEM 16A.AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERT138ITEM 16B.CODE OF ETHICS138ITEM 16C.PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES138ITEM 16D.EXEMPTIONS FROM THE LISTING STANDARDS FOR AUDIT COMMITTEES138ITEM 16E.PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS138ITEM 16F.CHANGE IN REGISTRANT'S CERTIFYING ACCOUNTANT139ITEM 16G.CORPORATE GOVERNANCE139ITEM 16H.MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE139 PART III 140 ITEM 17.FINANCIAL STATEMENTS140ITEM 18.FINANCIAL STATEMENTS140ITEM 19.EXHIBITS140 Exhibit 8.1List of Subsidiaries and Consolidated Affiliated EntitiesExhibit 12.1Certification by the Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002Exhibit 12.2Certification by the Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002Exhibit 13.1Certification by the Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002Exhibit 13.2Certification by the Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002Exhibit 15.1Consent of Conyers Dill & PearmanExhibit 15.2Consent of Fangda PartnersExhibit 15.3Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm i INTRODUCTION Unless otherwise indicated and except where the context otherwise requires, references in this annual report on Form 20-F to: ·"we," "us," "our company" and "our" refer to YY Inc., a Cayman Islands company, its subsidiaries and consolidated affiliated entities (also referred to asvariable interest entities) and the subsidiaries of its consolidated affiliated entities, as the context may require; ·"active user" for any period means a registered user account that has logged onto our platform at least once during such relevant period; ·"concurrent users" for any point in time means the total number of YY users that are simultaneously logged onto our platform at such point in time; ·"paying user" for any period means a registered user account that has purchased virtual items or other products and services on our platform at least onceduring the relevant period. A paying user is not necessarily a unique user, however, as a unique user may set up multiple paying user accounts on ourplatform; thus, the number of paying users referred to in this annual report may be higher than the number of unique users who are purchasing virtualitems or other products and services; ·"registered user account" means a user account that has downloaded, registered and logged onto our platform at least once since registration. We calculateregistered user accounts as the cumulative number of user accounts at the end of the relevant period that have logged onto our platform at least once afterregistration. Each individual user may have more than one registered user account, and consequently, the number of registered user accounts we present inthis annual report may overstate the number of unique individuals who are our registered users; and ·"unique visitor" to Duowan.com means a visitor to Duowan.com from a specific IP address. No subsequent visits from the same IP address during arelevant period are added to our total unique visitors count for that period. An individual who accesses Duowan.com from more than one IP address iscounted as a unique visitor for each IP address he or she uses. FORWARD-LOOkING STATEMENTS This annual report contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. All statements other than statements of historical facts areforward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are made under the "safe harbor" provisions of the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of1995. These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to bematerially different from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. You can identify these forward-looking statements by words or phrases such as "may," "will," "expect," "is expected to," "anticipate," "aim," "estimate,""intend," "plan," "believe," "is/are likely to" or other similar expressions. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations andprojections about future events and financial trends that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operations, business strategy and financial needs.These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements about: ·our growth strategies; ·our ability to retain and increase our user base and expand our product and service offerings; ·our ability to monetize our platform; ·our future business development, results of operations and financial condition; ·competition from companies in a number of industries, including internet companies that provide online voice and video communications services, socialnetworking services and online games; ·expected changes in our revenues and certain cost or expense items; 1 ·general economic and business condition in China and elsewhere; and ·assumptions underlying or related to any of the foregoing. You should thoroughly read this annual report and the documents that we refer to herein with the understanding that our actual future results may bematerially different from and/or worse than what we expect. Other sections of this annual report, including the Risk Factors and Operating and Financial Reviewand Prospects sections, discuss factors which could adversely impact our business and financial performance. Moreover, we operate in an evolving environment.New risk factors emerge from time to time and it is not possible for our management to predict all risk factors, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on ourbusiness or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-lookingstatements. We qualify all of our forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements. You should not rely upon forward-looking statements we make as predictions of future events. The forward-looking statements made in this annual reportrelate only to events or information as of the date on which the statements are made in this annual report. We undertake no obligation to update or revise anyforward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by applicable law. 2 PART I ITEM 1.IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADvISORS Not applicable. ITEM 2.OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE Not applicable. ITEM 3.kEY INFORMATION A. Selected Financial Data The following table presents the selected consolidated financial information for our company. The selected consolidated statements of operations data forthe three years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015 and the consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2014 and 2015 have been derived from ouraudited consolidated financial statements, which are included in this annual report beginning on page F-1. Our selected consolidated statements of operation datafor the years ended December 31, 2011 and 2012 and our consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2011, 2012 and 2013 have been derived from ouraudited consolidated financial statements not included in this annual report. Our consolidated financial statements are prepared and presented in accordance withaccounting principles generally accepted in the United States, or U.S. GAAP. Our historical results for any period are not necessarily indicative of results to beexpected for any future period. You should read the following selected financial information in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and relatednotes and the information under "Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects" included elsewhere in this annual report. For the Year Ended December 31, 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 RMB RMB RMB RMB RMBUS$ (All amounts in thousands, except share, ADS, per share and per ADS data) Selected Consolidated Statements of Operations Data: Internet value-added service —Online music and entertainment 52,854 286,446 852,885 2,109,503 3,320,052 512,528 —Online games 165,933 332,287 602,111 811,699 771,882 119,158 —Online dating — — 661 194,134 651,019 100,500 —Others 13,589 83,655 204,551 415,689 918,006 141,716 Other revenues 87,279 117,643 163,260 147,343 236,290 36,477 Total net revenues 319,655 820,031 1,823,468 3,678,368 5,897,249 910,379 Cost of revenues (1) (182,699) (416,133) (881,999) (1,849,149) (3,579,744) (552,617)Gross profit 136,956 403,898 941,469 1,829,219 2,317,505 357,762 Operating expenses: (1) Research and development expenses (106,804) (176,725) (267,005) (431,188) (548,799) (84,720)Sales and marketing expenses (13,381) (16,954) (24,955) (102,527) (312,870) (48,299)General and administrative expenses (118,241) (109,788) (200,554) (223,019) (358,474) (55,339)Goodwill impairment — — — — (310,124) (47,875)Fair value change of contingent consideration — — — — 292,471 45,150 Total operating expenses (238,426) (303,467) (492,514) (756,734) (1,237,796) (191,083)Operating (loss) income (99,488) 102,896 476,033 1,078,804 1,162,009 179,384 (Loss) income before income tax expenses (80,455) 118,061 565,809 1,214,480 1,162,512 179,462 Net (loss) income attributable to YY Inc. (83,156) 89,177 477,727 1,064,472 1,033,243 159,506 (Accretion) decretion to convertible redeemable preferred shares redemption value (223,663) 1,293,875 — — — — Allocation of net income to participating preferred shareholders — (478,754) — — — — Net (loss) income attributable to common shareholders (306,819) 904,298 477,727 1,064,472 1,033,243 159,506 3 For the Year Ended December 31, 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 RMB RMB RMB RMB RMB US$ Weighted average number of ADS used in calculating net (loss) incomeper ADS: Basic 24,294,192 30,235,191 56,123,784 57,657,035 56,259,499 56,259,499 Diluted 24,294,192 49,623,442 59,056,065 59,927,174 57,541,558 57,541,558 Net (loss) income per ADS (2) : Basic (12.63) 29.91 8.51 18.46 18.37 2.84 Diluted (12.63) 1.80 8.09 17.76 17.96 2.77 Weighted average number of common shares used in calculating net (loss)income per common share: Basic 485,883,845 604,703,810 1,122,475,688 1,153,140,699 1,125,189,978 1,125,189,978 Diluted 485,883,845 992,468,836 1,181,121,297 1,198,543,473 1,150,831,163 1,150,831,163 Net (loss) income per common share (2) Basic (0.63) 1.50 0.43 0.92 0.92 0.14 Diluted (0.63) 0.09 0.40 0.89 0.90 0.13 (1)Share-based compensation was allocated in cost of revenues and operating expenses as follows: For the Year Ended December 31, 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 RMB RMB RMB RMB RMB US$ (in thousands) Cost of revenues 15,449 8,407 9,860 18,037 23,963 3,699 Research and development expenses 31,672 35,441 39,587 54,141 70,951 10,953 Sales and marketing expenses 1,336 884 1,318 2,807 3,283 507 General and administrative expenses 86,544 55,619 66,331 59,647 87,175 13,458 Total 135,001 100,351 117,096 134,632 185,372 28,617 (2)Each ADS represents 20 Class A common shares. 4 As of December 31, 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 RMB RMB RMB RMB RMB US$ (in thousands) Selected Consolidated Statements of Operations Data: Cash and cash equivalents 128,891 504,702 729,598 475,028 928,934 143,403 Short-term deposits 472,655 897,698 1,432,863 4,214,576 1,894,946 292,529 Goodwill 706 1,604 1,577 300,382 151,638 23,409 Total assets 745,426 1,696,189 2,597,947 6,862,794 7,328,038 1,131,256 Total current liabilities 125,737 366,417 701,313 1,090,558 1,384,414 213,718 Convertible bonds — — — 2,447,980 2,597,403 400,970 Long-term payable — — — 183,000 — — Total mezzanine equity 2,480,934 — — — 61,833 9,545 Class A common shares (US$0.00001 par value; 10,000,000,000 sharesauthorized, 179,400,000, 622,658,738, 706,173,568 and 728,227,848shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2012, 2013, 2014 and2015, respectively) — 11 38 43 43 7 Class B common shares (US$0.00001 par value; 1,000,000,000 sharesauthorized, 907,833,224, 485,831,386, 427,352,696 and 369,557,976shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2012, 2013, 2014 and2015, respectively) 37 60 34 30 27 4 (Accumulated deficits) Retained earnings (2,433,604) (1,311,767) (874,697) 173,963 1,207,168 186,355 Total shareholders' (deficits) equity (1,861,693) 1,323,285 1,887,209 3,090,164 3,246,819 501,223 Exchange Rate Information Our business is primarily conducted in China and most of our revenues are denominated in RMB. Unless otherwise noted, all translations from RMB toU.S. dollars and from U.S. dollars to RMB in this annual report were made at a rate of RMB6.4778 to US$1.00, the exchange rate on December 31, 2015 as setforth in the H.10 statistical release published by the Federal Reserve Board. We make no representation that any RMB or U.S. dollar amounts could have been, orcould be, converted into U.S. dollars or RMB, as the case may be, at any particular rate or at all. The PRC government imposes control over its foreign currencyreserves in part through direct regulation of the conversion of RMB into foreign currency and through restrictions on foreign exchange activities. On April 22,2016, the exchange rate, as set forth in the H.10 statistical release of the Federal Reserve Board, was RMB6.5004 to US$1.00. The following table sets forth information concerning exchange rates between the RMB and the U.S. dollar for the periods indicated. These rates areprovided solely for your convenience and are not necessarily the exchange rates that we used in this annual report or will use in the preparation of our otherperiodic reports or any other information to be provided to you. 5 Noon Buying Rate Period Period End Average(1) Low High (RMB per US$1.00) 2011 6.2939 6.4475 6.6364 6.2939 2012 6.2301 6.2990 6.3879 6.2221 2013 6.0537 6.1412 6.2438 6.0537 2014 6.2046 6.1704 6.2591 6.0402 2015 6. 4778 6.2830 6.4896 6.1870 October 6.3180 6.3505 6.3591 6.3180 November 6.3883 6.3640 6.3945 6.3180 December 6.4778 6.4491 6.4896 6.3883 2016 January 6.5752 6.5726 6.5932 6.5219 February 6.5525 6.5501 6.5795 6.5154 March 6.4480 6.5027 6.5500 6.4480 April (through April 22, 2016) 6.5004 6.4726 6.5004 6.4571 (1)Annual averages are calculated from month-end rates. Monthly averages are calculated using the average of the daily rates during the relevant period. B. Capitalization and Indebtedness Not applicable. C. Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds Not applicable. D. Risk Factors An investment in our capital stock involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the risks described below, together with all of the otherinformation included in this annual report, before making an investment decision. If any of the following risks actually occurs, our business, financial condition orresults of operations could suffer. In that case, the trading price of our capital stock could decline, and you may lose all or part of your investment. Risks Related to Our Business Our business is based on a relatively new business model in a relatively new market in which user demand may change or decrease substantially. Many of the elements of our business are unique, evolving and relatively unproven. The markets for our technology, especially our voice- and video-based technology, and products and services are relatively new and rapidly developing and are subject to significant challenges. Our business plan relies heavilyupon increased revenues from internet value-added services, or IVAS, as well as our ability to successfully monetize our user base and products and services, andwe may not succeed in any of these respects. 6 Some of our current monetization methods are in a relatively preliminary stage. If we fail to properly manage the supply and timing of our in-game virtualitems and the appropriate price points for these products and services, for example, our users may be less likely to purchase in-game virtual items from us. For non-game virtual items, we consider industry standards and expected user demand in determining how to most effectively optimize virtual item merchandizing.Furthermore, as the online music and entertainment industry in China is relatively young and untested, there are few proven methods of projecting user demand oravailable industry standards on which we can rely. We cannot assure you that our attempts to monetize our user base and products and services will continue to besuccessful, profitable or widely accepted, and therefore the future revenue and income potential of our business are difficult to evaluate. If we fail to effectively manage our growth or implement our business strategies, our business and results of operations may be materially and adverselyaffected. We have experienced a period of significant rapid growth and expansion that has placed, and continues to place, significant strain on our management andresources. We cannot assure you that this level of significant growth will be sustainable or achieved at all in the future. We believe that our continued growth willdepend on our ability to develop new sources of revenue, increase monetization, attract new users, retain and expand paying users, encourage additional purchasesby our paying users, continue developing innovative technologies in response to user demand, increase brand awareness through marketing and promotionalactivities, react to changes in user access to and use of the internet, expand into new market segments, integrate new devices, platforms and operating systems,attract new advertisers and retain existing advertisers and take advantage of any growth in the relevant markets. We cannot assure you that we will achieve any ofthe above. To manage our growth and maintain profitability, we anticipate that we will need to continue to implement, from time to time, a variety of new andupgraded operational and financial systems, procedures and controls on an as-needed basis, including the continued improvement of our accounting and otherinternal management systems. We will also need to further expand, train, manage and motivate our workforce and manage our relationships with users, third partygame developers, advertisers and other business partners. All of these endeavors involve risks and will require substantial management efforts and skills andsignificant additional expenditures. We cannot assure you that we will be able to effectively manage our growth or implement our future business strategies, andfailure to do so may materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations. We are a relatively young company, and you should consider our prospects in light of the risks and uncertainties which early-stage companies in evolvingindustries in China with limited operating histories may be exposed to or encounter, including possible volatility in the trading prices of our ADSs. We expect that we will continue to incur significant costs and expenses in many aspects of our business, such as research and development costs to updateexisting services and launch new services and rising bandwidth costs to support our video function, grow our user base and generally expand our businessoperations. We have been profitable since 2012 and achieved accumulated profitability since 2014, but we may not generate sufficient revenues to offset such coststo achieve or sustain profitability in the future. In addition, we expect to continue to invest heavily in our operations to maintain our current market position,support our anticipated future growth and meet our expanded reporting and compliance obligations as a public company. Our profitability is also affected by other factors beyond our control. The continued success of our platform depends on our ability to identify whichIVAS will appeal to our user base and to offer such IVAS on commercially acceptable terms. Our ability to finance our planned expansion also depends in part onour ability to convert active users into paying users and increase the average revenue per paying user, or ARPU, and successfully compete in a very competitivemarket. We have a limited operating history. We introduced YY Client in July 2008 and have experienced a high growth rate since then. As a result of ourrelatively short history, our historical results of operations may not provide a meaningful basis for evaluating our business, financial performance and futureprospects. We may not be able to achieve similar growth rates in future periods. Accordingly, you should not rely on our results of operations for any prior periodsas an indication of our future performance. We may again incur net losses in the future and you should consider our prospects in light of the risks and uncertaintieswhich early-stage companies in evolving industries in China with limited operating histories such as ours may be exposed to or encounter, including risksassociated with being a public company with business operations located mainly in China. See "—Risks Related to Our ADSs—The trading prices of our ADSs arelikely to be volatile, which could result in substantial losses to investors." 7 Our business is heavily dependent on revenues from IVAS. If our IVAS revenues decline in the future, our results of operations may be materially andadversely affected. Historically, a majority of our revenues are revenues from IVAS, which mainly consists of revenues from online music and entertainment, online games,online dating, live game broadcasting and membership subscription fees. In the year ended December 31, 2015, revenues from IVAS constituted approximately96.0% of our total net revenue. We expect that our business will continue to be dependent on revenues from IVAS in the future. Any decline in IVAS revenuesmay materially and adversely affect our results of operations. See "—The revenue model for each of our online music and entertainment and our membershipprogram may not remain effective, which may affect our ability to retain existing users and attract new users and materially and adversely affect our business,financial condition and results of operations", "—The revenue model we adopt for online games may not remain effective, causing us to lose game players, whichmay materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations", "—The revenue model for our online dating is relatively new andmay not remain effective, which may adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations" and "—The revenue model for our live game broadcastingbusiness is relatively new and may not remain effective, which may adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations." The revenue model for each of our online music and entertainment and our membership program may not remain effective, which may affect our ability toretain existing users and attract new users and materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. We operate an online music and entertainment platform using a virtual items-based revenue model whereby users can listen to music and access otherforms of entertainment for free, and have the option of purchasing in-channel virtual items. We have generated, and expect to continue to generate, a substantialmajority of our online and entertainment revenues using this revenue model. In 2015, online music and entertainment contributed 56.3% of our total net revenues. We may not be able to continue to successfully implement the virtual items-based revenue model for online music and entertainment, as popularperformers may leave our platform and we may be unable to attract new talent that can attract users or cause such users to increase the amount of time spentengaging and money spent on purchasing in-channel virtual items on our platform. Furthermore, under our current arrangements with certain popular performers and channel owners, we share with them a portion of the revenues wederive from the sales of in-channel virtual items on our online music and entertainment platform. In the future, the amount we pay to these performers and channelowners may increase or we may fail to reach mutually acceptable terms with these performers or channel owners, which may adversely affect our revenues orcause popular performers and channel owners to leave our platform. In addition, we have been a pioneer in offering an online concert platform to music performersand YY users, but if our users decide to access online music and entertainment content provided by our current or future competitors, our business, financialcondition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. In our membership program, users pay a flat monthly subscription fee in order to become members, and in exchange, we give them access to variousprivileges and enhanced features on our channels, including additional video usage, priority entrance to certain live performances, and exclusive rights to accessVIP avatars, VIP ring-tones, VIP fonts and VIP emoticons. However, we may not be able to further build or maintain our membership base in the future for variousreasons—for example, if we fail to continue to provide innovative products and services that are attractive to members, we may not be able to retain them and ourbusiness, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected. The revenue model we adopt for online games may not remain effective, causing us to lose game players, which may materially and adversely affect ourbusiness, financial condition and results of operations. We currently operate substantially all of our online games on YY using the virtual items-based revenue model, whereby players can play games for free,but have the option of purchasing in-game virtual items and in-game accessories. We have generated, and expect to continue to generate, a substantial majority ofour online game revenues using this revenue model. However, we may not be able to continue successfully implementing the virtual items-based revenue model aswe may not be able to develop, obtain or maintain the rights to host online games that attract game players or cause such game players to increase the amount oftime spent playing and the amount of money spent on purchasing in-game virtual items. The sale of virtual items requires us to closely track game players' tastesand preferences and in-game consumption patterns. If we fail to offer popular virtual items, we may not be able to effectively convert our game player base intopaying users or encourage existing paying users to spend more on YY. 8 In addition, PRC regulators have been implementing regulations designed to reduce the amount of time that youths in China spend playing online games.See "Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—PRC Regulation—Anti-fatigue Compliance System and Real-name Registration System." Arevenue model that does not charge for playing time may be viewed by the PRC regulators as inconsistent with this goal. If we were to start charging for playingtime, we may lose game players who may choose to play online games from other providers and on other platforms or choose to engage in other alternative formsof entertainment, including traditional offline personal computers, or PCs, or video games. We cannot assure you that the revenue model that we have adopted for any of our online games will continue to be suitable, or that we will not in thefuture need to change our revenue model or introduce a new revenue model. We may change the revenue model for some of our online games if we believe theexisting models are not generating adequate revenues. A change in revenue model could result in various adverse consequences, including disruptions of our onlinegame operations, criticism from game players who have invested time and money in a game, a decrease in the number of our game players and a decrease in therevenues we generate from our online games. Therefore, such a change in revenue model may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition andresults of operations. We generate a significant portion of our revenues from a limited number of popular online games. If we cannot continue to offer these popular games for anyreason, if we are unable to successfully source new online games, if the terms of the revenue-sharing or exclusive license arrangements become less favorable,or if the number of our paying users for online games declines or ceases to grow for any reason, our revenues from online games may decrease, and ourfinancial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected. We generate a significant portion of our revenues from a limited number of popular online games on YY, primarily through selling of game tokens tousers for their purchase of in-game virtual items. In 2015, the five most popular online games contributed approximately 41.0% of our total online game revenues,as compared to 36.1% in 2014, representing an increase in reliance on our top games. A majority of our popular online games are created by third party gamedevelopers under revenue-sharing arrangements that typically last one to two years, and which typically provide for automatic extension or renewal. A few of ouronline games are licensed to us by third party game developers under exclusive license arrangements. If we fail to maintain or renew these contracts on acceptableterms or at all, we may be unable to continue offering these popular online games, and our operating results will be adversely affected. For online games licensedto us under exclusive license arrangements, we also have to devote additional resources to promoting these games on our platform or licensing such games to theappropriate third party operators. If our users decide to access any of our online games through our competitors, or if they prefer other online games hosted by ourcompetitors, our operating results could be materially and adversely affected. Our revenues from online games accounted for 33.0%, 22.1% and 13.1% of our total net revenues in 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively. We believe thatmost online games have a limited commercial lifespan. We must continually source new online games that appeal to our game players. Hence, we must maintaingood relationships with our third party game developers to have access to new popular games with reasonable revenue-sharing or exclusive licensing terms. Undermost of our current revenue-sharing and exclusive license arrangements, we retain a majority of the gross revenues generated from each particular game. In thefuture, we may not be able to achieve similarly attractive revenue-sharing or other commercial terms, which may adversely affect our net revenues. Additionally,we depend upon these third party game developers to provide the technical support necessary to operate their online games on our platform and to develop updatesand expansion packs to sustain player interest in a game. Most of our third party game developers have limited operating histories and financial resources, and thecontracts we enter into with them do not clearly provide for remedies to us in the event they fail to deliver the games or the promised updates and expansion packsas scheduled. If we are not successful in sourcing and providing popular new online games, our revenues from online games under revenue-sharing and exclusivelicensing arrangements and in-game virtual items may decrease. If this were to happen, our financial condition and results of operations may be materially andadversely affected. 9 The revenue model for our online dating business is relatively new and may not remain affective, which may adversely affect our financial condition andresults of operations. Our online dating business adopts a virtual items-based revenue model, which allows our users to participate or watch online dating shows for free andenjoy the option of purchasing in-channel virtual items. Our online dating business was based on the format of a popular reality dating TV show in China, and hasexperienced significant growth since it was launched at the end of 2013. We cannot assure you that we will continue to achieve a similar growth rate in the future,as the user demand for this service may change, decrease substantially or dissipate, or we may fail to anticipate and serve user demands effectively. A majority of our online dating service active users also use other businesses on the YY platform. If we fail to attract new users or build and maintain acore user base for our online dating business, we may not be able to achieve growth in this part of our business, if at all. Online dating is the most engaging andinteractive of all our businesses, and the successful monetization of this business relies upon the highly interactive relationship among the hosts, the participantsand the audience. Failure to keep our users engaged in the dating service may result in reducing ARPU and the number of paying users, which may adversely affectour financial condition and results of operations. The revenue model for our live game broadcasting business is relatively new and may not remain effective, which may adversely affect our financial conditionand results of operations. Our live game broadcasting business adopts a virtual items-based revenue model. We provide users with free access to the live streaming of differentgame plays, and offer the option of purchasing in-channel virtual items. The live game broadcasting market is relatively new in China, however, and we cannotassure you that we will continue to achieve growth in this business in the future as the user demand for this service may change, decrease substantially or dissipate,or we may fail to anticipate and serve user demands effectively. Our live game broadcasting business relies on the availability of online games that users can play and stream on YY platform during the course of thegame play. These online games are typically owned by or licensed to certain gaming companies or publishers, some of which compete with us in other lines of ourbusiness. These online games may not continue to be available to our users for live streaming purposes and we cannot assure you that the revenue model we haveadopted for our live game broadcasting business will continue to be successful. Live game broadcasting users tend to follow famous professional game teams and commentators. In order to retain existing users and attract new users,we cooperate with popular professional game teams and commentators to make their game play available on our platform by paying them fixed sponsorship fees.In addition, we share with popular professional game teams and commentators a portion of the revenues we derive from the sales of in-channel virtual items in ourlive game broadcasting business. In the future, the sponsorship fees we pay to these professional game teams and commentators may increase or we may fail toreach mutually acceptable terms with these professional game teams or commentators at all, which may cause professional game teams or commentators to leaveour platform. In turn, this may affect the user and revenue growth in this business, which may materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results ofoperations. Our online education business is a challenging business line. If we fail to properly handle the issues we encounter in our operation, our revenues may beadversely affected. Competition in the education market in China is intense. Traditional offline education institutions and practitioners are still the mainstream that appeals tomost students. However, online education service providers have grown in number, size and popularity in the recent years, and are getting accepted by more andmore students. Many traditional offline education service providers are also trying to start their online business. If we cannot provide services differentiated fromthese competitors, we may not attract or retain sufficient users and our financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected. A substantial part of our online education business is occupational training. Certain governmental regulators and industry self-regulators require thatpractitioners of certain occupations should obtain qualifications or certificates before practice. Most of these qualifications and certificates could be obtainedthrough examinations hosted by those governmental regulators or industry self-regulators. Students purchase our occupational training services to increase theirsuccess rate in these examinations. If such governmental regulators or industry self-regulators decide to cease to require qualifications or certificates, or change thedifficulty level or policy of the examinations, the sales of our occupational training services may be adversely affected. 10 We established our education business teams mainly through acquisitions of existing teams outside our company. The members of these existing teamsmay have different corporate culture and/or management philosophy. This may hinder such members’ integration into our company, which may result in lowefficiency or unfavorable operation results. We generate a portion of our revenues from online advertising. If we fail to attract more advertisers to our platform or if advertisers are less willing to advertisewith us, our revenues may be adversely affected. In 2013, 2014 and 2015, online advertising accounted for 9.0%, 4.0% and 1.1%, respectively, of our total net revenues. Although we have become lessdependent upon online advertising revenues due to a shift in the majority of our revenues from online advertising to IVAS, our revenues still partly depend on thecontinual development of the online advertising industry in China and advertisers' allocation of budgets to internet advertising. In addition, companies that decideto advertise online may utilize more established methods or channels for online advertising, such as more established Chinese internet portals or search engines,over advertising on our platform. If the online advertising market size does not increase from current levels, or if we are unable to capture and retain a sufficientshare of that market, our ability to maintain or increase our current level of online advertising revenues and our profitability and prospects could be adverselyaffected. We offer advertising services substantially through contracts entered into with third party advertising agencies. We cannot assure you that we will be ableto retain existing direct advertisers or advertising agencies or attract new direct advertisers and advertising agencies. Since our arrangements with third partyadvertising agencies typically involve one-year framework agreements, these advertising arrangements may be easily amended or terminated without incurringliabilities. Failure to retain existing advertisers and advertising agencies or attract new direct advertisers and direct advertising agencies may adversely affect ourbusiness, financial condition and results of operations. We have granted employee stock options and other share-based awards in the past and are very likely to continue to do so in the future. We recognize share-based compensation expenses in our consolidated statements of operations in accordance with the relevant rules under U.S. GAAP, which have had and maycontinue to have a material and adverse effect on our results of operations. We have granted share-based compensation awards, including share options, restricted shares and restricted share units, to various employees, keypersonnel and other non-employees to incentivize performance and align their interests with ours. Under our 2009 employee equity incentive scheme, or the 2009Scheme, we are authorized to grant options or restricted shares to purchase a maximum of 120,020,001 common shares. Under our 2011 share incentive plan, orthe 2011 Plan, we are authorized to grant options, restricted shares or restricted share units to purchase a maximum of 43,000,000 common shares, plus an annualincrease of 20,000,000 common shares on the first day of each fiscal year, beginning from 2013, or such smaller number of Class A common shares as determinedby our board of directors. As of March 31, 2016, options to purchase 748,375 common shares, 10,519,032 restricted shares and 47,102,490 restricted share unitswere outstanding under the 2009 Scheme and the 2011 Plan. As a result of these grants and potential future grants, we had incurred in the past and expect tocontinue to incur significant share-based compensation expenses in the future. The amount of these expenses is based on the fair value of the share-based awards.We account for compensation costs for certain share-based compensation awards granted in the past using a graded-vesting method and recognize expenses in ourconsolidated statements of operations in accordance with the relevant rules under U.S. GAAP. The expenses associated with share-based compensation materiallyincreased our net losses or reduced our net income in the past, and may reduce our net income in the future. In addition, any additional securities issued undershare-based compensation schemes will dilute the ownership interests of our shareholders, including holders of our ADSs. However, if we limit the scope of theshare-based compensation schemes, we may not be able to attract or retain key personnel who expect to be compensated by options, restricted shares or restrictedshare units. The number of active users we have may fluctuate and we may fail to attract more paying users, which may materially and adversely affect our revenuesgrowth, results of operations and financial condition. The number of our average monthly active users increased by 25.1 million or 27.6% to 117.4 million for the three months ended December 31, 2014 andby 23.2 million or 19.8% to 140.7million for the three months ended December 31, 2015. The decline in growth rate was due to the increase in the base number ofthe average monthly active users, and despite that, we continued to attract higher levels of new monthly active users during such periods. 11 However, the number of our monthly active users may substantially fluctuate from time to time. If we are unable to attract new users and retain them asactive users and convert non-paying active users into paying users, our revenues may fail to grow and our results of operations and financial condition may suffer. We may not be able to keep our users highly engaged, which may reduce our monetization opportunities and materially and adversely affect our revenues,profitability and prospects. Our success depends on our ability to maintain and grow our user base and keep our users highly engaged. In order to attract and retain users and remaincompetitive, we must continue to innovate our products and services, implement new technologies and functionalities and improve the features of our platform inorder to entice users to use our products and services more frequently and for longer durations. The internet industry is characterized by constant changes, including rapid technological evolution, continual shifts in customer demands, frequentintroductions of new products and services and constant emergence of new industry standards and practices. Thus our success will depend, in part, on our ability torespond to these changes on a cost-effective and timely basis; failure to do so may cause our user base to shrink and user engagement level to decline and ourresults of operations would be materially and adversely affected. For example, our plan to more fully extend online video-enabled services across our real-timeinteractive social platform and retain the ability to offer high quality delivery of voice and video data may cause us to incur significant additional costs and may notsucceed. Because of the viral nature of online social interactions, users may leave us for competitors' platforms more quickly than in other online sectors. Adecrease in the number of active YY users may reduce the diversity and vibrancy of our platform's online social ecosystem and affect our user-generated channels,which may in turn reduce our monetization opportunities and have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. We cannot assure you that our platform will continue to be sufficiently popular with our users to offset the costs incurred to operate and expand it. Usersatisfaction is particularly difficult to predict as internet users in China may not be familiar with the concept of a real-time interactive social platform such as ourswhich provides real-time voice, text and video online. We have historically relied on word of mouth referrals to increase user awareness of our products andservices and to expand our user base. If we decide to engage in more conventional advertising or marketing campaigns, our sales and marketing expenses willincrease, which could have an adverse effect on our results of operations. Failure to maintain or grow our user base in a cost-effective manner, or at all, and keepour users highly engaged would materially and negatively affect our results of operations. We face competition in several major aspects of our business. If we fail to compete effectively, we may lose users and advertisers which could materially andadversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. We face competition in several major aspects of our business, particularly from companies that provide social networking, online music andentertainment, online games and live game broadcasting services. Some of our competitors may have longer operating histories and significantly greater financial,technical and marketing resources than we do, and in turn may have an advantage in attracting and retaining users and advertisers. In addition, competitors in someareas of our business may have significantly larger user bases and more established brand names than we do and may be able to more effectively leverage theiruser bases and brand names to provide integrated social networking, internet communication, online games and other products and services, and thereby increasetheir respective market shares. We may also face potential competition from global online social networking service providers that seek to enter the China market,whether independently or through the formation of alliances with, or acquisition of, PRC domestic internet companies. In relation to voice-enabled technology, several internet voice communication service providers in China, including iSpeak, Tencent's QQtalk andNetEase’s CC. In the online music and entertainment market, we compete with several domestic companies that are more focused on live music show or onlineKTVs, such as 9158.com, 6.cn and Changba.com. A number of PRC internet companies have recently entered or announced their intention to enter into thismarket, such as NetEase’s BoBo, Tencent’s Qxiu, Youku’s Laifeng, Yingke (Ingkee), and Baidu. In the live game broadcasting market, competition has intensifiedsince the second half of 2014 following an inflood of venture capital investment. Our key competitors in live game broadcasting include DouyuTV.com, Panda.tv,Longzhu.com and Zhanqi.tv. As to the online dating business, several leading internet companies in China have also launched their services, among whichTencent’s Huayang and NetEase’s BoBo are our major competitors. For game hosting, our competitors include other major internet companies that host games,such as 37.com, 4399.com, Tencent, Qihoo 360 and other private companies.We also have various competitors in the online game media market in China.Duowan.com's primary competitor among game media websites is 17173.com. Furthermore, we compete with other internet companies that provide voice andvideo services to Chinese internet users. 12 If we are not able to effectively compete in any of our lines of business, our overall user base and level of user engagement may decrease, which couldreduce our paying users or make us less attractive to advertisers. We may be required to spend additional resources to further increase our brand recognition andpromote our products and services, and such additional spending could adversely affect our profitability. Furthermore, if we are involved in disputes with any ofour competitors that result in negative publicity to us, such disputes, regardless of their veracity or outcome, may harm our reputation or brand image and in turnlead to reduced number of users and advertisers. Any legal proceedings or measures we take in response to such disputes may be expensive, time-consuming anddisruptive to our operations and divert our management's attention. Our competitors may unilaterally decide to adopt a wide range of measures targeted at us, including possibly designing their products to negatively impactour operations, such as sending virus-like programs to attack elements of our platform. Some competitors may also make their applications incompatible with ours,effectively requiring users to either stop using our competitors' products or uninstall our products, leading to a reduction in our number of users. For example, in awidely publicized dispute between two of the largest companies providing user-end software in China, one of the companies announced that it would disable itsown software on computers that had installed its rival's products. As a result, a significant number of users stopped using products from either or both of thesecompanies. Due to the large number of internet users that were affected, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of China, or the MIIT, ordered theparties to ensure the compatibility of the relevant products. Similar events may occur in the future between our competitors and us, which may reduce our marketshare, negatively affect our brand and reputation, and materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Spammers and malicious applications may affect user experience, which could reduce our ability to attract users and advertisers and materially and adverselyaffect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Spammers may use YY to send targeted and untargeted spam messages to users, which may affect user experience. As a result, our users may use ourproducts and services less or stop using them altogether. In spamming activities, spammers typically create multiple user accounts for the purpose of sending spammessages. Although we attempt to identify and delete accounts created for spamming purposes, we may not be able to effectively eliminate all spam messagesfrom our platform in a timely fashion. Any spamming activities could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results ofoperations. We use third party services and technologies in connection with our business, and any disruption to the provision of these services and technologies to us couldresult in adverse publicity and a slowdown in the growth of our users, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and resultsof operations. Our business depends upon services provided by, and relationships with, third parties. If we are unable to retain or attract popular talents such asperformers, channel managers, professional game players, commentators and hosts for online music and entertainment, live game broadcasting and online datingbusinesses or if these talents cannot draw fans or participants, our results of operations may be adversely affected. Also, if channel owners are unable to reach ormaintain mutually satisfactory cooperation arrangements with the performers on their channels on the online music and entertainment platform, we may losepopular performers and our business and operations may be adversely affected. Furthermore, if we are unable to obtain or retain rights to host popular onlinegames or popular in-game virtual items, or if we are required to share a bigger portion of our revenues with third party game developers, we could be required todevote greater resources and time to obtain hosting rights for new games and applications from other parties, and our results of operations may be impacted. Inaddition, some third party software we use in our operations are currently publicly available without charge. If the owner of any such software decides to chargeusers or no longer makes the software publicly available, we may need to incur significant cost to license the software, find replacement software or develop it onour own. If we are unable to find or develop replacement software at a reasonable cost, or at all, our business and operations may be adversely affected. 13 Some of the games offered on our platform run on a complex network of servers located in and maintained by third party data centers throughout Chinaand our overall network relies on broadband connections provided by third party operators. We expect this dependence on third parties to continue. The networksmaintained and services provided by such third parties are vulnerable to damage or interruption, which could impact our results of operations. See "—Systemfailure, interruptions and downtime can result in adverse publicity for our products and result in net revenue losses, a slowdown in the growth of our registered useraccounts and a decrease in the number of our active users. If any of these system disruptions occurs, our business, financial condition and results of operations maybe materially and adversely affected." Furthermore, we generate substantially all of our online advertising revenues through agreements entered into with various third party advertisingagencies that represent advertisers. We do not have long-term cooperation agreements or exclusive arrangements with these agencies and they may elect to directbusiness opportunities to other advertising service providers. If we fail to retain and enhance our business relationships with these third party advertising agencies,we may suffer from a loss of advertisers and our business and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected. In addition, we sell a significant portion of our products and services through third party online payment systems. If any of these third party onlinepayment systems suffer from security breaches, users may lose confidence in such payment systems and refrain from purchasing our virtual items online, in whichcase our results of operations would be negatively impacted. See "—The security of operations of, and fees charged by, third party online payment platforms mayhave a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations." We exercise no control over the third parties with whom we have business arrangements. If such third parties increase their prices, fail to provide theirservices effectively, terminate their service or agreements or discontinue their relationships with us, we could suffer service interruptions, reduced revenues orincreased costs, any of which may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. System failure, interruptions and downtime can result in adverse publicity for our products and result in net revenue losses, a slowdown in the growth of ourregistered user accounts and a decrease in the number of our active users. If any of these system disruptions occurs, our business, financial condition andresults of operations may be materially and adversely affected. Although we seek to reduce the possibility of disruptions or other outages, our services may be disrupted by problems with our own technology andsystem, such as malfunctions in our software or other facilities and network overload. Our systems may be vulnerable to damage or interruption fromtelecommunication failures, power loss, computer attacks or viruses, earthquakes, floods, fires, terrorist attacks and similar events. We have experienced systemfailures, including a partial system outage in 2009 caused by hackers hired by a competing business intending to maliciously overwhelm and clog our servers andour routing system. Those responsible were subsequently found guilty and penalized by the PRC courts and we have subsequently updated our system to make itmore difficult for similar attacks to succeed in the future, but we cannot assure you that there will be no similar failures in the future. Parts of our system are notfully redundant, and our disaster recovery planning is not sufficient for all eventualities. Despite any precaution we may take, the occurrence of a natural disaster orother unanticipated problems at our hosting facilities could result in lengthy interruptions in the availability of our products and services. Any interruption in theability of our users to use our products and services could reduce our future revenues, harm our future profits, subject us to regulatory scrutiny and lead users toseek alternative forms of online social interactions. Our servers that process user payments experience some downtime on a regular basis, which may negatively affect our brand and user perception of thereliability of our systems. Any scheduled or unscheduled interruption in the ability of users to use our payment systems could result in an immediate, and possiblysubstantial, loss of revenues. 14 Almost all internet access in China is maintained through state-owned telecommunication operators under the control and supervision of the MIIT, andwe use a limited number of telecommunication service providers to provide us with data communications capacity through local telecommunications lines andinternet data centers to host our servers. Internet data centers in China are generally owned by telecommunication service providers with their own broadbandnetworks and are leased to various customers through third party agents. These third party agents negotiate the terms of the leases, enter into lease agreements withend customers, handle customer interactions and manage the data centers on behalf of the data center owners. In the past, we signed data center lease agreementswith multiple third party agents. With the expansion of our business, we may be required to purchase more bandwidth and upgrade our technology andinfrastructure to keep up with the increasing traffic on our websites and increasing user levels on our platform overall. We cannot assure you that thetelecommunications providers whose networks we lease or the third party agents that operate our data centers would be able to accommodate all of our requests formore bandwidth or upgraded infrastructure or network, or that the internet infrastructure and the fixed telecommunications networks in China will be able tosupport the demands associated with the continued growth in our internet usage. Our users may use our products or services for critical transactions and communications, especially business communications. As a result, any systemfailures could result in damage to such users' businesses. These users could seek significant compensation from us for their losses. Even if unsuccessful, this typeof claim would likely be time consuming and costly for us to address. We have limited control over the prices of the services provided by telecommunication service providers and may have limited access to alternativenetworks or services. If the prices we pay for telecommunications and internet services rise significantly, our results of operations may be materially and adverselyaffected. Furthermore, if internet access fees or other charges to internet users increase, our user traffic may decline and our business may be harmed. The respective number of our registered user accounts, active users, paying users and unique visitors may overstate the number of unique individuals whoregister to use our products and services, log on to our platform, purchase virtual items or other products and services on our platform or access Duowan.com,respectively, and may therefore lead to an inaccurate interpretation of our average revenue per paying user metric and of our business operations by ourmanagement and by investors, and may affect advertisers' decisions on the amount spent on advertising with us. We do not operate our platform on a real-name basis and therefore we cannot and do not track the number of unique paying users. Instead, we track thenumber of registered user accounts, active users, paying users and unique visitors. We calculate certain operating metrics in the following ways: (a) the number ofregistered user accounts is the cumulative number of user accounts at the end of the relevant period that have logged onto our platform at least once afterregistration, (b) the number of active users is the cumulative number of user accounts at the end of the relevant period that have signed onto our platform at leastonce during the relevant period, (c) the number of paying users is the cumulative number of registered user accounts that have purchased virtual items or otherproducts and services on our platform at least once during the relevant period, and (d) the number of unique visitors is the number of visits to Duowan.com fromspecific IP addresses for the relevant period, with each IP address counting as a separate unique visitor. The actual number of unique individual users, however, islikely to be lower than that of registered user accounts, active users, paying users and unique visitors, potentially significantly, for three primary reasons. First,each individual user may register more than once and therefore have more than one account, and sign onto each of these accounts during a given period. Forexample, a user may (a) create separate accounts for community and personal use and log onto each account at different times for different activities or (b) if he orshe lost his or her original username or password, he or she can simply register again and create an additional account. Second, we experience irregular registrationactivities such as the creation of a significant number of improper user accounts by a limited number of individuals, which may be in violation of our policies,including for the purpose of clogging our network or posting spam to our channels. We believe that some of these accounts may also be created for specificpurposes such as to increase the number of votes for certain performers in various contests, but the number of registered user accounts, paying users and activeusers do not exclude user accounts created for such purposes. We have limited ability to validate or confirm the accuracy of information provided during the userregistration process to ascertain whether a new user account created was actually created by an existing user who is registering duplicative accounts. Third, eachindividual user may access Duowan.com from more than one IP address; although subsequent visits from the same IP address do not add to our total uniquevisitors count, each new IP address used by an individual would be counted as a different unique visitor to Duowan.com. For example, a user would be counted asa unique visitor three times if he or she accessed Duowan.com from the user's home computer, office computer and mobile phone. Thus, the respective number ofour registered user accounts, active users, paying users and unique visitors may overstate the number of unique individuals who register on our platform, sign ontoour platform, purchase virtual items or other products and services on our platform and access Duowan.com, respectively which may lead to an inaccurateinterpretation of our average revenue per paying user metric. 15 In addition, we may be unable to track whether we are successfully converting registered users or active users into paying users since we do not track thenumber of unique individuals or operate our platform on a real-name basis. If the growth in the number of our registered user accounts, active users, paying usersor unique visitors is lower than the actual growth in the number of unique individual registered, active or paying users or unique visitors, our user engagementlevel, sales of IVAS and our business may not grow as quickly as we expect, and advertisers may reduce the amount spent on advertising with us, which may harmour business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, such overstatement may cause inaccurate evaluation of our business operations by ourmanagement and by investors, which may also materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations. If we are unable to continue to successfully capture and retain the growing number of users that access internet services through mobile devices orsuccessfully monetize mobile users, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected. An increasing number of users are accessing our platform through mobile devices, and we consider the rise of mobile-based business to be a generaltrend. We have been taking measures to expand our success from PC-based products and services to the mobile platform. Mobile YY, our music and entertainmentmobile application introduced in 2010, has contributed 45.4% of the total revenue generated from our music and entertainment business in the forth quarter of2015, compared to 14.4% in the same period of 2014. The ARPU of Mobile YY has reached RMB387.6 (US$59.8) in the fourth quarter of 2015, compared toRMB531.0 (US$82.0), the average ARPU of our whole music and entertainment business. We have also developed numerous mobile applications for other parts ofour business. An important element of our strategy is to continue to develop and enhance mobile applications to capture a greater share of the growing number ofmobile users. Nevertheless, since the user experience and user habits on mobile devices are significantly different from those on PCs, there can be no assurance that wecan succeed in adapting our products and services to the expectation of mobile users. If we are unable to attract and retain the increasing number of mobile users,or if we are slower than our competitors in developing attractive services adaptable for mobile devices, we may fail to capture a significant share of an increasinglyimportant portion of the market or may lose existing users. In addition, even if we are able to retain the increasing number of mobile users, we may not be able tosuccessfully monetize them in the future. For example, because of the inherent limitations of mobile devices, such as a smaller display screen space as compared toPCs, we may not be able to provide as many kinds of virtual items on our mobile applications as we can on YY Client, which may limit the monetization potentialof mobile users. Furthermore, as new mobile devices and operating systems are continually being released, it is difficult to predict the problems we may encounter indeveloping and updating versions of our products and services for use on these devices and operating systems, and we have devoted, and expect to continue todevote, significant resources to create, support and maintain these services. Devices providing access to our products and services are not manufactured and sold byus, and we cannot assure you that the companies manufacturing or selling these devices would always ensure that their devices perform reliably and are maximallycompatible with our systems. Any faulty connection between these devices and our products and services may result in consumer dissatisfaction with us, whichcould damage our brand and have a material and adverse effect on our financial results. In addition, the lower resolution, functionality and memory associated withsome mobile devices make the use of our products and services through such devices more difficult and the versions of our products and services we develop forthese devices may fail to attract users. Manufacturers or distributors may establish unique technical standards for their devices and, as a result, our mobileapplications may not work or be viewable on these devices. Meanwhile, new social platforms or services may emerge which are specifically created to function onmobile operating systems, whereas our platform was originally designed to be accessed from PCs. Such new entrants may operate more effectively on mobiledevices than our mobile applications do. Due to the increasing importance of mobile-based business, any of the above may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition andresults of operations. The development of mobile technology and applications as a substitute for PC-based technology and applications may adversely affect our existing business,and in turn our revenues and financial performance. In recent years, the development of mobile technology and application, such as increased speed and stability of mobile network and enhancement ofmobile devices, allows performers, content providers and other users to broadcast simply with a mobile device instead of relying on PC-based or other morecomplicated devices. Due to the portability and affordability of mobile devices, mobile broadcasting is more diversified and spontaneous as compared to onlinebroadcasting on PC-based platforms. We believe that such innovation brings opportunities as well as challenges for our business. 16 We launched our mobile broadcasting application, ME Live, in February 2016, which competes with a few other mobile broadcasting applications, suchas Yingke (Ingkee) released in 2015. Although we believe that our mobile application has some unique features and is competitive in the market, the industry isnew and we expect the competition to be intensive. Since mobile broadcasting is more diversified and spontaneous, our experience in content organization andinteraction on PC platforms may not satisfy the mobile users, we may hence fail to attract or retain such mobile users. There can be no assurance that we will beable to gain as significant a market share as we do on PC-based platform. Meanwhile, since the way to monetize mobile users is different from the way to monetizePC users, even if we are able to attract and retain a considerable number of mobile users, we may not generate as much revenue as we do on PCs. Although we believe that users, including performers, are unlikely to entirely migrate to mobile applications and cease to use YY through PCs and thatmost of our mobile users also access our YY platform through PCs, we cannot assure you that the increasing usage of mobile application will not cause our users tocease accessing the YY platform from PCs. If a significant number of users migrate to mobile applications as a substitute for accessing the YY platform throughPCs, or even turn to use mobile applications developed by our competitors, our business, results of operations and financial condition would be negatively affected. Concerns about collection and use of personal data could damage our reputation and deter current and potential users from using our products and services,which could lead to lower advertising revenues or lower IVAS revenues. Concerns about our practices with regard to the collection, use or disclosure of personal information or other privacy-related matters, even if unfounded,could damage our reputation and operating results. We apply strict management and protection for any information provided by users and, under our privacypolicy, without our users' prior consent, we will not provide any of our users' personal information to any unrelated third party. While we strive to comply with ourprivacy guidelines as well as all applicable data protection laws and regulations, any failure or perceived failure to comply may result in proceedings or actionsagainst us by government entities or others, and could damage our reputation. User and regulatory attitudes towards privacy are evolving, and future regulatory oruser concerns about the extent to which personal information is used or shared with advertisers or others may adversely affect our ability to share certain data withadvertisers, which may limit certain methods of targeted advertising. Concerns about the security of personal data could also lead to a decline in general internetusage, which could lead to lower registered, active or paying user numbers on our platform. For example, if the PRC government authorities require real-nameregistration for YY Client users, the growth of our user numbers may slow and our business, financial condition and results of operations may be adverselyaffected. See "—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure and Our Industry—We may be adversely affected by the complexity, uncertainties and changes in PRCregulation of internet business and companies." A significant reduction in registered, active or paying user numbers could lead to lower advertising revenues orlower IVAS revenues, which could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. The security of operations of, and fees charged by, third party online payment platforms may have a material adverse effect on our business and results ofoperations. Currently, we sell all of our IVAS to our users through third party online payment systems. In the year ended December 31, 2015, 96.0% of our total netrevenues were derived from IVAS. We expect that an increasing amount of our sales will be conducted over the internet as a result of the growing use of onlinepayment systems. In all these online payment transactions, secured transmission of confidential information such as customers' credit card numbers and personalinformation over public networks is essential to maintain consumer confidence. We do not have control over the security measures of our third party online payment vendors, and security breaches of the online payment systems thatwe use could expose us to litigation and possible liability for failing to secure confidential customer information and could, among other things, damage ourreputation and the perceived security of all of the online payment systems that we use. If a well-publicized internet or mobile network security breach were tooccur, users concerned about the security of their online financial transactions may become reluctant to purchase our virtual items even if the publicized breach didnot involve payment systems or methods used by us. In addition, there may be billing software errors that would damage customer confidence in these onlinepayment systems. If any of the above were to occur and damage our reputation or the perceived security of the online payment systems we use, we may lose payingusers and users may be discouraged from purchasing our IVAS, which may have a material adverse effect on our business. 17 In addition, there are currently only a limited number of third party online payment systems in China. If any of these major payment systems decides tocease to provide services to us, or significantly increase the percentage they charge us for using their payment systems for our virtual items and other services, ourresults of operations may be materially and adversely affected. Our core values of focusing on user experience and satisfaction first and acting for the long-term may conflict with the short-term operating results of ourbusiness, and also negatively impact our relationships with advertisers or other third parties. One of our core values is to focus on user experience and satisfaction, which we believe is essential to our success and serves the best, long-term interestsof our company and our shareholders. Therefore, we have made, and may make in the future, significant investments or changes in strategy that we think willbenefit our users, even if our decision negatively impacts our operating results in the short-term. For example, in order to provide users of YY Client withuninterrupted entertainment options, we do not place significant advertising on YY Client. While this decision adversely affects our operating results in the short-term, we believe it enables us to provide higher quality user experience on YY Client, which will help us expand and maintain our current large user base andcreate better monetizing potential in the long-term. In addition, this philosophy of putting our users first may also negatively impact our relationships withadvertisers or other third parties, and may not result in the long-term benefits that we expect, in which case the success of our business and operating results couldbe harmed. Trademarks registered, internet search engine keywords purchased and domain names registered by third parties that are similar to our trademarks, brands orwebsites could cause confusion to our users, divert online customers away from our products and services or harm our reputation. Competitors and other third parties may purchase (a) trademarks that are similar to our trademarks and (b) keywords that are confusingly similar to ourbrands or websites in internet search engine advertising programs and in the header and text of the resulting sponsored links or advertisements in order to divertpotential customers from us to their websites. Preventing such unauthorized use is inherently difficult. If we are unable to prevent such unauthorized use,competitors and other third parties may continue to drive potential online customers away from our platform to competing, irrelevant or potentially offensiveplatforms, which could harm our reputation and cause us to lose revenue. We may be held liable for information or content displayed on, retrieved from or linked to our platform, or distributed to our users, and PRC authorities mayimpose legal sanctions on us, including, in serious cases, suspending or revoking the licenses necessary to operate our platform. Our real-time interactive social platform enables users to exchange information, generate content, advertise products and services, conduct business andengage in various other online activities. However, our platform does not require real-name registration by our users and because a majority of the communicationson our platform is conducted in real time, we are unable to verify the sources of all information posted thereon or examine the content generated by users beforethey are posted. Therefore, it is possible that users may engage in illegal, obscene or incendiary conversations or activities, including the publishing ofinappropriate or illegal content that may be deemed unlawful under PRC laws and regulations on our platform. These issues exist on YY Client, YY.com,Duowan.com, 100.com and our other websites and mobile applications. If any content on our platform is deemed illegal, obscene or incendiary, or if appropriatelicenses and third party consents have not been obtained, claims may be brought against us for defamation, libel, negligence, copyright, patent or trademarkinfringement, other unlawful activities or other theories and claims based on the nature and content of the information delivered on or otherwise accessed throughour platforms. For example, we have occasionally received fines for certain inappropriate materials placed by third parties on our platform, and may be subject tosimilar fines and penalties in the future. We also may face liability for copyright or trademark infringement, fraud, and other claims based on the nature and contentof the materials that are delivered, shared or otherwise accessed through or published on our platform. Defending any such actions could be costly and involvesignificant time and attention of our management and other resources. In addition, if they find that we have not adequately managed the content on our platform,PRC authorities may impose legal sanctions on us, including, in serious cases, suspending or revoking the licenses necessary to operate our platform. See "Item 4.Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—PRC Regulation—Information Security and Censorship" and "Item 4. Information on the Company—B.Business Overview—PRC Regulation—Intellectual Property Rights." 18 We may be subject to intellectual property infringement claims or other allegations, which could result in our payment of substantial damages, penalties andfines, removal of relevant content from our website or seeking license arrangements which may not be available on commercially reasonable terms. Third party owners or right holders of technology patents, copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets and website content may assert intellectual propertyinfringement or other claims against us. In addition, content generated through our platform, including real-time content, may also potentially cause disputesregarding content ownership or intellectual property. For example, we could face copyright infringement claims with respect to songs performed live, recorded ormade accessible on our music and entertainment platform, and online games being streamed live, recorded or made accessible on our live game broadcastingplatform. We generated approximately 56.3% and 6.0% of our total net revenues in 2015 from online music and entertainment and live game broadcasting,respectively. The validity, enforceability and scope of protection of intellectual property rights in internet-related industries, particularly in China, are uncertain andstill evolving. As we face increasing competition and as litigation becomes a more common way to resolve disputes in China, we face a higher risk of being thesubject of intellectual property infringement claims. For example, Guangzhou NetEase Computer System Co., Ltd. has initiated a lawsuit against us in Guangzhouin October 2014, claiming the infringement of its rights of reproduction concerning the online game of Fantasy Westward Journey in the amount of RMB100million. Although we believe that the claim is unjustified and commercially motivated, if the outcome of the proceeding is unfavourable to us, we may sufferconsiderable damage to our financial position and reputation. Under relevant PRC laws and regulations, online service providers which provide storage space forusers to upload works or links to other services or content could be held liable for copyright infringement under various circumstances, including situations wherean online service provider knows or should reasonably have known that the relevant content uploaded or linked to on its platform infringes the copyrights of othersand the provider realizes economic benefits from such infringement activities. The "knows or should reasonably have known" element would be fulfilled undersome statutorily specified circumstances. For example, online service providers are subject to liability if they fail to take necessary measures, such as deletion,blocking or disconnection, after receiving notification from the legal right holders. In particular, there have been cases in China in which the courts have found anonline service provider to be liable for the copyrighted content posted by users which were accessible and stored on such provider's servers. On the other hand, toour knowledge, there is currently no precedent or settled court practice which provides clear guidance as to whether or to what extent a real-time online platformsuch as YY would be held liable for the unauthorized posting or live performances of copyrighted content by our users. See "Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—PRC Regulation—Intellectual Property Rights." We have implemented procedures to reduce the likelihood that we may use, develop or make available any content or applications without the properlicenses or necessary third party consents; such procedures include requiring performers, channel owners and users to acknowledge and agree that they would notperform or upload copyrighted content without proper authorization and that they will indemnify us for any relevant copyright infringement claims. However,these procedures may not be effective in preventing unauthorized posting or use of copyrighted content on our platform or the infringement of other third partyrights. Specifically, such acknowledgments and agreements by performers, channel owners and users are not enforceable against third parties who maynevertheless file claims of copyright infringement against us. Furthermore, individual performers or channel owners who generate content that may infringe oncopyrights of third parties on our platform may not be easily traceable, if at all, by a plaintiff who may then choose to file a claim against us, and these individualperformers and channel owners may not have resources to fully indemnify us, if at all, for any such claims. In addition, we have entered into revenue-sharingarrangements in the form of direct or indirect employment agreements with some of the popular singers, performers or channel owners on our platform, and wecannot assure you that PRC courts will not view these singers, performers or channel owners as our employees or agents, deem us to have control over theiractivities on our platform and the content they upload or otherwise make available on our platform, determine that we have knowingly uploaded such infringingcontent on our platform and hold us directly liable for their infringement activities on our platform. Separately, as our business expands, the cost of carrying outthese procedures and obtaining authorization and licenses for the growing content on our platform may increase, which may potentially have material and adverseeffects on our results of operations. 19 Although we have not been subject to claims or lawsuits outside China, we cannot assure you that we will not become subject to intellectual property lawsin other jurisdictions, such as the United States, by virtue of our ADSs being listed on the Nasdaq Global Market, the ability of users to access our platform in theUnited States and other jurisdictions, the performance of songs and other content which are subject to copyright and other intellectual property laws of countriesoutside China, including the United States, the ownership of our ADSs by investors in the United States and other jurisdictions, or the extraterritorial application offoreign law by foreign courts or otherwise. In addition, as a publicly listed company, we may be exposed to increased risk of litigation. If an infringement claim brought against us in China, the United States or any other jurisdiction is successful, we may be required to pay substantialstatutory penalties or other damages and fines, remove relevant content from our platform or enter into license agreements which may not be available oncommercially reasonable terms or at all. Litigation or other claims against us also subject us to adverse publicity which could harm our reputation and affect ourability to attract and retain users, including channel owners, singers and other performers, which could materially and adversely affect the popularity of ourplatform and therefore, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may be materially and adversely affected. We may not be able to successfully halt the operations of platforms that aggregate our data as well as data from other companies, including social networks, or"copycat" platforms that have misappropriated our data in the past or may misappropriate our data in the future. Those platforms may also lure away some ofour users or advertisers or reduce our market share, causing material and adverse effects on our business operations. From time to time, third parties have misappropriated our data through scraping our platform, robots or other means and aggregated this data on theirplatforms with data from other companies. In addition, "copycat" platforms or client applications have misappropriated data on our platform, implanted Trojanviruses in user PCs to steal user data from YY Client and attempted to imitate our brand or the functionality of our platform. When we became aware of suchplatforms, we employed technological and legal measures in an attempt to halt their operations. However, we may not be able to detect all such platforms in atimely manner and, even if we could, technological and legal measures may be insufficient to stop their operations. In those cases, our available remedies may notbe adequate to protect us against such platforms. Regardless of whether we can successfully enforce our rights against these platforms, any measures that we maytake could require significant financial or other resources from us. Those platforms may also lure away some of our users or advertisers or reduce our market share,causing material and adverse effects to our business operations. We may not be able to prevent others from unauthorized use of our intellectual property, which could harm our business and competitive position. We regard our trademarks, service marks, patents, domain names, trade secrets, proprietary technologies and similar intellectual property as critical to oursuccess, and we rely on trademark and patent law, trade secret protection and confidentiality and license agreements with our employees and others to protect ourproprietary rights. As of December 31, 2015, we had registered 183 domain names, including YY.com, Duowan.com, Huya.com, 100.com, Chinaduo.com,Edu24oL.com and Zhiniu8.com, 188 software copyrights, 38 patents and 420 trademarks and service marks in China and overseas. In addition, as of December 31,2015, we had filed 542 patent applications covering certain of our proprietary technologies and 233 trademark applications in China and overseas. It is often difficult to create and enforce intellectual property rights in China. Patents, trademarks and service marks may also be invalidated,circumvented, or challenged. Trade secrets are difficult to protect, and our trade secrets may be leaked or otherwise become known or be independently discoveredby others. Confidentiality agreements may be breached, and we may not have adequate remedies for any breach. Even where adequate, relevant laws exist inChina, it may not be possible to obtain swift and equitable enforcement of such laws, or to obtain enforcement of a court judgment or an arbitration awarddelivered in another jurisdiction, and accordingly, we may not be able to effectively protect our intellectual property rights or enforce agreements in China.Policing any unauthorized use of our intellectual property is difficult and costly and the steps we have taken may be inadequate to prevent the misappropriation ofour technologies. Given the potential cost, effort, risks and downsides of obtaining patent protection, in some cases we have not and do not plan to apply forpatents or other forms of formal intellectual property protection for certain key technologies. If some of these technologies are later proven to be important to ourbusiness and are used by third parties without our authorization, especially for commercial purposes, our business and competitive position may be harmed. 20 As our patents may expire and may not be extended, our patent applications may not be granted and our patent rights may be contested, circumvented,invalidated or limited in scope, our patent rights may not protect us effectively. In particular, we may not be able to prevent others from developing orexploiting competing technologies, which could have a material and adverse effect on our business operations, financial condition and results of operations. In China, the valid period of utility model patent right or design patent right is ten years and is not extendable. Currently, we have patent applicationspending in China, but we cannot assure you that we will be granted patents pursuant to our pending applications. Even if our patent applications succeed and weare issued patents in accordance with them, it is still uncertain whether these patents will be contested, circumvented or invalidated in the future. The rights grantedunder any issued patents may not provide us with proprietary protection or competitive advantages. Further, the claims under any patents that issue from our patentapplications may not be broad enough to prevent others from developing technologies that are similar or that achieve results similar to ours. It is also possible thatthe intellectual property rights of others will bar us from licensing and from exploiting any patents that issue from our pending applications. Numerous U.S. andforeign issued patents and pending patent applications owned by others exist in the fields in which we have developed and are developing our technology. Thesepatents and patent applications might have priority over our patent applications and could subject our patent applications to invalidation. Finally, in addition tothose who may claim priority, any of our existing or pending patents may also be challenged by others on the basis that they are otherwise invalid orunenforceable. If we fail to maintain and enhance our brands, or if we incur excessive expenses in this effort, our business, results of operations and prospects may bematerially and adversely affected. We believe that maintaining and enhancing our brands is of significant importance to the success of our business. Well-recognized brands are important toincreasing the number of users and the level of engagement of our users and enhancing our attractiveness to advertisers. Since we operate in a highly competitivemarket, brand maintenance and enhancement directly affect our ability to maintain our market position. Although we have developed YY mostly through word of mouth referrals, as we expand, we may conduct various marketing and brand promotionactivities using various methods to continue promoting our brands. We cannot assure you, however, that these activities will be successful or that we will be able toachieve the brand promotion effect we expect. In addition, any negative publicity in relation to our products or services, regardless of its veracity, could harm ourbrands and reputation. We have sometimes received, and expect to continue to receive, complaints from users regarding the quality of the products and services we offer.Negative publicity or public complaints by users may harm our reputation and affect our ability to attract new users and retain existing users. If our users'complaints are not addressed to their satisfaction, our reputation and our market position could be significantly harmed, which may materially and adversely affectour business, results of operations and prospects. Our business depends substantially on the continuing efforts of our executive officers and key employees, and our business operations may be severelydisrupted if we lose their services. Our future success depends substantially on the continued efforts of our executive officers and key employees. If one or more of our executive officers orkey employees were unable or unwilling to continue their services with us, we might not be able to replace them easily, in a timely manner, or at all. In addition,our executive officers and key employees hold the equity interests in Beijing Tuda Science and Technology Co., Ltd., or Beijing Tuda, Guangzhou HuaduoNetwork Technology Co., Ltd., or Guangzhou Huaduo, and Beijing Bilin Online Information Technology Co., Ltd., or Bilin Online, our PRC consolidatedaffiliated entities. In particular, Mr. David Xueling Li, our co-founder, chief executive officer and director, owns 97.7% of Beijing Tuda's equity interests and100% of Bilin Online’s equity interests. Mr. Li and Beijing Tuda also own approximately 0.5% and 99.0% of Guangzhou Huaduo's equity interests, respectively,with 0.44% owned by Mr. Jun Lei, our co-founder and chairman. If any of these executive officers and key employees terminates their services with us, we havethe contractual right to appoint designees to hold the PRC consolidated affiliated entities' equity interests. However, our business may be severely disrupted, ourfinancial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected and we may incur additional expenses to recruit, train and retain personnel. Ifany of our executive officers or key employees joins a competitor or forms a competing company, we may lose customers, know-how and key professionals andstaff members. Each of our executive officers and key employees has entered into an employment agreement and a non-compete agreement with us. However, asadvised by our PRC counsel, Fangda Partners, certain provisions under the non-compete agreement may not be deemed valid or enforceable under PRC laws. Ifany dispute arises between our executive officers and key employees and us, we cannot assure you that we would be able to enforce these non-compete agreementsin China, where these executive officers reside, in light of uncertainties with China's legal system. See "—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—Uncertainties in the interpretation and enforcement of Chinese laws and regulations could limit the legal protections available to you and us." 21 If we are unable to attract, train and retain qualified personnel, our business may be materially and adversely affected. Our future success depends, to a significant extent, on our ability to attract, train and retain qualified personnel, particularly management, technical andmarketing personnel with expertise in the internet industry; inability to do so may materially and adversely affect our business. Since the internet industry ischaracterized by high demand and intense competition for talent, we cannot assure you that we will be able to attract or retain qualified staff or other highly skilledemployees. As our company is relatively young, our ability to train and integrate new employees into our operations may not meet the growing demands of ourbusiness which may materially and adversely affect our ability to grow our business and hence our results of operations. Our results of operations are subject to substantial quarterly and annual fluctuations due to seasonality. We experience seasonality in our business, reflecting seasonal fluctuations in internet usage. As a result, comparing our operating results on a period-to-period basis may not be meaningful. For example, online user numbers tend to be lower during school holidays and certain parts of the school year, and advertisingrevenues tend to be lower during the Chinese New Year season, which negatively affects our cash flow for those periods. We may also experience a reduction inactive users in the third quarter of each year because a significant portion of our users are students, and as the new school year begins, student access to computersand the internet are affected. Internet usage and the rate of internet growth may also be expected to decline during the summer school holidays as some studentslose regular internet access. Furthermore, the number of paying users of our online music and entertainment platform correlates with the marketing campaigns andpromotional activities we conduct which coincide with popular western or Chinese festivals celebrated by young Chinese people, many of which are in the fourthquarter and ending with the Chinese New Year holidays which typically fall in the first quarter. As a result, our operating results in future quarters or years may fall below the expectations of securities analysts and investors. In such event, the tradingprice of our ADSs would likely be materially and adversely affected. See "Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Seasonality" foradditional details regarding the effects of seasonality on our cash flow, operating performance and financial results. Our business is sensitive to global economic conditions. A severe or prolonged downturn in the global or Chinese economy could materially and adverselyaffect our business, financial condition and results of operations. The global macroeconomic environment is facing challenges, including the escalation of the European sovereign debt crisis since 2011, the end ofquantitative easing by the U.S. Federal Reserve and the economic slowdown in the Eurozone in 2014. The Chinese economy has slowed down since 2012 and suchslowdown may continue. There is considerable uncertainty over the long-term effects of the expansionary monetary and fiscal policies adopted by the central banksand financial authorities of some of the world’s leading economies, including the United States and China. There have been concerns over unrest and terroristthreats in the Middle East, Europe and Africa, which have resulted in volatility in oil and other markets, and over the conflicts involving Ukraine and Syria. Therehave also been concerns on the relationship among China and other Asian countries, which may result in or intensify potential conflicts in relation to territorialdisputes. Economic conditions in China are sensitive to global economic conditions, as well as changes in domestic economic and political policies and theexpected or perceived overall economic growth rate in China. Any sever or prolonged slowdown in the global or Chinese economy may materially and adverselyaffect our business, results of operations and financial condition. In addition, continued turbulence in the international markets may adversely affect our ability toaccess capital markets to meet liquidity needs. 22 Future strategic alliances or acquisitions may have a material and adverse effect on our business, reputation and results of operations. We may enter into strategic alliances, including joint ventures or minority equity investments, with various third parties to further our business purposefrom time to time. These alliances could subject us to a number of risks, including risks associated with sharing proprietary information, non-performance by thethird party and increased expenses in establishing new strategic alliances, any of which may materially and adversely affect our business. We may have limitedability to monitor or control the actions of these third parties and, to the extent any of these strategic third parties suffers negative publicity or harm to theirreputation from events relating to their business, we may also suffer negative publicity or harm to our reputation by virtue of our association with any such thirdparty. In addition, although we have no current acquisition plans, if appropriate opportunities arise, we may acquire additional assets, products, technologies orbusinesses that are complementary to our existing business. For example, in the first quarter of 2015, we acquired 70% of the equity interests in Shanghai BeifuCulture Communication Co., Ltd., or Shanghai Beifu, which principally engages in providing e-commerce platform to professional game teams and commentators,and we believe such acquisition could enrich our live game broadcasting business. Past and future acquisitions and the subsequent integration of new assets andbusinesses into our own require significant attention from our management and could result in a diversion of resources from our existing business, which in turncould have an adverse effect on our business operations. Acquired assets or businesses may not generate the financial results we expect. Acquisitions could resultin the use of substantial amounts of cash, potentially dilutive issuances of equity securities, the occurrence of significant goodwill impairment charges,amortization expenses for other intangible assets and exposure to potential unknown liabilities of the acquired business. Moreover, the costs of identifying andconsummating acquisitions may be significant. In addition to possible shareholders' approval, we may also have to obtain approvals and licenses from relevantgovernment authorities for the acquisitions and to comply with any applicable PRC laws and regulations, which could result in increased delay and costs. If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting, we may be unable to accurately report our financial results or preventfraud, and investor confidence in our company and the market price of our ADSs may be adversely affected. The SEC, as required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, or the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, adopted rules requiring most public companies toinclude a management report on such company's internal control over financial reporting in its annual report, which contains management's assessment of theeffectiveness of the company's internal control over financial reporting. In addition, when a company meets the SEC's criteria, an independent registered publicaccounting firm must report on the effectiveness of the company's internal control over financial reporting. Our management and independent registered public accounting firm have concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as ofDecember 31, 2015. However, we cannot assure you that in the future our management or our independent registered public accounting firm will not identifymaterial weaknesses during the Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act audit process or for other reasons. In addition, because of the inherent limitations of internalcontrol over financial reporting, including the possibility of collusion or improper management override of controls, material misstatements due to error or fraudmay not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. As a result, if we fail to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting or should we be unable toprevent or detect material misstatements due to error or fraud on a timely basis, investors could lose confidence in the reliability of our financial statements, whichin turn could harm our business, results of operations and negatively impact the market price of our ADSs, and harm our reputation. Furthermore, we have incurredand expect to continue to incur considerable costs and to use significant management time and the other resources in an effort to comply with Section 404 andother requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. 23 Some of our users may make sales or purchases through unauthorized third party platforms of virtual items we offer for free on our platform, which mayaffect our revenue-generating opportunities and exert downward pressure on the prices we charge for our virtual items. We, from time to time, offer virtual items free of charge to attract users or encourage user participation in channels. Some of our users may sell orpurchase such free virtual items through unauthorized third party sellers in exchange for real currency. For example, fans of a performer may pay other users tosend flowers or gifts the latter have accumulated on our platform to the performer, in order to show support and raise the popularity ranking of the performer oftheir choice. These unauthorized transactions are usually arranged on third party platforms which we do not and are unable to track or monitor. Accordingly, theseunauthorized purchases and sales from third party sellers may affect our revenue-generating opportunities and may impede our revenue and profit growth by,among other things, reducing the revenues we could have generated and exerting downward pressure on the prices we charge for our virtual items. We have limited business insurance coverage, so that any uninsured occurrence of business disruption may result in substantial costs to us and the diversionof our resources, which could have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. Insurance companies in China currently do not offer as extensive an array of insurance products as insurance companies do in more developed economies.We do not have any business liability or disruption insurance to cover our operations. We have determined that the costs of insuring for these risks and thedifficulties associated with acquiring such insurance on commercially reasonable terms make it impractical for us to have such insurance. Any uninsuredoccurrence may disrupt our business operations, require us to incur substantial costs and divert our resources, which could have an adverse effect on our results ofoperations and financial condition. Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure and Our Industry If the PRC government finds that the structure we have adopted for our business operations does not comply with PRC laws and regulations, or if these laws orregulations or interpretations of existing laws or regulations change in the future, we could be subject to severe penalties, including the shutting down of ourplatform and our business operations. Foreign ownership of internet-based businesses is subject to significant restrictions under current PRC laws and regulations. The PRC governmentregulates internet access, the distribution of online information and the conduct of online commerce through strict business licensing requirements and othergovernment regulations. These laws and regulations also limit foreign ownership in PRC companies that provide internet information distribution services.Specifically, foreign ownership in an internet information provider or other value-added telecommunication service providers may not exceed 50%. In addition,according to the Several Opinions on the Introduction of Foreign Investment in the Cultural Industry promulgated by the Ministry of Culture, or the MOC, theState Administration of Radio, Film and Television, or the SARFT, the General Administration of Press and Publication, or the GAPP, currently known as theState Administration of Press Publication, Radio, Film and Television after combination of SARFT and GAPP, the National Development and ReformCommission and the Ministry of Commerce, or the MOFCOM, in July 2005, foreign investors are prohibited from investing in or operating, among others, anyinternet cultural operating entities and from engaging in the business of transmitting audio-visual programs through information networks. We are a Cayman Islands company and our PRC subsidiaries, Guangzhou Huanju Shidai Information Technology Co., Ltd., or Guangzhou HuanjuShidai, and Huanju Shidai Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd., or Beijing Huanju Shidai, are each considered a wholly foreign owned enterprise. We conduct ouroperations in China primarily through a series of contractual arrangements entered into among our PRC subsidiary, Beijing Huanju Shidai, our major PRCconsolidated affiliated entities, Guangzhou Huaduo and Beijing Tuda, and Guangzhou Huaduo and Beijing Tuda's shareholders. As a result of these contractualarrangements, we exert control over our major PRC consolidated affiliated entities and consolidate each of their operating results in our financial statements underU.S. GAAP. All of the equity (net assets) or deficit (net liabilities) and net income (loss) of the consolidated affiliated entities are attributed to us. In addition, weconduct the Bilin business, a mobile instant communication application and its related business line, through contractual arrangements among our PRC subsidiary,Bilin Changxiang, our PRC consolidated affiliated entity, Bilin Online, and Bilin Online’s shareholder. For a detailed description of these contractualarrangements, see "Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions—B. Related Party—Contractual Arrangements with Beijing Tuda." 24 On September 28, 2009, the GAPP, the National Copyright Administration and the National Office of Combating Pornography and Illegal Publications,jointly issued a Notice on Further Strengthening the Administration of Pre-examination and Approval of Online Games and the Examination and Approval ofImported Online Games, or Circular 13. Circular 13 restates that foreign investors are not permitted to invest in online game-operating businesses in China viawholly owned, equity joint venture or cooperative joint venture investments and expressly prohibits foreign investors from gaining control over or participating indomestic online game operators through indirect ways such as establishing other joint venture companies or entering into contractual or technical arrangementssuch as the variable interest entity structural arrangements we adopted for our consolidated affiliated entities. We are not aware of any companies that have adopteda corporate structure that is the same as or similar to ours having been penalized or terminated under Circular 13 since the effective date of the circular.Furthermore, the enforcement of Circular 13 is still subject to substantial uncertainty, including possible subsequent joint actions by relevant authorities in charge,such as the MOC. The Regulation on Three Provisions stipulates that the MOC is authorized to regulate the online game industry, while the GAPP is authorized toapprove the publication of online games before their launch on the internet. The Interpretation on Three Provisions further provides that once an online game islaunched on the internet, it will be completely under the regulation of the MOC, and that if an online game is launched on the internet without obtaining priorapproval from the GAPP, the MOC, instead of the GAPP, is directly responsible for investigating the game. In the event that we, our PRC subsidiaries or PRCconsolidated affiliated entities are found to be in violation of the prohibition under Circular 13, the GAPP, in conjunction with the relevant regulatory authorities incharge, may impose applicable penalties, which in the most serious cases may include suspension or revocation of relevant licenses and registrations. In addition,various media sources have reported that the CSRC prepared a report proposing pre-approval by a competent central government authority of offshore listings byChina-based companies with variable interest entity structures, such as ours, that operate in industry sectors subject to foreign investment restrictions. However, itis unclear whether the CSRC officially issued or submitted such a report to a higher level government authority or what any such report provides. Furthermore, onJanuary 19, 2015, the MOFCOM issued a discussion draft of the proposed Foreign Investment Law, which may place restrictions on variable interest entitystructures adopted by us, but the enactment timetable, interpretation, implementation and influence thereof remain unclear. See "—Risks Related to DoingBusiness in China—Substantial uncertainties exist with respect to the enactment timetable, interpretation and implementation of draft PRC Foreign InvestmentLaw and how it may impact the viability of our current corporate structure, corporate governance and business operations." Based on understanding of current PRC laws, rules and regulations of our PRC legal counsel, Fangda Partners, our current ownership structure for ourbusiness operations, the ownership structure of our PRC subsidiaries and our PRC consolidated affiliated entities, the contractual arrangements among our PRCsubsidiaries, our PRC consolidated affiliated entities and their shareholders, as described in this annual report on Form 20-F, are in compliance with existing PRClaws, rules and regulations. However, we were further advised by Fangda Partners that there is substantial uncertainty regarding the interpretation and applicationof current or future PRC laws and regulations and these laws or regulations or interpretations of these laws or regulations may change in the future. Furthermore,the relevant government authorities have broad discretion in interpreting these laws and regulations. Accordingly, we cannot assure you that PRC governmentauthorities will not ultimately take a view contrary to the opinion of our PRC legal counsel. If our ownership structure, contractual arrangements and businesses of our company, our PRC subsidiaries or our PRC consolidated affiliated entities arefound to be in violation of any existing or future PRC laws or regulations, the relevant governmental authorities would have broad discretion in dealing with suchviolation, including levying fines, confiscating our income or the income of our PRC subsidiaries or PRC consolidated affiliated entities, revoking or suspendingthe business licenses or operating licenses of our PRC subsidiaries or PRC consolidated affiliated entities, shutting down our servers or blocking our platform,discontinuing or placing restrictions or onerous conditions on our operations, requiring us to discontinue our operations, requiring us to undergo a costly anddisruptive restructuring, restricting or prohibiting our use of proceeds from our initial public offering to finance our business and operations in China, and takingother regulatory or enforcement actions that could be harmful to our business. Any of these actions could cause significant disruption to our business operationsand severely damage our reputation, which would in turn materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, ifthe imposition of any of these penalties causes us to lose the rights to direct the activities of our PRC consolidated affiliated entities or our right to receive theireconomic benefits, we would no longer be able to consolidate such entities. Our PRC consolidated affiliated entities contributed substantially all of ourconsolidated net revenues in the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015. 25 We rely on contractual arrangements with our PRC consolidated affiliated entities and their shareholders for the operation of our business, which may not beas effective as direct ownership. If our PRC consolidated affiliated entities and their shareholders fail to perform their obligations under these contractualarrangements, we may have to resort to litigation to enforce our rights, which may be time-consuming, unpredictable, expensive and damaging to ouroperations and reputation. Because of PRC restrictions on foreign ownership of internet-based businesses in China, we depend on contractual arrangements with our PRCconsolidated affiliated entities in which we have no ownership interest to conduct our business. These contractual arrangements are intended to provide us witheffective control over these entities and allow us to obtain economic benefits from them. Our PRC consolidated affiliated entities are owned directly byMessrs. David Xueling Li and Jun Lei, between whom certain shareholders are our co-founders and chief executive officer. For additional details on theseownership interests, see "—Risks Related to Our Business—Our business depends substantially on the continuing efforts of our executive officers and keyemployees, and our business operations may be severely disrupted if we lose their services" and "Item 4. Information on the Company—A. History andDevelopment of the Company." However, these contractual arrangements may not be as effective in providing control as direct ownership. For example, each ofour PRC consolidated affiliated entities and their shareholders could breach their contractual arrangements with us by, among other things, failing to operate ourbusiness in an acceptable manner or taking other actions that are detrimental to our interests. If we were the controlling shareholder of these PRC consolidatedaffiliated entities with direct ownership, we would be able to exercise our rights as shareholders to effect changes to their board of directors, which in turn couldimplement changes at the management and operational level. However, under the current contractual arrangements, as a legal matter, if our PRC consolidatedaffiliated entities or their shareholders fail to perform their obligations under these contractual arrangements, we may have to incur substantial costs to enforce sucharrangements, and rely on legal remedies under PRC law, including contract remedies, which may not be sufficient or effective. In particular, the contractualarrangements provide that any dispute arising from these arrangements will be submitted to the China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commissionfor arbitration in Beijing, the ruling of which will be final and binding. The legal framework and system in China, particularly those relating to arbitrationproceedings, is not as developed as other jurisdictions such as the United States. As a result, significant uncertainties relating to the enforcement of legal rightsthrough arbitration, litigation and other legal proceedings remain in China, which could limit our ability to enforce these contractual arrangements and exerteffective control over our consolidated affiliated entities. If we are unable to enforce these contractual arrangements, or if we suffer significant delay or otherobstacles in the process of enforcing these contractual arrangements, our business and operations could be severely disrupted, which could materially and adverselyaffect our results of operations and damage our reputation. See "—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—Uncertainties in the interpretation and enforcementof Chinese laws and regulations could limit the legal protections available to you and us." Our existing shareholders have substantial influence over our company and their interests may not be aligned with the interests of our other shareholders,which may discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of our company, which could deprive our shareholders of an opportunity to receive a premium fortheir securities. As of March 31, 2016, our management group—including Mr. David Xueling Li, our co-founder, chief executive officer and director, Mr. Jun Lei, ourco-founder and chairman, and Mr. Rongjie Dong, our executive vice president,—and their respective affiliates, beneficially own an aggregate of 35.8% of ouroutstanding shares and 84.1% of the total voting power. Messrs. Li and Lei and Beijing Tuda together hold 99.94% of the equity interest in Guangzhou Huaduoand Mr. Li holds 97.7% of the equity interest in Beijing Tuda. Guangzhou Huaduo and Beijing Tuda are our major variable interest entities. Our managementgroup has substantial influence over our business, including decisions regarding mergers, consolidations and the sale of all or substantially all of our assets,election of directors and other significant corporate actions. This concentration of ownership may discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of our company,which could deprive our shareholders of an opportunity to receive a premium for their shares as part of any contemplated sale of our company and may reduce theprice of our ADSs. In addition, Messrs. Li and Dong could violate the terms of their non-compete or employment agreements with us or their legal duties bydiverting business opportunities from us, resulting in our loss of corporate opportunities. These actions may take place even if they are opposed by our othershareholders. Additionally, Mr. Jun Lei, our co-founder, chairman and shareholder who owned 17.5% of our outstanding shares as of March 31, 2016, is active inmaking investments in internet companies in China. Mr. Lei currently holds direct and indirect interests in Xiaomi and iSpeak, which competes with certain of ourlines of business, and other entities which may have businesses that compete with ours. Xiaomi is a mobile phone and smart appliances manufacturer and internetvalue-added service provider directly invested by Mr. Lei, which has started offering online performance and live broadcasting services recently. iSpeak is ownedby Mr. Lei in part through Kingsoft Corporation Limited, which is engaged in the research, development operation and distribution of online games, mobile games,casual game services and internet software. He may, in the future, acquire additional interests in businesses that directly or indirectly compete with some of our lines of business or that are oursuppliers or customers. Furthermore, Mr. Lei may pursue acquisitions or make further investments in our industries which may conflict with our interests.Although we adopted a code of business conduct and ethics to help restrict conflicts of interest involving directors and officers, any violation of this code by ourexisting officers or directors such as Mr. Lei may materially and adversely affect our business operations. For more information regarding the beneficial ownershipof our company by our principal shareholders, see "Item 6. Directors, Senior management and Employees—E. Share Ownership." 26 We may lose the ability to use and enjoy assets held by our PRC consolidated affiliated entities that are important to the operation of our business if suchentities go bankrupt or become subject to a dissolution or liquidation proceeding. As part of our contractual arrangements with our major PRC consolidated affiliated entities, Guangzhou Huaduo and Beijing Tuda, such entities holdcertain assets, such as patents for the proprietary technology that are essential to the operations of our platform and important to the operation of our business. Ifeither Guangzhou Huaduo or Beijing Tuda goes bankrupt and all or part of its assets become subject to liens or rights of third party creditors, we may be unable tocontinue some or all of our business activities, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. IfGuangzhou Huaduo or Beijing Tuda undergoes a voluntary or involuntary liquidation proceeding, the unrelated third party creditors may claim rights to some or allof these assets, thereby hindering our ability to operate our business, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results ofoperations. Our ability to enforce the equity pledge agreements between us and our PRC variable interest entities' shareholders may be subject to limitations based on PRClaws and regulations. Pursuant to the equity interest pledge agreements between Beijing Huanju Shidai, our wholly owned subsidiary in China, and the shareholders ofGuangzhou Huaduo, Beijing Tuda and Bilin Online, our variable interest entities, or VIEs, each shareholders of each variable interest entities agrees to pledge itsequity interests in the VIE to our subsidiary to secure the relevant VIE's performance of their obligations under the relevant contractual arrangements. The equityinterest pledges of shareholders of VIEs under these equity pledge agreements have been registered with the relevant local branch of the SAIC. In addition, in theregistration forms of the local branch of State Administration for Industry and Commerce for the pledges over the equity interests under the equity interest pledgeagreements, the aggregate amount of registered equity interests pledged to Beijing Huanju Shidai represents 100% of the registered capital of Guangzhou Huaduoand Beijing Tuda, and those pledged to Bilin Changxiang represents 100% of the registered capital of Bilin Online. The equity interest pledge agreements witheach of the VIEs' shareholders provide that the pledged equity interest shall constitute continuing security for any and all of the indebtedness, obligations andliabilities under all of the principal service agreements and the scope of pledge shall not be limited by the amount of the registered capital of that VIE. However, itis possible that a PRC court may take the position that the amount listed on the equity pledge registration forms represents the full amount of the collateral that hasbeen registered and perfected. If this is the case, the obligations that are supposed to be secured in the equity interest pledge agreements in excess of the amountlisted on the equity pledge registration forms could be determined by the PRC court as unsecured debt, which takes last priority among creditors. Our contractual arrangements with our PRC consolidated affiliated entities may result in adverse tax consequences to us. As a result of our corporate structure and the contractual arrangements among our PRC subsidiaries, our PRC consolidated affiliated entities and theirshareholders, we are effectively subject to PRC turnover tax on revenues generated by our subsidiaries from our contractual arrangements with our PRCconsolidated affiliated entities. Such tax generally includes the PRC value added tax ("VAT") at a rate of 6% or 17% along with related surcharges. The applicableturnover tax is determined by the nature of the transaction generating the revenues subject to taxation. The PRC enterprise income tax law requires every enterprisein China to submit its annual enterprise income tax return together with a report on transactions with its affiliates or related parties to the relevant tax authorities.These transactions may be subject to audit or challenge by the PRC tax authorities within ten years after the taxable year during which the transactions areconducted. We may be subject to adverse tax consequences if the PRC tax authorities were to determine that the contracts between us and our PRC consolidatedaffiliated entities were not on an arm's length basis and therefore constitute a favorable transfer pricing arrangements. If this occurs, the PRC tax authorities couldrequest that either of our PRC consolidated affiliated entities adjust its taxable income upward for PRC tax purposes. Such a pricing adjustment could adverselyaffect us by reducing expense deductions recorded by either PRC consolidated affiliated entities and thereby increasing these entities' tax liabilities, which couldsubject these entities to late payment fees and other penalties for the underpayment of taxes. Our consolidated net income may be materially and adversely affectedif our PRC consolidated affiliated entities' tax liabilities increase or if it becomes subject to late payment fees or other penalties. 27 If our PRC consolidated affiliated entities fail to obtain and maintain the requisite licenses and approvals required under the complex regulatory environmentfor internet-based businesses in China, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected. The internet industry in China is highly regulated. See "Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—PRC Regulation." GuangzhouHuaduo, as our PRC consolidated affiliated entity, is required to obtain and maintain applicable licenses or approvals from different regulatory authorities in orderto provide its current services. For example, an internet information service provider shall obtain an operating license, or the ICP License, from MIIT or its localcounterparts before engaging in any commercial internet information services. An online game operator must also obtain an Internet Culture Operation Licensefrom the MOC and an Internet Publishing License from the GAPP to distribute online games, in addition to filing its online games with the GAPP and the MOC.Prior to February 2016, an educational website operator shall obtain approvals from the local education authorities. Prior to July 2010, specific approvals on onlinebulletin board services were also required for the provision of BBS services. Guangzhou Huaduo has obtained a valid ICP License for provision of internet andmobile network information services, an Internet Culture Operation License for online games and music products, and an Internet Publishing License forpublication of online games and mobile phone games. In addition, Guangzhou Huaduo holds a valid License for Online Transmission of Audio-Visual Programsunder the business classification of converging and play-on-demand service for certain kinds of internet audio-visual programs—literary, artistic and entertaining—as prescribed in the newly issued provisional categories. On October 8, 2011, Guangzhou Huaduo was granted a License for Production and Operation of Radioand TV Programs, covering the production, reproduction and publication of broadcasting plays, TV dramas, cartoons (excluding production), special subjects,special columns (excluding current political news category) and entertainment programs. On January 17, 2013 and January 16, 2014, we were granted permissionby relevant authorities to provide online education content on edu.YY.com and 100.com, respectively . In the fourth quarter of 2014, we acquired Beijing HuanqiuXingxue Technology Development Co., Ltd., or Beijing Xingxue, and Beijing Huanqiu Chuangzhi Software Co., Ltd., or Beijing Chuangzhi, which operateEdu24oL.com, an online education website that is an online vocational training and language training platform, and Beijing Xingxue holds an ICP License and aPublication Operating License for the operation of Edu24oL.com. These licenses or permits are essential to the operation of our business and are generally subjectto annual government review. However, we cannot assure you that we can successfully renew these licenses annually or that these licenses are sufficient to conductall of our present or future business. As we further develop and expand our video capabilities and functions, we will need to obtain additional qualifications, permits, approvals or licenses. Inaddition, with respect to specific services offered online, we or the service or content providers may be subject to additional separate qualifications, permits,approvals or licenses. For financial-related content offered on our channels, we are tightening our internal review of the relevant qualifications of the contentproviders as instructed by the competent authorities, while complying with other statutory requirements. We cannot assure you that we or the service or contentproviders will be granted such qualifications, permits, approvals or licenses in a timely manner or at all. Prior to the receipt of such qualifications, permits,approvals or licenses, we may be deemed as being in violation of relevant laws or regulations and be subject to penalties. As the internet industry in China is still at a relatively early stage of development, new laws and regulations may be adopted from time to time to addressnew issues that come to the authorities' attention. In the interpretation and implementation of existing and future laws and regulations governing our businessactivities, considerable uncertainties still exist. We cannot assure you that we will not be found in violation of any future laws and regulations or any of the lawsand regulations currently in effect due to changes in the relevant authorities' interpretation of these laws and regulations. In addition, we may be required to obtainadditional license or approvals, and we cannot assure you that we will be able to timely obtain or maintain all the required licenses or approvals or make all thenecessary filings in the future. If we fail to obtain or maintain any of the required licenses or approvals or make the necessary filings, we may be subject to variouspenalties, such as confiscation of the net revenues that were generated through the unlicensed internet activities, the imposition of fines and the discontinuation orrestriction of our operations. Any such penalties may disrupt our business operations and materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition andresults of operations. 28 The shareholders of our PRC variable interest entities may have potential conflicts of interest with us, and if any such conflicts of interest are not resolved inour favor, our business may be materially and adversely affected. Guangzhou Huaduo and Beijing Tuda are our major variable interest entities. Messrs. David Xueling Li, Jun Lei, and Beijing Tuda, together hold 99.94%of the equity interest in Guangzhou Huaduo and Mr. Li holds 97.7% of the equity interest in Beijing Tuda. Besides Guangzhou Huaduo and Beijing Tuda, BilinOnline is also our variable interest entity, which was acquired in August 2015 and is currently 100% held by Mr. Li. Messrs. Li and Lei are co-founders andshareholders of our company. The interests of Messrs. Li and Lei as the controlling shareholders of the VIEs may differ from the interests of our company as awhole, as what is in the best interests of our VIEs may not be in the best interests of our company. We cannot assure you that when conflicts of interest arise,Messrs. Li and Lei will act in the best interests of our company or that conflicts of interests will be resolved in our favor. In addition, Messrs. Li and Lei maybreach or cause Guangzhou Huaduo, Beijing Tuda and Bilin Online and their respective subsidiaries to breach or refuse to renew the existing contractualarrangements with us. Currently, we do not have existing arrangements to address potential conflicts of interest Messrs. Li and Lei may encounter in his capacity asa shareholder or director of our VIEs, on the one hand, and as a beneficial owner or director of our company, on the other hand; provided that we could, at alltimes, exercise our option under the exclusive option agreement with Messrs. Li and Lei to cause them to transfer all of their equity ownership in GuangzhouHuaduo, Beijing Tuda or Bilin Online to a PRC entity or individual designated by us, and this new shareholder of Guangzhou Huaduo, Beijing Tuda or BilinOnline could then appoint a new director of Guangzhou Huaduo, Beijing Tuda or Bilin Online to replace the existing directors. In addition, if such conflicts ofinterest arise, Beijing Huanju Shidai, our wholly owned PRC subsidiary, could also, in the capacity of attorney-in-fact for Messrs. Li and Lei as provided under therelevant powers of attorney, directly appoint a new director of Guangzhou Huaduo or Beijing Tuda to replace the existing directors. The same mechanism is alsoapplicable to Bilin Online. We rely on Messrs. Li and Lei to comply with the laws of China, which protect contracts and provide that co-founders and chiefexecutive officer owe a duty of loyalty to our company and require them to avoid conflicts of interest and not to take advantage of their positions for personalgains. We also rely on Messrs. Li and Lei to abide by the laws of the Cayman Islands, which provide that directors have a duty of care and a duty of loyalty to acthonestly in good faith with a view toward our best interests. However, the legal frameworks of China and the Cayman Islands do not provide guidance on resolvingconflicts in the event of a conflict with another corporate governance regime. If we cannot resolve any conflicts of interest or disputes between us and Messrs. Liand Lei, we would have to rely on legal proceedings, which could result in disruption of our business and subject us to substantial uncertainty as to the outcome ofany such legal proceedings. Implementation of the new labor laws and regulations in China may adversely affect our business and results of operations. Pursuant to the labor contract law that took effect in January 2008, its implementation rules that took effect in September 2008 and its amendment thattook effect in July 2013, employers are subject to stricter requirements in terms of signing labor contracts, minimum wages, paying remuneration, determining theterm of employees' probation and unilaterally terminating labor contracts. Due to the limited period of time since its effectiveness, and lack of detailedinterpretative rules and uniform implementation practices and possible penalties, it is uncertain as to how they it will affect our current employment policies andpractices. Our employment policies and practices may violate the labor contract law or its implementation rules, and we may thus be subject to related penalties,fines or legal fees. Compliance with the labor contract law and its implementation rules may increase our operating expenses, in particular our personnel expenses.In the event that we decide to terminate some of our employees or otherwise change our employment or labor practices, the labor contract law and itsimplementation rules may also limit our ability to effect those changes in a desirable or cost-effective manner, which could adversely affect our business andresults of operations. On October 28, 2010, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress promulgated the PRC Social Insurance Law, or the SocialInsurance Law, which became effective on July 1, 2011. According to the Social Insurance Law, employees must participate in pension insurance, work-relatedinjury insurance, medical insurance, unemployment insurance and maternity insurance and the employers must, together with their employees or separately, paythe social insurance premiums for such employees. We expect our labor costs to increase due to the implementation of these new laws and regulations. As the interpretation and implementation of these newlaws and regulations are still evolving, we cannot assure you that our employment practice will at all times be deemed in full compliance with labor-related lawsand regulations in China, which may subject us to labor disputes or government investigations. If we are deemed to have violated relevant labor laws andregulations, we could be required to provide additional compensation to our employees and our business, financial condition and results of operations could bematerially and adversely affected. Further, labor disputes, work stoppages or slowdowns at our laboratories, patient service centers or any of our clients or suppliers could significantlydisrupt our daily operation or our expansion plans and have a material adverse effect on our business. 29 Currently there is no law or regulation specifically governing virtual asset property rights and therefore it is not clear what liabilities, if any, online gameoperators may have for virtual assets. While playing online games or participating on YY Client activities, players acquire and accumulate some virtual assets, such as special equipment andother accessories. Such virtual assets can be important to online game players and have monetary value and, in some cases, are sold for actual money. In practice,virtual assets can be lost for various reasons, often through unauthorized use of the game account of one user by other users and occasionally through data losscaused by a delay of network service, a network crash or hacking activities. Currently, there is no PRC law or regulation specifically governing virtual assetproperty rights. As a result, there is uncertainty as to who the legal owner of virtual assets is, whether and how the ownership of virtual assets is protected by law,and whether an operator of online games such as us would have any liability to game players or other interested parties (whether in contract, tort or otherwise) forloss of such virtual assets. Based on recent PRC court judgments, the courts have typically held online game operators liable for losses of virtual assets by gameplayers, and ordered online game operators to return the lost virtual items to game players or pay damages and losses. In case of a loss of virtual assets, we may besued by our game players or users and held liable for damages, which may negatively affect our reputation and business, financial condition and results ofoperations. Compliance with the laws or regulations governing virtual currency may result in us having to obtain additional approvals or licenses or change our currentbusiness model. The issuance and use of "virtual currency" in the PRC has been regulated since 2007 in response to the growth of the online game industry in China. OnJanuary 25, 2007, the Ministry of Public Security, the MOC, the MIIT and the GAPP jointly issued a circular regarding online gambling which has implications forthe use of virtual currency. To curtail online games that involve online gambling, as well as address concerns that virtual currency could be used for moneylaundering or illicit trade, the circular (a) prohibits online game operators from charging commissions in the form of virtual currency in relation to winning orlosing of games; (b) requires online game operators to impose limits on use of virtual currency in guessing and betting games; (c) bans the conversion of virtualcurrency into real currency or property; and (d) prohibits services that enable game players to transfer virtual currency to other players. On June 4, 2009, the MOCand the MOFCOM jointly issued a notice regarding strengthening the administration of online game virtual currency, or the Virtual Currency Notice. The MOCissued the Provisional Administrative Measures of Online Games, or the Online Games Measures, on June 3, 2010, which provides, among other things, thatvirtual currency issued by online game operators may be only used to exchange its own online game products and services and may not be used to pay for theproducts and services of other entities. We issue virtual currency and prepaid game tokens to game players on our platform for them to purchase various items to be used in online games andchannels, including music channels. We are in the process of adjusting the content of our platform but we cannot assure you that our adjustments will be sufficientto comply with the Virtual Currency Notice. Moreover, although we believe we do not offer online game virtual currency transaction services, we cannot assureyou that the PRC regulatory authorities will not take a view contrary to ours. For example, certain virtual items we issue to users based on in-game milestones theyachieve or time spent playing games are transferable and exchangeable for our virtual currency or the other virtual items we issue to users. If the PRC regulatoryauthorities deem such transfer or exchange to be a virtual currency transaction, then in addition to being deemed to be engaging in the issuance of virtual currency,we may also be deemed to be providing transaction platform services that enable the trading of such virtual currency. Simultaneously engaging in both of theseactivities is prohibited under the Virtual Currency Notice. In that event, we may be required to cease either our virtual currency issuance activities or such deemed"transaction service" activities and may be subject to certain penalties, including mandatory corrective measures and fines. The occurrence of any of the foregoingcould have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, the Virtual Currency Notice prohibits online game operators from setting game features that involve the direct payment of cash or virtualcurrency by players for the chance to win virtual items or virtual currency based on random selection through a lucky draw, wager or lottery. The notice alsoprohibits game operators from issuing currency to game players through means other than purchases with legal currency. It is unclear whether these restrictionswould apply to certain aspects of our online games. Although we believe that we have rectified and ceased such prohibited activities and have taken adequatemeasures to prevent any of the above-mentioned prohibited activities, we cannot assure you that the PRC regulatory authorities will not take a view contrary toours and deem such feature as prohibited by the Virtual Currency Notice, thereby subjecting us to penalties, including mandatory corrective measures and fines.For example, we were previously fined by a local authority in Guangzhou found that our games contained lucky draws. The occurrence of any of the foregoingcould materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations. 30 Non-compliance on the part of third parties with which we conduct business could restrict our ability to maintain or increase our number of users or the levelof traffic to our YY platform. Our third party game developers or other business partners may be subject to regulatory penalties or punishments because of their regulatory compliancefailures, which may disrupt our business. Although we conduct a rigid review of legal formalities and certifications before entering into contractual relationshipwith other businesses such as third party game developers and landlords, we cannot be certain whether such third party has or will infringe any third parties' legalrights or violate any regulatory requirements. We regularly identify irregularities or noncompliance in the business practices of any parties with whom we pursueexisting or future cooperation and we cannot assure you that any of these irregularities will be corrected in a prompt and proper manner. The legal liabilities andregulatory actions on our commercial partners may affect our business activities and reputation and in turn, our results of operations. For example, according toPRC regulations, all lease agreements are required to be registered with the local housing authorities. We presently lease properties at approximately 36 differentlocations for daily operations and certain other properties serving as dormitories and canteens in China, and the landlords of some of these properties are stillcompleting the registration of their ownership rights or the registration of our leases with the relevant authorities. Failure to complete these required registrationsmay expose our landlords, lessors and us to potential monetary fines. Some of our lessors have not provided us with appropriate title certificates, which mayadversely affect the validity of the leases if the lessors do not have proper title. We cannot assure you that such certificates or registration will be obtained in atimely manner or at all, and in case of failures, we may be subject to monetary fines, have to relocate our offices and suffer economic losses. We allow providers of some online services, such as online education and financial services, to establish channels on our platform. The online serviceproviders and the producers of content on our platform may be required to meet specific qualifying standards, evidenced by approvals, permits or certificates, andto comply with various requirements when conducting business. We cannot predict if any noncompliance on the part of such commercial partners may causepotential liabilities to us and in turn disrupt our operations. Intensified government regulation of the internet industry in China could restrict our ability to maintain or increase our user level or the level of user traffic toour YY platform. The PRC government has, in recent years, intensified regulation on various aspects of the internet industry in China. For example, the PRC governmentadopted more stringent policies to monitor the online game industry due to adverse public reaction to perceived addiction to online games, particularly in childrenand minors. On April 15, 2007, eight PRC government authorities, including the GAPP, the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Public Security and the MIITissued a notice requiring all Chinese online game operators to adopt an "anti-fatigue system" in an effort to curb addiction to online games by minors. To helpgame operators identify which game players are minors, online game players in China are now required to register their names and identity card numbers beforeplaying an online game, which information was to be submitted to and verified by the National Citizen Identity Information Center, a subordinate public institutionof the Ministry of Public Security, as of October 1, 2011. These restrictions could limit our ability to increase our online game business among minors. See"Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—PRC Regulation—Anti-fatigue Compliance System and Real-name Registration System." In orderto comply with these anti-fatigue rules, we set up our system so that after three hours of playing our online games, minors only receive half of the virtual items orother in-game benefits they would otherwise earn, and after playing for more than five hours, receive no in-game benefits. Failure to implement these restrictions,if detected by the relevant government agencies, may result in fines and other penalties for us, including the shutting down of our online game operations andlicense revocation. Furthermore, if these restrictions were expanded to apply to adult game players in the future, our online game business could be materially andadversely affected. In addition, on February 25, 2007, 14 PRC regulatory authorities jointly promulgated a circular to further strengthen the oversight of internet cafes, one ofthe primary venues from which our platform is accessed. In recent years, a large number of unlicensed internet cafes have been closed, and the PRC governmenthas imposed higher capital and facility requirements for the establishment of internet cafes. Governmental authorities may from time to time impose stricterrequirements on internet cafes, such as customer age limits and regulated hours of operation. Since a substantial portion of our users access our platform frominternet cafes, any reduction in the number, or slowdown in the growth, of internet cafes in China, or any new regulatory restrictions on their operations, couldlimit our ability to maintain or increase our revenues. 31 More stringent governmental regulations such as the ones outlined above may discourage game players from playing our games and have a material effecton our business operations. Risks Related to Doing Business in China Uncertainties in the interpretation and enforcement of Chinese laws and regulations could limit the legal protections available to you and us. The PRC legal system is based on written statutes and prior court decisions have limited value as precedents. Each of our PRC subsidiaries, BeijingHuanju Shidai and Guangzhou Huanju Shidai, is a foreign-invested enterprise and is subject to laws and regulations applicable to foreign-invested enterprises aswell as various Chinese laws and regulations generally applicable to companies incorporated in China. However, since these laws and regulations are relativelynew and the PRC legal system continues to rapidly evolve, the interpretations of many laws, regulations and rules are not always uniform and enforcement of theselaws, regulations and rules involves uncertainties. From time to time, we may have to resort to administrative and court proceedings to enforce our legal rights. However, since PRC administrative andcourt authorities have significant discretion in interpreting and implementing statutory and contractual terms, it may be more difficult to evaluate the outcome ofadministrative and court proceedings and the level of legal protection we enjoy than in more developed legal systems. Furthermore, the PRC legal system is basedin part on government policies and internal rules (some of which are not published in a timely manner or at all) that may have retroactive effect. As a result, wemay not be aware of our violation of these policies and rules until some time after the violation. Such uncertainties, including uncertainty over the scope and effectof our contractual, property (including intellectual property) and procedural rights, could materially and adversely affect our business and impede our ability tocontinue our operations. Changes in China's economic, political or social conditions or government policies could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial conditionand results of operations. Substantially all of our assets and almost all of our customers are located in China. Accordingly, our business, financial condition, results of operationsand prospects may be influenced to a significant degree by political, economic and social conditions in China generally and by continued economic growth inChina as a whole. The Chinese economy differs from the economies of most developed countries in many respects, including the level of government involvement, level ofdevelopment, growth rate, control of foreign exchange and allocation of resources. Although the Chinese government has implemented measures emphasizing theutilization of market forces for economic reform, the reduction of state ownership of productive assets, and the establishment of improved corporate governance inbusiness enterprises, a substantial portion of productive assets in China is still owned by the Chinese government. In addition, the Chinese government continues toplay a significant role in regulating industry development by imposing industrial policies. The Chinese government also exercises significant control over theChinese economic growth through allocating resources, controlling payment of foreign currency-denominated obligations, setting monetary policy, and providingpreferential treatment to particular industries or companies. While the Chinese economy has experienced significant growth over the past decades, growth has been uneven, both geographically and among varioussectors of the economy. The Chinese government has implemented various measures to encourage economic growth and guide the allocation of resources. Some ofthese measures benefit the overall Chinese economy, but may also have a negative effect on us. The Chinese government has implemented certain measures,including interest rate increases, to control the pace of economic growth. These measures may cause decreased economic activity in China, which could in turnreduce the demand for our products and services and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. We may be adversely affected by the complexity, uncertainties and changes in PRC regulation of internet business and companies. The PRC government extensively regulates the internet industry, including foreign ownership of, and the licensing and permit requirements pertaining to,companies in the internet industry. These internet-related laws and regulations are relatively new and evolving, and their interpretation and enforcement involvesignificant uncertainty. As a result, in certain circumstances it may be difficult to determine what actions or omissions may be deemed to be in violations ofapplicable laws and regulations. Issues, risks and uncertainties relating to PRC regulation of the internet business include, but are not limited to, the following: 32 ·We only have contractual control over our platform. Guangzhou Huaduo, our PRC consolidated affiliated entity, owns our platform due to the restrictionof foreign investment in businesses providing value-added telecommunication services in China, including internet content provision services. IfGuangzhou Huaduo breaches its contractual arrangements with us and no longer remains under our control, this may significantly disrupt our business,subject us to sanctions, compromise enforceability of related contractual arrangements, or have other harmful effects on us. ·There are uncertainties relating to the regulation of the internet business in China, including evolving licensing practices and the requirement for real-name registrations. Permits, licenses or operations at some of our subsidiaries and PRC consolidated affiliated entities levels may be subject to challenge,or we may fail to obtain permits or licenses that may be deemed necessary for our operations or we may not be able to obtain or renew certain permits orlicenses. See "—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure and Our Industry—If our PRC consolidated affiliated entities fail to obtain and maintain therequisite licenses and approvals required under the complex regulatory environment for internet-based businesses in China, our business, financialcondition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected" and "Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—PRCRegulation." In addition, although we currently have a real-name registration system in place for our online games in strict compliance with the relevantPRC regulations, we are currently not required by PRC law to ask users for their real name and personal information when they register for a YY useraccount. We cannot assure you that PRC regulators would not require us to implement compulsory real-name registration on our platform in the future. Inlate 2011, for example, the Beijing municipal government required microbloggers in China to implement real-name registration for all of their registeredusers. If we were required to implement real-name registration on YY, we may lose large numbers of registered user accounts for various reasons,because users may no longer maintain multiple accounts and users who dislike giving out their private information may cease to use our products andservices altogether. ·The evolving PRC regulatory system for the internet industry may lead to the establishment of new regulatory agencies. For example, in May 2011, theState Council announced the establishment of a new department, the State Internet Information Office (with the involvement of the State CouncilInformation Office, or the SCIO, the MIIT and the Ministry of Public Security). The primary role of this new agency is to facilitate the policy-making andlegislative development in this field to direct and coordinate with the relevant departments in connection with online content administration and to dealwith cross-ministry regulatory matters in relation to the internet industry. We are unable to determine what policies this new agency or any new agenciesto be established in the future may have or how they may interpret existing laws, regulations and policies and how they may affect us. Further, new laws,regulations or policies may be promulgated or announced that will regulate internet activities, including online video and online advertising businesses. Ifthese new laws, regulations or policies are promulgated, additional licenses may be required for our operations. If our operations do not comply with thesenew regulations after they become effective, or if we fail to obtain any licenses required under these new laws and regulations, we could be subject topenalties. On July 13, 2006, the MIIT issued the Notice of the Ministry of Information Industry on Intensifying the Administration of Foreign Investment in Value-added Telecommunications Services. This notice prohibits domestic telecommunication service providers from leasing, transferring or selling telecommunicationbusiness operating licenses to any foreign investor in any form, or providing any resources, sites or facilities to any foreign investor for their illegal operation of atelecommunication business in China. According to this notice, either the holder of a value-added telecommunication business operating license or its shareholdersmust be the registered holders of the domain names and trademarks used by such license holders in their provision of value-added telecommunication services. Thenotice also requires each license holder to have the necessary facilities, including servers, for its approved business operations and to maintain such facilities in theregions covered by its license. Currently, all contracts with telecommunication carriers and other service providers to host the servers used in our business wereentered into by Guangzhou Huaduo, our PRC consolidated affiliated entity, and such arrangements are in compliance with this notice. Guangzhou Huaduo alsoowns the related domain names and trademarks, and holds the ICP License necessary to conduct our operations in China. 33 On June 3, 2010, the MOC promulgated the Provisional Administration Measures of Online Games, or the Online Games Measures, which becameeffective on August 1, 2010. The Online Games Measures provide that any entity engaging in online game operation activities shall obtain the Internet CultureOperation License and must meet certain requirements such as minimum registered capital. Online game developers are generally involved in the purchase ofservers and bandwidth, the control and management of game data, the maintenance of game systems and certain other maintenance tasks in our operation of onlinegames. The Guangzhou branch of the MOC has confirmed that such outsourcing and cooperation activities are not considered conducting online game operationactivities, and that online game developers do not have to obtain the Internet Culture Operation License in accordance with the Online Games Measures. However,because of the limited time in which these measures have been in effect, there are still uncertainties on the MOC's interpretation and implementation of thesemeasures. If the MOC determines in the future that such qualifications or requirements apply to the online game developers for their involvement in the onlinegame operations, we may have to terminate our revenue-sharing arrangements with certain unqualified online game developers and may even be subject to variouspenalties, which may negatively impact our results of operations and financial condition. The interpretation and application of existing PRC laws, regulations and policies and possible new laws, regulations or policies relating to the internetindustry have created substantial uncertainties regarding the legality of existing and future foreign investments in, and the businesses and activities of, internetbusinesses in China, including our business. There are also risks that we may be found to violate the existing or future laws and regulations given the uncertaintyand complexity of China's regulation of internet business. Content posted or displayed on our platform may be found objectionable by PRC regulatory authorities and may subject us to penalties and other severeconsequences. The PRC government has adopted regulations governing internet access and the distribution of information over the internet. Under these regulations,internet content providers and internet publishers are prohibited from posting or displaying over the internet content that, among other things, violates PRC lawsand regulations, impairs the national dignity of China or the public interest, or is obscene, superstitious, fraudulent or defamatory. Furthermore, internet contentproviders are also prohibited from displaying content that may be deemed by relevant government authorities as "socially destabilizing" or leaking "state secrets"of the PRC. Failure to comply with these requirements may result in the revocation of licenses to provide internet content and other licenses, the closure of theconcerned platforms and reputational harm. The operator may also be held liable for such censored information displayed on or linked to their platform. For adetailed discussion, see "Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—PRC Regulation." We allow visitors to our portal websites to upload written materials, images, pictures, and other content on the forums on our websites, and also allowusers to share, link to and otherwise access audio, video, games and other content from third parties through our platform. For a description of how content can beaccessed on or through our real-time interactive social platform, and what measures we take to lessen the likelihood that we will be held liable for the nature ofsuch content, see "Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Technology," "Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Intellectual Property," and "—Risks Related to Our Business—We may be subject to intellectual property infringement claims or other allegations, which couldresult in our payment of substantial damages, penalties and fines, removal of relevant content from our website or seeking license arrangements which may not beavailable on commercially reasonable terms." Since our inception, we have worked closely with relevant government authorities to monitor the content on our platform and to make the utmost effort incomplying with relevant laws and regulations. However, it may not be possible to determine in all cases the types of content that could result in our liability as aninternet operator, and if any of our internet content is deemed by the PRC government to violate any content restrictions, we would not be able to continue todisplay such content and could become subject to penalties, including confiscation of income, fines, suspension of business and revocation of required licenses,which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. We may also be subject to potential liability for anyunlawful actions of our users or third party service providers on our platform or for content we distribute that is deemed inappropriate. For example, we havepreviously been subject to a few warnings and fines each of RMB40,000 or less for having inappropriate content on our platform. Although we corrected thesenon-compliances and undertook measures to prevent the recurrence of such instances, it may be difficult to determine the type of content or actions that may resultin liability to us, and if we are found to be liable, we may be prevented from operating our business in China. Moreover, the costs of compliance with theseregulations may continue to increase as a result of more content being uploaded or made available by an increasing number of users and third party partners anddevelopers, which may adversely affect our results of operations. Although we have adopted internal procedures to monitor content uploaded to our website and toremove offending content once we become aware of any potential or alleged violation, we may not be able to identify all the content that may violate relevant lawsand regulations or third party intellectual property rights and even if we manage to identify and remove offending content, we may still be held liable for suchthird-party content. Users may upload content or images containing copyright violations and other illegal content and we may be subject to claims or becomeinvolved in litigation proceedings. As a result, our reputation, business and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected. 34 Advertisements shown on our platform may subject us to penalties and other administrative actions. Under PRC advertising laws and regulations, we are obligated to monitor the advertising content shown on our platform to ensure that such content is trueand accurate and in full compliance with applicable laws and regulations. In addition, where a special government review is required for specific types ofadvertisements prior to internet posting, such as advertisements relating to pharmaceuticals, medical instruments, agrochemicals and veterinary pharmaceuticals,we are obligated to confirm that such review has been performed and approval has been obtained. Violation of these laws and regulations may subject us topenalties, including fines, confiscation of our advertising income, orders to cease dissemination of the advertisements and orders to publish an announcementcorrecting the misleading information. In circumstances involving serious violations by us, PRC governmental authorities may force us to terminate our advertisingoperations or revoke our licenses. While we have made significant efforts to ensure that the advertisements shown on our platform are in full compliance with applicable PRC laws andregulations, we cannot assure you that all the content contained in such advertisements or offers is true and accurate as required by the advertising laws andregulations, especially given the uncertainty in the interpretation of these PRC laws and regulations. If we are found to be in violation of applicable PRCadvertising laws and regulations, we may be subject to penalties and our reputation may be harmed, which may have a material adverse effect on our business,financial condition, results of operations and prospects. Under the PRC enterprise income tax law, we may be classified as a PRC "resident enterprise," which could result in unfavorable tax consequences to us andour shareholders and have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and the value of your investment. Under the PRC enterprise income tax law that became effective on January 1, 2008, an enterprise established outside the PRC with "de facto managementbodies" within the PRC is considered a "resident enterprise" for PRC enterprise income tax purposes and is generally subject to a uniform 25% enterprise incometax rate on its worldwide income. On April 22, 2009, the State Administration of Taxation, or the SAT, issued the Notice Regarding the Determination of Chinese-Controlled Overseas Incorporated Enterprises as PRC Tax Resident Enterprise on the Basis of De Facto Management Bodies, or SAT Circular 82, which providescertain specific criteria for determining whether the "de facto management body" of a PRC-controlled enterprise that is incorporated offshore is located in China.Further to SAT Circular 82, on August 3, 2011, the SAT issued the Administrative Measures of Enterprise Income Tax of Chinese-Controlled OffshoreIncorporated Resident Enterprises (Trial), or SAT Bulletin 45, to provide more guidance on the implementation of SAT Circular 82; the bulletin became effectiveon September 1, 2011. SAT Bulletin 45 clarified certain issues in the areas of resident status determination, post-determination administration and competent taxauthorities. According to SAT Circular 82, an offshore incorporated enterprise controlled by a PRC enterprise or a PRC enterprise group will be considered as a PRCtax resident enterprise by virtue of having its "de facto management body" in China and will be subject to PRC enterprise income tax on its worldwide income onlyif all of the following conditions are met: (a) the senior management and core management departments in charge of its daily operations function have theirpresence mainly in the PRC; (b) its financial and human resources decisions are subject to determination or approval by persons or bodies in the PRC; (c) its majorassets, accounting books, company seals, and minutes and files of its board and shareholders' meetings are located or kept in the PRC; and (d) more than half of theenterprise's directors or senior management with voting rights habitually reside in the PRC. SAT Bulletin 45 further clarifies the resident status determination,post-determination administration, as well as competent tax authorities. It also specifies that when provided with a copy of Chinese tax resident determinationcertificate from a resident Chinese controlled offshore incorporated enterprise, the payer should not withhold 10% income tax when paying the Chinese-sourceddividends, interest, royalties, etc. to the Chinese controlled offshore incorporated enterprise. Although SAT Circular 82 and SAT Bulletin 45 only apply to offshore incorporated enterprises controlled by PRC enterprises or PRC enterprise groupinstead of those controlled by PRC individuals or foreigners, the determination criteria set forth therein may reflect SAT's general position on how the term "defacto management body" could be applied in determining the tax resident status of offshore enterprises, regardless of whether they are controlled by PRCenterprises, individuals or foreigners. 35 We do not meet all of the conditions above; therefore, we believe that we should not be treated as a "resident enterprise" for PRC tax purposes even if thestandards for "de facto management body" prescribed in the SAT Circular 82 are applicable to us. For example, our minutes and files of the resolutions of ourboard of directors and the resolutions of our shareholders are maintained outside the PRC. In addition, we are not aware of any offshore holding companies with acorporate structure similar to ours ever having been deemed to be a PRC "resident enterprise" by the PRC tax authorities. However, it is possible that the PRC tax authorities may take a different view. If the PRC tax authorities determine that our Cayman Islands holdingcompany is a PRC resident enterprise for PRC enterprise income tax purposes, then our world-wide income could be subject to PRC tax at a rate of 25%, whichcould materially reduce our net income. In addition, we will also be subject to PRC enterprise income tax reporting obligations. Although dividends paid by one PRC tax resident to another PRC tax resident should qualify as "tax-exempt income" under the enterprise income tax law,we cannot assure you that dividends by our PRC subsidiaries to our Cayman Islands holding company will not be subject to a 10% withholding tax, as the PRCforeign exchange control authorities, which enforce the withholding tax on dividends, and the PRC tax authorities have not yet issued guidance with respect to theprocessing of outbound remittances to entities that are treated as resident enterprises for PRC enterprise income tax purposes. Foreign ADS holders may also be subject to PRC withholding tax on dividends payable by us and gains realized on the sale or other disposition of ADSsor common shares, if such income is sourced from within the PRC. Although our holding company is incorporated in the Cayman Islands, it remains unclearwhether dividends received and gains realized by our foreign ADS holders will be regarded as income from sources within the PRC if we are classified as a PRCresident enterprise. Any such tax will reduce the returns on your investment in our ADSs. Finally, we face uncertainties on the reporting and consequences on private equity financing transactions, private share transfers and share exchangeinvolving the transfer of shares in our company by non-resident investors. According to the Notice on Strengthening Administration of Enterprise Income Tax forShare Transfers by Non-PRC Resident Enterprises issued by the PRC State Administration of Taxation on December 10, 2009, with retroactive effect from January1, 2008, or SAT Circular 698, and the Notice on Several Issues Concerning Enterprise Income Tax for Indirect Share Transfer by Non-PRC Resident Enterprises,issued by the PRC State Administration of Taxation on February 3, 2015, or SAT Circular 7, an "indirect transfer" of assets of a PRC resident enterprise, includingequity interests in a PRC resident enterprise, by non-PRC resident enterprises may be re-characterized and treated as a direct transfer of PRC taxable properties, ifsuch transaction arrangement lacks reasonable commercial purpose and was established for the purpose of reducing, avoiding or deferring PRC enterprise incometax. As a result, gains derived from such indirect transfer may be subject to PRC enterprise income tax, and tax filing or withholding obligations may be triggered,depending on the nature of the PRC taxable properties being transferred. According to SAT Circular 7, “PRC taxable properties” include assets of a PRCestablishment or place of business, real properties in the PRC, and equity investments in PRC resident enterprises, in respect of which gains from their transfer by adirect holder, being a non-PRC resident enterprise, would be subject to PRC enterprise income taxes. When determining if there is a "reasonable commercialpurpose" of the transaction arrangement, features to be taken into consideration include: whether the main value of the equity interest of the relevant offshoreenterprise derives from PRC taxable properties; whether the assets of the relevant offshore enterprise mainly consists of direct or indirect investment in China or ifits income mainly derives from China; whether the offshore enterprise and its subsidiaries directly or indirectly holding PRC taxable properties have realcommercial nature which is evidenced by their actual function and risk exposure; the duration of existence of the business model and organizational structure; thereplicability of the transaction by direct transfer of PRC taxable properties; and the tax situation of such indirect transfer and applicable tax treaties or similararrangements. In respect of an indirect offshore transfer of assets of a PRC establishment or place of business of a foreign enterprise, the resulting gain is to beincluded with the annual enterprise filing of the PRC establishment or place of business being transferred, and would consequently be subject to PRC enterpriseincome tax at a rate of 25%. Where the underlying transfer relates to PRC real properties or to equity investments in a PRC resident enterprise, which is not relatedto a PRC establishment or place of business of a non-resident enterprise, a PRC enterprise income tax at 10% would apply, subject to available preferential taxtreatment under applicable tax treaties or similar arrangements, and the party who is obligated to make the transfer payments has the withholding obligation. Wherethe payor fails to withhold any or sufficient tax, the transferor shall declare and pay such tax to the competent tax authority by itself within the statutory time limit.Late payment of applicable tax will subject the transferor to default interest. Currently, neither SAT Circular 698 nor SAT Circular 7 applies to the sale of sharesby investors through a public stock exchange where such shares were acquired from a transaction through a public stock exchange. 36 We cannot assure you that the PRC tax authorities will not, at their discretion, adjust any capital gains and impose tax return filing and withholding or taxpayment obligations on the transferors and transferees, while our PRC subsidiaries may be requested to assist in the filing. Any PRC tax imposed on a transfer ofour shares or any adjustment of such gains would cause us to incur additional costs and may have a negative impact on the value of your investment in ourcompany. If our preferential tax treatments are revoked or become unavailable or if the calculation of our tax liability is successfully challenged by the PRC taxauthorities, we may be required to pay tax, interest and penalties in excess of our tax provisions, and our financial condition and results of operations could bematerially and adversely affected. The Chinese government has provided various tax incentives to our subsidiaries in China. These incentives include reduced enterprise income tax rates.For example, under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law, or the EIT Law, which became effective on January 1, 2008, the statutory enterprise income tax rate is25%. However, Guangzhou Huaduo, our PRC consolidated affiliated entity in the PRC, renewed its qualification as a high and new technology enterprise, orHNTE, as of December 3, 2013 and, subject to the approval of an annual review by competent tax authorities in Guangdong, would be entitled to enjoy apreferential enterprise income tax rate of 15% for three years, from 2013 through 2015. Guangzhou Huaduo has applied for and obtained the preferential taxtreatment with Guangzhou State Tax Bureau, but the high and new technology enterprise qualification was only effective until December 03, 2016. GuangzhouHuaduo will be subject to apply for the renewal of HNTE in 2016. In addition, Guangzhou Huanju Shidai has been recognized as a software enterprise since 2013,and is therefore entitled to a two-year exemption from enterprise income tax followed by three years at 50% of the standard enterprise income tax rate starting from2014, the first profit-making year. However, if either Guangzhou Huaduo or Guangzhou Huanju Shidai fails to maintain its qualification for preferential taxtreatments, its applicable enterprise income tax rate may increase to 25%, which could materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results ofoperations. China’s M&A Rules and certain other PRC regulations establish complex procedures for certain acquisitions of Chinese companies by foreign investors,which could make it more difficult for us to pursue growth through acquisitions in China. Six PRC regulatory agencies promulgated regulations effective on September 8, 2006, subsequently amended, that are commonly referred to as the M&ARules. See "Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—PRC Regulation—New M&A Regulations and Overseas Listings." The M&A Rulesestablish procedures and requirements that could make some acquisitions of Chinese companies by foreign investors more time-consuming and complex, includingrequirements in some instances that the MOFCOM be notified in advance of any change-of-control transaction in which a foreign investor takes control of aChinese domestic enterprise or a foreign company with substantial PRC operations, if certain thresholds under the Provisions on Thresholds for Prior Notificationof Concentrations of Undertakings, issued by the State Council on August 3, 2008, are triggered. Moreover, the Anti-Monopoly Law promulgated by the StandingCommittee of the National People's Congress on August 30, 2007 which became effective on August 1, 2008 requires that transactions which are deemedconcentrations and involve parties with specified turnover thresholds (for example, during the previous fiscal year, (i) the total global turnover of all operatorsparticipating in the transaction exceeds RMB10 billion (US$1.5 billion) and at least two of these operators each had a turnover of more than RMB400 million(US$61.7 million) within China, or (ii) the total turnover within China of all the operators participating in the concentration exceeded RMB2 billion(US$0.3 billion) and at least two of these operators each had a turnover of more than RMB400 million (US$61.7 million) within China) must be cleared by theMOFCOM before they can be completed. In addition, on February 3, 2011, the General Office of the State Council promulgated a Notice on Establishing theSecurity Review System for Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors, or the Circular No. 6, which officially established a securityreview system for mergers and acquisitions of domestic enterprises by foreign investors. Under Circular No. 6, a security review is required for mergers andacquisitions by foreign investors having "national defense and security" concerns and mergers and acquisitions by which foreign investors may acquire the "defacto control" of domestic enterprises with "national security" concerns. 37 In the future, we may grow our business by acquiring complementary businesses. Complying with the requirements of the above-mentioned regulationsand other relevant rules to complete such transactions could be time consuming, and any required approval processes, including obtaining approval from theMOFCOM or its local counterparts, may delay or inhibit our ability to complete such transactions. It is unclear whether our business would be deemed to be in anindustry that raises "national defense and security" or "national security" concerns. However, MOFCOM or other government agencies may publish explanationsin the future determining that our business is in an industry subject to the security review, in which case our future acquisitions in the PRC, including those by wayof entering into contractual control arrangements with target entities, may be closely scrutinized or prohibited. Our ability to expand our business or maintain orexpand our market share through future acquisitions would as such be materially and adversely affected. PRC regulations relating to offshore investment activities by PRC residents may limit our PRC subsidiaries' ability to increase their registered capital ordistribute profits to us or otherwise expose us to liability and penalties under PRC law. The PRC State Administration of Foreign Exchange, or SAFE, has promulgated regulations, including the Notice on Relevant Issues Relating toDomestic Residents' Investment and Financing and Round-Trip Investment through Special Purpose Vehicles, or SAFE Circular No. 37, effective on July 4, 2014,and its appendixes, that require PRC residents, including PRC institutions and individuals, to register with local branches of SAFE in connection with their directestablishment or indirect control of an offshore entity, for the purpose of overseas investment and financing, with such PRC residents' legally owned assets orequity interests in domestic enterprises or offshore assets or interests, referred to in SAFE Circular No. 37 as a "special purpose vehicle." SAFE Circular No. 37further requires amendment to the registration in the event of any significant changes with respect to the special purpose vehicle, such as increase or decrease ofcapital contributed by PRC individuals, share transfer or exchange, merger, division or other material event. In the event that a PRC shareholder holding interestsin a special purpose vehicle fails to fulfill the required SAFE registration, the PRC subsidiaries of that special purpose vehicle may be prohibited from makingprofit distributions to the offshore parent and from carrying out subsequent cross-border foreign exchange activities, and the special purpose vehicle may berestricted in their ability to contribute additional capital into its PRC subsidiary. Further, failure to comply with the various SAFE registration requirementsdescribed above could result in liability under PRC law for foreign exchange evasion, including (i) the requirement by SAFE to return the foreign exchangeremitted overseas within a period specified by SAFE, with a fine of up to 30% of the total amount of foreign exchange remitted overseas and deemed to have beenevasive and (ii) in circumstances involving serious violations, a fine of no less than 30% of and up to the total amount of remitted foreign exchange deemedevasive. Furthermore, the persons-in-charge and other persons at our PRC subsidiaries who are held directly liable for the violations may be subject to criminalsanctions. Our PRC resident shareholders, Messrs. David Xueling Li and Jun Lei, had registered with the local SAFE branch in relation to our existing privateplacement financings by the end of 2011 as required by the SAFE regulations, and had subsequently filed amendments to update their registrations reflectingshareholding changes in our company resulting from our initial public offering in March 2015. Since SAFE Circular No. 37 was recently issued, there remainsuncertainty with respect to its interpretation and implementation, and we cannot predict how such SAFE regulations will affect our business operations. Forexample, our present and prospective PRC subsidiaries' ability to conduct foreign exchange activities, such as the remittance of dividends and foreign currency-denominated borrowings, may be subject to compliance with the SAFE regulations by our PRC resident shareholders. In addition, in some cases, we may havelittle control over either our present or prospective direct or indirect PRC resident shareholders or the outcome of such registration procedures. A failure by ourcurrent or future PRC resident shareholders to comply with the SAFE regulations, including but not limited to any delay in subsequent filings, could subject us tofines or other legal sanctions, restrict our cross-border investment activities, limit our subsidiary's ability to make distributions or pay dividends or affect ourownership structure, which could adversely affect our business and prospects. On February 15, 2012, SAFE promulgated the Notices on Issues Concerning the Foreign Exchange Administration for Domestic Individuals Participatingin Stock Incentive Plans of Overseas Publicly-Listed Companies, or the Stock Option Rules, which replaced the Application Procedures of Foreign ExchangeAdministration for Domestic Individuals Participating in Employee Stock Ownership Plans or Stock Option Plans of Overseas Publicly-Listed Companies issuedby SAFE on March 28, 2007. Under the Stock Option Rules and other relevant rules and regulations, PRC residents who participate in stock incentive plan in anoverseas publicly-listed company are required to register with SAFE or its local branches and complete certain other procedures. Participants of a stock incentiveplan who are PRC residents must retain a qualified PRC agent, which could be a PRC subsidiary of such overseas publicly listed company or another qualifiedinstitution selected by such PRC subsidiary, to conduct the SAFE registration and other procedures with respect to the stock incentive plan on behalf of itsparticipants. Such participants must also retain an overseas entrusted institution to handle matters in connection with their exercise of stock options, the purchaseand sale of corresponding stocks or interests and fund transfers. In addition, the PRC agent is required to amend the SAFE registration with respect to the stockincentive plan if there is any material change to the stock incentive plan, the PRC agent or the overseas entrusted institution or other material changes. We and ourPRC employees who have been granted stock options, restricted shares and restricted share units are subject to these regulations, and are preparing to completesuch SAFE registrations. Failure of our PRC stock option holders, restricted shareholders or restricted share units holders to complete their SAFE registrations maysubject these PRC residents to fines and legal sanctions and may also limit our ability to contribute additional capital into our PRC subsidiaries, limited our PRCsubsidiaries' ability to distribute dividends to us, or otherwise materially and adversely affect our business. 38 PRC regulation of direct investment and loans by offshore holding companies to PRC entities may delay or limit us from using the proceeds of our initialpublic offering to make additional capital contributions or loans to our PRC subsidiaries. We are an offshore holding company conducting our operations in China through our PRC subsidiaries and variable interest entities. We may make loansto our PRC subsidiaries and variable interest entities, or we may make additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries. Any capital contributions or loans that we, as an offshore entity, make to our PRC subsidiaries, including from the proceeds of our initial public offering,are subject to PRC regulations. For example, none of our loans to a PRC subsidiary can exceed the difference between its total amount of investment and itsregistered capital approved under relevant PRC laws, and the loans must be registered with the local branch of SAFE. Our capital contributions to our PRCsubsidiaries must be approved by the MOFCOM or its local counterpart. In August 2008, SAFE issued the Circular on the Relevant Operating Issues Concerning the Improvement of the Administration of the Payment andSettlement of Foreign Currency Capital of Foreign-Invested Enterprises, or SAFE Circular 142, regulating the conversion by a foreign-invested enterprise offoreign currency-registered capital into RMB by restricting how the converted RMB may be used. In addition, SAFE promulgated Circular 45 on November 9,2011 in order to clarify the application of SAFE Circular 142. Under SAFE Circular 142 and Circular 45, the RMB capital converted from foreign currencyregistered capital of a foreign-invested enterprise may only be used for purposes within the business scope approved by the applicable government authority andmay not be used for equity investments within the PRC. In addition, SAFE strengthened its oversight of the flow and use of the RMB capital converted fromforeign currency registered capital of foreign-invested enterprises. The use of such RMB capital may not be changed without SAFE's approval, and such RMBcapital may not in any case be used to repay RMB loans if the proceeds of such loans have not been used. Since SAFE Circular 142 has been in place for more than five years, in 2014, SAFE decided to further reform the foreign exchange administration systemin order to satisfy and facilitate the business and capital operations of foreign invested enterprises, and issued the Circular on the Relevant Issues Concerning theLaunch of Reforming Trial of the Administration Model of the Settlement of Foreign Currency Capital of Foreign-Invested Enterprises in Certain Areas on July 4,2014, or SAFE Circular 36. SAFE Circular 36 suspends the application of SAFE Circular 142 in certain areas and allows a foreign-invested enterprise registered insuch areas to use the RMB capital converted from foreign currency registered capital for equity investments within the PRC, which will be regarded as thereinvestment of foreign-invested enterprise. On March 30, 2015, SAFE issued the Circular on the Reforming of the Management Method of the Settlement ofForeign Currency Capital of Foreign-Invested Enterprises, or SAFE Circular 19, took effect on June 1, 2015, and replaced SAFE Circular 142 and SAFE Circular36. Under SAFE Circular 19, a foreign-invested enterprise may also choose to convert its registered capital from foreign currency to RMB on a discretionary basis,and the RMB capital so converted can be used for equity investments within PRC, which will be regarded as the reinvestment of foreign-invested enterprise. In light of the various requirements imposed by PRC regulations on loans to and direct investment in PRC entities by offshore holding companies, wecannot assure you that we will be able to complete the necessary registration or obtain the necessary approval on a timely basis, or at all. If we fail to complete thenecessary registration or obtain the necessary approval, our ability to make loans or equity contributions to our PRC subsidiaries may be negatively affected, whichcould adversely affect our PRC subsidiaries' liquidity and their ability to fund their working capital and expansion projects and meet their obligations andcommitments. 39 Our PRC subsidiaries and PRC consolidated affiliated entities are subject to restrictions on paying dividends or making other payments to us, which mayrestrict our ability to satisfy our liquidity requirements. We are a holding company incorporated in the Cayman Islands. We rely on dividends from our PRC subsidiaries as well as consulting and other fees paidto us by our PRC consolidated affiliated entities for our cash and financing requirements, such as the funds necessary to pay dividends and other cash distributionsto our shareholders, including holders of our ADSs, and service any debt we may incur. Current PRC regulations permit our PRC subsidiaries to pay dividends tous only out of their accumulated after-tax profits upon satisfaction of relevant statutory condition and procedures, if any, determined in accordance with Chineseaccounting standards and regulations. In addition, each of our PRC subsidiaries is required to set aside at least 10% of its accumulated profits each year, if any, tofund certain reserve funds until the total amount set aside reaches 50% of its registered capital. As of December 31, 2015, appropriations to statutory reservesamounting to RMB56.5 million were made by five of our PRC consolidated affiliated entities. These reserves are not distributable as cash dividends. Furthermore,if our PRC subsidiaries and PRC consolidated affiliated entities incur debt on their own behalf in the future, the instruments governing the debt may restrict theirability to pay dividends or make other payments to us, which may restrict our ability to satisfy our liquidity requirements. In addition, the EIT Law, and its implementation rules provide that withholding tax rate of 10% will be applicable to dividends payable by Chinesecompanies to non-PRC-resident enterprises unless otherwise exempted or reduced according to treaties or arrangements between the PRC central government andgovernments of other countries or regions where the non-PRC-resident enterprises are incorporated. Fluctuations in exchange rates could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and the value of your investment. The value of the RMB against the U.S. dollar and other currencies is affected by changes in China’s political and economic conditions and by China’sforeign exchange policies, among other things. In July 2005, the PRC government changed its decades-old policy of pegging the value of the RMB to the U.S.dollar, and the RMB appreciated more than 20% against the U.S. dollar over the following three years. Between July 2008 and June 2010, this appreciation haltedand the exchange rate between the RMB and the U.S. dollar remained within a narrow band. Since June 2010, the RMB has fluctuated against the U.S. dollar, attimes significantly and unpredictably. It is difficult to predict how market forces or PRC or U.S. government policy may impact the exchange rate between theRMB and the U.S. dollar in the future. There remains significant international pressure on the Chinese government to adopt a flexible currency policy to allow the Renminbi to appreciateagainst the U.S. dollar. Significant revaluation of the Renminbi may have a material adverse effect on your investment. Substantially all of our revenues and costsare denominated in Renminbi. Any significant revaluation of Renminbi may materially and adversely affect our revenues, earnings and financial position, and thevalue of, and any dividends payable on, our ADSs in U.S. dollars. To the extent that we need to convert U.S. dollars into RMB for capital expenditures andworking capital and other business purposes, appreciation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar would have an adverse effect on the RMB amount we would receivefrom the conversion. Conversely, a significant depreciation of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar may significantly reduce the U.S. dollar equivalent of ourearnings, which in turn could adversely affect the price of our ADSs, and if we decide to convert RMB into U.S. dollars for the purpose of making payments fordividends on our common shares or ADSs, strategic acquisitions or investments or other business purposes, appreciation of the U.S. dollar against the RMB wouldhave a negative effect on the U.S. dollar amount available to us. Very limited hedging options are available in China to reduce our exposure to exchange rate fluctuations. To date, we have not entered into any hedgingtransactions in an effort to reduce our exposure to foreign currency exchange risk. While we may decide to enter into hedging transactions in the future, theavailability and effectiveness of these hedges may be limited and we may not be able to adequately hedge our exposure or at all. In addition, our currency exchangelosses may be magnified by PRC exchange control regulations that restrict our ability to convert Renminbi into foreign currency. As a result, fluctuations inexchange rates may have a material adverse effect on your investment. 40 Governmental control of currency conversion may limit our ability to utilize our revenues effectively and affect the value of your investment. The PRC government imposes control on the convertibility of the Renminbi into foreign currencies and, in certain cases, the remittance of currency out ofChina. We receive substantially all of our revenues in Renminbi. Under existing PRC foreign exchange regulations, payments of current account items, includingprofit distributions, interest payments and trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions, can be made in foreign currencies without prior SAFE approvalby complying with certain procedural requirements. Therefore, our PRC subsidiaries are able to pay dividends in foreign currencies to us without prior approvalfrom SAFE. However, approval from or registration with appropriate government authorities is required where Renminbi is to be converted into foreign currencyand remitted out of China to pay capital expenses such as the repayment of loans denominated in foreign currencies. The PRC government may also at itsdiscretion restrict access to foreign currencies for current account transactions in the future. If the foreign exchange control system prevents us from obtainingsufficient foreign currencies to satisfy our foreign currency demands, we may not be able to pay dividends in foreign currencies to our shareholders, includingholders of our ADSs. Recently enacted regulations in the PRC may make it more difficult for us to pursue growth through acquisitions, adversely affecting our plans to expand ourbusiness or maintain our market share. Among other things, the M&A Rules established additional procedures and requirements that could make merger and acquisition activities by foreigninvestors more time-consuming and complex. Such regulation requires, among other things, that the MOFCOM be notified in advance of any change-of-controltransaction in which a foreign investor takes control of a PRC domestic enterprise or a foreign company with substantial PRC operations, if certain thresholdsunder the Provisions on Thresholds for Prior Notification of Concentrations of Undertakings, issued by the State Council on August 3, 2008, are triggered. We may grow our business in part by directly acquiring complementary businesses in China. Complying with the requirements of these regulations tocomplete such transactions could be time-consuming, and any required approval processes, including obtaining approval from the MOFCOM, may delay or inhibitour ability to complete such transactions, which could affect our ability to expand our business or maintain our market share. If the custodians or authorized users of controlling non-tangible assets of our company, including our corporate chops and seals, fail to fulfill theirresponsibilities, or misappropriate or misuse these assets, our business and operations could be materially and adversely affected. Under PRC law, legal documents for corporate transactions, including contracts such as revenue-sharing contracts with online game developers which areimportant to our business, are executed using the chops or seal of the signing entity or with the signature of a legal representative whose designation is registeredand filed with the relevant branch of the Administration of Industry and Commerce. Although we usually utilize chops to enter into contracts, the designated legal representatives of each of our PRC subsidiaries and consolidated affiliatedentities have the apparent authority to enter into contracts on behalf of such entities without chops and bind such entities. All designated legal representatives of ourPRC subsidiaries and consolidated affiliated entities are members of our senior management team who have signed employment agreements with us or our PRCsubsidiaries and consolidated affiliated entities under which they agree to abide by various duties they owe to us. In order to maintain the physical security of ourchops and chops of our PRC entities, we generally store these items in secured locations accessible only by the authorized personnel in the legal or financedepartment of each of our subsidiaries and consolidated affiliated entities. Although we monitor such authorized personnel, there is no assurance such procedureswill prevent all instances of abuse or negligence. Accordingly, if any of our authorized personnel misuse or misappropriate our corporate chops or seals, we couldencounter difficulties in maintaining control over the relevant entities and experience significant disruption to our operations. If a designated legal representativeobtains control of the chops in an effort to obtain control over any of our PRC subsidiaries or consolidated affiliated entities, we or our PRC subsidiary andconsolidated affiliated entity would need to pass a new shareholder or board resolution to designate a new legal representative and we would need to take legalaction to seek the return of the chops, apply for new chops with the relevant authorities, or otherwise seek legal redress for the violation of the representative'sfiduciary duties to us, which could involve significant time and resources and divert management attention away from our regular business. In addition, theaffected entity may not be able to recover corporate assets that are sold or transferred out of our control in the event of such a misappropriation if a transferee relieson the apparent authority of the representative and acts in good faith. 41 Our auditor, like other independent registered public accounting firms operating in China, is not permitted to be subject to inspection by Public CompanyAccounting Oversight Board, and as such, investors may be deprived of the benefits of such inspection. The independent registered public accounting firm that issues the audit reports included in this annual report, as an auditor of companies that are tradedpublicly in the United States and a firm registered with PCAOB, is required by the laws of the United States to undergo regular inspections by PCAOB to assess itscompliance with the laws of the United States and professional standards. Because our auditor is located in China, a jurisdiction where PCAOB is currently unableto conduct inspections without the approval of the PRC authorities, our auditor, like other independent registered public accounting firms operating in China, iscurrently not inspected by PCAOB. On May 24, 2013, PCAOB announced that it had entered into a Memorandum of Understanding on Enforcement Cooperationwith the China Securities Regulatory Commission, or the CSRC, and the Ministry of Finance which establishes a cooperative framework between the parties forthe production and exchange of audit documents relevant to investigations in the United States and China. PCAOB continues to be in discussions with the CSRCand the Ministry of Finance to permit joint inspections in the PRC of audit firms that are registered with PCAOB and audit Chinese companies that trade on U.S.exchanges. Inspections of other firms that PCAOB has conducted outside of China have identified deficiencies in those firms' audit procedures and quality controlprocedures, and such deficiencies may be addressed as part of the inspection process to improve future audit quality. The inability of PCAOB to conduct inspections of independent registered public accounting firms operating in China makes it more difficult to evaluatethe effectiveness of our auditor's audit procedures or quality control procedures, and to the extent that such inspections might have facilitated improvements in ourauditor's audit procedures and quality control procedures, investors may be deprived of such benefits. Additional remedial measures could be imposed on certain PRC-based accounting firms, including our independent registered public accounting firm, inadministrative proceedings instituted by the SEC, as a result of which our financial statements may be determined to not be in compliance with therequirements of the Exchange Act, if at all. In December 2012, the SEC brought administrative proceedings against the PRC-based affiliates of the Big Four accounting firms, including ourindependent registered public accounting firm, alleging that they had violated U.S. securities laws by failing to provide audit work papers and other documentsrelated to certain other PRC-based companies under investigation by the SEC. On January 22, 2014, an initial administrative law decision was issued, censuringand suspending these accounting firms from practicing before the SEC for a period of six months. The decision was neither final nor legally effective untilreviewed and approved by the SEC, and on February 12, 2014, the PRC-based accounting firms appealed to the SEC against this decision. In February 2015, eachof the four PRC-based accounting firms agreed to a censure and to pay a fine to the SEC to settle the dispute and avoid suspension of their ability to practice beforethe SEC. The settlement requires the firms to follow detailed procedures to seek to provide the SEC with access to such firms' audit documents via the CSRC. Ifthe firms do not follow these procedures or if there is a failure in the process between the SEC and the CSRC, the SEC could impose penalties such as suspensions,or it could restart the administrative proceedings. In the event that the SEC restarts the administrative proceedings, depending upon the final outcome, listed companies in the United States with majorPRC operations may find it difficult or impossible to retain auditors in respect of their operations in the PRC, which could result in financial statements beingdetermined to not be in compliance with the requirements of the Exchange Act, including possible delisting. Moreover, any negative news about the proceedingsagainst these audit firms may cause investor uncertainty regarding PRC-based, United States-listed companies and the market price of our ADSs may be adverselyaffected. If our independent registered public accounting firm were denied, even temporarily, the ability to practice before the SEC and we were unable to timelyfind another registered public accounting firm to audit and issue an opinion on our financial statements, our financial statements could be determined not to be incompliance with the requirements of the Exchange Act. Such a determination could ultimately lead to the delisting of our common shares from the Nasdaq GlobalMarket or deregistration from the SEC, or both, which would substantially reduce or effectively terminate the trading of our ADSs in the United States. 42 Substantial uncertainties exist with respect to the enactment timetable, interpretation and implementation of the draft PRC Foreign Investment Law and how itmay impact the viability of our current corporate structure, corporate governance and business operations. The MOFCOM published a discussion draft of the proposed Foreign Investment Law in January 2015 aiming to, upon its enactment, replace the trio ofexisting laws regulating foreign investment in China, namely, the Sino-foreign Equity Joint Venture Enterprise Law, the Sino-foreign Cooperative Joint VentureEnterprise Law and the Wholly Foreign-invested Enterprise Law , together with their implementation rules and ancillary regulations. The draft Foreign InvestmentLaw embodies an expected PRC regulatory trend to rationalize its foreign investment regulatory regime in line with prevailing international practice and thelegislative efforts to unify the corporate legal requirements for both foreign and domestic investments. The MOFCOM is currently soliciting comments on thisdraft and substantial uncertainties exist with respect to its enactment timetable, interpretation and implementation. The draft Foreign Investment Law, if enacted asproposed, may materially impact the viability of our current corporate structure, corporate governance and business operations in many aspects. Among other things, the draft Foreign Investment Law expands the definition of foreign investment and introduces the principle of "actual control" indetermining whether a company is considered a foreign-invested enterprise, or an FIE. The draft Foreign Investment Law specifically provides that entitiesestablished in China but "controlled" by foreign investors will be treated as FIEs, whereas an entity set up in a foreign jurisdiction would nonetheless be, uponmarket entry clearance by the Ministry of Commerce, treated as a PRC domestic investor provided that the entity is "controlled" by PRC entities and/or citizens. Inthis connection, "control" is broadly defined in the draft law to cover the following summarized categories: (i) holding 50% of more of the voting rights of thesubject entity; (ii) holding less than 50% of the voting rights of the subject entity but having the power to secure at least 50% of the seats on the board or otherequivalent decision making bodies, or having the voting power to exert material influence on the board, the shareholders' meeting or other equivalent decisionmaking bodies; or (iii) having the power to exert decisive influence, via contractual or trust arrangements, over the subject entity's operations, financial matters orother key aspects of business operations. Once an entity is determined to be an FIE and its investment amount exceeds certain thresholds or its business operationfalls within a "negative list," to be separately issued by the State Council in the future, market entry clearance by the MOFCOM or its local counterparts will berequired. Otherwise, all foreign investors may make investments on the same terms as domestic investors without being subject to additional approval from thegovernment authorities as mandated by the existing foreign investment legal regime. The "variable interest entity" structure, or VIE structure, has been adopted by many PRC-based companies, including us, to obtain necessary licenses andpermits in the industries that are currently subject to foreign investment restrictions in China. See "—Risks Relating to Our Corporate Structure—If the PRCgovernment finds that the structure we have adopted for our business operations does not comply with PRC laws and regulations, or if these laws or regulations orinterpretations of existing laws or regulations change in the future, we could be subject to severe penalties, including the shutting down of our platform and ourbusiness operations", "—Risks Relating to Our Corporate Structure—If our PRC consolidated affiliated entities fail to obtain and maintain the requisite licensesand approvals required under the complex regulatory environment for internet-based businesses in China, our business, financial condition and results of operationsmay be materially and adversely affected", and "Item 4. Information on the Company—C. Organizational Structure." Under the draft Foreign Investment Law,variable interest entities that are controlled via contractual arrangement would also be deemed as FIEs, if they are ultimately "controlled" by foreign investors.Therefore, for any companies with a VIE structure in an industry category that is on the "negative list," the VIE structure may be deemed legitimate only if theultimate controlling person(s) is/are of PRC nationality (either PRC companies or PRC citizens). Conversely, if the actual controlling person(s) is/are of foreignnationalities, then the variable interest entities will be treated as FIEs and any operation in the industry category on the "negative list" without market entryclearance may be considered as illegal. It is likely that we would be considered ultimately controlled by Chinese parties, as our management group, including Mr. David Xueling Li, our co-founder, chief executive officer and director, Mr. Jun Lei, our co-founder and chairman, Mr. Rongjie Dong, our executive vice president, and their respectiveaffiliates, together beneficially own an aggregate of 35.8% of our outstanding shares and 84.1% of the total voting power of our company as of March 31, 2016.However, the draft Foreign Investment Law has not taken a position on what actions shall be taken with respect to the existing companies with a VIE structure,whether or not these companies are controlled by Chinese parties, while it is soliciting comments from the public on this point. Moreover, it is uncertain whetherthe Internet content and other Internet value-added service industry, in which our variable interest entities operate, will be subject to the foreign investmentrestrictions or prohibitions set forth in the "negative list" to be issued. If the enacted version of the Foreign Investment Law and the final "negative list" mandatefurther actions, such as MOFCOM market entry clearance, to be completed by companies with existing VIE structure like us, we face uncertainties as to whethersuch clearance can be timely obtained, or at all, and our business and financial condition may be materially and adversely affected. 43 The draft Foreign Investment Law, if enacted as proposed, may also materially impact our corporate governance practice and increase our compliancecosts. For instance, the draft Foreign Investment Law imposes stringent ad hoc and periodic information reporting requirements on foreign investors and theapplicable FIEs. Aside from investment implementation report and investment amendment report that are required at each investment and alteration of investmentspecifics, an annual report is mandatory, and large foreign investors meeting certain criteria are required to report on a quarterly basis. Any company found to benon-compliant with these information reporting obligations may potentially be subject to fines and/or administrative or criminal liabilities, and the persons directlyresponsible may be subject to criminal liabilities. Risks Related to Our ADSs There can be no assurance that the proposed going-private transaction will continue to be pursued, approved by our shareholders or successfullyconsummated. Potential uncertainty involving the proposed going private transaction may adversely affect our business and the market price of our ADSs. On July 9, 2015, our board of directors received a non-binding proposal letter from Mr. Jun Lei, the chairman of our board of directors, and Mr. DavidXueling Li, our director and chief executive officer (together, the “Buyer Group”), proposing a “going-private” transaction to acquire all of our outstandingcommon shares not already beneficially owned by the Buyer Group for US$68.50 in cash per ADS. The proposed purchase price represents a premium ofapproximately 17.4% to the closing trading price of our ADS on July 8, 2015, the last trading day prior to the date of the going-private proposal. Our board ofdirectors has formed a special committee consisting of three independent and disinterested directors, Mr. Peter Andrew Schloss, Mr. David Tang and Mr. PengTsing Ong, to consider the “going-private” proposal. There can be no assurance that the going private transaction will continue to be pursued, approved bysufficient affirmative vote or consummated. As of March 31, 2016, the Buyer Group beneficially owned approximately 34.9% of all our issued and outstanding shares, representing approximately83.6% of the aggregate voting power. The going private transaction, whether or not pursued or consummated, presents a risk of diverting management focus,employee attention and resources from other strategic opportunities and from operational matters. In addition, if we sign any definitive agreement with the buyergroup, we may be subject to various restrictions under those agreements on the conduct of our business prior to the completion of the transaction, which may delayor prevent us from undertaking business opportunities that may arise pending completion of the transaction. Also, any development of the transaction, such asentering into or termination of any definitive agreement, may increase volatility of the trading price of our ADSs. The trading prices of our ADSs are likely to be volatile, which could result in substantial losses to investors. The daily closing trading prices of our ADSs ranged from US$51.44 to US$80.66 in 2015. The trading price of our ADSs is likely to be volatile and couldfluctuate widely due to factors beyond our control. This may happen because of broad market and industry factors, like the performance and fluctuation in themarket prices or the underperformance or deteriorating financial results of other similarly situated companies in China that have listed their securities in the UnitedStates in recent years. The securities of some of these companies have experienced significant volatility since their initial public offerings, including, in somecases, substantial price declines in the trading prices of their securities. The trading performances of these Chinese companies' securities after their offerings,including companies in internet and social networking businesses, may affect the attitudes of investors toward Chinese companies listed in the United States, whichconsequently may impact the trading performance of our ADSs, regardless of our actual operating performance. In addition, any negative news or perceptionsabout inadequate corporate governance practices or fraudulent accounting or other practices at other Chinese companies may also negatively affect the attitudes ofinvestors towards Chinese companies in general, including us, regardless of whether we have engaged in such practices. Furthermore, securities markets may fromtime to time experience significant price and volume fluctuations that are not related to our operating performance, which may have a material adverse effect onthe market price of our ADSs. 44 In addition to market and industry factors, the price and trading volume for our ADSs may be highly volatile due to specific factors, including thefollowing: ·variations in our net revenues, earnings and cash flow; ·announcements of new investments, acquisitions, strategic partnerships, or joint ventures; ·announcements of new services and expansions by us or our competitors; ·changes in financial estimates by securities analysts; ·changes in the number of our registered or active users; ·fluctuations in the number of paying users or other operating metrics; ·failure on our part to realize monetization opportunities as expected; ·additions or departures of key personnel; ·release of lock-up or other transfer restrictions on our outstanding equity securities or sales of additional equity securities; ·detrimental negative publicity about us, our competitors or our industry; ·potential litigation or regulatory proceedings or changes: and ·the proposed acquisition of all of our outstanding shares not already beneficially owned by the Buyer Group in a proposed going private transaction. Any of these factors may result in large and sudden changes in the volume and price at which our ADSs will trade. Provisions of our convertible senior notes could discourage an acquisition of us by a third party. In March 2014, we issued an aggregate of US$400 million 2.25 % convertible senior notes due in 2019. Certain provisions of our convertible senior notescould make it more difficult or more expensive for a third party to acquire us. The indentures for these convertible notes define a "fundamental change" to include,among other things: (1) any person or group gaining control of our company; (2) any recapitalization, reclassification or change of our Class A common shares orADSs as a result of which these securities would be converted into, or exchanged for, stock, other securities, other property or assets or any share exchange,consolidation or merger or similar transaction pursuant to which our Class A common shares or ADSs will be converted into cash, securities or other property; (3)the adoption of any plan relating to the liquidation or dissolution of our company; (4) our ADSs ceasing to be listed on The New York Stock Exchange, TheNASDAQ Global Select Market or The NASDAQ Global Market; or (5) any change in or amendment to the laws, regulations and rules in China that prohibits usfrom operating substantially all of our business operations and prevents us from continuing to derive substantially all of the economic benefits from our businessoperations. Upon the occurrence of a fundamental change, holders of these notes will have the right, at their option, to require us to repurchase all of their notes orany portion of the principal amount of such notes in integral multiples of US$1,000. In the event of a fundamental change, we may also be required to issueadditional ADSs upon conversion of our convertible notes. If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about our business, or if they adversely change their recommendations regarding ourADSs, the market price for our ADSs and trading volume could decline. The trading market for our ADSs will be influenced by research or reports that industry or securities analysts publish about our business. If one or moreanalysts who cover us downgrade our ADSs, the market price for our ADSs would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease to cover us or fail toregularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which, in turn, could cause the market price or trading volume for our ADSs todecline. 45 The sale or availability for sale, or perceived sale or availability for sale, of substantial amounts of our ADSs could adversely affect their market price. Sales of substantial amounts of our ADSs in the public market, or the perception that these sales could occur, could adversely affect the market price ofour ADSs and could materially impair our ability to raise capital through equity offerings in the future. Our ADSs are freely tradable by persons other than ouraffiliates without restriction or further registration under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, and shares held by our existing shareholdersmay also be sold in the public market in the future subject to the restrictions in Rule 144 and Rule 701 under the Securities Act. In addition, common shares subjectto our outstanding share-based awards, including options, restricted shares and restricted share units, are eligible for sale in the public market to the extentpermitted by the provisions of various vesting agreements, Rules 144 and 701 under the Securities Act. We may also issue additional options in the future whichmay be exercised for additional common shares and additional restricted shares and restricted share units which may vest. As of March 31, 2016, we had1,098,859,244 common shares outstanding. We cannot predict what effect, if any, market sales of securities held by our significant shareholders or any othershareholder or the availability of these securities for future sale will have on the market price of our ADSs. We may be classified as a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, for United States federal income tax purposes, which could subject United Statesholder of our ADSs or common shares to significant adverse United States income tax consequences. We will be classified as a "passive foreign investment company," or "PFIC" for United States federal income tax purposes for any taxable year, if either(a) 75% or more of our gross income for such year consists of certain types of "passive" income or (b) 50% or more of the average quarterly value of our assets (asdetermined on the basis of fair market value) during such year produce or are held for the production of passive income. Although the law in this regard is unclear,we treat Guangzhou Huaduo, Beijing Tuda and Bilin Online as being owned by us for United States federal income tax purposes, not only because we exerciseeffective control over the operation of such entities but also because we are entitled to substantially all of their economic benefits, and, as a result, we consolidatetheir operating results in our consolidated financial statements. Assuming that we are treated as owning Guangzhou Huaduo, Beijing Tuda and Bilin Online for United States federal income tax purposes, we do notbelieve that we were a PFIC for United States federal income tax purposes for the taxable year ended December 31, 2015, and do not anticipate becoming a PFICin future taxable years. However, because PFIC status is a factual determination made annually after the close of each taxable year on the basis of the compositionof our income and assets, there can be no assurance that we will not be a PFIC for the current taxable year or any future taxable year. The value of our assets forpurposes of the PFIC test will generally be determined by reference to the market price of our ADSs. Accordingly, fluctuations in the market price of our ADSsmay cause us to become a PFIC for the current taxable year or future taxable years. The determination of whether we will be or become a PFIC will also beaffected by how, and how quickly, we use our liquid assets. Under circumstances where we determine not to deploy significant amounts of cash for active purposesour risk of being classified as a PFIC may substantially increase. It is also possible that the Internal Revenue Service may challenge our classification or valuationof our goodwill and other unbooked intangibles, which may result in our company being or, becoming classified as, a PFIC for the current or future taxable years.The determination of whether we will be or become a PFIC will also depend, in part, upon the nature of our income and assets over time, which are subject tochange from year to year. There can be no assurance our business plans will not change in a manner that will affect our PFIC status. If we are classified as a PFIC in any taxable year, a U.S. holder (as defined in "Item 10. Additional Information—E. Taxation—United States FederalIncome Tax Considerations") may incur significantly increased United States income tax on gain recognized on the sale or other disposition of the ADSs orcommon shares and on the receipt of distributions on the ADSs or common shares to the extent such gain or distribution is treated as an "excess distribution" underthe United States federal income tax rules. Further, if we are classified as a PFIC for any year during which a U.S. holder holds our ADSs or common shares, wegenerally will continue to be treated as a PFIC for all succeeding years during which such U.S. holder holds our ADSs or common shares. Alternatively, U.S.holders of PFIC shares can sometimes avoid the rules described above by making certain elections, including a "mark-to-market" election or electing to treat aPFIC as a "qualified electing fund." However, U.S. holders will not be able to make an election to treat us as a "qualified electing fund" because, even if we were tobe or become a PFIC, we do not intend to comply with the requirements necessary to permit U.S. holders to make such election. Each U.S. holder is urged toconsult its tax advisor concerning the United States federal income tax considerations relating to the ownership and disposition of our ADSs or common shares ifwe are treated as a PFIC for our current taxable year ending December 31, 2016 or any future taxable year (including the possibility of making a "mark-to-market"election and the unavailability of an election to treat us as a qualified electing fund). For more information see "Item 10. Additional Information—E. Taxation—United States Federal Income Tax Considerations—Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules." 46 Our dual class common share structure with different voting rights will limit your ability to influence corporate matters and could discourage others frompursuing any change of control transactions that holders of our Class A common shares and ADSs may view as beneficial. Our common shares are divided into Class A common shares and Class B common shares. Holders of Class A common shares are entitled to one vote pershare, while holders of Class B common shares are entitled to ten votes per share, voting together as one class on all matters requiring a shareholders' vote. EachClass B common share is convertible into one Class A common share at any time by the holder thereof. Class A common shares are not convertible into Class Bcommon shares under any circumstances. Upon any transfer of Class B common shares by a holder thereof to any person or entity that is not an affiliate of suchholder, such Class B common shares will be automatically and immediately converted into an equal number of Class A common shares. Due to the disparate voting powers attached to these two classes of common shares, as of March 31, 2016, our management group, includingMessrs. David Xueling Li, Jun Lei and Rongjie Dong and their respective affiliates, beneficially own an aggregate of 35.8% of our outstanding shares representing84.1% of the total voting power and have considerable influence over all matters requiring a shareholders' vote, including election of directors and significantcorporate transactions, such as a merger or sale of our company or our assets. This concentrated control will limit your ability to influence corporate matters andcould discourage others from pursuing any potential merger, takeover or other change of control transactions that holders of Class A common shares and ADSsmay view as beneficial. Our articles of association contain anti-takeover provisions that could have a material adverse effect on the rights of holders of our common shares and ADSs. Our articles of association contain provisions to limit the ability of others to acquire control of our company or cause us to engage in change-of-controltransactions. These provisions could have the effect of depriving our shareholders of an opportunity to sell their shares at a premium over prevailing market pricesby discouraging third parties from seeking to obtain control of our company in a tender offer or similar transaction. For example, our board of directors has theauthority, without further action by our shareholders, to issue preferred shares in one or more series and to fix their designations, powers, preferences, privileges,and relative participating, optional or special rights and the qualifications, limitations or restrictions, including dividend rights, conversion rights, voting rights,terms of redemption and liquidation preferences, any or all of which may be greater than the rights associated with our common shares, in the form of ADSs orotherwise. Preferred shares could be issued quickly with terms calculated to delay or prevent a change in control of our company or make removal of managementmore difficult. If our board of directors decides to issue preferred shares, the price of our ADSs may fall and the voting and other rights of the holders of ourcommon shares and ADSs may be materially and adversely affected. You may face difficulties in protecting your interests, and your ability to protect your rights through U.S. courts may be limited, because we are incorporatedunder Cayman Islands law. We are a company limited by shares incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands. Our corporate affairs are governed by our amended and restatedmemorandum and articles of association, the Companies Law, Cap. 22 (Law 3 of 1961, as consolidated and revised) of the Cayman Islands and the common law ofthe Cayman Islands. The rights of shareholders to take action against the directors, actions by minority shareholders and the fiduciary responsibilities of ourdirectors to us under Cayman Islands law are to a large extent governed by the common law of the Cayman Islands. The common law of the Cayman Islands isderived in part from comparatively limited judicial precedent in the Cayman Islands as well as from the common law of England, the decisions of whose courts areof persuasive authority, but are not binding, on a court in the Cayman Islands. The rights of our shareholders and the fiduciary responsibilities of our directorsunder Cayman Islands law are not as clearly established as they would be under statutes or judicial precedent in some jurisdictions in the United States. Inparticular, the Cayman Islands has a less developed body of securities laws than the United States. Some U.S. states, such as Delaware, have more fully developedand judicially interpreted bodies of corporate law than the Cayman Islands. In addition, shareholders of a Cayman Islands company may not have standing toinitiate a shareholder derivative action in a federal court of the United States. 47 Unlike many jurisdictions in the United States, Cayman Islands law does not generally provide for shareholder appraisal rights on an approvedarrangement and reconstruction of a company. This may make it more difficult for you to assess the value of any consideration you may receive in a merger orconsolidation or to require that the offeror give you additional consideration if you believe the consideration offered is insufficient. Moreover, holders of our ADSsare not entitled to appraisal rights under Cayman Islands law. ADS holders that wish to exercise their appraisal or dissentient rights must convert their ADSs intoour Class A common shares by surrendering their ADSs to the depositary and paying the ADS depositary fee. Shareholders of Cayman Islands exempted companies like us have no general rights under Cayman Islands law to inspect corporate records or to obtaincopies of lists of shareholders of these companies. Our directors have discretion under our existing articles of association to determine whether or not, and underwhat conditions, our corporate records may be inspected by our shareholders, but are not obliged to make them available to our shareholders. This may make itmore difficult for you to obtain the information needed to establish any facts necessary for a shareholder motion or to solicit proxies from other shareholders inconnection with a proxy contest. As a result of all of the above, public shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests in the face of actions taken by management,members of the board of directors or controlling shareholders than they would as public shareholders of a company incorporated in the United States. Judgments obtained against us by our shareholders may not be enforceable in our home jurisdiction. We are a Cayman Islands company and all of our assets are located outside of the United States. Substantially all of our current operations are conductedin China. In addition, a significant majority of our current directors and officers are nationals and residents of countries other than the United States andsubstantially all of their assets are located outside the United States. As a result, it may be difficult or impossible for you to bring an action against us or againstthese individuals in the United States in the event that you believe that your rights have been infringed under the United States federal securities laws or otherwise.Even if you are successful in bringing an action of this kind, the laws of the Cayman Islands and of China may render you unable to enforce a judgment against ourassets or the assets of our directors and officers. There are uncertainties as to whether Cayman Islands courts would: ·recognize or enforce against us judgments of courts of the United States based on certain civil liability provisions of U.S. securities laws; and ·impose liabilities against us, in original actions brought in the Cayman Islands, based on certain civil liability provisions of U.S. securities laws that arepenal in nature. There is no statutory recognition in the Cayman Islands of judgments obtained in the United States, although the courts of the Cayman Islands will incertain circumstances recognize and enforce a non-penal judgment of a foreign court of competent jurisdiction without retrial on the merits. The voting rights of holders of ADSs are limited by the terms of the deposit agreement, and you may not be able to exercise your right to vote your Class Acommon shares. As a holder of our ADSs, you will only be able to exercise the voting rights with respect to the underlying Class A common shares in accordance with theprovisions of the deposit agreement. Under the deposit agreement, you must vote by giving voting instructions to the depositary. Upon receipt of your votinginstructions, the depositary will vote the underlying Class A common shares in accordance with these instructions. You will not be able to directly exercise yourright to vote with respect to the underlying shares unless you withdraw the shares from the depositary. Under our second amended and restated memorandum andarticles of association, the minimum notice period required for convening a general meeting is at least ten clear days. When a general meeting is convened, youmay not receive sufficient advance notice to withdraw the shares underlying your ADSs to allow you to vote with respect to any specific matter. If we ask for yourinstructions, the depositary will notify you of the upcoming vote and will arrange to deliver our voting materials to you. We cannot assure you that you will receivethe voting materials in time to ensure that you can instruct the depositary to vote your shares. In addition, the depositary and its agents are not responsible forfailing to carry out voting instructions or for their manner of carrying out your voting instructions. This means that you may not be able to exercise your right tovote and you may have no legal remedy if the shares underlying your ADSs are not voted as you requested. 48 The depositary for our ADSs will give us a discretionary proxy to vote our Class A common shares underlying your ADSs if you do not vote at shareholders'meetings, except in limited circumstances, which could adversely affect your interests. Under the deposit agreement for the ADSs, if you do not vote, the depositary will give us a discretionary proxy to vote our Class A common sharesunderlying your ADSs at shareholders' meetings unless: ·we have failed to timely provide the depositary with notice of meeting and related voting materials; ·we have instructed the depositary that we do not wish a discretionary proxy to be given; ·we have informed the depositary that there is substantial opposition as to a matter to be voted on at the meeting; ·a matter to be voted on at the meeting would have a material adverse impact on shareholders; or ·the voting at the meeting is to be made on a show of hands. The effect of this discretionary proxy is that if you do not vote at shareholders' meetings, you cannot prevent our Class A common shares underlying yourADSs from being voted, except under the circumstances described above. This may make it more difficult for shareholders to influence the management of ourcompany. Holders of our common shares are not subject to this discretionary proxy. You may not receive dividends or other distributions on our common shares and you may not receive any value for them, if it is illegal or impractical to makethem available to you. The depositary of our ADSs has agreed to pay to you the cash dividends or other distributions it or the custodian receives on Class A common shares orother deposited securities underlying our ADSs, after deducting its fees and expenses. You will receive these distributions in proportion to the number of Class Acommon shares your ADSs represent. However, the depositary is not responsible if it decides that it is unlawful or impractical to make a distribution available toany holders of ADSs. For example, it would be unlawful to make a distribution to a holder of ADSs if it consists of securities that require registration under theSecurities Act but that are not properly registered or distributed under an applicable exemption from registration. The depositary may also determine that it is notfeasible to distribute certain property through the mail. Additionally, the value of certain distributions may be less than the cost of mailing them. In these cases, thedepositary may determine not to distribute such property. We have no obligation to register under U.S. securities laws any ADSs, common shares, rights or othersecurities received through such distributions. We also have no obligation to take any other action to permit the distribution of ADSs, common shares, rights oranything else to holders of ADSs. This means that you may not receive distributions we make on our common shares or any value for them if it is illegal orimpractical for us to make them available to you. These restrictions may cause a material decline in the value of our ADSs. You may be subject to limitations on transfer of your ADSs. Your ADSs are transferable on the books of the depositary. However, the depositary may close its books at any time or from time to time when it deemsexpedient in connection with the performance of its duties. The depositary may close its books from time to time for a number of reasons, including in connectionwith corporate events such as a rights offering, during which time the depositary needs to maintain an exact number of ADS holders on its books for a specifiedperiod. The depositary may also close its books in emergencies, and on weekends and public holidays. The depositary may refuse to deliver, transfer or registertransfers of our ADSs generally when our share register or the books of the depositary are closed, or at any time if we or the depositary thinks that it is advisable todo so because of any requirement of law or of any government or governmental body, or under any provision of the deposit agreement, or for any other reason inaccordance with the terms of the deposit agreement. As a result, you may be unable to transfer your ADSs when you wish to. ITEM 4.INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY A. History and Development of the Company We commenced operations in April 2005 with the establishment of Guangzhou Huaduo in China. Guangzhou Huaduo later became one of our PRCconsolidated affiliated entities through the contractual arrangements described below. 49 We established Dokhi Investments Limited in the British Virgin Islands, or BVI, in July 2006 and changed its name to Duowan Limited in September2006. In August 2006, we established Double Top Limited, which is wholly owned by Dokhi Investments Limited, in Hong Kong and changed its name toDuowan (Hong Kong) Limited in September 2006. In April 2007, we established Guangzhou Duowan Information Technology Co., Ltd., or Guangzhou Duowan,which was wholly owned by Duowan (Hong Kong) Limited. Guangzhou Duowan entered into a series of contractual arrangements with Guangzhou Huaduo andits shareholders, which were subsequently amended solely to reflect updated shareholder equity interests in Guangzhou Huaduo, through which GuangzhouDuowan exercised effective control over the operations of Guangzhou Huaduo. In November 2007, we established Duowan Entertainment Corporation, or Duowan BVI, in the BVI. In March 2008, we established Huanju ShidaiTechnology (Beijing) Co., Ltd., formerly known as Duowan Entertainment Information Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd., or Beijing Huanju Shidai, which is whollyowned by Duowan BVI. Beijing Huanju Shidai purchased all the equity interests in Guangzhou Duowan from Duowan (Hong Kong) Limited in August 2008, andentered into a series of contractual arrangements with Guangzhou Huaduo and its shareholders through which Beijing Huanju Shidai exercises effective controlover the operations of Guangzhou Huaduo. Duowan (Hong Kong) Limited was deregistered as a company and ceased to operate in May 2010. In December 2008, Duowan BVI entered into an agreement with Morningside Technology Investments Limited and two individuals, through whichDuowan BVI purchased all the equity interests in NeoTasks Inc. from Morningside Technology Investments Limited. In March 2009, Beijing Huanju Shidai entered into an agreement with NeoTasks New Age International Media Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd., orNeoTasks Beijing, through which NeoTasks Beijing was merged into Beijing Huanju Shidai. After the merger and additional capital contribution, Beijing HuanjuShidai became 96.5% held by Duowan BVI, and 3.5% held by NeoTasks Limited (formerly known as Enlight Online Entertainment Limited), a Hong Kongcompany, which in turn was the shareholder of NeoTasks Beijing before the merger. NeoTasks Limited is 100% owned by NeoTasks Inc., a Cayman Islandscompany. In August 2009, Guangzhou Duowan was renamed Zhuhai Duowan Information Technology Co., Ltd. In December 2009, Beijing Huanju Shidai entered into a series of contractual agreements with Beijing Tuda and its shareholders, which weresubsequently amended solely to reflect updated shareholder equity interests in Beijing Tuda, through which agreements Beijing Huanju Shidai exercises effectivecontrol over the operations of Beijing Tuda. In December 2010, we established Guangzhou Huanju Shidai, formerly known as Zhuhai Duowan Technology Co., Ltd., which is 100% directly ownedby Duowan BVI. Our current holding company, YY Inc., was incorporated in July 2011 as a limited liability company in the Cayman Islands. The corporate affairs of YYInc. are governed by the memorandum and articles of association, the Companies Law, Cap. 22 (Law 3 of 1961, as consolidated and revised) of the CaymanIslands and the common law of the Cayman Islands. Through a share exchange on September 6, 2011, the shareholders of Duowan BVI exchanged all of theiroutstanding common and preferred shares in Duowan BVI for common and preferred shares of YY Inc. on a pro rata basis. No additional consideration was paid inconnection with the share exchange. As a result, Duowan BVI became a wholly owned subsidiary of YY Inc. In October 2013, we established Guangzhou Juhui Information Technology Co., Ltd., which is 100% directly owned by Guangzhou Huaduo. In November 2013, we established Zhuhai Huanju Shidai, which is 100% directly owned by NeoTasks Limited. In April 2014, we established Guangzhou Huanju Media Co., Ltd., which is 100% directly owned by Guangzhou Huaduo. In September of 2014, Guangzhou Huaduo acquired 100% of the equity interests in Guangzhou Zhuque Information Technology Co., Ltd., which engagesin online game development. In the fourth quarter of 2014, Guangzhou Huaduo acquired 100% of the equity interests in Beijing Huanqiu Xingxue Technology Development Co., Ltd,or Beijing Xingxue, and Beijing Huanqiu Chuangzhi Software Co., Ltd., which operate the online education website Edu24oL.com, an online vocational trainingand language training platform. In addition, we acquired 100% of the equity interests in Zhengrenqiang and His Partners Education Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd.,which was later renamed 100-Online Education Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd., a company specializing in providing preparation courses for the InternationalEnglish Language Testing System, or IELTS, which is an English language proficiency test, and Beijing Dubooker Culture Communication Co., Ltd., a languageeducation publisher. 50 In the first quarter of 2015, Guangzhou Huaduo acquired 70% of the equity interests in Shanghai Beifu Culture Communication Co., Ltd., or ShanghaiBeifu, which principally engages in providing e-commerce platform to professional game teams and commentators. Shanghai Beifu established two wholly-ownedsubsidiaries, Shanghai Lanyu Trading Co., Ltd. and Shanghai Fulan Electronic Technology Co., Ltd., in August 2015, to expand and assist the e-commercebusiness of Shanghai Beifu. In the first quarter of 2015, Duowan BVI established and became a limited partner holding 93.5% equity interests of, Engage Capital Partners I, L.P.,which is a private equity fund registered in the Cayman Islands. In June 2015, as a limited partner holding 93.5% equity interests, Guangzhou Huaduo establishedShanghai Yilian Equity Investment Partnership (Limited Partnership), a private equity fund registered in China. In May 2015, we established Zhuhai Huanju Interactive Entertainment Technology Co., Ltd., which is 100% directly owned by Guangzhou Huaduo. In July 2015, we established Guangzhou Huanju Electronic Commerce Co., Ltd., which aims to engage in e-commerce business as a wholly ownedsubsidiary of Guangzhou Huaduo. In August 2015, Duowan BVI acquired 55.05% of the equity interests in BiLin Information Technology Co., Ltd., or BiLin Cayman, a companyincorporated in the Cayman Islands that develops and operates instant voice chatting applications for mobile devices. BiLin Cayman is the sole shareholder ofBiLin Information Technology Co., Limited, which is in turn the sole shareholder of Beijing Bilin Changxiang Information Technology Co., Ltd., or BilinChangxiang. Bilin Changxiang entered into a series of contractual arrangements with Beijing Bilin Online Information Technology Co., Ltd., or Bilin Online, andits shareholders, through which Bilin Changxiang exercises effective control over the operations of Bilin Online. Through a series of share transfer transactions in the third quarter of 2015, Beijing Xingxue acquired 100% of the equity interests in Beijing YunkeOnline Technology Development Co., Ltd., a company in the online education industry. Zhuhai Huanju Shidai ceased to operate in 2015 and was deregistered as a company in March 2016. We currently own the domain names of YY.com, Duowan.com, 100.com, Huya.com, Edu24ol.com and Zhiniu8.com. Our YY platform, includingYY.com, is jointly operated by personnel from Guangzhou Huaduo and Zhuhai Duowan. YY Inc. completed an initial public offering of 7,800,000 ADSs, representing 156,000,000 Class A common shares, in November 2012. On November 21,2012, our ADSs were listed on The NASDAQ Stock Market under the symbol "YY." In December 2012, in connection with the initial public offering, we alsocompleted the over-allotment offering of an additional 1,170,000 ADSs, representing 23,400,000 Class A common shares. In March 2014, we issued an aggregate of US$400 million 2.25% convertible senior notes due in 2019. Proceeds from the sale of the notes are expected tobe used for general corporate purposes, including working capital needs and potential acquisitions of complementary businesses. The notes were offered toqualified institutional buyers pursuant to Rule 144A under the Securities Act and certain non-U.S. persons in compliance with Regulation S under the SecuritiesAct. The notes will be convertible into our ADSs based on an initial conversion rate of 9.0334 of our ADSs per $1,000 principal amount of notes (which isequivalent to an initial conversion price of approximately US$110.7 per ADS and represents an approximately 35% conversion premium over the closing tradingprice of our ADSs on March 18, 2014, which was US$82.00 per ADS). The conversion rate is subject to adjustment upon the occurrence of certain events. Thenotes bear interest at a rate of 2.25% per year, payable semiannually in arrears on April 1 and October 1 of each year, beginning on October 1, 2014. The notes willmature on April 1, 2019, unless earlier converted, redeemed for certain tax-related events or repurchased in accordance with their terms. 51 On May 4, 2014 and March 5, 2015, respectively, our board of directors approved two share repurchase programs, or the Share Repurchase Programs,pursuant to which we may repurchase from time to time at management’s discretion, at prevailing market prices in the open market in accordance with Rule 10b-18 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, up to US$100 million for each share repurchase program in total of the our outstanding ADSs for a period notexceeding twelve (12) months from the date of approval by board of directors. For the year ended December 31, 2015, we had repurchased under the ShareRepurchase Program an aggregate of 3.1 million ADSs, representing 61.9 million Class A common shares at an average price of US$54.8 per ADS, or US$2.7 perClass A common share, for aggregate consideration of US$169.5 million. On July 9, 2015, our board of directors received a non-binding proposal letter from Mr. Jun Lei, the chairman of our board of directors, and Mr. DavidXueling Li, our director and chief executive officer (together, the “Buyer Group”), proposing a “going-private” transaction to acquire all of our outstandingcommon shares not already beneficially owned by the Buyer Group for US$68.50 in cash per ADS. The proposed purchase price represents a premium ofapproximately 17.4% to the closing trading price of our ADS on July 8, 2015, the last trading day prior to the date of the going-private proposal. Our board ofdirectors has formed a special committee consisting of three independent and disinterested directors, Mr. Peter Andrew Schloss, Mr. David Tang and Mr. PengTsing Ong, to consider the “going-private” proposal. In late November 2015, our principal executive offices moved to our previously purchased offices located at Building B-1, North Block of Wanda Plaza,No. 79 Wanbo Er Road, Nancun Town, Panyu District, Guangzhou 511442, the People's Republic of China. Our telephone number at this address is +(86 20) 82120000. Our registered office in the Cayman Islands is located at Codan Trust Company (Cayman) Limited of Cricket Square, Hutchins Drive, P.O. Box 2681, GrandCayman, KYI-1111, Cayman Islands. Our agent for service of process in the United States is Law Debenture Corporate Services Inc., 400 Madison Avenue,4th Floor, New York, New York 10017. See "Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—B. Liquidity and Capital Resources—Capital Expenditures" for a discussion of our capitalexpenditures and divestitures. B. Business Overview Overview YY is a revolutionary interactive social platform that engages users in real-time online group activities through voice, video and text on PCs and mobiledevices. YY also empowers users to create and organize groups of varying sizes to discover and participate in a wide range of online activities, including musicshows, online games, dating shows, live game broadcasting and e-learning. With a capacity to support over one million participants concurrently, YY offers users amore immersive, enriching and engaging entertainment experience through its large social community. YY attracted 140.7 million average monthly active users inthe three months ended December 2015. Founded as an online game web portal in 2005, our company has transformed into a multifaceted social platform in the past decade. In July 2008, YYlaunched its core product YY Client, a PC-based free software that allows users to create individual channels for any online live social gathering that covers abroad range of interests and topics. To increase the accessibility and usage of YY Client, we introduced a mobile application, Mobile YY, in September 2010 and abrowser-based version of our services in October 2012. To accelerate the monetization of our mobile platform, we introduced virtual item purchase functions onMobile YY in October 2013. In February 2014, we expanded our original education business by launching a dedicated education platform, 100 Education. In thefourth quarter of 2014, we acquired two education businesses, respectively focusing on online professional training and English language test preparation, tofurther expand our educational services offerings. Since the beginning of 2015, we have been operating our live game broadcasting business under a stand-alonebrand, Huya, which includes Huya.com and its corresponding mobile application Huya Live. In August 2015, we launched a new brand, Zhiniu, with its owndomain name Zhiniu8.com and mobile application Zhiniu Finance, for the finance channel of our platform. In February 2016, we released our mobile broadcastingapplication, ME Live, which allows users to perform and make broadcasts with a single mobile device. We also operate Duowan.com, a leading game mediawebsite in China that provides access to and interactive resources for online games. Our operations rely on proprietary technology and industry know-how. YY is supported by our highly scalable infrastructure throughout China and ourproprietary algorithms enabling low latency, low jitter and low loss rates in delivering voice and video data. 52 While the basic use of our platform is currently free, we monetize our user base through IVAS and online advertising. Currently, we primarily generateIVAS revenues through sales of virtual items for online music and entertainment, online dating and live game broadcasting, and game token for online games. Wealso generate IVAS revenues through our membership program whereby users pay a fixed fee to enjoy certain privileges and regular bonus packages. We primarilygenerate online advertising revenues from sales of various forms of advertising on Duowan.com and YY Client. We believe that we will be able to capitalize on thelarge and highly engaged user base of our platform by exploring additional monetization opportunities and diversifying our revenue sources. Our total net revenues were RMB1,823.5 million, RMB3,678.4 million and RMB5,897.2 million (US$910.4 million) in 2013, 2014 and 2015respectively. We had a net income of RMB477.7 million, RMB1,064.5 million and RMB998.3 million (US$154.1 million) in 2013, 2014 and 2015 respectively. The YY Platform Our YY platform integrates YY Client, web-based YY, and related mobile applications. Our users can access contents on the YY platform by using anyof the aforementioned products. YY Client Our core product, YY Client, enables users to engage in live interactions online, and we continue to develop and upgrade it to address evolving userneeds. YY Client provides access to user-created online social activities groups, which we refer to as channels. YY Client is compatible with most internet-enabledsystems, including PCs and mobile interfaces. YY Client is available to download for free from YY.com, Duowan.com and other internet software downloadcenters. The first version of YY Client, launched in July 2008, had voice-enabled features that allowed online game players to communicate with large groups offellow gamers on a real-time basis. Game players typically organize various guilds for players to discuss gaming strategies and communicate with each other in ateam setting. Such online guilds, which can consist of up to thousands of players, built their own channels on YY Client to communicate with fellow guildmembers in real time when playing games online. Gradually, we further developed and tailored YY Client in response to the market need for a platform enablinglarge groups to gather, meet and socialize in real time online, and turned it into the rich communication social platform that it is today. We introduced live video-enabled channels beginning in late 2011 and have since applied video features to all our channels. All of the basic social interface features enabled by our YY Client, such as the ability to engage in multi-party voice- and video-enabled communications,are currently available to our users free of charge. In addition, some IVAS are free to users up to a certain threshold. We currently earn revenues from YY Clientthrough sales of IVAS paid through online third party payment systems. Game Center on YY Client The game center on YY Client currently primarily consists of a game lobby and VIP game access. The game lobby enables users to access various onlinegames without downloading any additional client software. The VIP game access provide our users with access to new games being developed or tested by thirdparty game developers, and afford game developers an opportunity to promote their games among our users as well as solicit user feedback on new games. We conduct market research regarding trends and demand for online games and various types of in-game virtual items, and often work with third partygame developers to develop and offer a wide range of in-game virtual items. We intend to continue to source popular online games to users on YY Client. Web-based YY We extended our platform to web browsers in October 2012. Web-based YY enables users to conduct real-time interactions through web browserswithout requiring any downloads or installations. Web-based YY optimizes YY technology for the web, transcending the limitations of operational systems andenabling real-time communications on the web by simply clicking on a link. To date, users can visit YY.com, Huya.com and Zhiniu8.com to browse and watchvarious categories of live broadcasts and other contents on the YY platform. 53 Mobile Applications We develop mobile applications to capture a greater share of the growing number of users that access live online social platforms, internetcommunications and other internet services through mobile operating systems. While we continue to develop and upgrade our platform, a key focus of our researchand development is on Mobile YY, our first and main mobile application that primarily provides users access to our music and entertainment content. To acceleratemonetization of our mobile platform, we introduced virtual item purchase functions to Mobile YY in October 2013. To better accommodate the increasing demands of our users to access more content on our platform, we developed a number of mobile applications, eachof which dedicates to a specific type of content. For instance, we launched YY broadcasting application, which was rebranded to Huya, for live game broadcastingin 2014, Xunhuan application for online dating in January 2015, Zhiniu Finance application for finance in November 2015. Users can access the YY platformthrough all these mobile applications, and retrieve contents most suitable to individual preferences and interests. We will continue to focus on developing enhancedfeatures for our mobile applications going forward. Contents on the YY Platform Channels on the YY Platform By using any of the YY Client, web-based YY or related mobile applications, users can create individual channels for any live social gathering covering abroad range of interests and topics. YY platform enables users to create channels to cover new topics and interests, gain a fast growing audience base and emergeas the popular channels. Currently, the most popular channel topics include the following: ·Music and Entertainment. Users gather on YY channels to participate in a range of music and entertainment activities, such as singing, dancing and talkshows. Beginning in March 2011, we started offering various virtual items for sale in our online music and entertainment channels. We have expandedour virtual item offerings, and in turn, revenues, from online music and entertainment. Currently, music and entertainment is the largest contributor to ourtotal revenues. In early 2015, we introduced i-Fun, a new mode of music and entertainment activity in which we invite popular celebrities to sing, chatand play party games with both scene audience and online fans in a real-time manner. ·Games. YY channels are a popular live online communication tool for several major types of online games, such as massive multiplayer online games,first person shooter games and real-time strategy games. Game players gather on YY channels for in-game real-time exchanges and to share game-playingtips, discuss strategies, game walk-throughs and guides, and organize guild-related social events. ·Dating. Users host and participate dating shows on a virtual stage through live video and audio communication, during which the participants and theaudience can purchase and give virtual gifts to the host or other participants. The format of our online dating is based on a popular dating TV show inChina. Launched in November 2013, it has already become the third largest contributor to our revenues in 2014. ·Game Broadcasting. Users livestream playthroughs of online games in a casual environment or during competitions. Professional game teams andcommentators often attract more viewers, who may show support and appreciation by purchasing and giving virtual items to the commentators. ·Education. Our users host and participate in live lectures or personal tutoring sessions on a range of subjects using a wide variety of teaching tools weprovide, including video, PowerPoint, white board, screen shots and Q&A sessions. The most popular subjects include foreign language education,professional certificate training, such as construction engineering, finance and accounting, and medical training. 54 ·Finance. Users interested in finance and investment can interact with other users, including financial experts on YY channels. YY channels allow usersto discuss investment-related topics, including stock market trends and investment basics. Organization and Management of Channels To help our users navigate and explore the channels on YY platform, we created online catalogs grouped by topics and common interests for users tobrowse. Within each group, the channels are then ranked by popularity. These online catalogs are also searchable by keywords, which makes it easier for userslooking to explore social groups beyond their usual channels to find and join other channels that touch upon different interest areas. Each YY channel is set up by one user, who becomes the channel's owner. We provide management tools to each channel owner to tailor such channel tohis or her own specific interests, establish housekeeping rules, manage hierarchies and manage daily operations of the channel. Channel owners are usuallyengaged in the active promotion of their channels, often recruiting like-minded users to help manage, monitor and maintain order within their channels. We work closely with channel owners and managers by considering and implementing some of their suggestions and feedback and providing them withthe tools they require to manage and promote their channels. We also monitor channels for levels of user activity and periodically shut down inactive ones. Online Portals Duowan.com is a dedicated game media website that provides comprehensive information on online games and other resources for users and online gameplayers. Duowan.com provides comprehensive gaming resources such as updated news and announcements of gaming events and the launch or release of newgames, and hosts a text-based discussion forum in which users can discuss their game-playing strategies and interact socially through postings. Branding and Marketing Branding Strategy We consider the branding of our products and services a crucial task. We use YY as the general brand for our company and for our core product. At thesame time, we also set up stand-alone brands for those products and services which have good potential in their vertical area. Each of our stand-alone brands, suchas Huya, 100 Education and Zhiniu, has its dedicated branding team to promote the brand in a way most suitable to the related business. Marketing Activities Historically, we have incurred minimal marketing expenses for our platform and have built a large community of users primarily through viral marketing,with word of mouth referrals and repeat user visits ultimately driven by user experience. Nowadays, we employ a variety of marketing activities to further promoteour platform, including advertising on news and social network media, search engines and web portals, cooperating with application distributors and hardwaremanufacturers, as well as participating and sponsoring offline exhibitions and industry summits. Seasonality Our results of operations of various products and services are subject to seasonal fluctuations. However, seasonal fluctuations have not posed materialoperational and financial challenges to us, as such periods tend to be brief and predictable. Competition We face competition in several major aspects of our business, particularly from companies that provide online social networking, internet communicationand online games. We also compete for online advertising revenues with other internet companies that sell online advertising services in China. 55 Social connectivity and communications. In relation to voice-enabled communication tools, there are several internet voice communication serviceproviders in China, including iSpeak, Tencent's QQtalk and NetEase’s CC. We also face potential competition from global social networking service providers thatseek to enter the China market, whether independently or through the formation of alliances with, or acquisition of, PRC domestic internet companies. We competewith other internet companies that provide real-time voice and video services to Chinese internet users, as well. Online music and entertainment . We compete with several domestic companies in the online music and entertainment market, including 9158.com, 6.cnand Changba.com. Additionally, a number of Chinese internet companies have recently entered or announced their intention to enter into the music andentertainment market, such as NetEase’s BoBo, Tencent’s Qxiu, Youku’s Laifeng, Yingke (Ingkee), and Baidu. Live game broadcasting. Game broadcasting is a relatively new market. We were one of the first platforms that offered this service in early 2013 andhave become the market leader in terms of number of users soon after. However competition in this market has intensified since the second half of 2014 followingan inflood of venture capital investment. In order to maintain our market-leading position, we expect to invest heavily in enhancing our product offerings and userexperience in this area. Our key competitors in this market are DouyuTV.com, Panda.tv, Longzhu.com and Zhanqi.tv. Online dating business. We were one of the earliest providers of this type of service. Since then, several leading internet companies in China have alsolaunched their services, among which Tencent’s Huayang and NetEase’s BoBo are our major competitors. Online game media and hosting. We have various competitors in the online game media market in China. Duowan.com's primary competitor amonggame media websites is 17173.com. For game hosting, our competitors include other major internet companies that host games, such as 37.com, 4399.com,Tencent, Qihoo 360 and other private companies. Technology We believe we are an industry leader in providing large-scale quality multi-user voice- and video-enabled online services in China, and we intend tocontinue to update our technology to maintain this leadership position. Features and Advantages QoS for online multi-media communications Quality of Service, or QoS, assurance is a key element of any high quality delivery of voice and video data over the internet. For live voice- or video-enabled communications, any data packet loss and jitter, or delay in transmission, is often immediately noticeable to users. We devote significant resources tomaintain and develop a creative combination of multiple voice- and voice-over internet protocol, or VOIP, quality assurance mechanisms to minimize data loss andjitter. The mechanisms we employ include but not limited to cloud-based intelligence routing, low-bitrate redundant solution, upstream-forward error correctionand adaptive jitter. A special intelligent routing algorithm we designed automatically seeks optimal ways of delivering voice and video data across our cloud-basednetwork, enabling us to provide better QoS even when the QoS levels are lower on certain routes. We employ computer programs and design and implement a standardized set of measurements to help monitor our service quality. Our systemperiodically collects, and our team of experts analyzes, data from each of our data centers to evaluate the voice- and video-quality for each user using a systematicstandard. We have set up formal procedures to handle different levels of server breakdowns and network-related emergencies, and our team can remotely discoverissues and access any server to promptly resolve issues. Large, dedicated cloud-based network infrastructure Our team of experts developed a cloud-based network infrastructure specifically designed to handle multi-party voice- and video-enabled real-time onlineinteractions. We own over 21,000 servers which are hosted in the data centers we lease from third parties throughout the country as of December 31, 2015. Ourcloud-based network infrastructure provides quality data delivery and allows multiple users to interact online from anywhere in China with ease and speed. 56 Our system is designed for scalability and reliability to support growth in our user base. The number of our servers contributes significantly to our faststreaming speed and reliable services, and can be expanded with comparative ease, given the low cost of renting data centers to host additional servers in any hightraffic regions in our network. We believe that our current network facilities and broadband capacity provide us with sufficient capacity to carry out our currentoperations, and can be expanded to meet additional capacity relatively quickly. The amount of bandwidth we lease is continually expanded to reflect increasedpeak concurrent user numbers. Content management and monitoring YY platform and Duowan.com all contain user-generated content, which we are required to monitor for compliance with PRC laws and regulations. Ateam within our data security department helps in enforcing our internal procedures to ensure that the content in our system are in compliance with applicable lawsand regulations. They are aided by a program designed to periodically sweep our platform and the data being conveyed in our system for sensitive key words orquestionable materials. Content that contains certain keywords are automatically filtered by our program and cannot be successfully posted on our platform. Thuswe are able to minimize offending materials on our platform and to remove such materials promptly after they are discovered. See "Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business—We may be held liable for information or content displayed on, retrieved from or linked to our platform, ordistributed to our users, and PRC authorities may impose legal sanctions on us, including, in serious cases, suspending or revoking the licenses necessary to operateour platform." Accumulated experience and data for a proprietary technology platform Significant time and efforts are required to build and operate an infrastructure such as ours. The technological difficulties which a platform that hosts10,000 concurrent users faces differ greatly from the difficulties a platform with 100,000 and 1,000,000 concurrent users faces, including many issues to beconsidered when programming for the platform and planning the infrastructure. Over the years, we have gradually developed an effective system to identify, studyand resolve issues that we encounter every day. In addition, our team members have been trained over the years to anticipate and resolve any issues, having gainedsignificant knowledge from building and maintaining our platform over time. Research and Development Team We believe that our ability to develop internet and mobile online applications and services tailored to respond to the needs of our user base has been a keyfactor for the success of our business. As of December 31, 2015, our research and development team consisted of 1,739 members. All of our service programs aredesigned and developed internally, including various interactive technologies. We expect to continue to develop all of our core technologies in-house. Our research and development team currently works on both back-end and front-end development of our products and services, including (a) thecontinuous improvement of our core audio and video data processing and streaming technologies, (b) the enhancement of network and server structures, datadistribution and transfer technologies to achieve lower latency and reduce interruptions, and (c) the creation of new features and functions to meet the demand ofour users in various business lines, including but not limited to PC-desktop, web and mobile applications, channel templates and virtual items. Operation and Maintenance Team As of December 31, 2015, approximately 149 technicians are dedicated to monitoring and maintaining our network infrastructure 24 hours a day, sevendays a week. Our operation and maintenance team checks the voice and video data quality received by various users, the quality of user experience on our platformand the proper functioning of our server equipment in our network, as well as contacting internet data center hosts to fix any issues located through such checks.Having launched more diversified and complex products and services for an increasing number of users, we raised new challenges to our operation andmaintenance team, and rely on them to continue to provide full voice- and video-enabled live social interactions to our users. Intellectual Property We regard our patents, trademarks, domain names, copyrights, trade secrets, proprietary technologies and similar intellectual property as critical to oursuccess. We seek to protect our intellectual property rights through a combination of patent, trademark, copyright and trade secret protection laws in the PRC andother jurisdictions, as well as through confidentiality agreements and procedures with our employees, partners and others. As of December 31, 2015, we hadregistered 183 domain names, including YY.com, Duowan.com, Huya.com, 100.com, Chinaduo.com, Edu24oL.com and Zhiniu8.com, 188 software copyrights,38 patents and 420 trademarks and service marks in China and overseas. In addition, as of December 31, 2015, we had filed 542 patent applications coveringcertain of our proprietary technologies and 233 trademark applications in China and overseas. 57 PRC Regulation Certain areas related to the internet, such as telecommunications, internet information services, connections to the international information networks,internet information security and censorship and online game operations, are covered extensively by a number of existing laws and regulations issued by variousPRC governmental authorities, including: ·the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, or the MIIT; ·the Ministry of Culture, or the MOC; ·the General Administration of Press and Publication, or the GAPP; ·the State Administration for Radio, Film and Television, or the SARFT; ·the National Copyright Administration, or the NCA; ·the State Administration for Industry and Commerce, or the SAIC; ·the State Council Information Office, or the SCIO; ·the Ministry of Commerce, or the MOFCOM; ·the Bureau of Protection of State Secrets; ·the Ministry of Public Security; and ·the State Administration of Foreign Exchange, or the SAFE. As the online social platform and online game industries are still at an early stage of development in China, new laws and regulations may be adoptedfrom time to time to require new licenses and permits in addition to those we currently have. There are substantial uncertainties on the interpretation andimplementation of any current and future Chinese laws and regulations, including those applicable to the online social platform and online game industries. See "D.Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—Uncertainties in the interpretation and enforcement of Chinese laws and regulations could limit the legalprotections available to you and us." This section sets forth the most important laws and regulations that govern our current business activities in China and thataffect the dividends payment to our shareholders. Regulation on Telecommunications Services and Foreign Ownership Restrictions The Telecommunications Regulations, which became effective on September 25, 2000 and have been subsequently amended respectively on July 29,2014 and February 6, 2016, are the core regulations on telecommunications services in China. The Telecommunications Regulations set out basic guidelines ondifferent types of telecommunications business activities, including the distinction between "basic telecommunications services" and "value-addedtelecommunications services." According to the Catalog of Telecommunications Business (2015 Amendment), implemented on March 1, 2016 attached to theTelecommunications Regulations, internet information services are deemed a type of value-added telecommunications services. The TelecommunicationsRegulations require the operators of value-added telecommunications services to obtain value-added telecommunications business operation licenses from MIIT orits provincial delegates prior to the commencement of such services. Under these regulations, if the value-added telecommunications services offered includemobile network information services, the operation license for value-added telecommunications business must include the provision of such services in its coveredscope. We currently, through Guangzhou Huaduo, our PRC consolidated affiliated entity, hold an ICP license, a sub-category of the value-addedtelecommunications business operation license, covering the provision of internet and mobile network information services, issued by the Guangdong branch of theMIIT on February 10, 2012. 58 The Regulations for the Administration of Foreign-Invested Telecommunications Enterprises, or the FITE Regulations, which took effect on January 1,2002 and were amended on September 10, 2008, are the key regulations that regulate foreign direct investment in telecommunications companies in China. TheFITE Regulations stipulate that the foreign investor of a telecommunications enterprise is prohibited from holding more than 50% of the equity interest in aforeign-invested enterprise that provides value-added telecommunications services, including provision of internet content. Moreover, such foreign investor shalldemonstrate a good track record and experience in operating value-added telecommunications services when applying for the value-added telecommunicationsbusiness operation license from the MIIT. On July 13, 2006, the MIIT issued the Circular on Strengthening the Administration of Foreign Investment in Value-added Telecommunications Services,or the MIIT Circular 2006, which requires that (a) foreign investors can only operate a telecommunications business in China through establishing atelecommunications enterprise with a valid telecommunications business operation license; (b) domestic license holders are prohibited from leasing, transferring orselling telecommunications business operation licenses to foreign investors in any form, or providing any resource, sites or facilities to foreign investors tofacilitate the unlicensed operation of telecommunications business in China; (c) value-added telecommunications service providers or their shareholders mustdirectly own the domain names and registered trademarks they use in their daily operations; (d) each value-added telecommunications service provider must havethe necessary facilities for its approved business operations and maintain such facilities in the geographic regions covered by its license; and (e) all value-addedtelecommunications service providers should improve network and information security, enact relevant information safety administration regulations and set upemergency plans to ensure network and information safety. The provincial communications administration bureaus, as local authorities in charge of regulatingtelecommunications services, (a) are required to ensure that existing qualified value-added telecommunications service providers will conduct a self-assessment oftheir compliance with the MIIT Circular 2006 and submit status reports to the MIIT before November 1, 2006; and (b) may revoke the value-addedtelecommunications business operation licenses of those that fail to comply with the above requirements or fail to rectify such non-compliance within specifiedtime limits. Due to the lack of any additional interpretation from the regulatory authorities, it remains unclear what impact MIIT Circular 2006 will have on us orthe other PRC internet companies with similar corporate and contractual structures. To comply with such foreign ownership restrictions, we operate our online social platform and online game businesses in China through GuangzhouHuaduo, which is owned by several PRC citizens and Beijing Tuda. Beijing Tuda is owned by Mr. David Xueling Li. Guangzhou Huaduo and Beijing Tuda areboth controlled by Beijing Huanju Shidai through a series of contractual arrangements. Similarly, we operate our Bilin business through contractual arrangementamong Bilin Changxiang, Bilin Online and its shareholder. See "Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions—B. Related Party Transactions—Contractual Arrangements." Moreover, Guangzhou Huaduo is the registered holder of a majority of the domain names, trademarks and facilities necessary for dailyoperations in compliance with the MIIT Circular 2006. Based on our PRC legal counsel Fangda Partners' understanding of the current PRC laws, rules andregulations, our corporate structure complies with all existing PRC laws and regulations. However, we were further advised by our PRC legal counsel that there aresubstantial uncertainties with respect to the interpretation and application of existing or future PRC laws and regulations and thus there is no assurance that Chinesegovernmental authorities would take a view consistent with the opinions of our PRC legal counsel. Internet Information Services The Administrative Measures on Internet Information Services, or the ICP Measures, issued by the State Council on September 25, 2000 and amended onJanuary 8, 2011, regulate the provision of internet information services. According to the ICP Measures, "internet information services" refer to services thatprovide internet information to online users, and are categorized as either commercial services or non-commercial services. Pursuant to the ICP Measures, internetinformation commercial service providers shall obtain an ICP license, from the relevant local authorities before engaging in the providing of any commercialinternet information services in China. In addition, if the internet information services involve provision of news, publication, education, medicine, health,pharmaceuticals, medical equipment and other services that statutorily require approvals from other additional governmental authorities, such approvals must beobtained before applying for the ICP license. Guangzhou Huaduo presently holds the ICP license on internet and mobile network information services issued bythe Guangdong branch of the MIIT on February 10, 2012. Besides, the ICP Measures and other relevant measures also ban the internet activities that constitute publication of any content that propagates obscenity,pornography, gambling and violence, incite the commission of crimes or infringe upon the lawful rights and interests of third parties, among others. If an internetinformation service provider detects information transmitted on their system that falls within the specifically prohibited scope, such provider must terminate suchtransmission, delete such information immediately, keep records and report to the governmental authorities in charge. Any provider's violation of theseprescriptions will lead to the revocation of its ICP license and, in serious cases, the shutting down of its internet systems. 59 Internet Publication and Cultural Products The Tentative Measures for Internet Publication Administration, or Internet Publication Measures, were jointly promulgated by the GAPP and the MIITon June 27, 2002 and became effective on August 1, 2002. The Internet Publication Measures imposed a license requirement for any company that engages ininternet publishing, which means any act by an internet information service provider to select, edit and process content or programs and to make such content orprograms publicly available on the internet. The provision of online games is deemed an internet publication activity; therefore, an online game operator must(i) obtain an Internet Publishing License so that it can directly offer its online games to the public in the PRC, or (ii) publish its online games through a qualifiedpress entity by entering into an entrustment agreement. Since the Internet Publication Measures has been in place for more than thirteen years, on February 4, 2016, the State Administration of Press,Publication, Radio, Film and Television and the MIIT decided to further regulate order in network publication services management, and issued the Measures forNetwork Publication Service Administration, or Network Publication Measures, which took effect on March 10, 2016 and replaced the Internet PublicationMeasures. According to the Network Publication Measures, engagement in network publication services must be approved by the competent administrativedepartment for publications and a Network Publication Services Permit must be obtained. Pursuant to the Network Publication Measures, network publicationservices refer to the use of information networks to provide the public with network publications, and network publications refer to digital works provided to thepublic through the use of information networks that have characteristics of publication such as editing, creation, or processing. In addition, before online games arepublished to the public, an application must be put forward with the competent administrative departments for publication, and upon verification and consent, suchonline games are to be reported to the State Administration of Press, Publication, Radio, Film and Television. The Rules for the Administration of Electronic Publication, or the Electronic Publication Rules, was issued by the GAPP on February 21, 2008 andbecame effective on April 15, 2008. Under the Electronic Publication Rules and other regulations issued by the GAPP, online games are classified as a kind ofelectronic publication, and publishing of online games is required to be conducted by licensed electronic publishing entities that have been issued standardpublication codes. Pursuant to the Electronic Publication Rules, if a PRC company is contractually authorized to publish foreign electronic publications, it mustobtain the approval of, and register the copyright license contract with, the GAPP. We, through Guangzhou Huaduo, obtained an Internet Publishing License for the publication of online games and mobile phone games on November 7,2011. For more information on the pre-approval by the GAPP, see "—Regulation on Online Games and Foreign Ownership Restrictions." Regulation on Online Games and Foreign Ownership Restrictions On June 3, 2010, the MOC promulgated the Provisional Administration Measures of Online Games, or the Online Game Measures, which came intoeffect on August 1, 2010. The Online Game Measures governs the research, development and operation of online games and the issuance and trading services ofvirtual currency. It specifies that the MOC is responsible for the censorship of imported online games and the filing of records of domestic online games. Theprocedures for the filing of records of domestic online games must be conducted with the MOC within 30 days after the commencement date of the onlineoperation of such online games or the occurrence date of any material alteration of such online games. All operators of online games, issuers of virtual currencies and providers of virtual currency trading services, or Online Game Business Operators, arerequired to obtain Internet Culture Operation Licenses. An Internet Culture Operation License is valid for three years and in case of renewal, the renewalapplication should be submitted 30 days prior to the expiry date of such license. An Online Game Business Operator should request the valid identity certificate ofgame users for registration, and notify the public 60 days ahead of the termination of any online game operations or the transfer of online game operational rights.Online Game Business Operators are also prohibited from (a) setting compulsory matters in the online games without game users' consent; (b) advertising orpromoting the online games that contain prohibited content, such as anything that compromise state security or divulges state secrets; and (c) inducing game usersto input legal currencies or virtual currencies to gain online game products or services, by way of random draw or other incidental means. It also states that the statecultural administration authorities will formulate the compulsory clauses of a standard online game service agreement, which have been promulgated on July 29,2010 and are required to be incorporated into the service agreement entered into between the Online Game Business Operators, with no conflicts with the rest ofclauses in such service agreements. Guangzhou Huaduo holds a valid Internet Culture Operation License that was last updated in December 2013. 60 On July 11, 2008, the General Office of the State Council promulgated the Regulation on Main Functions, Internal Organization and Staffing of theGAPP, or the Regulation on Three Provisions. On September 7, 2009, the Central Organization Establishment Commission issued the correspondinginterpretations, or the Interpretations on Three Provisions. The Regulation on Three Provisions and the Interpretation on Three Provisions granted the MOC overalljurisdiction to regulate the online gaming industry, and granted the GAPP the authority to issue approvals for the internet publication of online games. Specifically,(a) the MOC is empowered to administrate online games (other than the pre-examination and approval before internet publication of online games); (b) subject tothe MOC's overall administration, GAPP is responsible for the pre-examination and approval of the internet publication of online games; and (c) once an onlinegame is launched, the online game will be only administrated and regulated by the MOC. On July 11, 2013, the General Office of the State Council promulgatedthe Provisions on the Main Responsibilities, Internal Institutions and Staffing of GAPP, or the Three-Decision Provisions, which reiterates the restrictionsstipulated in the Regulation on Three Provisions. On November 7, 2011, Guangzhou Huaduo obtained an Internet Publishing License for the publication of onlinegames and mobile phone games. The online games we currently offer are domestically produced games, and are published by third parties qualified to publishonline games. As of March 31, 2016, approximately 46% of the online games available on YY Client were filed with the GAPP as electronic publications, and theothers were still undergoing the filing process. On September 28, 2009, the GAPP, the NCA and the National Working Group to Eliminate Pornography and Illegal Publications jointly issued theCircular on Consistent Implementation of the Stipulation on the Three Determinations of the State Council and the Relevant Interpretations of the StateCommission for Public Sector Reform and the Further Strengthening of the Pre-approval of Online Games and the Approval and Examination of Imported OnlineGames, or Circular 13. Circular 13 explicitly prohibits foreign investors from directly or indirectly engaging in online gaming business in China, including throughvariable interest entity structures, or VIE Structures. Foreign investors are not allowed to indirectly control or participate in PRC operating companies' online gameoperations, whether (a) by establishing other joint ventures, entering into contractual arrangements or providing technical support for such operating companies; or(b) in a disguised form such as by incorporating or directing user registration, user account management or game card consumption into online gaming platformsthat are ultimately controlled or owned by foreign companies. Circular 13 reiterates that the GAPP is responsible for the examination and approval of the importand publication of online games and states that downloading from the internet is considered a publication activity, which is subject to approval from the GAPP.Violations of Circular 13 will result in severe penalties. For detailed analysis, see "D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure and Our Industry—We may be adversely affected by thecomplexity, uncertainties and changes in PRC regulation of internet business and companies." Anti-fatigue Compliance System and Real-name Registration System On April 15, 2007, in order to curb addictive online game-playing by minors, eight PRC government authorities, including the GAPP, the Ministry ofEducation, the Ministry of Public Security and the MIIT, jointly issued a circular requiring the implementation of an anti-fatigue compliance system and a real-name registration system by all PRC online game operators. Under the anti-fatigue compliance system, three hours or less of continuous playing by minors, definedas game players under 18 years of age, is considered to be "healthy", three to five hours is deemed "fatiguing", and five hours or more is deemed "unhealthy."Game operators are required to reduce the value of in-game benefits to a game player by half if it discovers that the amount of a time a game player spends onlinehas reached the "fatiguing" level, and to zero in the case of the "unhealthy" level. To identify whether a game player is a minor and thus subject to the anti-fatigue compliance system, a real-name registration system should be adopted torequire online game players to register their real identity information before playing online games. Pursuant to a notice issued by the relevant eight governmentauthorities on July 1, 2011, online game operators must submit the identity information of game players to the National Citizen Identity Information Center, asubordinate public institution of the Ministry of Public Security, for verification as of October 1, 2011. 61 We have developed and implemented an anti-fatigue and compulsory real-name registration system in all our online games, and will cooperate with theNational Citizen Identity Information Center to launch the identity verification system upon the issuance of relevant implementing rules. For game players who donot provide verified identity information, we assume that they are minors under 18 years of age. In order to comply with the anti-fatigue rules, we set up oursystem so that after three hours of playing our online games, minors only receive half of the virtual items or other in-game benefits they would otherwise earn, andafter playing for more than five hours, minors would receive no in-game benefits. These restrictions could limit our ability to increase our online games businessamong minors. Furthermore, if these restrictions were expanded to apply to adult game players in the future, our online games business could be materially andadversely affected. See "D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure and Our Industry—Intensified government regulation of the internet industryin China could restrict our ability to maintain or increase our user level or the level of user traffic to our YY platform. Virtual Currency On January 25, 2007, the Ministry of Public Security, the MOC, the MIIT and the GAPP jointly issued a circular regarding online gambling which hasimplications for the issuance and use of virtual currency. To curtail online games that involve online gambling while addressing concerns that virtual currencymight be used for money laundering or illicit trade, the circular (a) prohibits online game operators from charging commissions in the form of virtual currency inconnection with winning or losing of games; (b) requires online game operators to impose limits on use of virtual currency in guessing and betting games; (c) bansthe conversion of virtual currency into real currency or property; and (d) prohibits services that enable game players to transfer virtual currency to other players. Tocomply with the relevant section of the circular that bans the conversion of virtual currency into real currency or property, in relation to online music andentertainment, our virtual currency currently can only be used by users to exchange into virtual items to be used to show support for performers or gain access toprivileges and special features in the channels which are services in nature instead of "real currency or property." Once the virtual currency is exchanged by usersfor virtual items or the relevant privileged services, the conversion transaction is completed and we immediately cancel the virtual item in our internal system. Inthe case of virtual items used as gifts to performers, we cancel the virtual items and record corresponding points for the benefit of the performers and the channelowners, which are then used as basis for the revenue-sharing calculation pursuant to arrangements among us, certain popular performers and channel owners. In February 2007, 14 PRC regulatory authorities jointly issued a circular to further strengthen the oversight of internet cafes and online games. Inaccordance with the circular, the People's Bank of China, or PBOC, has the authority to regulate virtual currency, including: (a) setting limits on the aggregateamount of virtual currency that can be issued by online game operators and the amount of virtual currency that can be purchased by an individual; (b) stipulatingthat virtual currency issued by online game operators can only be used for purchasing virtual products and services within the online games and not for purchasingtangible or physical products; (c) requiring that the price for redemption of virtual currency shall not exceed the respective original purchase price; and (d) banningthe trading of virtual currency. On June 4, 2009, the MOC and the MOFCOM jointly issued a notice to strengthen the administration of online game virtual currency. The VirtualCurrency Notice requires businesses that (a) issue online game virtual currency (in the form of prepaid cards and/or pre-payment or prepaid card points), or(b) offer online game virtual currency transaction services to apply for approval from the MOC through its provincial branches within three months after theissuance of the notice. The Virtual Currency Notice prohibits businesses that issue online game virtual currency from providing services that would enable thetrading of such virtual currency. Any business that fails to submit the requisite application will be subject to sanctions, including, without limitation, mandatorycorrective measures and fines. Under the Virtual Currency Notice, an online game virtual currency transaction service provider means a business providing platform services relating totrading of online game virtual currency among game users. The Virtual Currency Notice further requires an online game virtual currency transaction serviceprovider to comply with relevant e-commerce regulations issued by the MOFCOM. According to the Guiding Opinions on Online Trading (Interim) issued by theMOFCOM on March 6, 2007, online platform services are trading services provided to online buyers and sellers through a computer information system operatedby the service provider. 62 The Virtual Currency Notice regulates, among others, the amount of virtual currency a business can issue, the retention period of user records, thefunction of virtual currency and the return of unused virtual currency upon the termination of online services. It prohibits online game operators from distributingvirtual items or virtual currency to players based on random selection through lucky draw, wager or lottery which involves cash or virtual currency directly paid bythe players. The Virtual Currency Notice bans the issuance of virtual currency by game operators to game players through means other than purchases with legalcurrency. Any business that does not provide online game virtual currency transaction services is required to adopt technical measures to restrict the transfer ofonline game virtual currency among accounts of different game players. In addition, the Online Game Measures promulgated in June 2010 further provide that (i) virtual currency may only be used to purchase services andproducts provided by the online service provider that issues the currency; (ii) the purpose of issuing virtual currency shall not be malicious appropriation of theuser's advance payment; (iii) the storage period of online gamers' purchase record shall not be shorter than 180 days; (iv) the types, price and total amount ofvirtual currency shall be filed with the cultural administration department at the provincial level. The Online Game Measures stipulate that virtual currency serviceproviders may not provide virtual currency transaction services to minors or for online games that fail to obtain the necessary approval or filings, and that suchproviders should keep transaction records, accounting records and other relevant information for its users for at least 180 days. Online Music and Entertainment On November 20, 2006, the MOC issued Several Suggestions of the MOC on the Development and Administration of Internet Music, or the Suggestions,which became effective on the same date. The Suggestions, among other things, reiterate the requirement for an internet service provider to obtain an InternetCulture Operation License to carry out any business relating to internet music products. In addition, foreign investors are prohibited from operating internet culturebusinesses. However, the laws and regulations on internet music products are still evolving, and there have not been any provisions clarifying whether musicproducts will be regulated by the Suggestions or how such regulation would be carried out. On August 18, 2009, the MOC promulgated the Notice on Strengthening and Improving the Content Review of Online Music, or the Online MusicNotice. According to the Online Music Notice, only "internet culture operating entities" approved by the MOC may engage in the production, release,dissemination (including providing direct links to music products) and importation of online music products. The content of online music shall be reviewed by orfiled with the MOC. Internet culture operating entities should establish a strict self-monitoring system of online music content and set up a special department incharge of such monitoring. On October 23, 2015, the MOC promulgated the Notice on Further Strengthening and Improving the Content Management of OnlineMusic, which stiputed that operating entities shall carry out self-examination in respect of the content management of online music, which shall be regulated by thecultural administration departments in process or afterwards. Guangzhou Huaduo holds a valid Internet Culture Operation License covering our provision of online music. More than 99% of the music offered on ourwebsites is sung by grassroots performers along with recorded music. If any music provided through our platform is found to lack necessary filings and/orapprovals, we could be requested to cease providing such music or be subject to claims from third parties or penalties from the MOC or its local branches. See "D.Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure and Our Industry—If our PRC consolidated affiliated entities fail to obtain and maintain the requisitelicenses and approvals required under the complex regulatory environment for internet-based businesses in China, our business, financial condition and results ofoperations may be materially and adversely affected." Moreover, the unauthorized posting of online music on our platform by third parties may expose us to therisk of administrative penalties and intellectual property infringement lawsuits. See "D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business—We may be held liable forinformation or content displayed on, retrieved from or linked to our platform, or distributed to our users, and PRC authorities may impose legal sanctions on us,including, in serious cases, suspending or revoking the licenses necessary to operate our platform" and "PRC Regulation—Intellectual Property Rights—CopyrightLaw." In 2011, the MOC greatly intensified its regulation of the provision of online music products. According to the series of Notices on Clearing OnlineMusic Products that are in Violation of Relevant Regulations promulgated by the MOC since January 7, 2011, entities that provide any the following will besubject to relevant penalties or sanctions imposed by the MOC: (a) online music products or relevant services without obtaining corresponding qualifications,(b) imported online music products that have not passed the content review of the MOC or (c) domestically developed online music products that have not beenfiled with the MOC. Thus far, we believe that we have eliminated from our platform any online music products that may fall into the scope of those prohibitedonline music products thereunder. 63 Online Transmission of Audio-Visual Programs The Measures for the Administration of Publication of Audio-Visual Programs through Internet or Other Information Network, or the Audio-VisualMeasures, promulgated by the SARFT on July 6, 2004 and put into effect on October 11, 2004, apply to the activities relating to the opening, broadcasting,integration, transmission or download of audio-visual programs using internet or other information network. Under the Audio-Visual Measures, to engage in thebusiness of transmitting audio-visual programs, a license issued by SARFT is required. Foreign invested enterprises are not allowed to carry out such business. On April 13, 2005, the State Council promulgated the Certain Decisions on the Entry of the Non-state-owned Capital into the Cultural Industry. OnJuly 6, 2005, five PRC governmental authorities, including the MOC, the SARFT, the GAPP, the CSRC and the MOFCOM, jointly adopted the Several Opinionson Canvassing Foreign Investment into the Cultural Sector. According to these regulations, non-state-owned capital and foreign investors are not allowed toengage in the business of transmitting audio-visual programs through information networks. To further regulate the provision of audio-visual program services to the public via the internet, including through mobile networks, within the territory ofthe PRC, the SARFT and the MIIT jointly promulgated the Administrative Provisions on Internet Audio-Visual Program Service, or the Audio-Visual ProgramProvisions, on December 20, 2007, which came into effect on January 31, 2008. Providers of internet audio-visual program services are required to obtain aLicense for Online Transmission of Audio-Visual Programs issued by SARFT, or complete certain registration procedures with SARFT. In general, providers ofinternet audio-visual program services must be either state-owned or state-controlled entities, and the business to be carried out by such providers must satisfy theoverall planning and guidance catalog for internet audio-visual program service determined by SARFT. In a press conference jointly held by SARFT and MIIT toanswer questions relating to the Audio-Visual Program Provisions in February 2008, SARFT and MIIT clarified that providers of internet audio-visual programservices who engaged in such services prior to the promulgation of the Audio-Visual Program Provisions are eligible to register their business and continue theiroperation of internet audio-visual program services so long as those providers did not violate the relevant laws and regulations in the past. On May 21, 2008,SARFT issued a Notice on Relevant Issues Concerning Application and Approval of License for the Online Transmission of Audio-Visual Programs, which furthersets out detailed provisions concerning the application and approval process regarding the License for Online Transmission of Audio-Visual Programs. The noticealso states that providers of internet audio-visual program services that engaged in such services prior to the promulgation of the Audio-Visual Program Provisionsare eligible to apply for the license so long as their violation of the laws and regulations is minor in scope and can be rectified in a timely manner and they have norecords of violation during the last three months prior to the promulgation of the Audio-Visual Program Provisions. Further, on March 31, 2009, SARFTpromulgated the Notice on Strengthening the Administration of the Content of Internet Audio-Visual Programs, which reiterates the pre-approval requirements forthe audio-visual programs transmitted via the internet, including through mobile networks, where applicable, and prohibits certain types of internet audio-visualprograms containing violence, pornography, gambling, terrorism, superstition or other similarly prohibited elements. On March 17, 2010, the SARFT issued the Internet Audio-visual Program Services Categories (Provisional), or the Provisional Categories, whichclassified internet audio-visual program services into four categories. Guangzhou Huaduo holds a valid License for Online Transmission of Audio-Visual Programs with the business classification of converging and play-on-demand service for certain kinds of audio-visual programs—literary, artistic and entertaining—as prescribed in the Provisional Categories. Production of Radio and Television Programs On July 19, 2004, the SARFT issued the Regulations on the Administration of Production of Radio and Television Programs, or the Radio and TVPrograms Regulations, which become effective on August 20, 2004. The Radio and TV Programs Regulations require any entities engaging in the production ofradio and television programs to obtain a license for such businesses from the SARFT or its provincial branches. Entities with the License for Production andOperation of Radio and TV Programs must conduct their business operations strictly in compliance with the approved scope of production and operations and theseentities (except radio and TV stations) must not produce radio and TV programs regarding current political news or similar subjects. 64 Guangzhou Huaduo holds an effective License for Production and Operation of Radio and TV Programs, issued on October 8, 2011, covering theproduction, reproduction and publication of broadcasting plays, TV dramas, cartoons (excluding production), special subjects, special columns (excluding currentpolitical news category) and entertainment programs. Regulation on Internet Bulletin Board Services On November 6, 2000, the MIIT promulgated the Administrative Measures on Internet Bulletin Board Services, or BBS Measures, which requiredcommercial internet information service providers which provide bulletin boards, discussion forums, chat rooms or similar services, or BBS services, to obtainspecific approval from the competent telecommunications authorities. Commercial internet information service providers are also required to conspicuouslydisplay their ICP license numbers and the rules of the BBS and inform users of the possible legal liabilities and consequences for posting improper comments.Although the BBS Measures were abandoned in July 2010 by the State Council, certain telecommunication authorities still require online bulletin board services beitemized in ICP license if an ICP license holder intends to provide such services. Online Education Services On July 5, 2000, the Ministry of Education promulgated the Measures for the Administration of Educational Websites and Online Schools, or EducationalWebsites Measures. Accordingly, an entity that operates educational websites and online schools is required to obtain prior approval from the competentadministrative educational authorities. Educational websites are defined as institutions which establish online information databases by collecting, editing andstoring educational information or establish online platform and search tools for educational purposes, and which provide public educational information to websitevisitors or users through the internet or educational TV stations. These measures also include specific provisions regarding the qualifications and procedures forobtaining the approval for operating educational websites. We currently offer some education-related services on our platform and have obtained approval fromrelevant authorities to provide online education content on edu.YY.com and 100.com, on January 17, 2013 and January 16, 2014, respectively. On February 3, 2016, the State Council promulgated the Decision on Cancelling the Second Group of 152 Administrative Approval Items Designated bythe Central Government for Implementation by Local Governments, which cancelled the approval for educational websites and online schools required underEducational Websites Measures. Regulation on Advertising Business and Conditions on Foreign Investment The SAIC is the primary governmental authority regulating advertising activities in China. Regulations that apply to advertising business primarilyinclude: ·Advertisement Law of the People's Republic of China, promulgated by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress on October 27, 1994and amended on April 24, 2015 and effective since September 1, 2015; ·Administrative Regulations for Advertising, promulgated by the State Council on October 26, 1987 and effective since December 1, 1987; and ·Implementation Rules for the Administrative Regulations for Advertising, promulgated by the State Council on January 9, 1988 and amended onDecember 3, 1998, December 1, 2000 and November 30, 2004, respectively. According to the above regulations, companies that engage in advertising activities must each obtain, from the SAIC or its local branches, a businesslicense which specifically includes operating an advertising business in its business scope. An enterprise engaging in advertising business within the specificationsin its business scope does not need to apply for an advertising operation license, provided that such enterprise is not a radio station, television station, newspaper ormagazine publisher or any other entity otherwise specified in the relevant laws or administrative regulations. Enterprises conducting advertising activities withoutsuch a license may be subject to penalties, including fines, confiscation of advertising income and orders to cease advertising operations. The business license of anadvertising company is valid for the duration of its existence, unless the license is suspended or revoked due to a violation of any relevant laws or regulations. 65 PRC advertising laws and regulations set certain content requirements for advertisements in China, including, among other things, prohibitions on false ormisleading content, superlative wording, socially destabilizing content or content involving obscenities, superstition, violence, discrimination or infringement ofthe public interest. Advertisers, advertising agencies, and advertising distributors are required to ensure that the content of the advertisements they prepare ordistribute is true and in complete compliance with applicable laws. In providing advertising services, advertising operators and advertising distributors must reviewthe supporting documents provided by advertisers for advertisements and verify that the content of the advertisements complies with applicable PRC laws andregulations. Prior to distributing advertisements that are subject to government censorship and approval, advertising distributors are obligated to verify that suchcensorship has been performed and approval has been obtained. Violation of these regulations may result in penalties, including fines, confiscation of advertisingincome, orders to cease dissemination of the advertisements and orders to publish an advertisement correcting the misleading information. Where seriousviolations occur, the SAIC or its local branches may revoke such offenders' licenses or permits for their advertising business operations. Under the Administrative Regulations on Foreign-Invested Advertising Enterprises, promulgated in 2008, there is no longer any maximum foreignshareholding percentage restriction applicable to foreign-invested advertising enterprises. However, foreign investors are required to have at least three years priorexperience of operating an advertising business outside of China as their main business before receiving approval to directly own a 100% interest in an advertisingcompany in China. Foreign investors with at least two years prior experience of operating an advertising business outside China as their main business are allowedto establish a joint venture with domestic advertising enterprises to operate an advertising business in China. Intellectual Property Rights Software Registration The State Council and the NCA have promulgated various rules and regulations and rules relating to protection of software in China. According to theserules and regulations, software owners, licensees and transferees may register their rights in software with the SCB or its local branches and obtain softwarecopyright registration certificates. Although such registration is not mandatory under PRC law, software owners, licensees and transferees are encouraged to gothrough the registration process and registered software rights may be entitled to better protections. For the number of software programs for which we hadregistered rights as of December 31, 2015, see "Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Intellectual Property." Patents The National People's Congress adopted the Patent Law of the People's Republic of China in 1984 and amended it in 1992, 2000 and 2008, respectively.A patentable invention, utility model or design must meet three conditions: novelty, inventiveness and practical applicability. Patents cannot be granted forscientific discoveries, rules and methods for intellectual activities, methods used to diagnose or treat diseases, animal and plant breeds or substances obtained bymeans of nuclear transformation. The Patent Office under the State Intellectual Property Office is responsible for receiving, examining and approving patentapplications. A patent is valid for a twenty-year term for an invention and a ten-year term for a utility model or design, starting from the application date. Exceptunder certain specific circumstances provided by law, any third party user must obtain consent or a proper license from the patent owner to use the patent, or elsethe use will constitute an infringement of the rights of the patent holder. For the number of patents we had and the number of patent applications we made as ofDecember 31, 2015, see "Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Intellectual Property." Copyright Law The Copyright Law of the People's Republic of China, promulgated in 1990 and amended in 2001 and 2010, or the Copyright Law, and its relatedimplementing regulations, promulgated in 2002 and amended in 2013, are the principal laws and regulations governing the copyright related matters. The amendedCopyright law covers internet activities, products disseminated over the internet and software products, among the subjects entitled to copyright protections.Registration of copyright is voluntary, and is administrated by the China Copyright Protection Center. 66 To further clarify some key internet copyright issues, on December 27, 2012, the PRC Supreme People's Court promulgated the Regulation on SeveralIssues Concerning Applicable Laws on Trial of Civil Disputes over the Infringement of Information Network Transmission Right, or the 2013 Regulation. The2013 Regulation took effect on January 1, 2013, and replaced the Interpretations on Some Issues Concerning Applicable Laws for Trial of Disputes over InternetCopyright that was initially adopted in 2000 and subsequently amended in 2004 and 2006. Under the 2013 Regulation, where an internet information serviceprovider work in cooperation with others to jointly provide works, performances, audio and video products of which the right holders have information networktransmission right, such behavior will constitute joint infringement of third parties' information network transmission right, and the PRC court shall order suchinternet information service provider to assume join liability for such infringement. If an internet information service provider can prove that it has only providednetwork services through automatic access, automatic transmission, data storage space, search functions, links, document sharing technology, etc., and therebyargues that it has not been involved in any alleged joint infringement, the PRC court shall find in favor of such internet information service provider. If an internetinformation service provider fails to delete, block, disconnect or take other necessary measures, or if it provides technological support or other aid when it knowsor should have known of the network user's infringement on the information network transmission right, the PRC court shall find that such aid constitutescontributory infringement. The PRC court shall determine whether an internet information service provider is liable for abetting or contributory infringementaccording to its findings on the degree of fault of the internet information service provider. The fault of the internet information service provider is determinedaccording to various criteria, including situations where such provider knew or should have known of the network user's infringement against third party'sinformation network transmission right. If an internet information service provider can prove it has adopted fairly reasonable and effective technological measures,and yet still finds it difficult to discover infringement against information network transmission conducted by the network user, the PRC court shall find suchprovider to be not at fault. Where an internet information service provider promotes popular video and films through setting up a list, directory, index, descriptiveparagraph, briefing or other means of recommendation, and the public can download, browse or acquire them through other methods directly from the internetinformation service provider's webpage, the PRC court may find that such provider knew of the network user's infringement on the information networktransmission right of others. Under the Copyright Law and its implementation rules, anyone infringing upon the copyrights of others is subject to various civil liabilities, whichinclude stopping the infringement, eliminating the damages, apologizing to the copyright owners and compensating the copyright owners for such owners' actualand other losses resulting from such infringement. If the actual loss of the copyright owner is difficult to calculate, the income received by the offender as a resultof the copyright infringement shall be deemed to be the actual loss; or if such income is in itself difficult to calculate, the relevant PRC court may decide theamount of the actual loss up to RMB500,000 for each infringement. To address the problem of copyright infringement related to content posted or transmitted on the internet, the PRC National Copyright Administration andMIIT jointly promulgated the Measures for Administrative Protection of Copyright Related to Internet on April 29, 2005. These measures, which became effectiveon May 30, 2005, apply to acts of automatically providing services such as uploading, storing, linking or searching works, audio or video products, or othercontents through the internet based on the instructions of internet users who publish contents on the internet, or the Internet Content Providers, without editing,amending or selecting any stored or transmitted content. When imposing administrative penalties upon the act which infringes upon any users' right ofcommunication through information networks, the Measures for Imposing Copyright Administrative Penalties, promulgated in 2009, shall be applied. Where a copyright holder finds that certain internet content infringes upon its copyright and sends a notice to the relevant internet information serviceoperator, the relevant internet information service operator is required to (i) immediately take measures to remove the relevant contents, and (ii) retain allinfringement notices for six months and to record the content, display time and IP addresses or the domain names related to the infringement for 60 days. After anycontent is removed by an internet information service operator according to the notice of a copyright holder, the content provider may deliver a counter-notice toboth the internet information service operator and the copyright holder, stating that the removed content does not infringe upon the copyright of other parties. Afterthe delivery of such counter-notice, the internet information service operator may immediately reinstate the removed contents and shall not bear administrativelegal liability for such reinstatement. 67 An internet information service operator may be subject to cease-and-desist orders and other administrative penalties such as confiscation of illegalincome and fines, if it is clearly aware of a copyright infringement through the internet or, although not aware of such infringement, it fails to take measures toremove relevant content upon receipt of the copyright owner's notice of infringement and, as a result, damages public interests. Where there is no evidence toindicate that an internet information service operator is clearly aware of the existence of copyright infringement, or the internet information service operator hastaken measures to remove relevant contents upon receipt of the copyright owner's notice, the internet information service provider shall not bear the relevantadministrative legal liabilities. On May 18, 2006, the State Council issued the Protection of the Right of Communication through Information Network, which took effect on July 1,2006 and amended on January 30, 2013. Under this regulation, an internet information service provider may be exempt from indemnification liabilities under thefollowing circumstances: ·any internet information service provider that provides automatic internet access service upon instructions from its users or provides automatictransmission service for works, performances and audio-visual products provided by its users are not required to assume indemnification liabilities if (a) ithas not chosen or altered the transmitted works, performance and audio-visual products and (b) it provides such works, performances and audio-visualproducts to the designated users and prevents any person other than such designated users from obtaining access. ·any internet information service provider that, for the sake of improving network transmission efficiency, automatically stores and provides to its ownusers the relevant works, performances and audio-visual products obtained from any other internet information service providers, are not required toassume the indemnification liabilities if (a) it has not altered any of the works, performance or audio-visual products that are automatically stored; (b) ithas not affected such original internet information service provider in holding the information about where the users obtain the relevant works,performance and audio-visual products; and (c) when the original internet information service provider revises, deletes or shields the works, performancesand audio-visual products, it will automatically revise, delete or shield the same. ·any internet information service provider that provides its users with information memory space for such users to provide the works, performances andaudio-visual products to the general public via an informational network are not required to assume the indemnification liabilities if (a) it clearly indicatesthat the information memory space is provided to the users and publicizes its own name, contact person and web address; (b) it has not altered the works,performance and audio-visual products that are provided by the users; (c) it is not aware of or has no reason to know that the works, performances andaudio-visual products provided by the users infringe upon the copyrights of others; (d) it has not directly derived any economic benefit from the providingof the works, performances and audio-visual products by its users; and (e) after receiving a notice from the copyright holder, it promptly deletes theallegedly infringing works, performances and audio-visual products pursuant to the relevant regulation. Since 2005, the NCA, together with certain other PRC governmental authorities, have jointly launched annual campaigns specifically aimed to crackdown on internet copyright infringement and piracy in China; these campaigns normally last for three to four months every year. According to the Notice of 2010Campaign to Crack Down on Internet Infringement and Piracy promulgated by the NCA, the Ministry of Public Security and the MIIT on July 19, 2010, the 2010campaign mainly targeted internet audio and video programs, literature websites, online games, animation, software and art works related to Shanghai World Expoand Guangzhou Asian Games. During the 2010 campaign, starting from late July to the end of October 2010, the local branches of NCA focused on popularmovies and TV series, newly published books, online games and animation, music and software and various illegal activities, including, for example, illegaluploading or transmission of a thirty party's works without proper license or permission, sales of pirated audio-video and software through e-commerce platforms,providing search links, information storage, web hosting or internet access services for third parties engaging in copyright infringement or piracy of copyrightedworks and the infringement by use of mobile media. In serious cases, the operating permits of the websites engaging illegal activities were revoked, and suchwebsites were ordered to shut down. We have adopted measures to mitigate copyright infringement risks. For instance, we have established a routine reporting and registration system that isupdated on a monthly basis, and we require performers, channel owners and users to acknowledge and agree that (a) they would not perform or upload copyrightedcontent without proper authorization and (b) that they will indemnify us for any relevant copyright infringement claims in relation to their activities on ourplatform. 68 If, despite these precautions, such procedures fail to effectively prevent unauthorized posting or use of copyrighted content or the infringement of otherthird party rights on YY platform, and the PRC courts find that certain safe harbor exemptions under PRC laws are not applicable to us because, for instance, acourt finds that we knew or should have known about such infringement or that we have directly derived economic benefits from allowing such infringementactivities on our platform, we may be held jointly and severally liable with the performers, channel owners or other infringement parties in lawsuits initiated by therelevant third party copyright holders or authorized users. Moreover, we may be held directly liable for the infringement activities of such performers or channelowners on YY platform, if the PRC courts view them as our employees or agents, deem us to have control over their activities on our platform and the content theyupload or otherwise make available on our platform, and determine that we have knowingly uploaded such infringing contents on our platform. See "D. RiskFactors—Risks Related to Our Business—We may be subject to intellectual property infringement claims or other allegations, which could result in our paymentof substantial damages, penalties and fines, removal of relevant content from our website or seeking license arrangements which may not be available oncommercially reasonable terms." Domain Name In September 2002, the CNNIC issued the Implementing Rules for Domain Name Registration setting forth detailed rules for registration of domainnames, which was amended on May 29, 2012. On November 5, 2004, the MIIT promulgated the Measures for Administration of Domain Names for the ChineseInternet, or the Domain Name Measures. The Domain Name Measures regulate the registration of domain names, such as the first tier domain name ".cn." On May28, 2012, the CNNIC issued the Measures on Domain Name Dispute Resolution and relevant implementing rules, pursuant to which the CNNIC can authorize adomain name dispute resolution institution to decide disputes. For the number of domain names we registered as of December 31, 2015, see "Item 4. Informationon the Company—B. Business Overview—Intellectual Property." Trademark The PRC Trademark Law, adopted in 1982 and amended in 1993, 2001and 2013, with its implementation rules adopted in 2014, protects registeredtrademarks. The Trademark Office of the SAIC handles trademark registrations and grants a protection term of ten years to registered trademarks. Trademarklicense agreements must be filed with the Trademark Office for record. For the number of trademarks we had and trademark applications we had made as ofDecember 31, 2015, see "Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Intellectual Property." Internet Infringement On December 26, 2009, the Standing Committee of National People's Congress promulgated the Tort Law of the People's Republic of China, or the TortLaw, which became effective on July 1, 2010. Under the Tort Law, an internet user or an internet service provider that infringes upon the civil rights or interests ofothers through using the internet assumes tort liability. If an internet user infringes upon the civil rights or interests of another through using the internet, the personbeing infringed upon has the right to notify and request the internet service provider whose internet services are facilitating the infringement to take necessarymeasures including the deletion, blocking or disconnection of an internet link. If, after being notified, the internet service provider fails to take necessary measuresin a timely manner to end the infringement, it will be jointly and severally liable for any additional harm caused by its failure to act. According to the Tort Law,civil rights and interests include the personal rights and rights of property, such as the right to life, right to health, right to name, right to reputation, right to honor,right of portraiture, right of privacy, right of marital autonomy, right of guardianship, right to ownership, right to usufruct, right to security interests, copyright,patent right, exclusive right to use trademarks, right to discovery, right to equity interests and right of heritage, among others. Regulation of Internet Content The PRC government has promulgated measures relating to internet content through a number of governmental agencies, including the MIIT, the MOCand the GAPP. These measures specifically prohibit internet activities, such as the operation of online games, that result in the publication of any content which isfound to contain, among others, propagate obscenity, gambling or violence, instigate crimes, undermine public morality or the cultural traditions of the PRC, orcompromise state security or secrets. If an ICP license holder violates these measures, its ICP license may be revoked and its websites may be shut down by therelevant government agencies. 69 Moreover, according to the Notice on the Work of Purification of Online Games jointly issued by the MOC, the MIIT and other governmental authoritiesin June 2005, online games in China are required to be registered and filed as software products in accordance with the Administrative Measures on SoftwareProducts, promulgated in 2000, and amended in 2009. In addition, pursuant to the Notice on Enhancing the Content Review Work of Online Game Productspromulgated by the MOC in 2004, imported online games are subject to content review by the MOC prior to being offered to Chinese internet users. Information Security and Censorship Internet content in China is regulated and restricted from a state security standpoint. Internet companies in China are required to complete security filingprocedures and regularly update information security and censorship systems for their websites with local public security bureau. The PRC Law on Preservation ofState Secrets, which became effective on October 1, 2010 requires an internet information services providers to discontinue disseminating any information thatmay be deemed to be leaked state secrets and to report such incidents in a timely manner to the state security and public security authorities. Failure to do so in atimely and adequate manner may subject the internet information services providers to liability and certain penalties given by the Ministry of State Security, theMinistry of Public Security and/or the MIIT or their respective local branches. On December 13, 2005, the Ministry of Public Security promulgated Provisions on Technological Measures for Internet Security Protection, or theInternet Protection Measures, which took effect on March 1, 2006. The Internet Protection Measures requires all internet information services operators to takeproper measures including anti-virus, data back-up and other related measures, and keep records of certain information about their users (including user registrationinformation, log-in and log-out time, IP address, content and time of posts by users) for at least 60 days and submit the above information as required by laws andregulations. The National People's Congress, China's national legislative body, enacted the Decisions on the Maintenance of Internet Security on December 28, 2000,that may subject persons to criminal liabilities in China for any attempt to: (i) gain improper entry to a computer or system of strategic importance; (ii) disseminatepolitically disruptive information; (iii) leak state secrets; (iv) spread false commercial information or (v) infringe upon intellectual property rights. In 1997, the Ministry of Public Security issued the Administration Measures on the Security Protection of Computer Information Network withInternationally Connections (2011 amendment), which prohibit using the internet in ways which, among others, result in a leakage of state secrets or a spread ofsocially destabilizing content. The Ministry of Public Security has supervision and inspection powers in this regard, and relevant local security bureaus may alsohave jurisdiction. If an ICP license holder violates these measures, the PRC government may revoke its ICP license and shut down its websites. On December 28, 2012, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress reiterated relevant rules on the protection of internet information byissuing the Decision on Strengthening the Protection of Network Information, or the 2012 Decision. The 2012 Decision distinctly clarified certain relevantobligations of the internet information service provider. For example, the 2012 Decision specifies that the internet information service provider should takerelevant technical measures and other necessary actions to prevent the leakage, damage or loss of each user's personal information collected in the internetinformation service provider's operation activities, and shall take remedial measures when the leakage, damage or loss of the citizen's personal information occursor may possibly occur. Once it discovers any transmission or disclosure of information prohibited by the relevant laws and regulations, the internet informationservice provider shall stop transmission of such information, take measures such as elimination, keeping relevant record, and reporting to relevant authorities. To comply with the above laws and regulations, we have established an internet information security department to implement measures on informationfiltering. For example, we have adopted a voice monitor system, and installed on our platform various alerts on sensitive words or abnormal activities of users,channels or groups. We also have a dedicated team that maintains 24-hour surveillance on the information posted on our platform, with different categories formonitoring purposes, according to subject and content. We have also established and follow a strict review process and storage system of relevant records which,in combination with various information security measures, have effectively prevented the public dissemination of statutory prohibited information through ourwebsites in the past. We intend to continue to further update our measurements and system and work closely with relevant authorities to avoid any violation ofrelevant laws and regulations in the future. 70 Privacy Protection PRC laws and regulations do not prohibit internet content providers from collecting and analyzing their users' personal information if appropriateauthorizations are obtained. We require our users to accept a user agreement whereby they agree to provide certain personal information to us. PRC laws andregulations prohibit internet content providers from disclosing any information transmitted by users through their networks to any third parties without theirauthorization unless otherwise permitted by law. If an internet content provider violates these regulations, the MIIT or its local bureaus may impose penalties andthe internet content provider may be liable for damages caused to its users. Regulation of Foreign Currency Exchange and Dividend Distribution Foreign Currency Exchange. The core regulations governing foreign currency exchange in China are the Foreign Exchange AdministrationRegulations, as amended in August 2008, or the FEA Regulations. Under the FEA Regulations, the Renminbi is freely convertible for current account items,including the distribution of dividends, interest payments, trade- and service-related foreign exchange transactions, but not for capital account items, such as directinvestments, loans, repatriation of investments and investments in securities outside of China, unless the prior approval of the SAFE is obtained and priorregistration with the SAFE is made. On August 29, 2008, SAFE promulgated Circular 142 to regulate the conversion of foreign currency into Renminbi by aforeign-invested enterprise by restricting the ways in which the converted Renminbi may be used. Circular 142 stipulates that the registered capital of a foreign-invested enterprise that has been settled in Renminbi converted from foreign currencies may only be used for purposes within the business scope approved by theapplicable governmental authority and cannot be used for equity investments within the PRC. Meanwhile, the SAFE strengthened its oversight of the flow and useof the registered capital of a foreign-invested enterprise settled in Renminbi converted from foreign currencies. The use of such Renminbi capital may not bechanged without the SAFE's approval, and may not in any case be repayment of Renminbi loans if the proceeds of such loans have not been used. Since SAFE Circular 142 has been in place for more than five years, in 2014, SAFE decided to further reform the foreign exchange administration systemin order to satisfy and facilitate the business and capital operations of foreign invested enterprises, and issued the Circular on the Relevant Issues Concerning theLaunch of Reforming Trial of the Administration Model of the Settlement of Foreign Currency Capital of Foreign-Invested Enterprises in Certain Areas on July 4,2014, or SAFE Circular 36. SAFE Circular 36 suspends the application of SAFE Circular 142 in certain areas and allows a foreign-invested enterprise registered insuch areas to use the RMB capital converted from foreign currency registered capital for equity investments within the PRC, which will be regarded as thereinvestment of foreign-invested enterprise. On March 30, 2015, SAFE issued the Circular on the Reforming of the Management Method of the Settlement ofForeign Currency Capital of Foreign-Invested Enterprises, or SAFE Circular 19, which took effect on June 1, 2015, and replaced SAFE Circular 142 and SAFECircular 36. Under SAFE Circular 19, a foreign-invested enterprise may also choose to convert its registered capital from foreign currency to RMB on adiscretionary basis, and the RMB capital so converted can be used for equity investments within PRC, which will be regarded as the reinvestment of foreign-invested enterprise. Dividend Distribution. The Foreign Investment Enterprise Law, promulgated in 1986 and amended in 2000, and the Administrative Rules under theForeign Investment Enterprise Law, promulgated in 2001, are the key regulations governing distribution of dividends of foreign-invested enterprises. Under these regulations, a wholly foreign-invested enterprise in China, or a WFOE, may pay dividends only out of its accumulated profits, if any,determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. In addition, a WFOE is required to allocate at least 10% of its accumulated profits eachyear, if any, to statutory reserve funds unless its reserves have reached 50% of the registered capital of the enterprises. These reserves are not distributable as cashdividends. The proportional ratio for withdrawal of rewards and welfare funds for employees shall be determined at the discretion of the WFOE. Profits of aWFOE shall not be distributed before the losses thereof before the previous accounting years have been made up. Any undistributed profit for the previousaccounting years may be distributed together with the distributable profit for the current accounting year. 71 Circular 37. Pursuant to SAFE's Notice on Relevant Issues Relating to Domestic Residents' Investment and Financing and Round-Trip Investmentthrough Special Purpose Vehicles, or SAFE Circular 37, issued and effective on July 4, 2014, and its appendixes, PRC residents, including PRC institutions andindividuals, must register with local branches of SAFE in connection with their direct establishment or indirect control of an offshore entity, for the purpose ofoverseas investment and financing, with such PRC residents' legally owned assets or equity interest in domestic enterprises or offshore assets or interests, referredto in SAFE Circular 37 as a "special purpose vehicle." SAFE Circular 37 further requires amendment to the registration in the event of any significant changes withrespect to the special purpose vehicle, such as increase or decrease of capital contributed by PRC individuals, share transfer or exchange, merger, division or othermaterial event. In the event that a PRC shareholder holding interests in a special purpose vehicle fails to fulfill the required SAFE registration, the PRC subsidiaries ofthat special purpose vehicle may be prohibited from making distributions of profit to the offshore parent and from carrying out subsequent cross-border foreignexchange activities and the special purpose vehicle may be restricted in their ability to contribute additional capital into its PRC subsidiary. Further, failure tocomply with the various SAFE registration requirements described above could result in liability under PRC law for foreign exchange evasion. These regulationsapply to our direct and indirect shareholders who are PRC residents and may apply to any offshore acquisitions and share transfer that we make in the future if ourshares are issued to PRC residents. See "Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—PRC regulations relating tooffshore investment activities by PRC residents may limit our PRC subsidiaries' ability to increase their registered capital or distribute profits to us or otherwiseexpose us to liability and penalties under PRC law." We have completed the foreign exchange registration of PRC resident shareholders of Guangzhou Huaduo, as required by SAFE Circular 37, for ourfinancings that were completed before the end of 2010. The SAFE Circular 37 registration in relation to the issuance of common shares to Tiger Global Six YYHoldings was completed on February 6, 2012. Our PRC resident shareholders further updated their SAFE Circular 37 registrations in March 2015 to reflectshareholding changes in our company resulting from our initial public offering. Stock Option Rules. The Administration Measures on Individual Foreign Exchange Control were promulgated by the PBOC on December 25, 2006,and their Implementation Rules, issued by the SAFE on January 5, 2007, became effective on February 1, 2007. Under these regulations, all foreign exchangematters involved in employee stock ownership plans and stock option plans participated in by onshore individuals, among others, require approval from the SAFEor its authorized branch. Furthermore, the Notices on Issues concerning the Foreign Exchange Administration for Domestic Individuals Participating in StockIncentive Plans of Overseas Publicly-Listed Companies, or the Stock Option Rules, were promulgated by SAFE on February 15, 2012, that replaced theApplication Procedures of Foreign Exchange Administration for Domestic Individuals Participating in Employee Stock Ownership Plans or Stock Option Plans ofOverseas Publicly-Listed Companies issued by SAFE on March 28, 2007. Pursuant to the Stock Option Rules, PRC residents who are granted shares or stockoptions by companies listed on overseas stock exchanges based on the stock incentive plans are required to register with SAFE or its local branches, and PRCresidents participating in the stock incentive plans of overseas listed companies shall retain a qualified PRC agent, which could be a PRC subsidiary of suchoverseas publicly-listed company or another qualified institution selected by such PRC subsidiary, to conduct the SAFE registration and other procedures withrespect to the stock incentive plans on behalf of these participants. Such participants must also retain an overseas entrusted institution to handle matters inconnection with their exercise of stock options, purchase and sale of corresponding stocks or interests, and fund transfer. In addition, the PRC agents are requiredto amend the SAFE registration with respect to the stock incentive plan if there is any material change to the stock incentive plan, the PRC agents or the overseasentrusted institution or other material changes. The PRC agents shall, on behalf of the PRC residents who have the right to exercise the employee share options,apply to SAFE or its local branches for an annual quota for the payment of foreign currencies in connection with the PRC residents' exercise of the employee shareoptions. The foreign exchange proceeds received by the PRC residents from the sale of shares under the stock incentive plans granted and dividends distributed bythe overseas listed companies must be remitted into the bank accounts in the PRC opened by the PRC agents before distribution to such PRC residents. In addition,the PRC agents shall file each quarter the form for record-filing of information of the Domestic Individuals Participating in the Stock Incentive Plans of OverseasListed Companies with SAFE or its local branches. We and our PRC citizen employees who have been granted share options, restricted shares or restricted share units, or PRC optionees, are subject to theStock Option Rules. If we or our PRC optionees fail to comply with the Individual Foreign Exchange Rule and the Stock Option Rules, we and/or our PRCoptionees may be subject to fines and other legal sanctions. See "D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—PRC regulations relating tooffshore investment activities by PRC residents may limit our PRC subsidiaries' ability to increase their registered capital or distribute profits to us or otherwiseexpose us to liability and penalties under PRC law." 72 In addition, the State Administration for Taxation has issued circulars concerning employee share options, under which our employees working in thePRC who exercise share options will be subject to PRC individual income tax. Our PRC subsidiaries have obligations to file documents related to employee shareoptions with relevant tax authorities and to withhold individual income taxes of those employees who exercise their share options. If our employees fail to pay or ifwe fail to withhold their income taxes as required by relevant laws and regulations, we may face sanctions imposed by the PRC tax authorities or other PRCgovernment authorities. Regulation on Tax PRC Enterprise Income Tax The PRC enterprise income tax is calculated based on the taxable income determined under the applicable EIT Law and its implementation rules. OnMarch 16, 2007, the National People's Congress of China enacted the New EIT Law, which became effective on January 1, 2008. On December 6, 2007, the StateCouncil promulgated the implementation rules to the New EIT Law, which also became effective on January 1, 2008. The New EIT Law imposes a uniformenterprise income tax rate of 25% on all resident enterprises in China, including foreign-invested enterprises and domestic enterprises, unless they qualify forcertain exceptions, and terminates most of the tax exemptions, reductions and preferential treatment available under the previous tax laws and regulations.According to the New EIT Law and relevant regulations, subject to the approval of competent tax authorities, the income tax of an enterprise that has beendetermined to be a high and new technology enterprise shall be reduced to a preferential rate of 15%. Moreover, under the New EIT Law, enterprises organized under the laws of jurisdictions outside China with their "de facto management bodies" locatedwithin China may be considered PRC resident enterprises and are therefore subject to PRC enterprise income tax at the rate of 25% on their worldwide income.Though the implementation rules of the EIT Law define "de facto management bodies" as "establishments that carry out substantial and overall management andcontrol over the manufacturing and business operations, personnel, accounting, properties, etc. of an enterprise," the only detailed guidance currently available forthe definition of "de facto management body" as well as the determination of offshore incorporated PRC tax resident status and its administration are set forth inthe Notice Regarding the Determination of Chinese-Controlled Overseas Incorporated Enterprises as PRC Tax Resident Enterprise on the Basis of De FactoManagement Bodies, or Circular 82, and the Administrative Measures for Enterprise Income Tax of Chinese-Controlled Offshore Incorporated ResidentEnterprises (Trial) or SAT Bulletin No. 45, both issued by the SAT, which provide guidance on the administration as well as determination of the tax residencystatus of a Chinese-controlled offshore-incorporated enterprise, defined as an enterprise that is incorporated under the law of a foreign country or territory and thathas a PRC company or PRC corporate group as its primary controlling shareholder. According to Circular 82, a Chinese-controlled offshore-incorporated enterprise will be regarded as a PRC tax resident by virtue of having its "de factomanagement body" in China and will be subject to PRC enterprise income tax on its global income only if all of the following conditions set forth in Circular 82are met: ·the primary location of the day-to-day operational management is in the PRC; ·decisions relating to the enterprise’s financial and human resource matters are made or are subject to approval by organizations or personnel in the PRC; ·the enterprise’s primary assets, accounting books and records, company seals and board and shareholder resolutions are located or maintained in the PRC;and ·50% or more of voting board members or senior executives habitually reside in the PRC. In addition, Bulletin No. 45 provides clarification on the resident status determination, post-determination administration, and competent tax authorities. Italso specifies that when provided with a copy of PRC resident determination certificate from a resident Chinese-controlled offshore-incorporated enterprise, thepayer should not withhold 10% income tax when paying certain PRC-sourced income such as dividends, interest and royalties to the Chinese-controlled offshore-incorporated enterprise. 73 Although we do not believe that our company should be treated as a PRC resident enterprise for PRC tax purposes, substantial uncertainty exists as towhether we will be deemed to be such by the relevant authorities. In the event that we are considered a PRC resident enterprise, we would be subject to the PRCenterprise income tax at the rate of 25% on our worldwide income. See "D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—Under the PRC enterpriseincome tax law, we may be classified as a PRC "resident enterprise," which could result in unfavorable tax consequences to us and our shareholders and have amaterial adverse effect on our results of operations and the value of your investment." In addition, although the New EIT Law provides that dividend income between "qualified resident enterprises" is exempted income, and theImplementation Rules refer to "qualified resident enterprises" as enterprises with "direct equity interest", it is unclear whether dividends we receive from our PRCsubsidiaries are eligible for exemption. According to the Notice on Strengthening Administration of Enterprise Income Tax for Share Transfers by Non-PRC Resident Enterprises issued by thePRC State Administration of Taxation on December 10, 2009, with retroactive effect from January 1, 2008, or SAT Circular 698, and the Notice on Several IssuesConcerning Enterprise Income Tax for Indirect Share Transfer by Non-PRC Resident Enterprises, issued by the PRC State Administration of Taxation on February3, 2015, or SAT Circular 7, an "indirect transfer" of assets of a PRC resident enterprise, including equity interests in a PRC resident enterprise, by non-PRCresident enterprises may be re-characterized and treated as a direct transfer of PRC taxable properties, if such transaction arrangement lacks of reasonablecommercial purpose and was established for the purpose of reducing, avoiding or deferring PRC enterprise income tax. As a result, gains derived from suchindirect transfer may be subject to PRC enterprise income tax, and tax filing or withholding obligations may be triggered, depending on the nature of the PRCtaxable properties being transferred. According to SAT Circular 7, "PRC taxable properties" include assets of a PRC establishment or place of business, realproperties in the PRC, and equity investments in PRC resident enterprises, in respect of which gains from their transfer by a direct holder, being a non-PRCresident enterprise, would be subject to PRC enterprise income taxes. When determining if there is a "reasonable commercial purpose" of the transactionarrangement, features to be taken into consideration include: whether the main value of the equity interest of the relevant offshore enterprise derives from PRCtaxable properties; whether the assets of the relevant offshore enterprise mainly consists of direct or indirect investment in China or if its income mainly derivesfrom China; whether the offshore enterprise and its subsidiaries directly or indirectly holding PRC taxable properties have real commercial nature which isevidenced by their actual function and risk exposure; the duration of existence of the business model and organizational structure; the replicability of thetransaction by direct transfer of PRC taxable properties; and the tax situation of such indirect transfer and applicable tax treaties or similar arrangements. In respectof an indirect offshore transfer of assets of a PRC establishment or place of business of a foreign enterprise, the resulting gain is to be included with the annualenterprise filing of the PRC establishment or place of business being transferred, and would consequently be subject to PRC enterprise income tax at a rate of 25%.Where the underlying transfer relates to PRC real properties or to equity investments in a PRC resident enterprise, which is not related to a PRC establishment orplace of business of a non-resident enterprise, a PRC enterprise income tax at 10% would apply, subject to available preferential tax treatment under applicable taxtreaties or similar arrangements, and the party who is obligated to make the transfer payments has the withholding obligation. Where the payor fails to withholdany or sufficient tax, the transferor shall declare and pay such tax to the competent tax authority by itself within the statutory time limit. Late payment of applicabletax will subject the transferor to default interest. Currently, neither SAT Circular 698 nor SAT Circular 7 applies to transactions of sale of shares by investorsthrough a public stock exchange where such shares were acquired from a transaction through a public stock exchange. We cannot assure you that the PRC tax authorities will not, at their discretion, adjust any capital gains and impose tax return filing and withholding or taxpayment obligations on the transferors and transferees, while our PRC subsidiaries may be requested to assist in the filing. Any PRC tax imposed on a transfer ofour shares or any adjustment of such gains would cause us to incur additional costs and may have a negative impact on the value of your investment in us. PRC Business Tax Pursuant to applicable PRC tax regulations, any entity or individual conducting business in the service industry is generally required to pay a business taxat the rate of 5% on the revenues generated from providing services prescribed in the aforesaid regulations, transferring intangible assets or selling immovableproperties. However, if the services provided are related to technology development and transfer, such business tax may be exempted with approvals from thecompetent tax authorities. In addition, certain businesses, such as mobile game and online education, are subject to a 3% to 5% business tax on gross revenuesgenerated from providing services and related surcharges before the VAT Pilot Program. 74 Value Added Tax On January 1, 2012, the State Administration of Taxation officially launched a pilot VAT reform program ("Pilot Program"), applicable to businesses inselected industries. Taxable income derived from the businesses in the Pilot Program is subject to VAT in lieu of business tax. The Pilot Program initially appliedonly to transportation industry and "modern service industries" ("Pilot Industries") in Shanghai in 2011 and expanded to eight trial regions (including Beijing andGuangdong province) and nationwide progressively from August to December 2012. The Pilot Industries in Shanghai included industries involving the leasing oftangible movable property, transportation services, research and development and technical services, information technology services, cultural and creativeservices, logistics and ancillary services, certification and consulting services. Revenues generated by advertising services, a type of "cultural and creativeservices", are subject to the VAT tax rate of 6%. According to official announcements made by competent authorities in Beijing and Guangdong province, Beijinglaunched the same Pilot Program on September 1, 2012, and Guangdong province launched it on November 1, 2012. In addition, the Supplementary Notice onSeveral Tax Policies in Relation to the Scope of VAT-able and Other Matters in the Transportation and Selected Modern Service Sectors under the VAT ReformPilot Program, Caishui [2012] No. 86, or Circular 86, which was issued in December 2012, further defines the application scope of relevant industries and specifiesthat, starting from December 1, 2012, website operation services provided by website owners for non-self-owned online games are taxed as “Information SystemServices,” and therefore would also be subject to the VAT tax rate as 6%. Going forward, in Guangdong province, we will pay the pilot VAT instead of businesstaxes for our advertising activities, operating services for online games not owned by us and for any other parts of our business that are deemed by the competentstate tax authorities to be in the scope of the Pilot Industries. On December 12, 2013, the Ministry of Finance and the SAT issued the Circular on Including the Railway Transportation and Postal Industries in thePilot Program of Replacing Business Tax with Value-Added Tax, or the Pilot Collection Circular. The scope of certain modern services industries under the PilotCollection Circular is expanded to cover research and development and technical services, cultural and creative services, and radio, film and television services. Inaddition, according to the Notice on Including the Telecommunications Industry in the Pilot Program of Levying Value-added Tax in Lieu of Business Tax, whichbecame effective on June 1, 2014, the scope of certain modern services industries under the Pilot Collection Circular is further expanded to cover thetelecommunications industry. Except for online games revenues, IVAS revenues became subject to VAT from June 1, 2014, at a rate of 6%, while they weresubject to business taxes at a rate of 3% prior to June 1, 2014. Other revenues, including online games revenues, are subject to VAT for the years ended December31, 2013, 2014 and 2015. Cultural Development Fee According to applicable PRC tax regulations or rules, advertising service providers are generally required to pay a cultural development fee at the rate of3% on the revenues (a) which are generated from providing advertising services and (b) which are also subject to VAT after the VAT reform program. Dividends Withholding Tax Under the Old EIT Law that was effective prior to January 1, 2008, dividends paid to foreign investors by foreign-invested enterprises, such as dividendspaid to us by Beijing Huanju Shidai or Guangzhou Huanju Shidai, our PRC subsidiaries, were exempt from PRC withholding tax. We are a Cayman Islandsholding company and substantially all of our income may come from dividends we receive from our subsidiaries located in the PRC. Pursuant to the New EIT Lawand its implementation rules, dividends generated after January 1, 2008 and distributed to us by our PRC subsidiaries are subject to withholding tax at a rate of10%. As uncertainties remain regarding the interpretation and implementation of the New EIT Law and its implementation rules, we cannot assure you that, ifwe are deemed a PRC resident enterprise, any dividends to be distributed by us to our non-PRC shareholders and ADS holders would not be subject to any PRCwithholding tax. See "D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—Under the PRC enterprise income tax law, we may be classified as a PRC"resident enterprise," which could result in unfavorable tax consequences to us and our shareholders and have a material adverse effect on our results of operationsand the value of your investment." 75 Labor Laws and Social Insurance The principle laws that govern employment include: ·Labor Law of the People's Republic of China, promulgated by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress on July 5, 1994, effective sinceJanuary 1, 1995 and amended on August 27, 2009; and ·Labor Contract Law of the People's Republic of China, promulgated by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress on June 29, 2007 andamended on December 28, 2012. According to the Labor Law and Labor Contract Law, employers must execute written labor contracts with full-time employees. All employers mustcompensate their employees with wages equal to at least the local minimum wage standards. All employers are required to establish a system for labor safety andsanitation, strictly comply with state rules and standards and provide employees with workplace safety training. Violations of the PRC Labor Contract Law and thePRC Labor Law may result in the imposition of fines and other administrative penalties. For serious violations, criminal liability may arise. In addition, employers in China are required to provide employees with welfare schemes covering pension insurance, unemployment insurance, maternityinsurance, work-related injury insurance, medical insurance and housing funds. We have caused all of our full-time employees to enter into written labor contracts with us and have provided and currently provide our employees withthe proper welfare and employment benefits. New M&A Regulations and Overseas Listings On August 8, 2006, six PRC governmental agencies jointly promulgated the Regulations on Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises byForeign Investors, or the New M&A Rule, which became effective on September 8, 2006, and amended on June 22, 2009. The New M&A Rule requires offshorespecial purpose vehicles formed to pursue overseas listing of equity interests in PRC companies and controlled directly or indirectly by PRC companies orindividuals to obtain the approval of the Chinese Securities Regulatory Commission, or the CSRC, prior to the listing and trading of such special purpose vehicle'ssecurities on any stock exchange overseas. The application of the M&A Rules remains unclear. Based on the understanding on the current PRC laws, rules and regulations and the M&A Rules ofour PRC Legal Counsel, Fangda Partners, prior approval from the CSRC is not required under the M&A Rules for the listing and trading of our ADSs on theNasdaq Global Market because (a) our PRC subsidiaries, Beijing Huanju Shidai and Guangzhou Huanju Shidai, are foreign-invested enterprises established byforeign enterprises, (b) we did not acquire any equity interest or assets of a PRC domestic company owned by PRC companies or individuals as defined under theM&A Rules, and (c) there is no provision that clearly classifies the contractual arrangements among our PRC subsidiary, Beijing Huanju Shidai, our PRCconsolidated affiliated entities and their shareholders as a transaction regulated by the M&A Rules. However, as there has been no official interpretation orclarification of the M&A Rules, we are also advised by our PRC legal counsel that there is uncertainty as to how this regulation will be interpreted or implemented. Considering the uncertainties that exist with respect to the issuance of new laws, regulations or interpretation and implementing rules, the opinion ofFangda Partners, summarized above, is subject to change. If the CSRC or another PRC regulatory agency subsequently determines that prior CSRC approval wasrequired, we may face regulatory actions or other sanctions from the CSRC or other PRC regulatory agencies. 76 C. Organizational Structure The following diagram illustrates our corporate structure: (1)Beijing Tuda is our PRC consolidated affiliated entity. Mr. David Xueling Li, our co-founder, chief executive officer and director, owns 97.7% of BeijingTuda's equity interests, as of the date of this annual report. For a detailed description of the contractual arrangements, see “Item 7. Major Shareholders andRelated Party Transactions—B. Related Party Transactions—Contractual Arrangements with Beijing Tuda.” (2)Guangzhou Huaduo is our PRC consolidated affiliated entity. Mr. Jun Lei, our co-founder and chairman, Mr. David Xueling Li and Beijing Tuda ownapproximately 0.44%, 0.5% and 99.0% of Guangzhou Huaduo's equity interests, respectively, as of the date of this annual report. For a detailed description ofthe contractual arrangements, see “Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions—B. Related Party Transactions—Contractual Arrangementswith Guangzhou Huaduo.” (3)Bilin Online is our PRC consolidated affiliated entity. Mr. David Xueling Li owns 100.0% of Bilin Online 's equity interests, as of the date of this annualreport. For a detailed description of the contractual arrangements, see “Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions—B. Related PartyTransactions—Contractual Arrangements with Bilin Online.” (4)Duowan BVI and Guangzhou Huaduo is the limited partner of Engage L.P. and Shanghai Yilian, respectively. D. Property and Equipment In November 2015, our principal executive offices were relocated to our previously purchased commercial premises in Panyu District, Guangzhou, China,which comprise approximately 30,574 square meters. This facility currently accommodates our management headquarters, principal development, engineering,sales and marketing, human resources and administrative activities. We also have a branch office in Beijing focusing on research and development, a branch officein Zhuhai focusing on games related businesses, and a representative office in Shanghai that handles advertising-related matters. We lease these relatively smallpremises under lease agreements from unrelated third parties, and we plan to renew these leases from time to time as needed. 77 In August 2015, we acquired the use right of a parcel of land located at Pazhou, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, China. This land and its adjacent areas aredesignated by the Guangzhou municipal government to be a new center for e-commerce companies. We expect to use this land to support future development ofour company. Our servers are hosted in leased internet data centers in different geographic regions in China. The data centers in our network are owned and maintainedfor us by major domestic internet data center providers. We typically enter into leasing and hosting service agreements that are renewable annually. We believe that our existing facilities are sufficient for our current needs and we will obtain adequate facilities, principally through leasing, toaccommodate our future expansion plans. See Notes 11 and 12 to our financial statements for further information about our property and equipment and intangible assets. ITEM 4A. UNRESOLvED STAFF COMMENTS None. ITEM 5. OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REvIEW AND PROSPECTS You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations in conjunction with our consolidated financialstatements and the related notes included elsewhere in this annual report. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties.Our actual results and the timing of selected events could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of variousfactors, including those set forth under "Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors" and elsewhere in this annual report. A. Operating Results Overview We began our operations in 2005 by launching Duowan.com, a popular online web portal hosting game media content. We have grown significantly inrecent years, developing and introducing YY Client in 2008 and extending our services into mobile devices in September 2010 and onto web browsers in October2012. Our business has also expanded from focusing on providing voice communication services to becoming a multifaceted social entertainment platform. Weoffer a variety of interactive content on our platform, such as online music shows, live online game streaming, and online dating shows, which give our users amore diverse, immersive, engaging and enriching experience. We derive our revenues primarily from IVAS and online advertising. We derived 91.0%, 96.0% and 96.0% of our total net revenues from IVAS in 2013,2014 and 2015, respectively, with online education revenue, online advertising revenue and e-commerce revenue accounting for the remainder of our revenues.Revenues from IVAS are primarily generated through online music and entertainment, online games, online dating, live game broadcasting and other services onour platform. Online education revenues are primarily generated from our online education platform, 100 Education, and online advertising revenues are primarilygenerated from sales of different forms of advertising on Duowan.com. As we continue to expand our IVAS offerings and our user engagement and spendinglevels increase, our revenue sharing fees and content costs have increased significantly in recent years, resulting in lower gross margin. We have been exploringadditional monetization opportunities and diversifying our revenue sources in order to capitalize on the large and highly engaged user base of our platform. An increasing number of users are accessing our platform through mobile devices, and we consider the rise of mobile-based business to be a generaltrend. Mobile YY, our music and entertainment mobile application, has contributed 45.4% of the total revenue generated from our music and entertainmentbusiness in the fourth quarter of 2015, compared to 14.4% in the same period of 2014. The ARPU of Mobile YY has reached RMB387.6 (US$59.8) in the fourthquarter of 2015, compared to RMB531.0 (US$82.0), the average ARPU of our whole music and entertainment business. We have been taking measures to expandour success from PC-based products and services to the mobile platform. In October 2013, we introduced virtual item purchase functions on Mobile YY toaccelerate the monetization of our mobile platform. In February 2016, we released our mobile broadcasting application, ME Live, which allows users to performand make broadcasts with a single mobile device. We have also developed numerous mobile applications for other parts of our business. An important element ofour strategy is to continue to develop and enhance mobile applications to capture a greater share of the growing number of mobile users. 78 Our total net revenues increased from RMB1,823.5 million in 2013 to RMB3,678.4 million in 2014 and to RMB5,897.2 million (US$910.4 million) in2015. We had a net income of RMB477.7 million, RMB1,064.5 million and RMB998.3 million (US$154.1 million) in 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively. Discussion of Selected Statements of Operations Items Revenues In the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, we had derived our revenues from IVAS and other revenues. Our IVAS revenues are primarilycomprised of revenues from online music and entertainment, online games, online dating, and, to a lesser degree, live game broadcasting and our membershipsubscriptions. Other revenues, mainly include revenues from our online education platform, 100 Education, online advertising revenues from Duowan.com and e-commerce. We expect that in the future, as is the case in 2015, an increasing portion of our revenues will be derived from non-game IVAS revenues, includingrevenues from in-channel virtual items sold on our platform, such as virtual flowers and gifts for use in various channels, as well as other online products andservices. The following table sets forth the principal components of our total net revenues by amount and as a percentage of our total net revenues for the periodspresented. For the Year Ended December 31, 2013 2014 2015 RMB % oftotal netrevenues RMB % oftotal netrevenues RMB US$ % oftotal netrevenues (in thousands, except for percentages) Total net revenues : (1) IVAS: Online music and entertainment 852,885 46.8 2,109,503 57.3 3,320,052 512,528 56.3 Online games 602,111 33.0 811,699 22.1 771,882 119,158 13.1 Online dating 661 0.0 194,134 5.3 651,019 100,500 11.0 Other IVAS 204,551 11.2 415,689 11.3 918,006 141,716 15.6 Other revenues 163,260 9.0 147,343 4.0 236,290 36,477 4.0 Total 1,823,468 100.0 3,678,368 100.0 5,897,249 910,379 100.0 (1)Revenues are presented net of rebates and discounts. IVAS revenues. We generate IVAS revenues from (i) the sales of in-channel virtual items used on our online music and entertainment channels, (ii) thesales of in-game virtual items used for games developed by us or by third parties under revenue-sharing arrangements on our platform and (iii) other revenues,including in-channel virtual items used for online dating and live game broadcasting and membership subscription fees. Users access channels and play onlinegames free of charge, but are charged for purchases of virtual items. The most significant factors that directly affect our IVAS revenues include the increase in the number of our paying users and ARPU: ·The number of paying users. We had approximately 3.2 million, 4.9 million and 7.2 million paying users in 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively. Wecalculate the number of paying users during a given period as the cumulative number of registered user accounts that have purchased virtual items orother products and services on our platform at least once during the relevant period. We were able to achieve an increase in the number of paying usersprimarily due to a larger active user base and a higher conversion ratio of active users to paying users, and we expect that the number of our paying userswill continue to grow in the future as we expand our services and products offerings and further monetize our existing platform. ·ARPU. Our ARPU for IVAS was approximately RMB525.2, RMB726.0 and RMB783.3 (US$120.9) in 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively. ARPU iscalculated by dividing our total revenues from IVAS during a given period by the number of paying users for that period. As we begin to generaterevenues from an increasing variety of IVAS, our ARPU may fluctuate from period to period due to the mix of IVAS purchased by our paying users. 79 Other significant factors that directly or indirectly affect our IVAS revenues include: ·our ability to increase our popularity by offering new and attractive products and services that allow us to monetize our platform; ·our ability to attract and retain a large and engaged user base; and ·our ability to attract and retain third party game developers, third party licensee operators, service providers and certain popular performers and channelowners. We expect that the portion of our revenues from IVAS derived from the sales of non-game virtual items and services will continue to increase as wecapitalize on monetization opportunities. We create and offer to users virtual items that can be used on various channels. Users can purchase consumable virtualitems from us to show support for their favorite performers or time-based virtual items that provide users with recognized status, such as priority speaking rights orspecial symbols on the music and entertainment channels. The percentage of our total net revenues attributable to virtual items sold on our online music andentertainment channels was 46.8%, 57.3%, and 56.3% in 2013, 2014 and 2015. The online games we currently offer are primarily web games that can be run from an internet browser and require an internet connection to play. Wehave historically derived a significant portion of our revenues from a number of popular online games, primarily through selling in-game virtual items for thesegames. A majority of our popular online games are developed by third party game developers under revenue-sharing arrangements that typically last one to twoyears. We derive an increasingly lower percentage of our revenues from online games as a whole, as we expect to monetize other non-game aspects of the YYplatform, such as online music and entertainment, online dating and live game broadcasting. Other revenues. We generated other revenues from our online education platform, 100 Education, online advertising revenues from Duowan.com ande-commerce. Online education services consist of vocational training and language training courses. Revenue is recognized over the period the online course isavailable to the students, which generally is from the enrolment date to the completion of the relevant professional examination date. We enter into advertisingcontracts with both advertisers and advertising agencies. In 2013, 2014 and 2015, a vast majority of our online advertising revenues were derived from pay-for-time arrangements under which we charge advertisers depending on the duration of display for an advertisement or a series of advertisements. Cost of Revenues Cost of revenues consists primarily of (i) revenue sharing fees and content costs including payments to various channel owners and performers, andcontent providers, (ii) bandwidth costs, (iii) salary and welfare, (iv) depreciation and amortization expense for servers, other equipment and intangibles directlyrelated to operating the platform, (v) payment handling costs, (vi) business tax and surcharges, (vii) share-based compensation, and (viii) other costs. We anticipatethat revenue sharing fees and content costs paid to performers, channel owners and content providers will increasingly contribute to our cost of revenues. Weexpect that our cost of revenues will increase in absolute amount as we further grow our user base and expand our revenue-generating services. Revenue sharing fees and content costs. Our revenue sharing fees and content costs paid to performers, channel owners and content providers increasedfrom RMB444.1 million in 2013 to RMB1,134.0 million in 2014 and further increased to RMB2,343.2 million (US$361.7 million) in 2015. We expect our revenuesharing fees and content costs to continue to increase as we continue to expand our IVAS offerings, our user engagement and spending levels increase, as well asour investments in expanding the amount of new and innovative content provided to users. Bandwidth costs. Our bandwidth costs increased from RMB203.2 million in 2013, to RMB345.9 million in 2014 and further increased toRMB570.2 million (US$88.0 million) in 2015. We expect bandwidth costs to continue to increase as our user base continues to expand and as online music andentertainment and other video-related services, such as live game broadcasting, become more popular in the future. Salary and welfare. Our salary and welfare costs increased from RMB88.5 million in 2013 to RMB131.8 million in 2014, and further increased toRMB198.2 million (US$30.6 million) in 2015. We expect our salary and welfare costs to increase as we continue to hire additional employees in line with theexpansion of our business. 80 Depreciation and amortization. Our depreciation and amortization increased from RMB37.1 million in 2013 to RMB59.8 million in 2014, and furtherincreased to RMB145.1 million (US$22.4 million) in 2015. We expect depreciation and amortization to increase as we continue to expand our operations andpurchase servers and other equipment or intangibles directly related to the operating of our platform and business. Payment handling costs. Our payment handling costs increased from RMB25.0 million in 2013 to RMB55.1 million in 2014, and further increased toRMB104.8 million (US$16.2 million) in 2015. We expect payment handling costs to increase as we continue to grow our paying users base and expand our paidservice offerings. Business tax and surcharges. Our business tax and surcharges increased from RMB47.8 million in 2013 to RMB49.2 million in 2014, but decreased toRMB27.8 million (US$4.3 million) in 2015. We expect we don’t need to pay business tax to decrease because our revenues are now subject to VAT instead ofbusiness tax, and we expect the payment of surcharges to increase due to the expansion of our business. Share-based compensation. Our share-based compensation allocated to the cost of revenues increased from RMB9.9 million in 2013 toRMB18.0 million in 2014 and further increased to RMB24.0 million (US$3.7 million) in 2015, primarily due to our business expansion. Operating Expenses Our operating expenses consist of (i) research and development expenses, (ii) sales and marketing expenses, (iii) general and administrative expenses, (iv)goodwill impairment, and (v) fair value change of contingent consideration. The following table sets forth the components of our operating expenses for the yearsindicated, both in absolute amounts and as percentages of our total net revenues. We expect our operating expenses to generally increase in absolute amount anddecrease as percentage of total net revenues in the near future. For the Year Ended December 31, 2013 2014 2015 RMB % oftotal netrevenues RMB % oftotal netrevenues RMB US$ % oftotal netrevenues (in thousands, except for percentages) Operating expenses: Research and development expenses 267,005 14.6 431,188 11.7 548,799 84,720 9.3 Sales and marketing expenses 24,955 1.4 102,527 2.8 312,870 48,299 5.3 General and administrative expenses 200,554 11.0 223,019 6.1 358,474 55,339 6.1 Goodwill impairment — — — — 310,124 47,875 5.3 Fair value change of contingent consideration — — — — (292,471) (45,150) (5.0)Total operating expenses 492,514 27.0 756,734 20.6 1,237,796 191,083 21.0 Research and Development Expenses Research and development expenses consist primarily of salaries and benefits and share-based compensation expenses for research and developmentpersonnel and rental expenses and depreciation of office premises and servers utilized by the research and development personnel. Research and developmentexpenses generally increased in the past three years ended December 31, 2015, due to the need for additional research and development personnel to accommodatethe growth of our business. We expect our research and development expenses in absolute amount to increase as we intend to retain existing research anddevelopment personnel and also hire new ones to, among other things, develop new series of applications for our platform, improve technology infrastructure tofurther enhance user experience, and further develop enhanced features for mobile devices to reach more users. However, we also expect to be able to leverage onthe expertise of our established research and development team and achieve better efficiency. 81 Sales and Marketing Expenses Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of (i) advertising and promotion expenses, (ii) salary and welfare for sales and marketing personnel, and(iii) rental expenses. Our sales and marketing expenses generally increased over the past three years ended December 31, 2015, primarily reflecting increasedmarketing and promotional activities and increased numbers of sales and marketing staff. We expect that our sales and marketing expenses will increase in absoluteamount as well as a percentage of the total revenue in the near term as we expect to increase our spending on promotional activities, particularly relating to mobileapplications and new business initiatives. General and Administrative Expenses General and administrative expenses consist primarily of (i) salary and welfare general and administrative personnel, (ii) share based compensaton formanagement and administrative personnel, and (iii) impairment charges of intangibles in relation to acquisitions. Our general and administrative expensesgenerally increased over the past three years ended December 31, 2015 as our business expanded, primarily due to the general growth of our business and anincrease in the intangible assets impairment charge. We expect our general and administrative expenses to increase in the future as our business grows. Goodwill impairment and Fair value change of contingent consideration It was noted that 100 Online and Beifu’s financial and operational performance in 2015 was behind the original budget resulting from unexpected fiercemarket competition and the resignation of a number of key personnel. Based on the result of the annual impairment assessment, for 100 Online, an impairmentcharge of RMB182.1 million (US$ 28.1 million) was recognised and correspondingly, long-term payable amounting to RMB185.2 million (US$ 28.6 million) inrelation to the contingent consideration was reversed, for Beifu, an impairment charge of RMB128.0 million (US$19.8 million) was recognised andcorrespondingly, long-term payable amounting to RMB107.3 million (US$ 16.6 million) in relation to the contingent consideration was reversed. Share-based Compensation Expenses Our operating expenses include share-based compensation expenses as follows: For the Year Ended December 31, 2013 2014 2015 RMB RMB RMB US$ (in thousands, except for percentages) Research and development expenses 39,587 54,141 70,951 10,953 Sales and marketing expenses 1,318 2,807 3,283 507 General and administrative expenses 66,331 59,647 87,175 13,458 Total 107,236 116,595 161,409 24,918 We grant stock-based award such as, but not limited to, share options, restricted shares, restricted share units and warrants to eligible employees, officers,directors, and non-employee consultants. Awards granted to employees, officers, and directors are initially accounted for as equity-classified awards, which aremeasured at the grant date fair value of the award and are recognized using the graded vesting method, net of estimated forfeitures, over the requisite serviceperiod, which is generally the vesting period. Awards granted to non-employees are initially measured at fair value on the grant date and periodically re-measuredthereafter until the earlier of the performance commitment date or the date the service is completed and recognized over the period in which the service is provided. Taxation Cayman Islands According to our Cayman Islands counsel, Conyers Dill & Pearman, Cayman Islands currently levies no taxes on individuals or corporations based uponprofits, income, gains or appreciations and there is no taxation in the nature of inheritance tax or estate duty. There are no other taxes likely to be material to uslevied by the government of the Cayman Islands except for stamp duties which may be applicable on instruments executed in, or after execution brought within thejurisdiction of, the Cayman Islands. There are no exchange control regulations or currency restrictions in the Cayman Islands. 82 Pursuant to Section 6 of the Tax Concessions Law (1999 Revision) of the Cayman Islands, we have obtained an undertaking from the Governor-in-Cabinet: (1)that no law which is enacted in the Cayman Islands imposing any tax to be levied on profits or income or gains or appreciations shall apply to us or ouroperations; and (2)that the aforesaid tax or any tax in the nature of estate duty or inheritance tax shall not be payable (i) on or in respect of our shares, debentures or otherobligations, or (ii) by way of withholding in whole or in part of any relevant payment as defined in section 6(3) of the Tax Concessions Law (1999Revision). The undertaking is for a period of twenty years from August 2, 2011. British Virgin Islands Duowan BVI is our wholly owned subsidiary. As Duowan BVI is a BVI business company subject to the provisions of the BVI Business Companies Act 2004 (as amended), it is exempt from allprovisions of the Income Tax Act of the BVI (including with respect to all dividends, interests, rents, royalties, compensation and other amounts payable byDuowan BVI to persons who are not persons resident in the BVI). Capital gains realized with respect to any shares, debt obligations or other securities of Duowan BVI by persons who are not persons resident in the BVIare also exempt from all provisions of the Income Tax Act of the BVI. No estate, inheritance, succession or gift tax, rate, duty, levy or other charge is payable by persons who are not persons resident in the BVI with respect toany shares, debt obligations or other securities of Duowan BVI, save for interest payable to or for the benefit of an individual resident in the European Union. Hong Kong Our subsidiary registered in Hong Kong is subject to Hong Kong Profits Tax on the taxable income as reported in its respective statutory financialstatements adjusted in accordance with relevant Hong Kong tax laws. The applicable tax rate is 16.5% in Hong Kong. PRC Current taxation primarily represented the provision for a state and local corporate income tax, or EIT, for subsidiaries and consolidated affiliated entitiesoperating in the PRC. Prior to January 1, 2008, companies established in the PRC were generally subject to EIT at statutory rates of 30% and 3% respectively. OnMarch 16, 2007, the PRC National People's Congress promulgated the New EIT Law, which became effective on January 1, 2008. These subsidiaries and VIEs aresubject to new EIT on their taxable income as reported in their respective statutory financial statements adjusted in accordance with the relevant tax laws andregulations in the PRC. All our PRC entities are subject to EIT at a rate of 25%, with the exception of any preferential treatments they may receive, such as the15% preferential tax rate that Guangzhou Huaduo can enjoy for the periods reported as a result of its qualification as a high and new technology enterprise.Furthermore, Guangzhou Huanju Shidai has been qualified as a software enterprise since 2013, and is entitled to a two-year exemption from EIT followed by threeyears at 50% tax reduction starting from 2014, the first profit-making year. According to a policy promulgated by the state tax bureau of the PRC and effective from 2008 onwards, enterprises engaged in research and developmentactivities are entitled to claim 150% of the research and development expenses so incurred in a year as tax deductible expenses in determining its tax assessableprofits for that year, or Super Deduction. Guangzhou Huaduo, Zhuhai Duowan, Guangzhou Huanju Shidai and Beijing Huanju Shidai have claimed such SuperDeduction for the period reported. In addition, Guangzhou Juhui started to claim such Super Deduction since 2015. 83 In addition, according to the New EIT Law and its implementation rules, foreign enterprises, which have no establishment or place in the PRC but derivedividends, interest, rents, royalties and other income (including capital gains) from sources in the PRC is subject to PRC withholding tax, or WHT, at 10% (afurther reduced WHT rate may be available according to the applicable double tax treaty or arrangement). The 10% WHT is applicable to any dividends to bedistributed from our PRC subsidiaries and consolidated affiliated entities to us and our subsidiaries outside the PRC. We do not have any present plan to pay outthe retained earnings in the PRC subsidiaries and PRC consolidated affiliated entities in the foreseeable future. We currently intend to retain our available fundsand any future earnings to operate and expand our business. Accordingly, no such WHT has been accrued. Our PRC subsidiaries and PRC consolidated affiliated entities are subject to business taxes or value added tax and related surcharges. Except for onlinegames revenues, IVAS revenues became subject to VAT from June 1, 2014, at a rate of 6%, while they were subject to business taxes at a rate of 3% prior to June1, 2014. Other revenues, including online games revenues, are subject to VAT for the year ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015. Surcharges are calculatedbased on 12% of the monthly business taxes and VAT payable for 2013, 2014 and 2015. Business taxes and related surcharges during 2013, 2014 and 2015 wereRMB47.8 million, RMB49.2 million and RMB27.8 million (US$4.3 million), respectively. For more information on PRC tax regulations, see "PRC Regulation—Regulation on Tax." Critical Accounting Policies We prepare our financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP, which requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect our reporting of,among other things, assets and liabilities, revenues and expenses. We regularly evaluate these estimates and assumptions based on the most recently availableinformation, our own historical experiences and other factors that we believe to be relevant under the circumstances. Since our financial reporting processinherently relies on the use of estimates and assumptions, our actual results could differ from these estimates. This is especially true with some accounting policiesthat require higher degrees of judgment than others in their application. We consider the policies discussed below to be critical to an understanding of our auditedconsolidated financial statements because they involve the greatest reliance on our management's judgment. Revenue Recognition and Deferred Revenue We generate revenues from IVAS, online education, online advertising and others. Revenues from IVAS are generated from online music andentertainment, online games, online dating, Huya broadcasting, membership subscription fees and other IVAS. Online education services consist of vocationaltraining and language training courses.Online advertising revenues are primarily generated from sales of different forms of advertising on Duowan.com. Revenueis recognized when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, service has been rendered, the price is fixed or determinable and collection is reasonably assured.Revenue is deferred until these criteria are met as describe below. IVAS We operate a virtual currency system under which the users can directly purchase virtual currency and virtual items on YY Client’s online communitychannels or pay membership subscription fees via online payment systems provided by third parties including payments using mobile phone, internet debit/creditcard and other third party payment systems. The virtual currency can be converted into game tokens that can be used to purchase virtual items in online games(both developed by third parties and self-developed), or used directly to purchase virtual items on YY Client’s online community channels or used to paymembership subscription fees. Virtual currency sold but not yet consumed by the purchaser is recorded as “advances from customers” and, upon conversion orbeing used, is recognized as revenue according to the respective prescribed revenue recognition policies addressed below. 84 Online music and entertainment revenue We create and offer virtual items to be used by users on our online music and entertainment channels that we operate and maintain. The virtual items areoffered free of charge or sold to users at different specified prices as pre-determined by us. Online music and entertainment revenue consists of sales of virtualitems. Users purchase consumable virtual items from us and present them to performers to show support for their favorite performers or time-based virtual itemswhich provide users with recognized status, such as priority speaking rights or special symbols on the music channels for a specific period of time. In order toattract user traffic, we share a portion of the revenues we derive from such in-channel virtual item sales on online music and entertainment channels with certainpopular performers and channel owners, who have entered into revenue sharing arrangements with us. We account for such shared revenues as cost of revenues.Performers and channel owners who do not have such revenue sharing arrangements with us are not entitled to share any revenue derived from the virtual itemssold. We do not recognize any revenue from offering free virtual items and do not share any revenue with performers or channel owners when free virtual items arepresented to performers by our users. Accordingly, online music and entertainment revenue is recognized for the sale of virtual items sold in online music andentertainment channels immediately if the virtual item is a consumable or, in the case of time-based virtual items, recognized ratably over the period each virtualitem is made available to the user, which does not exceed one year. We do not have further obligations to the user after the virtual items are consumed. Virtualitems may be sold individually or bundled into one arrangement. When our users purchase multiple virtual items bundled within the same arrangement, weevaluate such arrangements under ASC 605-25 Multiple-Element Arrangements . We identify individual elements under the arrangement and determine if suchelements meet the criteria to be accounted for as separate units of accounting. We allocate the arrangement consideration to separate units of accounting based ontheir relative selling price. The following hierarchy has been followed when determining the relative selling price for each element: (1) vendor specific objectiveevidence, or VSOE, (2) third party evidence, or TPE, and (3) best estimate of selling price, or BESP. Given that the VSOE of the selling price cannot bedetermined, we have adopted a policy to allocate the consideration of the whole arrangement to different virtual item elements based on the TPE of selling price orthe BESP for each virtual item element. We determine the fair values of virtual items sold in a bundle based on similar products sold separately on the YY platformbased on the TPE of selling price and determine the fair values of virtual items without similar products sold separately on the YY platform based on the BESP.The BESP is generally based on the selling prices of the various elements of a similar nature when they are sold to users on a stand-alone basis. The BESP mayalso be based on the estimated stand-alone pricing when the element has not previously been sold on a stand-alone basis. These estimates are generally determinedbased on pricing strategies, market factors and strategic objectives. We recognize revenue for each virtual item element in accordance with the applicable revenuerecognition method. Online game revenue We generate revenues from offering virtual items in online games developed by third parties or our self-developed online games to game players.Historically, the majority of online games revenues for the three years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015 were derived from third party-developed games. Users play games through our platform free of charge and are charged for purchases of virtual items including consumable and perpetual items, which can beutilized in the online games to enhance their game-playing experience. Consumable items represent virtual items that can be consumed by a specific user within aspecified period of time. Perpetual items represent virtual items that are accessible to the users’ accounts over the life of the online games. We recognize revenue when recognition criteria defined under US GAAP are satisfied. For purposes of determining when the service has been provided tothe paying player, we have determined that an implied obligation exists to the paying player to continue providing access to the games such that the users canutilize the virtual items purchased. Game players need to log on and access the games through our platform because their game tokens, virtual items, and gamehistory are specific to our game accounts and non-transferable to other platforms. To purchase in-game virtual items, players can either charge their game accountsby purchasing game tokens or virtual currency from our platform, which are convertible into game tokens based on a predetermined exchange rate agreed amongthe relevant game developers and us. The proceeds from the purchase of our virtual currency is recorded as “advances from customers”, representing prepayments received from users in the formof our virtual currency not yet converted into game specific tokens. Upon the conversion into a game token from our virtual currency or upon the direct purchase ofa game token, whichever is applicable, the proceeds will be shared between the relevant game developer and us based on a predetermined contractual ratio. Gametokens are non-refundable and non-exchangeable among different games. Our portion, net of the game developer’s entitled consideration, is recorded as deferredrevenue and amortized according to the prescribed revenue recognition policies described below. Users typically do not convert the virtual currency into gametokens or purchase the game tokens unless they plan to purchase in-game virtual items soon. There are two types of third party-developed online games: ·Non-exclusive third party-developed games; and 85 ·Exclusive third party-developed games Under the non-exclusive arrangement, game developers license the games to various platforms and we are only one of the platforms. Game developers willreceive only revenue shared from us pursuant to the mutually agreed sharing percentage. Under the exclusive arrangement, game developers only license the game to us as the exclusive licensee. We can sub-license the games to other platformsand receive a portion of revenue shared from sub-licensees. In addition to the revenue shared to the game developers, we also pay an exclusive license fee to thegame developers. Non-exclusive third party-developed games Pursuant to contracts signed between the game developers and us, revenues from the sale or conversion of game tokens for the purchase of in-game virtualitems from online games developed by third parties are shared between the game developers and us based on a pre-agreed ratio for each game. These revenue-sharing contracts typically last one to two years. The third party-developed games under non-exclusive licensing contracts are maintained and updated by the game developers. We view the game developersto be our customers and consider our responsibilities under our agreements with the game developers to offer certain standard promotions that include providingaccess to the platform, announcing the new games to users on the platform, and occasional advertising on the YY platform. The determination of whether to recordthese revenues using gross or net method is based on an assessment of various factors. The primary factors are whether we are acting as the principal in offeringservices to the game players or as the agent in the transaction, and the specific requirement of each contract. We determined that for third party-developed games,the third party game developers are the principal given the game developers design and develop the online game services offered, have reasonable latitude toestablish prices of game tokens, and are responsible for maintaining and upgrading the game contents and virtual items. Accordingly, We record online gamesrevenue, net of the pre-agreed portion of sharing of the revenues with the game developers. Given that third party-developed games under non-exclusive licensing contracts are managed and administered by the third party game developers, we do nothave access to the data on the consumption details such as when the game token is spent on the virtual items or the types of virtual items (consumable or perpetualitems) purchased by each individual game player. However, we maintain historical data on timing of the conversion of its virtual currency into game specifictokens and the amount of purchases of game tokens. We believe that our performance for, and obligation to, the game developers correspond to the gamedevelopers’ services to the users. We have adopted a policy to recognize revenues relating to game tokens for third party developed games over the estimated userrelationship with us on a game-by-game basis, which is approximately one to six months for the periods presented. Future usage patterns may differ from historicalusage patterns and therefore the estimated user relationship with us may change in the future. When we launch a new game, we estimate the user relationship based on other similar types of games in the market until the new game establishes its ownhistory. We consider the game’s profile, attributes, target audience, and its appeal to players of different demographics groups in estimating the user relationshipperiod. The estimated user relationship period is based on data collected from those users who have acquired game tokens. To estimate the user relationship period,we maintain a software system that captures the following information for each user: (a) the frequency that users log into each game via our platform, and (b) theamount and the timing of when the users convert or charge his or her game tokens. We estimate the user relationship period for a particular game to be the date aplayer purchases or converts from virtual currency to a game token through the date we estimate the user plays the game for the last time. This computation iscompleted on a user by user basis. Then, the results for all analyzed users are averaged to determine an estimated end user relationship period for each game.Revenues from in-game payments of each month are recognized over the user relationship period estimated for that game. The consideration of user relationship with each online game is based on our best estimate that takes into account all known and relevant information atthe time of assessment. We assess the estimated user relationships on a quarterly basis. Any adjustments arising from changes in the user relationship as a result ofnew information will be accounted as a change in accounting estimate in accordance with ASC 250 Accounting Changes and Error Corrections. 86 Exclusive third party developed games Under certain exclusive arrangements, we pay additional license fees to the game developers as we are entitled to an exclusive right to operate third partydeveloped games in specified geographic areas. Based on ASC 350-30-35-6, we have adopted an accounting policy to recognize the exclusive license fee as anintangible asset upon the commercial launch of the related online games. This intangible asset is amortized on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the economiclife or license period of the relevant online game. Pursuant to the exclusive licensing contracts signed between the third party game developers and us, our responsibilities in operating the licensed games varygame-by-game. The determination of whether to record these revenues using gross or net method is based on an assessment of various factors, including but notlimited to whether we (i) are the primary obligor in the arrangement; (ii) have latitude in establishing the selling price; (iii) change the product or performs part ofthe service, (iv) have involvement in the determination of product and service specifications. For the game license arrangements under which we take primary responsibilities of game operation, including determining distribution and paymentchannels, providing customer services, hosting game servers, if needed, and controlling game and services specifications and pricing, we consider ourselves to bethe principal in these arrangements. Accordingly, we record online games revenues from these third party licensed games on a gross basis. Commission fees paidto distribution channels and payment channels and content fees paid to third party game developers are recorded as cost of revenues. For the game license arrangements under which our responsibilities are limited to publishing, providing payment solutions and game operating advice, weview the game developers to be our customers and consider ourselves to be the agent in the arrangements. Accordingly, we record online games revenues fromthese third party licensed games, net of fees paid to third parties upon the provision of service. Pursuant to the terms and conditions of certain online game exclusive license agreement entered into between the game developers and us, we, as theexclusive licensee, could sublicense a non-exclusive, non-transferable and limited license to any third party without the prior formal consent of game developers.Under the non-exclusive and non-transferable limited license, the sub-licensee cannot further license the game to other platforms. We received monthly revenue-based royalty payments from all sub-licensees. We view the third-party licensee operators as our customers and recognize revenues on a net basis, as we do nothave the primary responsibility for fulfillment and acceptability of the game services. Similar to other online games, the exclusive third party developed games are free to play and players can pay for virtual items for better in-game experience.For exclusive third party games, the consumption details can be provided by third party developers or we have access to such data. Therefore, we recognizerevenues based on item-based model: (1) for consumable items, the revenue is recognized immediately upon consumption; (2) for perpetual items, the revenue isrecognized ratably over the user relationship period of a specific game as described. The determination of user relationship period is the same as what is describedin “Non-exclusive third party developed games” above. Self-developed games Revenues derived from self-developed games are recorded on a gross basis as we act as a principal to fulfill all obligations. Considering that revenuesderived from self-developed games were immaterial to us for the years presented,we do not maintain information on consumption details of in-game virtual items,and only have limited information related to the frequency of log-ons for our self-developed games. Given that certain historical data is not available, we use theuser relationship of third party games with similar popularity, gaming experience and sales to determine the estimated period of user relationship for our self-developed games. Other IVAS revenue Other IVAS revenue mainly represents revenue from sales of virtual items in various channels in YY platform, such as online dating and Huyabroadcasting channels etc., membership subscription revenue, and other miscellaneous sales in YY platform. 87 Revenue from sales of virtual items in various channels, including online dating and Huya broadcasting, is recognized on item basis, which is consistentwith the revenue recognition policies for online music and entertainment revenue stream. We operate a membership subscription program where subscriptionmembers can have enhanced user privileges when using YY Client. The membership fee is collected up-front from subscribers. The receipt of the revenue isinitially recorded as deferred revenue and revenue is recognized ratably over the period of the subscription when services are rendered. Unrecognized portionbeyond 12 months from balance sheet date is classified as long-term deferred revenue. Online education revenues Educational programs and services consist of vocational training and language training courses. The course fee is generally paid in advance and is initiallyrecorded as deferred revenue. Revenue for regular courses is recognized proportionately as the classes are attended, and is reported net of scholarships and coursefee refunds. Students are entitled to one trial class of the purchased course and course fee is fully refundable if a student decides not to take the remaining courseafter the trial class. No refund will be provided to a student who withdraws from a course after the trial period, and revenue is recognized for the amount collected.Course fee refunds were insignificant over the period presented. In addition to regular courses, we also provide a package of several regular courses to students, which have individual fair value in the market. Pursuant tothe applicable accounting guidance, we have accounted for these course packages as a multiple-element arrangement because each individual course qualifies as asingle unit of accounting, and allocated the course fee from the course package to each individual course in the package based on its relative fair value. Werecognize revenue equal to the fair value allocated to individual courses proportionately as the classes are attended. Students are granted a right to retake the courses at a substantial discount in the circumstances where the students fail to achieve certain score targets forsome specific courses. The discount arrangement has a stand-alone value and qualifies as a separate unit of accounting under U.S. GAAP. Therefore, we haveaccounted for those courses as a multiple-element arrangement and allocated a portion of the initial course fee to the substantial discount based on a breakage rate.The breakage rate is determined based on our historical data. The amount allocated to the substantial discount is deferred and recognized as revenue upon theexpiration of the retaking right, which is generally six months after the end of the initial course term. We also sell pre-paid cards primarily to distributors. Pre-paid card sales represent prepaid service fees received from students for online courses. Theprepaid service fee is recorded as deferred revenue upon receiving the upfront cash payment. Revenue is recognised on a gross basis based on the selling price ofthe distributors to the students and is recognized over the period the online course is available to the students, which generally is from the enrolment date to thecompletion of the relevant professional examination date. Advertising revenues Advertising revenues are derived principally from advertising arrangements where the advertisers pay to place their advertisements on Duowan.com indifferent formats over a particular period of time. Such formats generally include but are not limited to banners, text-links, videos, logos, and buttons.Advertisements on our platform are generally charged on the basis of duration, and advertising contracts are signed to establish the fixed price and the advertisingservices to be provided. Where collectability is reasonably assured, advertising revenues from advertising contracts are recognized ratably over the contract periodof display. We enter into advertising contracts directly with advertisers or third party advertising agencies that represent advertisers. Contract terms generally rangefrom one to three months. Both third party advertising agencies and direct advertisers are generally billed at the end of the display period and payments are dueusually within six months. Where our customers purchase multiple advertising spaces with different display periods in the same contract, we allocate the total consideration to thevarious advertising elements based on relative selling price method and recognize revenue for the different elements over their respective display periods. Thefollowing hierarchy should be followed when determining the appropriate selling price for each element: (1) vendor specific objective evidence (“VSOE”), (2)third party evidence (“TPE”), and (3) best estimate of selling price (“BESP”). Given that the VSOE or TPE of the selling price cannot be determined, we haveadopted a policy to allocate the fair values of different advertising elements based on the best estimate selling prices of each advertisement within the contracttaking into consideration the standard price list and historical discounts granted. We recognize revenue on the elements delivered and defers the recognition ofrevenue for the fair value of the undelivered elements until the remaining obligations have been satisfied. Where all of the elements within an arrangement aredelivered uniformly over the agreement period, the revenues are recognized on a straight line basis over the contract period. 88 Transactions with third party advertising agencies For contracts entered into with third party advertising agencies, the third party advertising agencies will in turn sell the advertising services to advertisers.Revenue is recognized ratably over the contractual period of display based on the following criteria: ·there is persuasive evidence that an arrangement exists—we enter into framework and execution agreements with the advertising agencies, specifyingprice, advertising content, format and timing; ·price is fixed or determinable—the price charged to the advertising agencies are specified in the agreements, including relevant discount and rebate rates; ·services are rendered—we recognize revenue ratably as the elements are delivered over the contract period of display; and ·collectability is reasonably assured—we assess the credit history of each advertising agency before entering into any framework and executionagreements. If the collectability from the agencies is assessed as not reasonably assured, we recognize revenue only when the cash is received and all theother revenue criteria are met. We provide sales incentives in the forms of discounts and rebates to third party advertising agencies based on purchase volume. As the advertisingagencies are viewed as the customers in these transactions, revenue is recognized based on the price charged to the agencies, net of sales incentives provided to theagencies. Sales incentives are estimated and recorded at the time of revenue recognition based on the contracted rebate rates and estimated sales volume based onhistorical experience. Transactions with advertisers We also enter into advertisement contracts directly with advertisers. Similar to transactions with third party advertising agencies, we recognize revenueratably as the elements are delivered over the contractual periods of display. The terms and conditions, including price, are fixed according to the contract betweenthe advertisers and us. We also perform a credit assessment of all advertisers prior to entering into contracts. Revenue is recognized based on the amount chargedto the advertisers, net of discounts. Advances from customers and deferred revenue Advances from customers primarily consist of (i) prepayments from users in the form of our virtual currency that are not yet consumed or converted intogame tokens, and upon the consumption or conversion, are recognized as revenue according to the prescribed revenue recognition policies described above,(ii) prepayments from sub-licensees for obtaining operation rights of certain online games over a period of time, and (iii) prepayments from advertising agenciesand advertisers. Deferred revenue primarily consists of the unamortized revenue from game tokens, prepaid subscriptions under the membership program andunamortized revenue from virtual items in our various channels on the YY platform, where there is still an implied obligation to be provided by us which will berecognized as revenue when all of the revenue recognition criteria are met. Accounts receivable, net Accounts receivable are presented net of allowance for doubtful accounts. We use specific identification in providing for bad debts when facts andcircumstances indicate that collection is doubtful and a loss is probable and estimable. If the financial condition of its customers were to deteriorate, resulting in animpairment of their ability to make payments, additional allowance would be required. We maintain an allowance for doubtful accounts which reflects our best estimate of amounts that potentially will not be collected. We determine theallowance for doubtful accounts on an individual basis taking into consideration various factors, including, but not limited to, historical collection experience,credit-worthiness of the debtors and the age of the individual receivables balance. Additionally, we make specific bad debt provisions based on any specificknowledge we have acquired that might indicate that an account is uncollectible. The facts and circumstances of each account may require us to use substantialjudgment in assessing its collectability. 89 Consolidation Our consolidated financial statements include the financial statements of our company, our subsidiaries, variable interest entities ("VIEs") and VIE'ssubsidiaries for which we or our subsidiaries are the primary beneficiaries. All transactions and balances among our company, subsidiaries, VIEs and VIE'ssubsidiaries have been eliminated upon consolidation. A subsidiary is an entity in which our company, directly or indirectly, controls more than one half of the voting power, has the power to appoint orremove the majority of the members of the board of directors or to cast a majority vote at each meeting of directors, or has the power to govern the financial andoperating policies of the investee under a statute or agreement among the entity's shareholders or equity holders. A VIE is an entity in which our company, or our subsidiary, through contractual agreements, bears the risks of, and enjoys the rewards normallyassociated with ownership of the entity, and therefore our company or our subsidiary is the primary beneficiary of the entity. In determining whether our companyor our subsidiaries are the primary beneficiary, we considered whether we have the power to direct activities that are significant to the VIE's economicperformance, and also our obligation to absorb losses of the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE or the right to receive benefits from the VIE thatcould potentially be significant to the VIE. Beijing Huanju Shidai, Bilin Changxiang and ultimately we hold all the variable interests of the VIEs and VIE’ssubsidiaries and have been determined to be the primary beneficiary of the VIEs and VIE’s subsidiaries. Foreign ownership of internet-based businesses is subject to significant restrictions under current PRC laws and regulations. We conduct our operations inChina primarily through a series of contractual arrangements entered into among Beijing Huanju Shidai, our PRC subsidiary, Guangzhou Huaduo and BeijingTuda, as well as Guangzhou Huaduo and Beijing Tuda's shareholders. Based on our evaluations of the relationships between us and Beijing Tuda and GuangzhouHuaduo, the economic benefit flow of contractual arrangements made with them, as well as the controls conferred to us through these contractual arrangementsenacted, we consider, through Beijing Huanju Shidai, we exercise effective control over Guangzhou Huaduo and Beijing Tuda, receive substantially all of theireconomic benefits and residual returns, and absorb substantially all the risks and expected losses from these two companies as if we were their sole shareholder.We also have an exclusive option to purchase all of the equity interests in each of Beijing Tuda and Guangzhou Huaduo when and if PRC law permits so and alsothe exclusive right to require any nominee shareholder of Beijing Tuda or Guangzhou Huaduo to transfer its interest in them to any person designated by us. Asimilar mechanism exists among Bilin Changxiang, Bilin Online and its shareholder. For a detailed description of these contractual arrangements, see "Item 7.Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions—B. Related Party—Contractual Arrangements with Beijing Tuda." Based on our evaluation, we consider eachof Beijing Tuda, Guangzhou Huaduo and Bilin Online to be our VIE. Beijing Huanju Shidai, our wholly owned subsidiary in China, is the primary beneficiary ofour VIEs, Beijing Tuda and Guangzhou Huaduo, while Bilin Changxiang is the primary beneficiary of Bilin Online; therefore, we consolidate the results of BeijingTuda and Guangzhou Huaduo in our consolidated financial statements under U.S. GAAP. As advised by our PRC counsel, Fangda Partners, the contractual arrangements among Beijing Huanju Shidai and Beijing Tuda and its shareholders, thecontractual arrangements among Beijing Huanju Shidai and Guangzhou Huaduo and its shareholders and the contractual arrangements among Bilin Changxiangand Bilin Online and its shareholder, governed by PRC law, are valid, binding and enforceable, and do not violate PRC laws currently in effect. However, asadvised by our PRC legal counsel, because of the substantial uncertainties involved, if such contracts are held to be unenforceable, or if there are changes in PRClaws and regulations that affect our ability to control Beijing Tuda, Guangzhou Huaduo and Bilin Online, we may be precluded from consolidating thesecompanies in the future. See "Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Substantial uncertainties exist with respect to the enactment timetable, interpretation andimplementation of draft PRC Foreign Investment Law and how it may impact the viability of our current corporate structure, corporate governance and businessoperations." We established two funds entities, namely Engage L.P. and Shanghai Yilian, (collectively, the “Funds”), in March and June 2015, respectively.We hold93.5% of interests in the Funds. We assesse that we exercise controls and are entitled to the various returns of the Funds and therefore the Funds have beenaccounted for as subsidiaries of and have been consolidated by us in accordance with ASC 810. 90 Share-based compensation We awarded a number of share-based compensation to our employees and non-employees (such as consultants), which include share options, restrictedshares and restricted share units granted to employees and non-employees, share-based awards granted to our chief executive officer and chairman and share-basedawards granted in relation to our acquisition of NeoTasks Inc. The details of these share-based awards and the respective terms and conditions are described in"Share-based compensation" in Note 23 to our audited consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, which areincluded elsewhere in this annual report on Form 20-F. Share options Options were initially accounted for as equity-classified awards because there are no explicit repurchase rights specified in the award documents and thenumber of shares of our common shares issued under these awards are fixed and determined at the time of grants. All options to employees and non-employees aremeasured based on the grant date fair value of the award and recognized as compensation expense based on the graded-vesting method, net of estimated forfeitures,over the requisite service period, with a corresponding impact reflected in additional paid-in capital. The options to non-employees are re-measured at eachreporting date using the fair value as at each period end. The compensation expense is recognized using the graded-vesting method. Upon the completion of theinitial public offering, the share options granted to a non-employee were remeasured at the stock price of our common share. All share options granted to the non-employee were exercised in 2013. Restricted shares Restricted shares issued to our employees are measured based on the grant date fair value of the award and recognized as compensation expense based onthe graded-vesting method, net of estimated forfeitures, over the requisite service period, with a corresponding impact reflected in additional paid-in capital. Thefair value of restricted shares was based on the fair value of our underlying common shares on the grant date. We account for restricted shares issued to non-employees are measured at fair value at the date the services are completed. These awards are re-measuredat each reporting date using the fair value as at each period end until the measurement date. The compensation expenses is recognized using the graded vestingmethod. We are required to estimate forfeiture at the time of grant and revise those estimated in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates.Historical data was used to estimate pre-vesting forfeitures and record share-based compensation expenses only for those awards that we expect to vest. The following table sets forth certain information regarding the restricted shares granted to our employees and non-employees at different dates. Grant Date Restricted SharesGranted Fair value Per CommonShare as of theGrant Date Type/Methodologyof valuation (US$) January 1, 2010 23,686,542 0.1590 Retrospective/ GTM (1) February 1, 2010 4,257,335 0.1875 Retrospective/ GTM (1) April 1, 2010 2,000,000 0.2721 Retrospective/ GTM (1) July 1, 2010 20,060,000 0.4666 Retrospective/ GTM (1) October 1, 2010 500,000 0.6988 Retrospective/ GTM (1) January 1, 2011 10,846,800 0.9362 Retrospective/ Backsolve (2) (1)GTM denotes the guideline transaction method under the market approach based on the enterprise value to revenue multiples of our own equity transactionsclose to the valuation date. (2)Backsolve denotes the back solve method under the market approach based on our own equity transactions as of the valuation date. 91 Restricted share units Restricted share units issued to our employees are measured based on the grant date fair value of the award and recognized as compensation expensebased on the graded-vesting method, net of estimated forfeitures, over the requisite service period, with a corresponding impact reflected in additional paid-incapital. The fair value of restricted shares was based on the fair value of our underlying common shares on the grant date. We are required to estimate forfeiture at the time of grant and to revise those estimates in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ with thoseestimates. Historical data was used to estimate pre-vesting forfeitures and record share-based compensation expenses only for those awards that we expect to vest. The following table sets forth certain information regarding the restricted share units granted to our employees in 2013, 2014 and 2015 with share and pershare information. Grant Date Restricted SharesGranted Fair value Per CommonShare as of theGrant Date Type/Methodologyof valuation (US$) March 31, 2013 1,009,000 0.8450 Contemporaneous/ Stock price (1)April 18, 2013 43,489 0.7855 Contemporaneous/ Stock price (1)April 30, 2013 26,943,500 0.8720 Contemporaneous/ Stock price (1)May 23, 2013 120,000 1.2065 Contemporaneous/ Stock price (1)July 19, 2013 1,802,000 1.8090 Contemporaneous/ Stock price (1)October 1, 2013 50,000 2.4045 Contemporaneous/ Stock price (1)November 1, 2013 48,000 2.4875 Contemporaneous/ Stock price (1)February 1, 2014 330,000 3.1230 Contemporaneous/Stock price (1)April 1, 2014 660,000 4.0920 Contemporaneous/Stock price (1)April 30, 2014 220,000 2.8680 Contemporaneous/Stock price (1)May 1, 2014 800,000 3.0110 Contemporaneous/Stock price (1)June 16, 2014 292,500 3.5035 Contemporaneous/Stock price (1)June 20, 2014 6,009,695 3.5560 Contemporaneous/Stock price (1)October 30, 2014 1,600,400 3.9525 Contemporaneous/Stock price (1)April 30,2015 455,400 3.1780 Contemporaneous/Stock price (1)May 1, 2015 400,000 3.3665 Contemporaneous/Stock price (1)June 30, 2015 829,200 3.4760 Contemporaneous/Stock price (1)July 1, 2015 13,621,544 3.3515 Contemporaneous/Stock price (1)August 6, 2015 90,000 3.0620 Contemporaneous/Stock price (1)October 30, 2015 180,000 2.8470 Contemporaneous/Stock price (1)November 7, 2015 292,500 2.9180 Contemporaneous/Stock price (1)December 30, 2015 140,000 3.1465 Contemporaneous/Stock price (1) Upon the completion of the initial public offering, the fair values of restricted share units are based on stock price of our company. Acquisition We apply the purchase method of accounting to account for our acquisitions. We determine the acquisition date based on the date at which all requiredlicenses are transferred to us and we obtained control of the acquiree. Purchase consideration generally consists of cash, contingent consideration and equity securities. In estimating the fair value of equity compensation, weconsider both income and market approach and selected the methodology that is most indicative of our fair value in an orderly transaction between marketparticipants as of the measurement date. Under the market approach, we utilize publicly-traded comparable company information to determine the revenue andearnings multiples that are used to value our equity securities. Under the income approach, we determine the fair value of our equity securities based on theestimated future cash flow discounted by an estimated weighted-average cost of capital, which reflects the overall level of inherent risk and the rate of return anoutside investor would expect to earn. We base the cash flow projections on forecasted cash flows derived from the most recent annual financial forecast using aterminal value based on the perpetuity growth model. In estimating the fair value of the contingent consideration recognized on the acquisition date, we consider the trinomial tree model. Under this model, weperform a scenario analysis and calculate the fair value of the contingent consideration based on the net present value of the total contingent payments under eachscenario and the expected probability of each scenario. 92 The identifiable assets acquired and liabilities and contingent liabilities assumed in a business acquisition are measured initially at the fair value at theacquisition date. The excess of the cost of acquisition over the fair value of the identifiable net assets acquired is recorded as goodwill. We are responsible for determining the fair value of the equity issued, assets acquired, liabilities assumed and intangibles identified as of the relevantacquisition date. Post-acquisition expenses are charged to general and administrative expenses directly. Goodwill Goodwill represents the amount by which the cost of acquired net assets in a business acquisition exceeds the fair value of the net identifiable assets onthe date of purchase. Goodwill is carried at cost less accumulated impairment losses. Goodwill is allocated to the reporting units that are expected to benefit fromthe business combination in which the goodwill arises for the purpose of impairment testing. If the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value, animpairment loss is recorded to the extent that the carrying value of goodwill exceeds its fair value. We have determined that the reporting units for testing goodwillimpairment are the operating segments that constitute a business for which discrete financial information is available and for which management regularly reviewsthe operating results. Estimating fair value is performed by utilizing various valuation techniques, with the primary technique being the discounted cash flow method. There areinherent limitations in any estimation technique and a minor change in the assumption could result in a significant change in its estimate of fair value, therebyincreasing or decreasing the amounts of our consolidated assets, shareholders' equity and net income or loss. We perform an impairment test on October 1 of each year or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the assetmay not be recoverable. RMB310.1 million (US$47.9 million) of impairment of goodwill was recognized for the year ended December 31, 2015, Intangible assets Intangible assets that are acquired in business acquisitions are recognized apart from goodwill if the intangible assets arise from contractual or other legalrights, or are separately identifiable if the intangible assets do not arise from contractual or other legal rights. The costs of determinable-lived intangible assets are amortized to expense over their estimated life and stated at cost (fair value at acquisition) lessaccumulated amortization. The value of indefinite-lived intangible assets is not amortized, but tested for impairment annually on October 1 of each year, orwhenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the assets may not be recoverable. We reassess indefinite-lived intangible assets ateach reporting period to determine whether events or circumstances continue to support an indefinite useful life. Impairment of investment, long-lived assets and intangible assets The carrying amounts of investment, long-lived assets and intangible assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstancesindicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is evaluated by a comparison of the carryingamount of assets to future undiscounted net cash flows expected to be generated by the assets. Such assets are considered to be impaired if the sum of the expectedundiscounted cash flow is less than carrying amount of the assets. The impairment to be recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying amounts ofthe assets exceed the fair value of the assets. RMB0.9 million of impairment of an investment was recognized for the year ended December 31, 2013,RMB4.0 million of impairment of an investment and RMB5.7 million of impairment of intangible assets were recognized for the year ended December 31, 2014,and RMB6.0 million (US$0.9 million) of impairment of an investment and RMB57.2 million (US$8.8 million) of impairment of intangible assets were recognizedfor the year ended December 31, 2015. Taxation and uncertain tax positions Current income tax is provided on the basis of income for financial reporting purposes, adjusted for income and expense items which are not assessable ordeductible for income tax purposes. In accordance with the regulations of the relevant tax jurisdictions, deferred income taxes are accounted for using an asset andliability method. Under this method, deferred income taxes are recognized for the tax consequences of temporary differences by applying enacted statutory ratesapplicable to future years to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts and the tax bases of existing assets and liabilities. The tax base of anasset or liability is the amount attributed to that asset or liability for tax purpose. The effect on deferred taxes of a change in tax rates is recognized in statement ofoperations and comprehensive income in the period of change. A valuation allowance is provided to reduce the amount of deferred tax assets if it is consideredmore likely than not that some portion of, or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. 93 We currently have deferred tax assets resulting from net operating loss carryforwards and deductible temporary differences, all of which are available toreduce future tax payable in our significant tax jurisdictions. The largest component of our deferred assets are the temporary differences generated by our PRCsubsidiary and VIE due to recognition of the deferred revenue. In assessing whether such deferred tax assets can be realized in the future, we need to makejudgments and estimates on the ability of each of our PRC subsidiary and VIE to generate taxable income in the future years. To the extent that we believe it ismore likely than not that some portion or the entire amount of deferred tax assets will not be realized, we established a total valuation allowance to offset thedeferred tax assets. As of December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, a total valuation allowance of RMB22.2 million, RMB24.4 million and RMB53.3 million(US$8.2 million), respectively, was recognized against deferred tax assets. If we subsequently determine that all or a portion of the temporary differences are morelike than not to be realized, the valuation allowance will be released, which will result in a tax benefit in our consolidated statements of operations. We adopted the guidance on accounting for uncertainty in income taxes on January 1, 2008. The guidance prescribes a more likely than not threshold forfinancial statement recognition and measurement of a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. Guidance was also provided on derecognition ofincome tax assets and liabilities, classification of current and deferred income tax assets and liabilities, accounting for interest and penalties associated with taxpositions, accounting for income taxes in interim periods, and income tax disclosures. Significant judgment is required in evaluating our uncertain tax positions anddetermining the relevant provision for income taxes. The adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings as of January 1, 2008 as a result of theimplementation of the guidance was zero. The interest and penalties associated with tax positions for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015 was zero.As of December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, we had no significant unrecognized uncertain tax positions. Foreign currency We use Renminbi as our reporting currency. The functional currency of our company and our subsidiaries, incorporated in the Cayman Islands, BritishVirgin Islands and Hong Kong is U.S. dollars, while the functional currency of the other entities is Renminbi, which is their respective local currency. In theconsolidated financial statements, the financial information of our company and our subsidiaries which use U.S. dollars as their functional currency have beentranslated into Renminbi. Assets and liabilities are translated at the exchange rates on the balance sheet date, equity amounts are translated at historical exchangerates, and revenues, expenses, gains and losses are translated using the average rate for the period. Translation adjustments arising from these are reported asforeign currency translation adjustments and are shown as a component of other comprehensive income or loss in the statement of operations and comprehensiveincome. Foreign currency transactions denominated in currencies other than functional currency are translated into the functional currency using the exchangerates prevailing at the dates of the transactions. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies at the balance sheet date are re-measured at theapplicable rates of exchange in effect at that date. Foreign exchange gains and losses resulting from the settlement of such transactions and from re-measurement atyear-end are recognized in foreign currency exchange gains (losses), net in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income. Convertible Bonds In accordance with ASC subtopic 470-20, the convertible debts are initially carried at the principal amount of the convertible debts. Related debtsissuance cost, are subsequently amortized using effective interest method as adjustments to interest expense from the debt issuance date to its first put date.Convertible debts are classified as a current liability if they are or will be callable by us or puttable by the debt holders within one year from the balance sheet date,even though liquidation may not be expected within that period. Results of Operations The following table sets forth a summary of our consolidated results of operations for the years indicated. Our business has grown rapidly since ourinception, and our limited operating history makes it difficult to predict future operating results. We believe that period-to-period comparisons of results ofoperations should not be relied upon as indicative of future performance. 94 For the Year Ended December 31, 2013 2014 2015 RMB % of total net revenues RMB % of total net revenues RMB US$ % of total net revenues Total net revenues (1) 1,823,468 100.0 3,678,368 100.0 5,897,249 910,379 100.0 IVAS: Online music and entertainment 852,885 46.8 2,109,503 57.3 3,320,052 512,528 56.3 Online games 602,111 33.0 811,699 22.1 771,882 119,158 13.1 Online dating 661 0.0 194,134 5.3 651,019 100,500 11.0 Others 204,551 11.2 415,689 11.3 918,006 141,716 15.6 Other revenues 163,260 9.0 147,343 4.0 236,290 36,477 4.0 Cost of revenues (881,999) (48.4) (1,849,149) (50.3) (3,579,744) (552,617) (60.7) Gross profit 941,469 51.6 1,829,219 49.7 2,317,505 357,762 39.3 Operating expenses Research and development expenses (267,005) (14.6) (431,188) (11.7) (548,799) (84,720) (9.3) Sales and marketing expenses (24,955) (1.4) (102,527) (2.8) (312,870) (48,299) (5.3) General and administrative expenses (200,554) (11.0) (223,019) (6.1) (358,474) (55,339) (6.1) Goodwill impairment — — — — (310,124) (47,875) (5.3)Fair value change of contingent consideration — — — — 292,471 45,150 5.0 Total operating expenses (492,514) (27.0) (756,734) (20.6) (1,237,796) (191,083) (21.0) Other income 27,078 1.5 6,319 0.2 82,300 12,705 1.4 Operating income 476,033 26.1 1,078,804 29.3 1,162,009 179,384 19.7 Other non-operating income (expense) — — 36,714 1.0 (2,165) (334) 0.0 Gain on disposal of an equity investment — — 999 0.0 — — — Foreign currency exchange gains/(losses), net 29,555 1.6 (10,399) (0.3) (38,099) (5,881) (0.6) Interest expense — — (56,607) (1.5) (97,125) (14,994) (1.6) Interest income 60,221 3.3 164,969 4.5 137,892 21,287 2.3 Income before income tax expenses 565,809 31.0 1,214,480 33.0 1,162,512 179,462 19.7 Income tax expenses (89,951) (4.9) (154,283) (4.2) (178,327) (27,529) (3.0) Income before share of income in equity methodinvestments, net of income taxes 475,858 26.1 1,060,197 28.8 984,185 151,933 16.7 Share of income in equity method investment,net of income taxes 1,869 0.1 4,275 0.1 14,120 2,180 0.2 Net income 477,727 26.2 1,064,472 28.9 998,305 154,113 16.9 Less: Net loss attributable to the non-controllinginterest shareholders and the mezzanineclassified non-controlling interest shareholders — — — — (34,938) (5,393) (0.6)Net income attributable to YY Inc. 477,727 26.2 1,064,472 28.9 1,033,243 159,506 17.5 (1)Net of rebates and discounts. 95 Year Ended December 31, 2015 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2014 Net Revenues. Our net revenues increased by 60.3% from RMB3,678.4 million in 2014 to RMB5,897.2 million (US$910.4 million) in 2015. Thisincrease was primarily due to the increased contribution of revenues from online music and entertainment and our online dating revenues as well as other sourcesincluding Huya broadcasting and membership program, partially offset by a decrease in our online game revenues. IVAS revenues. Our IVAS revenues, which consisted of revenues from online music and entertainment, online games, online dating as well as othersources, increased by 60.3% from RMB3,531.0 million in 2014 to RMB5,661.0 million (US$873.9 million) in 2015. The overall increase primarily reflected anincrease in the number of paying users and, to a lesser extent, an increase in ARPU. Our number of paying users increased from approximately 4.9 million in 2014to 7.2 million in 2015. Our ARPU for IVAS increased from RMB726.0 in 2014 to RMB783.3 (US$120.9) in 2015. The increase in paying users and ARPU wereprimarily due to (a) our ability to offer new and attractive products and services that allow us to monetize our platform; (b) our ability to attract and retain a largeand engaged user base through hosting an increasing number of events and activities; and (c) our ability to attract third party game developers, third party licenseeoperators, service providers and certain popular performers and channel owners. Revenues from online music and entertainment increased by 57.4% from RMB2,109.5 million for 2014 to RMB3,320.1 million (US$512.5 million) for2015. In addition to the increase in the number of paying users and ARPU, the increase in revenues from online music and entertainment was also due to theincreasing popularity of online music and entertainment. Our paying users for online music and entertainment increased from approximately 2,964,000 for 2014 to4,761,000 for 2015. The increasing popularity of online music and entertainment is primarily due to the increased number of activities we hosted. Revenues from online games decreased by 4.9% from RMB811.7 million in 2014 to RMB771.9 million (US$119.2 million) in 2015. This decline wasprimarily a result of the decrease in paying users, which reflects the continued weakness in China’s web game market, partially offset by an 22.1% increase inARPU of online games. Our paying users for online games decreased from approximately 1,558,000 for 2014 to 1,214,000 for 2015. The number of online gameswe operated as of December 31, 2014 was 210 as compared to 293 as of December 31, 2015. Revenues from online dating increased by 235.3% from RMB194.1 million for 2014 to RMB651.0 million (US$100.5 million) for 2015, which primarilyresulted from the increase in paying users and ARPU. Our paying users for online dating increased from approximately 413,000 for 2014 to 600,000 for 2015. Other IVAS revenues, which primarily consisted of revenues from Huya broadcasting and membership subscription fees, increased by 120.8% fromRMB415.7 million in 2014 to RMB918.0 million (US$141.7 million) in 2015. This increase was primarily due to an increase in the popularity of Huyabroadcasting and an increase in the number of users who subscribed to our membership program. Other revenues, which mainly include revenues from our online education platform, 100 Education, online advertising revenues from Duowan.com andecommerce, increased by 60.4% to RMB236.3 million (US$36.5 million) for 2015 from RMB147.3 million for 2014. Cost of Revenues. Our cost of revenues increased by 93.6% from RMB1,849.1 million in 2014 to RMB3,579.7 million (US$552.6 million) in 2015.The increase in our cost of revenues was due in large part to an increase in our revenue sharing fees and content costs, which consist of the payments to performers,channel owners and content providers, which amounted to RMB2,343.2 million (US$361.7 million) in 2015, representing a 106.6% increase fromRMB1,134.0 million in 2014. This increase in revenue sharing fees and content costs was in line with the increase in revenues and was primarily due to higherlevels of user engagement and spending driven by promotional activities, as well as investments in expanding the amount of new and innovative content weprovide to users. Bandwidth costs increased 64.8% from RMB345.9 million in 2014 to RMB570.2 million (US$88.0 million) in 2015, primarily reflecting thecontinued user base expansion and the video quality improvements. In addition, salary and welfare costs increased 50.4% from RMB131.8 million in 2014 toRMB198.2 million (US$30.6 million) in 2015, mainly due to our hiring of additional employees to serve our rapidly expanding user base. 96 Operating Expenses. Our operating expenses increased by 63.6% from RMB756.7 million in 2014 to RMB1,237.8 million (US$191.1 million) in2015, primarily due to an increase in sales and marketing expenses, particularly in relation to mobile product promotion, and general and administrative expensesdriven by our company’s overall business expansion, as well as research and development expenses,which was associated with our commitment to research anddevelopment and the advancements in our technology development. Research and development expenses. Our research and development expenses increased by 27.3% from RMB431.2 million in 2014 toRMB548.8 million (US$84.7 million) in 2015. This increase was primarily due to an increase in the number of our research and development staff, especiallyengineers, which accounts for approximately 52.4% of our total number of employees in 2015. Sales and marketing expenses. Our sales and marketing expenses increased by 205.2% from RMB102.5 million in 2014 to RMB312.9 million(US$48.3 million) in 2015. This increase was primarily due to the promotion of mobile products. General and administrative expenses. Our general and administrative expenses increased by 60.8% from RMB223.0 million in 2014 toRMB358.5 million (US$55.3 million) in 2015. This increase was associated with the general growth of our business and an increase in the intangible assetsimpairment charge. Foreign Currency Exchange Gains (Losses). We had net foreign currency exchange losses of RMB38.1 million (US$5.9 million) in 2015, comparedto a net foreign currency exchange losses of RMB10.4 million in 2014. Such losses were mainly due to the depreciation of Renminbi when we converted our off-shore Renminbi to U.S. dollars in the third quarter of 2015; bank charges incurred in relation to such conversion also contributed to our loss. Interest Income. Our interest income decreased from RMB165.0 million in 2014 to RMB137.9 million (US$21.3 million) in 2015. This decrease wasprimarily due to lower levels of short-term deposits, partly as a result of cash used in repurchase of our common shares in the first quarter of 2015. Income Tax Expenses. We recorded income tax expenses of RMB178.3 million (US$27.5 million) in 2015 compared to RMB154.3 million in 2014.This increase was primarily due to the higher income before income tax expenses recorded by certain of our PRC subsidiaries and consolidated affiliated entities. Net Income. As a result of the foregoing, we had a net income of RMB1,033.2 million (US$159.5 million) in 2015 as compared to a net income ofRMB1,064.5 million in 2014. Year Ended December 31, 2014 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2013 Net Revenues. Our net revenues increased by 101.7% from RMB1,823.5 million in 2013 to RMB3,678.4 million in 2014. This increase was primarilydue to the increased contribution of revenues from online music and entertainment and increases in our online game revenues as well as other sources including ouronline dating, live game broadcasting and membership program, partially offset by a decrease in our online advertising revenues. IVAS revenues. Our IVAS revenues, which consisted of revenues from online music and entertainment, online games as well as other sources,increased by 112.7% from RMB1,660.2 million in 2013 to RMB3,531.0 million in 2014. The overall increase primarily reflected an increase in the number ofpaying users and, to a lesser extent, an increase in ARPU. Our number of paying users increased from approximately 3.2 million in 2013 to 4.9 million in 2014.Our ARPU for IVAS increased from RMB525.2 in 2013 to RMB726.0 in 2014. The increase in paying users and ARPU were primarily due to (a) our ability tooffer new and attractive products and services that allow us to monetize our platform; (b) our ability to attract and retain a large and engaged user base throughhosting an increasing number of events and activities; and (c) our ability to attract third party game developers, third party licensee operators, service providers andcertain popular performers and channel owners. Revenues from online music and entertainment increased by 147.3% from RMB852.9 million for 2013 to RMB2,109.5 million for 2014. In addition tothe increase in the number of paying users and ARPU, the increase in revenues from online music and entertainment was also due to the increasing popularity ofonline music and entertainment. Our paying users for online music and entertainment increased from approximately 1,748,000 for 2013 to 2,964,000 for 2014. Theincreasing popularity of online music and entertainment is primarily due to the increased number of activities we hosted. 97 Revenues from online games increased by 34.8% from RMB602.1 million in 2013 to RMB811.7 million in 2014. This increase was primarily attributableto an increase in the attractiveness of our online game platform and the popularity of the online games we offer. Our paying users for online games increased fromapproximately 1,308,000 for 2013 to 1,558,000 for 2014. The number of online games we operated as of December 31, 2013 was 126 as compared to 210 as ofDecember 31, 2014. Other IVAS revenues, which primarily consisted of revenues from online dating, live game broadcasting and membership subscription fees, increased by197.2% from RMB205.2 million in 2013 to RMB609.8 million in 2014. This increase was primarily due to an increase in the number of users who subscribed toour membership program and an increase in the popularity of online dating and live game broadcasting. Online advertising revenues. Our online advertising revenues decreased by 9.7% from RMB163.3 million in 2013 to RMB147.3 million in 2014. Thisdecrease was primarily due to the ending of our contractual agreements with NetEase. Cost of Revenues. Our cost of revenues increased by 109.7% from RMB882.0 million in 2013 to RMB 1,849.1 million in 2014. The increase in ourcost of revenues was due in large part to an increase in our revenue sharing fees and content costs, which consist of the payments to performers, channel ownersand content providers, which amounted to RMB1,134.0 million in 2014, representing a 155.4% increase from RMB444.1 million in 2013. This increase in revenuesharing fees and content costs was primarily due to higher levels of user engagement and spending as well as an increasing number of emerging new business linesin different categories. Bandwidth costs increased 70.2% from RMB203.2 million in 2013 to RMB345.9 million in 2014 to support our growing businessoperations. In addition, salary and welfare costs increased 49.0% from RMB88.5 million in 2013 to RMB131.8 million in 2014, mainly due to our hiring ofadditional employees to serve our rapidly expanding user base. Operating Expenses. Our operating expenses increased by 53.6% from RMB492.5 million in 2013 to RMB756.7 million in 2014, primarily due to anincrease in sales and marketing expenses as well as research and development expenses, which was associated with the expansion of our market shares, continuinggrowth of our business operations, our commitment to research and development and the advancements in our technology development. Research and development expenses. Our research and development expenses increased by 61.5% from RMB267.0 million in 2013 toRMB431.2 million in 2014. This increase was primarily due to an increase in the number of our research and development staff, especially engineers, whichaccounts for approximately 56.1% of our total number of employees in 2014. Sales and marketing expenses. Our sales and marketing expenses increased by 310.8% from RMB25.0 million in 2013 to RMB102.5 million in 2014.This increase was primarily due to an increase in our spending on marketing and promotional activities we hosted and an increase in salaries and other benefits forour sales and marketing personnel, which was in turn mainly driven by an increase in the number of our sales and marketing personnel. General and administrative expenses. Our general and administrative expenses increased by 11.2% from RMB200.6 million in 2013 toRMB223.0 million in 2014. This increase was associated with the general growth of our business, partially offset by an increase in operating leverage associatedwith the our overall business expansion. Foreign Currency Exchange Gains (Losses). We had net foreign currency exchange losses of RMB10.4 million in 2014, compared to a net foreigncurrency exchange gains of RMB29.6 million in 2013. Such losses were primarily caused by the fact that in 2014, we re-converted a portion of the proceeds fromour initial public offering from Renminbi back into U.S. dollars, and U.S. dollar appreciated against RMB in 2014; bank charges incurred in relation to suchconversion also contributed to our loss. Our initial public offering proceeds were initially denominated in U.S. dollars before we converted them into Renminbi inthe fourth quarter of 2012. Interest Income. Our interest income increased from RMB60.2 million in 2013 to RMB165.0 million in 2014. This increase was primarily due tohigher levels of cash on hand and short-term deposits, partly as a result of depositing cash generated from our operations, and the proceeds from our issuance ofconvertible senior notes in March 2014. 98 Income Tax Expenses. We recorded income tax expenses of RMB154.3 million in 2014 compared to RMB90.0 million in 2013. This increase wasprimarily due to the higher income before income tax expenses recorded by certain of our PRC subsidiaries and consolidated affiliated entities. Net Income. As a result of the foregoing, we had a net income of RMB1,064.5 million in 2014 as compared to a net income of RMB477.7 million in2013. Inflation Since our inception, inflation in China has not materially impacted our results of operations. According to the National Bureau of Statistics of China, thechange of consumer price index in China was 2.6%, 2.0% and 1.4% in 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively. Although we have not in the past been materiallyaffected by inflation since our inception, we can provide no assurance that we will not be affected in the future by higher rates of inflation in China Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09 Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) which will replace requirements in U.S. GAAP. Thecore principle of the new standard is that a company should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount thatreflects the consideration to which the company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The new standard will be effective for annualreporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within that reporting period. The standard will be effective for the first quarter of2018.We are in the process of evaluating the impact of the standard on our consolidated financial statements. In February 2015, the FASB issued Consolidation (Topic 810) —Amendments to the Consolidation Analysis. The amendments in Topic 810 respond tostakeholders’ concerns about the current accounting for consolidation of variable interest entities, by changing aspects of the analysis that a reporting entity mustperform to determine whether it should consolidate such entities. Under the amendments, all reporting entities are within the scope of Subtopic 810-10,Consolidation—Overall, including limited partnerships and similar legal entities, unless a scope exception applies. The amendments are intended to be animprovement to current U.S. GAAP, as they simplify the codification of FASB Statement No. 167, Amendments to FASB Interpretation No. 46(R), with changesincluding reducing the number of consolidation models through the elimination of the indefinite deferral of Statement 167 and placing more emphasis on risk ofloss when determining a controlling financial interest. The amendments are effective for publicly-traded companies for fiscal years beginning after December 15,2015, and for interim periods within those fiscal years. Earlier adoption is permitted. We are in the process of evaluating the impact of the standard on ourconsolidated financial statements. In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-01: Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities. The amendments in thisUpdate make targeted improvements to generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) as follows: 1) Require equity investments (except those accounted forunder the equity method of accounting or those that result in consolidation of the investee) to be measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in netincome. However, an entity may choose to measure equity investments that do not have readily determinable fair values at cost minus impairment, if any, plus orminus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or a similar investment of the same issuer. 2) Simplify theimpairment assessment of equity investments without readily determinable fair values by requiring a qualitative assessment to identify impairment. When aqualitative assessment indicates that impairment exists, an entity is required to measure the investment at fair value. 3) Eliminate the requirement to disclose thefair value of financial instruments measured at amortized cost for entities that are not public business entities. 4) Eliminate the requirement for public businessentities to disclose the method(s) and significant assumptions used to estimate the fair value that is required to be disclosed for financial instruments measured atamortized cost on the balance sheet. 5) Require public business entities to use the exit price notion when measuring the fair value of financial instruments fordisclosure purposes. 6) Require an entity to present separately in other comprehensive income the portion of the total change in the fair value of a liability resultingfrom a change in the instrument-specific credit risk when the entity has elected to measure the liability at fair value in accordance with the fair value option forfinancial instruments. 7) Require separate presentation of financial assets and financial liabilities by measurement category and form of financial asset (that is,securities or loans and receivables) on the balance sheet or the accompanying notes to the financial statements. 8) Clarify that an entity should evaluate the need fora valuation allowance on a deferred tax asset related to available-for-sale securities in combination with the entity’s other deferred tax assets. For public businessentities, the amendments in this Update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years. We arein the process of evaluating the impact of the standard on our consolidated financial statements. 99 In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02: Leases (Topic 842). The core principle of Topic 842 is that a lessee should recognize the assets andliabilities that arise from leases. All leases create an asset and a liability for the lessee in accordance with FASB Concepts Statement No. 6, Elements of FinancialStatements, and, therefore, recognition of those lease assets and lease liabilities represents an improvement over previous GAAP, which did not require lease assetsand lease liabilities to be recognized for most leases. For public business entities, the amendments in this Update are effective for fiscal years beginning afterDecember 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. We are in the process of evaluating the impact of the standard on our consolidated financialstatements. In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-03: Intangibles—Goodwill and Other (Topic 350), Business Combinations (Topic 805), Consolidation(Topic 810), Derivatives and Hedging(Topic 815): Effective Date and Transition Guidance (PCC 15-01). The amendments in this Update make the guidance inUpdates 2014-02, 2014-03, 2014-07, and 2014-18 effective immediately by removing their effective dates. The amendments also include transition provisions thatprovide that private companies are able to forgo a preferability assessment the first time they elect the accounting alternatives within the scope of this Update. Anysubsequent change to an accounting policy election requires justification that the change is preferable under Topic 250, Accounting Changes and Error Corrections.The amendments in this Update also extend the transition guidance in Updates 2014-02, 2014-03, 2014-07, and 2014-18 indefinitely. While this Update extendstransition guidance for Updates 2014-07 and 2014-18, there is no intention to change how transition is applied for those two Updates. The amendments in thisUpdate are effective immediately. We are in the process of evaluating the impact of the standard on our consolidated financial statements. B. Liquidity and Capital Resources Cash Flows and Working Capital In recent years, we have financed our operations primarily through cash flows from operations, the proceeds from our initial public offering in November2012 and the proceeds from our convertible senior notes offering in March 2014. We expect to require cash to fund our ongoing operational needs, particularly ourrevenue sharing fees and content costs, salaries and benefits, bandwidth costs and potential acquisitions or strategic investments. We believe that our current cashand cash equivalents and the anticipated cash flow from operations will be sufficient to meet our anticipated working capital requirements and capital expendituresneeds for the next 12 months. However, we may require additional cash resources due to changing business conditions or other future developments, including anyinvestments or acquisitions we may decide to selectively pursue. If our existing cash resources are insufficient to meet our requirements, we may seek to sell equityor equity-linked securities, debt securities or borrow from banks. In March 2014, we issued an aggregate of US$400.0 million 2.25% convertible senior notes due in 2019. The net proceeds from the sale of the notes wereUS$390.8 million and will be used for general corporate purposes. As of December 31, 2015, the total carrying value of these notes were US$400.0 million. Thenotes bear interest at a rate of 2.25% per year, payable semiannually in arrears on April 1 and October 1 of each year, and such notes will mature on April 1, 2019unless earlier converted, redeem for certain tax-related events or repurchased in accordance with their terms. We are not subject to any financial covenants or othersignificant restrictions under the notes. We duly paid an interest of US$4.7 million and US$9.0 million on these convertible senior notes for 2014 and 2015,respectively, as such interest became due. On May 4, 2014 and March 5, 2015, respectively, the board of directors approved two Share Repurchase Program, pursuant to which we may repurchasefrom time to time at management’s discretion, at prevailing market prices in the open market, up to US$100 million for each share repurchase program in total ofour outstanding ADSs for a period not to exceed twelve (12) months from the date of approval by board of directors. For the year ended December 31, 2015, wehad repurchased under the Share Repurchase Program an aggregate of 3.1 million ADSs, representing 61.9 million Class A common shares at an average price ofUS$54.8 per ADS, or US$2.7 per Class A common share, for aggregate consideration of US$169.5 million. As of December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, we had RMB729.6 million, RMB475.0 million and RMB928.9 million (US$143.4 million), respectively, incash and cash equivalents. 100 As of December 31, 2015, our subsidiaries, VIEs, and VIE’s subsidiaries located in the PRC held cash and cash equivalents in the amount of RMB403.7million (US$62.3 million). Aggregate undistributed earnings and reserves of our subsidiaries, VIEs, and VIE’s subsidiaries located in the PRC that are available fordistribution to the Company as of December 31, 2015 are approximately RMB3,090,7 million.We would need to accrue and pay withholding taxes if we were todistribute funds from our subsidiaries in the PRC to our offshore subsidiaries. We do not intend to repatriate such funds in the foreseeable future, as we plan to useexisting cash balance in the PRC for general corporate purposes. The following table sets forth a summary of our cash flows for the years indicated: For the Year Ended December 31, 2013 2014 2015 RMB RMB RMB US$ (in thousands) Net cash provided by operating activities 891,173 1,301,351 1,823,442 281,493 Net cash used in investing activities (659,603) (3,954,055) (1,048,022) (161,787) Net cash (used in)/provided by financing activities (5,687) 2,402,762 (337,143) (52,046)Net increase (decrease)/in cash and cash equivalents 225,883 (249,942) 438,277 67,660 Cash and cash equivalents at the beginning of the year period 504,702 729,598 475,028 73,331 Effect of exchange rates change on cash and cash equivalents (987) (4,628) 15,629 2,412 Cash and cash equivalents at the end of the year period 729,598 475,028 928,934 143,403 Operating Activities Net cash used in or generated from operating activities consists primarily of our net income mitigated by non-cash adjustments, such as share-basedcompensation, depreciation of property and equipment and deferred taxes, and adjusted by changes in operating assets and liabilities, such as accounts receivableand accrued liabilities, prepayments and other assets, account payables and deferred revenue. Net cash provided by operating activities amounted to RMB1,823.4 million (US$281.5 million) for the year ended December 31, 2015, primarilyresulting from RMB6,355.8 million (US$$981.2 million) of cash revenues we received from the sale of IVAS and other revenues, partially offset by our sales-related cash outflow of RMB2,843.3 million (US$438.9 million), which mainly consisted of the amounts due to third party game developers under revenue sharingarrangements, distributions under arrangements with certain performers and channel owners, payment collection costs and business taxes, our employee salariesand welfare payments of RMB753.4 million (US$116.3 million), our payments for the lease of bandwidth of RMB543.3 million (US$83.9 million) and our generaloperating costs of RMB392.4 million (US$60.6 million). The increasing cash provided by operating activities was mainly due to the expansion of business. Net cash provided by operating activities amounted to RMB1,301.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2014, primarily resulting fromRMB3,988.2 million of cash revenues we received from the sale of IVAS and advertisements, partially offset by our sales-related cash outflow ofRMB1,533.6 million, which mainly consisted of the amounts due to third party game developers under revenue sharing arrangements, distributions underarrangements with certain performers and channel owners, payment collection costs and business taxes, our employee salaries and welfare payments ofRMB651.5 million, our payments for the lease of bandwidth of RMB327.2 million and our general operating costs of RMB174.5 million. Net cash provided by operating activities amounted to RMB891.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2013, primarily resulting fromRMB2,225.4 million of cash revenues we received from the sale of IVAS and advertisements, partially offset by our sales-related cash outflow ofRMB665.1 million, which mainly consisted of the amounts due to third party game developers under revenue sharing arrangements, distributions underarrangements with certain performers and channel owners, payment collection costs and business taxes, our employee salaries and welfare payments ofRMB317.6 million, our payments for the lease of bandwidth of RMB197.5 million and our general operating costs of RMB154.0 million. 101 Investing Activities Net cash used in investing activities largely reflects placements of short-term deposits, purchases of property and equipment and other non-current assetsin connection with the expansion and upgrade of our technology infrastructure, and our acquisitions of and investments in certain companies. Net cash used in investing activities amounted to RMB1,048.0 million (US$161.8 million) in the year ended December 31, 2015. Net cash used ininvesting activities primarily resulted from the placement of short-term deposits and restricted short-term deposits of RMB3,362.6 million (US$519.1 million),payments of an aggregate RMB1,926.2 million (US$297.4 million) for other non-current assets, mainly consisting of prepayments for purchasing land for futureoffice space, payments of RMB219.8 million (US$33.9 million) for the purchase of property and equipment, which mainly consisted of the purchase of servers,and cash paid for certain acquisitions and strategic investments of RMB358.4 million (US$55.3 million), partially offset by the maturity of short-term deposits andrestricted short-term deposits in various banks in the amount of RMB4,780.6 million (US$738.0 million). The decrease in cash used in investing activities wasmainly due to the decrease in investment in short-term deposit. Net cash used in investing activities amounted to RMB3,954.1 million in the year ended December 31, 2014. Net cash used in investing activitiesprimarily resulted from the placement of short-term deposits of RMB5,343.9 million, payments of an aggregate RMB 510.3 million for other non-current assets,mainly consisting of prepayments for certain floors of an office building, payments of RMB178.5 million for the purchase of property and equipment, whichmainly consisted of the purchase of servers, and cash paid for certain acquisitions and strategic investments of RMB259.4 million, partially offset by the maturityof short-term deposits in various banks in the amount of RMB2,550.1 million. Net cash used in investing activities amounted to RMB659.6 million in the year ended December 31, 2013. Net cash used in investing activities primarilyresulted from the placement of short-term deposits of RMB1,529.1 million, payments of RMB55.6 million for the purchase of property and equipment, whichmainly consisted of the purchase of servers, and cash paid for certain strategic investments of RMB58.1 million, partially offset by the maturity of short-termdeposits in various banks in the amount of RMB996.0 million. Financing Activities Net cash used in financing activities was RMB337.1 million (US$52.0 million) in 2015, primarily attributable to the share repurchase of 3.1million ADSfor RMB1,041.7 million (US$160.8 million), partially offset by net proceeds of RMB696.5 million (US$107.5 million) from bank borrowings. Net cash provided by financing activities was RMB2,402.8 million in 2014, primarily attributable to the net proceeds of RMB2,402.6 million millionfrom the issuance of 2.25% convertible senior note due 2019, issued in March 2014. Net cash used in financing activities was RMB5.7 million in 2013, primarily attributable to a portion of the listing expenses of RMB5.8 million. Capital Expenditures We made capital expenditures of RMB72.2 million, RMB744.7 million and RMB2,197.0 million (US$339.2 million) in 2013, 2014 and 2015,respectively. Our capital expenditures are primarily used to purchase office space, computers, servers, office furniture, operating rights for licensed games,software, domain names and other assets. In the fourth quarter of 2015, we invested RMB1,860.5 million (US$287.2 million) in purchasing land for future officespace in the Pazhou Internet Innovation Zone in order to accommodate future work force expansion and reduce long-term operating costs. We expect to incuradditional capital expenditures in 2016 for the refurbishment of the abovementioned office space. C. Research and Development, Patents and Licenses, Etc. In order to support the kind of multi-user, real-time online voice and video communications on a scale necessary for our platform, we build and developour own network infrastructure. See "Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Research and Development" for a description of the researchand development aspect of our business and "Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Intellectual Property" for a description of theprotection of our intellectual property. 102 Research and development expenses consist primarily of salaries and benefits for research and development personnel and rental and depreciation ofoffice premises and servers utilized by the research and development personnel. Research and development expenses greatly increased in the past three years endedDecember 31, 2015, due to the need for additional research and development personnel to accommodate the rapid growth of our business. We expect our researchand development expenses in absolute amount to increase as we intend to retain existing research and development personnel and also hire new ones to, amongother things, develop new series of applications for our platform, improve technology infrastructure to further enhance user experience, and further developenhanced features for Mobile YY to reach more users. We incurred RMB267.0 million, RMB431.2 million and RMB548.8 million (US$84.7 million) of researchand development expenses in 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively. D. Trend Information Other than as disclosed elsewhere in this annual report, we are not aware of any trends, uncertainties, demands, commitments or events since thebeginning of our fiscal year 2015 that are reasonably likely to have a material effect on our net revenues, income from operations, profitability, liquidity or capitalresources, or that would cause the disclosed financial information to be not necessarily indicative of future operating results or financial condition. E. Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements We have not entered into any financial guarantees or other commitments to guarantee the payment obligations of any third parties. We have not enteredinto any derivative contracts that are indexed to our shares and classified as shareholders' (deficit)/equity, or that are not reflected in our consolidated financialstatements. Furthermore, we do not have any retained or contingent interest in assets transferred to an unconsolidated entity that serves as credit, liquidity ormarket risk support to such entity. We do not have any variable interest in any unconsolidated entity that provides financing, liquidity, market risk or credit supportto us or engages in leasing, hedging or research and development services with us. F. Tabular Disclosure of Contractual Obligations The following table sets forth our contractual obligations as of December 31, 2015: Payment Due by Period Total Less than 1 year 1-2 years 3-5 years More than 5 years (in thousands) Operating lease obligations (1) (in RMB) 93,518 40,495 32,247 20,428 348 Capital commitment (2) (in RMB) 55,784 55,784 - - - Long-term borrowing (3) (in US$) 431,500 9,000 9,000 413,500 - (1)Operating lease obligations refer to the lease of offices under operating lease agreements, where a significant portion of the risks and rewards of ownership areretained by the lessor. Payments made under operating leases are charged to the consolidated statements of operations on a straight-line basis over the periodof the lease, including any free lease periods. (2)Capital commitment refers to capital expenditure of a land use right. (3)Long-term borrowing includes principle and interests that are derived from our 2.25% convertible senior notes due 2019, presuming that no conversion andrepurchase would occur. Our operating lease obligations increased from December 31, 2014 to December 31, 2015 primarily because we entered into some new leases in 2015. Other than the obligations set forth above, we did not have any other long-term debt obligations, operating lease obligations, purchase obligations or otherlong-term liabilities as of December 31, 2015. 103 G. Safe Harbor See "Forward Looking Statements" on page 2 of this annual report. ITEM 6.DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES A. Directors and Senior Management The following table sets forth information regarding our directors and executive officers as of the date of this annual report. There are no familyrelationships among any of the directors or executive officers of our company. Directors and Executive Officers Age Position/TitleJun Lei 48 Chairman of the Board and DirectorDavid Xueling Li 43 Chief Executive Officer and DirectorQin Liu 45 DirectorJenny Hong Wei Lee 45 Independent DirectorPeter Andrew Schloss 55 Independent DirectorPeng T. Ong 54 Independent DirectorRichard Weidong Ji 50 Independent DirectorDavid Tang 63 Independent DirectorRongjie Dong 41 Executive Vice PresidentEric He 57 Chief Financial Officer Mr. Jun Lei is our co-founder and has been our chairman since our inception. Mr. Lei is a co-founder and the chairman of Kingsoft Corporation Limited,a China-based software and online games company listed on the Stock Exchange of Hong Kong, and served as its chief executive officer from October 1998 toDecember 2007. Mr. Lei is the chairman of Cheetah Mobile Inc., which was listed on Nasdaq in May, 2014. In 2010, Mr. Lei co-founded and has since then servedas the chairman of Xiaomi Corporation, a smartphone and mobile internet company in China. From April 2000 to March 2005, Mr. Lei co-founded and served aschairman of Joyo.com which, during his tenure, was sold to Amazon, becoming Amazon China. Since November 2003, Mr. Lei has served on the board ofdirectors of Wuhan University. In addition, Mr. Lei is active in private investments and currently serves as a director or advisor in several privately held companiesthat he founded or invested in. Mr. Lei received his bachelor's degree in computer science from Wuhan University in 1991. Mr. David Xueling Li is our co-founder and has been our chief executive officer since our inception. Mr. Li is primarily responsible for our overallmanagement, major decision-making and strategic planning, including research and development. Before founding our company, Mr. Li worked atNetease.com, Inc. from July 2003 to April 2005 and served as its chief editor. In 2000, Mr. Li founded CFP.cn, a website that provided a copyright tradingplatform for journalists and amateur photographers. Mr. Li received a bachelor's degree in philosophy from Renmin University of China in 1997. Mr. Qin Liu has been a director of our company since June 2008. Mr. Liu has been a director of Morningside China TMT Fund I, L.P. since its formationin 2008, where he is primarily responsible for managing early-stage investments in the internet, wireless, media, entertainment and consumer services sectors inChina. He also serves as a director in several non-public portfolio companies of the fund. From 2000 through 2008, Mr. Liu worked at Morningside ITManagement Services (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. and established its print media business and served as publisher of The Bund, an upscale lifestyle weekly publication.Mr. Liu received a master's degree in business administration, or MBA, from China Europe International Business School in 1999 and a bachelor's degree inelectrical engineering from Beijing Science & Technology University in 1993. Ms. Jenny Hong Wei Lee has served as our director since December 2009. Ms. Lee is currently a director of Pactera Technology International Ltd., aleading China-based provider of outsourced information technology and research and development services, which was formerly listed on the NASDAQ GlobalSelect Market and subsequently privatized in 2014. She is also a director and a member of the audit committee of 21Vianet Group, Inc., a leading China-basedcarrier-neutral Internet data center services provider, which is listed on the NASDAQ Global Select Market. In addition, Ms. Lee serves is a managing director ofGranite Global Ventures III L.L.C., which is a general partner of Granite Global Ventures III L.P. and GGV III Entrepreneurs Fund L.P. From 2002 to 2005,Ms. Lee served as a vice president of JAFCO Asia. Ms. Lee received her bachelor's degree in electrical engineering in 1994 and master's degree in engineering in1995 from Cornell University. Ms. Lee also has an MBA degree from Kellogg School of Management at Northwestern University in 2001. 104 Mr. Peter Andrew Schloss has served as our independent director since November 20, 2012. Mr. Schloss is managing director and CEO of CastleHillPartners and a partner at Phoenix Media Fund. Since February 2016, Mr. Schloss has been an independent director of Zhaopin Limited (NYSE: ZPIN). PreviouslyMr. Schloss was an independent director and audit committee chairman of Giant Interactive Group Inc., a NYSE-listed company, from 2007 to 2015. From 2008 to2012, Mr. Schloss served as the chief executive officer of Allied Pacific Sports Network Limited, a leading internet and wireless provider of live and on-demandsports programs in Asia. Prior to joining Allied Pacific Sports Network Limited, Mr. Schloss worked at TOM Online Inc., serving as the chief financial officerfrom 2003 to 2005, as an executive director from 2004 to 2007 and as the chief legal officer from 2005 to 2007. Mr. Schloss received a bachelor's degree inpolitical science and a juris doctor degree from Tulane University. Mr. Peng T. Ong has served as our independent director since November 20, 2012. Mr. Ong is a managing director of Monk’s Hill Ventures. Prior tofounding Monk’s Hill Ventures, he was a partner at GSR Ventures. Mr Ong is a director of the Media Development Authority of Singapore. In addition, he is atrustee of the Singapore University of Technology and Design and sits on the strategic advisory board of the Chancellor of the University of Illinois. Mr. Ong wasan independent director of Singapore Telecommunications Limited through July 2013 and chairs SingTel's group enterprise advisory committee. He was anindependent director of the National Research Foundation of Singapore from 2009 to 2013. He served as chairman of Infocomm Investments Pte Ltd, a venturecapital fund in Singapore, from 2006 to 2013. Mr. Ong founded Interwoven Inc. (acquired by Autonomy Corporation plc., now part of Hewlett-Packard) andserved as its president and chief executive officer from 1995 to 1997 and its chairman from 1995 to 2002. Mr. Ong also founded Encentuate Inc. which became thefoundation of the IBM Singapore Software Lab after being acquired by IBM. In addition, Mr. Ong co-founded Match.com (now part of IAC/InterActiveCorp) andserved in various engineering and management positions at Illustra Information Technologies, Inc. (now Informix Corporation, part of IBM), Sybase Inc. (nowSAP America, Inc.) and Gensym Corporation. Mr. Ong Peng received a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering from University of Texas at Austin and amaster's degree in computer science from University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Mr. Richard Weidong Ji has served as our independent director since May 2013. Mr. Ji is the cofounder and managing partner of All-Stars InvestmentLimited, which focuses on investing in Internet technology leaders and consumer brands that help enhance the lives of Chinese consumers. From 2005 to 2012,Mr. Ji served as managing director and head of Asia-Pacific Internet/media investment research at Morgan Stanley Asia Limited. During his time with MorganStanley, Mr. Ji was consistently rated as one of the top internet analysts covering the Chinese internet according to the Institutional Investor and GreenwichAssociates' annual surveys. Over Mr. Ji's career, he has received many awards from reputable publications and research groups including the Financial Times,South China Morning Post, Asiamoney, Absolute Return & Alpha magazine and iResearch Consulting Group. Mr. Ji holds a doctor of sciences degree inbiological science from Harvard University, an MBA from the Wharton School of Business at the University of Pennsylvania and a Bachelor of Science fromFudan University in China. He also serves as an independent director of 58.com. Mr. David Tang has served as our independent director since May 2013. Mr. Tang currently serves as a managing director of Nokia Growth Partners, aglobal venture capital firm that specializes in investing in mobile technologies and mobile businesses. From 2011 to 2012, Mr. Tang was the vice president of theEuropean Union Chamber of Commerce in China, vice chairman of the China Association of Enterprises with Foreign Investments, and vice chairman of theBeijing International Chamber of Commerce. Mr. Tang has spent nearly a decade with the Nokia group, having served as the vice chairman of Nokia (China)Investment Co., Ltd. and chairman of Nokia Telecommunications Ltd. where he was responsible for government relations, strategic partnerships, corporatedevelopment, and sustainability. Prior to serving in those roles, he was the vice chairman and vice president of sales for Nokia in the greater China region from2005 to 2009. Mr. Tang has also held executive positions in other leading global technology firms such as Apple, AMD, 3Com, DEC, and AST. Mr. Tang receivedhis bachelor's degree in Computer Science and Engineering from California State University at Long Beach and a master's degree in Business from California StateUniversity at Fullerton. Mr. Rongjie Dong has been the president of the technology department of Guangzhou Huaduo since October 2006 and is currently our executive vicepresident. Prior to joining us, he served as product manager and head of the technology department of 163.com from 2000 to 2006. Mr. Dong received hisbachelor's degree in computer hardware from Beijing Information Engineering Institute (now known as Beijing Information Science and Technology University) in1999. 105 Mr. Eric He has been our chief financial officer since August 2011. He currently also serves as an independent director of MOL Global, Inc. (NASDAQ:MOLG) and 51job (Nasdaq: JOBS). Prior to joining us, Mr. He served as the chief financial officer of Giant Interactive Group, Inc., an NYSE-listed company,from March 2007 to August 2011. He served as the chief strategy officer of Ninetowns Internet Technology Group from 2004 to 2007. From 2002 to 2004, heserved as a private equity investment director for AIG Global Investment Corp (Asia) Ltd. Mr. He received a bachelor's degree in accounting from National TaipeiUniversity and an MBA degree from the Wharton School of Business at the University of Pennsylvania. Mr. He is a Certified Public Accountant and CharteredFinancial Analyst in the United States. B. Compensation of Directors and Executive Officers For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015, we paid an aggregate of RMB4.5 million (US$ 0.7 million) in cash, including salaries and bonuses, to ourdirectors and executive officers. For details on the share incentive grants to our directors and officers, see "—Share Incentive Plans." For the fiscal year endedDecember 31, 2015, we made contributions for our directors and executive officers for their pension insurance, medical insurance, housing fund, unemploymentand other statutory benefits as required by PRC laws in an aggregate amount of RMB 0.2 million (US$ 0.03 million ). We did not set aside or accrue any otherpension or retirement benefits for our directors and executive officers for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015. Employment Agreements We have entered into employment agreements with our senior executive officers. We may terminate a senior executive officer's employment for cause atany time without remuneration for certain acts of the officer, such as being convicted of any criminal conduct, any act of gross or willful misconduct or anyserious, willful, grossly negligent or persistent breach of any employment agreement provision, or engaging in any conduct which may make the continuedemployment of such officer detrimental to our company. We may also terminate a senior executive officer's employment by giving three months' prior writtennotice. A senior executive officer may terminate his or her employment at any time by giving three months' written notice, provided that such notice may only begiven by the officer any time after the third anniversary of his or her employment. Each senior executive officer has agreed to hold all information, know-how and records in any way connected with the business of our company,including, without limitation, all formulae, designs, specifications, drawings, data, operations and testing procedures, manuals and instructions and all customerand supplier lists, sales information, business plans and forecasts and all technical or other expertise and all computer software of our company, in strict confidenceduring and after his or her employment. Each officer also agrees that we shall own all the intellectual property developed by such officer during his or heremployment. Share Incentive Plans We have adopted two share incentive plans, namely, the 2009 Scheme and the 2011 Plan. The purpose of these two share incentive plans is to attract andretain personnel by linking the personal interests of the members of the board, officers, employees and consultants to the success of our business and by providingsuch individuals with an incentive for outstanding performance. As of March 31, 2016, options to purchase 748,375 common shares, 10,519,032 restricted sharesand 47,102,490 restricted share units were outstanding under the 2009 Scheme and the 2011 Plan. 2009 Employee Equity Incentive Scheme We adopted the 2009 Scheme in December 2009. In September 2011, YY Inc. assumed all the rights and obligations of Duowan EntertainmentCorporation under all share-based compensation previously issued by Duowan Entertainment Corporation, including under the relevant award agreement andunder the 2009 Scheme, if applicable, and undertook to issue its own common shares upon the exercise of any share-based compensation awards previously issuedby Duowan Entertainment Corporation, subject to compliance with the terms and conditions of the relevant award agreements and the 2009 Scheme, if applicable. Under the 2009 Scheme, the maximum number of shares in respect of which options or restricted shares may be granted is 120,020,001. The following paragraphs summarize the terms of the 2009 Scheme. Types of Awards. The following briefly describe the principal features of the various awards that may be granted under the 2009 Scheme. 106 ·Options. Options provide for the right to purchase a specified number of our common shares at a specified price and usually will become exercisable atthe discretion of our plan administrator in one or more installments after the grant date. The option exercise price may be paid, subject to the discretion ofthe plan administrator, in cash or check, in our common shares which have been held by the option holder for such period of time as may be required toavoid adverse accounting consequences, in other property with value equal to the exercise price, through a broker-assisted cashless exercise, or by anycombination of the foregoing. ·Restricted Shares. A restricted share award is the grant of our common shares which are subject to certain restrictions and may be subject to risk offorfeiture. Unless otherwise determined by our plan administrator, a restricted share is nontransferable and may be forfeited or repurchased by us upontermination of employment or service during a restricted period. Our plan administrator may also impose other restrictions on the restricted shares, suchas limitations on the right to vote or the right to receive dividends. Plan Administration. Our board or a committee of one or more members of our board duly authorized for the purpose of the 2009 Scheme can act asthe plan administrator. Award Agreement. Options or restricted shares granted under the 2009 Scheme are evidenced by an award agreement that sets forth the terms,conditions and limitations for each grant. Option Exercise Price. The exercise price in respect of any option shall be fixed by reference to the date upon which the option (or the relevant partthereof) is granted, and shall be, at the election of the plan administrator, (a) the latest valuation price per share certified by a third party valuer prior to the date ofgrant of the relevant option (or relevant part thereof) or (b) the latest price per share at which we have issued any shares prior to the date of grant of the relevantoption (or relevant part thereof). Eligibility. We may grant awards to our employees, officers and directors or consultants to our members. Term of the Awards. The 2009 Scheme shall be valid and effective for a period of ten years from the date of effectiveness. The term of each option orrestricted share grant shall be ten years from the date of the grant. Vesting Schedule. In general, the plan administrator determines the vesting schedule, which is set forth in the award agreement. Transfer Restrictions. Awards for options or restricted shares may not be transferred in any manner by the award holders and may be exercised only bysuch holders, subject to limited exceptions. Restricted shares may not be transferred during the period of restriction. Termination. The plan administrator may at any time terminate the operation of the 2009 Scheme. Prior to the adoption of the 2009 Scheme, we granted certain share options to our employees pursuant to certain share option agreements which carriedsubstantially the same terms and conditions with those stipulated in the 2009 Scheme. 2011 Share Incentive Plan We adopted the 2011 Plan in September 2011. Under the 2011 Plan, the maximum number of common shares reserved for issuance under the plan is 43,000,000, plus an annual increase of 20,000,000on the first day of each fiscal year, beginning in 2013, or such smaller number of common shares as determined by our board of directors. The following paragraphs summarize the terms of the 2011 Plan. Types of Awards. The following briefly describe the principal features of the various awards that may be granted under the 2011 Plan. 107 ·Options. Options provide for the right to purchase a specified number of our common shares at a specified price and usually will become exercisable atthe discretion of our plan administrator in one or more installments after the grant date. The option exercise price may be paid, subject to the discretion ofthe plan administrator, in cash or check, in our common shares which have been held by the option holder for such period of time as may be required toavoid adverse accounting consequences, in other property with value equal to the exercise price, through a broker-assisted cashless exercise, or by anycombination of the foregoing. ·Restricted Shares. A restricted share award is the grant of our common shares which are subject to certain restrictions and may be subject to risk offorfeiture. Unless otherwise determined by our plan administrator, a restricted share is nontransferable and may be forfeited or repurchased by us upontermination of employment or service during a restricted period. Our plan administrator may also impose other restrictions on the restricted shares, suchas limitations on the right to vote or the right to receive dividends. ·Restricted Share Units. A restricted share unit award is the grant of the right to receive a common share at a future date and may be subject to forfeiture.Our plan administrator has the discretion to set performance objectives or other vesting criteria that will determine the number or value of restricted shareunits to be granted. Unless otherwise determined by our plan administrator, a restricted share unit is nontransferable and may be forfeited or repurchasedby us upon termination of employment or service during a restricted period. Our plan administrator, at the time of grant, specifies the dates on which therestricted share units become fully vested. Plan Administration. Our board or a committee of one or more members of our board duly authorized for the purpose of the 2011 Plan can act as theplan administrator. Award Agreement. Options, restricted shares or restricted shares units granted under the 2011 Plan are evidenced by an award agreement that sets forththe terms, conditions and limitations for each grant. Option Exercise Price. The exercise price in respect of any option shall be determined by the plan administrator and set forth in the award agreementwhich may be a fixed or variable price related to the fair market value of the shares. The exercise price per share subject to an option may be amended or adjustedin the absolute discretion of the plan administrator, the determination of which shall be final, binding and conclusive. Eligibility. We may grant awards to our employees, consultants or directors. Term of the Awards. The 2011 Plan shall be valid and effective for a period of ten years from the date of effectiveness. The term of each option grantshall not exceed ten years from the date of the grant. Vesting Schedule. In general, the plan administrator determines the vesting schedule, which is set forth in the award agreement. Transfer Restrictions. Awards for options, restricted shares or restricted share units may not be transferred in any manner by the award holders andmay be exercised only by such holders, subject to limited exceptions. Restricted shares may not be transferred during the period of restriction. Termination. The plan administrator may at any time terminate the operation of the 2011 Plan. The following table summarizes, as of March 31, 2016, the outstanding options granted to our executive officers, directors and other individuals as agroup. Common Shares Underlying Options Awarded Exercise Price (US$/Share) Date of Grant Date of Expiration Other Individuals as a Group 10 — January 1, 2008 December 31, 2015 10,051 0.005510 January 1, 2008 December 31, 2017 738,314 0.006735 January 1, 2009 December 31, 2018 Total 748,375 *The aggregate number of common shares underlying the outstanding options held by this individual is less than 1% of our total outstanding shares. 108 The following table summarizes, as of March 31, 2016, the outstanding restricted shares granted to our executive officers, directors and other individualsas a group. Name Restricted Shares Granted Date of Grant Other Individuals as a Group 5,198,358 January 1, 2010 425,734 February 1, 2010 3,425,360 July 1, 2010 250,000 October 1, 2010 1,219,580 January 1, 2011 Total 10,519,032 *The aggregate number of common shares underlying the outstanding restricted shares held by each of these individuals is less than 1% of our total outstandingshares. The following table summarizes, as of March 31, 2016, the outstanding restricted share units granted to our executive officers, directors and otherindividuals as a group. Name Common Shares Underlying Restricted Share Units Granted Date of Grant David Xueling Li * April 30, 2013 * June 20, 2014 Jenny Hong Wei Lee * November 7, 2012 * June 16, 2014 * November 7, 2015 Peter Andrew Schloss * November 7, 2012 * June 16, 2014 * November 7, 2015 Peng T. Ong * November 7, 2012 * June 16, 2014 * November 7, 2015 Richard Weidong Ji * May 23, 2013 * June 16, 2014 109 Name Common Shares Underlying Restricted Share Units Granted Date of Grant David Tang * May 23, 2013 * June 16, 2014 Eric He * September 16, 2011 * November 21, 2012 * April 30, 2013 Rongjie Dong * April 30, 2013 * July 19, 2013 * June 20, 2014 * June 30, 2015 Qin Liu * August 6, 2015 Other Individuals as a Group 3,800 January 1, 2011 1,718,450 September 16, 2011 311,800 January 1, 2012 570,579 March 31, 2012 185,340 July 15, 2012 2,927,210 September 1, 2012 26,320 September 30, 2012 138,750 March 31, 2013 7,589 April 18, 2013 10,003,540 April 30, 2013 889,220 July 19, 2013 12,000 October 1, 2013 40,000 November 1, 2013 168,000 February 1, 2014 334,000 April 1, 2014 80,000 April 30, 2014 700,000 May 1, 2014 3,243,358 June 20, 2014 508,160 October 30, 2014 340,860 April 30, 2015 400,000 May 1, 2015 110 Name Common Shares Underlying Restricted Share Units Granted Date of Grant 13,122,544 July 1, 2015 180,000 October 30, 2015 140,000 December 30, 2015 192,000 January 1, 2016 Total 47,102,490 *The aggregate number of common shares underlying the outstanding restricted share units, or RSUs, held by each of these individuals is less than 1% of ourtotal outstanding shares. C. Board Practices Our board of directors currently consists of eight directors. A director is not required to hold any shares in our company to qualify to serve as a director. Adirector may vote with respect to any contract, proposed contract, or arrangement in which he or she is materially interested. A director may exercise all the powersof the company to borrow money, mortgage its business, property and uncalled capital, and issue debentures or other securities whenever money is borrowed or assecurity for any obligation of the company or of any third party. See "Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—B. Compensation of Directors andExecutive Officers" for a description of the employment agreements we have entered into with our senior executive officers. Committees of the Board of Directors We have established an audit committee, a compensation committee and a corporate governance and nominating committee under the board of directors.We have adopted a charter for each of the three committees. Each committee's members and functions are described below. Audit Committee. Our audit committee consists of Mr. Peter Andrew Schloss, Mr. Peng T. Ong and Mr. Richard Weidong Ji, and is chaired byMr. Schloss. We have determined that each of Mr. Schloss, Mr. Ong and Mr. Ji satisfies the "independence" requirements of Rule 5605(c)(2) of the Listing Rulesof the Nasdaq Global Market and meet the independence standards under Rule 10A-3 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. We havedetermined that Mr. Schloss qualifies as an "audit committee financial expert." The audit committee oversees our accounting and financial reporting processes andthe audits of the financial statements of our company. The audit committee is responsible for, among other things: ·selecting the independent registered public accounting firm and pre-approving all auditing and non-auditing services permitted to be performed by theindependent registered public accounting firm; ·reviewing with the independent registered public accounting firm any audit problems or difficulties and management's response; ·reviewing and approving all proposed related party transactions, as defined in Item 404 of Regulation S-K under the Securities Act; ·discussing the annual audited financial statements with management and the independent registered public accounting firm; ·reviewing major issues as to the adequacy of our internal controls and any special audit steps adopted in light of any material control deficiencies; ·annually reviewing and reassessing the adequacy of our audit committee charter; ·meeting separately and periodically with management and the independent registered public accounting firm; and ·reporting regularly to the board. 111 Compensation Committee. Our compensation committee consists of Mr. Jun Lei, Ms. Jenny Hong Wei Lee and Mr. David Tang, and is chaired byMr. Lei. We have determined that each of Ms. Lee and Mr. Tang satisfies the "independence" requirements of Rule 5605(c)(2) of the Listing Rules of the NasdaqGlobal Market. The compensation committee assists the board in reviewing and approving the compensation structure, including all forms of compensation,relating to our directors and executive officers. Our directors may not be present at any committee meeting during which their compensation is deliberated upon.The compensation committee is responsible for, among other things: ·reviewing the total compensation package for our executive officers and making recommendations to the board with respect to it; ·approving and overseeing the total compensation package for our executives other than the three most senior executives; ·reviewing the compensation of our directors and making recommendations to the board with respect to it; ·periodically reviewing and approving any long-term incentive compensation or equity plans, programs or similar arrangements, annual bonuses, andemployee pension and welfare benefit plans; and ·selecting compensation consultant, legal counsel or other adviser only after taking into consideration all factors relevant to that person's independencefrom management. Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee. Our nominating committee consists of Mr. Peng T. Ong, Mr. Qin Liu and Mr. Peter AndrewSchloss, and is chaired by Mr. Ong. We have determined that each of Mr. Ong and Mr. Schloss satisfies the "independence" requirements of Rule 5605(c)(2) of theListing Rules of the Nasdaq Global Market. The nominating committee assists the board in selecting individuals qualified to become our directors and indetermining the composition of the board and its committees. The nominating committee is responsible for, among other things: ·recommending nominees to the board for election or re-election to the board, or for appointment to fill any vacancy on the board; ·reviewing annually with the board the current composition of the board with regards to characteristics such as independence, age, skills, experience andavailability of service to us; ·selecting and recommending to the board the names of directors to serve as members of the audit committee and the compensation committee, as well asof the nominating committee itself; and ·monitoring compliance with our code of business conduct and ethics, including reviewing the adequacy and effectiveness of our procedures to ensureproper compliance. Independent Committee. In July 2015, our board of directors formed a special committee of independent directors consisting of Messrs. Peter AndrewSchloss, David Tang, and Peng Tsing Ong in response to a preliminary non-binding proposal letter from the Buyer Group notifying our board of directors of theirinterest in acquiring all of our outstanding shares not already beneficially owned by them in a proposed going private transaction. See “Item 4. Information on theCompany—A. History and Development of the Company.” Duties of Directors Under Cayman Islands law, our directors have a common law duty of loyalty to act honestly in good faith with a view to our best interests. Our directorsalso have a duty to exercise the skill they actually possess and such care and diligence that a reasonably prudent person would exercise in comparablecircumstances. In fulfilling their duty of care to us, our directors must ensure compliance with our memorandum and articles of association. Terms of Directors and Officers Our officers are elected by and serve at the discretion of the board. Our directors are not subject to a term of office and hold office until such time as theyare removed from office by special resolution of all shareholders. A director will be removed from office automatically if, among other things, the director(1) becomes bankrupt or makes any arrangement or composition with his creditors; or (2) dies or is found by our company to be of unsound mind. D. Employees The following table sets forth the numbers of our employees, categorized by function, as of December 31, 2015: 112 Functions Number of Employees Management 17 Customer services and operations 974 Engineering and maintenance 149 Research and development 1,739 Sales and marketing 209 General and administration 229 Total 3,317 We had a total of 1,751, 2,889 and 3,317 employees as of December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively. We have developed a corporate culture that encourages initiative, technical superiority and self-development. In addition, we periodically evaluate ouremployees' performance and provide them with training sessions tailored to each job function to enhance performance and service quality. As required by regulations in China, we participate in various employee social security plans that are organized by municipal and provincial governments,including pension, unemployment insurance, childbirth insurance, work-related injury insurance, medical insurance and housing insurance. We are required underPRC law to make contributions to employee benefit plans at specified percentages of the salaries, bonuses and certain allowances of our employees, up to amaximum amount specified by the local government from time to time. We believe that we maintain a good working relationship with our employees and we havenot experienced any significant labor disputes. E. Share Ownership Class A Common Shares As of March 31, 2016, we had 729,301,268 Class A common shares outstanding. In addition, as of March 31, 2015, we have granted, and haveoutstanding, options to purchase a total of 748,375 Class A common shares, 10,519,032 restricted shares and 47,102,490 restricted share units to our directors,executive officers, other employees and consultants. For information regarding the Share Incentive Plans, see "Item 6.B. Compensation of Directors and ExecutiveOfficers." Class B Common Shares As of March 31, 2016, we had 369,557,976 Class B common shares outstanding. Beneficial Ownership The following table sets forth information concerning the beneficial ownership of our common shares as of March 31, 2016, by: ·each of our directors and executive officers; and ·each person known to us to beneficially own more than 5% of our common shares. Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with the rules and regulations of the SEC. In computing the number of shares beneficially owned by aperson and the percentage ownership of that person, we have included shares that the person has the right to acquire or that would become unrestricted shareswithin 60 days after March 31, 2016, the most recent practicable date, including through the exercise of any option, warrant, or other right or the conversion of anyother security. These shares, however, are not included in the computation of the percentage ownership of any other person. The calculations in the table below assume that there were 729,301,268 Class A common shares outstanding and 369,557,976 Class B common shares asof March 31, 2016. 113 Class A CommonShares BeneficiallyOwned(1) Class B Common Shares Beneficially Owned(2) Total Common Shares Beneficially Owned Total voting Power(5) Number % Number % Number(3) %(4) % Directors and Executive Officers:* Jun Lei (6) - - 192,741,483, 52.2 192,741,483 17.5 43.6 David Xueling Li (7) 18,064,890 2.5 175.241,483 47.4 193,306,373 17.6 40.0 Qin Liu (8) 40,186,820 5.5 - - 40,186,820 3.7 0.9 Jenny Hong Wei Lee (9) 32,857,440 4.5 - - 32,857,440 3.0 0.7 Peter Andrew Schloss ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Peng T. Ong ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Richard Weidong Ji ** ** ** ** ** ** ** David Tang ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Rongjie Dong ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Eric He ** ** ** ** ** ** ** All directors and executive officers as a group 105,362,480 14.4 369,557,966 100.0 474,920,446 43.0 85.8 Principal Shareholders: Top Brand Holdings Limited (10) - - 192,741,483 52.2 192,741,483 17.5 43.6 YYME Limited (11) 16,000,000 2.2 175,241,483 47.4 191,241,483 17.4 40.0 Notes:*Except for Mr. Jun Lei, Mr. Qin Liu, Ms. Jenny Hong Wei Lee, Mr. Peter Andrew Schloss, Mr. Peng T. Ong, Mr. Richard Weidong Ji, and Mr. David Tang,the business address of our directors and executive officers is c/o Building B-1, North Block of Wanda Plaza No. 79 Wanbo Er Road Nancun Town, PanyuDistrict, Guangzhou, 511442, PRC. **The aggregate number of common shares beneficially owned by each of these individuals is less than 1% of our total outstanding shares. (1)For each person and group included in this column, percentage ownership is calculated by dividing the number of Class A common shares beneficially ownedby such person or group, including shares that such person or group has the right to acquire within 60 days of March 31, 2016, by the sum of (i) 729,301,268,which is the total number of Class A common shares outstanding as of March 31, 2016, and (ii) the number of Class A common shares that such person orgroup has the right to acquire within 60 days of March 31, 2016. (2)For each person and group included in this column, percentage ownership is calculated by dividing the number of Class B common shares beneficially ownedby such person or group by 369,557,976, being the total number of Class B common shares outstanding as of March 31, 2016. (3)Represents the sum of Class A and Class B common shares beneficially owned by such person or group. (4)For each person and group included in this column, percentage ownership is calculated by dividing the number of total common shares beneficially owned bysuch person or group, by the sum of the number of common shares outstanding and the number of common shares such person or group has the right toacquire upon exercise of the stock options or warrants within 60 days after March 31, 2016. (5)For each person or group included in this column, the percentage of total voting power represents voting power based on both Class A and Class B commonshares held by such person or group with respect to all of our outstanding Class A and Class B common shares as one class. Each holder of Class A commonshares is entitled to one vote per share. Each holder of our Class B common shares is entitled to ten votes per share on all matters requiring a shareholders'vote. Our Class B common shares are convertible at any time by the holder into Class A common shares on a one-for-one basis, whereas Class A commonshares are not convertible into Class B common shares under any circumstances. (6)Representing 192,741,483 Class B common shares held by Top Brand Holdings Limited, a BVI company wholly owned and controlled by Mr. Jun Lei. Thebusiness address of Mr. Lei is 19E, Huating Jiayuan, No.6 of Middle Beisihuan Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100102, PRC. (7)Representing (i) 16,000,000 Class A common shares represented by ADSs, (ii) 175,241,483 Class B common shares held by YYME Limited, a BVI companywholly owned and controlled by Mr. David Xueling Li and (iii) 2,064,890 Class A common shares underlying the options and restricted shares granted toMr. David Xueling Li that are to be vested in 60 days. 114 (8)Representing 40,186,820 Class A common shares represented by ADSs held by Morningside China TMT Fund I, L.P. Mr. Qin Liu is a director of ourcompany appointed by Morningside China TMT Fund I, L.P. The business address of Mr. Liu is No. 5, Lane 249, Anfu Road, Shanghai 200031, PRC. (9)Representing (i) 32,228,220 Class A common shares represented by ADSs held by Granite Global Ventures III L.P., (ii) 524,220 Class A common sharesrepresented by ADSs held by GGV III Entrepreneurs Fund L.P. and (iii) 105,000 restricted share units granted to Ms. Jenny Hong Wei Lee that have beenfully vested and to be vested within 60 days. The business address of Ms. Lee is Unit 3501-3504, Two IFC, 8 Century Avenue, Pudong District, Shanghai200120, PRC. (10)Representing 192,741,483 Class B common shares held by Top Brand Holdings Limited, a BVI company wholly owned and controlled by Mr. Jun Lei. Thebusiness address of Top Brand Holdings Limited is c/o Jun Lei, 19E, Huating Jiayuan, No.6 of Middle Beisihuan Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100102,PRC. (11)Representing (i) 16,000,000 Class A common shares represented by ADSs and (ii) 175,241,483 Class B common shares held by YYME Limited, a BVIcompany wholly owned and controlled by Mr. David Xueling Li. The business address of YYME Limited is c/o David Xueling Li, Building B-1, North Blockof Wanda Plaza No. 79 Wanbo Er Road Nancun Town, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 511442, PRC. As of March 31, 2016, 1,098,859,244 of our common shares were issued and outstanding, including 369,557,976 Class B common shares and729,301,268 Class A common shares. Based on a review of the register of members maintained by our Cayman Islands corporate administrator, we believe that asof March 31, 2016, 729,301,268 Class A common shares (excluding shares being held in reserve by our depositary for the exercise/vesting of the share incentiveawards we issue) representing approximately 66.4% of our total outstanding shares were held by three record holders in the United States; all of the 729,301,268Class A common shares were held of record by Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas, the depositary of our ADS program. The number of beneficial owners ofour ADSs in the United States is likely to be much larger than the number of record holders of our common shares in the United States. None of our existingshareholders have different voting rights from other shareholders in the same class. See "Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—B. Compensationof Directors and Executive Officers—Employee Agreements" for a description of the employment agreements we have entered into with our senior executiveofficers. Our common shares are divided into Class A common shares and Class B common shares. Holders of Class A common shares are entitled to one vote pershare, while holders of Class B common shares are entitled to ten votes per share. We are not aware of any arrangement that may, at a subsequent date, result in a change of control of our company other than the proposed going privatetransaction disclosed in “Item 4. Information on the Company—History and Development of the Company.” ITEM 7.MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS A. Major Shareholders Please refer to "Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—E. Share Ownership." B. Related Party Transactions Contractual Arrangements The PRC government extensively regulates foreign ownership of, and the licensing and permit requirements pertaining to, companies that provideinternet-based services such as our YY platform. To comply with these restrictions, we conduct our operations primarily through Beijing Huanju Shidai'scontractual arrangements with Beijing Tuda, Guangzhou Huaduo and their respective shareholders. As to Bilin business, there is also a similar contractualarrangement among Bilin Changxiang, Bilin Online and its shareholder. Contractual Arrangements with Beijing Tuda The following is a summary of the currently effective contracts among our subsidiary, Beijing Huanju Shidai, our PRC consolidated affiliated entity,Beijing Tuda, and the shareholders of Beijing Tuda. 115 Agreements that transfer economic benefits to us Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreement Under the exclusive business cooperation agreement between Beijing Huanju Shidai and Beijing Tuda, as amended, Beijing Huanju Shidai has theexclusive right to provide to Beijing Tuda technology support, business support and consulting services related to Beijing Tuda's business, the scope of which is tobe determined by Beijing Huanju Shidai from time to time. Beijing Huanju Shidai owns the exclusive intellectual property rights created as a result of theperformance of this agreement. The service fee payable by Beijing Tuda to Beijing Huanju Shidai is up to 100% of the net profit of Beijing Tuda, and the timingand amount of the fee payments shall be determined at the sole discretion of Beijing Huanju Shidai. The term of this agreement will expire in 2039 and may beextended with Beijing Huanju Shidai's written confirmation prior to the expiration date. Beijing Huanju Shidai has sole discretion to terminate the agreement at anytime by providing 30 days' prior written notice to Beijing Tuda, while neither Beijing Tuda nor its shareholders are entitled to terminate the agreement. Exclusive Technology Support and Technology Services Agreement Under the exclusive technology support and technology services agreement between Beijing Huanju Shidai and Beijing Tuda, as amended, BeijingHuanju Shidai has the exclusive right to provide to Beijing Tuda technology support and technology services related to all technologies needed for its business.Beijing Huanju Shidai owns the exclusive intellectual property rights created as a result of the performance of this agreement. The service fee payable by BeijingTuda to Beijing Huanju Shidai is 10% of Beijing Tuda's gross revenues. The term of this agreement will expire in 2029 and may be extended with Beijing HuanjuShidai's written confirmation prior to the expiration date. Beijing Huanju Shidai has sole discretion to terminate the agreement at any time by providing 30 days'prior written notice to Beijing Tuda, while neither Beijing Tuda nor its shareholders are entitled to terminate the agreement. Agreements that provide us effective control over Beijing Tuda Powers of Attorney Under the irrevocable powers of attorney executed by each shareholder of Beijing Tuda, each such shareholder appointed Beijing Huanju Shidai as itsattorney-in-fact to exercise such shareholders' rights in Beijing Tuda, including, without limitation, the power to vote on its behalf on all matters of Beijing Tudarequiring shareholder approval under PRC laws and regulations and the articles of association of Beijing Tuda. Each power of attorney will remain in force untilthe shareholder ceases to hold any equity interest in Beijing Tuda. Exclusive Option Agreement Under the exclusive option agreement between Beijing Huanju Shidai, each of the shareholders of Beijing Tuda and Beijing Tuda, each of theshareholders irrevocably granted Beijing Huanju Shidai or its designated representative(s) an exclusive option to purchase, to the extent permitted under PRC law,all or part of his or its equity interests in Beijing Tuda. Beijing Huanju Shidai or its designated representative(s) have sole discretion as to when to exercise suchoptions, either in part or in full. Without Beijing Huanju Shidai's prior written consent, Beijing Tuda's shareholders shall not sell, transfer, mortgage or otherwisedispose their equity interests in Beijing Tuda. The term of this agreement is ten years and may be extended at Beijing Huanju Shidai's sole discretion. Equity Interest Pledge Agreement Under the equity interest pledge agreement between Beijing Huanju Shidai and the shareholders of Beijing Tuda, the shareholders of Beijing Tuda havepledged all of their equity interests in Beijing Tuda to Beijing Huanju Shidai to guarantee the performance by Beijing Tuda and its shareholders' performance oftheir respective obligations under the exclusive business cooperation agreement, exclusive option agreement, exclusive technology support and technology servicesagreement and powers of attorney. If Beijing Tuda or its shareholders breach their contractual obligations under those agreements, Beijing Huanju Shidai, as thepledgee, will be entitled to certain rights, including the right to sell the pledged equity interests. This pledge became effective on the date the pledged equityinterests were registered with the competent administration for industry and commerce and will remain effective until the pledgors are no longer the shareholdersof Beijing Tuda. 116 Contractual Arrangements with Guangzhou Huaduo In 2015, we received service fees of RMB 274.3 million (US$ 42.3 million) from Guangzhou Huaduo. The following is a summary of the currentlyeffective contracts among Beijing Huanju Shidai, Guangzhou Huaduo and the shareholders of Guangzhou Huaduo. Agreements that transfer economic benefits to us Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreement Under the exclusive business cooperation agreement between Beijing Huanju Shidai and Guangzhou Huaduo, as amended, Beijing Huanju Shidai has theexclusive right to provide to Guangzhou Huaduo technology support, business support and consulting services related to Guangzhou Huaduo's business, the scopeof which is to be determined by Beijing Huanju Shidai from time to time. Beijing Huanju Shidai owns the exclusive intellectual property rights created as a resultof the performance of this agreement. The service fee payable by Guangzhou Huaduo to Beijing Huanju Shidai is up to 100% of the net profit of GuangzhouHuaduo, and the timing and amount of the fee payments will be determined at the sole discretion of Beijing Huanju Shidai. The term of this agreement will expirein 2038 and may be extended with Beijing Huanju Shidai's written confirmation prior to the expiration date. Beijing Huanju Shidai has sole discretion to terminatethe agreement at any time by providing 30 days' prior written notice to Guangzhou Huaduo, while neither Guangzhou Huaduo nor its shareholders are entitled toterminate the agreement. Exclusive Technology Support and Technology Services Agreement Under the exclusive technology support and technology services agreement between Beijing Huanju Shidai and Guangzhou Huaduo, as amended, BeijingHuanju Shidai has the exclusive right to provide to Guangzhou Huaduo technology support and technology services related to all technologies needed for itsbusiness. Beijing Huanju Shidai owns the exclusive intellectual property rights created as a result of the performance of this agreement. The service fee payable byGuangzhou Huaduo to Beijing Huanju Shidai is 10% of Guangzhou Huaduo's gross revenues. The term of this agreement will expire in 2028 and may be extendedwith Beijing Huanju Shidai's written confirmation prior to the expiration date. Beijing Huanju Shidai has sole discretion to terminate the agreement at any time byproviding 30 days' prior written notice to Guangzhou Huaduo, while neither Guangzhou Huaduo nor its shareholders are entitled to terminate the agreement. Agreements that provide us effective control over Guangzhou Huaduo Powers of Attorney Under the irrevocable powers of attorney executed by each shareholder of Guangzhou Huaduo, each such shareholder appointed Beijing Huanju Shidai asits attorney-in-fact to exercise such shareholders' rights in Guangzhou Huaduo, including, without limitation, the power to vote on its behalf on all matters ofGuangzhou Huaduo requiring shareholder approval under PRC laws and regulations and the articles of association of Guangzhou Huaduo. Each power of attorneywill remain in force until the shareholder ceases to hold any equity interest in Guangzhou Huaduo. Exclusive Option Agreement Under the exclusive option agreement between Beijing Huanju Shidai, each of the shareholders of Guangzhou Huaduo and Guangzhou Huaduo, each ofthe shareholders irrevocably granted Beijing Huanju Shidai or its designated representative(s) an exclusive option to purchase, to the extent permitted under PRClaw, all or part of his or its equity interests in Guangzhou Huaduo. Beijing Huanju Shidai or its designated representative(s) have sole discretion as to when toexercise such options, either in part or in full. Without Beijing Huanju Shidai's prior written consent, Guangzhou Huaduo's shareholders shall not sell, transfer,mortgage or otherwise dispose their equity interests in Guangzhou Huaduo. The term of this agreement is ten years and may be extended at Beijing Huanju Shidai'ssole discretion. Equity Interest Pledge Agreement Under the equity interest pledge agreement between Beijing Huanju Shidai and the shareholders of Guangzhou Huaduo, the shareholders of GuangzhouHuaduo have pledged all of their equity interests in Guangzhou Huaduo to Beijing Huanju Shidai to guarantee the performance by Guangzhou Huaduo and itsshareholders' performance of their respective obligations under the exclusive business cooperation agreement, exclusive option agreement, exclusive technologysupport and technology services agreement and powers of attorney. If Guangzhou Huaduo and/or its shareholders breach their contractual obligations under thoseagreements, Beijing Huanju Shidai, as the pledgee, will be entitled to certain rights, including the right to sell the pledged equity interests. The pledge becameeffective on the date the pledged equity interests were registered with the competent administration for industry and commerce and will remain effective until thepledgors are no longer the shareholders of Guangzhou Huaduo. 117 Contractual Arrangements with Bilin Online In August 2015, we acquired Bilin business, a mobile instant communication application and its relevant business line, by purchasing 55.05% of theequity interests in its holding company BiLin Cayman. The Bilin entities had a complete VIE structure. Upon the consummation of the acquisition, BilinChangxiang, Bilin Online and its shareholder entered into a series of aggrements, which is similar to the contractual arrangements with Beijing Tuda andGuangzhou Huaduo, to reestablish the VIE structure. The agreements and related instruments include an Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreement, a Powers ofAttorney, an Exclusive Option Agreement, an Exclusive Assets Purchase Agreement, and an Equity Interest Pledge Agreement. This arrangement ensures thetransfer of economic benefits to us, and our effective control over Bilin Online. Transactions with Affiliates Guangzhou Huaduo holds 40% equity interest in Zhuhai Daren.Guangzhou Huaduo and Zhuhai Daren had entered into a series of cooperationagreements, under which Guangzhou Huaduo and Zhuhai Daren agreed to cooperate with respect to the operation of certain online games developed by ZhuhaiDaren. In the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, the aggregate online game revenues shared from Zhuhai Daren was RMB24.5 million,RMB25.6 million and RMB25.5 million (US$3.9 million), respectively. In December 2015, Guangzhou Huaduo entered into an intangible assets purchasingagreement with Zhuhai Daren to acquire operating rights for licenced games from Zhuhai Daren was RMB5.7 million (US$0.9 million). In 2010 and 2011, Guangzhou Huaduo and Guangzhou Shanghang Information Technical Co., Ltd., or Guangzhou Shanghang, entered into certain serverco-location agreements, under which Guangzhou Shanghang provides Guangzhou Huaduo with bandwidth and server co-location services in different cities inChina. In addition, Guangzhou Huaduo and Guangzhou Shanghang entered into two content delivery network acceleration service agreements, under whichGuangzhou Shanghang provides content delivery network acceleration services to Guangzhou Huaduo. Guangzhou Shanghang is 24.3% owned by Mr. Jun Lei,our co-founder and chairman, including approximately 7% beneficially owned by Mr. David Xueling Li, our chief executive officer and directo, and 6.4% ownedby Shanghai Yilian, respectively.In the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, the bandwidth service that Guangzhou Huaduo received from GuangzhouShanghang amounted to RMB21.3 million, RMB42.5 million and RMB74.7 million (US$11.5 million), respectively. Kingsoft Corporation, or Kingsoft, through third party advertising agencies, has in the past placed advertisements on Duowan.com and YY Client. Weindirectly derived revenues through such third party advertising agencies from Kingsoft in each of the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2014, which amountedto RMB2.0 million and RMB0.4 million, respectively. In September 2013, Guangzhou Huaduo entered into series of intangible assets purchasing agreements withKingsoft to acquire patent right and patent application right for certain software, with a total consideration of RMB6.0 million. Mr. Jun Lei, our co-founder andchairman, is currently chairman, non-executive director and minority shareholder of Kingsoft. In March 2012 and 2013, Beijing Tuda invested RMB1.0 million and RMB1.0 million respectively, and then held a 86.96% equity interest in total in,Zhuhai Lequ Technology Co., Ltd., or Zhuhai Lequ. We had reduced our equity holding in Zhuhai Lequ to 13.33% by transferring 73.63% of equity interest weheld to its founders as of December 31, 2013. We had further reduced our equity holding in Zhuhai Lequ to 10.57% by the disposal of 2.76% of the equity interestto Chengdu Xishanju Entertainment Technology Co., Ltd., a subsidiary of Kingsoft, for a cash consideration of RMB1.6 million in September, 2014. In 2013,Guangzhou Huaduo and Zhuhai Lequ entered into a cooperation agreement, under which Guangzhou Huaduo and Zhuhai Lequ agreed to cooperate with respect tothe operation of certain online games developed by Zhuhai Lequ and the aggregate online game revenues shared from Zhuhai Lequ was RMB5.1 million, RMB2.6million and RMB0.3 million (US$ 0.05 million) in 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively. In 2013, Zhuhai Duowan and Xiaomi Corporation, entered into certain advertising arrangements where Xiaomi Corporation placed its advertisements onDuowan.com and YY Client in different formats over a particular period of time. We directly derived revenues from Xiaomi Corporation of RMB1.2 million in2013. In 2015, Guangzhou huaduo and Xiao Corporation entered into certain promotion arrangements where Guangzhou huaduo placed promotion on Xiaomiplatform amounting to RMB2.6 million (US$0.4 million). Mr. Lei Jun, our co-founder and chairman, is currently the chairman of Xiaomi Corporation. 118 In November 2013 and March 2014, Guangzhou Huaduo invested RMB7.0 million and RMB15.0 million respectively, in Guangzhou Kuyou InformationTechnology Co., Ltd., or Guangzhou Kuyou. Guangzhou Huaduo currently holds a 20% equity interest in Guangzhou Kuyou. In 2014, Guangzhou Huaduo andGuangzhou Kuyou entered into a series of cooperation agreements, under which Guangzhou Huaduo and Guangzhou Kuyou agreed to cooperate with respect tothe exclusive operation of certain online games developed by Guangzhou Kuyou. The aggregate online game revenues shared from Guangzhou Kuyou wasRMB37.0 million and RMB134.5 million (US$20.8 million) in 2014 and 2015, respectively, and the purchase of operating rights for licenced games was RMB6.8million and RMB 3.4 million (US$0.5 million) in 2014 and 2015, respectively. In December 2013, we made a minority interest investment in Agora, Inc., a company founded by Mr. Tony Bin Zhao, who had served as our director andchairman of our technology committee from December 2009 to March 2015. In September 2014, Guangzhou Huaduo invested RMB6.0 million in Shenzhen Qingdou Network Technology Co., Ltd., or Shenzhen Qingdou.Guangzhou Huaduo holds 12% equity interest in Shenzhen Qingdou with significant influence over its management and operating policies. Shenzhen Qingdouborrowed RMB1.0 million in 2014 from Guangzhou Huaduo. As of December 31, 2014, Shenzhen Qingdou had repaid the loan in full. In September 2014, Guangzhou Huaduo invested RMB3.0 million in Guangzhou Muyou Network Technology Co., Ltd., or Guangzhou Muyou.Guangzhou Huaduo holds 15% equity interest in Guangzhou Muyou with significant influence over its management and operating policies. Guangzhou Muyouborrowed RMB0.5 million in 2014 from Guangzhou Huaduo, and had repaid the loan in full as of December 31, 2014. In October 2014, we entered into an agreement to inject our free voice-over IP service, Weihui, into Bigo Inc. or Bigo, a company set up and which wasthen controlled by our chief executive officer, Mr. David Xueling Li. Following two independent third-party valuation assessments and a capital injection fromother investors of Bigo, including Mr. Li, we retained a 27.8% ownership stake in Bigo. We had paid daily operating expenses of RMB61.0 million and 95.3million (US$14.7 million) on behalf of Bigo in 2014 and 2015, respectively. In 2015, Bigo borrowed RMB155.0 million (US$23.9 million) from GuangzhouHuaduo. Bigo had repaid the abovementioned amount in full as of December 31, 2015. In April 2015, Guangzhou Huaduo entered into a sale of equipmentsagreement with Bigo amounting to 12.1 million (US$1.9 million). In Febuary 2015, Guangzhou Huaduo invested RMB30.0 million in Shanghai Yaoyu Culture Media Co., Ltd., or Shanghai Yaoyu. Guangzhou Huaduoholds 10% equity interest in Shanghai Yaoyu with significant influence over its management and operating policies. In January 2015, Guangzhou Huaduo enteredinto an intangible assets purchasing agreement with Shanghai Yaoyu to acquire operating rights for game broadcasting amounting to RMB11.5 million (US$1.8million). Going Private Transaction Our board of directors received a preliminary non-binding proposal letter dated July 9, 2015 from the Buyer Group to acquire all of our outstandingcommon shares not already beneficially owned by them in a going private transaction for US$68.50 in cash per ADS. On July 16, 2015, our board of directorsformed a special committee consisting of three independent directors, Messrs. Peter Andrew Schloss, David Tang, and Peng Tsing Ong, to consider the proposal.See “Item 4. Information on the Company—A. History and Development of the Company.” 119 Registration Rights We have granted certain registration rights to our shareholders. Set forth below is a description of the registration rights granted under the agreement. Demand Registration Rights. At any time following May 20, 2013, upon a written request from the holders of at least 25% of the registrable securitiesheld by our then preferred shareholders, we shall file a registration statement on a form other than Form F-3 covering the offer and sale of the registrable securitiesheld by the requesting shareholders and other holders of registrable securities who choose to participate in the offering, if the offering covers at least 20% of thethen outstanding registrable securities or if the reasonable anticipated offering price to the public, net of selling expenses, would exceed US$10.0 million.Registrable securities include, among others, our common shares not previously sold to the public and common shares issued or issued upon conversion of thepreferred shares. However, we are not obligated to proceed with a demand registration if we have, within any six-month period, already effected a registration under theSecurities Act pursuant to the exercise of the holders' demand registration rights. We have the right to defer filing of a registration statement for up to 90 days ifour board of directors determines in good faith that the filing of a registration statement would be materially detrimental to us, but we cannot exercise the deferralright more than once in any 12-month period. Form F-3 Registration Rights. When we are eligible for registration on Form F-3, upon a written request from any holders of the registrable securitiesheld by our then preferred shareholders, we shall file a registration statement on Form F-3 covering the offer and sale of the registrable securities. We are not obligated to effect a Form F-3 registration, among other things, if we have, within any six-month period, already effected a registration underthe Securities Act pursuant to the exercise of the holders' Form F-3 registration rights, or the dollar amount of securities to be sold is of an aggregate price to thepublic of less than US$1.0 million. We have the right to defer filing of a registration statement for up to 90 days if our board of directors, including a majority ofthe directors appointed by the preferred shareholders and Tiger Global Six YY Holdings, determines in good faith that the filing of a registration statement wouldbe materially detrimental to us, but we cannot exercise the deferral right more than once in any 12-month period. Piggyback Registration Rights. If we propose to file a registration statement for a public offering of our common shares on a form that would besuitable only for registrable securities, we must offer holders of registrable securities an opportunity to include in that registration all or any part of their registrablesecurities. The underwriters of any underwritten offering have the right to limit the number of shares with registration rights to be included in the registrationstatement, subject to certain limitations. Expenses of Registration. We will pay all expenses relating to any demand, Form F-3, or piggyback registration. Termination of Obligations. We shall have no obligation to effect any demand, Form F-3, or piggyback registration (a) five years after our initialpublic offering, (b) if, in the opinion of counsel to us satisfactory to the holder, all such registrable securities proposed to be sold by a holder may then be soldunder Rule 144 or another similar exemption under the Securities Act in one transaction without exceeding the volume limitations thereunder or (c) upon aliquidation event. Employment Agreements See "Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—B. Compensation of Directors and Executive Officers—Employee Agreements" for adescription of the employment agreements we have entered into with our senior executive officers. Share Incentives See "Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—B. Compensation of Directors and Executive Officers" for a description of share-basedcompensation awards we have granted to our directors, officers and other individuals as a group. See Note 25 to our financial statements for further information about our related party transactions. 120 C. Interests of Experts and Counsel Not applicable. ITEM 8.FINANCIAL INFORMATION A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information See "Item 18. Financial Statements." Legal Proceedings Guangzhou NetEase Computer System Co., Ltd. has initiated a lawsuit against us in Guangzhou in October 2014, claiming infringement of its rights ofreproduction concerning the online game of Fantasy Westward Journey in an amount of RMB100 million (US$ 15.4 million). Although we believe that the claimis unjustified and commercially motivated, if the outcome of the proceeding is unfavorable to us, we may suffer considerable damage to our financial position andreputation. In April 2015, we initiated a litigation on antitrust and unfair competition against Guangzhou NetEase Computer System Co., Ltd. in the amount ofRMB10 million (US$ 1.5 million). In September 2015, we initiated three actions against three game commentators who have breached their exclusive livebroadcasting obligations owed to us, each in an amount of RMB15 million (US$ 2.3 million). Apart from the aforesaid lawsuits, we are not currently a party to any pending material litigation or other legal proceeding and are not aware of anypending or threatened litigation or other legal proceeding that may have a material adverse impact on our business or operations. However, we may be subject tovarious legal proceedings and claims that are incidental to our ordinary course of business. Regardless of the outcome, legal or administrative proceedings orclaims may have an adverse impact on us because of defense and settlement costs, diversion of management attention and other factors. Dividend Policy We have not paid dividend in the past and do not have any present plan to pay any dividend in the foreseeable future. We currently intend to retain most,if not all, of our available funds and any future earnings to operate and expand our business. We are a holding company incorporated in the Cayman Islands. We may receive dividends from our PRC subsidiary for our cash requirements, includingany payment of dividends to our shareholders. PRC regulations may restrict the ability of our PRC subsidiary to pay dividends to us. See "Item 3. Key information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure and Our Industry—Our PRC subsidiaries and PRC consolidated affiliated entities are subject torestrictions on paying dividends or making other payments to us, which may restrict our ability to satisfy our liquidity requirements" and "Item 4. Information onthe Company—B. Business Overview—PRC Regulation—Regulation of Foreign Currency Exchange and Dividend Distribution." Our board of directors has complete discretion on whether to distribute dividends, subject to the approval of our shareholders. Even if our board ofdirectors decides to pay dividends, the form, frequency and amount will depend upon our future operations and earnings, capital requirements and surplus, generalfinancial condition, contractual restrictions and other factors that the board of directors may deem relevant. If we pay any dividends, we will pay our ADS holdersto the same extent as holders of our Class A common shares, subject to the terms of the deposit agreement, including the fees and expenses payable thereunder. See"Item 12. Description of Securities Other than Equity Securities—D. American Depositary Shares." Cash dividends on our Class A common shares, if any, will bepaid in U.S. dollars. B. Significant Changes Except as disclosed elsewhere in this annual report, we have not experienced any significant changes since the date of our audited consolidated financialstatements included in this annual report. 121 ITEM 9.THE OFFER AND LISTING A. Offering and Listing Details See "—C. Markets" and "Item 12. Description of Securities other than Equity Securities—D. American Depositary Shares." We have a dual-classcommon share structure in which Class A common shares have different voting rights from Class B common shares. Class B common shares are each entitled toten votes, whereas Class A common shares are each entitled to one vote. See "Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our ADSs—Our dualclass common share structure with different voting rights will limit your ability to influence corporate matters and could discourage others from pursuing anychange of control transactions that holders of our Class A common shares and ADSs may view as beneficial." B. Plan of Distribution Not applicable. C. Markets Our ADSs, each representing twenty Class A common shares, have been listed on the Nasdaq Global Market since November 21, 2012 and trade underthe symbol "YY". The following table provides the high and low trading prices for our ADSs on the NASDAQ Global Market for the periods indicated. Trading Price High Low US$ US$ Annual Highs and Lows Fiscal Year 2013 56.75 13.06 Fiscal Year 2014 96.39 50.00 Fiscal Year 2015 81.70 50.52 quarterly Highs and Lows First Fiscal Quarter of 2013 20.89 13.06 Second Fiscal Quarter of 2013 30.95 15.52 Third Fiscal Quarter of 2013 51.38 27.10 Fourth Fiscal Quarter of 2013 56.75 41.28 First Fiscal Quarter of 2014 90.93 50.00 Second Fiscal Quarter of 2014 82.54 51.08 Third Fiscal Quarter of 2014 96.39 67.50 Fourth Fiscal Quarter of 2014 86.00 60.18 First Fiscal Quarter of 2015 73.04 50.52 Second Fiscal Quarter of 2015 81.70 54.16 Third Fiscal Quarter of 2015 69.68 51.02 Fourth Fiscal Quarter of 2015 65.53 53.34 Monthly Highs and Lows October 2015 59.66 53.34 November 2015 60.70 56.25 December 2015 65.53 58.59 January 2016 62.79 54.22 February 2016 58.70 42.35 March 2016 61.78 51.61 April 2016 (through April 26, 2016) 63.96 60.70 D. Selling Shareholders Not applicable. E. Dilution Not applicable. F. Expenses of the Issue Not applicable. 122 ITEM 10.ADDITIONAL INFORMATION A. Share Capital Not applicable. B. Memorandum and Articles of Association We are a Cayman Islands company and our affairs are governed by our memorandum and articles of association and the Companies Law, Cap. 22 (Law 3of 1961, as consolidated and revised) of the Cayman Islands, referred to as the Companies Law below. The following are summaries of certain provisions of ourmemorandum and articles of association in effect as of the date of this annual report insofar as they relate to the material terms of our common shares. Registered Office and Objects Our registered office in the Cayman Islands is located at Codan Trust Company (Cayman) Limited, Cricket Square, Hutchins Drive, P.O. Box 2681,Grand Cayman, KYI-1111, Cayman Islands. The memorandum of association provides, inter alia, that the liability of the members of our company is limited to theamount, if any, for the time being unpaid on the common shares. The objects for which our company is established are unrestricted (including acting as aninvestment company), and we shall have and be capable of exercising all the functions of a natural person of full capacity irrespective of corporate benefit, asprovided in Section 27(2) of the Companies Law and in view of the fact that we are an exempted Company, we will not trade in the Cayman Islands with anyperson, firm or corporation except in furtherance of our business carried on outside the Cayman Islands. Board of Directors See "Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—C. Board Practices—Duties of Directors" and "—Terms of Directors and Officers." Common Shares General Our common shares are divided into Class A common shares and Class B common shares. Holders of Class A common shares and Class B commonshares will have the same rights except for voting and conversion rights. The holders of ADSs will not be treated as our shareholders and will be required tosurrender their ADSs for cancellation and withdrawal from the depositary facility in which the Class A common shares are held in accordance with the provisionsof the deposit agreement in order to exercise shareholders' rights in respect of the Class A common shares. The depositary will agree, so far as it is practical, tovote or cause to be voted the amount of Class A common shares represented by ADSs in accordance with the non-discretionary written instructions of the holdersof such ADSs. All of our outstanding common shares are fully paid and non-assessable. Certificates representing our common shares are issued in the registered form.Our shareholders who are non-residents of the Cayman Islands may freely hold and vote their common shares. Meetings Shareholders' meetings may be convened by a majority of our board of directors or the chairman. Advance notice in writing of at least ten clear days isrequired for the convening of our annual general meeting and any other general meeting of our shareholders. A quorum required for a meeting of shareholdersconsists of at least one or more shareholders present in person or by proxy, or (in the case of a shareholder being a corporation) by its duly authorizedrepresentative representing not less than one-third in nominal value of the total issued voting shares in our company present throughout the meeting. Notwithstanding that a meeting is called by shorter notice than that mentioned above, but, subject to the Companies Law, it will be deemed to have beenduly called, if it is so agreed (a) in the case of a meeting called as an annual general meeting by all of our shareholders entitled to attend and vote at the meeting;and (b) in the case of any other meeting, by a majority in number of the shareholders having the right to attend and vote at the meeting, being a majority togetherholding not less than 95% in nominal value of the issued shares giving that right. 123 No business other than the appointment of a chairman may be transacted at any general meeting unless a quorum is present at the commencement ofbusiness. However, the absence of a quorum will not preclude the appointment of a chairman. If present, the chairman of our board of directors shall be thechairman presiding at any shareholders' meetings. A corporation being a shareholder shall be deemed for the purpose of our articles of association to be present in person if represented by its dulyauthorized representative being the person appointed by resolution of the directors or other governing body of such corporation to act as its representative at therelevant general meeting or at any relevant general meeting of any class of our shareholders. Such duly authorized representative shall be entitled to exercise thesame powers on behalf of the corporation that he represents as that corporation could exercise if it were our individual shareholder. The quorum for a separate general meeting of the holders of a separate class of shares is described in "—Modification of Rights" below. Our articles of association do not allow our shareholders to approve matters to be determined at shareholders' meetings by way of written resolutionswithout a meeting. Voting Rights In respect of all matters requiring a shareholders' vote, each Class A common share is entitled to one vote, and each Class B common share is entitled toten votes, voting together as one class. At any shareholders' meeting, on a show of hands, every shareholder present in person or by proxy (or, in the case of ashareholder being a corporation, by its duly authorized representative) shall have one vote and on a poll, every shareholder present in person or by proxy, or in thecase of a shareholder being a corporation, by its duly authorized representative shall have one vote for each fully paid share of which such shareholder is theholder. No shareholder shall, unless the Board otherwise determines, be entitled to vote or be reckoned in a quorum, in respect of any share, unless suchshareholder is duly registered as our shareholder and all calls or installments due by such shareholder to us have been paid. If a clearing house (or its nominee(s)) or a central depositary entity, being a corporation, is a shareholder, it may authorize such person or persons as itthinks fit to act as its representative(s) at any meeting or at any meeting of any class of shareholders, provided that the authorization shall specify the number andclass of shares in respect of which each such person is so authorized. A person so authorized is entitled to exercise the same rights and powers on behalf of theclearing house or central depositary entity (or its nominee(s)) as if such person was the registered holder of our shares held by the clearing house or centraldepositary entity (or its nominee(s)) including the right to vote individually on a show of hands. While there is nothing under the laws of the Cayman Islands which specifically prohibits or restricts the creation of cumulative voting rights for theelection of directors of our company, it is not a concept that is accepted as a common practice in the Cayman Islands, and our company has made no provisions inour articles of association to allow cumulative voting for such elections. Conversion Each Class B common share is convertible into one Class A common share at any time by the holder thereof. Class A common shares are not convertibleinto Class B common shares under any circumstances. Upon any transfer of Class B common shares by a holder to any person or entity which is not an affiliate ofsuch holder and which is not any of our founders or any affiliates of our founders, such Class B common shares shall be automatically and immediately convertedinto the equivalent number of Class A common shares. In addition, if at any time, Messrs. David Xueling Li, Jun Lei and their affiliates collectively beneficiallyown less than 5% of the total number of the issued and outstanding Class B common shares, each issued and outstanding Class B common share will beautomatically and immediately converted into one Class A common share, and we will not issue any Class B common shares thereafter. Furthermore, if at any timemore than 50% of the ultimate beneficial ownership of any holder of Class B common shares (other than our founders or our founders' affiliates) changes, eachsuch Class B common share will be automatically and immediately converted into one Class A common share. 124 Calls on Shares and Forfeiture of Shares Subject to our memorandum and articles of association, our directors may from time to time make such calls upon the members in respect of any amountsunpaid on the shares held by them. The shares that have been called upon and remain unpaid on the specified time are subject to forfeiture. Protection of Minority Shareholders The Cayman Islands courts ordinarily would be expected to follow English case law precedents which permit a minority shareholder to commence arepresentative action against or derivative actions in the name of the company to challenge (a) an act which is ultra vires the company or illegal, (b) an act whichconstitutes a fraud against the minority and regarding which the wrongdoers are themselves in control of the company, and (c) an irregularity in the passing of aresolution which requires a qualified (or special) majority. In the case of a company (not being a bank) having its share capital divided into shares, the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands may, on the application ofmembers holding not less than one fifth of the shares of the company in issue, appoint an inspector to examine the affairs of the company and to report thereon insuch manner as the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands shall direct. Any of our shareholders may petition the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands which may make a winding up order if the Grand Court of the CaymanIslands is of the opinion that it is just and equitable that we should be wound up or, as an alternative to a winding up order, (a) an order regulating the conduct ofour affairs in the future, (b) an order requiring us to refrain from doing or continuing an act complained of by the shareholder petitioner or to do an act which theshareholder petitioner has complained we have omitted to do, (c) an order authorizing civil proceedings to be brought in our name and on our behalf by theshareholder petitioner on such terms as the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands may direct, or (d) an order providing for the purchase of the shares of any of ourshareholders by other shareholders or us and, in the case of a purchase by us, a reduction of our capital accordingly. Generally, claims against us must be based on the general laws of contract or tort applicable in the Cayman Islands or individual rights as shareholders asestablished by our articles of association. Pre-Emption Rights There are no pre-emption rights applicable to the issue of new shares of our company under either Cayman Islands law or our memorandum and articlesof association. Liquidation Rights Subject to any class or classes of shares or future shares which are issued with specific rights, privileges or restrictions as to the distribution of availablesurplus assets on liquidation, (a) if we are wound up and the assets available for distribution among our shareholders are more than sufficient to repay the whole ofthe capital paid up at the commencement of the winding up, the excess shall be distributed pari passu among those shareholders in proportion to the amount paidup at the commencement of the winding up on the shares held by them, respectively, and (b) if we are wound up and the assets available for distribution among theshareholders as such are insufficient to repay the whole of the paid-up capital, those assets shall be distributed so that, as nearly as may be, the losses shall be borneby the shareholders in proportion to the capital paid up at the commencement of the winding up on the shares held by them, respectively. If we are wound up (whether the liquidation is voluntary or by the court), the liquidator may with the sanction of our special resolution and any othersanction required by the Companies Law, divide among our shareholders in specie or kind the whole or any part of our assets (whether or not they shall consist ofproperty of the same kind) and may, for such purpose, set such value as the liquidator deems fair upon any property to be divided and may determine how suchdivision shall be carried out as between the shareholders or different classes of shareholders. The liquidator may also vest the whole or any part of these assets intrustees upon such trusts for the benefit of the shareholders as the liquidator shall think fit, but so that no shareholder will be compelled to accept any assets, sharesor other securities upon which there is a liability. The consideration received by each holder of a Class A common share and a holder of a Class B common share will be the same in any liquidation event. 125 Variation of Rights Alterations to our memorandum and articles of association may only be made by special resolution, meaning a majority of not less than two-thirds ofvotes cast at a shareholders' meeting. If at any time, our share capital is divided into different classes of shares, all or any of the special rights attached to any class of shares may, subject to theprovisions of the Companies Law, be varied with the sanction of a special resolution passed at a general meeting of the holders of the shares of that class.Consequently, the rights of any class of shares cannot be detrimentally altered without a majority of two-thirds of the vote of all of the shares in that class. Theprovisions of our articles of association relating to general meetings shall apply similarly to every such separate general meeting, but so that the quorum for thepurposes of any such separate general meeting or at the adjourned meeting shall be a person or persons together holding (or represented by proxy) on the date ofthe relevant meeting not less than one-third in nominal value of the issued shares of that class, that every holder of shares of the class shall be entitled on a poll toone vote for every such share held by such holder and that any holder of shares of that class present in person or by proxy may demand a poll. The rights conferred upon the holders of the shares of any class issued with special rights shall not, unless otherwise expressly provided by the terms ofissue of the shares of that class, be deemed to be varied by the creation or issue of further shares ranking pari passu with such existing class of shares. Alteration of Capital We may from time to time by ordinary resolution in accordance with the Companies Law alter the conditions of our memorandum of association to: ·increase our capital by such sum, to be divided into shares of such amounts, as the resolution shall prescribe; ·consolidate and divide all or any of our share capital into shares of larger amounts than our existing shares; ·cancel any shares which at the date of the passing of the resolution have not been taken or agreed to be taken by any person, and diminish the amount ofits share capital by the amount of the shares so cancelled subject to the provisions of the Companies Law; ·sub-divide our shares or any of them into shares of smaller amount than is fixed by our memorandum of association, subject nevertheless to theCompanies Law, so that the resolution whereby any share is sub-divided may determine that, as between the holders of the shares resulting from suchsubdivision, one or more of the shares may have any such preferred or other special rights over, or may have such deferred rights or be subject to any suchrestrictions as compared with the others, as we have power to attach to unissued or new shares; and ·divide shares into several classes and without prejudice to any special rights previously conferred on the holders of existing shares, attach to the sharesrespectively any preferential, deferred, qualified or special rights, privileges, conditions or such restrictions that in the absence of any such determinationin a general meeting may be determined by our directors. We may, by special resolution, subject to any confirmation or consent required by the Companies Law, reduce our share capital or any capital redemptionreserve in any manner authorized by law. Transfer of Shares Subject to any applicable restrictions set forth in our articles of association, including, for example, the board of directors' discretion to refuse to register atransfer of any share (not being a fully paid up share) to a person of whom it does not approve, or any share issued under share incentive plans for employees uponwhich a restriction on transfer imposed thereby still subsists, or a transfer of any share to more than four joint holders, any of our shareholders may transfer all orany of his or her shares by an instrument of transfer in the usual or common form or in a form prescribed by the Nasdaq Global Market or in another form that ourdirectors may approve. Our directors may decline to register any transfer of any share which is not paid up or on which we have a lien. Our directors may also decline to registerany transfer of any share unless: 126 ·the instrument of transfer is lodged with us and is accompanied by the certificate for the shares to which it relates and such other evidence as our directorsmay reasonably require to show the right of the transferor to make the transfer; ·the instrument of transfer is in respect of only one class of share; ·the instrument of transfer is properly stamped (in circumstances where stamping is required); and ·fee of such maximum sum as the Nasdaq Global Market may determine to be payable or such lesser sum as our directors may from time to time require ispaid to us in respect thereof. If our directors refuse to register a transfer, they shall, within three months after the date on which the instrument of transfer was lodged, send to each ofthe transferor and the transferee notice of such refusal. The registration of transfers may, after compliance with any notice requirement of the Nasdaq Global Market, be suspended and the register closed at suchtimes and for such periods as our directors may from time to time determine; provided , however , that the registration of transfers shall not be suspended nor theregister closed for more than 30 days in any year as our directors may determine. Register of Members In accordance with Section 48 of the Companies Law, the register of members is prima facie evidence of the registered holder or member of shares of acompany. Therefore, a person becomes a registered holder or member of shares of the company only upon entry being made in the register of members. Ourdirectors will maintain one register of members, at the office of Codan Trust Company (Cayman) Limited, Cricket Square, Hutchins Drive, P.O. Box 2681, GrandCayman, KY1-1111, Cayman Islands, which provides us with corporate administrative services. We will perform the procedures necessary to register the shares inthe register of members as required in "PART III—Distribution of Capital and Liability of Members of Companies and Associations" of the Companies Law, andwill ensure that the entries on the register of members are made without any delay. The depositary will be included in our register of members as the only holder of the Class A common shares underlying the ADSs. The shares underlyingthe ADSs are not shares in bearer form, but are in registered form and are "non-negotiable" or "registered" shares in which case the shares underlying the ADSscan only be transferred on the books of the company in accordance with Section 166 of the Companies Law. In the event that we fail to update our register of members, the recourse of investors is directly to the depositary under the terms of the deposit agreement,which is governed by New York law. The depositary will have recourse against us under the terms of the deposit agreement, and also will hold a share certificateevidencing the depositary as the registered holder of shares underlying the ADSs. Further, Section 46 of the Companies Law provides for recourse to be availableto our investors in case we fail to update our register of members. In the event we fail to update our register of members, the depositary, as the aggrieved party,may apply for an order with the courts of the Cayman Islands for the rectification of the register of members. Share Repurchases We are empowered by the Companies Law and our articles of association to purchase our own shares, subject to certain restrictions. Our directors mayonly exercise this power on our behalf, subject to the Companies Law, our memorandum and articles of association and to any applicable requirements imposedfrom time to time by the Nasdaq Global Market, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, or by any other recognized stock exchange on which our securitiesare listed. Dividends Subject to the Companies Law, our company in a general meeting or our directors may declare dividends in any currency to be paid to our shareholders.Dividends may be declared and paid out of our profits, realized or unrealized, or from any reserve set aside from profits which our directors determine is no longerneeded. Our board of directors may also declare and pay dividends out of the share premium account or any other fund or account that can be authorized for thispurpose in accordance with the Companies Law. 127 Except in so far as the rights attaching to, or the terms of issue of, any share otherwise provides, (a) all dividends shall be declared and paid according tothe amounts paid up on the shares in respect of which the dividend is paid, but no amount paid up on a share in advance of calls shall be treated for this purpose aspaid up on that share and (b) all dividends shall be apportioned and paid pro rata according to the amounts paid up on the shares during any portion or portions ofthe period in respect of which the dividend is paid. Our directors may also pay interim dividends, whenever our financial position, in the opinion of our directors, justifies such payment. Our directors may deduct from any dividend or bonus payable to any shareholder all sums of money (if any) presently payable by such shareholder to uson account of calls or otherwise. No dividend or other money payable by us on or in respect of any share shall bear interest against us. In respect of any dividend proposed to be paid or declared on our share capital, our directors may resolve and direct that (a) such dividend be satisfiedwholly or in part in the form of an allotment of shares credited as fully paid up, provided that our shareholders entitled thereto will be entitled to elect to receivesuch dividend (or part thereof if our directors so determine) in cash in lieu of such allotment or (b) the shareholders entitled to such dividend will be entitled toelect to receive an allotment of shares credited as fully paid up in lieu of the whole or such part of the dividend as our directors may think fit. Our shareholdersmay, upon the recommendation of our directors, by ordinary resolution resolve in respect of any particular dividend that, notwithstanding the foregoing, a dividendmay be satisfied wholly in the form of an allotment of shares credited as fully paid up without offering any right to shareholders to elect to receive such dividend incash in lieu of such allotment. Any dividend interest or other sum payable in cash to the holder of shares may be paid by check or warrant sent by mail addressed to the holder at hisregistered address, or addressed to such person and at such addresses as the holder may direct. Every check or warrant shall, unless the holder or joint holdersotherwise direct, be made payable to the order of the holder or, in the case of joint holders, to the order of the holder whose name stands first on the register inrespect of such shares, and shall be sent at his or their risk and payment of the check or warrant by the bank on which it is drawn shall constitute a good dischargeto us. All dividends unclaimed for one year after having been declared may be invested or otherwise made use of by our board of directors for the benefit of ourcompany until claimed. Any dividend unclaimed after a period of six years from the date of declaration of such dividend shall be forfeited and reverted to us. Whenever our directors have resolved that a dividend be paid or declared, our directors may further resolve that such dividend be satisfied wholly or inpart by the distribution of specific assets of any kind, and in particular of paid up shares, debentures or warrants to subscribe for our securities or securities of anyother company. Where any difficulty arises with regard to such distribution, our directors may settle it as they think expedient. In particular, our directors mayissue fractional certificates, ignore fractions altogether or round the same up or down, fix the value for distribution purposes of any such specific assets, determinethat cash payments shall be made to any of our shareholders upon the footing of the value so fixed in order to adjust the rights of the parties, vest any such specificassets in trustees as may seem expedient to our directors, and appoint any person to sign any requisite instruments of transfer and other documents on behalf of thepersons entitled to the dividend, which appointment shall be effective and binding on our shareholders. Untraceable Shareholders We are entitled to sell any shares of a shareholder who is untraceable, provided that no such sale shall be made unless: ·all checks or warrants in respect of dividends of such shares, not being less than three in number, for any sums payable in cash to the holder of such shareshave remained un-cashed for a period of 12 years prior to the publication of the advertisement and during the three months referred to in the third bulletpoint below; ·we have not during that time received any indication of the whereabouts or existence of the shareholder or person entitled to such shares by death,bankruptcy or operation of law; and ·we, if so required by the rules of the Nasdaq Global Market, have caused an advertisement to be published in newspapers in accordance with suchapplicable rules giving notice of our intention to sell these shares, and a period of three months (or such shorter period as permitted under the applicablerules) has elapsed since such advertisement. 128 The net proceeds of any such sale shall belong to us, and when we receive these net proceeds we shall become indebted to the former shareholder for anamount equal to such net proceeds. Inspection of Books and Records Holders of our common shares will have no general right under Cayman Islands law to inspect or obtain copies of our list of shareholders or our corporaterecords. However, we will provide our shareholders with annual audited financial statements. C. Material Contracts We have not entered into any material contracts other than in the ordinary course of business and other than those described elsewhere in "Item 4.Information on the Company—B. Business Overview," "Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions—B. Related Party Transactions," or elsewherein this annual report. D. Exchange Controls See "Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—PRC Regulation—Regulation of Foreign Currency Exchange and DividendDistribution." E. Taxation Cayman Islands Taxation See "Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—A. Operating Results—Discussion of Selected Statements of Operations Items—Taxation—Cayman Islands." People's Republic of China Taxation Under the existing tax laws in the PRC, we are qualified as a non-resident enterprise. We are a holding company incorporated in the Cayman Islands; ourholding company indirectly holds 100% of the equity interests in our PRC subsidiaries through Duowan BVI, NeoTask Cyman, NeoTask HK and Bilin Cayman.Our business operations are principally conducted through our PRC subsidiaries and our PRC consolidated affiliated entities. The PRC Enterprise Income Tax Lawand its implementation rules, both of which became effective on January 1, 2008, provide that China-sourced income of foreign enterprises, such as dividends paidby a PRC subsidiary to its overseas parent that is not a PRC resident enterprise and has no establishment in the PRC, will normally be subject to PRC withholdingtax at a rate of 10%. If the PRC tax authorities determine that YY Inc., our Cayman Islands holding company, is a PRC resident enterprise for enterprise income tax purposes,our world-wide income could be subject to PRC tax at a rate of 25%, which could materially reduce our net income. In addition, we will also be subject to PRCenterprise income tax reporting obligations. Furthermore, although dividends paid by one PRC tax resident to another PRC tax resident should qualify as "tax-exempt income" under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law, we cannot assure you that dividends by our PRC subsidiaries to our Cayman holding company willnot be subject to a 10% withholding tax, as the PRC foreign exchange control authorities, which enforce the withholding tax on dividends, and the PRC taxauthorities have not yet issued guidance with respect to the processing of outbound remittances to entities that are treated as resident enterprises for PRC enterpriseincome tax purposes. In addition, ADS holders may be subject to PRC withholding tax on dividends payable by us and gains realized on the sale or otherdisposition of ADSs or common shares, if the PRC tax authorities determine that our Cayman Islands holding company is a PRC resident enterprise for enterpriseincome tax purposes. See "Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—Under the PRC enterprise income tax law, we may be classified as a PRC"resident enterprise," which could result in unfavorable tax consequences to us and our shareholders and have a material adverse effect on our results of operationsand the value of your investment." 129 United States Federal Income Tax Considerations The following is a summary of certain United States federal income tax considerations relating to the ownership and disposition of our ADSs or commonshares by a U.S. holder (as defined below) that holds our ADSs or common shares as "capital assets" (generally, property held for investment) under the UnitedStates Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Code"). This summary is based upon existing United States federal income tax law, which is subject todiffering interpretations or change, possibly with retroactive effect. This summary does not discuss all aspects of United States federal income taxation that may beimportant to particular holders in light of their particular circumstances, including holders subject to special tax rules (for example, banks and other financialinstitutions, insurance companies, broker-dealers, pension plans, cooperatives, real estate investment trusts, regulated investment companies, traders in securitiesthat have elected the mark-to-market method of accounting for their securities, partnerships and their partners, and tax-exempt organizations (including privatefoundations)), holders who are not U.S. holders, holders who own (directly, indirectly, or constructively) 10% or more of our voting stock, holders that hold theirADSs or common shares as part of a straddle, hedge, conversion, constructive sale, or other integrated transaction for United States federal income tax purposes,persons who acquired ADSs or common shares pursuant to the exercise of any employee share option or otherwise as compensation, or holders that have afunctional currency other than the United States dollar, all of whom may be subject to tax rules that differ significantly from those summarized below. In addition,except to the extent described below, this summary does not discuss any state, local or non-United States tax considerations, Medicare tax, the alternativeminimum tax or any non-income tax (such as the United States federal estate or gift tax) considerations. Each U.S. holder is urged to consult its tax advisorregarding the United States federal, state, local, and non-United States income and other tax considerations relating to the ownership and disposition of our ADSsor common shares. General For purposes of this summary, a "U.S. holder" is a beneficial owner of our ADSs or common shares that is, for United States federal income tax purposes,(i) an individual who is a citizen or resident of the United States, (ii) a corporation (or other entity treated as a corporation for United States federal income taxpurposes) created in, or organized under the law of, the United States or any state thereof or the District of Columbia, (iii) an estate the income of which isincludible in gross income for United States federal income tax purposes regardless of its source, or (iv) a trust (A) the administration of which is subject to theprimary supervision of a United States court and which has one or more United States persons who have the authority to control all substantial decisions of thetrust or (B) that has otherwise elected to be treated as a United States person. If a partnership (or other entity treated as a partnership for United States federal income tax purposes) is a beneficial owner of our ADSs or commonshares, the tax treatment of a partner in the partnership will generally depend upon the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership. Partnershipsholding our ADSs or common shares and partners in such partnerships are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding the ownership and disposition of our ADSsor common shares. It is generally expected that a holder of ADSs should be treated, for United States federal income tax purposes, as the beneficial owner of the underlyingshares represented by the ADSs. The remainder of this discussion assumes that a holder of ADSs will be treated in this manner. Predicated upon such treatment,deposits or withdrawals of common shares for ADSs will not be subject to United States federal income tax. Passive Foreign Investment Company Considerations A non-United States corporation, such as our company, will be classified as a "passive foreign investment company," or "PFIC", for United States federalincome tax purposes, for any taxable year, if either (i) 75% or more of its gross income for such year consists of certain types of "passive" income or (ii) 50% ormore of its average quarterly assets (as determined on the basis of fair market value) during such year produce or are held for the production of passive income. Forthis purpose, cash and assets readily convertible into cash are categorized as passive assets and the company's unbooked intangibles are taken into account fordetermining the value of its assets. We will be treated as owning our proportionate share of the assets and earning our proportionate share of the income of anyother corporation in which we own, directly or indirectly, more than 25% (by value) of the stock. Although the law in this regard is unclear, we treat Guangzhou Huaduo, Beijing Tuda and Bilin Online as being owned by us for United States federalincome tax purposes, not only because we exercise effective control over the operation of such entities but also because we are entitled to substantially all of theireconomic benefits, and, as a result, we consolidate their operating results in our consolidated financial statements. 130 Assuming that we own Guangzhou Huaduo, Beijing Tuda and Bilin Online for United States federal income tax purposes, we do not believe that we werea PFIC, for United States federal income tax purposes, for the taxable year ended December 31, 2015, and do not anticipate becoming a PFIC in future taxableyears. However, because PFIC status is a factual determination made annually after the close of each taxable year on the basis of the composition of our incomeand assets, there can be no assurance that we will not be a PFIC for the current taxable year or any future taxable year. The value of our assets, for purposes of thePFIC test, will generally be determined by reference to the market price of our ADSs and common shares. Accordingly, fluctuations in the market price of ourADSs and common shares may cause us to become a PFIC for the current taxable year or future taxable years. It is also possible that the Internal Revenue Servicemay challenge our classification or valuation of our goodwill and other unbooked intangibles, which may result in our company being or, becoming classified as, aPFIC for the current or future taxable years. The determination of whether we will be or become a PFIC will also depend, in part, upon the nature of our incomeand assets over time, which are subject to change from year to year. There can be no assurance our business plans will not change in a manner that will affect ourPFIC status. The discussion below under "Dividends" and "Sale or Other Disposition of ADSs or Common Shares" is written on the basis that we will not be classifiedas a PFIC for United States federal income tax purposes. The United States federal income tax rules that apply if we are classified as a PFIC for the current taxableyear or any subsequent taxable year are generally discussed below under "Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules." Dividends Subject to the PFIC rules discussed below, any cash distributions (including the amount of any taxes withheld) paid on our ADSs or common shares outof our current or accumulated earnings and profits, as determined under United States federal income tax principles, will generally be includible in the grossincome of a U.S. holder as dividend income on the day actually or constructively received by the U.S. holder, in the case of common shares, or by the Depositary,in the case of ADSs. Because we do not intend to determine our earnings and profits on the basis of United States federal income tax principles, any distributionpaid will generally be reported as a "dividend" for United States federal income tax purposes. A non-corporate recipient of dividend income will generally besubject to tax on dividend income from a "qualified foreign corporation" at a reduced United States federal tax rate rather than the marginal tax rates generallyapplicable to ordinary income provided that certain holding period requirements are met. A non-United States corporation (other than a corporation that is classified as a PFIC for the taxable year in which the dividend is paid or the precedingtaxable year) will generally be considered to be a qualified foreign corporation with respect to any dividend it pays on stock (or ADSs in respect of such stock)which is readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States or, in the event that the company is deemed to be a PRC resident under the PRCEnterprise Income Tax Law, the company is eligible for the benefits of the United States-PRC treaty. Although no assurances may be given, our ADSs areexpected to be readily tradable on the Nasdaq Global Market, which is an established securities market in the United States. Since we do not expect that ourcommon shares will be listed on established securities markets, it is unclear whether dividends that we pay on our common shares that are not backed by ADSscurrently meet the conditions required for these reduced tax rates. There can be no assurance that our ADSs will be considered readily tradable on an establishedsecurities market in the current taxable year or future taxable years. Dividends received on the ADSs or common shares are not expected to be eligible for the dividends received deduction allowed to corporations. EachU.S. holder is advised to consult its tax advisor regarding the rate of tax that will apply to such holder with respect to dividend distributions, if any, received fromus. Dividends generally will be treated as income from foreign sources for United States foreign tax credit purposes and generally will constitute passivecategory income. A U.S. holder may be eligible, subject to a number of complex limitations, to claim a foreign tax credit in respect of any foreign withholdingtaxes imposed on dividends received on ADSs or common shares. A U.S. holder who does not elect to claim a foreign tax credit for foreign tax withheld, mayinstead claim a deduction, for United States federal income tax purposes, in respect of such withholdings, but only for a year in which such U.S. holder elects to doso for all creditable foreign income taxes. The rules governing the foreign tax credit are complex. Each U.S. holder is advised to consult its tax advisor regardingthe availability of the foreign tax credit under their particular circumstances. 131 Sale or Other Disposition of ADSs or Common Shares Subject to the PFIC rules discussed below, a U.S. holder generally will recognize capital gain or loss upon the sale or other disposition of ADSs orcommon shares in an amount equal to the difference between the amount realized upon the disposition and the U.S. holder's adjusted tax basis in such ADSs orcommon shares. Any capital gain or loss will be long-term if the ADSs or common shares have been held for more than one year and will generally be UnitedStates source gain or loss for United States foreign tax credit purposes. The deductibility of a capital loss may be subject to limitations. Each U.S. holder is advisedto consult its tax advisor regarding the tax consequences if a foreign tax is imposed on a disposition of our ADSs or common shares, including the availability ofthe foreign tax credit under their particular circumstances. Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules If we are classified as a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. holder holds our ADSs or common shares, and unless the U.S. holder makes amark-to-market election (as described below), the U.S. holder will generally be subject to special tax rules that have a penalizing effect, regardless of whether weremain a PFIC, on (i) any excess distribution that we make to the U.S. holder (which generally means any distribution paid during a taxable year to a U.S. holderthat is greater than 125% of the average annual distributions paid in the three preceding taxable years or, if shorter, the U.S. holder's holding period for the ADSsor common shares), and (ii) any gain realized on the sale or other disposition, including, under certain circumstances, a pledge, of ADSs or common shares. Underthe PFIC rules: ·such excess distribution and/or gain will be allocated ratably over the U.S. holder's holding period for the ADSs or common shares; ·such amount allocated to the current taxable year and any taxable years in the U.S. holder's holding period prior to the first taxable year in which we areclassified as a PFIC, or pre-PFIC year, will be taxable as ordinary income; ·such amount allocated to each prior taxable year, other than a pre-PFIC year, will be subject to tax at the highest tax rate in effect applicable to the U.S.holder for that year; and ·an interest charge generally applicable to underpayments of tax will be imposed on the tax attributable to each prior taxable year, other than a pre-PFICyear. If we are a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. holder holds our ADSs or common shares and any of our non-United States subsidiaries is alsoa PFIC, such U.S. holder would be treated as owning a proportionate amount (by value) of the shares of the lower-tier PFIC and would be subject to the rulesdescribed above on certain distributions by a lower-tier PFIC and a disposition of shares of a lower-tier PFIC even though such U.S. holder would not receive theproceeds of those distributions or dispositions. Each U.S. holder is advised to consult its tax advisor regarding the application of the PFIC rules to any of oursubsidiaries. As an alternative to the foregoing rules, a U.S. holder of "marketable stock" (as defined below) in a PFIC may make a mark-to-market election for suchstock to elect out of the tax treatment discussed above. The mark-to-market election is available only for "marketable stock," which is stock that is traded in otherthan de minimis quantities on at least 15 days during each calendar quarter ("regularly traded") on a qualified exchange or other market, as defined in applicableUnited States Treasury regulations. Our ADSs are listed on the NASDAQ, which is a qualified exchange or market for these purposes. We anticipate that ourADSs should qualify as being regularly traded, but no assurances may be given in this regard. Because a mark-to-market election cannot be made for equityinterests in any lower-tier PFICs that we own, a U.S. holder may continue to be subject to the PFIC rules with respect to its indirect interest in any investments heldby us that are treated as an equity interest in a PFIC for United States federal income tax purposes. If a mark-to-market election is made, the U.S. holder willgenerally (i) include as ordinary income for each taxable year that we are a PFIC the excess, if any, of the fair market value of ADSs held at the end of the taxableyear over the adjusted tax basis of such ADSs and (ii) deduct as an ordinary loss the excess, if any, of the adjusted tax basis of the ADSs over the fair market valueof such ADSs held at the end of the taxable year, but only to the extent of the net amount previously included in income as a result of the mark-to-market election.The U.S. holder's adjusted tax basis in the ADSs would be adjusted to reflect any income or loss resulting from the mark-to-market election. If a U.S. holder makes a mark-to-market election in respect of a corporation classified as a PFIC and such corporation ceases to be classified as a PFIC,the U.S. holder will not be required to take into account the mark-to-market gain or loss described above during any period that such corporation is not classified asa PFIC. We do not intend to provide information necessary for U.S. holders to make qualified electing fund elections, which, if available, would result in taxtreatment different from (and generally less adverse than) the general tax treatment for PFICs described above. 132 If a U.S. holder owns our ADSs or common shares during any taxable year that we are a PFIC, such holder is required to file an annual report containingsuch information as the United States Treasury Department may require and may be required to file an annual IRS Form 8621. Each U.S. holder is advised toconsult its tax advisors regarding the potential tax consequences to such holder if we are or become classified as a PFIC, including the possibility of making amark-to-market election. Information Reporting U.S. holders may be subject to information reporting to the Internal Revenue Service with respect to dividends on and proceeds from the sale or otherdisposition of our ADSs or common shares. Each U.S. holder is advised to consult with its tax advisor regarding the application of the United States informationreporting rules to their particular circumstances. An individual U.S. holder and certain entities may be required to submit to the United States Internal Revenue Service certain information with respect tohis or her beneficial ownership of the ADSs or common shares, if such ADSs or common shares are not held on his or her behalf by a U.S. financial institution.This law also imposes penalties if an individual U.S. holder is required to submit such information to the United States Internal Revenue Service and fails to do soin a timely manner. Each U.S. holder is urged to consult its tax advisor as to any such reporting requirements. F. Dividends and Paying Agents Not applicable. G. Statement by Experts Not applicable. H. Documents on Display We previously filed with the SEC a registration statement on Form F-1 under the Securities Act with respect to our initial public offering of our Class Acommon shares represented by ADSs. We are subject to the periodic reporting and other informational requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 or the Exchange Act. Under theExchange Act, we are required to file reports and other information with the SEC. Specifically, we are required to file annually a Form 20-F within four monthsafter the end of each fiscal year which is December 31. The SEC maintains a website at www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy and information statements, andother information regarding registrants that make electronic filings with the SEC using its EDGAR system. Copies of reports and other information, when filed,may also be inspected without charge and may be obtained at prescribed rates at the public reference facilities maintained by the SEC at 100 F Street, N.E.,Room 1580, Washington, D.C. 20549. The public may obtain information regarding the Washington, D.C. Public Reference Room by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. As a foreign private issuer, we are exempt from the rules under the Exchange Act prescribing the furnishing and content of quarterly reports and proxystatements, and officers, directors and principal shareholders are exempt from the reporting and short-swing profit recovery provisions contained in Section 16 ofthe Exchange Act. We will furnish Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas, the depositary of our ADSs, with our annual reports, which will include a review of operationsand annual audited consolidated financial statements prepared in conformity with U.S. GAAP, and all notices of shareholders' meetings and other reports andcommunications that are made generally available to our shareholders. The depositary will make such notices, reports and communications available to holders ofADSs and, upon our request, will mail to all record holders of ADSs the information contained in any notice of a shareholders' meeting received by the depositaryfrom us. I. Subsidiary Information For a listing of our subsidiaries, see "Item 4. Information on the Company—C. Organizational Structure." 133 ITEM 11.qUANTITATIvE AND qUALITATIvE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARkET RISk Foreign Exchange Risk The revenues and expenses of our subsidiaries and PRC consolidated affiliated entities are generally denominated in Renminbi and their assets andliabilities are denominated in Renminbi. Our financing activities are denominated in U.S. dollars. To date, we have not entered into hedging transactions in an effort to reduce our exposure to foreign currency exchange risk. Although our exposure toforeign exchange risks is generally limited, the value of your investment in our ADSs will be affected by the exchange rate between the U.S. dollar and theRenminbi because the value of our business is effectively denominated in Renminbi, while our ADSs will be traded in U.S. dollars. The Renminbi is not freely convertible into foreign currencies. Remittances of foreign currencies into the PRC and exchange of foreign currencies intoRenminbi require approval by foreign exchange administrative authorities and certain supporting documentation. The State Administration for Foreign Exchange,under the authority of the People's Bank of China, controls the conversion of Renminbi into other currencies. The value of the RMB against the U.S. dollar and other currencies is affected by changes in China’s political and economic conditions and by China’sforeign exchange policies, among other things. In July 2005, the PRC government changed its decades-old policy of pegging the value of the RMB to the U.S.dollar, and the RMB appreciated more than 20% against the U.S. dollar over the following three years. Between July 2008 and June 2010, this appreciation haltedand the exchange rate between the RMB and the U.S. dollar remained within a narrow band. Since June 2010, the RMB has fluctuated against the U.S. dollar, attimes significantly and unpredictably. It is difficult to predict how market forces or PRC or U.S. government policy may impact the exchange rate between theRMB and the U.S. dollar in the future. To the extent that we need to convert U.S. dollars we receive from our initial public offering into Renminbi for ouroperations, appreciation of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar would have an adverse effect on the Renminbi amount we receive from the conversion.Conversely, if we decide to convert the Renminbi into U.S. dollars for the purpose of making payments for dividends on our common shares or ADSs or for otherbusiness purposes, appreciation of the U.S. dollar against the Renminbi would have a negative effect on the U.S. dollar amounts available to us. Interest Rate Risk Our exposure to interest rate risk primarily relates to the interest income generated by excess cash, which is mostly held in interest-bearing bank deposits.Interest-earning instruments carry a degree of interest rate risk. We have not been exposed to, nor do we anticipate being exposed to, material risks due to changesin market interest rates. However, our future interest income may fall short of expectations due to changes in market interest rates. A hypothetical one percentagepoint decrease in interest rates would have resulted in a decrease of approximately US$ 5.5 million in our interest income for the year ended December 31, 2015. ITEM 12.DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EqUITY SECURITIES A. Debt Securities Not applicable. B. Warrants and Rights Not applicable. C. Other Securities Not applicable. 134 D. American Depositary Shares Fees and Charges Our ADS holders May Have to Pay As an ADS holder, you will be required to pay the following service fees to the depositary bank: Service Fees· Issuance of ADSs, including issuances resulting from a distribution of sharesor rights or other property Up to $0.05 per ADS issued· Cancellation of ADSs, including the case of termination of the depositagreement Up to $0.05 per ADS cancelled· Distribution of cash dividends or other cash distributions Up to $0.05 per ADS held· Distribution of ADSs pursuant to share dividends, free share distributions orexercise of rights Up to $0.05 per ADS held· Distribution of securities other than ADSs or rights to purchaseadditional ADSs A fee equivalent to the fee that would be payable if securities distributed to youhad been Class A common shares and the Class A common shares had beendeposited for issuance of ADSs· Depositary services Up to $0.05 per ADS held on the applicable record date(s) established by thedepositary bank· Transfer of ADSs $1.50 per certificate presented for transfer As an ADS holder, you will also be responsible to pay certain fees and expenses incurred by the depositary bank and certain taxes and governmentalcharges (in addition to any applicable fees, expenses, taxes and other governmental charges payable on the deposited securities represented by any of your ADSs),such as: ·Fees for the transfer and registration of Class A common shares charged by the registrar and transfer agent for the Class A common shares in the CaymanIslands (i.e., upon deposit and withdrawal of Class A common shares). ·Expenses incurred for converting foreign currency into U.S. dollars. ·Expenses for cable, telex and fax transmissions and for delivery of securities. ·Taxes and duties upon the transfer of securities, including any applicable stamp duties, any stock transfer charges or withholding taxes (i.e., when Class Acommon shares are deposited or withdrawn from deposit). ·Fees and expenses incurred in connection with the delivery or servicing of Class A common shares on deposit. ·Fees and expenses incurred in connection with complying with exchange control regulations and other regulatory requirements applicable to Class Acommon shares, deposited securities, ADSs and ADRs. ·Any applicable fees and penalties thereon. The depositary fees payable upon the issuance and cancellation of ADSs are typically paid to the depositary bank by the brokers (on behalf of theirclients) receiving the newly issued ADSs from the depositary bank and by the brokers (on behalf of their clients) delivering the ADSs to the depositary bank forcancellation. The brokers in turn charge these fees to their clients. Depositary fees payable in connection with distributions of cash or securities to ADS holders andthe depositary services fee are charged by the depositary bank to the holders of record of ADSs as of the applicable ADS record date. The depositary fees payable for cash distributions are generally deducted from the cash being distributed or by selling a portion of distributable propertyto pay the fees. In the case of distributions other than cash (i.e., share dividends, rights), the depositary bank charges the applicable fee to the ADS record dateholders concurrent with the distribution. In the case of ADSs registered in the name of the investor (whether certificated or uncertificated in direct registration), thedepositary bank sends invoices to the applicable record date ADS holders. In the case of ADSs held in brokerage and custodian accounts (via DTC), the depositarybank generally collects its fees through the systems provided by DTC (whose nominee is the registered holder of the ADSs held in DTC) from the brokers andcustodians holding ADSs in their DTC accounts. The brokers and custodians who hold their clients' ADSs in DTC accounts in turn charge their clients' accountsthe amount of the fees paid to the depositary banks. 135 In the event of refusal to pay the depositary fees, the depositary bank may, under the terms of the deposit agreement, refuse the requested service untilpayment is received or may set off the amount of the depositary fees from any distribution to be made to the ADS holder. Fees and Other Payments Made by the Depositary to Us Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas, as our depositary, has agreed to reimburse us for a portion of certain expenses we incur that are related toestablishment and maintenance of the ADS program, including investor relations expenses. There are limits on the amount of expenses for which the depositarywill reimburse us, but the amount of reimbursement available to us is not related to the amounts of fees the depositary collects from investors. Further, thedepositary has agreed to reimburse us certain fees payable to the depositary by holders of ADSs. For the year ended December 31, 2015, we have US$ 0.5 millionpayable to us from the depositary as reimbursement for our expenses incurred in connection with the establishment and maintenance of our ADS program. 136 PART II ITEM 13.DEFAULTS, DIvIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINqUENCIES None. ITEM 14.MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS See "Item 10. Additional Information" for a description of the rights of securities holders, which remain unchanged. The following "Use of Proceeds" information relates to the registration statement on Form F-1, as amended (File Number 333-184414) for our initialpublic offering of 8,970,000 ADSs, representing 179,400,000 Class A common shares, which registration statement was declared effective by the SEC onNovember 20, 2012. We received net proceeds of US$82.8 million from our initial public offering. For the period from the effective date to December 31, 2015, we did not use a substantial portion of the net proceeds received from our initial publicoffering. ITEM 15.CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures As required by Rule 13a-15(b) under the Exchange Act, our management, including our chief executive officer, and our chief financial officer, performedan evaluation of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures, as that term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) of the Exchange Act, as of the end of theperiod covered by this annual report. Based on that evaluation, our management has concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31,2015, were effective in ensuring that the information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file and furnish under the Exchange Act was recorded,processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms, and that the information required to be disclosed by us in thereports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our chief executive officer and chieffinancial officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Management's Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Our internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assuranceregarding the reliability of our financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with Generally AcceptedAccounting Principles (GAAP) in the United States of America and includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, inreasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of our company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions arerecorded as necessary to permit preparation of consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP, and that receipts and expenditures of our company arebeing made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and directors; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timelydetection of the unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our company's assets that could have a material effect on the consolidated financial statements.Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation ofeffectiveness to future periods are subject to the risks that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance withthe policies or procedures may deteriorate. Our management conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015 basedon the framework in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Basedon this evaluation, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2015. PricewaterhouseCoopers Zhong Tian LLP, our independent registered public accounting firm, audited the effectiveness of our company's internal controlover financial reporting as of December 31, 2015, as stated in its report, which appears on page F-2 of this Form 20-F. Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting As required by Rule 13a-15(d), under the Exchange Act, our management, including our chief executive officer and our chief financial officer, alsoconducted an evaluation of our internal control over financial reporting to determine whether any changes occurred during the period covered by this report havematerially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. Based on that evaluation, it has been determined thatthere has been no such change during the period covered by this annual report. 137 ITEM 16.RESERvED ITEM 16A.AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERT Our board of directors has determined that Mr. Peter Andrew Schloss is our audit committee financial expert, who is an independent director under thestandards set forth in Nasdaq Stock Market Rule 5605(a)(2) and Rule 10A-3 of the Exchange Act. Mr. Schloss is the chairman of our audit committee. ITEM 16B.CODE OF ETHICS Our board of directors has adopted a code of ethics that applies to our directors, officers, employees and agents, including certain provisions thatspecifically apply to our chief executive officers, chief financial officer, chief operating officer, vice presidents and any other persons who perform similarfunctions for us. We filed our code of business conduct and ethics as Exhibit 99.1 to our registration statement on Form F-1, as amended, which was originallyfiled with the SEC on October 15, 2012 and subsequently amended and filed with this annual report. We have posted a copy of our code of business conduct andethics on our website at http://investors.yy.com/governance.cfm. ITEM 16C.PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERvICES The following table sets forth the aggregate fees in connection with certain professional services rendered by PricewaterhouseCoopers Zhong Tian LLP,our independent registered public accounting firm, for the years indicated. We did not pay any other fees to our independent registered public accounting firmduring the periods other than those indicated below. For the Year Ended December 31, 2014 2015 (in RMB thousands) Audit fees (1) 10,634 10,551 Tax fees (2) - 312 (1)"Audit fees" means the aggregate fees billed for professional services rendered by our independent registered public accounting firm for the annual audit andthe quarterly review of our consolidated financial statement. For 2014 and 2015, the audit refers to the audit of our annual consolidated financial statementsand our internal controls over financial reporting. For 2014, the "Audit fees" also includes fees billed for service provided by our independent registered publicaccounting firm in connection with convertible bonds offering. (2)"Tax fees" means the aggregate fees billed in each of the fiscal years listed for professional services rendered by our principal auditors for tax service. The policy of our audit committee is to pre-approve all audit and non-audit services provided by PricewaterhouseCoopers Zhong Tian LLP, includingaudit services, audit-related services, tax services and other services, other than those for de minimis services which are approved by the audit committee prior tothe completion of the audit. Our audit committee has approved all of our audit and non-audit fees for the year ended December 31, 2015. ITEM 16D.EXEMPTIONS FROM THE LISTING STANDARDS FOR AUDIT COMMITTEES Not applicable. ITEM 16E.PURCHASES OF EqUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS On May 4, 2014, our board of directors approved a share repurchase plan, or the Repurchase Plan. Under the terms of the Repurchase Program, we mayrepurchase up to US$100 million worth of our outstanding ADSs from time to time, for a period not to exceed twelve (12) months. The repurchases, funded fromour existing cash balance, may be made in the open market at prevailing market prices or through privately negotiated transactions, including block trades,depending on market conditions, the trading price of our ADSs and other factors, in compliance with relevant United States securities rules and regulations and oursecurities trading policy, in a manner that is consistent with the interest of our shareholders. 138 On March 5, 2015, our board of directors approved another share repurchase plan, or the 2015 Repurchase Plan. Under the terms of the 2015 RepurchasePlan, we may repurchase up to US$100 million worth of its outstanding ADSs from time to time for a period not to exceed twelve (12) months. The repurchasesmay be made in the open market at prevailing market prices or through privately negotiated transactions, including block trades. The timing and extent of anyrepurchases will depend on market conditions, the trading price of our ADSs and other factors. The plan will be implemented in compliance with relevant UnitedStates securities rules and regulations and our securities trading policy, in a manner that is consistent with the interests of our shareholders. Our board of directorswill review the share repurchase program periodically and may authorize the adjustment of its terms and size accordingly. We expect to fund the repurchases madeunder this program from our existing cash balance. For the year ended December 31, 2015, we had repurchased under the Share Repurchase Program an aggregate of 3.1 million ADSs, representing 61.9million Class A common shares at an average price of US$54.8 per ADS, or US$2.7 per Class A common share, for aggregate consideration of US$169.5 million. The following table sets forth a summary of our repurchase of our ADSs made in each month of 2015 under the Repurchase Plan. Period Total Number of ADSs Purchased Average Price Paid Per ADS Total Number of ADSs Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs (1) Maximum Dollar value of ADSs that May Yet Be Purchased Under Plans or Programs (US$ thousand) February 2015 768,125 55.1073 42.3% 57,671 March 2015 1,028,560 56.0697 57.7% - (1)On May 4, 2014, our board of directors approved the Repurchase Plan. Under the terms of the Repurchase Program, we may repurchase up to US$100 millionworth of our outstanding ADSs from time to time, for a period not to exceed twelve (12) months. The Repurchase Plan expired on May 4, 2015. The following table sets forth a summary of our repurchase of our ADSs made in each month of 2015 under the 2015 Repurchase Plan. Period Total Number of ADSs Purchased Average Price Paid Per ADS Total Number of ADSs Purchased as Part of PubliclyAnnounced Plans or Programs(1) Maximum Dollar value ofADSs that MayYet Be Purchased Under Plans orPrograms (US$thousand) March 2015 1,295,871 53.6653 69.5% 30,457 (1)On March 5, 2015, our board of directors approved the 2015 Repurchase Plan. Under the terms of the 2015 Repurchase Plan, we may repurchase up toUS$100 million worth of its outstanding ADSs from time to time for a period not to exceed twelve (12) months. ITEM 16F.CHANGE IN REGISTRANT'S CERTIFYING ACCOUNTANT Not applicable. ITEM 16G.CORPORATE GOvERNANCE We have followed and intend to continue to follow the applicable corporate governance standards under the Nasdaq Stock Market Rules. ITEM 16H.MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE Not applicable. 139 PART III ITEM 17.FINANCIAL STATEMENTS We have elected to provide financial statements pursuant to Item 18. ITEM 18.FINANCIAL STATEMENTS The consolidated financial statements of YY Inc. are included at the end of this annual report. ITEM 19.EXHIBITS Exhibit Number Description of Document 1.1 Second Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association of the Registrant (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.2 tothe registration statement on Form F-1, as amended (File No. 333-184414), initially filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission onOctober 15, 2012) 2.1 Registrant's Specimen American Depositary Receipt (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the registration statement on Form F-1, as amended (File No. 333-184414), initially filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on October 15, 2012) 2.2 Registrant's Specimen Certificate for Common Shares (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the registration statement onForm F-1, as amended (File No. 333-184414), initially filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on October 15, 2012) 2.3 Form of Deposit Agreement, among the Registrant, the depositary and holder of the American Depositary Receipts (incorporated herein byreference to Exhibit 4.3 to the registration statement on Form F-1, as amended (File No. 333-184414), initially filed with the Securities andExchange Commission on October 15, 2012) 2.4 Investors' Rights Agreement dated September 6, 2011 among the Registrant and other parties named therein (incorporated herein by referenceto Exhibit 4.4 to the registration statement on Form F-1, as amended (File No. 333-184414), initially filed with the Securities and ExchangeCommission on October 15, 2012) 2.6 Share Exchange Agreement dated September 6, 2011, relating to Duowan Entertainment Corporation (incorporated herein by reference toExhibit 4.6 to the registration statement on Form F-1, as amended (File No. 333-184414), initially filed with the Securities and ExchangeCommission on October 15, 2012) 4.1 2009 Employee Equity Incentive Scheme of the Registrant, as amended and restated. (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to theregistration statement on Form F-1, as amended (File. No. 333-184414), initially filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission onOctober 15, 2012) 4.2 2011 Share Incentive Plan and Amendment No. 1 to the 2011 Share Incentive Plan of the Registrant (incorporated herein by reference toExhibit 10.2 to the registration statement on Form F-1, as amended (File No. 333-184414), initially filed with the Securities and ExchangeCommission on October 15, 2012) 4.3 Form of Indemnification Agreement with the Registrant's directors and officers (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to theregistration statement on Form F-1, as amended (File No. 333-184414), initially filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission onOctober 15, 2012) 140 Exhibit Number Description of Document 4.4 Form of Employment Agreement between the Registrant and an executive officer of the Registrant (incorporated herein by reference toExhibit 10.4 to the registration statement on Form F-1, as amended (File No. 333-184414), initially filed with the Securities and ExchangeCommission on October 15, 2012) 4.5 English translation of Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreement dated August 12, 2008 between Huanju Shidai (formerly known asDuowan Entertainment Information Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd.) and Guangzhou Huaduo (incorporated herein by reference toExhibit 10.5 to the registration statement on Form F-1, as amended (File No. 333-184414), initially filed with the Securities and ExchangeCommission on October 15, 2012) 4.6 English translation of Supplementary Agreement dated November 10, 2011 to Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreement between HuanjuShidai and Guangzhou Huaduo (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the registration statement on Form F-1, as amended (FileNo. 333-184414), initially filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on October 15, 2012) 4.7 English translation of Confirmation Letter dated November 10, 2011 to Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreement between Huanju Shidaiand Guangzhou Huaduo (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to the registration statement on Form F-1, as amended (FileNo. 333-184414), initially filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on October 15, 2012) 4.8 English translation of Exclusive Technology Support and Technology Services Agreement dated August 12, 2008 between Huanju Shidai andGuangzhou Huaduo (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to the registration statement on Form F-1, as amended (File No. 333-184414), initially filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on October 15, 2012) 4.9 English translation of Supplementary Agreement dated November 10, 2011 to Exclusive Technology Support and Technology ServicesAgreement between Huanju Shidai and Guangzhou Huaduo (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.9 to the registration statement onForm F-1, as amended (File No. 333-184414), initially filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on October 15, 2012) 4.10 English translation of Confirmation letter dated November 10, 2011 to Exclusive Technology Support and Technology Services Agreementbetween Huanju Shidai and Guangzhou Huaduo (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.10 to the registration statement on Form F-1,as amended (File No. 333-184414), initially filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on October 15, 2012) 4.11 English translation of Powers of Attorney dated September 16, 2011 issued to Huanju Shidai by each of the shareholders of GuangzhouHuaduo (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.11 to the registration statement on Form F-1, as amended (File No. 333-184414),initially filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on October 15, 2012) 4.12 English translation of Exclusive Option Agreements dated September 16, 2011 among Huanju Shidai, Guangzhou Huaduo and each of theshareholders of Guangzhou Huaduo (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.12 to the registration statement on Form F-1, as amended(File No. 333-184414), initially filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on October 15, 2012) 4.13 English translation of Equity Interest Pledge Agreements dated September 16, 2011 between Huanju Shidai and each of the shareholders ofGuangzhou Huaduo (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.11 to the registration statement on Form F-1, as amended (File No. 333-184414), initially filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on October 15, 2012) 141 Exhibit Number Description of Document 4.14 English translation of Consent Letter dated November 10, 2011 issued by the shareholders of Guangzhou Huaduo (incorporated herein byreference to Exhibit 10.11 to the registration statement on Form F-1, as amended (File No. 333-184414), initially filed with the Securities andExchange Commission on October 15, 2012) 4.15 English translation of Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreement dated December 3, 2009 between Huanju Shidai and Beijing Tuda(incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.15 to the registration statement on Form F-1, as amended (File No. 333-184414), initially filedwith the Securities and Exchange Commission on October 15, 2012) 4.16 English translation of Supplementary Agreement dated November 10, 2011 to Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreement between HuanjuShidai and Beijing Tuda (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.16 to the registration statement on Form F-1, as amended (FileNo. 333-184414), initially filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on October 15, 2012) 4.17 English translation of Confirmation Letter dated November 10, 2011 to Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreement between Huanju Shidaiand Beijing Tuda (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.17 to the registration statement on Form F-1, as amended (File No. 333-184414), initially filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on October 15, 2012) 4.18 English translation of Exclusive Technology Support and Technology Services Agreement dated December 3, 2009 between Huanju Shidaiand Beijing Tuda (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.18 to the registration statement on Form F-1, as amended (File No. 333-184414), initially filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on October 15, 2012) 4.19 English translation of Supplementary Agreement dated November 10, 2011 to Exclusive Technology Support and Technology ServicesAgreement between Huanju Shidai and Beijing Tuda (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.19 to the registration statement onForm F-1, as amended (File No. 333-184414), initially filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on October 15, 2012) 4.20 English translation of Confirmation Letter dated November 10, 2011 to Exclusive Technology Support and Technology Services Agreementbetween Huanju Shidai and Beijing Tuda (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.20 to the registration statement on Form F-1, asamended (File No. 333-184414), initially filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on October 15, 2012) 4.21 English translation of Powers of Attorney dated May 27, 2011 issued to Huanju Shidai by each of the shareholders of Beijing Tuda(incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.21 to the registration statement on Form F-1, as amended (File No. 333-184414), initially filedwith the Securities and Exchange Commission on October 15, 2012) 4.22 English translation of Exclusive Option Agreements dated May 27, 2011 among Huanju Shidai, Beijing Tuda and each of the shareholders ofBeijing Tuda (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.22 to the registration statement on Form F-1, as amended (File No. 333-184414),initially filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on October 15, 2012) 4.23 English translation of Equity Interest Pledge Agreements dated July 1, 2011 between Huanju Shidai and each of the shareholders of BeijingTuda (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.23 to the registration statement on Form F-1, as amended (File No. 333-184414),initially filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on October 15, 2012) 142 Exhibit Number Description of Document 4.24 English translation of Consent Letter dated November 10, 2011 issued by the shareholders of Beijing Tuda (incorporated herein by referenceto Exhibit 10.24 to the registration statement on Form F-1, as amended (File No. 333-184414), initially filed with the Securities and ExchangeCommission on October 15, 2012) 4.25 Indenture, dated March 24, 2014, constituting US$400 million 2.25% Convertible Senior Notes due 2019 (incorporated herein by reference toExhibit 4.25 from our annual report on Form 20-F (File No. 001-35729), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 21,2015) 4.26 English summary of Panyu Land Purchase Agreement, dated August 7, 2014, by and among Guangzhou Huanju Shidai InformationTechnology Co., Ltd. and Guangzhou Panyu Information Technology Investent Development Co., Ltd. (incorporated herein by reference toExhibit 4.25 from our annual report on Form 20-F (File No. 001-35729), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 21,2015) 4.27* English summary of Contract for State-owned Construction Land Use Rights Assignment, dated August 20, 2015, by and betweenGuangzhou Land Resources and Real Estate Administration Bureau and Guangzhou Huaduo 4.28 * English translation of Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreement dated August 25, 2015 between Bilin online and Bilin Changxiang 4.29 * English translation of Exclusive Option Agreement dated August 25, 2015 among David Xueling Li, Bilin Online and Bilin Changxiang 4.30 * English translation of Exclusive Assets Purchase Agreement dated August 25, 2015 among David Xueling Li, Bilin Online and BilinChangxiang 4.31 * English translation of Equity Interest Pledge Agreement dated August 25, 2015 among David Xueling Li, Bilin Online and Bilin Changxiang 4.32 * English translation of Power of Attorney dated August 25, 2015 issued to Bilin Changxiang by David Xueling Li 8.1* List of Subsidiaries and Consolidated Affiliated Entities 11.1 Amended Code of Business Conduct and Ethics of the Registrant (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 11.1 to the annual report onForm 20-F (File No. 001-35729) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 26, 2013) 12.1* Certification by Principal Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 12.2* Certification by Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 13.1** Certification by Principal Executive Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 13.2** Certification by Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 15.1* Consent of Conyers Dill & Pearman 15.2* Consent of Fangda Partners 15.3* Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm 101.INS* XBRL Instance Document 101.SCH* XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document 101.CAL* XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document 101.DEF* XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document 101.LAB* XBRL Taxonomy Extension Labels Linkbase Document 101.PRE* XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document *Filed with this annual report on Form 20-F **Furnished with this annual report on Form 20-F 143 SIGNATURES The registrant hereby certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form 20-F and that it has duly caused and authorized the undersigned tosign this annual report on its behalf. Date: April 28, 2016 YY INC. By:/s/ David Xueling Li Name:David Xueling Li Title: Director and Chief Executive Officer 144 YY INC.INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Contents Page Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm F-2 Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2014 and 2015 F-3 Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income for the Years Ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015 F-5 Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015 F-7 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015 F-10 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements F-12 F- 1 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of YY Inc.: In our opinion, the accompanying consolidated balance sheets and the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income, of changes inshareholders’ equity and of cash flows, present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of YY Inc. (the “Company”) and its subsidiaries as ofDecember 31, 2015 and 2014, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2015 inconformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects,effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issuedby the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). The Company's management is responsible for these financial statements,for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included inManagement’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Report appearing under Item 15 of the accompanying Form 20-F. Our responsibility is to expressopinions on these financial statements and on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our integrated audits. We conducted our audits inaccordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits toobtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement and whether effective internal control over financial reportingwas maintained in all material respects. Our audits of the financial statements included examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosuresin the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, and evaluating the overall financial statementpresentation. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing therisk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits alsoincluded performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for ouropinions. A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and thepreparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financialreporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactionsand dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financialstatements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance withauthorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorizedacquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation ofeffectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance withthe policies or procedures may deteriorate. /s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers Zhong Tian LLPShanghai, the People’s Republic of China April 28, 2016 F- 2 CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2014 AND 2015(All amounts in thousands, except share, ADS, per share and per ADS data) As of December 31, Notes 2014 2015 2015 RMB RMB US$ (Note 2(e)) Assets Current assets Cash and cash equivalents 5 475,028 928,934 143,403 Short-term deposits 6 4,214,576 1,894,946 292,529 Restricted short-term deposits 7 100,000 389,221 60,085 Accounts receivable, net 8 257,436 132,353 20,432 Inventory 1,445 14,385 2,221 Amounts due from related parties 24 61,073 5,297 818 Prepayments and other current assets 9 204,139 147,823 22,822 Deferred tax assets 20 111,436 116,921 18,049 Total current assets 5,425,133 3,629,880 560,359 Non-current assets Deferred tax assets 20 1,392 3,363 519 Investments 10 186,654 567,557 87,616 Property and equipment, net 11 234,228 843,449 130,206 Intangible assets, net 12 154,034 146,437 22,606 Goodwill 13 300,382 151,638 23,409 Other non-current assets 14 560,971 1,985,714 306,541 Total non-current assets 1,437,661 3,698,158 570,897 Total assets 6,862,794 7,328,038 1,131,256 Liabilities and shareholders’ equity Current liabilities Accounts payable (including accounts payable of the consolidated variableinterest entity without recourse to the Company of RMB101,160 andRMB108,500 as of December 31, 2014 and 2015, respectively) 101,525 129,819 20,041 Deferred revenue (including deferred revenue of the consolidated variableinterest entity without recourse to the Company of RMB354,987 andRMB385,300 as of December 31, 2014 and 2015, respectively) 15 356,150 385,300 59,480 Advances from customers (including advances from customers of theconsolidated variable interest entity without recourse to the Company ofRMB25,897 and RMB 45,189 as of December 31, 2014 and 2015,respectively) 34,127 55,086 8,504 Income taxes payable (including income taxes payable of the consolidatedvariable interest entity without recourse to the Company of RMB65,162 andRMB80,978 as of December 31, 2014 and 2015, respectively) 89,161 107,403 16,580 Accrued liabilities and other current liabilities (including accrued liabilities andother current liabilities of the consolidated variable interest entity withoutrecourse to the Company of RMB357,464 and RMB579,760 as ofDecember 31, 2014 and 2015, respectively) 16 478,703 681,889 105,266 Amounts due to related parties (including amounts due to related parties of theconsolidated variable interest entity without recourse to the Company ofRMB30,892 and RMB23,684 as of December 31, 2014 and 2015,respectively) 24 30,892 24,917 3,847 Total current liabilities 1,090,558 1,384,414 213,718 Non-current liabilities Convertible bonds (including convertible bonds of the consolidated variableinterest entity without recourse to the Company of nil and nil as ofDecember 31, 2014 and 2015, respectively) 17 2,447,980 2,597,403 400,970 Long-term payable (including long-term payable of the consolidated variableinterest entity without recourse to the Company of RMB183,000 and nil as ofDecember 31, 2014 and 2015, respectively) 4 183,000 - - Deferred revenue(including deferred revenue of the consolidated variableinterest entity without recourse to the Company of RMB24,383 andRMB20,752 as of December 31, 2014 and 2015, respectively) 15 24,383 20,752 3,204 Deferred tax liabilities (including deferred tax liabilities of the consolidatedvariable interest entity without recourse to the Company of RMB26,709 andRMB12,592 as of December 31, 2014 and 2015, respectively) 20 26,709 16,817 2,596 Total non-current liabilities 2,682,072 2,634,972 406,770 Total liabilities 3,772,630 4,019,386 620,488 Commitments and contingencies 26 F- 3 CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2014 AND 2015 (CONTINUED)(All amounts in thousands, except share, ADS, per share and per ADS data) As of December 31, Notes 2014 2015 2015 RMB RMB US$ (Note 2(e)) Mezzanine equity - 61,833 9,545 Shareholders’ equity Class A common shares (US$0.00001 par value; 10,000,000,000 shares authorized,706,173,568 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2014 and728,227,848 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2015) 21 43 43 7 Class B common shares (US$0.00001 par value; 1,000,000,000 shares authorized,427,352,696 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2014 and369,557,976 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2015) 21 30 27 4 Additional paid-in capital 2,900,458 2,011,799 310,568 Statutory reserves 2(ee) 56,469 56,507 8,723 Retained earnings 173,963 1,207,168 186,355 Accumulated other comprehensive loss (40,799) (36,385) (5,617) Total YY Inc.’s shareholders’ equity 3,090,164 3,239,159 500,040 Non-controlling interests - 7,660 1,183 Total shareholders’ equity 3,090,164 3,246,819 501,223 Total liabilities, mezzanine equity and shareholders’ equity 6,862,794 7,328,038 1,131,256 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. F- 4 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIvE INCOME FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2013, 2014AND 2015(All amounts in thousands, except share, ADS, per share and per ADS data) For the year ended December 31, Note 2013 2014 2015 2015 RMB RMB RMB US$ (Note2(e)) Net revenues Internet value-added service —Online music and entertainment 852,885 2,109,503 3,320,052 512,528 —Online games 602,111 811,699 771,882 119,158 —Online dating 661 194,134 651,019 100,500 —Other IVAS 204,551 415,689 918,006 141,716 Other revenues 163,260 147,343 236,290 36,477 Total net revenues 1,823,468 3,678,368 5,897,249 910,379 Cost of revenues (1) 18 (881,999) (1,849,149) (3,579,744) (552,617) Gross profit 941,469 1,829,219 2,317,505 357,762 Operating expenses (1) Research and development expenses (267,005) (431,188) (548,799) (84,720)Sales and marketing expenses (24,955) (102,527) (312,870) (48,299)General and administrative expenses (200,554) (223,019) (358,474) (55,339)Goodwill impairment 13 - - (310,124) (47,875)Fair value change of contingent consideration 13 - - 292,471 45,150 Total operating expenses (492,514) (756,734) (1,237,796) (191,083) Other income 19 27,078 6,319 82,300 12,705 Operating income 476,033 1,078,804 1,162,009 179,384 Gain on disposal of an equity investment - 999 - - Foreign currency exchange gains / (losses), net 29,555 (10,399) (38,099) (5,881)Interest expense - (56,607) (97,125) (14,994)Interest income 60,221 164,969 137,892 21,287 Other non-operating income / (expenses) - 36,714 (2,165) (334) Income before income tax expenses 565,809 1,214,480 1,162,512 179,462 Income tax expenses 20 (89,951) (154,283) (178,327) (27,529) Income before share of income in equity methodinvestments, net of income taxes 475,858 1,060,197 984,185 151,933 Share of income in equity method investments, net of incometaxes 1,869 4,275 14,120 2,180 Net income 477,727 1,064,472 998,305 154,113 Less: Net loss attributable to the non-controlling interestshareholders and the mezzanine classified non-controllinginterest shareholders - - (34,938) (5,393) Net income attributable to YY Inc. 477,727 1,064,472 1,033,243 159,506 Other comprehensive (loss) / income: Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of nil tax (31,014) 3,638 4,414 681 Comprehensive income attributable to YY Inc. 446,713 1,068,110 1,037,657 160,187 F- 5 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIvE INCOME FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2013, 2014AND 2015 (CONTINUED)(All amounts in thousands, except share, ADS, per share and per ADS data) For the year ended December 31, Note 2013 2014 2015 2015 RMB RMB RMB US$ (Note2(e)) Net income per ADS* —Basic 23 8.51 18.46 18.37 2.84 —Diluted 23 8.09 17.76 17.96 2.77 Weighted average number of ADS used in calculating netincome per ADS —Basic 23 56,123,784 57,657,035 56,259,499 56,259,499 —Diluted 23 59,056,065 59,927,174 57,541,558 57,541,558 Net income per common share* —Basic 23 0.43 0.92 0.92 0.14 —Diluted 23 0.40 0.89 0.90 0.13 Weighted average number of common shares used incalculating net income per common share —Basic 23 1,122,475,688 1,153,140,699 1,125,189,978 1,125,189,978 —Diluted 23 1,181,121,297 1,198,543,473 1,150,831,163 1,150,831,163 *Each ADS represents 20 Class A common shares. (1)Share based compensation was allocated in cost of revenues and operating expenses as follows: For the year ended December 31, Note 2013 2014 2015 2015 RMB RMB RMB US$ (Note2(e)) Cost of revenues 9,860 18,037 23,963 3,699 Research and development expenses 39,587 54,141 70,951 10,953 Sales and marketing expenses 1,318 2,807 3,283 507 General and administrative expenses 66,331 59,647 87,175 13,458 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. F- 6 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EqUITY FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2013, 2014 AND 2015(All amounts in thousands, except share, ADS, per share and per ADS data) Class A common shares Class B Common shares Additional Accumulated other Total Notes Number of shares Amount Number of shares Amount paid-in capital Statutory reserves Accumulated deficits comprehensive loss shareholders’ equity Note 23 RMB Note 23 RMB RMB RMB RMB RMB RMB Balance as of December 31,2012 179,400,000 11 907,833,224 60 2,648,404 - (1,311,767) (13,423) 1,323,285 Issuance of common shares forexercised share options 21 4,648,420 - - - 115 - - - 115 Issuance of common shares forvested restricted shares andrestricted share units 21 16,608,480 1 - - (1) - - - - Class B common sharesconverted to Class A commonshares 21 422,001,838 26 (422,001,838) (26) - - - - - Share based compensation- shareoptions 22 - - - - 14,004 - - - 14,004 Share based compensation-restricted shares 22 - - - - 7,300 - - - 7,300 Share based compensation- restricted share units 22 - - - - 95,792 - - - 95,792 Appropriations to statutoryreserves 2(ee) - - - - - 40,657 (40,657) - - Components of comprehensiveincome Net income - - - - - - 477,727 - 477,727 Foreign currency translationadjustment, net of nil tax - - - - - - - (31,014) (31,014) Balance as of December 31,2013 622,658,738 38 485,831,386 34 2,765,614 40,657 (874,697) (44,437) 1,887,209 F- 7 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EqUITY FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2013, 2014 AND 2015(CONTINUED)(All amounts in thousands, except share, ADS, per share and per ADS data) Class A common shares Class B Common shares Additional (Accumulated deficits) Accumulated other Total Notes Number of shares Amount Number of shares Amount paid-in capital Statutory reserves / Retained earnings comprehensive loss shareholders’ equity Note 23 RMB Note 23 RMB RMB RMB RMB RMB RMB Balance as of December 31,2013 622,658,738 38 485,831,386 34 2,765,614 40,657 (874,697) (44,437) 1,887,209 Issuance of common shares forexercised share options 21 5,841,660 - - - 213 - - - 213 Issuance of common shares forvested restricted shares andrestricted share units 21 19,194,480 1 - - (1) - - - - Class B common sharesconverted to Class A commonshares 21 58,478,690 4 (58,478,690) (4) - - - - - Share based compensation-restricted shares 22 - - - - 3,771 - - - 3,771 Share based compensation-restricted share units 22 - - - - 130,718 - - - 130,718 Share based compensation -restricted shares to the founderof a subsidiary of a variableinterest entity 22 - - - - 143 - - - 143 Appropriation to statutoryreserves 2(ee) - - - - - 15,812 (15,812) - - Components of comprehensiveincome Net income - - - - - - 1,064,472 - 1,064,472 Foreign currency translationadjustment, net of nil tax - - - - - - - 3,638 3,638 Balance as of December 31,2014 706,173,568 43 427,352,696 30 2,900,458 56,469 173,963 (40,799) 3,090,164 F- 8 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EqUITY FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2013, 2014 AND 2015(CONTINUED)(All amounts in thousands, except share, ADS, per share and per ADS data) Class A common shares Class B Common shares Additional Accumulated other Total YY Inc.’s Non- Total Notes Number of shares Amount Number of shares Amount paid-in capital Statutory reserves Retained earnings comprehensive loss shareholders’ equity controlling interests shareholders’ equity Note 23 RMB Note 23 RMB RMB RMB RMB RMB RMB RMB RMB Balance as of December 31, 2014 706,173,568 43 427,352,696 30 2,900,458 56,469 173,963 (40,799) 3,090,164 - 3,090,164 Issuance of common shares forexercised share options 21 6,611,970 - - - 245 - - - 245 - 245 Issuance of common shares forvested restricted shares andrestricted share units 21 19,498,710 1 - - (1) - - - - - - Class B common shares convertedto Class A common shares 21 57,794,720 3 (57,794,720) (3) - - - - - - - Repurchase of Class A commonshares 21 (61,851,120) (4) - - (1,041,682) - - - (1,041,686) - (1,041,686)Share based compensation-restricted share units 22 - - - - 152,205 - - - 152,205 - 152,205 Share based compensation -restricted shares to the founderof a subsidiary of a variableinterest entity 22 - - - - 574 - - - 574 - 574 Appropriation to statutory reserves 2(ee) - - - - - 38 (38) - - - - Set-up subsidiaries with non-controlling interest shareholders - - - - - - - - - 7,798 7,798 Components of comprehensiveincome Net income / (loss)attributable to YY Inc. andnon-controlling interestshareholders - - - - - - 1,033,243 - 1,033,243 (138) 1,033,105 Foreign currency translationadjustment, net of nil tax - - - - - - - 4,414 4,414 - 4,414 Balance as of December 31, 2015 728,227,848 43 369,557,976 27 2,011,799 56,507 1,207,168 (36,385) 3,239,159 7,660 3,246,819 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. F- 9 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2013, 2014 AND 2015(All amounts in thousands) For the year ended December 31, Note 2013 2014 2015 2015 RMB RMB RMB US$ (Note2(e)) Cash flows from operating activities Net income 477,727 1,064,472 998,305 154,113 Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided byoperating activities Depreciation of property and equipment 11 44,963 68,035 122,098 18,849 Amortization of acquired intangible assets 12 4,707 12,598 64,201 9,911 Allowance for doubtful accounts 31,987 28,120 4,167 643 Loss on disposal of property and equipment 1 61 3,759 580 Impairment of an equity investment 899 - - - Impairment of a cost investment 10 - 4,000 6,000 926 Impairment of intangible assets 12 - 5,697 57,199 8,830 Impairment of goodwill 13 - - 310,124 47,875 Fair value change of contingent consideration 13 - - (292,471) (45,150)Share based compensation 22 117,096 134,632 185,372 28,617 Share of income in equity method investments (1,869) (4,275) (14,120) (2,180)Gain on disposal of an equity investment - (999) - - Deferred income taxes, net 20 (35,414) (45,751) (25,039) (3,865)Foreign exchange (gains) / losses, net (29,555) 10,399 38,099 5,881 Other non-operating expense - - 2,165 334 Other non-operating income - (36,714) - - Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of businessacquisition Accounts receivable (14,472) (183,527) 123,634 19,086 Prepayments and other assets (46,624) (90,924) 45,128 6,967 Amounts due from related parties - - (1,323) (204)Inventory - - (11,080) (1,710)Amounts due to related parties 36 28,252 (13,743) (2,122)Accounts payable 26,342 23,166 (22,654) (3,497)Deferred revenue 136,945 54,343 25,519 3,939 Advances from customers 12,034 14,578 20,959 3,236 Income tax payable 30,106 11,054 18,242 2,816 Accrued liabilities and other current liabilities 136,264 204,134 178,901 27,618 Net cash provided by operating activities 891,173 1,301,351 1,823,442 281,493 Cash flows from investing activities Placements of short-term deposits (1,529,090) (5,343,934) (1,869,789) (288,646)Maturities of short-term deposits 995,996 2,550,059 4,257,609 657,262 Placements of restricted short-term deposits - (155,000) (1,492,799) (230,448)Maturities of restricted short-term deposits - 55,000 522,981 80,734 Purchase of property and equipment (55,606) (178,470) (219,843) (33,938)Purchase of intangible assets (14,631) (21,757) (50,931) (7,862)Purchase of other non-current assets - (510,341) (1,926,224) (297,358)Cash paid for equity investments 24 (11,000) (15,000) (500) (77)Cash paid for cost investments 10 (47,110) (73,402) (351,800) (54,309)Acquisition of an available-for-sale debt security 10 - - (6,117) (944)Cash received from disposal of a cost investment 3,000 - - - Cash received from disposal of an equity investment - 1,563 - - Cash dividend received from an equity investee - - 2,400 370 Net cash (paid) / received in connection with businessacquisition - (170,950) 5,553 857 Payment on behalf of related parties 24 - (61,000) (95,311) (14,713)Repayment of expense paid on behalf of a related party 24 - - 156,181 24,110 Loans to related parties 24 - (1,500) (159,000) (24,545)Repayment of loans from related parties 24 1,000 1,500 160,000 24,700 Loans to employees and third parties (3,770) (35,512) (6,037) (932)Repayment of loans from employees and third parties 1,560 4,531 13,237 2,043 Proceeds from disposal of property and equipment 48 158 12,368 1,909 Net cash used in investing activities (659,603) (3,954,055) (1,048,022) (161,787) F- 10 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2013, 2014 AND 2015 (CONTINUED)(All amounts in thousands) For the year ended December 31, Note 2013 2014 2015 2015 RMB RMB RMB US$ (Note2(e)) Cash flows from financing activities Proceeds from exercise of vested share options 115 213 245 38 Repurchase of common shares 21 - - (1,041,686) (160,809)Capital contributions from the non-controlling interests - - 7,798 1,204 Proceeds from bank borrowings - - 1,148,500 177,298 Repayment of bank borrowings - - (452,000) (69,777)Payments of listing expenses (5,802) - - - Proceeds from issuance of convertible bonds, net of issuancecosts 17 - 2,402,549 - - Net cash (used in) / provided by financing activities (5,687) 2,402,762 (337,143) (52,046) Net increase / (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents 225,883 (249,942) 438,277 67,660 Cash and cash equivalents at the beginning of the year 504,702 729,598 475,028 73,331 Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents (987) (4,628) 15,629 2,412 Cash and cash equivalents at the end of the year 729,598 475,028 928,934 143,403 For the year ended December 31, Note 2013 2014 2015 2015 RMB RMB RMB US$ (Note2(e)) Supplemental disclosure of cash flows information: —Cash paid for interest, net of amounts capitalized - (28,769) (78,186) (12,070)—Acquisition of property and equipment in form of accountspayable 7,653 25,514 66,673 10,293 —Income taxes paid (95,259) (188,979) (185,124) (28,578) The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. F- 11 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(All amount in thousands, except share and per share data, unless otherwise stated) 1.Organization and principal activities (a)Principal activities YY Inc. (the “Company”), through its subsidiaries, its variable interest entities (“VIEs”) and VIE’s subsidiaries (collectively, the “Group”) is principallyengaged in operating an online social platform in the People’s Republic of China (the “PRC” or “China”) through its platform, YY Client and through itswebsite YY.com, Duowan.com, 100.com, Huya.com, Edu24ol.com and Zhiniu8.com. (b)Reorganization The Company was incorporated in the Cayman Islands on July 22, 2011. The Group began its operations in the PRC in April 2005 through its PRC domestic company, Guangzhou Huaduo Network Technology Co., Ltd.(“Guangzhou Huaduo”), which was directly owned by Mr. David Xueling Li (the “Founder” or the “CEO”) and Mr. Jun Lei (the “Co-founder” or the“Chairman”). Guangzhou Huaduo holds the necessary licenses and approvals to operate internet-related businesses in the PRC. For the period between July 2006 and April 2007, the Group undertook a reorganization (the “First Reorganization”) and established Duowan Limited(“Duowan Limited”), an investment holding company under the laws of the British Virgin Islands (the “BVI”), Duowan (Hong Kong) Limited (“Duowan(Hong Kong)”), a Hong Kong incorporated company wholly owned by Duowan Limited, and Guangzhou Duowan Information Technology Co., Ltd.(“Guangzhou Duowan”), a wholly-owned foreign enterprise (“WOFE”) in the PRC owned by Duowan (Hong Kong) (collectively “Duowan Limited GroupStructure”). The First Reorganization was necessary to comply with PRC laws and regulations which prohibit or restrict foreign ownership of companies thatprovide internet content services in the PRC where licenses are required. By entering into a series of agreements among the Founder, the Co-founder, Guangzhou Huaduo, and Guangzhou Duowan (collectively, “First VIEagreements”), Guangzhou Huaduo became a VIE of Guangzhou Duowan. Guangzhou Duowan became the primary beneficiary of Guangzhou Huaduo. In November 2007, Duowan Entertainment Corporation (“Duowan BVI”) was incorporated in the BVI. In March 2008, Duowan BVI established DuowanEntertainment Information Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd. (“Duowan Entertainment”), as a WOFE in the PRC and a wholly-owned subsidiary of DuowanBVI. The Group undertook a second reorganization (the “Second Reorganization”) whereby the First VIE agreements among the Founder, the Co-founder,Guangzhou Huaduo and Guangzhou Duowan were terminated and a new series of VIE agreements (collectively, “Second VIE agreements”) were signedamong the Founder, the Co-founder, Guangzhou Huaduo and Duowan Entertainment, through which Duowan Entertainment became the primary beneficiaryand exercised effective control over the operations of Guangzhou Huaduo. Duowan BVI became the then holding company of the Group. In August 2008, Duowan Entertainment purchased all the equity interests in Guangzhou Duowan from Duowan (Hong Kong). In December 2008, the Group undertook another reorganization (the “Third Reorganization”) and acquired all of the equity interests of NeoTasks Inc.(“NeoTasks”), a Cayman Islands company, together with its wholly-owned subsidiary, NeoTasks Limited, its WOFE, NeoTasks International MediaTechnology (Beijing) Co., Ltd. (“NeoTasks Beijing”), and its VIE, Beijing Tuda Science and Technology Co., Limited (“Beijing Tuda”). In July 2009, Guangzhou Duowan was renamed as Zhuhai Duowan Information Technology Co., Ltd. (“Zhuhai Duowan”). F- 12 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(All amount in thousands, except share and per share data, unless otherwise stated) 1.Organization and principal activities (continued) (b)Reorganization (continued) In December 2009, another series of VIE agreements (collectively, “Third VIE agreements”) were entered into amongst the legal shareholders of BeijingTuda and Duowan Entertainment and thus completing the Third Reorganization. Through the aforementioned activities, Beijing Tuda became a VIE, whoseprimary beneficiary is Duowan Entertainment. In December 2010, Duowan BVI established Zhuhai Duowan Technology Co., Ltd. (“Zhuhai Duowan Technology”), which is directly 100% owned byDuowan BVI. On September 6, 2011, pursuant to a share swap agreement, all the then existing shareholders of Duowan BVI exchanged their respective shares, includingthe Series A, Series B, Series C-1 and Series C-2 Preferred Shares, of Duowan BVI for equivalent classes of shares of the Company on a 1 for 1 basis. As aresult, Duowan BVI became a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company and it also became the holding company of the Group (the “Share Swap”). In May 2012, Duowan Entertainment was renamed as Huanju Shidai Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd. (“Beijing Huanju Shidai”). In September 2012, Zhuhai Duowan Technology was renamed as Guangzhou Huanju Shidai Information Technology Co., Ltd. (“Guangzhou HuanjuShidai”). The First Reorganization, the Second Reorganization, the Third Reorganization and the Share Swap were all reorganization of entities under common controland have been accounted for in a manner akin to a pooling of interest as if the Company, through its wholly owned subsidiaries, had been in existence andbeen the primary beneficiary of the VIEs throughout the periods presented in the consolidated financial statements. As a result of these arrangements, theCompany, through its wholly owned subsidiaries, is considered the primary beneficiary of two VIEs, Guangzhou Huaduo and Beijing Tuda, and accordingly,their results of operation and financial conditions are consolidated in the financial statements of the Group. (c)Initial Public Offering The Company completed its initial public offering (“IPO”) on November 21, 2012 on the NASDAQ Global Market and the underwriters subsequentlyexercised their over-allotment option on December 5, 2012. The Company issued and sold a total of 8,970,000 American Depositary Shares (“ADSs”) inthese transactions, representing 179,400,000 Class A common shares. Each ADS represents twenty Class A common shares. The net proceeds received bythe Company, after deducting commissions and offering expenses, amounted to approximately US$82,055. Upon the completion of the IPO, all of theCompany’s 359,424,310 outstanding preferred shares and 548,408,914 outstanding common shares were converted into Class B common shares immediatelyas of the same date. F- 13 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(All amount in thousands, except share and per share data, unless otherwise stated) 1.Organization and principal activities (continued) (d)Principal subsidiaries, vIE and vIE’s subsidiaries The details of the principal subsidiaries, VIEs and VIE’s subsidiaries through which the Company conducts its business operations as of December 31, 2015are set out below: Name Place of incorporation Date of incorporation or acquisition % of direct or indirect economic ownership Principal activities Principal subsidiaries Duowan Entertainment Corporation (“Duowan BVI”) BVI November 6, 2007 100% Investment holding Huanju Shidai Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd. (“BeijingHuanju Shidai” or “Duowan Entertainment”) PRC March 19, 2008 100% Investment holding Zhuhai Duowan Information Technology Co., Ltd. (“ZhuhaiDuowan” or “Guangzhou Duowan”) PRC April 9, 2007 100% Online advertising andsoftware development Guangzhou Huanju Shidai Information Technology Co., Ltd.(“Guangzhou Huanju Shidai”) PRC December 2, 2010 100% Software development Engage Capital Partners I, L.P.(“Engage L.P.”) Cayman Islands March 23, 2015 93.5% Investment Principal variable Interest Entity (“vIE”) Guangzhou Huaduo Network Technology Co., Ltd.(“Guangzhou Huaduo”) PRC April 11, 2005 100% Holder of internet contentprovider licenses andinternet value added services Principal vIE’s subsidiaries *100 Online Education Technology (Beijing) Co.,Ltd. (“100Online”) PRC December 2, 2014 100% Online education service Beijing Huanqiu Xingxue Technology Development Co., Ltd.(“Xingxue”) PRC December 23, 2014 76.9% Online education service Shanghai Beifu Culture Communication Co., Ltd. (“Beifu”) PRC February 3, 2015 70% E-commerce Shanghai Yilian Equity Investment Partnership(LP)(“Shanghai Yilian”) PRC June 23, 2015 93.5% Investment *100 Online Education Technology (Beijing) Co.,Ltd. (“100 Online”), formerly known as Zhengrenqiang and His Partners Education Technology (Beijing) Co.,Ltd. (“Zhengrenqiang”). F- 14 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(All amount in thousands, except share and per share data, unless otherwise stated) 1.Organization and principal activities (continued) (e)variable Interest Entities To comply with PRC laws and regulations that prohibit or restrict foreign ownership of companies that provide internet-content, the Group conducts itsoperations primarily through its principal VIE Guangzhou Huaduo, which holds the internet value-added service license and approvals to provide suchinternet services in the PRC. Beijing Huanju Shidai entered into a series of contractual agreements among Beijing Huanju Shidai, Guangzhou Huaduo and itslegal shareholders. The Company’s relationships with Guangzhou Huaduo and its shareholders are governed by the following contractual arrangements: • Exclusive Technology Support and Technology Services Agreement Under the exclusive technology support and technology services agreement between Beijing Huanju Shidai and Guangzhou Huaduo, Beijing Huanju Shidaihas the exclusive right to provide to Guangzhou Huaduo technology support and technology services related to all technologies needed for its business.Beijing Huanju Shidai owns the exclusive intellectual property rights created as a result of the performance of this agreement. The service fee payable byGuangzhou Huaduo to Beijing Huanju Shidai is determined by various factors, including the expenses Beijing Huanju Shidai incurs for providing suchservices and Guangzhou Huaduo’s revenues. The term of this agreement will expire in 2028 and may be extended with Beijing Huanju Shidai’s writtenconfirmation prior to the expiration date. Beijing Huanju Shidai is entitled to terminate the agreement at any time by providing 30 days’ prior written noticeto Guangzhou Huaduo. • Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreement Under the exclusive business cooperation agreement between Beijing Huanju Shidai and Guangzhou Huaduo, Beijing Huanju Shidai has the exclusive rightto provide to Guangzhou Huaduo technology support, business support and consulting services related to the services provided by Guangzhou Huaduo, thescope of which is to be determined by Beijing Huanju Shidai from time to time. Beijing Huanju Shidai owns the exclusive intellectual property rights createdas a result of the performance of this agreement. The service fee payable by Guangzhou Huaduo to Beijing Huanju Shidai is a certain percentage of itsearnings. The term of this agreement will expire in 2039 and may be extended with Beijing Huanju Shidai’s written confirmation prior to the expiration date.Beijing Huanju Shidai is entitled to terminate the agreement at any time by providing 30 days’ prior written notice to Guangzhou Huaduo. • Exclusive Option Agreement The parties to the exclusive option agreement are Beijing Huanju Shidai, Guangzhou Huaduo and each of the shareholders of Guangzhou Huaduo. Under theexclusive option agreement, each of the shareholders of Guangzhou Huaduo irrevocably granted Beijing Huanju Shidai or its designated representative(s) anexclusive option to purchase, to the extent permitted under PRC law, all or part of his or its equity interests in Guangzhou Huaduo. Beijing Huanju Shidai orits designated representative(s) have sole discretion as to when to exercise such options, either in part or in full. Without Beijing Huanju Shidai’s priorwritten consent, Guangzhou Huaduo’s shareholders shall not sell, transfer, mortgage or otherwise dispose their equity interests in Guangzhou Huaduo. Theterm of this agreement is ten years and may be extended at Beijing Huanju Shidai’s sole discretion. F- 15 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(All amount in thousands, except share and per share data, unless otherwise stated) 1.Organization and principal activities (continued) (e)variable Interest Entities (continued) • Powers of Attorney Pursuant to the irrevocable power of attorney executed by each shareholder of Guangzhou Huaduo, each such shareholder appointed Beijing Huanju Shidaias its attorney-in-fact to exercise such shareholders’ rights in Guangzhou Huaduo, including, without limitation, the power to vote on its behalf on all mattersof Guangzhou Huaduo requiring shareholder approval under PRC laws and regulations and the articles of association of Guangzhou Huaduo. Each power ofattorney will remain in force until the shareholder ceases to hold any equity interest in Guangzhou Huaduo. • Share Pledge Agreement Pursuant to the share pledge agreement between Beijing Huanju Shidai and the shareholders of Guangzhou Huaduo, the shareholders of Guangzhou Huaduohave pledged all of their equity interests in Guangzhou Huaduo to Beijing Huanju Shidai to guarantee the performance by Guangzhou Huaduo and itsshareholders’ performance of their respective obligations under the exclusive business cooperation agreement, exclusive option agreement, exclusivetechnology support and technology services agreement and powers of attorney. If Guangzhou Huaduo and/or its shareholders breach their contractualobligations under those agreements, Beijing Huanju Shidai, as pledgee, will be entitled to certain rights, including the right to sell the pledged equityinterests. Through the aforementioned contractual agreements, Guangzhou Huaduo is considered a VIE in accordance with Generally Accepted Accounting Principlesin the United States (“U.S. GAAP”) because the Company, through Beijing Huanju Shidai, has the ability to: • exercise effective control over Guangzhou Huaduo; • receive substantially all of the economic benefits and residual returns, and absorb substantially all the risks and expected losses from VIEs as if it weretheir sole shareholder; and • have an exclusive option to purchase all of the equity interests in the VIE. F- 16 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(All amount in thousands, except share and per share data, unless otherwise stated) 1.Organization and principal activities (continued) (e)variable Interest Entities (continued) As of December 31, 2015, the total assets of the consolidated VIEs and VIE’s subsidiaries were RMB3,875,295, mainly comprising cash and cashequivalents, short-term deposits, restricted short-term deposits, accounts receivable, inventory, amounts due from related parties, prepayments and othercurrent assets, investments, property and equipment, intangible assets, goodwill, other non-current assets and deferred tax assets. As of December 31, 2015,the total liabilities of the consolidated VIEs and VIE’s subsidiaries were RMB1,256,755, mainly comprising accounts payable, deferred revenue, advancesfrom customers, amounts due to related parties, accrued liabilities and other current liabilities and income taxes payable. In accordance with the aforementioned agreements, the Company has power to direct activities of the VIEs, and can have assets transferred out of the VIEs.Therefore the Company considers that there is no asset in the consolidated VIEs and VIE’s subsidiaries that can be used only to settle obligations of theconsolidated VIEs and VIE’s subsidiaries, except for registered capital and PRC statutory reserves of the VIEs and VIE’s subsidiaries amounting toRMB2,584,627 as of December 31, 2015. As the consolidated VIEs and VIE’s subsidiaries were incorporated as limited liability companies under the PRCCompany Law, the creditors do not have recourse to the general credit of the Company for all the liabilities of the consolidated VIEs and VIE’s subsidiaries. Currently there is no contractual arrangement that could require the Company to provide additional financial support to the VIEs. As the Company isconducting its PRC internet value-added services business through the VIEs, the Company will, if needed, provide such support on a discretional basis in thefuture, which could expose the Company to a loss. There is no VIE where the Company has variable interest but is not the primary beneficiary. 2.Principal accounting policies (a)Basis of presentation The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the U.S. GAAP to reflect the financial position and results of operations of theGroup. (b)Consolidation The Group’s consolidated financial statements include the financial statements of the Company, its subsidiaries, and its VIEs and VIE’s subsidiaries forwhich the Company or its subsidiary is the primary beneficiary. All transactions and balances among the Company, its subsidiaries, its VIEs and VIE’ssubsidiaries have been eliminated upon consolidation. A subsidiary is an entity in which the Company, directly or indirectly, controls more than one half of the voting powers; or has the power to appoint orremove the majority of the members of the board of directors; or to cast a majority of votes at the meeting of directors; or has the power to govern thefinancial and operating policies of the investee under a statute or agreement among the shareholders or equity holders. A VIE is an entity in which the Company, or its subsidiary, through contractual agreements, bears the risks of, and enjoys the rewards normally associatedwith ownership of the entity, and therefore the Company or its subsidiary is the primary beneficiary of the entity. In determining whether the Company or itssubsidiaries are the primary beneficiary, the Company considered whether it has the power to direct activities that are significant to the VIEs economicperformance, and also the Company’s obligation to absorb losses of the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE or the right to receive benefitsfrom the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE. Beijing Huanju Shidai, Bilin Changxiang and ultimately the Company hold all the variableinterests of the VIEs and VIE’s subsidiaries and has been determined to be the primary beneficiary of the VIEs and VIE’s subsidiaries. F- 17 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(All amount in thousands, except share and per share data, unless otherwise stated) 2.Principal accounting policies (continued) (b)Consolidation (continued) The Company established two funds entities, namely Engage L.P. and Shanghai Yilian, (collectively, the “Funds”), in March and June 2015, respectively.TheCompany holds 93.5% of interests in the Funds. The Company assesses that the Company exercises controls and is entitled to the various returns of the Fundand therefore the Funds have been accounted for as subsidiaries of and has been consolidated by the Company in accordance with ASC 810. (c)Use of estimates The preparation of the Company’s consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptionsthat affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, mezzanine equity and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statementsand the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ materially from such estimates. The Companybelieves that the user relationship period related to online games revenue, assessment of whether the Group acts as a principal or an agent in different revenuestreams, classification of perpetual items versus consumable items under item-based model, the determination of estimated selling prices of multiple elementrevenue contracts, income taxes, allowances for doubtful accounts, determination of share based compensation expenses, impairment assessment of goodwill,long-lived assets and intangible assets, tax considerations for earnings retained in the Group’s VIEs, fair value determination related to the accounting forbusiness combinations and subsequent measurement of contingent consideration following business combinations, assessment on the probability ofexercisability of the put option related to business combinations, assessment on the probability of performance condition affiliated in equity-classified awardunder ASC 718 that affect vesting, represent critical accounting policies that reflect more significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of itsconsolidated financial statements. Management bases the estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable, the results of which form thebasis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities. Actual results could differ from these estimates. (d)Foreign currency translation The Group uses Renminbi (“RMB”) as its reporting currency. The functional currency of the Company and its subsidiaries incorporated in the CaymanIslands, British Virgin Islands, and Hong Kong is United States dollar (“US$”), while the functional currency of the other entities, VIEs and VIE’ssubsidiaries in the Group is RMB, which is their respective local currency. In the consolidated financial statements, the financial information of the Companyand its subsidiaries, which use US$ as their functional currency, have been translated into RMB. Assets and liabilities are translated at the exchange rates onthe balance sheet date, equity amounts are translated at historical exchange rates, and revenues, expenses, gains, and losses are translated using the averageexchange rate for the period. Translation adjustments arising from these are reported as foreign currency translation adjustments and are shown as acomponent of other comprehensive income or loss in the statement of operations and comprehensive income. Foreign currency transactions denominated in currencies other than functional currency are translated into the functional currency using the exchange ratesprevailing at the dates of the transactions. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies at the balance sheet date are remeasured at theapplicable rates of exchange in effect at that date. Foreign exchange gains and losses resulting from the settlement of such transactions and fromremeasurement at year-end are recognized in foreign currency exchange gains (losses), net in the consolidated statement of operations. F- 18 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(All amount in thousands, except share and per share data, unless otherwise stated) 2.Principal accounting policies (continued) (e)Convenience translation Translations of amounts from RMB into US$ for the convenience of the reader were calculated at the noon buying rate of US$1.00 = RMB 6.4778 onDecember 31, 2015 as set forth in the H.10 statistical release of the U.S. Federal Reserve Board. No representation is made that the RMB amounts could havebeen, or could be, converted into US$ at such rate. (f)Fair value of financial instruments U.S. GAAP establishes a three-tier hierarchy to prioritize the inputs used in the valuation methodologies in measuring the fair value of financial instruments.This hierarchy also requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. Thethree-tier fair value hierarchy is: Level 1—observable inputs that reflect quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.Level 2—other inputs that are directly or indirectly observable in the marketplace.Level 3—unobservable inputs which are supported by little or no market activity. The carrying values of cash and cash equivalents, short-term deposits, restricted short-term deposits, accounts receivable, other receivables, amounts duefrom (to) related parties, accounts payable, and other payables approximate their fair values because of their generally short maturities, and the carrying valueof convertible bonds also approximates their fair value, as they bear interest at rates determined based on prevailing interest rates in the market. The fair value of the contingent consideration recognized on the acquisition date was measured using unobservable input (level 3). Trinomial Tree model wasapplied in determining the fair value of the contingent consideration. Under this model, the Group performs scenario analysis and calculates the fair value ofthe contingent consideration based on the net present value of the total contingent payments under each scenario and the expected probability of eachscenario. Contingent consideration is remeasured at fair value at each reporting date since initial recognition. The Group recorded one of its investment as an available-for-sale debt security and subsequently measured at its fair value (Note 10). The available-for-saleinvestment is classified within Level 3 and it is valued based on a model utilizing unobservable inputs which require significant management judgment andestimation. However, there is no significant change in fair value of the investment from the initial investment date to December 31, 2015. (g)Cash and cash equivalents Cash includes currency on hand and deposits held by financial institutions that can be added to or withdrawn without limitation. Cash equivalents representshort-term and highly liquid investments placed with banks, which have both of the following characteristics: i)Readily convertible to known amounts of cash throughout the maturity period;ii)So near their maturity that they present insignificant risk of changes in value because of changes in interest rates. (h)Short-term deposits Short-term deposits represent time deposits placed with banks with original maturities of less than one year. Interest earned is recorded as interest income inthe consolidated statements of operations during the periods presented. F- 19 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(All amount in thousands, except share and per share data, unless otherwise stated) 2.Principal accounting policies (continued) (i)Accounts receivable, net Accounts receivable are presented net of allowance for doubtful accounts. The Group uses specific identification in providing for bad debts when facts andcircumstances indicate that collection is doubtful and a loss is probable and estimable. If the financial conditions of its customers were to deteriorate,resulting in an impairment of their ability to make payments, additional allowance may be required. The Company maintains an allowance for doubtful accounts which reflects its best estimate of amounts that potentially will not be collected. The Companydetermines the allowance for doubtful accounts on an individual basis taking into consideration various factors including but not limited to historicalcollection experience and credit-worthiness of the debtors as well as the age of the individual receivables balance. Additionally, the Company makes specificbad debt provisions based on any specific knowledge the Company has acquired that might indicate that an account is uncollectible. The facts andcircumstances of each account may require the Company to use substantial judgment in assessing its collectability. (j)Equity investment The equity investment is comprised of investments in privately-held companies. The Group accounts for its equity investment over which it has significantinfluence but does not own a majority equity interest or otherwise control using the equity method. The Group adjusts the carrying amount of the investmentand recognizes investment income or loss for share of the earnings or loss of the investee after the date of investment. The Group assesses its equityinvestment for other-than-temporary impairment by considering factors including, but not limited to, current economic and market conditions, operatingperformance of the companies, including current earnings trends and undiscounted cash flows, and other company-specific information. The fair valuedetermination, particularly for investment in privately-held companies, requires judgment to determine appropriate estimates and assumptions. Changes inthese estimates and assumptions could affect the calculation of the fair value of the investment and determination of whether any identified impairment isother-than-temporary. (k)Cost investment The cost investment is comprised of investments in privately-held companies. The Group accounts for cost investment which has no readily determinable fairvalue using the cost method. Under the cost method, the investment is measured initially at cost. The investment carried at cost should recognize incomewhen dividends are received from the distribution of the investee’s earnings. The Group periodically evaluates the carrying value of investments accountedfor under the cost method of accounting and any impairment is included in the consolidated statements of operations. (l)Available-for-sale investment The Group classifies its investments in debt and equity securities into one of three categories and accounts for these as follows: (i) debt securities that theGroup has the positive intent and the ability to hold to maturity are classified as “held to maturity” and reported at amortized cost; (ii) debt and equitysecurities that are bought and held principally for the purpose of selling them in the near term are classified as “trading securities” with unrealized holdinggains and losses included in earnings; (iii) debt and equity securities not classified as held to maturity or as trading securities are classified as “available-for-sale” and reported at fair value. The Group has designated its investment in redeemable preferred shares of one company as available-for-sale debt security inaccordance with ASC 320-10 (Note 10). Unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities are excluded from earnings and reported as accumulatedother comprehensive income (loss), net of tax. Realized gains or losses upon disposal are charged to earnings during the period in which the gains or lossesare realized. An impairment loss on the available-for-sale securities is recognized in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive incomewhen the decline in value is determined to be other-than-temporary. F- 20 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(All amount in thousands, except share and per share data, unless otherwise stated) 2.Principal accounting policies (continued) (m)Property and equipment Property and equipment are stated at historical cost less accumulated depreciation and impairment loss, if any. Depreciation is calculated using the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives. Residual rate is determined based on the economic value of the property and equipment at the end of theestimated useful lives as a percentage of the original cost. Estimated useful lives Residual rate Buildings 40 years 0%Decoration of buildings 10 years 0%Servers, computers and equipment 3 years 0%-5%Furniture, fixture and office equipment 5 years 0%-5%Motor vehicles 4 years 5%Leasehold improvements Shorter of lease term or 5 years - Expenditures for maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred. The gain or loss on the disposal of property and equipment is the difference between thenet sales proceeds and the carrying amount of the relevant assets and is recognized in the consolidated statements of operations. All direct and indirect costs that are related to the construction of property and equipment and incurred before the assets are ready for their intended use arecapitalized as construction in progress. Construction in progress is transferred to specific property and equipment items and depreciation of these assetscommences when they are ready for their intended use. (n)Business combinations Business combinations are recorded using the purchase method of accounting, and the cost of an acquisition is measured as the aggregate of the fair values atthe date of exchange of the assets given, liabilities incurred, and equity instruments issued as well as the contingent considerations and all contractualcontingencies as of the acquisition date. The costs directly attributable to the acquisition are expensed as incurred. Identifiable assets, liabilities andcontingent liabilities acquired or assumed are measured separately at their fair value as of the acquisition date, irrespective of the extent of any non-controlling interests. The excess of (i) the total of consideration of acquisition, fair value of the non-controlling interests and acquisition date fair value of anypreviously held equity interest in the subsidiary acquired over (ii) the fair value of the identifiable net assets of the subsidiary acquired is recorded asgoodwill. If the consideration of acquisition is less than the fair value of the net assets of the subsidiary acquired, the difference is recognized directly in theconsolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income. (o)Intangible assets, net Intangible assets mainly consist of brand names, operating rights for licensed games, software, operating rights for game broadcasting, domain names andtechnology. Identifiable intangible assets are carried at acquisition cost less accumulated amortization and impairment loss, if any. Finite-lived intangibleassets are tested for impairment if impairment indicators arise. Amortization of finite-lived intangible assets is computed using the straight-line method overtheir estimated useful lives, which are as follows: Estimated useful lives Brand names1-15 yearsOperating rights for licensed gamesShorter of the economic life or license period of relevant online gameSoftware3 -5 yearsOperating rights for game broadcastingOver the contract termsDomain names15 yearsTechnology5 yearsOthers3-5 years F- 21 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(All amount in thousands, except share and per share data, unless otherwise stated) 2.Principal accounting policies (continued) (p)Impairment of long-lived assets For long-lived assets other than investments and goodwill whose impairment is discussed elsewhere in the financial statements, the Group evaluates forimpairment whenever events or changes (triggering events) indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may no longer be recoverable. The Group assessesthe recoverability of the long-lived assets by comparing the carrying value of the long-lived assets to the estimated undiscounted future cash flows expectedto receive from use of the assets and their eventual disposition. Such assets are considered to be impaired if the sum of the expected undiscounted cash flowsis less than the carrying amount of the assets. The impairment to be recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount of the assetsexceeds the fair value of the assets. The Group tests impairment of long-lived assets at the reporting unit level when impairment indicator appeared andrecognizes impairment in the event that the carrying value exceeds the fair value of each reporting unit. The impairment charges of intangible assets recorded in general and administrative expenses for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015 wereamounting to nil, RMB5,697 and RMB57,199, respectively (Note 12). (q)Goodwill Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the amounts assigned to the fair value of the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed of anacquired business. (r)Annual test for impairment of goodwill Goodwill assessment for impairment is performed on at least an annual basis on October 1 or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that thecarrying value of the asset may not be recoverable. The Group performs a two-step goodwill impairment test. The first step compares the fair values of eachreporting unit to its carrying amount, including goodwill. If the fair value of a reporting unit exceeds its carrying amount, goodwill is not considered impairedand the second step will not be required. If the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value, the second step compares the implied fair value ofthe affected reporting unit’s goodwill to the carrying value of that goodwill. The implied fair value of goodwill is determined in a manner similar toaccounting for a business combination with the allocation of the assessed fair value determined in the first step to the assets and liabilities of the reportingunit. The excess of the fair value of the reporting unit over the amounts assigned to the assets and liabilities is the implied fair value of goodwill. Thisallocation process is only performed for purposes of evaluating goodwill impairment and does not result in an entry to adjust the value of any assets orliabilities. An impairment loss is recognized for any excess in the carrying value of goodwill over the implied fair value of goodwill. The judgment inestimating the fair value of reporting units includes estimating future cash flows, determining appropriate discount rates and making other assumptions.Changes in these estimates and assumptions could materially affect the determination of the fair value of each reporting unit. F- 22 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(All amount in thousands, except share and per share data, unless otherwise stated) 2.Principal accounting policies (continued) (s)Convertible bonds The Group determines the appropriate accounting treatment of its convertible bonds in accordance with the terms in relation to the conversion feature, calland put options, and beneficial conversion feature. After considering the impact of such features, the Group may account for such instrument as a liability inits entirety, or separate the instrument into debt and equity components following the respective guidance described under ASC 815 Derivatives and Hedgingand ASC 470 Debt. The debt discount, if any, together with related issuance cost are subsequently amortized as interest expense, using the effective interestmethod, from the issuance date to the earliest conversion date. (t)Mezzanine equity and non-controlling interest Mezzanine equity Mezzanine equity consists of non-controlling interests in certain subsidiaries with put option pursuant to which the non-controlling shareholders had the rightto put their equity interests in certain subsidiaries to the Group at fair value if certain subsidiaries achieved specified performance milestones and met otherpre-determined conditions before the expiry of the put option. Since the occurrence of the put was not solely within the Group’s control, the Group classifiesthe non-controlling interests as mezzanine equity instead of permanent equity in the Group’s consolidated financial statements. In accordance with ASC subtopic 480-10, the Group calculated, on an accumulative basis from the acquisition date, (i) the amount of accretion that wouldincrease the balance of non-controlling interests to their estimated redemption value over the period from the date of acquisition to the earliest redemptiondate of the non-controlling interests and (ii) the amount of net (loss) / profit attributable to non-controlling shareholders of certain subsidiaries based on theirownership percentage. The carrying value of the non-controlling interests as mezzanine equity was adjusted by an accumulative amount equal to the higher of(i) and (ii). Non-controlling interest Non-controlling interests are recognized to reflect the portion of the equity of majority-owned subsidiaries and VIE’s subsidiaries which is not attributable,directly or indirectly, to the controlling shareholder. Currently, the non-controlling interests in the Group’s consolidated financial statements consist primarilyof non-controlling interests for Engage L.P. and Shanghai Yilian. (u)Revenue recognition The Group generates revenues from internet value-added services (“IVAS”), online education, online advertising and others. Revenues from IVAS aregenerated from online music and entertainment, online games, online dating, Huya broadcasting, membership subscription fees and other IVAS. Onlineeducation services consist of vocational training and language training courses. Online advertising revenues are primarily generated from sales of differentforms of advertising on the Group’s platform. Revenue is recognized when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, service has been rendered, the priceis fixed or determinable and collection is reasonably assured. F- 23 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(All amount in thousands, except share and per share data, unless otherwise stated) 2.Principal accounting policies (continued) (u)Revenue recognition (continued) (i)Internet value-added services The Group operates a virtual currency system, under which, the users can directly purchase virtual currency on YY Client’s online community channels orpay membership subscription fees via online payment systems provided by third parties including payments using mobile phone, internet debit/credit cardpayment and other third party payment systems. The virtual currency can be converted into game tokens that can be used to purchase virtual items in onlinegames (both developed by third parties and self-developed), or used directly to purchase virtual items on YY Client’s online community channels or used topay membership subscription fees. Virtual currency sold but not yet consumed by the purchasers is recorded as “Advances from customers” and uponconversion or being used, is recognized as revenue according to the respective prescribed revenue recognition policies addressed below: (1) Online music and entertainment revenue The Group creates and offers virtual items to be used by users on online music and entertainment channels, which the Group operates and maintains. Thevirtual items are offered free of charge or sold to users at different specified prices as pre-determined by the Company. Online music and entertainmentrevenue consists of sales of virtual items. Users purchase consumable virtual items from the Group and present them to performers to show support for theirfavorite performers or time-based virtual items, which provide users with recognized status, such as priority speaking rights or special symbols on the musicchannels for a specific period of time. In order to attract user traffic, the Group shares with certain popular performers and channel owners, who have enteredinto revenue sharing arrangements with the Group, a portion of the revenues the Group derives from such in-channel virtual item sales on online music andentertainment channels, which the Group accounts for as cost of revenues. Performers and channel owners, who do not have revenue sharing arrangementswith the Group, are not entitled to share any revenue derived from the virtual items sold. The Group does not recognize any revenue from offering free virtualitems nor share any revenue with performers or channel owners when free virtual items are presented to performers by the users. Accordingly, online musicand entertainment revenue is recognized for the sale of virtual items in online music and entertainment channels immediately if the virtual item is aconsumable or, in the case of time-based virtual items, recognized ratably over the period when the virtual item is made available to the user, which does notexceed one year. The Group does not have further obligations to the user after the virtual items are consumed. Virtual items may be sold individually orbundled into one arrangement. When the Group’s users purchase multiple virtual items bundled within the same arrangement, the Group evaluates sucharrangements under ASC 605-25 Multiple-Element Arrangements. The Group identifies individual elements under the arrangement and determines if suchelements meet the criteria to be accounted for as separate units of accounting. The Group allocates the arrangement consideration to the separate units ofaccounting based on their relative selling price. The following hierarchy has been followed when determining the relative selling price for each element: (1) vendor specific objective evidence (“VSOE”),(2) third party evidence (“TPE”), and (3) best estimate of selling price (“BESP”). Given that the VSOE of the selling price cannot be determined, the Grouphas adopted a policy to allocate the consideration of the whole arrangement to different virtual item elements based on the TPE of selling price or the BESPfor each virtual item element. The Group determines the fair values of virtual items sold in a bundle based on similar products sold separately on the YYplatform based on the TPE of the selling price and determines the fair values of virtual items without similar products sold separately on the YY platformbased on the BESP. The BESP is generally based on the selling prices of the various elements of a similar nature when they are sold to users on a stand-alonebasis. The BESP may also be based on an estimated stand-alone pricing when the element has not previously been sold on a stand-alone basis. These estimates are generally determined based on pricing strategies, market factors and strategic objectives. The Group recognizes revenue for each virtualitem element in accordance with the applicable revenue recognition method. F- 24 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(All amount in thousands, except share and per share data, unless otherwise stated) 2.Principal accounting policies (continued) (u)Revenue recognition (continued) (i)Internet value-added services (continued) (2) Online games revenue The Group generates revenues from offering virtual items in online games developed by third parties or the Group itself to gaming players. Historically, themajority of online games revenues for the three years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015 were derived from third parties developed games. Users play games through the Group’s platform free of charge and are charged for purchases of virtual items including consumable and perpetual items,which can be utilized in the online games to enhance their game-playing experience. Consumable items represent virtual items that can be consumed by aspecific user within a specified period of time. Perpetual items represent virtual items that are accessible to the users’ account over the life of the onlinegames. The Group recognizes revenue when recognition criteria defined under U.S. GAAP are satisfied. For purposes of determining when the service has beenprovided to the paying player, the Group has determined that an implied obligation exists to the paying player to continue providing access to the games suchthat the users can utilize the virtual items purchased. Game players need to log on and access the games through the Group’s platform because their gametokens, virtual items, and game history are specific to the Group’s game accounts and non-transferable to other platforms. To purchase in-game virtual items,players can either charge their game accounts by purchasing game tokens or virtual currency from the Group’s platform, which is convertible into gametokens based on a predetermined exchange rate agreed among the Group and the relevant game developers. The proceeds from the sales of the Group’s virtual currency is recorded as “advances from customers”, representing prepayments received from users in theform of the Group’s virtual currency not yet converted into game specific tokens. Upon the conversion into a game token from the Group’s virtual currencyor upon the direct purchase of a game token, whichever is applicable, the proceeds will be shared between the Group and the relevant game developer basedon a predetermined contractual ratio. Game tokens are non-refundable and non-exchangeable among different games. The Group’s portion, net of the gamedeveloper’s entitled consideration, is recorded as deferred revenue and amortized according to the prescribed revenue recognition policies described below.Users typically do not convert the virtual currency into game tokens or purchase the game tokens unless they plan to purchase in-game virtual items soon. There are two types of third party developed online games: -Non-exclusive third party developed games-Exclusive third party developed games Under the non-exclusive arrangement, game developers license the games to various platforms and the Group is only one of the platforms. Game developerswill receive only revenue shared from the Group pursuant to the mutually agreed sharing percentage. Under the exclusive arrangement, game developers only license the game to the Group as the exclusive licensee. The Group can sub-license the games toother platforms and receive a portion of revenue sharing from sub-licensees. In addition to the revenue shared to the game developers, the Group should alsopay an exclusive license fee to the game developers. -Non-exclusive third party developed games Pursuant to contracts signed between the Group and the respective game developers, revenues from the sale or conversion of game tokens for the purchase ofin-game virtual items from online games developed by third parties are shared between the Group and the game developers based on a pre-agreed ratio foreach game. These revenue-sharing contracts typically last for one to two years. F- 25 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(All amount in thousands, except share and per share data, unless otherwise stated) 2.Principal accounting policies (continued) (u)Revenue recognition (continued) (i)Internet value-added services (continued) (2) Online games revenue (continued) -Non-exclusive third party developed games (continued) The third party developed games under non-exclusive licensing contracts are maintained and updated by the game developers. The Group views the gamedevelopers to be the Group’s customers and considers the Group’s responsibilities under the agreements with the game developers to offer certain standardpromotions that include providing access to the platform, announcing the new games to users on the platform, and occasional advertising on the YY platform.The determination of whether to record these revenues using gross or net method is based on an assessment of various factors. The primary factors arewhether the Group is acting as the principal in offering services to the game players or as agent in the transaction, and the specific requirement of eachcontract. The Group determined that for third party developed games, the third party game developers are the principals given the game developers designand develop the online game services offered, have reasonable latitude to establish prices of game tokens, and are responsible for maintaining and upgradingthe game contents and virtual items. Accordingly, the Group records online games revenue, net of the pre-agreed portion of sharing of the revenues with thegame developers. Given that third party developed games under non-exclusive licensing contracts are managed and administered by the third party game developers, the Groupdoes not have access to the data on the consumption details such as when the game token is spent on the virtual items or the types of virtual items(consumable or perpetual items) purchased by each individual game player. However, the Group maintains historical data on timing of the conversion of itsvirtual currency into game specific tokens and the amount of purchases of game tokens. The Group believes that its performance for, and obligation to, thegame developers correspond to the game developers’ services to the users. The Group has adopted a policy to recognize revenues relating to game tokens forthird party developed games over the estimated user relationship period with the Group on a game-by-game basis, which is approximately one to six monthsfor the periods presented. Future usage patterns may differ from historical usage patterns and therefore the estimated user relationship period with the Groupmay change in the future. When the Group launches a new game, it estimates the user relationship period based on other similar types of games in the market until the new gameestablishes its own history. The Group considers the game’s profile, attributes, target audience, and its appeal to players of different demographics groups inestimating the user relationship period. The estimated user relationship period is based on data collected from those users who have acquired game tokens. To estimate the user relationship period,the Group maintains a system that captures the following information for each user: (a) the frequency that users log into each game via the Group’s platform,and (b) the amount and the timing of when the users convert or charge his or her game tokens. The Group estimates the user relationship period for aparticular game to be the date a player purchases or converts from virtual currency to a game token through the date the Group estimates the user plays thegame for the last time. This computation is performed on a user by user basis. Then, the results for all analyzed users are averaged to determine an estimatedend user relationship period for each game. Revenues from in-game payments of each month are recognized over the user relationship period estimated forthat game. The consideration of user relationship period with each online game is based on the Group’s best estimate that takes into account all known and relevantinformation at the time of assessment. The Group assesses the estimated user relationship period for each game on a quarterly basis. Any adjustments arisingfrom changes in the user relationship period as a result of new information will be accounted as a change in accounting estimate in accordance with ASC 250Accounting Changes and Error Corrections. F- 26 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(All amount in thousands, except share and per share data, unless otherwise stated) 2.Principal accounting policies (continued) (u)Revenue recognition (continued) (i)Internet value-added services (continued) (2) Online games revenue (continued) -Exclusive third party developed games Under certain exclusive arrangements, the Group pays additional license fees to the game developers as the Group is entitled to an exclusive right to operatethird party developed games in specified geographic areas. Based on ASC 350-30-35-6, the Group has adopted an accounting policy to recognize theexclusive license fee as an intangible asset upon the commercial launch of the related online games. This intangible asset is amortized on a straight-line basisover the shorter of the economic life or license period of the relevant online game. Pursuant to the exclusive licensing contracts signed between the Group and the third party game developers, the Group’s responsibilities in operating thelicensed games vary for each game. The determination of whether to record these revenues using gross or net method is based on an assessment of variousfactors, including but not limited to whether the Group (i) is the primary obligor in the arrangement; (ii) has latitude in establishing the selling price; (iii)changes the product or performs part of the service, (iv) has involvement in the determination of product and service specifications. For the game license arrangements under which the Group takes primary responsibilities of game operation, including determining distribution and paymentchannels, providing customer services, hosting game servers, if needed, and controlling game and services specifications and pricing, the Group considereditself to be the principal in these arrangements. Accordingly, the Group records online games revenues from these third party licensed games on a gross basis.Commission fees paid to distribution channels and payment channels and content fees paid to third party game developers are recorded as cost of revenues. For the game license arrangements under which the Group’s responsibilities are limited to publishing, providing payment solutions and game operatingadvice, the Group views the game developers to be its customers and considers itself to be the agent in the arrangements. Accordingly, the Group recordsonline games revenues from these third party licensed games, net of fees paid to third parties upon the provision of service. Pursuant to the terms and conditions of certain online game exclusive license agreements entered into between game developers and the Group, the Group, asthe exclusive licensee, could sublicense a non-exclusive, non-transferable and limited license to any third party without the prior formal consent of gamedevelopers. Under the non-exclusive and non-transferable limited license, the sub-licensee cannot further license the game to other platforms. The Groupreceived monthly revenue-based royalty payments from all sub-licensees. The Group views the third-party sub-licensees operators as its customers andrecognizes revenues on a net basis, as the Group does not have the primary responsibility for fulfillment and acceptability of the game services. Similar to other online games, the exclusive third party developed games are free to play and players can pay for virtual items for better in-game experience.For exclusive third party games, the consumption details can be provided by third party developers or the Group has access to such data. Therefore, theGroup recognizes revenues based on item-based model: (1) for consumable items, the revenue is recognized immediately upon consumption; (2) forperpetual items, the revenue is recognized ratably over the user relationship period of a specific game as described. The determination of user relationshipperiod is the same as what is described in “ Non-exclusive third party developed games ” above. - Self-developed games Revenues derived from self-developed games are recorded on a gross basis as the Group acts as a principal to fulfill all obligations. Considering that revenuesderived from self-developed games were immaterial to the Group for the years presented, the Group does not maintain information on consumption details ofin-game virtual items, and only maintains limited information related to the frequency of log-ons for its self-developed games. Given that certain historicaldata is not available, the Group uses the user relationship period of third party games with similar popularity, gaming experience and sales to determine theestimated period of user relationship for its self-developed games. F- 27 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(All amount in thousands, except share and per share data, unless otherwise stated) 2.Principal accounting policies (continued) (u)Revenue recognition (continued) (i)Internet value-added services (continued) (3) Other IvAS revenue Other IVAS revenue mainly represents revenue from sales of virtual items in various channels in YY platform, such as online dating and Huya broadcastingchannels etc., membership subscription revenue, and other miscellaneous sales in YY platform. Revenue from sales of virtual items in various channels, including online dating and Huya broadcasting, is recognized on item basis, which is consistent withthe revenue recognition policies for online music and entertainment revenue stream. The Group operates a membership subscription program wheresubscription members can have enhanced user privileges when using YY Client. The membership fee is collected up-front from subscribers. The receipt ofthe revenue is initially recorded as deferred revenue and revenue is recognized ratably over the period of the subscription when services are rendered.Unrecognized portion beyond 12 months from balance sheet date is classified as long-term deferred revenue. (ii)Online education revenues Educational programs and services consist of vocational training and language training courses. The course fee is generally paid in advance and is initiallyrecorded as deferred revenue. Revenue for regular courses is recognized proportionately as the classes are attended, and is reported net of scholarships andcourse fee refunds. Students are entitled to one trial class of the purchased course and course fee is fully refundable if a student decides not to take theremaining course after the trial class. No refund will be provided to a student who withdraws from a course after the trial period, and revenue is recognizedfor the amount collected. Course fee refunds were insignificant over the period presented. In addition to regular courses, the Company also provides a package of several regular courses to students, which has individual fair value in the market.Pursuant to the applicable accounting guidance, the Company has accounted for these course packages as a multiple-element arrangement because eachindividual course qualifies as a single unit of accounting, and allocated the course fee from the course package to each individual course in the package basedon its relative fair value. The Company recognizes revenue equal to the fair value allocated to individual courses proportionately as the classes are attended. Students are granted a right to retake the courses at a substantial discount in the circumstances where the students fail to achieve certain score targets forsome specific courses. The discount arrangement has a stand-alone value and qualifies as a separate unit of accounting under U.S. GAAP. Therefore, theCompany has accounted for those courses as a multiple-element arrangement and allocated a portion of the initial course fee to the substantial discount basedon a breakage rate. The breakage rate is determined based on our historical data. The amount allocated to the substantial discount is deferred and recognizedas revenue upon the expiration of the retaking right, which is generally six months after the end of the initial course term. The Company also sells pre-paid cards primarily to distributors. Pre-paid card sales represent prepaid service fees received from students for online courses.The prepaid service fee is recorded as deferred revenue upon receiving the upfront cash payment. Revenue is recognised on a gross basis based on the sellingprice of the distributors to the students and is recognized over the period the online course is available to the students, which generally is from the enrolmentdate to the completion of the relevant professional examination date. F- 28 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(All amount in thousands, except share and per share data, unless otherwise stated) 2.Principal accounting policies (continued) (u)Revenue recognition (continued) (iii)Advertising revenues Advertising revenues are derived principally from advertising arrangements where the advertisers pay to place their advertisements on the Group’s platformin different formats over a particular period of time. Such formats generally include but are not limited to banners, text-links, videos, logos, and buttons.Advertisements on the Group’s platform are generally charged on the basis of duration, and advertising contracts are signed to establish the fixed price andthe advertising services to be provided. Where collectability is reasonably assured, advertising revenues from advertising contracts are recognized ratablyover the contract period of display. The Group enters into advertising contracts directly with advertisers or third party advertising agencies that represent advertisers. Contract terms generallyrange from 1 to 3 months. Both third party advertising agencies and direct advertisers are generally billed at the end of the display period and payments aredue usually within 6 months. Where customers purchase multiple advertising spaces with different display periods in the same contract, the Group allocates the total consideration to thevarious advertising elements based on the relative selling price method and recognizes revenue for the different elements over their respective displayperiods. The following hierarchy should be followed when determining the appropriate selling price for each element: (1) vendor specific objective evidence(“VSOE”), (2) third party evidence (“TPE”), and (3) best estimate of selling price (“BESP”). Given that the VSOE or TPE of the selling price cannot bedetermined, the Group has adopted a policy to allocate the fair values of different advertising elements based on the best estimate selling prices of eachadvertisement within the contract taking into consideration the standard price list and historical discounts granted. The Group recognizes revenue on theelements delivered and defers the recognition of revenue for the fair value of the undelivered elements until the remaining obligations have been satisfied.Where all of the elements within an arrangement are delivered uniformly over the agreement period, the revenues are recognized on a straight line basis overthe contract period. Transactions with third party advertising agencies For contracts entered into with third party advertising agencies, the third party advertising agencies will in turn sell the advertising services to advertisers.Revenue is recognized ratably over the contract period of display based on the following criteria: • There is persuasive evidence that an arrangement exists—the Group will enter into framework and execution agreements with the advertisingagencies, specifying price, advertising content, format and timing. • Price is fixed or determinable—price charged to the advertising agencies are specified in the agreements, including relevant discount and rebate rates. • Services are rendered—the Group recognizes revenue ratably as the element are delivered over the contract period of display. • Collectability is reasonably assured—the Group assesses credit history of each advertising agency before entering into any framework and executionagreements. If the collectability from the agencies is assessed as not reasonably assured, the Group recognizes revenue only when the cash is receivedand all the other revenue criteria are met. The Group provides sales incentives in the forms of discounts and rebates to third party advertising agencies based on purchase volume. As the advertisingagencies are viewed as the customers in these transactions, revenue is recognized based on the price charged to the agencies, net of sales incentives providedto the agencies. Sales incentives are estimated and recorded at the time of revenue recognition based on the contracted rebate rates and estimated salesvolume based on historical experience. F- 29 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(All amount in thousands, except share and per share data, unless otherwise stated) 2.Principal accounting policies (continued) (u)Revenue recognition (continued) (iii)Advertising revenues (continued) Transactions with advertisers The Group also enters into advertisement contracts directly with advertisers. Similar to transactions with third party advertising agencies, the Grouprecognizes revenue ratably as the elements are delivered over the contract period of display. The terms and conditions, including price, are fixed according tothe contract between the Group and the advertisers. The Group also performs a credit assessment of all advertisers prior to entering into contracts. Revenue isrecognized based on the amount charged to the advertisers, net of discounts. (v)Advances from customers and deferred revenue Advances from customers primarily consist of (i) prepayments from users in the form of the Group’s virtual currency that are not yet consumed or convertedinto game tokens, and upon the consumption or conversion, are recognized as revenue according to the prescribed revenue recognition policies describedabove, (ii) prepayments from sub-licensees for obtaining operation rights of certain online games over a period of time, and (iii) prepayments fromadvertising agencies and advertisers. Deferred revenue primarily consists of the unamortized game tokens, prepaid subscriptions under the membership program and unamortized revenue fromvirtual items in various channels in YY platform, where there is still an implied obligation to be provided by the Group, which will be recognized as revenuewhen all of the revenue recognition criteria are met. (w)Cost of revenues Amounts recorded as cost of revenue relate to direct expenses incurred in order to generate revenue. Such costs are recorded as incurred. Cost of revenuesconsists primarily of (i) revenue sharing fees and content costs, including payments to various channel owners and performers, and content providers,(ii) bandwidth costs, (iii) salary and welfare, (iv) depreciation and amortization expense for servers, other equipment and intangibles directly related tooperating the platform, (v) payment handling cost, (vi) business taxes and surcharges, (vii) share based compensation, and (viii) other costs. In the PRC, business taxes are imposed by the government on revenues reported by any selling entity for the provision of taxable services in the PRC. Thebusiness tax rate varies depending on the nature of the revenues. The Group is also subject to cultural development fee at a tax rate of 3% on service incomefrom provision of advertising services in the PRC. Except for online games revenues, the Group’s IVAS revenues became subject to VAT from June 1, 2014, at a rate of 6%, while they were subject tobusiness taxes at a rate of 3% prior to June 1, 2014. Other revenues of the Group, including online games revenues, is subject to VAT for all the periodspresented. The Group is subject to surcharges of business taxes and VAT, which are calculated based on 12% of the business taxes and VAT paid for the years endedDecember 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015. F- 30 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(All amount in thousands, except share and per share data, unless otherwise stated) 2.Principal accounting policies (continued) (w)Cost of revenues (continued) The Group reported business taxes and surcharges, and cultural development fees in cost of revenues. Based on the Group’s corporate structure and the contractual arrangements among the Group’s PRC subsidiaries, the Group’s VIEs and their shareholders,the Group is effectively subject to 6% or 17% VAT and related surcharges on revenues generated by the Group’s subsidiaries based on the Group’scontractual arrangements entered into with the Group’s VIEs. (x)Research and development expenses Research and development expenses consist primarily of (i) salary and welfare for research and development personnel, (ii) share based compensation forresearch and development personnel, (iii) rental expenses and (iv) depreciation of office premise and servers utilized by research and development personnel.Costs incurred during the research stage are expensed as incurred. Costs incurred in the development stage, prior to the establishment of technologicalfeasibility, which is when a working model is available, are expensed when incurred. The Company recognizes internal use software development costs in accordance with guidance on intangible assets and internal use software. This requirescapitalization of qualifying costs incurred during the software’s application development stage and to expense costs as they are incurred during thepreliminary project and post implementation/operation stages. The Company has not capitalized any costs related to internal use software during the yearsended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively. (y)Sales and marketing expenses Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of (i) advertising and market promotion expenses, (ii) salary and welfare for sales and marketing personnel,and (iii) rental expenses. The advertising and market promotion expenses amounted to approximately RMB8,054, RMB76,192 and RMB253,210 during theyears ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively. (z)General and administrative expenses General and administrative expenses consist primarily of (i) salary and welfare for general and administrative personnel, (ii) share based compensation formanagement and administrative personnel, and (iii) impairment charges of intangibles in relation to acquisitions. (aa)Employee social security and welfare benefits Employees of the Group in the PRC are entitled to staff welfare benefits including pension, work-related injury benefits, maternity insurance, medicalinsurance, unemployment benefit and housing fund plans through a PRC government-mandated multi-employer defined contribution plan. The Group isrequired to accrue for these benefits based on certain percentages of the employees’ salaries, up to a maximum amount specified by the local government.The Group is required to make contributions to the plans out of the amounts accrued. The PRC government is responsible for the medical benefits and thepension liability to be paid to these employees and the Group’s obligations are limited to the amounts contributed and no legal obligation beyond thecontributions made. Employee social security and welfare benefits included as expenses in the accompanying statements of operations amounted toRMB68,334, RMB115,012 and RMB171,349 for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively. (bb)Share based compensation The Company grants stock-based award, such as, but not limited to, share options, restricted shares, and restricted share units to eligible employees, officers,directors, and non-employee consultants. F- 31 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(All amount in thousands, except share and per share data, unless otherwise stated) 2.Principal accounting policies (continued) (bb)Share based compensation (continued) Awards granted to employees, officers, and directors are initially accounted for as equity-classified awards. The related share based compensation expensesare measured at the grant date fair value of the award and are recognized using the graded vesting method, net of estimated forfeiture rates, over the requisiteservice period, which is generally the vesting period. Forfeitures are estimated at the time of grant based on historical forfeiture rates and will be revised inthe subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates. Duowan BVI also granted share options, restricted shares and restricted share units tonon-employees, which are also initially accounted for as equity-classified awards. Awards granted to non-employees are initially measured at fair value onthe grant date and periodically re-measured thereafter until the earlier of the performance commitment date or the date the service is completed andrecognized over the period the service is provided. Awards are re-measured at each reporting date using the fair value as at each period end until themeasurement date, generally when the services are completed and share based awards are vested. Changes in fair value between the interim reporting datesare recorded in consistent with the method used in recognizing the original compensation costs. Following the listing of the Company, the grant date fair value of share based awards is based on stock price of the Company in the NASDAQ GlobalMarket. For an award with a performance and/or service condition that affects vesting, the performance and/or service condition is not considered in determining theaward’s fair value on the grant date. Performance and service conditions should be considered when the Company is estimating the quantity of awards thatwill vest. Compensation cost will reflect the number of awards that are expected to vest and will be adjusted to reflect those awards that do ultimately vest.The Group recognizes compensation cost for awards with performance conditions if and when the Group concludes that it is probable that the performancecondition will be achieved, net of an estimate of pre-vesting forfeitures over the requisite service period. The Group reassesses the probability of vesting ateach reporting period for awards with performance conditions and adjusts compensation cost based on its probability assessment, unless on certain situations,the Group may not be able to determine that it is probable that a performance condition will be satisfied until the event occurs. (cc)Other income Other income primarily consists of government grants which represent cash subsidies received from the PRC government by the Group entities. Governmentgrants are originally recorded as deferred revenue when received upfront. After all of the conditions specified in the grants have been met, the grants arerecognized as operating income. F- 32 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(All amount in thousands, except share and per share data, unless otherwise stated) 2.Principal accounting policies (continued) (dd)Income taxes Current income taxes are provided on the basis of net income for financial reporting purposes, adjusted for income and expense items which are notassessable or deductible for income tax purposes, in accordance with the regulations of the relevant tax jurisdictions. Deferred income taxes are accounted forusing an asset and liability method. Under this method, deferred income taxes are recognized for the tax consequences of temporary differences by applyingenacted statutory rates applicable to future years to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts and the tax bases of existing assets andliabilities. The tax base of an asset or liability is the amount attributed to that asset or liability for tax purpose. The effect on deferred taxes of a change in taxrates is recognized in statement of operations and comprehensive income in the period of change. A valuation allowance is provided to reduce the amount ofdeferred tax assets if it is considered more likely than not that some portion of, or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Uncertain tax positions The guidance on accounting for uncertainties in income taxes prescribes a more likely than not threshold for financial statement recognition and measurementof a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. Guidance was also provided on derecognition of income tax assets and liabilities, classificationof current and deferred income tax assets and liabilities, accounting for interest and penalties associated with tax positions, accounting for income taxes ininterim periods, and income tax disclosures. Significant judgment is required in evaluating the Group’s uncertain tax positions and determining its provisionfor income taxes. The Group recognizes interests and penalties, if any, under accrued expenses and other current liabilities on its balance sheet and underother expenses in its statements of operations. The Group did not recognize any significant interest and penalties associated with uncertain tax positions forthe years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015. As of December 31, 2014 and 2015, the Group did not have any significant unrecognized uncertain taxpositions. (ee)Statutory reserves The Group’s subsidiaries, VIEs and VIE’s subsidiaries established in the PRC are required to make appropriations to certain non-distributable reserve funds. In accordance with the laws applicable to China’s Foreign Investment Enterprises, the Group’s subsidiaries registered as wholly-owned foreign enterpriseshave to make appropriations from its after-tax profit (as determined under the Accounting Standards for Business Enterprises as promulgated by the Ministryof Finance of the People’s Republic of China (“PRC GAAP”)) to reserve funds including general reserve fund, and staff bonus and welfare fund. Theappropriation to the general reserve fund must be at least 10% of the after-tax profits calculated in accordance with PRC GAAP. Appropriation is notrequired if the reserve fund has reached 50% of the registered capital of the company. Appropriation to the staff bonus and welfare fund is at the company’sdiscretion. In addition, in accordance with the Company Laws of the PRC, the VIEs and VIE’s subsidiaries of the Company registered as PRC domestic companies mustmake appropriations from its after-tax profit as determined under the PRC GAAP to non-distributable reserve funds including a statutory surplus fund and adiscretionary surplus fund. The appropriation to the statutory surplus fund must be at least 10% of the after-tax profits as determined under the PRC GAAP.Appropriation is not required if the surplus fund has reached 50% of the registered capital of the company. Appropriation to the discretionary surplus fund ismade at the discretion of the company. The use of the general reserve fund, statutory surplus fund and discretionary surplus fund are restricted to the off-setting of losses or increasing capital of therespective company. The staff bonus and welfare fund is a liability in nature and is restricted to fund payments of special bonus to staff and for the collectivewelfare of employees. All these reserves are not allowed to be transferred to the company in terms of cash dividends, loans or advances, nor can they bedistributed except under liquidation. During the year ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, appropriations to general reserve fund and statutory surplus fund amounted to RMB40,657,RMB15,812 and RMB38, respectively. F- 33 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(All amount in thousands, except share and per share data, unless otherwise stated) 2.Principal accounting policies (continued) (ff)Related parties Parties are considered to be related if one party has the ability, directly or indirectly, to control the other party or exercise significant influence over the otherparty in making financial and operating decisions. Parties are also considered to be related if they are subject to common control or significant influence, suchas a family member or relative, shareholder, or a related corporation. (gg)Dividends Dividends are recognized when declared. No dividends were declared for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively. The Group doesnot have any present plan to pay any dividends on common shares in the foreseeable future. The Group currently intends to retain the available funds and anyfuture earnings to operate and expand its business. (hh)Income per share Basic income per share is computed on the basis of the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period under measurement.Diluted income per share is based on the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding and potential common shares. Potential common sharesresult from the assumed exercise of outstanding share options, RSs and RSUs or other potentially dilutive equity instruments, when they are dilutive underthe treasury stock method or the if-converted method. (ii)Comprehensive income Comprehensive income is defined as the change in equity of the Company during a period arising from transactions and other events and circumstancesexcluding transactions resulting from investments by shareholders and distributions to shareholders. Comprehensive income is reported in the consolidatedstatements of operations and comprehensive income. Accumulated other comprehensive (loss)/income of the Group includes the foreign currency translationadjustments. (jj)Segment reporting Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise engaging in businesses activities for which separate financial information is available that isregularly evaluated by the Group’s chief operating decision makers (“CODM”) in deciding how to allocate resources and assess performance. The Group’schief operating decision maker has been identified as the Chief Executive Officer, who reviews consolidated results when making decisions about allocatingresources and assessing performance of the Group. (kk)Recently issued accounting pronouncements In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09 Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) which will replace requirements in U.S. GAAP. The coreprinciple of the new standard is that a company should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount thatreflects the consideration to which the company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The new standard will be effective for annualreporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within that reporting period. The standard will be effective for the firstquarter of 2018.The Company is in the process of evaluating the impact of the standard on its consolidated financial statements. F- 34 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(All amount in thousands, except share and per share data, unless otherwise stated) 2.Principal accounting policies (continued) (kk)Recently issued accounting pronouncements (continued) In February 2015, the FASB issued Consolidation (Topic 810) —Amendments to the Consolidation Analysis. The amendments in Topic 810 respond tostakeholders’ concerns about the current accounting for consolidation of variable interest entities, by changing aspects of the analysis that a reporting entitymust perform to determine whether it should consolidate such entities. Under the amendments, all reporting entities are within the scope of Subtopic 810-10,Consolidation—Overall, including limited partnerships and similar legal entities, unless a scope exception applies. The amendments are intended to be animprovement to current U.S. GAAP, as they simplify the codification of FASB Statement No. 167, Amendments to FASB Interpretation No. 46(R), withchanges including reducing the number of consolidation models through the elimination of the indefinite deferral of Statement 167 and placing moreemphasis on risk of loss when determining a controlling financial interest. The amendments are effective for publicly-traded companies for fiscal yearsbeginning after December 15, 2015, and for interim periods within those fiscal years. Earlier adoption is permitted. The Company is in the process ofevaluating the impact of the standard on its consolidated financial statements. In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-01: Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities. The amendments in thisUpdate make targeted improvements to generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) as follows: 1) Require equity investments (except those accountedfor under the equity method of accounting or those that result in consolidation of the investee) to be measured at fair value with changes in fair valuerecognized in net income. However, an entity may choose to measure equity investments that do not have readily determinable fair values at cost minusimpairment, if any, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or a similar investment of the sameissuer. 2) Simplify the impairment assessment of equity investments without readily determinable fair values by requiring a qualitative assessment to identifyimpairment. When a qualitative assessment indicates that impairment exists, an entity is required to measure the investment at fair value. 3) Eliminate therequirement to disclose the fair value of financial instruments measured at amortized cost for entities that are not public business entities. 4) Eliminate therequirement for public business entities to disclose the method(s) and significant assumptions used to estimate the fair value that is required to be disclosedfor financial instruments measured at amortized cost on the balance sheet. 5) Require public business entities to use the exit price notion when measuring thefair value of financial instruments for disclosure purposes. 6) Require an entity to present separately in other comprehensive income the portion of the totalchange in the fair value of a liability resulting from a change in the instrument-specific credit risk when the entity has elected to measure the liability at fairvalue in accordance with the fair value option for financial instruments. 7) Require separate presentation of financial assets and financial liabilities bymeasurement category and form of financial asset (that is, securities or loans and receivables) on the balance sheet or the accompanying notes to the financialstatements. 8) Clarify that an entity should evaluate the need for a valuation allowance on a deferred tax asset related to available-for-sale securities incombination with the entity’s other deferred tax assets. For public business entities, the amendments in this Update are effective for fiscal years beginningafter December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company is in the process of evaluating the impact of the standard on itsconsolidated financial statements. In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02: Leases (Topic 842). The core principle of Topic 842 is that a lessee should recognize the assets andliabilities that arise from leases. All leases create an asset and a liability for the lessee in accordance with FASB Concepts Statement No. 6, Elements ofFinancial Statements, and, therefore, recognition of those lease assets and lease liabilities represents an improvement over previous GAAP, which did notrequire lease assets and lease liabilities to be recognized for most leases. For public business entities, the amendments in this Update are effective for fiscalyears beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company is in the process of evaluating the impact of thestandard on its consolidated financial statements. In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-03: Intangibles—Goodwill and Other (Topic 350), Business Combinations (Topic 805), Consolidation (Topic810), Derivatives and Hedging(Topic 815): Effective Date and Transition Guidance (PCC 15-01). The amendments in this Update make the guidance inUpdates 2014-02, 2014-03, 2014-07, and 2014-18 effective immediately by removing their effective dates. The amendments also include transitionprovisions that provide that private companies are able to forgo a preferability assessment the first time they elect the accounting alternatives within the scopeof this Update. Any subsequent change to an accounting policy election requires justification that the change is preferable under Topic 250, AccountingChanges and Error Corrections. The amendments in this Update also extend the transition guidance in Updates 2014-02, 2014-03, 2014-07, and 2014-18indefinitely. While this Update extends transition guidance for Updates 2014-07 and 2014-18, there is no intention to change how transition is applied forthose two Updates. The amendments in this Update are effective immediately. The Company is in the process of evaluating the impact of the standard on itsconsolidated financial statements. F- 35 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(All amount in thousands, except share and per share data, unless otherwise stated) 3.Certain risks and concentration (a)PRC regulations Foreign ownership of internet-based businesses is subject to significant restrictions under the current PRC laws and regulations. The PRC governmentregulates internet access, the distribution of online information and the conduct of online commerce through strict business licensing requirements and othergovernment regulations. These laws and regulations also limit foreign ownership in PRC companies that provide internet information distribution services.Specifically, foreign ownership in an internet information provider or other value-added telecommunication service providers may not exceed 50%.Foreigners or foreign invested enterprises are currently not able to apply for the required licenses for operating online games in the PRC. The Company isincorporated in the Cayman Islands and accordingly, the Company is considered as a foreign invested enterprise under PRC law. As mentioned in Note 1(e), in order to comply with the PRC laws restricting foreign ownership in the online business in China, the Group operates the onlinebusiness in China through contractual arrangements with its principal VIE, namely Guangzhou Huaduo. As of December 31, 2015, Mr. David Xueling Li,CEO, Mr. Jun Lei, Chairman of the Company, Mr. Tony Bin Zhao, Mr. Jin Cao and Beijing Tuda own approximately 0.5%, 0.44%, 0.04%, 0.02% and 99%of Guangzhou Huaduo’s equity interests, respectively. Guangzhou Huaduo holds the licenses and permits necessary to conduct its internet value-added services and online advertising in the PRC. If the Companyhad direct ownership of the VIE, it would be able to exercise its rights as a shareholder to effect changes in the board of directors, which in turn could affectchanges at the management level, subject to any applicable fiduciary obligations. However, under the current contractual arrangements, it relies on the VIEand its shareholders’ performance of their contractual obligations to exercise effective control. In addition, the Group’s contractual agreements have termsrange from 10 to 30 years, which are subject to Beijing Huanju Shidai’s unilateral termination right. Under the respective service agreements, Beijing HuanjuShidai will provide services including technology support, technology services, business support and consulting services to Guangzhou Huaduo in exchangefor service fees. The amount of service fees payable is determined by various factors, including (a) a percentage of Guangzhou Huaduo’s revenues orearnings, and (b) the expenses that Beijing Huanju Shidai incurs for providing such services. Beijing Huanju Shidai may charge up to 100% of the income inGuangzhou Huaduo and a multiple of the expenses incurred for providing such services, as determined by Beijing Huanju Shidai from time to time. Theservice fees payable by Guangzhou Huaduo to Beijing Huanju Shidai are determined to be up to 100% of the profits of Guangzhou Huaduo, with the timingof such payment to be determined at the sole discretion of Beijing Huanju Shidai. If fees were incurred, it would be significant to the Company and theoperating companies’ economic performance because it will be incurred and paid at up to 100% of the earnings of the VIE. Fees incurred would be remitted,subject to further PRC restrictions. None of the VIEs or their shareholders are entitled to terminate the contracts prior to the expiration date, unless underremote circumstances such as a material breach of agreement or bankruptcy as it pertains to the service and business operation agreements and theiramendment. For the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, Guangzhou Huanju Shidai and Beijing Huanju Shidai determined that service fees ofRMB31,153, RMB363,117 and RMB274,285 were charged to Guangzhou Huaduo. The service fees are typically determined based on the costs andexpenses that WOFEs incurs for providing relevant technology support to Guangzhou Huaduo, as well as the consideration of Guangzhou Huaduo’s futurebusiness development plan and its increasingly growing and diverse operational needs. As of Decmber 31, 2015, Beijing Tuda and Bilin Online, as the Group’s VIEs, still have no substantial business operation. Therefore no service fees werecharged by Beijing Huanju Shidai and Bilin Changxiang respectively for the periods presented as both of the two VIEs have accumulated losses sinceinception. F- 36 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(All amount in thousands, except share and per share data, unless otherwise stated) 3.Certain risks and concentration (continued) (a)PRC regulations (continued) Further, the Group believes that the contractual arrangements among Beijing Huanju Shidai and Bilin Changxiang, the VIEs, and their shareholders are incompliance with PRC law and are legally enforceable. However, the PRC government may issue from time to time new laws or new interpretations onexisting laws to regulate this industry. Regulatory risk also encompasses the interpretation by the tax authorities of current tax laws, and the Group’s legalstructure and scope of operations in the PRC, which could be subject to further restrictions resulting in limitations on the Company’s ability to conductbusiness in the PRC. The PRC government may also require the Group to restructure the Group’s operations entirely if it finds that its contractualarrangements do not comply with applicable laws and regulations. Furthermore, it could revoke the Group’s business and operating licenses, require it todiscontinue or restrict its operations, restrict its right to collect revenues, block its website, require it to restructure its operations, impose additionalconditions or requirements with which the Group may not be able to comply, or take other regulatory or enforcement actions against the Group that could beharmful to its business. The imposition of any of these penalties may result in a material and adverse effect on the Group’s ability to conduct the Group’sbusiness. In addition, if the imposition of any of these penalties causes the Group to lose the rights to direct the activities of the VIEs or the right to receivetheir economic benefits, the Group would no longer be able to consolidate the VIEs and VIE’s subsidiaries. The Group does not believe that any penaltiesimposed or actions taken by the PRC government would result in the liquidation of the Company, Beijing Huanju Shidai and Bilin Changxiang, and theVIEs. On January 19, 2015, the Ministry of Commerce of the PRC, or (the “MOFCOM”) released on its Website for public comment a proposed PRC law (the“Draft FIE Law”) that appears to include VIEs within the scope of entities that could be considered to be foreign invested enterprises (or “FIEs”) that wouldbe subject to restrictions under existing PRC law on foreign investment in certain categories of industry. Specifically, the Draft FIE Law introduces theconcept of “actual control” for determining whether an entity is considered to be an FIE. In addition to control through direct or indirect ownership or equity,the Draft FIE Law includes control through contractual arrangements within the definition of “actual control.” If the Draft FIE Law is passed by the People’sCongress of the PRC and goes into effect in its current form, these provisions regarding control through contractual arrangements could be construed to reachthe Group’s VIE arrangements, and as a result the Group’s VIEs could become explicitly subject to the current restrictions on foreign investment in certaincategories of industry. The Draft FIE Law includes provisions that would exempt from the definition of foreign invested enterprises entities where theultimate controlling shareholders are either entities organized under PRC law or individuals who are PRC citizens. The Draft FIE Law does not make clearhow “control” would be determined for such purpose, and is silent as to what type of enforcement action might be taken against existing VIEs that operate inrestricted industries and are not controlled by entities organized under PRC law or individuals who are PRC citizens. If a finding were made by PRCauthorities, under existing law and regulations or under the Draft FIE Law if it becomes effective, that the Group’s operation of certain of its businessesthrough VIEs violates the Draft FIE Law, regulatory authorities with jurisdiction over the licensing and operation of such operations and businesses mayrequire the Group to take various actions as discussed in the paragraph above. The Group’s management considers the possibility of such a finding by PRCregulatory authorities under the Draft VIE law, if it becomes effective, to be remote. F- 37 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(All amount in thousands, except share and per share data, unless otherwise stated) 3.Certain risks and concentration (continued) (a)PRC regulations (continued) The following consolidated financial information of the Group’s VIEs and VIE’s subsidiaries excluding the intercompany items with the Group’s subsidiarieswas included in the accompanying consolidated financial statements as of and for the years ended: December 31, 2014 2015 RMB RMB Assets Current assets Cash and cash equivalents 305,405 403,722 Short-term deposits 1,002,020 250,000 Restricted short-term deposits 100,000 110,000 Accounts receivable, net 243,529 127,365 Inventory 1,445 14,385 Amounts due from related parties 43,816 5,164 Prepayments and other current assets 113,939 117,536 Deferred tax assets 85,004 87,492 Total current assets 1,895,158 1,115,664 Non-current assets Deferred tax assets 1,392 3,363 Investments 63,220 285,292 Property and equipment, net 227,372 292,340 Intangible assets, net 133,888 110,214 Goodwill 298,802 136,066 Other non-current assets 31,520 1,932,356 Total non-current assets 756,194 2,759,631 Total assets 2,651,352 3,875,295 December 31, 2014 2015 RMB RMB Liabilities Current liabilities Accounts payable 101,160 108,500 Deferred revenue 354,987 385,300 Advances from customers 25,897 45,189 Income taxes payable 65,162 80,978 Accrued liabilities and other current liabilities 357,464 579,760 Amounts due to related parties 30,892 23,684 Total current liabilities 935,562 1,223,411 Non-current liabilities Long-term payable 183,000 - Deferred revenue 24,383 20,752 Deferred tax liabilities 26,709 12,592 Total non-current liabilities 234,092 33,344 Total liabilities 1,169,654 1,256,755 F- 38 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(All amount in thousands, except share and per share data, unless otherwise stated) 3.Certain risks and concentration (continued) (a)PRC regulations (continued) For the year ended December 31, 2013 2014 2015 RMB RMB RMB Net revenues 1,669,852 3,543,994 5,821,305 Net income 486,095 1,136,570 1,267,111 For the year ended December 31, 2013 2014 2015 RMB RMB RMB Net cash provided by operating activities 845,198 1,313,521 2,164,953 Net cash used in investing activities (592,390) (994,574) (2,251,207)Net cash provided by financing activities - - 704,298 252,808 318,947 618,044 (b)Foreign exchange risk The revenues and expenses of the Group’s subsidiaries, VIEs and VIE’s subsidiaries in the PRC are generally denominated in RMB and their assets andliabilities are denominated in RMB. The Group’s financing activities are denominated in U.S. dollars. The RMB is not freely convertible into foreigncurrencies. Remittances of foreign currencies into the PRC and exchange of foreign currencies into RMB require approval by foreign exchangeadministrative authorities and certain supporting documentation. The State Administration for Foreign Exchange, under the authority of the People’s Bank ofChina, controls the conversion of RMB into other currencies. (c)Concentration risk (i)Concentration of revenue No individual customer accounted for more than 10% of net revenues for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015. (ii)Concentration of accounts receivable The Group collects accounts receivable from collection agencies, external game platforms and advertising customers. The Group depends on payments froma limited number of collection agencies and advertising customers. The top 10 accounts receivable accounted for 83% and 82% of the total accountsreceivable as of December 31, 2014 and 2015, respectively. The following table summarizes the percentage of accounts receivable from collection agenciesand advertising customers with over 10% of total accounts receivable: December 31, 2014 2015 RMB RMB Collection agencies and advertising customers B1 57% 35%B2 * 12%B3 * 11% *Less than 10% F- 39 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(All amount in thousands, except share and per share data, unless otherwise stated) 3.Certain risks and concentration (continued) (d)Credit risk As of December 31, 2014 and 2015, substantially all of the Group’s cash and cash equivalents and short-term deposits were placed with the PRC andinternational financial institutions. Management chooses these institutions because of their reputations and track records for stability, and their known largecash reserves, and management periodically reviews these institutions’ reputations, track records, and reported reserves. Management expects that anyadditional institutions that the Group uses for its cash and bank deposits will be chosen with similar criteria for soundness. Nevertheless under the PRC law, itis required that a commercial bank in the PRC that holds third party cash deposits should maintain a certain percentage of total customer deposits taken in astatutory reserve fund for protecting the depositors’ rights over their interests in deposited money. PRC banks are subject to a series of risk control regulatorystandards; PRC bank regulatory authorities are empowered to take over the operation and management of any PRC bank that faces a material credit crisis.The Group believes that it is not exposed to unusual risks as these financial institutions are either PRC banks or international banks with high credit quality.The Group had not experienced any losses on its deposits of cash and cash equivalents and term deposits during the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014and 2015 and believes that its credit risk to be minimal. 4.Business combination Acquisition of 100 Online and Beijing DuBooker Culture Communication Co., Ltd. (“DuBooker") On December 2, 2014, the Group acquired 100% of the equity interests of 100 Online and DuBooker for a fixed cash consideration of RMB60 million, plusadditional variable cash consideration that is contingent upon the achievement of pre-established performance metrics. 100 Online is primarily engaged inproviding a variety of online English courses specialising in the preparation of International English Language Testing System ("IELTS") to registeredstudents through online education platforms, and DuBooker is primarily engaged in the publishing of a variety of teaching materials relevant to languageeducation. The purpose of the acquisition was to strengthen the Group’s competitive advantages in China’s online education business. On the acquisitiondate, the allocation of the consideration of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their fair value was as follows: F- 40 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(All amount in thousands, except share and per share data, unless otherwise stated) 4.Business combination (continued) Acquisition of 100 Online and DuBooker (continued) RMB Cash consideration 60,000 Contingent consideration 183,000 Total consideration 243,000 Net assets acquired 1,882 Identifiable intangible assets acquired - Brand names 42,000 - Others 18,300 Goodwill 195,893 Deferred tax liabilities (15,075)Total 243,000 The agreements for the acquisition of 100 Online included a contingent consideration arrangement that required additional consideration to be paid by theGroup based on the actual net profit of 100 Online for years 2015 through 2017 as compared to the pre-established performance metrics as stipulated in theagreements. The undiscounted amounts the Company shall pay when the net profit of 100 Online from 2015 through 2017 equals to 100% of the performancemetrics is RMB240 million. The actual contingent payments would be adjusted based on the degree of how the actual net profit is higher or lower than theperformance metrics from 2015 through 2017. The fair value of the contingent consideration recognized on the acquisition date of RMB183 million wasdetermined by the Company using the Trinomial Tree model. Under this model, the Company performs scenario analysis by assuming different scenariosunder which 100 Online achieves different actual net profit for years 2015 through 2017. Under different scenarios, the amount of contingent considerationdiffers according to the stipulation in the agreements. The Company then calculated the fair value of the contingent consideration based on the net presentvalue of the total contingent consideration under different scenarios and the expected probability of each scenario. Please refer to note 25 for the keyparameters adopted in the valuation. The business combination was completed on December 2, 2014. The excess of the purchase price over tangible assets, identifiable intangible assets acquired,and liabilities assumed was recorded as goodwill. The acquired identifiable intangible assets were valued by various approaches, including the incomeapproach and the replacement cost approach, as appropriate. As of December 31, 2014 and 2015, no measurement period adjustment had been recorded.Acquisition related costs were immaterial and were included in general and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2014. Pro forma results of operations related to the acquisition have not been presented because they are not material to the Group’s consolidated statements ofoperations and comprehensive income. There were no indemnification assets involved. Total identifiable intangible assets acquired upon acquisition mainly included brand names, cooperationagreements, copyrights of teaching materials and non-compete agreements, which have an estimated useful life of nine, three, five and five years,respectively. Total goodwill of RMB196 million primarily represents the expected synergies from combining operations of 100 Online and Dubooker withthose of the Group, which were expected to be complementary to each other. In accordance with ASC350, goodwill is not amortized but is tested forimpairment and is not deductible for tax purposes. F- 41 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(All amount in thousands, except share and per share data, unless otherwise stated) 4.Business combination (continued) Acquisition of Xingxue and Beijing Huanqiu Chuangzhi Software Co., Ltd. (“Chuangzhi”) On December 23, 2014, the Group acquired 100% of the equity interests of Xingxue and Chuangzhi for a fixed cash consideration of RMB128 million. Theprincipal business of Xingxue and Chuangzhi is the operation of online vocational training platform. The purpose of the acquisition was to expand theGroup's own educational service offerings from online English courses to a variety of online vocational training courses. On the acquisition date, theallocation of the consideration of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their fair value was as follows: RMB Net liabilities assumed (8,549)Identifiable intangible assets acquired - Brand names 43,620 - Other 4,792 Goodwill 100,382 Deferred tax liabilities (12,103)Total 128,142 The business combination was completed on December 23, 2014. The excess of the purchase price over tangible assets, identifiable intangible assetsacquired, and liabilities assumed was recorded as goodwill. The acquired identifiable intangible assets were valued by various approaches, including theincome approach and the replacement cost approach, as appropriate. As of December 31, 2014 and 2015, no measurement period adjustment had beenrecorded. Acquisition related costs were immaterial and were included in general and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2014. Pro forma results of operations related to the acquisition have not been presented because they are not material to the Group’s consolidated statements ofoperations and comprehensive income. There were no indemnification assets involved. Total identifiable intangible assets acquired upon acquisition mainly included brand names, and software,which have an estimated useful life of fifteen and five years, respectively. Total goodwill of RMB100 million primarily represents the expected synergiesfrom combining operations of Xingxue and Chuangzhi with those of the Group, which were expected to be complementary to each other. In accordance withASC350, goodwill is not amortized but is tested for impairment and is not deductible for tax purposes. Acquisition of Beifu On February 3, 2015, the Group acquired 70% of the equity interests of Beifu from the founders of Beifu for a fixed cash consideration of RMB39 million,plus additional variable cash consideration that is contingent upon the achievement of pre-established performance metrics for years 2015 through 2017.Beifu is primarily engaged in the operation of E-commerce, which is based on YY’s existing user base. The purpose of the acquisition was to integrate theGroup's technology and huge user base together with Beifu's successful experience in the operation of E-commerce area. On the acquisition date, theallocation of the consideration of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their fair value was as follows: F- 42 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(All amount in thousands, except share and per share data, unless otherwise stated) 4.Business combination (continued) Acquisition of Beifu (continued) RMB Cash consideration 39,200 Contingent consideration 107,306 Total consideration 146,506 Net assets acquired 31,994 Identifiable intangible assets acquired 12,900 Goodwill 147,388 Deferred tax liabilities (3,225)Non-controlling interest (42,551)Total 146,506 The agreements for the acquisition of Beifu included a contingent consideration arrangement that required additional consideration to be paid by the Groupbased on the achievement of pre-established performance metrics as stipulated in the agreements for years 2015 through 2017. The undiscounted amounts theCompany shall pay when Beifu achieves 100% of the performance metrics from 2015 through 2017 is RMB219 million. The actual contingent paymentswould be adjusted based on the degree of how the actual revenue and net profit are higher or lower than the performance metrics from 2015 through 2017.The fair value of the contingent consideration recognized on the acquisition date of RMB107 million was determined by the Company using the TrinomialTree model. Under this model, the Company performs scenario analysis by assuming different scenarios under which Beifu achieves different performancefor years 2015 through 2017. Under different scenarios, the amount of contingent consideration differs according to the stipulation in the agreements. TheCompany then calculated the fair value of the contingent consideration based on the net present value of the total contingent consideration under differentscenarios and the expected probability of each scenario. Please refer to note 25 for the key parameters adopted in the valuation. The fair value of non-controlling interest in Beifu was determined mainly based on the number of shares held by non-controlling shareholders and the equityvalue close to the acquisition date, taking into consideration of other factors, as appropriate. If Beifu achieved specified performance metrics and did notcomplete an initial public offering, and the founders of Beifu remained being employed by the Company, the non-controlling shareholders had the right to puttheir equity interests in Beifu to the Company at the fair value (“the put option”). The Company considered the probability of the exercise of the put optionand believed that the exercise of the put option is not probable upon the acquisition date and as of December 31, 2015. Pursuant to ASC 480-10-S99-3A, considering the non-controlling interests are redeemable upon the occurrence of an event that is not solely within thecontrol of the Company, the Company classified the non-controlling interests with the written put option as mezzanine equity in the Company’s consolidatedfinancial statements. F- 43 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(All amount in thousands, except share and per share data, unless otherwise stated) 4.Business combination(continued) Acquisition of Beifu (continued) The business combination was completed on February 3, 2015. The excess of the purchase price over tangible assets, identifiable intangible assets acquired,and liabilities assumed and fair value of the non-controlling interest was recorded as goodwill. The acquired identifiable intangible assets were valued byvarious approaches, including the income approach and the replacement cost approach, as appropriate. Acquisition related costs were immaterial and wereincluded in general and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2015. Pro forma results of operations related to the acquisition have not been presented because they are not material to the Group’s consolidated statements ofoperations and comprehensive income. There were no indemnification assets involved. Total identifiable intangible assets acquired upon acquisition mainly included relationship with online gamehosts and non-compete agreements, which have an estimated useful life of three and seven years, respectively. Total goodwill of RMB147 million primarilyrepresents the expected synergies from combining operations of Beifu with those of the Group, which were expected to be complementary to each other. Inaccordance with ASC350, goodwill is not amortized but is tested for impairment and is not deductible for tax purposes. 5.Cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents represent cash on hand and demand deposits placed with banks or other financial institutions. Cash and cash equivalents balanceas of December 31, 2014 and 2015 primarily consist of the following currencies: December 31, 2014 December 31, 2015 Amount RMBequivalent Amount RMBequivalent RMB 394,214 394,214 450,802 450,802 US$ 13,205 80,814 73,632 478,132 Total 475,028 928,934 6.Short-term deposits Short-term deposits represent time deposits placed with banks with original maturities of less than one year. Short-term deposits balance as of December 31,2014 and 2015 primarily consist of the following currencies: December 31, 2014 December 31, 2015 Amount RMBequivalent Amount RMBequivalent RMB 1,921,520 1,921,520 250,000 250,000 US$ 374,685 2,293,056 253,322 1,644,946 Total 4,214,576 1,894,946 F- 44 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(All amount in thousands, except share and per share data, unless otherwise stated) 7.Restricted short-term deposits December 31, 2014 2015 RMB RMB Pledge short-term deposits for one pending litigation (i) 100,000 110,000 Pledge short-term deposits for bank borrowing facilities (ii) - 279,221 Total 100,000 389,221 (i) As of December 31, 2014 and 2015, the Group had restricted short-term deposits balance of RMB100 million and RMB 110 million representing pledgeddeposit for one pending litigation in which the Group is the claimant and has applied to the court to freeze the assets of the defendant. Pursuant to relevantPRC laws and regulations, the Group had to deposit a certain amount of cash as pledged deposit in order to submit the application to the court requesting tofreeze the defendant’s assets. (ii) As of December 31, 2015, the Company had offshore restricted short-term deposits balance set aside for a period of 12 months or less of approximatelyRMB279 million for bank borrowing facilities. (iii) In 2015, the Company had short-term deposits of RMB700 million, and a short term borrowing of RMB697 million with the same domestic bank in thePRC, and the Company paid off the short term borrowing with the short-term deposits. 8.Accounts receivable, net December 31, 2014 2015 RMB RMB Accounts receivable, gross 314,778 191,144 Less: allowance for doubtful receivables (57,342) (58,791) Accounts receivable, net 257,436 132,353 The following table summarized the details of the Company’s allowance for doubtful accounts: For the year ended December 31, 2013 2014 2015 RMB RMB RMB Balance at beginning of the year (5,716) (31,214) (57,342)Additions charged to general and administrative expenses (31,987) (26,246) (1,449)Write-off during the year 6,489 118 - Balance at end of the year (31,214) (57,342) (58,791) F- 45 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(All amount in thousands, except share and per share data, unless otherwise stated) 9.Prepayments and other current assets December 31, 2014 2015 RMB RMB Prepayments and deposits to vendors and content providers 54,330 71,354 Interests receivable 98,355 41,220 Employee advances 5,144 12,484 Rental and other deposits 6,093 12,111 Loans receivable 34,502 1,338 Others 5,715 9,316 Total 204,139 147,823 10.Investments December 31 2014 2015 RMB RMB Cost investments (i) 153,024 516,446 Equity investments 33,630 44,994 Available-for-sale debt security (ii) - 6,117 Total 186,654 567,557 (i)In 2015, the Group entered into agreements to acquire minority stake of 16 entities with total consideration of RMB351,800. The investments were notinvestment in common stock or in-substance common stock and therefore were precluded from applying the equity method of accounting. They havebeen accounted for as investments under cost method, since all of these equity securities do not have a readily determinable fair value. (ii)In September 2015, the Group entered into share purchase agreements to acquire 4.25% equity stake of a company with a total consideration ofRMB6,117. The Group recorded this investment as an available-for-sale debt security since the preferred shares purchased by the Group are redeemableat the option of the Group. Subsequent to initial recognition, the available-for-sale debt security is measured at fair value at every period end. There wasno significant change in fair value of the investment from the investment date to December 31, 2015. (iii)The Group monitors its investments for other-than-temporary impairment by considering factors including, but not limited to, current economic andmarket conditions, the operating performance of the companies including current earnings trends and other company-specific information. In 2015,based on the Group's assessment, an impairment charge of RMB6,000 was recorded in relation to the carrying value of one of its investments under costmethod due to the significant deterioration in the earnings performance and business prospects of the investee. F- 46 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(All amount in thousands, except share and per share data, unless otherwise stated) 11.Property and equipment, net Property and equipment consists of the following: December 31, 2014 2015 RMB RMB Gross carrying amount Building - 482,387 Servers, computers and equipment 304,117 453,441 Leasehold improvements 32,392 69,929 Decoration - 66,140 Furniture, fixture and office equipment 13,879 26,098 Motor vehicles 10,815 12,835 Construction in progress 31,786 1,937 Total 392,989 1,112,767 Less: accumulated depreciation (158,761) (269,318) Property and equipment, net 234,228 843,449 Depreciation expense for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015 were RMB44,963, RMB68,035 and RMB122,098, respectively. F- 47 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(All amount in thousands, except share and per share data, unless otherwise stated) 12.Intangible assets, net The following table summarizes the Group’s intangible assets: December 31, 2014 2015 RMB RMB Gross carrying amount Brand names 94,120 102,654 Operating rights for licensed games 11,721 46,879 Software 17,304 38,307 Operating rights for game broadcasting - 35,071 Domain names 24,686 25,902 Technology 17,145 17,621 Others 18,300 31,200 Total of gross carrying amount 183,276 297,634 Less: accumulated amortization Brand names (1,728) (20,294)Operating rights for licensed games (4,249) (15,010)Software (5,944) (9,464)Operating rights for game broadcasting - (23,278)Domain names (4,278) (6,249)Technology (6,035) (7,712)Others (774) (5,478) Total accumulated amortization (23,008) (87,485) Less: accumulated impairment (6,234) (63,712) Intangible assets, net 154,034 146,437 In 2015, the Group recognized impairment loss of intangible assets of RMB57,199, primary related to the 100 Online English training business and Beifu E-commerce business. In the second quarter of 2015 and on October 1, 2015, the Group performed interim and annual goodwill impairment test for thegoodwill generated from the acquisition of 100 Online and Beifu, due to the poor financial performance of these two VIE’s subsidiaries (Note 13), andrecognized impairment loss of intangible assets of RMB48,814 and RMB8,385, respectively, which was mainly made against the carrying amount of thebrand names. In 2014, the Group recognized impairment of intangible assets of RMB5,697, which was made against the carrying amount of the technology acquired in abusiness combination in 2012. The Group ceased to use this technology in its business in 2014 and believed the technology cannot bring future economicbenefits to the Group. As a result, an impairment loss equal to the carrying amount of the technology was recognized. Amortization expense for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015 were RMB4,707, RMB12,598 and RMB64,201, respectively. F- 48 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(All amount in thousands, except share and per share data, unless otherwise stated) 12.Intangible assets, net (continued) The estimated amortization expenses for each of the following five years are as follows: Amortization expense of intangible assets 2016 44,269 2017 23,052 2018 19,076 2019 11,070 2020 8,744 The weighted average amortization periods of intangible assets as of December 31, 2014 and 2015 are as below: December 31, 2014 2015 Domain names 15 years 15 years Technology 5 years 5 years Software 4 years 5 years Brand names 11 years 10 years Operating rights for licensed games 2 years 3 years Operating rights for game broadcasting - 1 year Others 3-5 years 3-5 years 13.Goodwill The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2015 were as follows: YY IvAS and others 100 Education Total RMB RMB RMB Balance as of December 31, 2013 1,577 - 1,577 Increase in goodwill related to acquisition (i) 2,527 296,275 298,802 Foreign currency translation adjustment 3 - 3 Balance as of December 31, 2014 4,107 296,275 300,382 Increase in goodwill related to acquisition (i) 161,326 - 161,326 Impairment charges (ii) (128,035) (182,089) (310,124)Foreign currency translation adjustment 54 - 54 Balance as of December 31, 2015 37,452 114,186 151,638 F- 49 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(All amount in thousands, except share and per share data, unless otherwise stated) 13.Goodwill (continued) (i) In December 2014, the Company purchased 100% equity interest of 100 Online and Dubooker. Goodwill of RMB195,893 was recognized in the segmentof 100 Education from this business acquisition (Note 4). In December 2014, the Company purchased 100% equity interest of Xingxue and Chuangzhi. Goodwill of RMB100,382 was recognized in the segment of100 Education from this business acquisition (Note 4). In February 2015, the Company purchased 70% equity interest of Beifu. Goodwill of RMB147,388 was recognized in the segment of YY IVAS and othersfrom this business acquisition (Note 4). Goodwill represents the synergy effects of the business combination. (ii) The Group performs its annual goodwill impairment test of each reporting unit as of October 1, or more frequently, if certain events or circumstanceswarrant. Events or changes in circumstances which might indicate potential impairment in goodwill include the company-specific factors, including, but notlimited to, stock price volatility, market capitalization relative to net book value, and projected revenue, market growth and operating results. The Company performed goodwill impairment tests to determine if goodwill impairment indicators existed as of 2014 year end, and the results of these testsindicated that the Company’s goodwill was not impaired. In June 2015, it was noted that 100 Online’s financial and operational performance in the first half year of 2015 was behind the original budget resulting fromunexpected fierce market competition and the resignation of a number of key personnel in 100 Online. Accordingly, the Group performed an interimassessment on the goodwill impairment related to 100 Online and recognized an estimated goodwill impairment charge of RMB110,699. Correspondingly,long-term payable amounting to RMB111,547 in relation to the contingent consideration was reversed. In the annual goodwill impairment assessment, the Group has noted further impairment indicator for 100 Online as well as impairment indicator for Beifu ascertain key personnel of 100 Online and Beifu resigned in the third quarter of 2015. Based on the result of the annual impairment assessment, for 100 Online,an impairment charge of RMB71,390 was recognised and correspondingly, long-term payable amounting to RMB73,618 in relation to the contingentconsideration was reversed; For Beifu, an impairment charge of RMB128,035 was recognised and correspondingly, long-term payable amounting to RMB107,306 in relation to the contingent consideration was reversed. The above goodwill impairment assessments on 100 Online and Beifu weighted the results from the income approach and considered a combination offactors, including, but not limited to, market conditions, expected future cash flows, growth rates and discount rates, which require the Group to make certainestimates and assumptions regarding industry economic factors and future profitability of the business. F- 50 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(All amount in thousands, except share and per share data, unless otherwise stated) 14.Other non-current assets December 31, 2014 2015 RMB RMB Prepayment for acquiring a land use right - 1,860,525 Prepayments of exclusive license fees 31,189 69,983 Unamortized convertible bonds issuance cost 42,275 25,284 Prepayment for acquiring an office building 481,047 20,000 Others 6,460 9,922 Total 560,971 1,985,714 15.Deferred revenue December 31, 2014 2015 RMB RMB Deferred revenue, current: IVAS revenues 331,555 361,023 Education revenues 22,899 21,577 Government grants 1,696 2,700 Total current deferred revenue 356,150 385,300 Deferred revenue, non-current: IVAS revenues 23,850 20,085 Government grants 533 667 Total non-current deferred revenue 24,383 20,752 16.Accrued liabilities and other current liabilities December 31, 2014 2015 RMB RMB Accrued revenue sharing fees 160,248 298,805 Accrued salaries and welfare 168,300 169,041 Accrued bandwidth costs 53,399 71,507 Market promotion expenses 5,944 29,358 Business and other taxes payable 15,220 14,370 Value added taxes payable 2,734 16,010 Interests payable 13,944 14,795 Others 58,914 68,003 Total 478,703 681,889 F- 51 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(All amount in thousands, except share and per share data, unless otherwise stated) 17Convertible bonds December 31, 2014 2015 RMB RMB 2019 Convertible Senior Notes 2,447,980 2,597,403 On March 18, 2014, the Company issued Convertible Senior Notes due 2019 with principal amount of US$400,000,000 (the "Notes"). The Notes bearinterest at a rate of 2.25% per year, payable semi-annually in arrears on April 1 and October 1 of each year, beginning on October 1, 2014. The Notes willmature on April 1, 2019. Holders may convert their Notes at their option at any time prior to the close of business on the second business day immediatelypreceding the maturity date. Upon conversion, the Company will deliver, for each US$1,000 principal amount of converted Notes, a number of ADSs, each representing twenty Class Acommon shares of YY Inc., par value of US$0.00001 per share, equal to the conversion rate. The conversion rate will initially be 9.0334 ADSs per US$1,000 principal amount of Notes (equivalent to an initial conversion price of approximatelyUS$110.70 per ADS). The net proceeds to the Company from the issuance of the Notes were US$390.8 million. Debt issuance costs were US$9.2 million which are being deferredand amortized to interest expense from the issuance date (March 18, 2014) to the first put date of the Notes (April 1, 2017). The Notes are general senior unsecured obligations and rank (1) senior in right of payment to any of the Company’s future indebtedness that is expresslysubordinated in right of payment to the Notes, (2) equal in right of payment to any of the Company’s future unsecured indebtedness of the Company that isnot so subordinated, (3) junior in right of payment to any of the Company’s secured indebtedness to the extent of the value of the assets securing suchindebtedness and (4) structurally junior to all indebtedness and other liabilities (including trade payables) of the Company’s subsidiaries, VIEs and VIE’ssubsidiaries. The value of the Notes is initially measured by the cash received and is subsequently stated at amortized cost. As of December 31, 2014 and 2015, RMB2.4billion (US$400 million) and RMB2.6 billion (US$400 million) has been accounted for as the value of the Notes in non-current liabilities. F- 52 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(All amount in thousands, except share and per share data, unless otherwise stated) 17.Convertible bonds (continued) The key terms of the Notes are as follows: Redemption Contingent redemption option The Notes are not redeemable prior to the maturity date of April 1, 2019, except as described below. The holders of the Notes (the “Holders”) have a non-contingent option to require the Company to repurchase for cash all or any portion of their Notes on April 1, 2017. The repurchase price will equal 100% ofthe principal amount of the Notes to be repurchased plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but excluding, the repurchase date. If a fundamental change(as defined in the Indenture of the 2019 Convertible Senior Notes) occurs prior to the maturity date, the Holders may require the Company to purchase forcash all or any portion of the Notes at a purchase price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the Notes to be purchased plus accrued and unpaid interest,if any, to, but excluding, the fundamental change purchase date. The Holders have the option to require the Company to repurchase the Notes, in whole or inpart, in the event of a fundamental change for an amount equal to the 100% of the principal amount and any accrued and unpaid interest in the event offundamental changes. The Company believes that the likelihood of occurrence of events of a fundamental change is remote. The contingent redemption option is assessed in accordance with ASC 815-15-25-42. The contingent redemption option is considered clearly and closelyrelated to its debt host and does not meet the requirement for bifurcation as the Notes were issued at par and the repurchase feature requires the issuer to settlethe option by delivering par plus accrued and unpaid interest, the Notes holder would recover all of their initial investment. Additionally, since the Notesholder can only recover its initial investment upon exercise of its option, there are no interest rate scenarios under which the embedded derivative would atleast double the investor’s initial rate of return. Non-contingent redemption option On or after April 1, 2017, the Holders have the right to require the issuer to redeem, at 100% of the loan’s principal amount plus accrued and unpaid interest,in which circumstance the Holders would recover substantially all of their initial investment. Conversion The Holders may convert their Notes in integral multiples of US$1,000 principle amount at an initial conversion rate of 9.0334 ADS, at any time prior to thematurity date of April 1, 2019. Upon conversion of the Notes, the Company will deliver shares of the Company’s ADS. The conversion rate is subject toadjustment in certain events, including, but not limited to, the issuance of certain share dividends on the Class A common shares, the issuance of certainrights or warrants, subdivisions, combinations, distributions of capital stock, indebtedness, or assets, cash dividends and certain issuer tender or exchangeoffers (as defined in the Indenture of the 2019 Convertible Senior Notes). In addition, upon a make-whole fundamental change (as defined in the Indenture ofthe 2019 Convertible Senior Notes), the Company will, under certain circumstances, increase the applicable conversion rate for a holder that elects to convertits Notes in connection with such make-whole fundamental change. In accordance with ASC 815-10-15-83, the conversion option meets the definition of a derivative. However, bifurcation of conversion option from the Notesis not required as the scope exception prescribed in ASC 815-10-15-74 is met as the conversion option is considered indexed to the entity’s own stock andclassified in shareholders’ equity. Assessment of Beneficial Conversion Feature and Contingent Beneficial Conversion Feature: As the conversion options are not bifurcated, the Company has assessed the beneficial conversion feature (“BCF”), as of commitment date as defined in ASC470-20. There was no BCF attributed to the Notes as the set conversion price for the Notes was greater than the fair value of the common share price on thedate of issuance. F- 53 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(All amount in thousands, except share and per share data, unless otherwise stated) 17.Convertible bonds (continued) Assessment of Beneficial Conversion Feature and Contingent Beneficial Conversion Feature: (Continued) The Holders have the option to convert upon a fundamental change, if Holders decide to convert in connection with a fundamental change, the number ofshares issuable upon conversion will be increased. Upon occurrence of such adjustment, the Company will have to assess the contingent BCF using ameasurement date upon issuance of the Notes. The settlement of the conversion is based on a make-whole provision resulting from a fundamental change,this feature is consistent with ASC 815-40-55-46, and therefore the Company concludes that this feature is also considered indexed to its own shares. Accounting for Debt Issuance Costs: The debt issuance costs were recorded as deferred issuance costs and are amortized as interest expense, using the effective interest method, over the term ofthe Notes pursuant to ASC 835-30-35-2. Interest expense recognized during the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2015 was RMB56,607 and RMB74,786. 18.Cost of revenues For the year ended December 31, 2013 2014 2015 RMB RMB RMB Revenue sharing fees and content costs 444,065 1,133,984 2,343,224 Bandwidth costs 203,238 345,913 570,169 Salary and welfare 88,456 131,773 198,153 Depreciation and amortization 37,084 59,817 145,135 Payment handling costs 24,955 55,101 104,849 Business tax and surcharges 47,755 49,233 27,794 Share based compensation 9,860 18,037 23,963 Other costs 26,586 55,291 166,457 Total 881,999 1,849,149 3,579,744 19.Other income For the year ended December 31, 2013 2014 2015 RMB RMB RMB Government grants 25,356 5,570 79,541 Others 1,722 749 2,759 Total 27,078 6,319 82,300 F- 54 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(All amount in thousands, except share and per share data, unless otherwise stated) 20.Income tax (i) Cayman Islands (“Cayman”) Under the current tax laws of Cayman Islands, the Company and its subsidiaries are not subject to tax on income or capital gains. Besides, upon payment ofdividends by the Company to its shareholders, no Cayman Islands withholding tax will be imposed. (ii) BVI Duowan BVI is exempt from income tax on its foreign-derived income in the BVI. There are no withholding taxes in the BVI. (iii) Hong Kong profits tax Entities incorporated in Hong Kong are subject to Hong Kong profits tax at a rate of 16.5% on the estimated assessable profit for the years endedDecember 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015. (iv) PRC Enterprise Income Tax (“EIT”) The Company’s subsidiaries, VIEs and VIE’s subsidiaries in China are governed by the Enterprise Income Tax Law (“EIT Law”), which became effective onJanuary 1, 2008. Pursuant to the EIT Law and its implementation rules, enterprises in China are generally subject to tax at a statutory rate of 25%. CertifiedHigh and New Technology Enterprises (“HNTE”) are entitled to a favorable statutory tax rate of 15%, and qualified software enterprises can enjoy an incometax exemption for two years beginning with their first profitable year and a 50% tax reduction to the applicable tax rate for the subsequent three years. The Group’s PRC entities provided for enterprise income tax as follows: ·From 2013 to 2015, Guangzhou Huaduo accrued the EIT at a tax rate of 15% as a result of HNTE status.·Guangzhou Huanju Shidai reported tax loss from 2010 to 2013. On December 31, 2013, Guangzhou Huanju Shidai was granted the qualification asa software enterprise and started to enjoy the zero preferential tax rate beginning from 2014.·Other PRC subsidiaries, VIEs and VIE’s subsidiaries were subject to 25% EIT for the periods reported. According to a policy promulgated by the State Tax Bureau of the PRC and effective from 2008 onwards, enterprises engaged in research and developmentactivities are entitled to claim 150% of the research and development expenses so incurred in a year as tax deductible expenses in determining its taxassessable profits for that year (“Super Deduction”). Certain subsidiaries and VIEs of the Group successfully claimed the Super Deduction in ascertaining thetax assessable profits for the periods reported. In addition, according to the New EIT Law and its implementation rules, foreign enterprises, which have no establishment or place in the PRC but derivedividends, interest, rents, royalties and other income (including capital gains) from sources in the PRC shall be subject to PRC withholding tax (“WHT”) at10% (a further reduced WHT rate may be available according to the applicable double tax treaty or arrangement). The 10% WHT is applicable to anydividends to be distributed from the Group’s PRC subsidiaries, VIEs and VIE’s subsidiaries to the Group’s oversea companies. Aggregate undistributed earnings and reserves of the Group entities located in the PRC that are available for distribution to the Company as of December 31,2014 and 2015 are approximately RMB1,819,004 and RMB3,090,721, respectively. The undistributed earnings and reserves of the Group entities located inthe PRC are considered to be indefinitely reinvested, because the Group does not have any present plan to pay any cash dividends on its common shares inthe foreseeable future and intends to retain most of its available funds and any future earnings for use in the operation and expansion of its business.Accordingly, no deferred tax liability on 10% WHT of aggregate undistributed earnings and reserves of the Company’s subsidiaries located in the PRC hasbeen accrued that would be payable upon the distribution of those amounts to the Company as of December 31, 2014 and 2015. F- 55 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(All amount in thousands, except share and per share data, unless otherwise stated) 20.Income tax (continued) Composition of income tax expense The current and deferred portions of income tax expense included in the consolidated statements of operations are as follows: For the year ended December 31, 2013 2014 2015 RMB RMB RMB Current income tax expenses (125,365) (200,034) (203,366)Deferred income tax benefits 35,414 45,751 25,039 Income tax expense for the year (89,951) (154,283) (178,327) Reconciliation of the differences between statutory tax rate and the effective tax rate The reconciliation of total tax expense computed by applying the respective statutory income tax rate to pre-tax income is as follows: For the year ended December 31, 2013 2014 2015 RMB RMB RMB PRC Statutory income tax rate (25.0)% (25.0)% (25.0)%Effect of preferential tax rate 10.5% 13.1% 14.0%Effect of tax-exempt entities 2.2% 1.1% (1.6)%Effect of change in tax rate - - 0.5%Permanent differences (i) (4.0)% (3.5)% (3.8)%Change in valuation allowance (3.0)% (0.4)% (1.7)%Effect of Super Deduction available to the Group 3.4% 2.0% 2.3%Effective income tax rate (15.9)% (12.7)% (15.3)% (i)Permanent differences mainly arise from expenses not deductible for tax purposes including primarily share based compensation costs and expenses incurredby subsidiaries and VIEs. F- 56 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(All amount in thousands, except share and per share data, unless otherwise stated) 20.Income tax (continued) Deferred tax assets and liabilities Deferred taxes were measured using the enacted tax rates for the periods in which they are expected to be reversed. The tax effects of temporary differencesthat give rise to the deferred tax asset balances as of December 31, 2014 and 2015 are as follows: December 31, 2014 2015 RMB RMB Deferred tax assets, current: Deferred revenue 37,796 46,830 Allowance for doubtful accounts receivable, accrued expense and others not currently deductible for tax purposes 82,957 83,503 Valuation allowance (9,317) (13,412)Total current deferred tax assets, net 111,436 116,921 Deferred tax assets, non-current: Tax loss carried forward 14,654 39,904 Deferred revenue 343 1,414 Impairment of investment 798 1,698 Others 705 251 Valuation allowance (i) (15,108) (39,904)Total non-current deferred tax assets, net 1,392 3,363 Deferred tax liabilities, non-current: Related to acquired intangible assets 26,709 16,817 (i)Valuation allowance is provided against deferred tax assets when the Group determines that it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will not beutilized in the future. In making such determination, the Group considered factors including future taxable income exclusive of reversing temporarydifferences and tax loss carry forwards. Valuation allowance was provided for net operating loss carry forward because it was more likely than not that suchdeferred tax assets will not be realized based on the Group’s estimate of its future taxable income. If events occur in the future that allow the Group to realizemore of its deferred income tax than the presently recorded amounts, an adjustment to the valuation allowances will result in a decrease in tax expense whenthose events occur. Tax loss carry forwards As of December 31, 2015, the Group had tax loss carry forwards of approximately RMB159,616, which can be carried forward to offset future taxableincome. The net operating tax loss carry forwards will begin to expire as follows: Amount RMB 2016 - 2017 - 2018 9,440 2019 46,932 2020 103,244 Total 159,616 In accordance with PRC Tax Administration Law on the Levying and Collection of Taxes, the PRC tax authorities generally have up to five years to clawback underpaid tax plus penalties and interest for PRC entities’ tax filings. In the case of tax evasion, which is not clearly defined in the law, there is nolimitation on the tax years open for investigation. Accordingly, the PRC entities’ tax years from 2010 to 2015 remain subject to examination by the taxauthorities. There were no ongoing examinations by tax authorities as of December 31, 2015. F- 57 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(All amount in thousands, except share and per share data, unless otherwise stated) 21.Common shares During the year ended December 31, 2013, 21,256,900 Class A common shares were issued for the exercised share options, vested restricted shares andrestricted share units, 422,001,838 Class B common shares were converted to Class A common shares. As of December 31, 2013, 10,000,000,000 Class A common shares and 1,000,000,000 Class B common shares had been authorized, 622,658,738 Class Acommon shares and 485,831,386 Class B common shares had been issued and outstanding, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2014, 25,036,140 Class A common shares were issued for the exercised share options, vested restricted shares andrestricted share units and 58,478,690 Class B common shares were converted to Class A common shares. As of December 31, 2014, 10,000,000,000 Class A common shares and 1,000,000,000 Class B common shares had been authorized, 706,173,568 Class Acommon shares and 427,352,696 Class B common shares had been issued and outstanding, respectively. On May 4, 2014 and March 5, 2015, the Company’s board of directors approved two share repurchase programs (the “Share Repurchase Program”)respectively, pursuant to which the Company may repurchase from time to time at management’s discretion, at prevailing market prices in the open market inaccordance with Rule 10b-18 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, up to US$200 million in total of the Company’s outstanding ADSs for a period notto exceed twelve (12) months from the date of approval by board of directors. For the year ended December 31, 2015, the Company had repurchased underthe Share Repurchase Program an aggregate of 3,092,556 ADSs, representing 61,851,120 Class A common shares at an average price of US$54.82 per ADS,or US$2.74 per Class A common share, for aggregate consideration of US$169.5 million. Pursuant to ASC 505-30-30-8, since the shares were repurchasedfor constructive retirement, the excess of repurchase price over par value was recorded as deduction of additional paid-in capital upon the repurchase date. During the year ended December 31, 2015, 26,110,680 Class A common shares were issued for the exercised share options, vested restricted shares andrestricted share units and 57,794,720 Class B common shares were converted to Class A common shares. As of December 31, 2015, 10,000,000,000 Class A common shares and 1,000,000,000 Class B common shares had been authorized, 728,227,848 Class Acommon shares and 369,557,976 Class B common shares had been issued and outstanding, respectively. F- 58 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(All amount in thousands, except share and per share data, unless otherwise stated) 22.Share based compensation (a)Share options Pre-2009 Scheme Options Grant of options Before the adoption of the Employee Equity Incentive Scheme (the “2009 Incentive Scheme”), 12,705,700 and 8,499,050 share options were granted toemployees through individually signed share option agreements, to acquire common shares of Duowan BVI on a one-to-one basis on January 1, 2008 and2009 respectively. In addition, on January 1, 2008, 3,832,290 share options were granted to one non-employee for the provision of consulting services to theGroup (collectively defined as “Pre-2009 Scheme Options”). Vesting of options These Pre-2009 Scheme Options will vest over a four years’ service period, with 25% of the options vesting after the first anniversary of the vestinginception date and the remaining 75% in six equal installments over the following 36 months. The options may be exercised provided that both the serviceconditions and a performance condition are met. The performance condition is defined to be i) an initial public offering, ii) completion of a financing meetingcertain criteria, iii) an internal reorganization, or iv) a voluntary winding up of Duowan BVI. The performance condition that is tied to completion of afinancing fulfilling certain criteria was met in June 2008 or November 2009. The following table summarizes the activities of the Pre-2009 Scheme Options for employees and non-employee for the years ended December 31, 2013,2014 and 2015: Number ofoptions Weightedaverageexerciseprice (US$) Weightedaverageremainingcontractual life(years) Aggregateintrinsicvalue(US$) Outstanding, January 1, 2013 17,870,425 0.0055 5.37 12,642 Exercised (4,648,420) 0.0045 4.30 Outstanding, December 31, 2013 13,222,005 0.0059 4.40 33,162 Exercised (5,841,660) 0.0057 3.24 Outstanding, vested and exercisable, December 31, 2014 7,380,345 0.0061 3.52 22,959 Exercised (6,611,970) 0.0061 2.46 Outstanding, vested and exercisable, December 31, 2015 768,375 0.0067 2.99 2,395 F- 59 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(All amount in thousands, except share and per share data, unless otherwise stated) 22.Share based compensation (continued) (a)Share options (continued) Forfeitures are estimated at the time of grant. If necessary, forfeitures are revised in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates. The aggregate intrinsic value in the table above represents the difference between the Company’s common shares as of December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015and the exercise price. Prior to the completion of the IPO, the Binomial option pricing model is used to determine the fair value of the share options granted to employees and thenon-employee. Upon the completion of the IPO, the fair value of share options granted to a non-employee with nil exercise price was assessed to be equivalent to the fairvalue of the Company’s common share. These share options were remeasured at the stock price of the Company’s common share as of December 31, 2014and 2015. The total intrinsic value of options exercised during the year ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015 amounted to 64,195, RMB134,844 and RMB122,956,respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, the Company recorded share based compensation of RMB14,004, nil and nil,respectively, using the graded-vesting attribution method for employees and non-employee. As of December 31, 2015, there was no unrecognized compensation cost and expense related to Pre-2009 Scheme Options granted to employees and non-employee. Since January 1, 2010, Duowan BVI granted 61,250,677 restricted shares to employees and 100,000 restricted shares to a non-employee pursuant to the 2009Incentive Scheme. As of December 31, 2015, the restricted shares granted to employees and the non-employee were fully vested. F- 60 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(All amount in thousands, except share and per share data, unless otherwise stated) 22.Share based compensation (continued) (b)Restricted shares Vesting of restricted shares The restricted shares have vesting conditions and will vest 50% after 24 months of the grant date and the remaining 50% will vest in two equal installmentsover the next 24 months. Under the restricted shares agreement, no shares may be sold or transferred prior to the occurrence of an exit event, as defined in therespective restricted share agreements as: i) a listing on any recognized stock exchange, ii) a sale by Duowan BVI of all or substantially all of its assets, iii) asale of all of the issued capital of Duowan BVI, or iv) passing for court order of winding up of Duowan BVI. If the employee terminates employment, the service vested portion of the restricted shares may be subject to: (i) repurchase (subject to Company’s solediscretion) by Duowan BVI at fair value of common shares of Duowan BVI which is assessed by the Company with the assistance of an independentvaluation firm; or (ii) be held by a person who is an existing employee of the Group and is designated by the leaving restricted share holder according to aproperly signed escrow agreement to hold such shares for and on his/her behalf. If the leaving employee fails to deliver a properly signed agreement toDuowan BVI within 30 days from receipt of the notification from Duowan BVI, such service vested shares shall automatically lapse and expire. The following table summarizes the restricted shares activity for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015: Number of restricted shares Weighted averagegrant-date fair value (US$) Outstanding, January 1, 2013 18,230,801 0.4898 Forfeited (1,581,789) 0.8726 Vested (11,975,287) 0.3906 Outstanding, December 31, 2013 4,673,725 0.6144 Forfeited (159,410) 0.9362 Vested (4,514,315) 0.6030 Outstanding, December 31, 2014 and 2015 - - Forfeitures are estimated at the time of grant. If necessary, forfeitures are revised in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates. For the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, the Company recorded share based compensation of RMB7,300, RMB3,771 and nil, respectively,using the graded-vesting method for employees and non-employee. F- 61 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(All amount in thousands, except share and per share data, unless otherwise stated) 22.Share based compensation (continued) (c)Restricted Share Units On September 16, 2011, the board of the directors of the Company approved the 2011 Share Incentive Plan, which permits the grant of share options,restricted shares and restricted share units of up to 43,000,000 shares, to any qualified persons, as determined by the board of the directors of the Company.On the same date, the Company granted 9,097,000 restricted share units to employees pursuant to the 2011 Share Incentive Plan, that are subject to vestingover a four to five years’ period. During the year ended December 31, 2012, the Company granted 18,295,221 restricted share units to employees pursuant tothe 2011 Share Incentive Plan, which are subject to vesting over a two to four years’ period. No restricted share units were granted to non-employees up toDecember 31, 2012. In October 2012, the board of directors of the Company resolved that the maximum aggregate number of Class A common shares which may be issuedpursuant to all awards under the 2011 Incentive Scheme shall be 43,000,000 plus an annual increase of 20,000,000 on the first day of each fiscal year,beginning from 2013, or such lesser amount of Class A common shares as determined by the board of directors of the Company. During the year ended December 31, 2013, the Company granted 29,917,989 restricted share units to employees and 48,000 restricted share units to non-employee pursuant to the 2011 Share Incentive Plan, which are subject to vesting over a three to five years’ period. During the year ended December 31, 2014, the Company granted 9,912,595 restricted share units to employees pursuant to the 2011 Share Incentive Plan,which are subject to vesting over a 18 months to five years’ period. No restricted share units were granted to non-employees during the year ended December31, 2014. During the year ended December 31, 2015, the Company granted 16,012,644 restricted share units to employees pursuant to the 2011 Share Incentive Plan,which are subject to vesting over a three years to five years’ period. No restricted share units were granted to non-employees during the year ended December31, 2015. The following table summarizes the restricted share units activity for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015: Number of restricted shares Weighted averagegrant-date fair value (US$) Outstanding, January 1, 2013 26,695,621 1.0415 Granted 29,965,989 0.9338 Forfeited (3,522,992) 1.0699 Vested (8,836,018) 1.0429 Outstanding, December 31, 2013 44,302,600 0.9639 Granted 9,912,595 3.5805 Forfeited (3,125,430) 1.1859 Vested (12,283,670) 1.0144 Outstanding, December 31, 2014 38,806,095 1.5984 Granted 16,012,644 3.3358 Forfeited (7,312,548) 1.8920 Vested (11,222,589) 1.4374 Outstanding, December 31, 2015 36,283,602 2.3535 Expected to vest at December 31, 2015 34,548,581 2.3356 F- 62 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(All amount in thousands, except share and per share data, unless otherwise stated) 22.Share based compensation (continued) (c)Restricted Share Units (continued) For the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, the Company recorded share based compensation of RMB95,792, RMB130,718 and RMB152,205,using the graded-vesting attribution method. As of December 31, 2015, total unrecognized compensation expense relating to the restricted share units was RMB 294,041. The expense is expected to berecognized over a weighted average period of 1.16 years using the graded-vesting attribution method. (d)Share based awards granted to an employee of a subsidiary The Company completed a business combination in 2014 by acquiring 100% of equity interests in two vocational training companies, Xingxue andChuangzhi (Note 4). In the third quarter of 2015, the Company granted share based awards of Xingxue to one of Xingxue's key employee (the “Employee”). Under the arrangements entered into by the Company and the Employee, the Employee has been granted 20% of Xingxue’s equity interests with immediateeffect and will be entitled to purchase additional equity interests of Xingxue subject to the achievement of certain financial performance metrics of Xingxue(“call option”). These awards should be regarded as share based awards with performance conditions. The Company should recognize compensation cost forawards with performance conditions if and when the Company concludes that it is probable that the performance condition will be achieved. For the yearended December 31, 2015, based on the Company’s assessment on the probability of performance condition affiliated in this equity-classified award underASC 718, the Company has recognised share based compensation of RMB32,593 for the share based awards granted to the Employee including the initial20% of shares and the additional shares to be granted under the call option. Pursuant to the terms of the arrangements entered into by the Company and the Employee, if Xingxue does not successfully complete an IPO at a future datewhile certain financial performance metrics have been met, the Employee will be entitled to sell all the equity interests held by the Employee on Xingxue tothe Company at the then fair value (“put option”), based on the Company's assessment, as of December 31, 2015, the Company considered that the exerciseof the put option is not probable. Accordingly, no accretion charge has been recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015. (e)Other share based compensation For the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, the Company recorded share based compensation of nil, RMB143 and RMB574 for restricted sharesto the founder of a subsidiary of a variable interest entity. F- 63 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(All amount in thousands, except share and per share data, unless otherwise stated) 23.Basic and diluted net income per share Basic and diluted net income per share for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015 are calculated as follows: For the year ended December 31, 2013 2014 2015 RMB RMB RMB Numerator: Net income attributable to the Company 477,727 1,064,472 1,033,243 Numerator for basic net income per share 477,727 1,064,472 1,033,243 Numerator for diluted income per share 477,727 1,064,472 1,033,243 Denominator: Denominator for basic calculation—weighted average number of Class A and Class Bcommon shares outstanding 1,122,475,688 1,153,140,699 1,125,189,978 Dilutive effect of share options 16,362,048 10,372,442 2,711,486 Dilutive effect of restricted shares 14,400,670 2,604,789 - Dilutive effect of restricted share units 27,882,891 32,425,543 22,929,699 Denominator for diluted calculation 1,181,121,297 1,198,543,473 1,150,831,163 Basic net income per Class A and Class B common share 0.43 0.92 0.92 Diluted net income per Class A and Class B common share 0.40 0.89 0.90 Basic net income per ADS* 8.51 18.46 18.37 Diluted net income per ADS* 8.09 17.76 17.96 *Each ADS represents 20 Class A common shares. The weighted average number of common shares outstanding which could potentially dilute basic earnings per share in the future related to the 2019Convertible Senior Notes was 57,219,783 and 72,267,200 for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2015 respectively. The 2019 Convertible Senior Noteswere excluded in the computation of diluted earnings per share in 2015 because the inclusion of such instrument would be anti-dilutive. F- 64 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(All amount in thousands, except share and per share data, unless otherwise stated) 24.Related party transactions The table below sets forth the major related parties and their relationships with the Group: Major related parties Relationship with the Group Guangzhou Shanghang Information Technology Co., Ltd. (“Shanghang”) Significant influence exercised by the ChairmanBigo Inc (“Bigo”) (1) Significant influence exercised by the CEOGuangzhou Kuyou Information Technology Co., Ltd.(“Guangzhou Kuyou”) (2) Equity investmentZhuhai Daren Computer Technology Co., Ltd. (“Zhuhai Daren”) (3) Equity investmentShenzhen Qingdou Network Technology Co., Ltd.(“Shenzhen Qingdou”) Cost investment with significant influenceBeijing Xianqu Network Technology Co., Ltd.(“Beijing Xianqu”) Cost investment with significant influenceShanghai YaoYu Culture Media Co., Ltd.(“Shanghai Yaoyu”) Cost investment with significant influence (1) In October 2014, the Group entered into an agreement with its CEO to inject Weihui into Bigo, a company set up and which was then controlled by theCEO. In May 2015, the Group made a further capital injection of RMB122,249 to Bigo and owned an aggregate of 350 Million shares of Bigo, representingapproximately 25% of Bigo’s total outstanding shares as of December 31, 2015. (2) In March 2014, the Group made a further capital injection of RMB15,000 to Guangzhou Kuyou and owned 20% of the equity interests in the company. (3) In October 2015, the Group made a further capital injection of RMB500 to Zhuhai Daren and owned 40% of the equity interests in the company. F- 65 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(All amount in thousands, except share and per share data, unless otherwise stated) 24.Related party transactions (continued) During the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, significant related party transactions were as follows: For the year ended December 31, 2013 2014 2015 RMB RMB RMB Repayment from related parties 1,000 1,500 316,181 Online games revenue shared from related parties 29,528 65,247 163,912 Interest-free loan to related parties - 1,500 159,000 Payment on behalf of related parties - 61,000 95,311 Bandwidth service provided by Shanghang 21,272 42,470 74,661 Sales of equipment to Bigo - - 12,058 Purchase of operating rights for game broadcasting from Shanghai Yaoyu - - 11,486 Purchase of operating rights for licensed games from related parties - 6,836 10,022 Others 7,164 1,563 9,095 As of December 31, 2014 and 2015, the amounts due from/to related parties were as follows: December 31, 2014 2015 RMB RMB Amounts due from related parties Other receivables from Bigo 61,000 - Others 73 5,297 Total 61,073 5,297 Amounts due to related parties Other payables to Shanghang 4,342 10,167 Accounts payable to Guangzhou Kuyou 24,454 9,017 Accounts payable to Zhuhai Daren 2,020 4,127 Others 76 1,606 Total 30,892 24,917 The other receivables/payables from/to related parties are unsecured, interest-free and payable on demand. F- 66 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(All amount in thousands, except share and per share data, unless otherwise stated) 25.Fair value measurements Fair value reflects the price that would be received from selling an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants atthe measurement date. When determining the fair value measurements for assets and liabilities required or permitted to be recorded at fair value, the Groupconsiders the principal or most advantageous market in which it would transact and considers assumptions that market participants would use when pricingthe assets or liabilities. The Group applies a fair value hierarchy that requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs whenmeasuring fair value. A financial instrument’s categorization within the fair value hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to thefair value measurement. This guidance specifies a hierarchy of valuation techniques, which is based on whether the inputs into the valuation technique areobservable or unobservable. The hierarchy is as follows: Level 1—Valuation techniques in which all significant inputs are unadjusted quoted prices from active markets for assets or liabilities that are identical to theassets or liabilities being measured. Level 2—Valuation techniques in which significant inputs include quoted prices from active markets for assets or liabilities that are similar to the assets orliabilities being measured and/or quoted prices for assets or liabilities that are identical or similar to the assets or liabilities being measured from markets thatare not active. Also, model-derived valuations in which all significant inputs and significant value drivers are observable in active markets are Level 2valuation techniques. Level 3—Valuation techniques in which one or more significant inputs or significant value drivers are unobservable. Unobservable inputs are valuationtechnique inputs that reflect the Group’s own assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability. The fair value guidance describes three main approaches to measure the fair value of assets and liabilities: (1) market approach; (2) income approach and(3) cost approach. The market approach uses prices and other relevant information generated from market transactions involving identical or comparableassets or liabilities. The income approach uses valuation techniques to convert future amounts to a single present value amount. The measurement is based onthe value indicated by current market expectations about those future amounts. The cost approach is based on the amount that would currently be required toreplace an asset. When available, the Group uses quoted market prices to determine the fair value of an asset or liability. If quoted market prices are not available, the Groupwill measure fair value using valuation techniques that use, when possible, current market-based or independently sourced market parameters, such as interestrates and currency rates. The Group did not have any other financial instruments that were required to be measured at fair value on a recurring basis as ofDecember 31, 2015 except for one available-for-sale investment and contingent consideration. As the investment date was close to year end, there was no significant change in fair value of the the available-for-sale investment from the initial investmentdate to December 31, 2015. F- 67 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(All amount in thousands, except share and per share data, unless otherwise stated) 25.Fair value measurements (continued) The following table summarizes the Company’s liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis and are categorized using the fair valuehierarchy as of December 31, 2014 and December 31, 2015: As of December 31, 2014 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Liabilities Long-term payable: Contingent consideration in relation to a business acquisition - - 183,000 183,000 As of December 31, 2015 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Liabilities Long-term payable: Contingent consideration in relation to business acquisitions - - - - The following table presents the changes in level 3 instruments for the years ended 31 December, 2014 and 2015. Contingent consideration in relation to business acquisitions RMB Balance as of December 31, 2013 - Acquisition of 100 Online in 2014 (Note 4) 183,000 Balance as of December 31, 2014 183,000 Acquisition of Beifu in 2015 (Note 4) 107,306 Fair value change of contingent consideration in 2015 (290,306)Balance as of December 31, 2015 - As for contingent consideration in relation to business acquisitions, the Company used the Trinomial Tree model in determining the fair value of thecontingent consideration. In applying this model, the Company performs scenario analysis and the fair value of the contingent consideration was determinedbased on present value of the total contingent consideration under different scenarios and the probability of each scenario. The following table summarizesthe factors that the Company used to discount the contingent consideration in relation to acquisition in future years to its present value upon the acquisitiondate, Initial recognition of contingent consideration in relation to business acquisitions Risk free interest rate Discount rate Acquisition of 100 Online 4.14% 16%Acquisition of Beifu 3.81% 18% F- 68 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(All amount in thousands, except share and per share data, unless otherwise stated) 25.Fair value measurements (continued) Pursuant to ASC 805, subsequent measurement for changes in the fair value of contingent consideration after the acquisition date can be divided into twocategories. i.Additional information about facts and circumstances that existed at the acquisition date that the acquirer obtained after that date;ii.Changes resulting from events after the acquisition date. According to the relevant acquisition agreements, actual financial performance in specific years may result in subsequent changes to the contingentconsideration. Unless the change is due to additional information about facts already existed at the acquisition date, these changes should be regarded asresulting from events after the acquisition date and do not constitute measurement period adjustments. Therefore, the second category will be applied to theCompany. The Company will re-measure the fair value of the liability recognized for the contingent consideration at each reporting date until the contingencyis resolved. For the year ended December 31, 2015, the Company recorded a change in fair value of the contingent consideration of RMB290,306 in otherexpense pursuant to ASC 805-30-35-1(b). Apart from the contingent consideration in relation to business acquisitions and available-for-sale investment, the Group’s other financial instruments consistprincipally of cash, short-term deposits, accounts receivable, amounts due to/from related parties, accounts payable, certain accrued expenses and convertiblebonds. The recorded values of cash, accounts receivable, amounts due to/from related parties, accounts payable, certain accrued expenses and convertiblebonds are recorded at cost which approximates fair value. The fair value of convertible bonds is within level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. 26.Commitments and contingencies (a)Operating lease commitments The Group leases facilities in the PRC under non-cancellable operating leases expiring on different dates. Payments under operating leases are expensed on astraight-line basis over the periods of the respective leases. Total office rental expenses under all operating leases were RMB19,423, RMB28,144 and RMB53,674 for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and2015, respectively. As of December 31, 2015, future minimum payments under non-cancellable operating leases consist of the following: Office rental RMB 2016 40,495 2017 32,247 2018 19,567 2019 and after 1,209 93,518 (b)Capital commitment As of December 31, 2015, the Group had outstanding capital commitments totaling RMB55,784, which consisted of capital expenditures of a land use right. (c)Litigation In October 2014, Guangzhou NetEase Computer System Co., Ltd. (“NetEase”) brought a copyright infringement claim against the Group in the IntermediatePeople’s Court of Guangzhou, alleging that the Group’s live game broadcasting program has infringed the copyright of one of their online games calledFantasy Westward Journey. The claimant is seeking RMB100 million for their potential damages, requesting YY to cease the copyright infringementpractices and apologize publicly. This case is still in early stage and the Group is not able to make a reliable estimate of the potential loss, if any, at this stage. F- 69 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(All amount in thousands, except share and per share data, unless otherwise stated) 27.Subsequent events The Group has performed an evaluation of subsequent events through the date of this report, which is the date the financial statements were issued, with noother material events or transactions needing recognition or disclosure found. 28.Restricted net assets Relevant PRC laws and regulations permit payments of dividends by the Group’s subsidiaries and the VIEs and VIE’s subsidiaries incorporated in the PRConly out of their retained earnings, if any, as determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. In addition, the Company’ssubsidiaries and the VIEs and VIE’s subsidiaries in the PRC are required to annually appropriate 10% of their net after-tax income to the statutory generalreserve fund prior to payment of any dividends, unless such reserve funds have reached 50% of their respective registered capital. As a result of these andother restrictions under PRC laws and regulations, the Group’s subsidiaries and the VIEs and VIE’s subsidiaries incorporated in the PRC are restricted intheir ability to transfer a portion of their net assets to the Company either in the form of dividends, loans or advances, which restricted portion as calculatedunder U.S. GAAP amounted to approximately RMB343,090 and RMB2,685,373 as of December 31, 2014 and 2015, respectively. There are no differencesbetween U.S. GAAP and PRC accounting standards in connection with the reported net assets of the legally owned subsidiaries in the PRC and the VIEs andVIE’s subsidiaries. Even though the Company currently does not require any such dividends, loans or advances from the PRC entities for working capital andother funding purposes, the Company may in the future require additional cash resources from them due to changes in business conditions, to fund futureacquisitions and development, or merely to declare and pay dividends or distributions to our shareholders. Except for the above, there is no other restrictionon use of proceeds generated by the Group’s subsidiaries and the VIEs and VIE’s subsidiaries to satisfy any obligations of the Company. The Company performed a test on the restricted net assets of consolidated subsidiaries and VIEs in accordance with Securities and Exchange CommissionRegulation S-X Rule 4-08 (e) (3), “General Notes to Financial Statements” and concluded that the restricted net assets exceeded 25% of the consolidated netassets of the Company as of December 31, 2015 and the condensed financial information of the Company are required to be presented (Note 30). 29.Segment Reporting Prior to 2015, the Group’s internal reporting to the CODM does not distinguish cost and expenses among segments. Hence, the Group had only one operatingsegment prior to 2015. Starting from the first quarter of 2015, in order to better evaluate the Group’s business performance and better allocate resources the CODM began to reviewYY IVAS and others, Huya broadcasting, and 100 Education separately. The CODM assesses the performance of the operating segments mainly based on net revenues, gross profit / (loss), operating income / (loss) of eachreporting segment. Net revenues of YY IVAS and others are presented for the CODM’s review separately. Gross profit and operating income of YY IVASand others are presented for the CODM’s review on a combined basis as the cost of revenues and operating expenses of others cannot be distinguished fromthose of YY IVAS. Net revenues, gross loss and operating loss of Huya broadcasting and 100 education are presented for the CODM’s review separately.Segmental information for prior periods was prepared and presented on the same basis as 2015 for comparative information purpose. The Group currently does not allocate assets to all of its segments, as its CODM does not use such information to allocate resources or evaluate theperformance of the operating segments. As the Group’s long-lived assets and revenue are substantially located in and derived from the PRC, no geographical segments are presented. The Group currently does not allocate assets to all of its segments, as its CODM does not use such information to allocate resources or evaluate theperformance of the operating segments. F- 70 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(All amount in thousands, except share and per share data, unless otherwise stated) 29.Segment Reporting (continued) The following table presents summary information by segment: For the year ended December 31, 2015: YY IvAS Others YY IvASandothers Huyabroadcasting 100Education Total RMB RMB RMB RMB RMB RMB Net revenues Internet value-added service —Online music andentertainment 3,320,052 - 3,320,052 - - 3,320,052 —Online games 771,882 - 771,882 - - 771,882 —Online dating 651,019 - 651,019 - - 651,019 —Other IVAS 561,682 - 561,682 356,324 - 918,006 Other revenues - 112,516 112,516 - 123,774 236,290 Total net revenues 5,304,635 112,516 5,417,151 356,324 123,774 5,897,249 Cost of revenues (1) (2,798,064) (655,066) (126,614) (3,579,744) Gross profit / (loss) 2,619,087 (298,742) (2,840) 2,317,505 Operating expenses (1) Research and developmentexpenses (445,411) (66,538) (36,850) (548,799)Sales and marketing expenses (253,129) (24,469) (35,272) (312,870)General and administrativeexpenses (240,536) (25,869) (92,069) (358,474)Goodwill impairment (128,034) - (182,090) (310,124)Fair value change of contingentconsideration 107,306 - 185,165 292,471 Total operating expenses (959,804) (116,876) (161,116) (1,237,796) Other income 82,300 - - 82,300 Operating income / (loss) 1,741,583 (415,618) (163,956) 1,162,009 (1) Share based compensation was allocated in cost of revenues and operating expenses as follows: YY IvAS and others Huya broadcasting 100 Education Total RMB RMB RMB RMB Cost of revenues 22,077 1,497 389 23,963 Research and development expenses 59,400 4,754 6,797 70,951 Sales and marketing expenses 3,119 164 - 3,283 General and administrative expenses 51,260 3,302 32,613 87,175 Share based compensation expenses 135,856 9,717 39,799 185,372 F- 71 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(All amount in thousands, except share and per share data, unless otherwise stated) 29.Segment Reporting (continued) For the year ended December 31, 2014: YY IvAS Others YY IvASandothers Huyabroadcasting 100Education Total RMB RMB RMB RMB RMB RMB Net revenues Internet value-added service —Online music andentertainment 2,109,503 - 2,109,503 - - 2,109,503 —Online games 811,699 - 811,699 - - 811,699 —Online dating 194,134 - 194,134 - - 194,134 —Other IVAS 262,318 - 262,318 153,371 - 415,689 Other revenues - 146,393 146,393 - 950 147,343 Total net revenues 3,377,654 146,393 3,524,047 153,371 950 3,678,368 Cost of revenues (1) (1,586,933) (248,154) (14,062) (1,849,149) Gross profit / (loss) 1,937,114 (94,783) (13,112) 1,829,219 Operating expenses (1) Research and developmentexpenses (362,352) (47,765) (21,071) (431,188)Sales and marketing expenses (97,983) (4,399) (145) (102,527)General and administrativeexpenses (200,535) (20,954) (1,530) (223,019) Total operating expenses (660,870) (73,118) (22,746) (756,734) Other income 6,319 - - 6,319 Operating income / (loss) 1,282,563 (167,901) (35,858) 1,078,804 (1) Share based compensation was allocated in cost of revenues and operating expenses as follows: YY IvAS and others Huya broadcasting 100 Education Total RMB RMB RMB RMB Cost of revenues 16,552 1,185 300 18,037 Research and development expenses 47,315 1,895 4,931 54,141 Sales and marketing expenses 2,803 4 - 2,807 General and administrative expenses 57,938 1,660 49 59,647 Share based compensation expenses 124,608 4,744 5,280 134,632 F- 72 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(All amount in thousands, except share and per share data, unless otherwise stated) 30.Additional information – condensed financial statements The condensed financial statements of YY Inc. have been prepared in accordance with SEC Regulation S-X Rule 5-04 and Rule 12-04. The Company records its investments in subsidiaries under the equity method of accounting. Such investments to subsidiaries are presented on the balancesheet as “Interests in subsidiaries, VIEs and VIE’s subsidiaries” and the profit of the subsidiaries is presented as “Share of profit of subsidiaries, VIEs andVIE’s subsidiaries” in the statement of operations and comprehensive income. For the VIEs and VIE’s subsidiaries, where the Company is the primary beneficiary, the amount of the Company’s investment is included in the balancesheet as “Interests in subsidiaries, VIEs and VIE’s subsidiaries” and the profit of the VIEs and VIE’s subsidiaries is included in “Share of profit ofsubsidiaries, VIEs and VIE’s subsidiaries” in the statement of operations and comprehensive income. The footnote disclosures contain supplemental information relating to the operations of the Company and, as such, these financial statements should be readin conjunction with the notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Company. Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included infinancial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP have been condensed or omitted. As of December 31, 2014 and 2015, there were no material contingencies, significant provisions for long-term obligations, or guarantees of the Company,except for those, if any, which have been separately disclosed in the consolidated financial statements. F- 73 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(All amount in thousands, except share and per share data, unless otherwise stated) 30.Additional information – condensed financial statements (continued) (a) Condensed balance sheets of YY Inc. as of December 31, 2014 and 2015 As of December 31, 2014 2015 2015 RMB RMB US$ (Note 2(e)) Assets Current assets Amounts due from a subsidiary 2,866,431 1,881,616 290,472 Non-current assets Interests in subsidiaries, VIEs and VIE’s subsidiaries 2,643,382 3,944,457 608,919 Other non-current assets 42,275 25,284 3,903 Total non-current assets 2,685,657 3,969,741 612,822 Total assets 5,552,088 5,851,357 903,294 Liabilities and shareholders’ equity Current liabilities Interests payable 13,944 14,795 2,284 Non-current liabilities Convertible bonds 2,447,980 2,597,403 400,970 Total liabilities 2,461,924 2,612,198 403,254 Shareholders’ equity Class A common shares (US$0.00001 par value; 10,000,000,000 shares authorized, 706,173,568shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2014 and 728,227,848 shares issued andoutstanding as of December 31, 2015) 43 43 7 Class B common shares (US$0.00001 par value; 1,000,000,000 shares authorized, 427,352,696shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2014 and 369,557,976 shares issued andoutstanding as of December 31, 2015) 30 27 4 Additional paid-in capital 2,900,458 2,011,799 310,568 Retained earnings 230,432 1,263,675 195,078 Accumulated other comprehensive loss (40,799) (36,385) (5,617) Total shareholders’ equity 3,090,164 3,239,159 500,040 Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity 5,552,088 5,851,357 903,294 F- 74 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(All amount in thousands, except share and per share data, unless otherwise stated) 30.Additional information – condensed financial statements (continued) (b) Condensed statements of operations and comprehensive income of YY Inc. for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015 For the year ended December 31, 2013 2014 2015 2015 RMB RMB RMB US$ (Note2(e)) Share of profit of subsidiaries, VIEs and VIE’s subsidiaries 477,727 1,121,079 1,108,029 171,051 Interest expense - (56,607) (74,786) (11,545) Income before income tax expenses 477,727 1,064,472 1,033,243 159,506 Net income 477,727 1,064,472 1,033,243 159,506 Other comprehensive (loss) / income: Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of nil tax (31,014) 3,638 4,414 681 Comprehensive income 446,713 1,068,110 1,037,657 160,187 (c) Condensed statements of cash flows of YY Inc. for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015 For the year ended December 31, 2013 2014 2015 2015 RMB RMB RMB US$ (Note2(e)) Net cash (used in)/provided by operating activities - - - - Net cash used in investing activities - (2,412,290) - - Net cash provided by financing activities - 2,412,290 - - F- 75 Exhibit 4.27 English Summary of Contract for State-owned Construction Land Use Right Assignment Assignor: Guangzhou Land Resources and Real Estate Administration Bureau Assignee: Guangzhou Huaduo Network Technology Co., Ltd. General Provisions 1.In accordance with the Property Law of the People's Republic of China, contract Law of the People's Republic of China, Land Administration Law ofPeople's Republic of China, the Urban Real Estate Administration Law of the People's Republic of China, relevant administrative regulations and rules onland supply plicies, the two parties enter into the contract based on the principles of equality, voluntariness, with compensation and in good faith. 2.The ownership of the assigned land belongs to the People's Republic of China. The Assignor can only assign the state-owned construction land use rightto the Assignee in accordance with laws. The resources and objects buried under shall continue to be owned by the State. 3.The Assignee has the right to possess, use, make profit and dispose of the land within the period of assignment, and shall be entitled to the construction ofbuildings, fixtures and any auxiliary facilities by making use of the land hereof. Delivery of the Assigned Land and Payment of the Assignment Charge 4.The Registered No. of the land parcel under the contract is 05015020150011 , with the total area of 9,958 square meters. Of which, the assigned land areaof the land parcel is 9,958 square meters. The assigned land parcel under the contract is located at Zone A of Pazhou . 5.The use purpose of the assigned land is for wholesale and retail (051), accommondation and food/beverage (052), business and finance (053) . 6.The Assignor agrees to deliver the assigned land to the Assignee prior to the date of February 20, 2016 . The Assignor agrees that the assigned land shallremain its current status upon delivering the land. 7.The assignment charge for the state-owned construction land use right under the contract is RMB 1,859,480,000 , with RMB 186,733 per square meter. 8.The deposit for the assigned land is RMB 371,896,000 . The deposit shall be regarded as part of the payment of assignment charge. 9.The assignment charge for the state-owned construction land use right shall be paid by installments according to the following time and amount. First Phase : RMB 929,740,000 ; Date of Payment is prior to September 20, 2015Second Phase : RMB 929,740,000; Date of Payment is December 20, 2015 As the assignment charge for the state-owned construction land use right is paid in installments, the Assignee agrees to pay interests to the Assignor.When the second installment is paid according to payment schedule, the interests shall be based on the interest rate published by the People's Bank ofChina (PBOC) on the date when the first installment occurs. 10.After all the assignment charge of the land is paid up in accordance with the contract, the Assignee may apply for the Certificate of State-ownedConstruction Land Use Right Assignment by presenting the contract, payment receipt of the assignment charge and other relevant materials. Development, Construction and Utilization of the Assigned Land 11.The new buildings, fixtures and their auxiliary facilities established on the assigned land under the contract shall be satisfied with the planningrequirement for the assigned land regulated by the municipal (county) planning administrations. 12.The Assignee agrees to commence the construction on the assigned land before February 20, 2017 and complete before February 20, 2020. In case the commencement of construction needs to be deferred, the Assignee shall submit the application for deferral to the Assignor 30 days in advance.After the deferral of commencement is approved by the Assignor, the completion date shall also be deferred accordingly. However, the deferral shouldnot be exceed one year. 13.The Assignee should utilize the assigned land according to the purpose and floor area ratio regulated under the contract. Any alteration of such isprohibited. When the land use purpose needs to be changed, both parties shall complete the formalities of land use alteration in accordance with relevantlaws. Both parties shall sign an alteration agreement on the state-owned construction land use right assignment or resign a new contract on the land useright assignment. The Assignee shall make a supplementary payment for the balance between evaluated market price of the contruction land use rightwith the price under new purpose. The evaluated market price shall subject to the time when the alteration of land use is approved. The registration ofland use alteration shall be undertaken afterwards. Transfer, Lease and Mortgage of the State-Owned Construction Land Use Right 14.The Assignee is entitled to transfer, lease or mortgage, fully or partially, the land use right under the contract provided that the Assignee has made fullpayment of the assignment fee, received the Certificate for the Use of State-owned Land and obtained the land use right assigned. Nevertheless, in thefirst transfer of the land use rights, investment and development shall be made in accordance with the contract, and above 25% of the total investment inthe development shall have been completed. Expiration of the Term 15.Upon expiration of the term of the land use right under the contract, the land user may apply for a renewal of the land use right no less than one year priorto the expiration of the term of use if continued use of the land is needed. The Assignor shall approve the renewal unless the assigned land under thecontract shall be withdrawn for public interests. 16.In case application to renew is made by the land user but failed due to the needs of public interests upon expiration of the term of land assignment, theland user shall return the Certificate of Use of State-owned Land and the Assignor shall recover the land use right on behalf of the State withoutcompensation and cancel the registration of the land use right in accordance with related regulations. The Assignor shall recover the above-groundbuildings, fixtures and their affiliated facilities on the assigned land, and give reasonable compensation to the land user based on the residual value ofthese buildings, fixtures and their affiliated facilities at the time of recovery. Liability for Breach of contract 17.The Assignee must make payment of the assignment fee on time as agreed in the contract. In case of failure to pay the assignment fee on time, theAssignee shall pay the Assignor an overdue fine which is 0.1% of the delayed amount on a daily basis as of the due date of payment. In case the delay inpayment exceeds 60 days, the Assignor shall be entitled to terminate the contract and recover the land use right. The Assignee is not entitled to claim backthe down payment, whereas the Assignor may demand compensation from the Assignee for other losses due to the breach of the contract. 2 18.In case the Assignee ceases to invest in and construct the project due to its own reasons, thus requesting termination of the contract and applying to returnthe land to the Assignor, the Assignor shall obtain approval from the People's Government or government office that formerly approved the landassignment scheme, then return, in accordance with the agreements hereinafter where applicable, partially or fully the assignment fee except the downpayment agreed in the contract (and excluding interests) and recover the land use right at no consideration for the buildings and structure alreadyconstructed within the land parcel. The Assignor may also call on the Assignee to remove the existing buildings and structures to restore the surface of theland. (1) In case the application is made by the Assignee to the Assignor no less than 60 days before the date of one year from the date of constructioncommencement agreed in the contract, the Assignor shall, after withholding the down payment, return the assignment fee already paid by the Assignee; (2) In case the application is made by the Assignee to the Assignor after one year but no less than 60 days before the date of two years from the date ofconstruction commencement as agreed in the contract, the Assignor shall, after withholding the down payment and imposing the idle land fee, return theremaining assignment fee that has been paid to the Assignee. 19.In case the Assignee causes the land for construction to become idle, and the term of idleness reaches one year but is less than two years, an idle land feeshall be imposed; if the term of idleness reaches two years and construction is yet to commence, the Assignor is entitled to recover the State-owned landuse right without compensation. 20.In case the Assignee fails to commence construction at the date agreed in the contract, or a date for delayed construction is otherwise agreed, the Assigneeshall pay the Assignor a penal sum that equals 0. 05% of the total assignment fee for each day that is delayed. The Assignor is entitled to request theAssignee to continue performance of obligations. In case the Assignee fails to complete construction at the date agreed in the contract, or a date for delayed completion is otherwise agreed, the Assigneeshall pay the Assignor a penal sum of 0.05% of the total assignment fee for each day that is delayed. 21.In case the total investment in fixed assets, investment frequency and total investing amount fail to meet the standards as agreed upon in the contract, theAssignor may, in accordance with the ratio of actual difference to the agreed total investment and investment frequency, impose a penal sum equal to thesame ratio of the total assignment fee, and the Assignor may request the Assignee to continue performance of obligations. 22.In case any index of building volumetric fraction, building density and other index is lower than the minimum standard under the contract, the Assignormay, in accordance with the ratio of actual difference to the agreed minimum standard, impose a penal sum equal to the same ratio of the total assignmentfee, and the Assignor may request the Assignee to continue performance of obligations. Where and if any index such as the building volumetric fraction,building density and other index is higher than the maximum standard, the Assignor is entitled to withdraw the portion in excess of the maximumstandard, and in accordance with the ratio of actual difference to the agreed maximum standard, impose a penal sum equal to the same ratio of the totalassignment fee. 23.Upon payment of the assignment fee by the Assignee, the Assignor shall deliver the assigned land as scheduled under the contract. Where the Assignorfails to deliver the assigned land as scheduled and causes a delay in the Assignee's use of land, the Assignor shall pay to the Assignee a penal sum of 1%of the assignment fee already paid by the Assignee, and the term of land use shall commence on the date of actual delivery. Where the delay in deliveringthe assigned land exceeds 60 days, and the Assignor fails to delay the land upon the Assignee's urge, the Assignor shall refund to the Assignee double theamount of deposit and return the remaining portion of the assignment fee paid, the Assignee may recover damages from the Assignor. 3 24.In case the Assignor fails to deliver the land as scheduled or the delivered land fails to meet the conditions under the contract or unilaterally changes theconditions of use of the land, the Assignee is entitled to request performance of the Assignor's obligations under the contract, and to claim for damagesarising out of delayed performance. The term of the land use shall commence on the date that the condition of the land meets the standards of the contract. Applicable Laws and Dispute Resolution 25.The conclusion, validity, interpretation, performance and dispute resolution related to the contract shall be governed by the laws of People's Republic ofChina. 26.Disputes arising from the performance of the contract shall be resolved by both Parties through negotiation. Where negotiation fails, the dispute shall besubmitted to the People's Court for litigation. Miscellaneous 27.The scheme of land parcel assignment under the contract has been approved by the People's Government of the City of Guangzhou, the contract shallbecome effective as of the date of execution by both Parties. Assignor: /seal/ Guangzhou Land Resources and Real Estate Administration Bureau Signature: /s/ Assignee: /seal/ Guangzhou Huaduo Network Technology Co., Ltd. Signature: /s/ Date: August 20, 2015 4 Exhibit 4.28 Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreement This Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreement (this “Agreement”) is made and entered into by and between the following parties on August 25, 2015 in Beijing,the People’s Republic of China (“ China ” or the “ PRC ”). (1)Beijing Bilin Online Information Technology Co., Ltd. , a validly existing limited liability company duly incorporated under the PRC laws, with itsregistered address at Room 709 Building 1, #39 Anding Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China (“ Domestic Company ”); and (2)Beijing Bilin Changxiang Information Technology Co., Ltd. , a validly existing limited liability company duly incorporated under the PRC laws, withits registered address at A553, 6/F Beijing Jinyuan Shidai Shopping Center, #1 Yuanda Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China (“ WFOE ”). Each of Domestic Company and WFOE shall be hereinafter referred to as a “Party” respectively, and as the “Parties” collectively. PREAMBLE WFOE is a consultancy company engaged in network technology, computer software technology research and development, technology transfer, technicalconsulting, technology services, and organize culture and art communication activities (excluding performance intermediary), enterprise management consulting,investment consulting and provide specific technical and business advisory services through its domestic subsidiary to the Domestic Company. The DomesticCompany is a company specified in technology development, technology transfer, technology consulting, technology services, technology promotion;advertisement agency and publishing; culture and art communication; enterprise management consulting; investment consulting (the " Business "). The DomesticCompany intends to enter into an exclusive agreement with WFOE, through which WFOE provides technology, consulting and other services related to theBusiness to the Domestic Company. NOW, THEREFORE, the Parties have reached the following agreements: 1.DEFINITIONS AND INTERPRETATIONS 1.1Definitions . Unless otherwise provided, in this Agreement: Business has the meaning assigned to it in the Preamble. CIETAC means the China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission. 1 Dispute has the meaning assigned to it in Section 16.2. Force Majeure Event has the meaning assigned to it in Section 10.1. Governmental Approval means all license, permit, approval, ratification, consent, waiver or registration required or issued by PRC governmentauthorities. Services has the meaning assigned to it in Section 2.1. Service Fee has the meaning assigned to it in Section 3.1. Term has the meaning assigned to it in Section 4.1. 1.2 Headings . All headings in this Agreement are for convenience only and shall not affect the interpretation of this Agreement. 1.3 Interpretations . Unless otherwise provided, below words, expressions and references shall have the following meanings: (a)When referring to the terms and exhibits of this Agreement, it shall also include such terms and exhibits as amended from time to time. (b)When referring to this Agreement or other agreement or document, it shall also include the modifications, remarks or supplements to this Agreement orother agreement or document from time to time. (c)When referring to any law or statutory provision, it shall also include any revision, extension, combination or replacement related to such law orprovision, and any law or provision that revise, extend, combine or replace the first law or provision, and also include orders, ordinances, instructions orother subordinate legislation promulgated in accordance with relevant law or provisions. (d)Singular form shall also include plural form and vice versa. (e)Person include individual, proprietorship, partnership, joint venture, company, joint-stock company, unincorporated organization, state and governmentorgans, and its assignee, transferee or successor. (f)Include and especially are special terms for description or emphasis purposes only, and shall not limit any provision in any way. (g)This Agreement is drafted jointly by both Parties. No narrow interpretation rule shall be applied to any Party. 2.SCOPE OF SERvICE 2.1 Service Description . The Domestic Company hereby engages WFOE as its exclusive service provider. During the Term of this Agreement, WFOE shall,through its domestic subsidiary, provide consulting services related to the research and development of electronics, communication and network technologies to theDomestic Company. Such services include but not limited to technical support, business consulting, intellectual property licensing, lease of equipment or property,sales, system integration, product research and development, system maintenance and other services solely considered by WFOE as necessary for the operation ofthe Domestic Company (the " Services "). 2 2.2 Exclusiveness . During the Term of this Agreement, without prior written consent of WFOE, the Domestic Company shall not, whether directly orindirectly, (i) solicit or accept any services identical or similar to the Services hereunder from any third party; or (ii) enter into cooperation agreement with anythird party on issues related to the subject matter of this Agreement. 3. SERvICE FEE 3.1 The Domestic Company shall pay WFOE a service fee for the Services contemplated in this Agreement (the " Service Fee ") on a quarterly basis. Theamount of the Service Fee payable for each quarter shall be the net revenue (as recorded in the quarterly management report of the Domestic Company) of theDomestic Company in that particular quarter. 3.2 The Domestic Company shall pay the Service Fee to WFOE within ten (10) days upon the receipt of WFOE’s invoice, which shall be enclosed with adocument evidencing the basis for the calculation of such Service Fee. Without prejudice to the provision of Section 3.4 of this Agreement, no deduction, offset orset-off shall be made when paying the Service Fee. 3.3 The Domestic Company shall prudently, duly and timely make its monthly and quarterly management report in accordance to its applicable accountingstandard and policies, and shall provide such reports to WFOE as soon as possible. 3.4 Within ninety (90) days after the end of each fiscal year, the Domestic Company shall (a) deliver to WFOE the audited financial reports of the DomesticCompany of that fiscal year, which shall be reviewed and attested by an auditor approved by WFOE; and (b) if, as recorded in abovementioned audited financialstatements, the net revenue of the Domestic Company in that fiscal year (A) is greater than the aggregate amount paid to WFOE by the Domestic Companyquarterly in that fiscal year, pay the difference to WFOE; or (B) is less than the aggregate amount paid to WFOE by the Domestic Company quarterly in that fiscalyear, the Domestic Company is entitled to set-off the amount payable to WFOE in the next fiscal year using such difference. 4. TERM 4.1 This Agreement takes effect as of the date of execution. Unless terminated in accordance with the provisions of this Agreement or terminated by WFOEin writing, the term of this Agreement shall be perpetual (the " Term "). Notwithstanding the above stipulation, after the execution of this Agreement, the Partiesshall review the provision in relation to the Services and the Service Fee from time to time to decide whether it is necessary to amend or supplement the provisionsin this Agreement based on the actual circumstances at that time. 3 5. TERMINATION 5.1 This Agreement takes effect upon execution, and remains effective throughout the Term, unless early terminated by WFOE at its own discretion througha written notice to the Domestic Company. 5.2 Before the expiration of the Term of this agreement, this Agreement shall not be terminated by the Domestic Company. 6. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS 6.1 WFOE or its domestic subsidiary shall have exclusive and proprietary rights and interests in all rights, ownership, interests of the intellectual propertyrights arising out of or created during the performance of this Agreement, including but not limited to copyrights, patents, patent applications, trademarks,software, technology secrets, trade secrets, technical know-how and other intellectual property rights created by the Domestic Company or WFOE. 6.2 If a research or development is based on intellectual property rights owned by the Domestic Company, the Domestic Company shall ensure that suchintellectual property rights are free of defects, otherwise the Domestic Company shall be liable for all damages and losses caused by such defects and incurred byWFOE or its domestic subsidiary. If WFOE or its domestic subsidiary is liable to any third party due to such defects, WFOE or its domestic subsidiary shall beentitled to indemnity from the Domestic Company for all losses. 6.3 WFOE or its domestic subsidiary may license the intellectual property rights mentioned in Section 6.1 to the Domestic Company and its associated partieson a non-exclusive basis. Such license shall be subject to a separate agreement entered into by both Parties. Without prior written consent of WFOE or its domesticsubsidiary, the intellectual property rights licensed by WFOE or its domestic subsidiary to the Domestic Company shall not be transferred or sublicensed to anythird party by the Domestic Company. 7. UNDERTAkINGS 7.1 The Domestic Company undertakes as follows: (a) Without prior written consent of WFOE, it shall not conduct business outside its ordinary scope of business; 4 (b)Without prior written consent of WFOE, it shall not provide to or accept from third party any material loans, except for those happened in the ordinarycourse of business; (c)Without prior written consent of WFOE, it shall not succeed or guarantee any debt, except for those happened in the ordinary course of business; (d)Without prior written consent of WFOE, it shall not merge or enter into consortium with any third party, or acquire any third party, or be acquired orcontrolled, increase or decrease its registered capital, or in other way change its registered capital structure; (e)In line with the requirement of WFOE, it shall comply with PRC laws, appoint any Person designated by WFOE as the legal representative, directors andsenior officers of the Domestic Company, and not to change or dismiss any director or senior officer without prior written consent of WFOE; (f)Without prior written consent of WFOE, it shall not sell to or acquire from third party, or in any other way dispose its material assets, whether tangible orintangible, except for those happened in the ordinary course of business; (g)Without prior written consent of WFOE, it shall not provide guarantee or guarantee in other forms to third party using its assets, or create anyencumbrances to its assets; (h)It shall first consult with WFOE for any amendment to its articles of association; (i)Without prior written consent of WFOE, it shall not in any way distribute dividends or share interests. (j)Without prior written consent of WFOE, it shall not enter into liquidation and division of its remaining property; (k)Without prior written consent of WFOE, the Domestic Company shall not solicit or accept any services related to the Business from any third party, orenter into cooperation agreement with any third party on issues related to the subject matter of this Agreement, whether through service, lease, businesscooperation or any other form; (l)Without prior written consent of WFOE, it shall not recruit or employ new employees; (m)When making any decision that may create material effect on the business, operation, assets, right or obligation of the Domestic Company, it shall consultwith WFOE. In addition, the Domestic Company shall implement legitimate business or technical orders or instructions sent by WFOE from time to time,unless there are obvious material negligence in such orders or instructions; and 5 (n)Procure any of its affiliates or subsidiaries to abide by above undertakings. 8.REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES 8.1The Domestic Company represents and warrants to WFOE as follows: (a)The Domestic Company is a company legally registered and validly existing in accordance with the PRC laws and is competent and has obtained therelevant powers and authorizations for owning, operating and leasing its assets and properties and engaging in its current business. The DomesticCompany has obtained all necessary consent and approval from third parties and government agencies to conduct business in the territory of PRC; (b)The Domestic Company has obtained all necessary consent, approval, authorization and order for the execution, delivery and performance of thisAgreement, and the Domestic Company has all rights, powers and abilities to execute, deliver and perform this Agreement. The execution andperformance of this Agreement by the Domestic Company belong to its scope of business. (c)The execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement, and the consummation of the transaction contemplated herein will not (i) breach any law ofPRC; (ii) conflict with any contract entered into by the Domestic Company, or result in any default or breach of such contract by the Domestic Company;or (iii) be in contrary to any condition of the permits or approvals required for the Domestic Company to conduct its business; and (d)This Agreement, subject to its terms, constitutes the Domestic Company’s legal, valid and binding obligations, and shall be enforceable against it. 8.2WFOE represents and warrants to the Domestic Company as follows: (a)WFOE is a company legally registered and validly existing in accordance with the PRC laws; (b)The execution and performance of this Agreement by WFOE are consistent with its corporate qualification and belong to its scope of business; (c)WFOE has taken all necessary corporate actions to obtain approval and authorization to enter into this Agreement; and (d)This Agreement, subject to its terms, constitutes WFOE’s legal, valid and binding obligations, and shall be enforceable against it. 9.DEFAULT AND INDEMNIFICATION 9.1Any of below circumstances shall constitute a default of the Domestic Company under this Agreement: (a)Non-payment : The Domestic Company fails to pay due and payable Service Fee to WFOE in accordance with the terms and conditions of thisAgreement; 6 (b)Breach of Other Obligations : The Domestic Company fails to perform its obligations under this Agreement, including breaching any representations orwarranties made by the Domestic Company; (c)Loss of Goodwill : The non-payment of any debt owed by the Domestic Company which is declared to be or becomes due and payable before maturity, orthe non-payment at maturity of any debt owed by the Domestic Company of which the creditor is entitled to declare due and payable before maturity; (d)Enforcement : The creditors seize or possess the assets of the Domestic Company, or initiate proceedings to seize, enforce, confiscate or apply otherproceedings on the assets of the Domestic Company; and (e)Regulatory Measures : Any government organ applies any measure, proceeding, fine or other adverse regulatory measures against the Domestic Companyor its business, including without limitation, repeal or discontinue to issue any government approval. 9.2 The Domestic Company shall indemnify and hold harmless WFOE and its director, officers, employees, agents and associated parties from any losses,damages, injuries, obligations or expenses caused by any lawsuit, claims or other demands against WFOE arising from or caused by the default of the DomesticCompany under this Agreement. 10.FORCE MAJEURE 10.1 If any Party delays or fails to perform its obligation hereunder due to fire, strike, embargo, government requirement, military action, terrorist assault orterrorist threats, action of God or other exceptional situation that cannot be overcome or avoided by the Parties and cannot be foreseen by the Party alleged to beaffected by such force majeure when entering this Agreement (each a “Force Majeure Event”), such Party shall not be liable. If a Force Majeure Event takes place,the Party being affected shall immediately notify the other Party; during the existence of the Force Majeure Event, the Party being affected shall suspend itsperformance of this Agreement, and the time for performance after the Force Majeure Event is ended for the Party being affected shall be extended accordingly,the period extended shall be equal to the period of the existence of the Force Majeure Event. The Party being affected shall notify the other Party in writing withinfifteen (15) days after it becomes aware of such Force Majeure Event, to describe the nature of the Force Majeure Event and the estimated period it may last.Furthermore, the affected Party shall make commercially reasonable endeavor to reduce the impact of such Force Majeure Event. 7 11.NO JOINT vENTURE 11.1 Neither of the Parties hereto intends to establish any relationship of partnership, delegation, agency or joint venture, and nothing contained in thisAgreement shall be construed as creating any such relationship between the Parties. Under no circumstances shall any Party or its agent or employee becomes therepresentative of the other Party, unless otherwise expressly provided in this Agreement; no Party shall act as the agent, employee or in other name to provide,create or assume any obligation on behalf of the other Party. 12.NEW SUBSIDIARY 12.1 The Domestic Company shall procure all newly added subsidiaries established, organized or created after the execution of this Agreement to accede to thisAgreement in writing to enjoy and comply with all rights, obligations and undertakings of the Domestic Company provided under this Agreement. 13.NOTICE 13.1 All the notices and other communications required by or sent pursuant to this Agreement shall be in both English and Chinese, and shall be delivered tothe following address or facsimile number of relevant Party by telegraph, facsimile or post: (a)If send to WFOE: Address: A553, 6/F Beijing Jinyuan Shidai Shopping Center, #1 Yuanda Road, Haidian District, BeijingTelephone: (+8620) 29162114Attention: David Xueling Li (b)If send to the Domestic Company: Address: Room 709 Building 1, #39 Anding Road, Chaoyang District, BeijingTelephone: (+8620) 29162114Attention: David Xueling Li 14.TRANSFER AND ASSIGN 14.1 Unless with the prior written consent of WFOE, the Domestic Company has no right to transfer or assign any of its rights and obligations hereunder. 14.2 This Agreement shall be binding upon the Domestic Company and its successors and assigns permitted by WFOE, and is enforceable by WFOE and itssuccessors and assigns. 8 15.CONFIDENTIALITY 15.1 Each Party recognizes and confirms this Agreement, the content of this Agreement, and any and all oral and written information exchanged among themfor the preparation and performance of this Agreement shall be deemed as confidential information. Each Party shall hold in confidence all such confidentialinformation, and without the written consent from the other Parties, should not disclose any confidential information to any third party, provided that, confidentialinformation shall not include information that (a) is or becomes available to the public other than as a result of disclosure by the receiving Party in violation of thisContract, or (b) any information which must be disclosed pursuant to laws and regulations, stock trading rules, or as required by order or decree of governmentalauthorities or courts; or (c) any information disclosed by either Party to its shareholders, investors, legal or financial advisors in relation to the transactionscontemplated herein, who are bound by confidentiality obligation similar to this provision. Any disclosure of confidential information by the professionals orinstitutions engaged by either Party shall be deemed as the disclosure by such Party, and such Party shall be held liable for breach. 15.2 This Section 15 shall survive the termination of this Agreement and remain in effect for two (2) years of such termination. 16.GOvERNING LAW AND RESOLUTION OF DISPUTES 16.1 Governing Law . This Agreement, including the validity, rights and obligations of both Parties under this Agreement, shall be governed by and construedin accordance with the laws of China. 16.2 Dispute Resolution . The Parties will firstly attempt in good faith to resolve any and all disputes arising out of or relating to this Agreement, includingdisputes related to the existence, validity, interpretation or termination (the “ Dispute ”), through friendly consultations. If a Dispute is not resolved throughfriendly consultations within thirty (30) days from the date a Party gives the other Party written notice of the Dispute, then each Party may submit the dispute toCIETAC for arbitration in accordance with then effective arbitration rules. The number of arbitration shall be one. If the Parties reject the assignment of arbitratorwithin twenty (20) days after any Party gives the notice of arbitration, CIETAC shall assign another arbitrator. The arbitration shall be conducted in Beijing inChinese. The award of the arbitration tribunal shall be final and binding upon the Parties. 17.AMENDMENT AND WAIvER 17.1 Amendment . Any amendment to this Agreement shall be made in writing, and only takes effect after the execution by all Parties hereunder. Theamendments and supplements duly executed by all the Parties constitute an integral part of this Agreement, and have the same legal effectiveness as thisAgreement. 17.2 No Implied Waivers . To protect the rights and interests of WFOE, when necessary, WFOE may exercise the rights under this Agreement at any time, assuch rights are in addition to any right provided by law to WFOE. Unless expressly waived in writing by WFOE, the rights of WFOE shall not be waived. Anydelay in exercising its rights by WFOE shall not constitute the waiver of such right. 9 18.MISCELLANEOUS PROvISIONS 18.1 Tax and Expenses . The tax and expenses applicable to the execution and performance of this Agreement shall be borne by the respective Party. 18.2 Further Assurances . On a legitimate and feasible basis, the Parties hereto agree to use all usable rights or powers and through reasonable endeavor toexecute all necessary documents and do all such other things to ensure the completely, timely compliance and performance of the provisions and principles of thisAgreement. 18.3 Entire Agreement . This Agreement and other Main Agreements constitute the entire agreement reached among the Parties relating to the Pledge hereof,and supersedes in their entirety all prior written and oral agreements and understandings among the Parties relating to the subject matter hereof. The exhibits areincorporated into this Agreement through reference and constitute an integral part of this Agreement. 18.4 Termination . This Agreement shall enter into its effectiveness upon execution. WFOE is entitled to terminate this Agreement at its own discretion. 18.5 Severability and Replacement . If any single or multiple provisions hereof are judged invalid, illegal or unenforceable in any aspect in accordance withany laws or regulations, the validity, legality and enforceability of the remaining provisions of this Agreement shall not be affected in any aspect. The Parties shallin good faith, endeavor to use valid provisions to the extent allowed by laws and reflecting the intensions of all the Parties, to replace those invalid, illegal orunenforceable provisions, provided that, the economic effects achieved by such valid provisions shall be similar to the economic effects achieved by those invalid,illegal or unenforceable provisions. 18.6 Counterparts . This Agreement may be executed in any number of counterparts, each of which shall be deemed an original as against any Party whosesignature appears thereon, and all of which together shall constitute one and the same instrument. Counterparts delivered through email attachments or facsimilephotocopies shall be deemed as effective deliveries. (The remainder of this page left blank intentionally) 10 IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the Parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be executed by their duly authorized representatives as of the date first above written. Beijing Bilin Changxiang Information Technology Co., Ltd./seal/ Beijing Bilin Changxiang Information Technology Co., Ltd. /s/ David Xueling Li Name: David Xueling Li Title: Legal Representative Beijing Bilin Online Information Technology Co., Ltd. (seal)/seal/ Beijing Bilin Online Information Technology Co., Ltd. /s/ David Xueling Li Name: David Xueling Li Title: Legal Representative 11 Exhibit 4.29 Exclusive Option Agreement This Exclusive Option Agreement (this “ Agreement ”), dated 25 August, 2015, is made in Beijing, the People’s Republic of China (the “ PRC ”), by and between: A.David Xueling Li , an individual with PRC nationality, ID Card number 640204197410230034 (the “ Transferor ”); B.Beijing Bilin Changxiang Information Technology Co., Ltd. , a validly existing limited liability company duly incorporated under the PRC laws, with itsregistered address at A553, 6/F Beijing Jinyuan Shidai Shopping Center, #1 Yuanda Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China (the “ Transferee ”); and C.Beijing Bilin Online Information Technology Co., Ltd. , a validly existing limited liability company duly incorporated under the PRC laws, with itsregistered address at Room 709 Building 1, #39 Anding Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China (the “ Domestic Company ”). Transferor, Transferee and Domestic Company shall be hereinafter individually referred to as a “Party”; collectively, the “Parties”. PREAMBLE The Domestic Company is a company specified in providing technology development, technology transfer, technology consultancy, technology services andtechnology promotion; advertisement agency and publishing; organizing culture and art communication activities; enterprise management consultancy; investmentconsultancy services in China (collectively, the “ Business ”). The Transferor has entered into an Equity Interest Pledge Agreement, according to which the Transferor shall pledge the rights, ownership and interests of itsequity interest to the Transferee. The Transferor further agrees to grant the Transferee an exclusive option to purchase such equity interest pursuant to the terms and conditions of this Agreement(the “ Option ”). NOW, THEREFORE, the Parties agree as follows through negotiations: 1.DEFINITIONS AND INTERPRETATIONS 1.1Definitions . Unless otherwise provided, in this Agreement: Business has the meaning assigned to it in the Preamble. CIETAC means the China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission. 1 China means the People’s Republic of China. Designated Person has the meaning assigned to it in Section 2.1. Dispute has the meaning assigned to it in Section 11.2. Encumbrance means any mortgage, charge, pledge, lien, assign, hypothecation, security interest, retention of title, option, preemptive right, right of firstrefusal, constraint, third party right or interest, any type of favorable arrangement (including transfer or retention of title that has similar effect), any type of othersecurity agreement, arrangement, burden of right or dissent, or any agreement that sets forth above burden of right. Equity Interest Pledge Agreement means the Equity Interest Pledge Agreement entered into on the same day of this Agreement by and between theTransferor, Transferee and Domestic Company, according to which the Transferor agrees to pledge its equity interest in the Domestic Company to the Transfereeas a collateral for the repayment of specific loans and amounts payable to the Transferee. Exclusive Assets Purchase Agreement means the Exclusive Assets Purchase Agreement entered into on the same day of this Agreement by and betweenthe Transferor, Transferee and Domestic Company, according to which the Domestic Company agrees to grant an exclusive purchase right of purchasing its assetsto the Transferee. Equity Transfer Agreement has the meaning assigned to it in Section 4.2. Exercise Notice has the meaning assigned to it in Section 4.1. Governmental Approval means all license, permit, approval, ratification, consent, waiver or registration required or issued by PRC governmentauthorities. Power of Attorney has the meaning assigned to it in Section 4.2. Option has the meaning assigned to it in the Preamble. RMB means Renminbi, the official currency of PRC. Shareholder ’ s Resolution has the meaning assigned to it in Section 4.2. Term has the meaning assigned to it in Section 13.3. 1.2 Headings . All headings in this Agreement are for convenience only and shall not affect the interpretation of this Agreement. 1.3 Interpretations . Unless otherwise provided, below words, expressions and references shall have the following meanings: (a)When referring to the terms and exhibits of this Agreement, it shall also include such terms and exhibits as amended from time to time. 2 (b)When referring to this Agreement or other agreement or document, it shall also include the modifications, remarks or supplements to this Agreement orother agreement or document from time to time. (c)When referring to any law or statutory provision, it shall also include any revision, extension, combination or replacement related to such law orprovision, and any law or provision that revise, extend, combine or replace the first law or provision, and also include orders, ordinances, instructions orother subordinate legislation promulgated in accordance with relevant law or provisions. (d)Singular form shall also include plural form and vice versa. (e)Person include individual, proprietorship, partnership, joint venture, company, joint-stock company, unincorporated organization, state and governmentorgans, and its assignee, transferee or successor. (f)Include and especially are special terms for description or emphasis purposes only, and shall not limit any provision in any way. (g)This Agreement is drafted jointly by the Parties. No narrow interpretation rule shall be applied to any Party. 2.THE OPTION 2.1 During the Term of this Agreement, upon written request of the Transferee, the Transferor hereby irrevocably agrees to sell the equity interest to theTransferee, any Person designated by the Transferee, or assigns of the Transferee hereunder (the “ Designated Person ”) pursuant to Section 3 and Section 4 of thisAgreement. The Transferee or the Designated Person is entitled to choose to exercise its option to, for once or multiple times, purchase the entire equity interest orany portion thereof. 2.2 Pursuant to the above Section 2.1, any Person or entity other than the Transferee has no right or option to purchase the equity interest, and has no currentor future right or option to hold such equity interest. 2.3 The Domestic Company hereby undertakes, accepts and approves to grant such option to the Transferee. 3.CONSIDERATION 3.1 If the Transferee exercises the Option and the purchase right under the Exclusive Assets Purchase Agreement (the “ Exclusive Assets PurchaseAgreement ”) to purchase the assets thereunder (the “ Assets ”), the aggregate amount of the purchase price of both the equity interest and the assets shall beRMB100. 3 3.2 All tax, expenses and sundry fees arising from the exercise of the Transferee’s option to purchase the equity interest shall be borne by the respectiveParty in accordance with the laws of PRC. 4.EXERCISE OF OPTION 4.1 Notice of Exercising the Option . After the execution of this Agreement, the Transferee may at any time notify the Transferor by written notice (the “Exercise Notice ”) to exercise the option. The Exercise Notice shall state clearly (a) the decision of the Transferee to exercise the option; (b) the portion of equityinterest that the Transferee decided to purchase from the Transferor; (c) the date of the purchase/transfer of the equity interest. 4.2 Transfer of Equity Interest . The Transferor shall, within five (5) business days after the Transferee sends the Exercise Notice, and pursuant to theinstructions in such Exercise Notice, transfer the title of the equity interest to the Transferee or Designated Person. The Transferor shall procure the Transferee orDesignated Person to be the only registered owner of such equity interest, without any lien or encumbrances in any form, and shall assist in transferring the title ofthe transferred rights and interests to the Transferee or Designated Person through below procedures: (a)As the shareholder of the Domestic Company, the Transferor shall execute a shareholder’s resolution (the “ Shareholder’s Resolution ”) on the sameday of the execution of this Agreement, to approve the transfer of the Transferor’s equity interest to the Transferee or Designated Person. TheShareholder’s Resolution shall (i) be executed in the form and format given in the Exhibit 1 of this Agreement; and (ii) be made in two (2) duplicates. Ifthe Transferee nominates a Designated Person as the purchaser, the Parties agree to execute and deliver to the Transferee all necessary documents andperform other actions reasonably requested by the Transferee to ensure the transfer to such Designated Person. (b)As the shareholder of the Domestic Company, the Transferor shall execute an Equity Transfer Agreement (the “ Equity Transfer Agreement ”) on thesame day of the execution of this Agreement. The Equity Transfer Agreement shall (i) be executed in the form and format given in the Exhibit 2 of thisAgreement; and (ii) be made in two (2) duplicates. If the Transferee nominates a Designated Person as the purchaser, the Parties agree to execute anddeliver to the Transferee all necessary documents and perform other actions reasonably requested by the Transferee to ensure the transfer to suchDesignated Person. 4 (c)As the shareholder of the Domestic Company, the Transferor shall execute a Power of Attorney (the “ Power of Attorney ”) on the same day of theexecution of this Agreement, to authorize the Transferee (including the Transferee and the Designated Person) to fill in the date and relevant informationon the aforementioned Shareholder’s Resolution and Equity Transfer Agreement, and let the Transferee keep such document. (d)The Parties shall execute all other necessary agreements or documents, obtain all necessary government permits and approvals; take all other necessarymeasures to ensure the effective transfer of the ownership of the equity interest to the Transferee or Designated Person, and procure the Transferee orDesignated Person to be registered as the registered owner of such equity interest. (e)If all or part of the provisions of this Agreement or its exhibits are judged invalid in accordance with PRC laws or regulations, the Parties shall enter intoother valid and effective agreement, resolution or document to achieve the same legal and economic effects as this Agreement. 5.REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES 5.1 Reliance Confirmation . The Transferor hereby confirms that the Transferee entered in to this Agreement entirely relying on the representations andwarranties made under this Section 5. 5.2 Representations and Warranties . The Transferor represents and warrants to the Transferee as follows: (a)The Transferor is competent in executing and performing this Agreement. The Transferor has obtained all necessary and appropriate approvals andauthorizations require for the execution and performance of this Agreement. The execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement will not (i)conflict with the articles of association, bylaws and other constitutional documents of the Domestic Company; (ii) conflict with any contract or documententered into by, and binding upon, the Transferor and the Domestic Company, or result in any default under such contract or document; (iii) be in contraryto any issuing and/or retaining condition of the licenses or permits issued to the Domestic Company; (iv) result in the revocation, seizure or appendance ofadditional conditions to any license or permit issued to the Domestic Company; and (v) breach any law of PRC. (b)This Agreement, subject to its terms, constitutes legal and binding and enforceable obligations of the Transferor; (c)To the best knowledge of the Transferor, and unless the Transferor discloses to the other Parties in writing, the Transferor is currently not involved in anydisputes, litigations, arbitrations, administrative litigations or any other legal proceedings, and the Transferor is not constrained by any potential disputes,litigations, arbitrations, administrative litigations or any other legal proceedings; 5 (d)Except for the rights and interests pledged to the Transferee pursuant to the Equity Interest Pledge Agreement, and the exclusive option granted to theTransferee under this Agreement, the Transferor has not pledge, assign or by any other means transfer the rights and interests to any third party; (e)The Transferor is the sole legitimate and registered owner of the equity interest of the rights and interests of the pledge; (f)The Transferor has good and marketable title over the rights and interests of the pledge with no lien or other security interests, except for the rights andinterests pledged to the Transferee under the Equity Interest Pledge Agreement, and the exclusive option granted to the Transferee under this Agreement;and (g)The equity interest of the Domestic Company of the Transferor has been paid up in full, and such equity interest is bearer equity; (h)Except for debts arising from the ordinary business of the Domestic Company and the debts already disclosed to, and approved in writing by, theTransferee, the Domestic Company has no other outstanding debts; (i)The Domestic Company shall comply with all PRC laws regarding acquisition. 5.3 Repeated Application . After the execution of this Agreement, the representations and warranties provided in Section 5.2 of this Agreement shall becontinuously valid. Such representations and warranties shall be deemed as true and valid representations and warranties throughout the Term of this Agreement. 6.AFFIRMATIvE COvENANTS 6.1 During the Term of this Agreement, the Transferor irrevocably undertakes as follows: (a)It shall prudently and effectively operate the business of the Domestic Company and handle the company’s matters, maintain the existence of theDomestic Company in line with good financial and commercial standard and practice; (b)The Transferor shall comply with the provisions of this Agreement, and shall not make any action or omission that may affect the existence orenforceability of this Agreement; (c)The Transferor shall immediately notify the Transferee of any litigation, arbitration, administrative proceedings related to the Domestic Company or itsequity interest; 6 (d)With regard to all claims other than the enforcement of this Agreement and the Equity Interest Pledge Agreement, the Transferor shall execute allnecessary or appropriate documents, file all necessary or appropriate proceedings, make, or authorize the Transferee or its designated Persons upon theTransferee’s request to make, all necessary or appropriate defense, and take any and all other necessary appropriate measures, to ensure the ownership ofthe Transferor in the Domestic Company; (e)The Transferor shall immediately notify the Transferee of any event which may possibly affect any rights of the Transferee on any portion of the equityinterest, or may possibly affect the obligation or security provided by the Transferor under this Agreement; (f)The Transferor shall not make any action or omission that may affect the operation and assets value of the Domestic Company during the Transferor’sordinary operation of the entire business of the Domestic Company; (g)The Transferor shall provide relevant documents regarding the operation and financial conditions of the Domestic Company upon the Transferee’srequest; (h)If required by the Transferee, the Transferor shall purchase and retain insurances for the assets and business of the Domestic Company with the insurancecompanies qualified by the Transferee. The amount and type of insurances shall be consistent with those purchased by the companies of the same class; (i)The Transferor shall not distribute dividends to shareholders in any way without prior written consent of the Transferee. However, upon the request of theTransferee, the Transferor shall immediately distribute all distributable profit to the shareholders, after which such shareholders shall pay or transfer suchdistribution to the Transferee or companies designated by the Transferee unconditionally; and (j)In accordance with the request of the Transferee and subject to the laws of China, appoint any Person designated by the Transferee to be the legalrepresentative, director or senior officers of the Domestic Company. 7.NEGATIvE COvENANTS 7.1 The Transferor irrevocably undertakes not to: (a)In any way, whether directly or indirectly, sell, contract to sell, transfer, charge or dispose the equity interest, or set security interest against the equityinterest, except for selling or transferring to the Transferee or its Designated Person in line with this Agreement or the Equity Interest Pledge Agreement; 7 (b)Procure the general meeting or board of directors to approve any sales, contract to sale, transfer, charge or disposal of the equity interest, or set anysecurity interest against the equity interest, without prior written consent of the Transferee, except for selling or transferring to the Transferee or itsDesignated Person in line with this Agreement or the Equity Interest Pledge Agreement; (c)Without prior written consent of the Transferee, or outside the ordinary course of business, procure the general meeting or board of directors to approveany sales, contract to sale, transfer, charge or disposal of the assets of the Domestic Company, except for selling or transferring to the Transferee or itsDesignated Person in line with this Agreement or the Exclusive Assets Purchase Agreement; (d)Without prior written consent of the Transferee, procure the supplement, change or revision of the articles of association and bylaws, increment ordecrement of registered capital, or change the share structure, of the Domestic Company; (e)Without prior written consent of the Transferee, assume, succeed, guarantee or accept any debt, except for (i) debts arising from ordinary or dailyoperation, which are not in the form of a loan; (ii) debts disclosed to and approved in writing by the Transferee; (f)Without prior written consent of the Transferee, procure the Domestic Company to execute any material contract, except for those executed in theordinary course of business; (g)Without prior written consent of the Transferee, procure the Domestic Company to extend any loan or facility to any Person, except for those extendedin the ordinary course of business; (h)Without prior written consent of the Transferee, procure the Domestic Company to be merged with or acquired by any Person, or acquire or invest in anyPerson. 7.2 The Transferor agrees that the rights obtained by the Transferee under this Agreement shall not be interrupted or impaired by any legal proceedingsinitiated by the Transferor, its successors or its representatives. 8.NOTICE 8.1 All the notices and other communications required by or sent pursuant to this Agreement shall be in both English and Chinese, and shall be delivered tothe following address or facsimile number of relevant Party by telegraph, facsimile or post: (a)If send to the Transferor: Address: Building 3-08, Yangcheng Creative Industry Zone, #309 Huangpu Avenue Middle, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 8 Telephone: (+8620) 29162114Attention: David Xueling Li (b)If send to the Transferee: Address: A553, 6/F Beijing Jinyuan Shidai Shopping Center, #1 Yuanda Road, Haidian District, BeijingTelephone: (+8620) 29162114Attention: David Xueling Li (c)If send to the Domestic Company: Address: Room 709 Building 1, #39 Anding Road, Chaoyang District, BeijingTelephone: (+8620) 29162114Attention: David Xueling Li 9.TRANSFER AND ASSIGN 9.1 Unless with the prior written consent of the Transferee, the Transferor has no right to transfer or assign any of its rights and obligations hereunder. 9.2 This Agreement shall be binding upon the Transferor and its successors and assigns permitted by Transferee, and is enforceable by Transferee and itssuccessors and assigns. 9.3 If the Transferee is restructured for whatever reason, upon the request of the Transferee, the Transferor shall enter into a new agreement containing thecontent substantially same to the terms and conditions of this Agreement with the restructured Transferee. 10.CONFIDENTIALITY 10.1 Each Party recognizes and confirms this Agreement, the content of this Agreement, and any and all oral and written information exchanged among themfor the preparation and performance of this Agreement shall be deemed as confidential information. Each Party shall hold in confidence all such confidentialinformation, and without the written consent from the other Parties, should not disclose any confidential information to any third party, provided that, confidentialinformation shall not include information that (a) is or becomes available to the public other than as a result of disclosure by the receiving Party in violation of thisContract, or (b) any information which must be disclosed pursuant to laws and regulations, stock trading rules, or as required by order or decree of governmentalauthorities or courts; or (c) any information disclosed by either Party to its shareholders, investors, legal or financial advisors in relation to the transactionscontemplated herein, who are bound by confidentiality obligation similar to this provision. Any disclosure of confidential information by the professionals orinstitutions engaged by either Party shall be deemed as the disclosure by such Party, and such Party shall be held liable for breach. 9 10.2 This section shall survive the termination of this Agreement and remain in effect for two (2) years of such termination. 11.GOvERNING LAW AND RESOLUTION OF DISPUTES 11.1 Governing Law . This Agreement, including the validity, rights and obligations of both Parties under this Agreement, shall be governed by andconstrued in accordance with the laws of China. 11.2 Dispute Resolution . The Parties will firstly attempt in good faith to resolve any and all disputes arising out of or relating to this Agreement, includingdisputes related to the existence, validity, interpretation or termination (the “ Dispute ”), through friendly consultations. If a Dispute is not resolved throughfriendly consultations within thirty (30) days from the date a Party gives the other Party written notice of the Dispute, then each Party may submit the dispute toCIETAC for arbitration in accordance with then effective arbitration rules. The number of arbitration shall be one. If the Parties reject the assignment of arbitratorwithin twenty (20) days after any Party gives the notice of arbitration, CIETAC shall assign another arbitrator. The arbitration shall be conducted in Beijing inChinese. The award of the arbitration tribunal shall be final and binding upon the Parties. 12.AMENDMENT AND WAIvER 12.1 Amendment . Any amendment to this Agreement shall be made in writing, and only takes effect after the execution by all Parties hereunder. Theamendments and supplements duly executed by all the Parties constitute an integral part of this Agreement, and have the same legal effectiveness as thisAgreement. 12.2 No Implied Waivers . To protect the rights and interests of the Transferee, when necessary, the Transferee may exercise the rights under this Agreementat any time, as such rights are in addition to any right provided by law to the Transferee. Unless expressly waived in writing by the Transferee, the rights of theTransferee shall not be waived. Any delay in exercising its rights by the Transferee shall not constitute the waiver of such right. 13.MISCELLANEOUS PROvISIONS 13.1 Further Assurances . On a legitimate and feasible basis, the Parties hereto agree to use all usable rights or powers and through reasonable endeavor toexecute all necessary documents and do all such other things to ensure the completely, timely compliance and performance of the provisions and principles of thisAgreement. 10 13.2 Entire Agreement . This Agreement constitutes the entire agreement reached among the Parties relating to the Option hereof, and supersedes in theirentirety all prior written and oral agreements and understandings among the Parties relating to the subject matter hereof. The exhibits are incorporated into thisAgreement through reference and constitute an integral part of this Agreement. 13.3 Termination . This Agreement shall enter into its effectiveness upon execution, and remain effective, unless terminated by the Transferee, at its owndiscretion, by sending a thirty (30) days prior written notice to other Parties (the “ Term ”). 13.4 Severability and Replacement . If any single or multiple provisions hereof are judged invalid, illegal or unenforceable in any aspect in accordance withany laws or regulations, the validity, legality and enforceability of the remaining provisions of this Agreement shall not be affected in any aspect. The Parties shallin good faith, endeavor to use valid provisions to the extent allowed by laws and reflecting the intensions of all the Parties, to replace those invalid, illegal orunenforceable provisions, provided that, the economic effects achieved by such valid provisions shall be similar to the economic effects achieved by those invalid,illegal or unenforceable provisions. 13.5 Counterparts . This Agreement may be executed in any number of counterparts, each of which shall be deemed an original as against any Party whosesignature appears thereon, and all of which together shall constitute one and the same instrument. Counterparts delivered through email attachments or facsimilephotocopies shall be deemed as effective deliveries. 13.6 Language . This Agreement is executed in the Chinese language. (The remainder of this page left blank intentionally) 11 IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the Parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be executed by their duly authorized representatives as of the date first above written. Li Xueling /s/ Beijing Bilin Changxiang Information Technology Co., Ltd. /seal/ Beijing Bilin Changxiang Information Technology Co., Ltd. Signatory: /s/ David Xueling Li Name: David Xueling Li Title: Legal Representative Beijing Bilin Online Information Technology Co., Ltd. /seal/ Beijing Bilin Online Information Technology Co., Ltd. Signatory: /s/ David Xueling Li Name: David Xueling Li Title: Legal Representative 12 EXHIBIT 1 BEIJING BILIN ONLINE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD. SHAREHOLDER’S RESOLUTION The undersigned, being all shareholder of Beijing Bilin Online Information Technology Co., Ltd. (a limited liability company duly incorporated under PRC laws,hereinafter referred to as the “ Company ”) and in accordance with the authorization of the Articles of Association of the Company, hereby unanimously approvesbelow resolutions: IT IS RESOLVED that the Articles of Association of the Company shall be replaced with the one amended on the ___ day of ___, 20__, as the Amended Articlesof Association of the Company; IT IS FURTHER RESOLVED that the Company is authorized to approve the transfer of equity interest contemplated in the Equity Transfer Agreement dated ________, 20__ by and between the Company, David Xueling Li and Beijing Bilin Changxiang Information Technology Co., Ltd., and to perform all obligationsthereunder; and IT IS FURTHER RESOLVED that ________ is hereby authorized to execute the Equity Transfer Agreement and execute on behalf of the Company all documentsneeded for the government approval on the Articles of Association approved by this resolution. In addition, such authorized person is authorized to do anything heconsiders appropriate and necessary, at his own discretion, for the intent and purpose of implementing this resolution. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the signatory signed above resolutions on the ___day of ___, 2015. David Xueling Li 13 EXHIBIT 2 Equity Transfer Agreement This Equity Transfer Agreement (this “ Agreement ”) is made on the ___ day of ___, 20__, by and between: A.David Xueling Li , an individual with PRC nationality, ID Card number 640204197410230034 (the “ Seller ”); B.Beijing Bilin Changxiang Information Technology Co., Ltd. , a validly existing limited liability company duly incorporated under the PRC laws, with itsregistered address at A553, 6/F Beijing Jinyuan Shidai Shopping Center, #1 Yuanda Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China (the “ Purchaser ”); and C.Beijing Bilin Online Information Technology Co., Ltd. , a validly existing limited liability company duly incorporated under the PRC laws, with itsregistered address at Room 709 Building 1, #39 Anding Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China (the “ Company ”). Seller, Purchaser and Company shall be hereinafter individually referred to as a “Party”; collectively, the “Parties”. PREAMBLE (A)The Domestic Company is a company specified in providing technology development, technology transfer, technology consultancy, technology servicesand technology promotion; advertisement agency and publishing; organizing culture and art communication activities; enterprise managementconsultancy; investment consultancy services in China (collectively, the “ Business ”). (B)The Seller is the 100% legal and equity owner of the registered capital of the Company (the “ Equity Interest ”). The Seller agrees to sell the EquityInterest to the Purchaser pursuant to the terms and conditions set forth in this Agreement, and the Purchaser agrees to purchase from the Seller the EquityInterest pursuant to the terms and conditions set forth in this Agreement. 14 NOW, THEREFORE, the Parties agree as follows through negotiations: 1.TRANSFER OF EqUITY INTEREST The Seller hereby agrees to sell all the rights, title and interests in the Equity Interest held by the Seller without any encumbrances. 2.TRANSFER PRICE The Purchaser shall pay to the Seller or its representative the transfer price in an amount of RMB ________ (the “ Transfer Price ”). 3.NOTICE AND CONSENT The Seller hereby confirms that the Seller has notify and obtain consents from the shareholders of the Company in accordance with the laws of PRC, the Articles ofAssociation and any agreements between the Seller and shareholders related to the Company (if any). 4.CONDITION PRECEDENT OF THE TRANSFER The closing of the transfer (the “ Closing ”) shall only be made upon the satisfaction of below condition precedent: (a)The State Administration for Industry and Commerce (the “ SAIC ”) or its Beijing branch approves the transfer of equity set forth under this Agreement; (b)If required by applicable laws, the Ministry of Commerce or its Beijing branch approves the transfer of equity set forth under this Agreement; (c)Apply to the SAIC or its Beijing branch for change of shareholder; and (d)Other conditions provided in writing by the Parties. 5.TRANSFER OF THE AGREEMENT 5.1 Unless with the prior written consent of the Purchaser, the Seller has no right to transfer or assign any of its rights and obligations hereunder. 5.2 This Agreement shall be binding upon the Seller and its successors and assigns permitted by Purchaser, and is enforceable by Purchaser and its successorsand assigns. 15 5.3 If the Purchaser is restructured for whatever reason, upon the request of the Purchaser, the Seller shall enter into a new agreement containing the contentsubstantially same to the terms and conditions of this Agreement with the restructured Purchaser. 6.LIABILITY OF DEFAULT Any Party shall be liable for all direct and indirect damages or losses arising from its breach of obligations under this Agreement. 7.EFFECTIvENESS This Agreement shall enter into its effectiveness upon execution (the “ Effective Date ”). The Purchaser is entitled to terminate this Agreement at its owndiscretion. 8.GOvERNING LAW This Agreement, including its validity, rights and obligations of the Parties hereunder, shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the PRC. 9.DISPUTE RESOLUTION The Parties will firstly attempt in good faith to resolve any and all disputes arising out of or relating to this Agreement, including disputes related to the existence,validity, interpretation or termination (the “ Dispute ”), through friendly consultations. If a Dispute is not resolved through friendly consultations within thirty (30)days from the date a Party gives the other Party written notice of the Dispute, then each Party may submit the dispute to CIETAC for arbitration in accordance withthen effective arbitration rules. The number of arbitration shall be one. If the Parties reject the assignment of arbitrator within twenty (20) days after any Partygives the notice of arbitration, CIETAC shall assign another arbitrator. The arbitration shall be conducted in Beijing in Chinese. The award of the arbitrationtribunal shall be final and binding upon the Parties. 10.LANGUAGE This Agreement is executed in the Chinese language. 11.MISCELLANEOUS PROvISIONS Being reasonably requested by the Purchaser, the Seller agrees to execute and deliver other documents and take other measures to perform its obligations as theSeller under this Agreement, and perfect all transfer procedures and requirements. 16 This Agreement may be executed in any number of counterparts, each of which shall be deemed an original as against any Party whose signature appears thereon,and all of which together shall constitute one and the same instrument. Counterparts delivered through email attachments or facsimile photocopies shall be deemedas effective deliveries. (The remainder of this page left blank intentionally) 17 IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the Parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be executed by their duly authorized representatives as of the date first above written. SELLER: Signatory: Name: David Xueling Li PURCHASER: Beijing Bilin Changxiang Information Technology Co., Ltd. (seal) Signatory: Name: David Xueling Li Title: Legal Representative WFOE: Beijing Bilin Online Information Technology Co., Ltd. (seal) Signatory: Name: David Xueling Li Title: Legal Representative 18 Exhibit 4.30 Exclusive Assets Purchase Agreement This Exclusive Assets Purchase Agreement (this “ Agreement ”), dated 25 August, 2015, is made in Beijing, the People’s Republic of China (the “ PRC ”), by andbetween: A.Beijing Bilin Changxiang Information Technology Co., Ltd. , a validly existing limited liability company duly incorporated under the PRC laws, with itsregistered address at A553, 6/F Beijing Jinyuan Shidai Shopping Center, #1 Yuanda Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China (the “ WFOE ”); and B.Beijing Bilin Online Information Technology Co., Ltd. , a validly existing limited liability company duly incorporated under the PRC laws, with itsregistered address at Room 709 Building 1, #39 Anding Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China (the “ Domestic Company ”). C.David Xueling Li , an individual with PRC nationality, ID Card number 640204197410230034 (the “ Shareholder ”); Domestic Company, WFOE and Shareholder shall be hereinafter individually referred to as a “Party”; collectively, the “Parties”. PREAMBLE The Domestic Company is a company specified in providing technology development, technology transfer, technology consultancy, technology services andtechnology promotion; advertisement agency and publishing; organizing culture and art communication activities; enterprise management consultancy; investmentconsultancy services in China (collectively, the “ Business ”). The Shareholder holds 100% of the equity interest in the registered capital of the DomesticCompany. The Domestic Company has agreed to grant WFOE an exclusive purchase right (the “ Purchase Right ”) to purchase the assets of the Domestic Company beingused or to be used in the operation of its Business (the “ Assets ”), regardless of whether such Assets are the assets currently owned by the Domestic Company, orowned by the Domestic Company by the time WFOE exercise its exclusive Purchase Right. Such assets include all tangible or intangible assets, machines, devices,instrument and components, real estates, intellectual property, technical know-how, client list, seller list, and other articles which is capable to allow WFOEoperate the Business in the same way as the Domestic Company, which are particularly suitable and mainly used for the operation of the Business. 1 NOW, THEREFORE, the Parties agree as follows through negotiations: 1.DEFINITIONS AND INTERPRETATIONS 1.1 Definitions . Unless otherwise provided, in this Agreement: Assets has the meaning assigned to it in the Preamble. Assets Transfer Date has the meaning assigned to it in Section 5.2. Business has the meaning assigned to it in the Preamble. CIETAC means the China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission. Domestic Company’s PoA has the meaning assigned to it in Section 5.2. China means the People’s Republic of China. Damages has the meaning assigned to it in Section 9.2. Designated Person has the meaning assigned to it in Section 2.1. Dispute has the meaning assigned to it in Section 14.2. Encumbrance means any mortgage, charge, pledge, lien, assign, hypothecation, security interest, retention of title, option, preemptive right, right of firstrefusal, constraint, third party right or interest, any type of favorable arrangement (including transfer or retention of title that has similar effect), any type of othersecurity agreement, arrangement, burden of right or dissent, or any agreement that sets forth above burden of right. Exclusive Option Agreement means the Exclusive Option Agreement entered into on the same day of this Agreement by and between WFOE, DomesticCompany and Shareholder, according to which the Domestic Company agrees to grant an exclusive option of purchasing its equity interest to WFOE. Exercise Notice has the meaning assigned to it in Section 5.1. Force Majeure Event has the meaning assigned to it in Section 10.1. Governmental Approval means all license, permit, approval, ratification, consent, waiver or registration required or issued by PRC governmentauthorities. Purchase Right has the meaning assigned to it in the Preamble. RMB means Renminbi, the official currency of PRC. Shareholder’s PoA has the meaning assigned to it in Section 5.1. Shareholder’s Resolution has the meaning assigned to it in Section 5.2. Term has the meaning assigned to it in Section 16.3. 1.2 Headings . All headings in this Agreement are for convenience only and shall not affect the interpretation of this Agreement. 2 1.3 Interpretations . Unless otherwise provided, below words, expressions and references shall have the following meanings: (a)When referring to the terms and exhibits of this Agreement, it shall also include such terms and exhibits as amended from time to time. (b)When referring to this Agreement or other agreement or document, it shall also include the modifications, remarks or supplements to this Agreement orother agreement or document from time to time. (c)When referring to any law or statutory provision, it shall also include any revision, extension, combination or replacement related to such law orprovision, and any law or provision that revise, extend, combine or replace the first law or provision, and also include orders, ordinances, instructions orother subordinate legislation promulgated in accordance with relevant law or provisions. (d)Singular form shall also include plural form and vice versa. (e)Person include individual, proprietorship, partnership, joint venture, company, joint-stock company, unincorporated organization, state and governmentorgans, and its assignee, transferee or successor. (f)Include and especially are special terms for description or emphasis purposes only, and shall not limit any provision in any way. (g)This Agreement is drafted jointly by the Parties. No narrow interpretation rule shall be applied to any Party. 2.THE PURCHASE RIGHT 2.1 During the Term of this Agreement, upon written request of WFOE, the Domestic Company hereby irrevocably agrees to sell the Assets to WFOE, anyPerson designated by WFOE, or assigns of WFOE hereunder (the “ Designated Person ”). 2.2 Pursuant to the above Section 2.1, any Person or entity other than WFOE has no right or option to purchase the Assets, and has no current or future rightor option to hold such Assets. 2.3 The Shareholder hereby undertakes, accepts and approves to grant such Purchase Right to WFOE. 3.CONSIDERATION 3.1 If WFOE exercises the Purchase Right and option to purchase the Assets and the equity interest (the “ Equity Interest ”) as provided under the ExclusiveOption Agreement (the “ Exclusive Option Agreement ”), the aggregate amount of the purchase price of both the equity interest and the assets shall be RMB100. 3 4.NO ASSUMPTION OF LIABILITY 4.1 WFOE shall not assume, perform or be responsible for any obligations or debts, including (i) the obligations or debts owed by the Domestic Company toits creditors or shareholders; (ii) any obligation or debt of the Domestic Company related to any transaction; (iii) tax or other obligations or debts of the DomesticCompany arising from the grant of the Purchase Right and the sales of Assets pursuant to this Agreement and the Assets Transfer Agreement annexed hereto asExhibit 2; or (iv) contingent obligations or debts of the Domestic Company. 5.EXERCISE OF PURCHASE RIGHT 5.1 Notice of Exercising the Purchase Right . After the execution of this Agreement, WFOE may at any time notify the Domestic Company by writtennotice (the “ Exercise Notice ”) to exercise the Purchase Right. The Exercise Notice shall state clearly (a) the decision of WFOE to exercise the Purchase Right; (b)the list of assets that WFOE decided to purchase from the Domestic Company; (c) the date of the purchase of the Assets. 5.2 Transfer of Assets . The Domestic Company shall, within five (5) business days after WFOE sends the Exercise Notice (the “ Assets Transfer Date ”),and pursuant to the instructions in such Exercise Notice, transfer the Assets to WFOE or Designated Person. The Domestic Company shall procure WFOE orDesignated Person to be the only legal owner of the Assets, without any lien or encumbrances in any form, and shall assist in transferring the title of the Assets toWFOE or Designated Person through below procedures: (a)The Domestic Company shall execute an Assets Transfer Agreement (the “ Assets Transfer Agreement ”) on the same day of the execution of thisAgreement. The Assets Transfer Agreement shall (i) be executed in the form and format given in the Exhibit 2 of this Agreement; and (ii) be made in two(2) duplicates. If WFOE nominates a Designated Person as the purchaser, the Parties agree to execute and deliver to WFOE all necessary documents andperform other actions reasonably requested by WFOE to ensure the transfer to such Designated Person. (b)The Domestic Company shall execute a Power of Attorney (the “ Domestic Company’s PoA ”) in the form of Exhibit 3 on the same day of the executionof this Agreement, to authorize WFOE (including WFOE and the Designated Person) to fill in the date and relevant information on the aforementionedAssets Transfer Agreement, and to authorize WFOE to keep such document. 4 (c)The Domestic Company shall deliver to WOFE (i) bill of sale, endorsement, assign, and other due and adequate documents of assign and transfer whichcontain complete assurance of title, to grant WFOE or the Designated Person a due, absolute and marketable title of assets, without any lien orEncumbrances; and (ii) all other data in relation to the Assets and its operation. (d)When delivering the documents provided in above paragraph (c), the Domestic Company shall also take all measures to ensure the actual possession,operation and control of WFOE or the Designated Person over the Assets, including executing all other necessary agreements or documents, andobtaining all necessary government permits and approvals. (e)The Domestic Company shall pay all tax and expenses in relation to the transfer, assign, transmission and delivery of the Assets, including due andpayable sales tax, transfer tax, filing fee, usage tax, registration fee, etc. (f)After the Assets Transfer Date, upon the request of WFOE or the Designated Person, the Domestic Company shall execute and deliver to WFOE or theDesignated Person other documents of assign and transfer, and take other measures as reasonably requested by WFOE or the Designated Person, tofacilitate the assign and transfer of the Assets to WFOE or the Designated Person, and ensure the possession by WFOE or the Designated Person of suchAssets. (g)The Shareholder shall execute a shareholder’s resolution (the “ Shareholder’s Resolution ”) on the same day of the execution of this Agreement, toapprove the transfer of the Assets to WFOE. The Shareholder’s Resolution shall (i) be executed in the form and format given in the Exhibit 1 of thisAgreement; and (ii) be made in two (2) duplicates. If WFOE nominates a Designated Person as the purchaser, the Parties agree to execute and deliver toWFOE or Designated Person all necessary documents and perform other actions reasonably requested by WFOE or Designated Person to ensure thetransfer to such Designated Person. (h)The Shareholder shall execute a Power of Attorney on the same day of the execution of this Agreement, to authorize WFOE (including WFOE and theDesignated Person) to fill in the date and relevant information on the aforementioned Shareholder’s Resolution, and to authorize WFOE to keep suchdocument. (i)The Parties hereto shall execute all other necessary agreements or documents, obtain all necessary government permits and approvals; take all othernecessary measures to ensure the effective transfer of the ownership of the Assets to WFOE or Designated Person. 5 (j)If all or part of the provisions of this Agreement or its exhibits are judged invalid in accordance with PRC laws or regulations, the Parties shall enter intoother valid and effective agreement, resolution or document to achieve the same legal and economic effects as this Agreement. 6.REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES 6.1 Reliance Confirmation . The Domestic Company hereby confirms that WFOE entered in to this Agreement entirely relying on the representations andwarranties made under this Section 6. 6.2 Representations and Warranties . The Domestic Company represents and warrants to WFOE as follows: (a)The Domestic Company is a company legally registered and validly existing in accordance with the PRC laws and is competent and has obtained therelevant powers and authorizations for owning, operating and leasing its assets and properties and engaging in its current business. The DomesticCompany has obtained all necessary and appropriate approvals and authorizations require for the execution and performance of this Agreement. Theexecution, delivery and performance of this Agreement will not (i) conflict with the articles of association, bylaws and other constitutional documents ofthe Domestic Company; (ii) conflict with any contract or document entered into by, and binding upon, the Transferor and the Domestic Company, orresult in any default under such contract or document; (iii) be in contrary to any issuing and/or retaining condition of the licenses or permits issued to theDomestic Company; (iv) result in the revocation, seizure or appendance of additional conditions to any license or permit issued to the DomesticCompany; and (v) breach any law of PRC. (a)The Domestic Company is competent in executing and performing this Agreement. The Domestic Company has obtained all necessary and appropriateapprovals and authorizations require for the execution and performance of this Agreement. (b)This Agreement, subject to its terms, constitutes the Domestic Company’s legal, valid and binding obligations, and shall be enforceable against it. (c)To the best knowledge of the Domestic Company, and unless the Domestic Company discloses to the other Parties in writing, the Domestic Company iscurrently not involved in any disputes, litigations, arbitrations, administrative litigations or any other legal proceedings, and the Domestic Company is notconstrained by any potential disputes, litigations, arbitrations, administrative litigations or any other legal proceedings; (d)Except for debts arising from the ordinary business of the Domestic Company and the debts already disclosed to, and approved in writing by, WFOE, theDomestic Company has no other outstanding debts; 6 (e)Except for the exclusive purchase right granted to WFOE under this Agreement, the Domestic Company has not pledge, assign or by any other meansdispose its Assets to any third party, unless within its ordinary course of business; (f)The Domestic Company is the sole legitimate and registered beneficial owner of the Assets; and (g)The Domestic Company has good and marketable title over the Assets with no lien or other security interests, except for the exclusive purchase rightgranted to WFOE under this Agreement. 6.3 Repeated Application . After the execution of this Agreement, the representations and warranties provided in Section 6.2 of this Agreement shall becontinuously valid. Such representations and warranties shall be deemed as true and valid representations and warranties throughout the Term of this Agreement. 7.AFFIRMATIvE COvENANTS 7.1 During the Term of this Agreement, the Domestic Company irrevocably undertakes as follows: (a)It shall prudently and effectively operate the business of the Domestic Company and handle the company’s matters, maintain the existence of theDomestic Company in line with good financial and commercial standard and practice; (b)The Domestic Company shall comply with the provisions of this Agreement, and shall not make any action or omission that may affect the existence orenforceability of this Agreement; (c)The Domestic Company shall immediately notify WFOE in writing of any litigation, arbitration or administrative proceedings related to the Assets uponsuch litigation, arbitration or administrative proceedings is initiated or is threatened to be initiated; (d)With regard to all claims other than the enforcement of this Agreement, the Domestic Company shall execute all necessary or appropriate documents, fileall necessary or appropriate proceedings, make, or authorize WFOE or its Designated Persons upon WFOE’s request to make, all necessary or appropriatedefense, and take any and all other necessary appropriate measures, to ensure the ownership of the Domestic Company in the Assets; (e)The Domestic Company shall immediately notify WFOE of any event which may possibly affect the entirety or enforceability of the Purchase Right ofWFOE, or may possibly affect the obligation or security provided by the Domestic Company under this Agreement; 7 (f)The Domestic Company shall not make any action or omission that may affect the operation and assets value of the Domestic Company during theDomestic Company’s ordinary operation of the entire business of the Domestic Company; (g)The Domestic Company shall provide relevant documents regarding the operation and financial conditions of the Domestic Company upon WFOE’srequest; (h)If required by WFOE, the Domestic Company shall purchase and retain insurances for the assets and business of the Domestic Company with theinsurance companies qualified by WFOE. The amount and type of insurances shall be consistent with those purchased by the companies of the sameclass; (i)The Domestic Company shall not distribute dividends to shareholders in any way without prior written consent of WFOE. However, upon the request ofWFOE, the Domestic Company shall immediately distribute all distributable profit to the shareholders, after which such shareholders shall pay or transfersuch distribution to WFOE or companies designated by WFOE unconditionally; and (j)In accordance with the request of WFOE and subject to the laws of China, appoint any Person designated by WFOE to be the legal representative, directoror senior officers of the Domestic Company. 8.NEGATIvE COvENANTS 8.1 During the Term of this Agreement, the Domestic Company irrevocably undertakes not to: (a)In any way, whether directly or indirectly, sell, contract to sell, transfer, charge or dispose the Assets, or set security interest against such Assets, exceptfor selling or transferring to WFOE or its Designated Person in line with this Agreement; (b)Without prior written consent of WFOE, supplement, change or revise of the articles of association and bylaws, increment or decrement of registeredcapital, or change the share structure, of the Domestic Company in any way; (c)Without prior written consent of WFOE, assume, succeed, guarantee or accept any debt, except for (i) debts arising from ordinary or daily operation,which are not in the form of a loan; (ii) debts disclosed to and approved in writing by the Transferee; (d)Without prior written consent of WFOE, execute any material contract, except for those executed in the ordinary course of business; (e)Without prior written consent of WFOE, extend any loan or facility to any Person, except for those extended in the ordinary course of business; 8 (f)Without prior written consent of WFOE, merge with or be acquired by any Person, or acquire or invest in any Person. 8.2 The Domestic Company agrees that the rights obtained by WFOE under this Agreement shall not be interrupted or impaired by any legal proceedingsinitiated by the Domestic Company, its successors or its representatives. 9.INDEMNIFICATION 9.1 The Domestic Company hereby agrees to indemnify and hold harmless WFOE from any damage if WFOE incurs any damage due to below matters: (a)The Domestic Company makes false representations and warranties under this Agreement; (b)The Domestic Company breaches its undertakings under this Agreement; and (c)Any obligation or debt of the Domestic Company that becomes or is about to become mature and may affect the Assets, regardless of whether suchobligation or debt is aggregated, absolute, contingent or in other form. 9.2 In this Agreement, Damages includes any claim, litigation, order, loss, cost, expense, (joint) liability, fine and damages, including legal fees arising frominvestigations or avoidance of investigation. 10.FORCE MAJEURE 10.1 If any Party delays or fails to perform its obligation hereunder due to fire, strike, embargo, government requirement, military action, terrorist assault orterrorist threats, action of God or other exceptional situation that cannot be overcome or avoided by the Parties and cannot be foreseen by the Party alleged to beaffected by such force majeure when entering this Agreement (each a “Force Majeure Event”), such Party shall not be liable. If a Force Majeure Event takes place,the Party being affected shall immediately notify the other Party; during the existence of the Force Majeure Event, the Party being affected shall suspend itsperformance of this Agreement, and the time for performance after the Force Majeure Event is ended for the Party being affected shall be extended accordingly,the period extended shall be equal to the period of the existence of the Force Majeure Event. The Party being affected shall notify the other Party in writing withinfifteen (15) days after it becomes aware of such Force Majeure Event, to describe the nature of the Force Majeure Event and the estimated period it may last.Furthermore, the affected Party shall make commercially reasonable endeavor to reduce the impact of such Force Majeure Event. 9 11.NOTICE 11.1 All the notices and other communications required by or sent pursuant to this Agreement shall be in both English and Chinese, and shall be delivered tothe following address or facsimile number of relevant Party by telegraph, facsimile or post: (a)If send to the Domestic Company: Address: Room 709 Building 1, #39 Anding Road, Chaoyang District, BeijingTelephone: (+8620) 29162114Attention: David Xueling Li (b)If send to WFOE: Address: A553, 6/F Beijing Jinyuan Shidai Shopping Center, #1 Yuanda Road, Haidian District, BeijingTelephone: (+8620) 29162114Attention: David Xueling Li (c)If send to the Shareholder: Address: Building 3-08, Yangcheng Creative Industry Zone, #309 Huangpu Avenue Middle, Tianhe District, GuangzhouTelephone: (+8620) 29162114Attention: David Xueling Li 12.TRANSFER AND ASSIGN 12.1 Unless with the prior written consent of WFOE, the Domestic Company has no right to transfer or assign any of its rights and obligations hereunder. 12.2 This Agreement shall be binding upon the Domestic Company and its successors and assigns permitted by WFOE, and is enforceable by WFOE and itssuccessors and assigns. 12.3 If WFOE is restructured for whatever reason, upon the request of WFOE, the Domestic Company shall enter into a new agreement containing the contentsubstantially same to the terms and conditions of this Agreement with the restructured WFOE. 13.CONFIDENTIALITY 13.1 Each Party recognizes and confirms this Agreement, the content of this Agreement, and any and all oral and written information exchanged among themfor the preparation and performance of this Agreement shall be deemed as confidential information. Each Party shall hold in confidence all such confidentialinformation, and without the written consent from the other Parties, should not disclose any confidential information to any third party, provided that, confidentialinformation shall not include information that (a) is or becomes available to the public other than as a result of disclosure by the receiving Party in violation of thisContract, or (b) any information which must be disclosed pursuant to laws and regulations, stock trading rules, or as required by order or decree of governmentalauthorities or courts; or (c) any information disclosed by either Party to its shareholders, investors, legal or financial advisors in relation to the transactionscontemplated herein, who are bound by confidentiality obligation similar to this provision. Any disclosure of confidential information by the professionals orinstitutions engaged by either Party shall be deemed as the disclosure by such Party, and such Party shall be held liable for breach. 10 13.2 This Section 13 shall survive the termination of this Agreement and remain in effect for two (2) years of such termination. 14.GOvERNING LAW AND RESOLUTION OF DISPUTES 14.1 Governing Law . This Agreement, including the validity, rights and obligations of both Parties under this Agreement, shall be governed by andconstrued in accordance with the laws of China. 14.2 Dispute Resolution . The Parties will firstly attempt in good faith to resolve any and all disputes arising out of or relating to this Agreement, includingdisputes related to the existence, validity, interpretation or termination (the “ Dispute ”), through friendly consultations. If a Dispute is not resolved throughfriendly consultations within thirty (30) days from the date a Party gives the other Party written notice of the Dispute, then each Party may submit the dispute toCIETAC for arbitration in accordance with then effective arbitration rules. The number of arbitration shall be one. If the Parties reject the assignment of arbitratorwithin twenty (20) days after any Party gives the notice of arbitration, CIETAC shall assign another arbitrator. The arbitration shall be conducted in Beijing inChinese. The award of the arbitration tribunal shall be final and binding upon the Parties. 15.AMENDMENT AND WAIvER 15.1 Amendment . Any amendment to this Agreement shall be made in writing, and only takes effect after the execution by all Parties hereunder. Theamendments and supplements duly executed by all the Parties constitute an integral part of this Agreement, and have the same legal effectiveness as thisAgreement. 15.2 No Implied Waivers . To protect the rights and interests of WFOE, when necessary, WFOE may exercise the rights under this Agreement at any time, assuch rights are in addition to any right provided by law to WFOE. Unless expressly waived in writing by WFOE, the rights of WFOE shall not be waived. Anydelay in exercising its rights by WFOE shall not constitute the waiver of such right. 11 16.MISCELLANEOUS PROvISIONS 16.1 Further Assurances . On a legitimate and feasible basis, the Parties hereto agree to use all usable rights or powers and through reasonable endeavor toexecute all necessary documents and do all such other things to ensure the completely, timely compliance and performance of the provisions and principles of thisAgreement. 16.2 Entire Agreement . This Agreement constitutes the entire agreement reached among the Parties relating to the Option hereof, and supersedes in theirentirety all prior written and oral agreements and understandings among the Parties relating to the subject matter hereof. The exhibits are incorporated into thisAgreement through reference and constitute an integral part of this Agreement. 16.3 Termination . This Agreement shall enter into its effectiveness upon execution, and remain effective, unless terminated by WFOE at its own discretionby sending a thirty (30) days prior written notice to other Parties (the “ Term ”). 16.4 Severability and Replacement . If any single or multiple provisions hereof are judged invalid, illegal or unenforceable in any aspect in accordance withany laws or regulations, the validity, legality and enforceability of the remaining provisions of this Agreement shall not be affected in any aspect. The Parties shallin good faith, endeavor to use valid provisions to the extent allowed by laws and reflecting the intensions of all the Parties, to replace those invalid, illegal orunenforceable provisions, provided that, the economic effects achieved by such valid provisions shall be similar to the economic effects achieved by those invalid,illegal or unenforceable provisions. 16.5 Counterparts . This Agreement may be executed in any number of counterparts, each of which shall be deemed an original as against any Party whosesignature appears thereon, and all of which together shall constitute one and the same instrument. Counterparts delivered through email attachments or facsimilephotocopies shall be deemed as effective deliveries. 16.6 Language . This Agreement is executed in the Chinese language. (The remainder of this page left blank intentionally) 12 IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the Parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be executed by their duly authorized representatives as of the date first above written. Beijing Bilin Changxiang Information Technology Co., Ltd. Signatory:/s/ David Xueling Li Name: David Xueling Li Title: Legal Representative Beijing Bilin Online Information Technology Co., Ltd. Signatory:/s/ David Xueling Li Name: David Xueling Li Title: Legal Representative David XuelingLi /s/ David XuelingLi 13 EXHIBIT 1 BEIJING BILIN ONLINE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD. SHAREHOLDER’S RESOLUTION The undersigned, being all shareholder of Beijing Bilin Online Information Technology Co., Ltd. (a limited liability company duly incorporated under PRC laws,hereinafter referred to as the “ Company ”) and in accordance with the authorization of the Articles of Association of the Company, hereby unanimously approvesbelow resolutions: IT IS RESOLVED that the Company is hereby authorized to enter into the Assets Transfer Agreement dated ____ ____, 20__ by and between the Company andBeijing Bilin Changxiang Information Technology Co., Ltd., and to perform all obligations thereunder; and IT IS FURTHER RESOLVED that ________ is hereby authorized to execute all documents needed for applying for the government approval on the execution andperformance of the Assets Transfer Agreement. In addition, such authorized person is authorized to do anything he considers appropriate and necessary, at his owndiscretion, for the intent and purpose of implementing this resolution. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the signatory signed above resolutions on the ___day of ___, 2015. David Xueling Li 14 EXHIBIT 2 Assets Transfer Agreement This Assets Transfer Agreement (this “ Agreement ”) is made on the ___ day of ___, 20__, by and between: A.Beijing Bilin Online Information Technology Co., Ltd. , a validly existing limited liability company duly incorporated under the PRC laws, with itsregistered address at Room 709 Building 1, #39 Anding Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China (the “ Seller ”). B.Beijing Bilin Changxiang Information Technology Co., Ltd. , a validly existing limited liability company duly incorporated under the PRC laws, with itsregistered address at A553, 6/F Beijing Jinyuan Shidai Shopping Center, #1 Yuanda Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China (the “ Purchaser ”); and Seller and Purchaser shall be hereinafter individually referred to as a “Party”; collectively, the “Parties”. PREAMBLE (A)The Seller is a company specified in providing technology development, technology transfer, technology consultancy, technology services and technologypromotion; advertisement agency and publishing; organizing culture and art communication activities; enterprise management consultancy; investmentconsultancy services in China (collectively, the “ Business ”). (B)The Seller has agreed to sell the assets of the Seller being used or to be used in the operation of its Business (the “ Assets ”), regardless of whether suchAssets are the assets currently owned by the Seller, or owned by the Seller by the time the Purchaser exercise its exclusive Purchase Right. Such assetsinclude all tangible or intangible assets, machines, devices, instrument and components, real estates, intellectual property, technical know-how, client list,seller list, and other articles which is capable to allow WFOE operate the Business in the same way as the Domestic Company, which are particularlysuitable and mainly used for the operation of the Business; the Purchaser agrees to purchase the same. 15 NOW, THEREFORE, the Parties agree as follows through negotiations: 1.TRANSFER OF ASSETS The Seller hereby agrees to sell all Assets and all related rights, title and interests in such Assets (as listed in Exhibit 1) without any encumbrances pursuant to theterms and conditions of this Agreement and the Exclusive Assets Purchase Agreement entered into by and between the Seller and Purchaser date ___ ___, 20__.The Purchaser hereby agrees to accept such transfer. 2.TRANSFER PRICE The Purchaser shall pay to the Seller or its representative the transfer price in an amount of RMB ________ (the “ Transfer Price ”). 3.EXCLUSION OF LIABILITY For the avoidance of doubt, the Purchaser shall not bear any liability in relation to below circumstances: (a)Assets existing at or before the closing of the transfer, including any undue or payable amount of the Seller in acquiring any of the Assets; (b)Any liability of default, negligence, breach of duty or other liability owed to third party due to the action, omission, negligence or default of the Seller andits employee, agent or representative; or (c)Any fee and expenses in relation to the Assets payable by the Seller. 4.LIABILITY OF DEFAULT Any Party shall be liable for all direct and indirect damages or losses arising from its breach of obligations under this Agreement. 5.TRANSFER OF THE AGREEMENT 5.1 Unless with the prior written consent of the Purchaser, the Seller has no right to transfer or assign any of its rights and obligations hereunder. 5.2 This Agreement shall be binding upon the Seller and its successors and assigns permitted by Purchaser, and is enforceable by Purchaser and its successorsand assigns. 5.3 If the Purchaser is restructured for whatever reason, upon the request of the Purchaser, the Seller shall enter into a new agreement containing the contentsubstantially same to the terms and conditions of this Agreement with the restructured Purchaser. 16 6.EFFECTIvENESS This Agreement shall enter into its effectiveness upon execution. 7.GOvERNING LAW This Agreement, including its validity, rights and obligations of the Parties hereunder, shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the PRC. 8.DISPUTE RESOLUTION The Parties will firstly attempt in good faith to resolve any and all disputes arising out of or relating to this Agreement, including disputes related to the existence,validity, interpretation or termination (the “ Dispute ”), through friendly consultations. If a Dispute is not resolved through friendly consultations within thirty (30)days from the date a Party gives the other Party written notice of the Dispute, then each Party may submit the dispute to CIETAC for arbitration in accordance withthen effective arbitration rules. The number of arbitration shall be one. If the Parties reject the assignment of arbitrator within twenty (20) days after any Partygives the notice of arbitration, CIETAC shall assign another arbitrator. The arbitration shall be conducted in Beijing in Chinese. The award of the arbitrationtribunal shall be final and binding upon the Parties. 9.LANGUAGE This Agreement is executed in the Chinese language. 10.MISCELLANEOUS PROvISIONS Being reasonably requested by the Purchaser, the Seller agrees to execute and deliver other documents and take other measures to perform its obligations as theSeller under this Agreement, and perfect all transfer procedures and requirements. This Agreement may be executed in any number of counterparts, each of which shall be deemed an original as against any Party whose signature appears thereon,and all of which together shall constitute one and the same instrument. Counterparts delivered through email attachments or facsimile photocopies shall be deemedas effective deliveries. (The remainder of this page left blank intentionally) 17 IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the Parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be executed by their duly authorized representatives as of the date first above written. SELLER: Beijing Bilin Online Information Technology Co., Ltd. Signatory: Name: David Xueling Li Title: Legal Representative PURCHASER: Beijing Bilin Changxiang Information Technology Co., Ltd. Signatory: Name: David Xueling Li Title: Legal Representative 18 EXHIBIT 3 Power of Attorney WHEREAS: Beijing Bilin Online Information Technology Co., Ltd., a validly existing limited liability company duly incorporated under the PRC laws, with its registeredaddress at Room 709 Building 1, #39 Anding Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China (the “ Domestic Company ”), David Xueling Li, an individual with PRCnationality, ID Card number 640204197410230034 (the “ Transferor ”), and Beijing Bilin Changxiang Information Technology Co., Ltd., a validly existinglimited liability company duly incorporated under the PRC laws, with its registered address at A553, 6/F Beijing Jinyuan Shidai Shopping Center, #1 YuandaRoad, Haidian District, Beijing, China (the “ WFOE ”) have entered into an Exclusive Assets Purchase Agreement on 25 August, 2015 (the “ Exclusive AssetsPurchase Agreement ”). THEREFORE: The Domestic Company hereby irrevocably authorizes WFOE (including WFOE and its Designated Person) to fill in the date and relevant information in theAssets Transfer Agreement under the Exclusive Assets Purchase Agreement, and authorizes WFOE to retain such document. The Shareholder hereby irrevocably authorized WFOE (including WFOE and its Designated Person) to fill in the date and relevant information in theShareholder’s Resolution under the Exclusive Assets Purchase Agreement, and authorizes WFOE to retain such document. This Power of Attorney shall become continuously effective from ___ ___, 2015 and shall not be revoked. (The remainder of this page left blank intentionally) 19 This page being the execution page of the Power of Attorney. DOMESTIC COMPANY: Beijing Bilin Online Information Technology Co., Ltd. Signatory: Name: David Xueling Li Title: Legal Representative SHAREHOLDER: David Xueling Li (Signature) 20 Exhibit 4.31 Equity Interest Pledge Agreement This Equity Interest Pledge Agreement (this “ Agreement ”), dated 25 August, 2015, is made in Beijing, the People’s Republic of China (the “ PRC ”), by andbetween: A.David Xueling Li , an individual with PRC nationality, ID Card number 640204197410230034 (the “ Pledgor ”); B.Beijing Bilin Changxiang Information Technology Co., Ltd. , a validly existing limited liability company duly incorporated under the PRC laws, withits registered address at A553, 6/F Beijing Jinyuan Shidai Shopping Center, #1 Yuanda Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China (the “ Beneficiary ”); and C.Beijing Bilin Online Information Technology Co., Ltd. , a validly existing limited liability company duly incorporated under the PRC laws, with itsregistered address at Room 709 Building 1, #39 Anding Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China (the “ Domestic Company ”). Pledgor, Beneficiary and Domestic Company shall be hereinafter individually referred to as a “Party”; collectively, the “Parties”. PREAMBLE The Domestic Company is a company specified in providing technology development, technology transfer, technology consultancy, technology services andtechnology promotion; advertisement agency and publishing; organizing culture and art communication activities; enterprise management consultancy; investmentconsultancy services in China (collectively, the “ Business ”). The Pledgor holds 100% of the equity interest in the registered capital of the Domestic Company. The Parties have entered into a series of other main agreements related to this Agreement, as attached hereto as Exhibit 1 (the “ Main Agreements ”). The Pledgor agrees to pledge all of the rights, titles and interest (“ Rights and Interests ”) vested in its equity interests in the Domestic Company, which represents100% of the registered capital of the Domestic Company, to the Beneficiary as security for the performance of the payment obligations under the MainAgreements, and further agrees to enter into this Agreement, to secure all its obligation under the Main Agreements to the Beneficiary. NOW, THEREFORE, the Parties agree as follows through negotiations: 1.DEFINITIONS AND INTERPRETATIONS 1.1Definitions . Unless otherwise provided, in this Agreement: Business has the meaning assigned to it in the Preamble. 1 CIETAC means the China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission. China means the People’s Republic of China. Dispute has the meaning assigned to it in Section 15.2. Encumbrance means any mortgage, charge, pledge, lien, assign, hypothecation, security interest, retention of title, option, preemptive right, right of firstrefusal, constraint, third party right or interest, any type of favorable arrangement (including transfer or retention of title that has similar effect), any type of othersecurity agreement, arrangement, burden of right or dissent, or any agreement that sets forth above burden of right. Event of Default has the meaning assigned to it in Section 5. Exclusive Assets Purchase Agreement means the Exclusive Assets Purchase Agreement entered into on the same day of this Agreement by and betweenthe Beneficiary, Domestic Company and Pledgor, according to which the Domestic Company agrees to grant an exclusive purchase right of purchasing its assets tothe Beneficiary. Exclusive Option Agreement means the Exclusive Option Agreement entered into on the same day of this Agreement by and between the Pledgor,Domestic Company and Beneficiary, according to which the Pledgor agrees to grant an exclusive option of purchasing its pledged equity right to the Beneficiary. Governmental Approval means all license, permit, approval, ratification, consent, waiver or registration required or issued by PRC governmentauthorities. Notice of Default has the meaning assigned to it in Section 5.1. Debt has the meaning assigned to it in Section 2.2. Main Agreements has the meaning assigned to it in the Preamble, including the Exclusive Assets Purchase Agreement, the Exclusive Option Agreement,the Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreement and the Power of Attorney, as attached hereto as Exhibit 1. Pledge has the meaning assigned to it in Section 2.1. Rights and Interests of Pledge has the meaning assigned to it in Section 2.1. RMB means Renminbi, the official currency of PRC. Term has the meaning assigned to it in Section 3.1. 1.2 Headings . All headings in this Agreement are for convenience only and shall not affect the interpretation of this Agreement. 1.3 Interpretations . Unless otherwise provided, below words, expressions and references shall have the following meanings: 2 (a)When referring to the terms and exhibits of this Agreement, it shall also include such terms and exhibits as amended from time to time. (b)When referring to this Agreement or other agreement or document, it shall also include the modifications, remarks or supplements to this Agreement orother agreement or document from time to time. (c)When referring to any law or statutory provision, it shall also include any revision, extension, combination or replacement related to such law orprovision, and any law or provision that revise, extend, combine or replace the first law or provision, and also include orders, ordinances, instructions orother subordinate legislation promulgated in accordance with relevant law or provisions. (d)Singular form shall also include plural form and vice versa. (e)Person include individual, proprietorship, partnership, joint venture, company, joint-stock company, unincorporated organization, state and governmentorgans, and its assignee, transferee or successor. (f)Include and especially are special terms for description or emphasis purposes only, and shall not limit any provision in any way. (g)This Agreement is drafted jointly by the Parties. No narrow interpretation rule shall be applied to any Party. 2. RIGHTS AND INTERESTS OF PLEDGE 2.1 The Pledgor hereby pledges any and all equity interests and rights, titles and interests of pledgee, as well as any right attached thereto (collectively, the “Rights and Interests of Pledge ”) of the Domestic Company owned by it now and acquired in the future to the Beneficiary and its successor as security for thePledgor’s repayment and performance of the Pledgor’s debt and obligations (the “ Pledge ”). 2.2 This Agreement and the Pledge provided herein are to secure: (a) the obligations of the Pledgor and Domestic Company under the Main Agreements,including but not limited to repay any debt or owing (collectively, the “ Debt ”); (b) all direct, indirect, consequential and foreseeable loss incurred by theBeneficiary and its successor due to any Event of Default on the part of the Pledgor and/or Domestic Company. The amount of such loss shall be calculated basedon, among others, reasonable business plan and profit forecast of the Beneficiary and its successor, and the cooperation reward payable by Domestic Companyunder the Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreement; (c) disbursement by the Beneficiary and its successor on realizing their right of pledgee obtained under thisAgreement; and (d) other obligations that the Pledgor assumes under this Agreement. 3 2.3 The effectiveness of the security: (a) the effectiveness of the security provided under this Agreement shall not be affected by any modification or changesto any of the Main Agreements, and the security provided under this Agreement remains effective for all obligations of the Pledgor and Domestic Company undersuch modified Main Agreements; (b) the invalidation, repeal or cancellation of the Main Agreements shall not affect the effectiveness of this Agreement. If any ofthe Main Agreements becomes null or invalid, or is repealed or cancelled, or the Pledgor and/or Domestic Company fails to perform its obligation, the Beneficiaryis entitled to realize the right of pledge in line with this Agreement forthwith. 3. PLEDGE TERM 3.1 This Pledge becomes effective immediately after the equity interests pledged hereunder is recorded on the share register of the Domestic Company, andremains valid until the Pledgor and Domestic Company fully performed their obligations under this Agreement and the Main Agreements, or the Beneficiaryrealize all of its right of pledge provided under this Agreement (the “ Term ”). 3.2 The Pledgor and Domestic Company shall record the equity interests pledge on the share register of the Company, and register the Pledge with the StateAdministration for Industry and Commerce (or Beijing local industry and commerce administration authority). 4. PERFECTION OF THE PLEDGE 4.1 Upon request of the Beneficiary, the Pledgor hereby undertakes to sign all certificates, agreements, covenants, undertakings or notices, and procure otherParties or individuals to sign all certificates, agreements, covenants, undertakings or notices requested by the Beneficiary, to facilitate the perfection or exercise ofthe Beneficiary’s rights provided in this Agreement. 4.2 Upon the execution of this Agreement, the Pledgor shall sign and deliver its capital contribution certificate (the “ Capital Contribution Certificate ”) inthe form provided in the Exhibit 2 of this Agreement, and the share register of the Domestic Company (the “ Share Register ”) in the form provided in the Exhibit3 of this Agreement. The Beneficiary shall remain the custodian of such documents throughout the whole Term of this Agreement. 4.3 Within three (3) working days upon the completion of the registration of the Pledge, the Pledgor and Beneficiary shall notarize the Pledge under thisAgreement with competent notary public. 4.4 The Pledgor, Domestic Company and WFOE shall register the Pledge within fifteen working days upon the execution of this Agreement. 5. THE ENFORCEMENT OF THE PLEDGE 5.1 If the Pledgor finds any Event of Default, the Pledgor shall forthwith notify the Beneficiary in writing. Upon the occurrence of any Event of Default, orany time thereafter, the Beneficiary is entitled to deliver written notice of default (the “ Notice of Default ”) to the Pledgor. The Notice of Default may require thePledgor pay to the Beneficiary due and payable amounts and other due payment obligations immediately. For the purpose of this Agreement, “ Event of Default ”shall mean one or more of following situations: 4 (a)The Pledgor or Domestic Company breaches any provision of the Main Agreements or this Agreement, including but not limited to the MainAgreements, and representations, warranties and undertakings in this Agreement; (b)The Main Agreements are invalidated, repealed cancelled or terminated; (c)The Domestic Company suspends its operation, is liquidated or wind-up, or is ordered to suspend its operation, to be liquidated or wind-up; (d)The Pledgor is involved in any disputes, litigations, arbitrations or administrative proceedings or any other legal proceedings related to the Rights andInterests of Pledge, which is considered by the Beneficiary or its successor to be possible to create adverse effect on the performance of the Pledgor’sobligations under this Agreement; (e)Other events provided by law. 5.2 After the delivery of Notice of Default in accordance with this Agreement, the Beneficiary or its authorized agent may decide, at its sole discretion, toexercise any of below rights, remedies and powers, without further notify the Pledgor: (a)Subject to the terms and conditions of this Agreement, obtain all rights, titles and interests of the Rights and Interests of Pledge, and terminates all rightsof the Pledgor related to such rights and interests or equity interest; or, when the law provides that the Beneficiary is not allowed to hold all or any of theRights and Interests of Pledge, transfer the Rights and Interests of Pledge to a third party designated by the Beneficiary to remedy the non-performanceof the main obligation of the Pledgor. (b)At its own discretion, exercise all power of voting, rights of the artificial person and other rights in the general meeting of the Domestic Company orother meetings which may affect the Rights and Interests of Pledge and equity interest, where all such rights of the Pledgor related to the Rights andInterests of Pledge and equity interest shall be suspended; (c)At its own discretion, exercise all rights of conversion, sales, transfer, subscription, and other rights, powers, privileges or options, where all such rightsof the Pledgor related to the Rights and Interests of Pledge and equity interest shall be suspended; (d)Receive from the Pledgor all proceeds generated from the Rights and Interests of Pledge and equity interest, including dividends, interests or any othersums, where all such rights of the Pledgor related to the Rights and Interests of Pledge and equity interest shall be suspended; 5 (e)Sell, grant the right of purchase, assign, deliver, transfer or dispose in any other way the entire or any portion of the Rights and Interests of Pledge andequity interest, through public or internal sales, without publishing advertisements or notifying the intention, time and venue of the sales, and withoutsending performance requests to the other Party; (f)Sell, grant the right of purchase, assign, deliver, transfer or dispose in any other way the entire or any portion of the Rights and Interests of Pledge andequity interest, through public or internal sales, in exchange of cash, sales on credit, other assets or other consideration or terms or conditions solelydecided by the Beneficiary upon the delivery or future deliveries; (g)Exercise any power granted to the Pledgor by any law, agreement, contract or articles of associations of the Domestic Company, where the Pledgor shallsuspend its exercise of such power; (h)To exercise the powers granted by this Agreement, conduct any action that is necessary, contingent or auxiliary to the exercise of such powers; (i)Exercise all powers of vote, consent and other powers of the ownership related to the Rights and Interests of Pledge and equity interest, including allpowers required for replacing the directors of the Domestic Company; and (j)Subject to applicable laws, perform all actions required to exercise, perform and enforce the Pledge provided under this Agreement. 5.3 The rights and remedies provided above are rights and remedies in addition to all rights and remedies that the Beneficiary can obtain in accordance withapplicable law. Under this Section 5, the rights and remedies provided above are only sample instances of the rights, remedies and powers enjoyed by theBeneficiary, and shall not be understood as limiting the rights, remedies and powers actually enjoyed by the Beneficiary in any way. 5.4 Upon the request of the Beneficiary, execute all necessary documents required to dispose the Rights and Interests of Pledge or equity interest inaccordance with the terms and conditions of this Agreement, and take other measures required to dispose the Rights and Interests of Pledge or equity interest. 6. DISBURSEMENTS AND COSTS 6.1 All actual disbursements related to the grant and enforcement of the Pledge provided in this Agreement, including stamp tax, other tax and legal fees,shall be borne by the respective Party. 6 7. DIvIDENDS AND POWER OF vOTING 7.1 The Distribution and Payment of Dividends (a)Without prior written consent of the Beneficiary, the Domestic Company shall not distribute dividends at any time, unless the Pledgor hasunconditionally and irrevocably paid all due and payable amounts under the Main Agreements to the Beneficiary, and has performed all obligationsunder the Main Agreements in full. (b)Without prior written consent of the Beneficiary, the Pledgor shall not procure the Domestic Company to issue any other equity interest, unless thePledgor has unconditionally and irrevocably paid all due and payable amounts under the Main Agreements to the Beneficiary, and has performed allobligations under the Main Agreements in full. 7.2 Power of Voting (a)During the Term of this Agreement, no power of voting shall be vested in, or exercised by, the Pledgor. (b)The Pledgor hereby authorizes the Beneficiary, during the Term of this Agreement, to exercise the right of voting in each general meeting of theDomestic Company, whether such general meeting is ordinary or special. The Pledgor hereby authorizes the Beneficiary to exercise all documentsrequired for the Beneficiary to exercise the Pledgor’s right of voting and other rights as the shareholder of the Domestic Company, and take all suchmeasures required for the Beneficiary to exercise the Pledgor’s right of voting and other rights as the shareholder of the Domestic Company. The Pledgorshall immediately notify the Beneficiary in writing upon the Pledgor’s receipt of any notice of general meeting in accordance with the articles ofassociation of the Domestic Company. 8. REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES 8.1 Reliance Confirmation . The Pledgor hereby confirms that the Beneficiary entered in to this Agreement entirely relying on the representations andwarranties made under this Section 8. 8.2 Representations and Warranties . The Pledgor represents and warrants to the Beneficiary as follows: (a)The Pledgor is competent in executing and performing this Agreement. The Pledgor has obtained all necessary and appropriate approvals andauthorizations require for the execution and performance of this Agreement. (b)This Agreement constitutes legal and binding and enforceable obligations of the Pledgor in line with its terms and provisions. 7 (c)To the best knowledge of the Pledgor, unless otherwise disclosed in writing to the other Parties by the Pledgor, the Pledgor is currently not involved inany disputes, litigations, arbitrations, administrative litigations or any other legal proceedings. (d)Except for debts arising from the ordinary business of the Domestic Company and the debts already disclosed to, and approved in writing by, theBeneficiary, the Domestic Company has no other outstanding debts; (e)Except for the Rights and Interests of Pledge pledged to the Beneficiary and the exclusive option granted to the Beneficiary under the Exclusive OptionAgreement, the Pledgor has not pledge, assign or by any other means transfer the Rights and Interests of Pledge to any third party; (f)During the Term of this Agreement, except for the exclusive purchase right granted to the Beneficiary under the Exclusive Assets Purchase Agreement,the Pledgor has used and will use its best endeavor to ensure that the Domestic Company has not charged, pledged or in any other way disposed theassets of the Domestic Company, and will not charge, pledge or in any other way dispose such assets, unless within the ordinary course of business; (g)The Pledgor is the sole legitimate and registered owner of the equity interest of the Rights and Interests of Pledge. (h)The Pledgor has good and marketable title over the Rights and Interests of Pledge with no lien or other security interests, except for the Rights andInterests of Pledge pledged to the Beneficiary under this Agreement, and the exclusive purchase right granted to the Beneficiary under the ExclusiveOption Agreement. (i)The equity interest of the Domestic Company of the Pledgor has been paid up in full, and such equity interest is bearer equity; and (j)The pledge, assign or delivery of the Rights and Interests of Pledge in accordance with this Agreement will create valid absolute priority lien andabsolute priority perfect security interest to guarantee the repayment of the Debt. 8.3 Repeated Application . After the execution of this Agreement, the representations and warranties provided in Section 8.2 of this Agreement shall becontinuously valid. Such representations and warranties shall be deemed as true and valid representations and warranties throughout the Term of this Agreement. 9. AFFIRMATIvE COvENANTS 9.1 During the Term of this Agreement, the Pledgor irrevocably undertakes as follows: (a)The Pledgor shall comply with the provisions of this Agreement and perform other obligations under the Main Agreements, and shall not make anyaction or omission that may affect the existence or enforceability of this Agreement or any other Main Agreements; 8 (b)With regard to all claims other than the enforcement of this Agreement and the Exclusive Option Agreement, the Pledgor shall execute all necessary orappropriate documents, file all necessary or appropriate proceedings, make, or authorize the Beneficiary or its designated Persons upon the Beneficiary’srequest to make, all necessary or appropriate defense, and take any and all other necessary appropriate measures, to ensure the ownership in the Rightsand Interests of Pledge of the Pledgor; (c)The Pledgor shall immediately notify the Beneficiary of any litigation, arbitration, administrative proceedings related to the Domestic Company or itsequity interest; (d)The Pledgor shall immediately notify the Beneficiary of any event which may possibly affect any portion of the Rights and Interests of Pledge enjoyedby the Beneficiary, or may possibly affect the obligation or security provided under this Agreement or other Main Agreements; (e)The Pledgor shall not make any action or omission that may affect the operation and assets value of the Domestic Company during the Pledgor’sordinary operation of the entire business of the Domestic Company; (f)The Pledgor shall provide relevant documents regarding the operation and financial conditions of the Domestic Company upon the Beneficiary’s request; (g)If required by the Beneficiary, the Pledgor shall purchase and retain insurances for the assets and business of the Domestic Company with the insurancecompanies qualified by the Beneficiary. The amount and type of insurances shall be consistent with those purchased by the companies of the same class; (h)The Pledgor shall not distribute dividends to shareholders in any way without prior written consent of the Beneficiary. However, upon the request of theBeneficiary, the Pledgor shall immediately distribute all distributable profit to the shareholders, after which such shareholders shall pay or transfer suchdistribution to the Beneficiary or companies designated by the Beneficiary unconditionally; and (i)In accordance with the request of the Beneficiary and subject to the laws of China, appoint any Person designated by the Beneficiary to be the legalrepresentative, director or senior officers of the Domestic Company. 10. NEGATIvE COvENANTS 10.1 The Pledgor irrevocably undertakes not to: (a)In any way, whether directly or indirectly, sell, contract to sell, transfer, charge or dispose the Rights and Interests of Pledge, or set security interestagainst the Rights and Interests of Pledge, except for selling or transferring to the Beneficiary or its designated Person in line with this Agreement or theExclusive Option Agreement; 9 (b)Procure the general meeting or board of directors to approve any sales, contract to sale, transfer, charge or disposal of the Rights and Interests of Pledge,or set any security interest against the Rights and Interests of Pledge, without prior written consent of the Beneficiary, except for selling or transferring tothe Beneficiary or its designated Person in line with this Agreement or the Exclusive Option Agreement; (c)Without prior written consent of the Beneficiary, or outside the ordinary course of business, procure the general meeting or board of directors to approveany sales, contract to sale, transfer, charge or disposal of the assets of the Domestic Company, except for selling or transferring to the Beneficiary or itsdesignated Person in line with this Agreement or the Exclusive Assets Purchase Agreement; (d)Without prior written consent of the Beneficiary, procure the supplement, change or revision of the articles of association and bylaws, increment ordecrement of registered capital, or change the share structure, of the Domestic Company; (e)Without prior written consent of the Beneficiary, assume, succeed, guarantee or accept any debt, except for (i) debts arising from ordinary or dailyoperation, which are not in the form of a loan; (ii) debts disclosed to and approved in writing by the Beneficiary; (f)Without prior written consent of the Beneficiary, procure the Domestic Company to execute any material contract, except for those executed in theordinary course of business; (g)Without prior written consent of the Beneficiary, procure the Domestic Company to extend any loan or facility to any Person, except for those extendedin the ordinary course of business; (h)Without prior written consent of the Beneficiary, procure the Domestic Company to be merged with or acquired by any Person, or acquire or invest inany Person. 10.2 The Pledgor agrees that the rights obtained by the Beneficiary under this Agreement shall not be interrupted or impaired by any legal proceedingsinitiated by the Pledgor, its successors or its representatives. 11. CHANGE OF CIRCUMSTANCES 11.1 As a supplement to the terms of this Agreement and not to conflict with the terms of this Agreement, anytime when China promulgates a law or makesany changes to a law, or the interpretation or application of such laws, or changes the procedures of relevant registration, thereby makes the Beneficiary considerthe continuous effectiveness of this Agreement and/or disposing Rights and Interests of Pledge in accordance with this Agreement illegal or conflict with suchlaws, upon and in accordance with written instructions of the Beneficiary, the Pledgor shall immediately take measures and/or execute any agreements or otherdocuments, to: 10 (a) Ensure the effectiveness of this Agreements; (b)Assist in disposing the Rights and Interests of Pledge in accordance with this Agreement; and/or (c)Retain or realize the purpose of this Agreement, or retain or realize the security interest created under this Agreement. 12. NOTICE 12.1 All the notices and other communications required by or sent pursuant to this Agreement shall be in both English and Chinese, and shall be delivered tothe following address or facsimile number of relevant Party by telegraph, facsimile or post: (a)If send to the Pledgor: Address: Building 3-08, Yangcheng Creative Industry Zone, #309 Huangpu Avenue Middle, Tianhe District, Guangzhou Telephone: (+8620) 29162114 Attention: David Xueling Li (b)If send to the Beneficiary: Address: A553, 6/F Beijing Jinyuan Shidai Shopping Center, #1 Yuanda Road, Haidian District, Beijing Telephone: (+8620) 29162114 Attention: David Xueling Li (c)If send to the Domestic Company: Address: Room 709 Building 1, #39 Anding Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing Telephone: (+8620) 29162114 Attention: David Xueling Li 13. TRANSFER OF AGREEMENT 13.1 Unless with the prior written consent of the Beneficiary, the Pledgor has no right to grant or transfer any of its rights and obligations hereunder. 13.2 This Agreement shall be binding upon the Pledgor and its successors and assigns permitted by the Beneficiary, and inure to the benefit of the Pledgee andits successors and assigns. 11 13.3 If the Beneficiary is restructured for whatever reason, upon the request of the Beneficiary, the Pledgor shall enter into a new agreement containing thecontent substantially same to the terms and conditions of this Agreement with the restructured Beneficiary. 14. CONFIDENTIALITY 14.1 Each Party recognizes and confirms this Agreement, the content of this Agreement, and any and all oral and written information exchanged among themfor the preparation and performance of this Agreement shall be deemed as confidential information. Each Party shall hold in confidence all such confidentialinformation, and without the written consent from the other Parties, should not disclose any confidential information to any third party, provided that, confidentialinformation shall not include information that (a) is or becomes available to the public other than as a result of disclosure by the receiving Party in violation of thisContract, or (b) any information which must be disclosed pursuant to laws and regulations, stock trading rules, or as required by order or decree of governmentalauthorities or courts; or (c) any information disclosed by either Party to its shareholders, investors, legal or financial advisors in relation to the transactionscontemplated herein, who are bound by confidentiality obligation similar to this provision. Any disclosure of confidential information by the professionals orinstitutions engaged by either Party shall be deemed as the disclosure by such Party, and such Party shall be held liable for breach. 14.2 This Section 14 shall survive the termination of this Agreement and remain in effect for two (2) years of such termination. 15. APPLICABLE LAWS AND DISPUTE RESOLUTION 15.1 Applicable Laws . This Agreement, including its validity, rights and obligations of the Parties hereunder, shall be governed by and construed inaccordance with the laws of the PRC. 15.2 Dispute Resolution . The Parties will firstly attempt in good faith to resolve any and all disputes arising out of or relating to this Agreement, includingdisputes related to the existence, validity, interpretation or termination (the “ Dispute ”), through friendly consultations. If a Dispute is not resolved throughfriendly consultations within thirty (30) days from the date a Party gives the other Party written notice of the Dispute, then each Party may submit the dispute toCIETAC for arbitration in accordance with then effective arbitration rules. The number of arbitration shall be one. If the Parties reject the assignment of arbitratorwithin twenty (20) days after any Party gives the notice of arbitration, CIETAC shall assign another arbitrator. The arbitration shall be conducted in Beijing inChinese. The award of the arbitration tribunal shall be final and binding upon the Parties. 12 16. AMENDMENT AND WAIvER 16.1 Amendment . Any amendment to this Agreement shall be made in writing, and only takes effect after the execution by all Parties hereunder. Theamendments and supplements duly executed by all the Parties constitute an integral part of this Agreement, and have the same legal effectiveness as thisAgreement. 16.2 No Implied Waivers . To protect the rights and interests of the Beneficiary, when necessary, the Beneficiary may exercise the rights under thisAgreement at any time, as such rights are in addition to any right provided by law to the Beneficiary. Unless expressly waived in writing by the Beneficiary, therights of the Beneficiary shall not be waived. Any delay in exercising its rights by the Beneficiary shall not constitute the waiver of such right. 17. MISCELLANEOUS PROvISIONS 17.1 Liability of Default . If the Pledgor breaches any provision of this Agreement, the Pledgor constitutes a default. The Beneficiary is then entitled to requirethe Obligor to assume consequences in accordance with this Agreement, including realizing the Pledge under this Agreement. Any breaching Party shall indemnifythe other Parties for all direct economic losses arising from its default. 17.2 Further Assurances . On a legitimate and feasible basis, the Parties hereto agree to use all usable rights or powers and through reasonable endeavor toexecute all necessary documents and do all such other things to ensure the completely, timely compliance and performance of the provisions and principles of thisAgreement. 17.3 Entire Agreement . This Agreement and other Main Agreements constitute the entire agreement reached among the Parties relating to the Pledge hereof,and supersedes in their entirety all prior written and oral agreements and understandings among the Parties relating to the subject matter hereof. The exhibits areincorporated into this Agreement through reference and constitute an integral part of this Agreement. 17.4 Termination . This Agreement shall enter into its effectiveness upon execution. The Beneficiary is entitled to terminate this Agreement at its owndiscretion. 17.5 Severability and Replacement . If any single or multiple provisions hereof are judged invalid, illegal or unenforceable in any aspect in accordance withany laws or regulations, the validity, legality and enforceability of the remaining provisions of this Agreement shall not be affected in any aspect. The Parties shallin good faith, endeavor to use valid provisions to the extent allowed by laws and reflecting the intensions of all the Parties, to replace those invalid, illegal orunenforceable provisions, provided that, the economic effects achieved by such valid provisions shall be similar to the economic effects achieved by those invalid,illegal or unenforceable provisions. 13 17.6 Counterparts . This Agreement may be executed in any number of counterparts, each of which shall be deemed an original as against any Party whosesignature appears thereon, and all of which together shall constitute one and the same instrument. Counterparts delivered through email attachments or facsimilephotocopies shall be deemed as effective deliveries. 17.7 Language . This Agreement is executed in the Chinese language. (The remainder of this page left blank intentionally) 14 IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the Parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be executed by their duly authorized representatives as of the date first above written. PLEDGOR: Signatory: /s/ David Xueling Li Name: David Xueling Li BENEFICIARY: Beijing Bilin Changxiang Information Technology Co., Ltd. Signatory: /s/ David Xueling Li Name: David Xueling Li Title: Legal Representative DOMESTIC COMPANY: Beijing Bilin Online Information Technology Co., Ltd. Signatory: /s/ David Xueling Li Name: David Xueling Li Title: Legal Representative 15 EXHIBIT 1 Name of Agreement Parties Date of AgreementExclusive Assets Purchase Agreement Pledgor, Beneficiary and Domestic Company 25 August, 2015Exclusive Option Agreement Pledgor, Beneficiary and Domestic Company 25 August, 2015Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreement Domestic Company and Beneficiary 25 August, 2015Power of Attorney Pledgor 25 August, 2015 Main Agreements 16 EXHIBIT 2 Capital Contribution Certificate of the Domestic Company It is hereby certified that ______ (ID Card number:__________________) holds 100% equity interest of Beijing Bilin Online Information Technology Co., Ltd.,and such 100% equity interest has been pledged to WFOE. Signatory: Name: Title: Legal Representative (Seal of Beijing Bilin Online Information Technology Co., Ltd.) EXHIBIT 3 Share Register of the Domestic Company (Omitted) 17 Exhibit 4.32 Power of Attorney The undersigned, David Xueling Li, an individual with PRC nationality, with the ID Card number 640204197410230034, hereby declares and confirms as follows: (1)The undersigned holds 100% of the rights and interests (the “ Rights and Interests ”) in the registered capital of Beijing Bilin Online InformationTechnology Co., Ltd., a limited liability company duly incorporated and validly existing under the PRC laws (the “ Domestic Company ”). (2)The undersigned hereby irrevocably authorizes Beijing Bilin Changxiang Information Technology Co., Ltd., a company duly incorporated andvalidly existing under the PRC laws (the “ WFOE ”), or any succeeding person or entity who has obtained the business of WFOE through merger,acquisition or integration (the “ Successor ”), to handle any and all matters in relation to the Domestic Company and its rights and interests, and toexercise all rights of the undersigned as the holder of the Rights and Interests, in the name of the undersigned. This Power of Attorney grants toWFOE the following rights and authorizations, including without limitation: (a)WFOE or the Successor may, as the sole agent of the undersigned, handle any and all matters in relation to the Rights and Interests, includingbut not limited to (i) attend the general meetings of the Domestic Company; (ii) exercise all voting rights of shareholders and other rightsenjoyed by the undersigned pursuant to PRC laws and the article of association of the Domestic Company, including but not limited to thesales, transfer, pledge, or disposal in other way, of the whole or part of the Rights and Interests; (iii) appoint the legal representative, chairman,director, supervisor, chief executive officer and any other senior officers of the Domestic Company on behalf of the undersigned; and (iv)overlook the operation result of the Domestic Company; (v) access the financial information of the Domestic Company at any time; (vi) incase the conducts of directors or senior officers of the Domestic Company harm the interest of the Domestic Company or its shareholders,initiate shareholder derivative litigation or other legal proceedings against such directors or senior officers; (vii) approve annual budget ordistribution of dividends; and (viii) any other shareholder’s rights granted to the shareholders by the articles of association of the DomesticCompany and its amendments from time to time, or/and relevant laws and regulations. 1 (b)The undersigned further authorizes WFOE to enter into contracts or documents relating to the operation of the Domestic Company on behalfof the undersigned, including but not limited to any contract of transfer, in order to perform the obligations under the Exclusive OptionAgreement, the Exclusive Assets Purchase Agreement and the Equity Interest Pledge Agreement entered into by the undersigned on 25August, 2015. This authorization shall also include the rights to execute any other documents for the perfection of the rights and interestsunder the aforementioned agreements. (c)As solely decided by WFOE and without the necessity of informing the undersigned or obtain further consent from the undersigned, WFOE isalso entitled to authorize any third party to exercise the power hereunder, and transfer the rights hereunder to any third party to allow suchthird party to exercise such rights. (3)All actions taken by WFOE or the Successor in relation to the Rights and Interests shall be deemed as taken by the undersigned in person, withoutthe necessity of consulting with the undersigned in advance; all documents executed by WFOE or the Successor in relation to the Rights andInterests shall be deemed as executed by the undersigned in person. The undersigned hereby confirms, ratifies and approves such actions taken by ordocuments executed by WFOE or the Successor. (4)The undersigned has agreed to transfer the Rights and Interests to WFOE or any person or entity designated by WFOE in line with the ExclusiveOption Agreement entered into by and between the undersigned, WFOE and the Domestic Company (the “ Exclusive Option Agreement ”). Toensure the performance of the Exclusive Option Agreement, the undersigned hereby undertakes as follows: (a)The undersigned has executed the Equity Transfer Agreement (the “ Equity Transfer Agreement ”), and has execute the Shareholder’sResolution to approve such transfer. At any time upon the request of WFOE, the undersigned shall immediately transfer the Rights andInterests to WFOE or the Successor. The date of execution and the name of the transferee on such Equity Transfer Agreement and theShareholder’s Resolution are left blank. (b)The undersigned hereby irrevocably authorizes WFOE to fill in the date of execution and the name of the transferee in the Equity TransferAgreement, and the undersigned hereby agrees that the Equity Transfer Agreement shall be kept by WFOE; 2 (c)The undersigned hereby irrevocably authorizes WFOE to, for the purpose of the effective transfer of the Rights and Interests to WFOE and theSuccessor, execute additional documents as required by law or government on behalf of the undersigned; and (d)The undersigned hereby confirms that the undersigned is and will continue to be bound by the obligations under the Exclusive OptionAgreement and the Equity Transfer Agreement, and undertakes to perform all such obligations upon written request of WFOE. (5)The undersigned has agreed to procure the Domestic Company to transfer its assets to WFOE or any person or entity designated by WFOE, pursuantto the Exclusive Assets Purchase Agreement by and between the Domestic Company, the undersigned and WFOE (the “ Exclusive Assets PurchaseAgreement ”), including executing and delivering the Shareholder’s Resolution which approves such transfer; (6)The undersigned further agrees and undertakes to WFOE that if the undersigned receives any dividends, interests, capital distribution in any otherform, remaining assets after liquidation, or incomes or considerations generated from the transfer of equity by virtue of the equity interest of theDomestic Company held by the undersigned, the undersigned shall, to the extent permitted by law, pay all of these dividends, interests, capitaldistribution, assets, incomes or considerations to WFOE in full without requesting for any compensation. (7)All actions taken by WFOE or the Successor in line with this Power of Attorney shall be deemed as taken by the undersigned in person; alldocuments executed by WFOE or the Successor in relation to the Rights and Interests shall be deemed as executed by the undersigned in person. Theundersigned hereby confirms, ratifies and approves such actions taken by or documents executed by WFOE or the Successor, and accepts andassumes corresponding responsibility for all legal consequences arising from the authorizations made by the undersigned under this Power ofAttorney. (8)The undersigned hereby waives all rights enjoyed by the undersigned as the holder of the Rights and Interests. Such rights have been irrevocablyauthorized to WFOE through this Power of Attorney, and the undersigned shall not exercise or attempt to exercise any of such rights. 3 (9)The undersigned hereby agrees that if the equity held by the undersigned in the Domestic Company increases, whether through increment of capitalcontribution or not, any additional equity held by any shareholder shall be subject to this Agreement, and WFOE shall have the right to exercise theshareholder’s rights as provided in Section 2 over such additional equity on behalf of the undersigned; similarly, if any person obtains equity of theDomestic Company, whether through voluntary transfer, transfer by operation of law, mandatory auction or in any other way, the undersigned shallprocure such transferee to agree that all equity of the Domestic Company it obtained is subject to this Agreement, and WFOE is entitled to exercisethe shareholder’s rights as provided in Section 2 over such equity. (10)This Power of Attorney is attached with rights and interests. Throughout the period that the undersigned is a shareholder of the Domestic Company,this Power of Attorney shall remain effective from the day of issue and shall not be revoked (Remainder of this page left blank intentionally; execution page to follow) 4 (Execution Page) Name of the Shareholder: David Xueling Li /s/ David Xueling Li (Signature) Date:August 25, 2015 5Exhibit 8.1 List of Subsidiaries and Consolidated Affiliated Entities of YY Inc. Place of Incorporation Subsidiaries Duowan Entertainment Corporation BVINeoTasks Inc. Cayman IslandsNeoTasks Limited Hong KongGuangzhou Huanju Shidai Information Technology Co., Ltd. PRCHuanju Shidai Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd. PRCZhuhai Duowan Information Technology Co., Ltd. PRCZhuhai Huanju Shidai Information Technology Co., Ltd PRCEngage Capital Partners I.L.P. Cayman IslandsBiLin Information Technology Co., Ltd. Cayman IslandsBiLin Information Technology Co., Limited Hong KongBeijing Bilin Changxiang Information Technology Co., Ltd PRC Consolidated Affiliated Entities Beijing Tuda Science and Technology Co., Ltd. PRCGuangzhou Huaduo Network Technology Co., Ltd. PRCGuangzhou Juhui Information Technology Co., Ltd.* PRCGuangzhou Huanju Media Co., Ltd.* PRCBeijing Huanqiu Chuangzhi Software Co., Ltd.* PRC100-Online Education Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd.* PRCBeijing Dubooker Culture Communication Co., Ltd.* PRCBeijing Huanqiu Xingxue Technology Development Co., Ltd. PRCBeijing Yunke Online Technology Development Co., Ltd. PRCGuangzhou Zhuque Information Technology Co., Ltd.* PRCShanghai Beifu Culture Communication Co., Ltd. PRCShanghai Lanyu Trading Co., Ltd. PRCShanghai Fulan Electronic Technology Co., Ltd. PRCGuangzhou Huanju Electronic Commerce Co., Ltd.* PRCZhuhai Huanju Interactive Entertainment Technology Co., Ltd.* PRCBeijing Bilin Online Information Technology Co., Ltd. PRCShanghai Yilian Equity Investment Partnership (LP) PRC * Wholly owned subsidiaries of Guangzhou Huaduo Network Technology Co., Ltd. Exhibit 12.1 Certification by the Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 I, David Xueling Li, certify that: 1.I have reviewed this annual report on Form 20-F of YY Inc. (the "Company"); 2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make thestatements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; 3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects thefinancial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the Company as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4.The Company's other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined inExchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f))for the Company and have: (a)designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, toensure that material information relating to the Company, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within thoseentities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; (b)designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under oursupervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements forexternal purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; (c)evaluated the effectiveness of the Company's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about theeffectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and (d)disclosed in this report any change in the Company's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by thisannual report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company's internal control over financial reporting; and 5.The Company's other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to theCompany's auditors and the audit committee of the Company's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): (a)all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonablylikely to adversely affect the Company's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and (b)any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the Company's internal controlover financial reporting. Date:April 28, 2016 By:/s/ David Xueling LiName:David Xueling Li Title:Chief Executive Officer Exhibit 12.2 Certification by the Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 I, Eric He, certify that: 1.I have reviewed this annual report on Form 20-F of YY Inc. (the "Company"); 2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make thestatements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; 3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects thefinancial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the Company as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4.The Company's other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined inExchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f))for the Company and have: (a)designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, toensure that material information relating to the Company, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within thoseentities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; (b)designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under oursupervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements forexternal purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; (c)evaluated the effectiveness of the Company's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about theeffectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and (d)disclosed in this report any change in the Company's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by thisannual report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company's internal control over financial reporting; and 5.The Company's other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to theCompany's auditors and the audit committee of the Company's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): (a)all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonablylikely to adversely affect the Company's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and (b)any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the Company's internal controlover financial reporting. Date:April 28, 2016 By:/s/ Eric HeName:Eric He Title:Chief Financial Officer Exhibit 13.1 Certification by the Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 In connection with the Annual Report of YY Inc. (the "Company") on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2015 as filed with the Securities and ExchangeCommission on the date hereof (the "Report"), I, David Xueling Li, Chief Executive Officer of the Company, hereby certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350,as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to my knowledge: 1.The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and 2.The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. Date:April 28, 2016 By:/s/ David Xueling LiName:David Xueling Li Title:Chief Executive Officer Exhibit 13.2 Certification by the Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 In connection with the Annual Report of YY Inc. (the "Company") on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2015 as filed with the Securities and ExchangeCommission on the date hereof (the "Report"), I, Eric He, Chief Financial Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adoptedpursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to my knowledge: (1)The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and (2)The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. Date:April 28, 2016 By:/s/ Eric HeName:Eric He Title:Chief Financial Officer Exhibit 15.1 April 28, 2016 Matter No.: 822568 Doc Ref: pl/al/102498676 +852 2842 9551 Paul.lim@conyersdill.com The DirectorsYY Inc.Building B-1, North Block of Wanda PlazaNo. 79 Wanbo Er RoadNancun Town, Panyu DistrictGuangzhou 511442The People's Republic of China Dear Sirs, Re: YY Inc. ( the "Company") We refer to the annual report of the Company for the fiscal year ended 31 December, 2015 on Form 20-F filed pursuant to Section 13 or 15(D) of the U.S.Securities Exchange Act of 1934 on or about 28 April, 2016 (the “ Form 20-F ”). We consent to the filing of this letter as an exhibit to the annual report of the Company on Form 20-F with the U.S. Securities Exchange Commission and to theinclusion therein of the reference to our name on page 82 of the annual report under the heading “Taxation – Cayman Islands” in the form and context in whichthey appear, and further consent to the incorporation by reference of the summary of our opinion under this heading (“Taxation – Cayman Islands”) in the form andcontext in which they appear into the Company's registration statement on Form S-8 (No. 333-187074) that was filed on March 6, 2013. In giving such consent, we do not hereby admit that we are experts within the meaning of Section 11 of the U.S. Securities Act, 1933 or that we are in the categoryof persons whose consent is required under Section 7 of the Securities Act, 1933 or the Rules and Regulations of the U.S. Securities Exchange Commissionpromulgated thereunder. Yours faithfully, /s/ Conyers Dill & Pearman Conyers Dill & Pearman Exhibit 15.2 FANGDA PARTNERS Shanghai☐Beijing☐ Shenzhen☐ Hong Konghttp://www.fangdalaw.com E-mail:email@fangdalaw.comTel.:86-21-2208-1166Fax:86-21-5298-5599Ref.:16GC0025 32/F, Plaza 66 Tower 11266 Nan Jing West RoadShanghai 200040, PRC To: YY Inc.Building B-1, North Block of Wanda PlazaNo. 79 Wanbo Er RoadNancun Town, Panyu DistrictGuangzhou 511442The People's Republic of China April 28, 2016 Re: 2015 Annual Report on Form 20-F of YY Inc. Dear Sirs, We consent to the reference to our firm under the headings "Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors," "Item 4. Information on the Company—B. BusinessOverview—PRC Regulation," and "Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—A. Operating Results—Critical Accounting Policies" in YY Inc.'sAnnual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2015, which will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the " SEC ") in the monthof April, 2016, and further consent to the incorporation by reference of the summaries of our opinions under these captions into the Company's registrationstatement on Form S-8 (No. 333-187074) that was filed on March 6, 2013. We also consent to the filing with the SEC of this consent letter as an exhibit to theAnnual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2015. Yours sincerely, /s/ Fangda Partners Fangda Partners Exhibit 15.3 CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM We hereby consent to the incorporation by reference in the Registration Statement on Form S-8 (No. 333-187074) of our report dated April 28, 2016 relating to thefinancial statements and the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, which appears in this Form 20-F. /s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers Zhong Tian LLP PricewaterhouseCoopers Zhong Tian LLP Shanghai, the People's Republic of China April 28, 2016
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